THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS

AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PAPER

An Investigatory Project Presented to the Science Department

of Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High

School

C. PadillaSt. Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements

In Research II

S.Y.2013-2014

By:

ROBINSON G. CABARDO JR.

MICHELLE L. DAÑO

FARRAH I. EQUIPELAG

MARA K. GABILAN

SUWANEE GONZALES

MARA K. GABILAN

RICHIE B. SOLOMON

September 2013

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The investigatory project entitled “THE FEASIBILITY OF

HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE

OF PAPER” is prepared and submitted by Group 3 in partial

fulfillment of the course requirements in Research II and

has been examined and recommended for acceptance and

approval for oral examination.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW COMMITTEE:

______________________

CHAIRMAN

______________________

Member

______________________

Member

Accepted an approved in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the course RESEARCH II

ROMMEL C. VILLAHERMOSA

Science Department Head Teacher

ii

PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with grade of

_______

______________________

CHAIRMAN

______________________

Member

______________________

Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the course Research II

ROMMEL C.VILLAHERMOSA

Science Department Head Teacher

Date of Oral Defense:September 19, 2013

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers want to express their gratitude to the

following persons who contributed a part of this piece of

work:

Mr. Calessa Driver, for providing the needed amount of

horse manure which was the raw material of the study.

Mr. John Paul Lesondato, for letting the researchers

borrow the book “Papermaking Techniques”, for being a good

research adviser, the understanding and patience in helping

the researchers with their write-ups.

Ms. Fe Valderama, for letting the researchers use her

classroom where the researchers conducted their experiment.

Mr. Albert Encorporado, for letting the researchers

borrow his laptop to encode their research paper and make

their PowerPoint presentation.

Ms. Doraine Nicole Sarino, for the procurement of

camias which were used in the whitening process of the

experiment.

Mrs. Delia Gonzales, for her generosity in providing

the mold and deckle which are necessary for papermaking.

Mr. Jimmy Villamor, for the time he willingly gave to

the researchers in encoding their research paper.

iv

Mrs. Dinna Carangue, for unselfishly helping the

researchers as their English adviser, in providing the

needed materials, moral support and for checking the

researchers` write-ups.

Mrs. Rosario Fuego, for letting the researchers make

their display board and finishing touches during her time.

IV- Science classmates of the researchers, for the

everlasting support and company.

Researcher’s parents, for the understanding and time

they have given for the accomplishment of this work.

GOD, for the wisdom and hope He has given to the

researchers to achieve the success they are aiming for in

their investigatory project.

THE RESEARCHERS

v

ABSTRACT

In areas where horses abound in livelihood use, horse

manure is one of the abundant solid wastes, while trees are

critically threatened due to their uses in industry

especially in paper companies. In response, this study

intends to help solve these problems by utilizing horse

manure as an alternative source of paper instead of trees.

The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A.

Gothong Memorial National High School during the months of

July to August 2013.

Experiments were conducted by preparing set-ups of

horse manure. These were soaked in a liter of alkaline

solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). With this, each was

added with different amount of chlorine with 50, 100, and

150 grams for the three set-ups respectively. The sheets

were pressed using different materials, one pressed with

hand, the second with iron and the other with rolling pin.

The sheets were then tested for durability by using 5 peso

coins as weight on the paper.

It was concluded that horse manure is a suitable

alternative source of paper aside from trees. Adding a large

amount of chlorine will produce whiter results. Using hand,

rolling pin or iron as primary equipments for flatting does

not improve the texture of the paper. Mass production is

recommended to determine the feasibility of the developed

products in large scale production. Commercialization of

these products may solve the trees-threatening problems and

even create job.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

TITLE PAGE

i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

ABSTRACT vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER I:

INTRODUCTION

Rationale 1

Objectives of the Study

2

Significance of the Study

3

vii

Scope and Delimitation

3

Definition of Terms

3

Review of Related Literature

4

Conceptual Framework

17

CHAPTER II:

METHODOLOGY

Materials 19

Procedures

20

CHAPTERIII:

Results and Discussions

24

CHAPTER IV:

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

28

Recommendations

30

Bibliography

31

viii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 The effect of chlorine to the color of the Horse

Manure Paper 23

2 The effect of camias extract to the color of the Horse

Manure Paper 24

3 Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color of

the

Horse Manure Paper

24

4 The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to

the durability

of the Horse Manure Paper

25

5 The effect of different materials in pressing to the

texture of the Horse Manure Paper

26

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

PAGE

1 Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution

10

2 Papermaking Process- Sheet forming

13

3 Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical-

16

Conceptual Framework of the Study

4.1 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-

effect of chlorine to the horse manure paper

20

4.2 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-

effect of camias extract and chlorine-camias

solution to the Horse Manure Paper

20

5 Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper

22

6 Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper

22

x

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Paper is an important thing not only to people because

of its contribution to History, Science, Literature and

other branches of knowledge .It is commonly used by people

in data gathering as well as data preservation, in making

researchers and expressing people`s thoughts. It became an

important medium in our communication and serves as a

connection between past and present events. Not only

students are the ones using papers but also the educators,

businessmen, doctors and even normal citizens. It becomes a

great demand for everyone.

In recent times, the economic state of each country is

already developing. But this development requires many

changes in the environment. One of these changes observed is

the rapid decreasing numbers of trees due to their uses for

business specifically its use as a main source of paper.

Even some are illegally cutting trees for money.

The illegal way of using trees such as kaingin,

deforestation and illegal logging may lead to certain

calamities which will surely affect people’s daily living.

Even with tree planting, it is hard to restore lost

resources and has to wait for centuries for these trees to

grow.

2

One of the uses of trees is paper production. To help

conserve nature, alternative source of paper instead of

trees should be used. The research study was conducted to

examine the potential of horse manure as an alternative

source of paper and control ecological threat of trees.

Horse manure is a good source of fiber, which is the main

ingredient for papermaking.

The researches chose horse manure because it is

ecologically friendly and isfinancially affordable. Aside

from these, horse manure is freely available in the

environment and is easy to get due to the improper

defecation of horses in the community.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to determine the feasibility of horse

manure as an alternative source of paper.

Specifically, this research aimed to determine the

following properties of the horse manure paper.

A. Color

B. Texture

C. Durability

3

Significance of the Study

It is needed and important to search for alternative

source of paper, which is not only affordable but is also

ecological friendly and not harmful to our nature nor

threatening to its rich biodiversity. The biological method

of using horse manure as an alternative source of paper can

be a promising strategy to control the unlawful destruction

of our environment and the ecological harming of trees. This

study will help businessmen in engaging a new product in

their business. This study also will help the residents of

Barangay San Nicolas in lessening waste brought about by the

improper defecation of horse in their community.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A.

Gothong Memorial National High School during the months of

August to September, 2013 to determine the efficacy of horse

manure as paper.

Definition of Terms

Manure- waste secreted by an animal

Alkaline Solution- a basic solution which is necessary

for papermaking, used to make fibers soften and

disperse

4

Chlorine- an element commonly used as a bleaching

agent; a chemical used to kill germs

Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)- a basic compound used as an

alkaline solution for papermaking

Camias- a fruit distinguished for its sour and acidic

and bleaching properties

Bleaching Agent- a chemical that removes or whitens

color

Defecation- the process of secreting waste of animals

Texture- the feel and appearance of a surface,

especially how rough or smooth it is ; the structure of

a substance or material when touched

Durability- the property of a material to resist

pressure and last for a long time

Commercialization- the process by which a product was

sold in the local market or used as a business

Herbivore- an animal that feeds only or mainly on grass

and other plants

Procurement- supplement or addition

Review of Related Literature

Cattle, sheep, horse, deer and other herbivores house a

special community of the bacteria. These have large

digestive organ, the rumen, in which tough cellulose fibers

and other plant materials are digested. The rumen is an

anaerobic setting, where temperatures are at a constant

39( C. It supports cellulose decomposers of the genus

Clostridium, starch decomposers auch as Streptococcus and

Selenomonas, and methane producers (methanobacteria). Food

entering the rumen becomes mixed with its microbial

residents, some of which have enzymes that can hydrolyze

cellulose into disaccharides

5

and monosaccharides. The organic acids resulting from

microbial fermentation of these and other sugars are the

main source of energy for the animal host. Also, the

enormous numbers of bacterial cells moving with partially

digested plant material through the gastro-intestinal tract

undergo digestion, too. When they do, the fibers in the

manure were much more finer and are thread-like structures

compared to its original state. (Starr, C., et al., 1987)

The word “paper” comes from the word “papyrus”. Papyrus

was into really paper. It was Egyptians, from the fibers of

the papyrus plant. The paper is made of millions of tiny

fibers. The fibers are cellulose, a substance from the cell

walls of the plants. The average length of the cellulose

fiber is about 1/20 inch (1.3 mm). The fibers have been

mixed in water and treated with chemicals, matted into sheet

and dried to form paper. (The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)

A sheet of paper, whether made by the hands or in large

mill is a mass of interlocking fibers held together by

cellulose which is naturally occurring substance found in

plant fibers. A sheet of paper is formed by suspending these

fibers in water and immersing a mold with deckle on top into

the water. As it is lifted out, a layer of interlocking

fibers is left on the surface of the mold. The water enables

the cellulose in the fibers to expand, so aiding their

bonding together. When using plant fiber, first task is to

cook it in an alkaline solution; this facilitates the

breaking down of the fibers, enabling them to absorb water

and remove impurities. (Plowman, 2001)

6

Pulp is the fiber source which makes a sheet of paper.

Fibrous plants make a good paper as well as fiber readily

available. It can be already mixed up or digested. You can

also dry beaten plant fiber for long-term storage. When

adding the fibers, stir first and leave for a while for

these fibers to separate and disperse equally, avoiding

lumps of pulp embedded on the surface. (The New Book of

Knowledge, 2007)

Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a

"hindgut fermenter." This means that horses have only one

stomach, as do humans. However, unlike humans, they also

have to digest plant fiber (largely cellulose) that comes

from grass and hay. Therefore, unlike ruminants, which

digest fiber in plant matter by use of a multi-chambered

stomach, horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the

digestive system known as the cecum (or caecum) to break

down the cellulose.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)

Alkaline solution is a great factor in papermaking when

using about plant fiber as your source. This will help in

separating clustered fibers as well as in fabricating these

fibers. In using this, high basicity should be implied.

Alkaline solution can be made by dissolving sodium carbonate

in water with a specific ratio or by simply the soaking pulp

in sodium hydroxide. (Plowman, 2007)

Herbivores are animals with herbaceous and fibrous

plants as their only food. These plants pass through their

digestive system but secreting the undigested fiber. (The

New Book of Knowledge, 2007)

7

In practical terms, horses prefer to eat small amounts

of food steadily throughout the day, as they do in nature

when grazing on pasture. [2] Although this is not always

possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules

that favor feeding horses twice a day, it is important to

remember the underlying biology of the animal when

determining what to feed, how often, and in what quantities.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)

Different types of fibers can be used for producing

paper. The most well-known is the wood fiber. In the

beginning of papermaking mostly fibers from cotton and silk

were used. A notorious fiber that at one time was used for

producing a specific paper grade was asbestos. Pulp from

wood is the most important raw material for paper. Another,

less correct name, which is used for pulp is cellulose.

(/en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper)

Paper can only be made with this fiber if it’s soft

enough to be beaten into pulp. To get the fiber ready for

the next stage of pulping, it is cooked in water for over 4-

5 hours with salt and then washed with hydrogen peroxide to

complete the first stage of making the paper bacteria

free.Once it’s dry, it is sorted and any non-usable fiber is

removed. The fiber goes through the process of being beaten

into very fine pulp and also being washed again.

(Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL)

Foods derived from plants, including fruits, vegetables

and grains; contain fiber, the portion of the plant the

human body cannot digest. The stomach produces enzymes and

acid that continue the chemical digestion, and enzymes in

the small intestine

8

complete the process. Foods that contain fiber go through

this digestive process, but the actual fiber molecules

remain intact. Insoluble fiber, such as lignin, cellulose

and hemicelluloses, found in the cell walls of plants,

cannot dissolve in water. Because insoluble fiber remains

undigested, it adds bulk to your stool. Insoluble fiber

attracts water, making stool softer so it can move through

the colon with ease. (http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-

fiber-digested-body-4829.htmL)

Chlorine-based bleaches are found in many household

cleaners. The concentration of chlorine-based bleaches is

often expressed as percent active chlorine where one gram of

100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as

one gram of chlorine. These bleaches can react with other

common household chemicals like vinegar and ammonia to

produce toxic gases. Labels on sodium hypochlorite bleach

warn about these interactions.

Chlorine is used to prepare sodium and calcium

hypochlorite. It is used as a disinfectant in water

treatment, especially to make drinking water and in large

public swimming pools. Chlorine was used extensively to

bleach wood pulp, but this use has decreased significantly

due to environmental concerns.

The bleaching process has been known for thousands of

years,[1] but the chemicals currently used for bleaching

resulted from the work of several 18th century scientists.

Chlorine is the basic for the most commonly used bleaches,

for example, the solution of sodium hypochlorite, which is

so ubiquitous that many people just call it "bleach", and

calcium hypochlorite, the major compound in "bleaching

powder".

9

Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to

similar results: high energy photons of light, often in the

violet or ultraviolet range, can disrupt the bonds in the

chromospheres, rendering the resulting substance colorless.

Extended exposure often leads to massive discoloration

usually reducing the colors to white and typically very

faded blue spectrums.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-

based_bleaches)

Formed from wood pulp or plant fiber, paper is chiefly

used for written communication. The earliest paper was

papyrus, made from reeds by the ancient Egyptians. Paper was

made by the Chinese in the second century, probably by a

Chinese court official named Cai Lun. His paper was made

from such things as tree bark and old fish netting.

Recognized almost immediately as a valuable secret, it was

500 years before the Japanese acquired knowledge of the

method. Papermaking was known in the Islamic world from the

end of the eighth century A.D.

Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or by the

most careful, delicate hand methods, is made up of connected

fibers. The fibers can come from a number of sources

including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and,

most notably, trees. The use of cloth in the process has

always produced high-quality paper. Today, a large

proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix create many

excellent papers for special uses, from wedding invitation

paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings.

The method of making paper is essentially a simple one—

mix up vegetable fibers, and cooks them in hot water until

the fibers are soft but not dissolved. The hot water also

contains a base chemical such as lye, which softens the

fibers as they are cooking. Then,

10

pass a screen-like material through the mixture, let the

water drip off and/or evaporate, and then squeeze or blot

out additional water. A layer of paper is left behind.

Essential to the process are the fibers, which are never

totally destroyed, and, when mixed and softened, form an

interlaced pattern within the paper itself. Modern

papermaking methods, although significantly more complicated

than the older ways, are developmental improvements rather

than entirely new methods of making paper.

Raw Materials

Figure 1: Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution

11

Probably half of the fiber used for paper today comes

from wood that has been purposely harvested. The remaining

material comes from wood fiber from sawmills, recycled

newspaper, some vegetable matter, and recycled cloth.

Coniferous trees, such as spruce and fir, used to be

preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in

the pulp of these species are longer, therefore making for

stronger paper. These trees are called "softwood" by the

paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar

and elm) are called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand

for paper, and improvements in pulp processing technology,

almost any species of tree can now be harvested for paper.

Some plants other than trees are suitable for paper-

making. In areas without significant forests, bamboo has

been used for paper pulp, as has straw and sugarcane. Flax,

Most paper is made by a mechanical or chemical process.

hemp, and jute fibers are commonly used for textiles and

rope making, but they can also be used for paper. Some high-

grade cigarette paper is made from flax.

Cotton and linen rags are used in fine-grade papers such as

letterhead and resume paper, and for bank notes and security

certificates. The rags are usually cuttings and waste from

textile and garment mills. The rags must be cut and cleaned,

boiled, and beaten before they can be used by the paper

mill.

Other materials used in paper manufacture include

bleaches and dyes, fillers such as chalk, clay, or titanium

oxide, and sizings such as rosin, gum, and starch.

12

The Manufacturing Process

Making pulp

Several processes are commonly used to convert logs to

wood pulp. In the mechanical process, logs are first tumbled

in drums to remove the bark. The logs are then sent to

grinders, which break the wood down into pulp by pressing it

between huge revolving slabs. The pulp is filtered to remove

foreign objects. In the chemical process, wood chips from

de-barked logs are cooked in a chemical solution. This is

done in huge vats called digesters. The chips are fed into

the digester, and then boiled at high pressure in a solution

of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The chips dissolve

into pulp in the solution. Next the pulp is sent through

filters. Bleach may be added at this stage, or colorings.

The pulp is sent to the paper plant.

13

Figure 2: Papermaking Process- Sheet forming

Beating

The pulp is next put through a pounding and squeezing

process called, appropriately enough, beating. Inside a

large tub, the pulp is subjected to the effect of machine

beaters. At this point, various filler materials can be

added such as chalks, clays, or chemicals such as titanium

oxide. These additives will influence the opacity and other

qualities of the final product. Sizings are also added at

this point. Sizing affects the way the paper will react with

various inks. Without any sizing at all, a paper will be too

absorbent for most uses except as a desk blotter. A sizing

such as starch makes the paper

14

resistant to water-based ink (inks actually sit on top of a

sheet of paper, rather than sinking in). A variety of

sizings, generally rosins and gums, is available depending

on the eventual use of the paper. Paper that will receive a

printed design, such as gift wrapping, requires a particular

formula of sizing that will make the paper accept the

printing properly.

Pulp to paper

In order to finally turn the pulp into paper, the pulp

is fed or pumped into giant, automated machines. One common

type is called the Fourdrinier machine, which was invented

in England in 1807. Pulp is fed into the Fourdrinier machine

on a moving belt of fine mesh screening. The pulp is

squeezed through a series of rollers, while suction devices

below the belt drain off water. If the paper is to receive a

water-mark, a device called a dandy moves across the sheet

of pulp and presses a design into it.

The paper then moves onto the press section of the

machine, where it is pressed between rollers of wool felt.

The paper then passes over a series of steam-heated

cylinders to remove the remaining water. A large machine may

have from 40 to 70 drying cylinders.

Finishing

Finally, the dried paper is wound onto large reels,

where it will be further processed depending on its ultimate

use. Paper is smoothed and compacted further by

15

passing through metal rollers called calendars. A particular

finish, whether soft and dull or hard and shiny, can be

imparted by the calendars.

The paper may be further finished by passing through a

vat of sizing material. It may also receive a coating, which

is either brushed on or rolled on. Coating adds chemicals or

pigments to the paper's surface, supplementing the sizings

and fillers from earlier in the process. Fine clay is often

used as a coating. The paper may next be super calendered,

that is, run through extremely smooth calendar rollers, for

a final time. Then the paper is cut to the desired size.

(http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html)

In the Philippines, where it is commonly found in

backyards, the fruits are eaten either raw or dipped on rock

salt. It can be either curried or added as a souring agent

for the common Filipino dish sinigang. The uncooked bilimbi

is prepared as relish and served with rice and beans in

Costa Rica. In the Far East, where the tree originated, it

is sometimes added to curry. Bilimbi juice (with a pH of

about 4.47) is made into a cooling beverage. In Indonesia,

it is added to some dishes, substituting for tamarind or

tomato.

Additionally, the fruit can be preserved by pickling,

[1] which reduces its acidity. The flowers are also

sometimes preserved in sugar.

In another part of Indonesia, Aceh, it is preserved by

sun-drying, the sun-dried bilimbi is called asam sunti.

Bilimbi and asam sunti are popular inAcehnese culinary. It

can replace mango in making chutney. In Malaysia, it also is

made into a rather sweet jam.

16

In Kerala, India, it is used for making pickles, while

around Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa the fruit is commonly

eaten raw with salt and spice.

In Seychelles, it is often used as an ingredient to

give a tangy flavor to many Seychellois creole dishes,

especially fish dishes. It is often used in grilled fish and

also (almost always) in a shark-meat dish, called satini

reken.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi)

17

Conceptual Framework

Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical-

Conceptual Framework of the Study

CommunityProblems

Improper defecation ofhorses

Deforestation

Conservationof trees

Utilization ofHorse manure asalternative

source of paper

Lessening ofwaste brought

about byimproper

defecation of

Production ofa new productin business

18

This aimed to help solve the environmental problems

specifically with deforestation and waste brought by the

improper defecation of horses. Through utilizing horse

manure as an alternative source of paper, conservation of

trees, lessening of wastes and production of products which

will be engaged will be the benefits assured.

19

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Materials

The horse manure which was one of the study’s

experimentalunit was obtained from a calessa driver near

Colon. The horse manure was still fresh and moist. Before it

was used, it was dried first. The manure was fine in texture

and has threads of undigested grass. Through analysis, the

horse manure was composed mainly of fiber, making it a good

source of paper. Waste product, organic impurities and

cellulose-decomposing bacteria were also present in its

composition. Thus, it was dark in color in the raw form.

One kilogram of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used in

making alkaline solution and was commercially available and

obtained from Far Eastern Drugstore. Chlorine and bleach for

the whitening process were obtained from a sari-sari store

near their school.

Camias which was extracted and used in the whitening

process was obtained from a student living near the school.

The mold and deckle used in sheet forming are procured

through improvising two silk screens, one with silk and the

other with silkless frame. These were later used in the

sheet forming and drying of the product.

20

Procedure

Two hundred fifty grams of horse manure was dried first

to lessen bacteria and to avoid moisture. After drying, the

manure was filtered by using an unused cloth to remove

organic impurities and waste products, leaving the fiber

alone.

The researchers then made an alkaline solution by

dissolving 250 grams of sodium carbonate (NaCo3) in one

liter of water. The manure was then soaked in the solution

for one day to soften the fibers and to hasten its

separation process. This was an important part of

papermaking for the fibers to be equally dispersed for it to

be interlocked when formed into sheets.

Whitening Process

The researchers prepared five set-ups of horse manure.

Three of which are soaked in chlorine solutions with 50g:

200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL chlorine to water

ratio on the first, second and third set-ups, each having

250 grams of horse manure. One set-up was composed of camias

extract of 200 mL, while the remaining set-up was composed

of two solutions: 100 mL of camias extract and 100 mL of

chlorine solution, made by mixing 100 grams of chlorine in

100 mL of water. Each the solution was then added with 250

grams of horse manure to determine their effects at

different variations.

21

Figure 4.1: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect

of chlorine to the horse manure paper

a 50gchlorine:

200 mLwater+ 250

b100g

chlorine:

200 mLwater+ 250

c150 gchlorine:

200 mLwater+ 250

Figure 4.2: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect

of camias extract and chlorine-camias solution to the horse

manure paper

22

Sheet Forming

The pulp was then transferred to the basin filled with

water and was left for a few minutes for the fibers to

disperse equally. Sheet forming was done by placing the

deckle with the mold at the top at the bottom of the basin

with the pulp dispersed. The mold and deckle were gradually

a200 mLcamiasextract+ 250 gmanure

b100 mLcamias+ 100 gchlorine: 100mL

risen up, scraping the pulp. The mold and the deckle where

then moved back and forth for the fibers to spread equally

on the screen. The mold was then removed, leaving the sheet

on the deckle.

Drying

The sheet was transferred to a felt cloth and was dried

under the sun’s heat for one day. The sun serves as a

natural bleaching agent which can add to the paper’s white

color.

Rolling and Pressuring

Pressing and rolling are the last steps in papermaking.

The researchers used three set-ups of horse manure paper and

pressing devices: iron, rolling pin and hand. Each was used

manually to test their efficacy in improving the sheets’

texture and quality as a writing paper. Pressure is needed

in doing these steps for the fibers to be compact and

durable enough for it not to be torn easily.

23

Figure 5: Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper

Durability Testing:

The researchers prepared four sheets of the horse

manure paper to test its durability and quality. Using the

dimensions 10x20x.3 cm, each f the two ends was flattened

using two books to make it elevated 5 cm above the ground. 5

peso coins were placed on the sheet at the ratio 4:6:8:10

coins for the four set-ups respectively. Results were then

recorded.

aby hand

cby iron

bby rolling

pin

Figure 6: Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper

24

Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A.Color of the paper

Table 1: The effect of chlorine to the color of the horse

manure paper

Amount of

ChlorineAmount of Water

Amount of

ManureColor

50 grams 200 mL 250 grams Brown

a10x20x.3cm paper+4 5-peso

b 10x20x.3cm paper+6 5-peso

d10x20x.3cm paper+10 5-peso

c10x20x.3cm paper+8 5-peso

100 grams 200 mL 250 grams Light Brown

150 grams 200 mL 250 grams White

The researchers found out that when more chlorine was

used, the more the color of the manure whitened. The

researchers used 50g: 200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL

chlorine to water ratio on the first, second and third

samples of 250 grams horse manure respectively. The effect

of the 50g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution to the 250

grams of horse manure made its color brown while light white

to the set-up containing 100 g: 200 mL chlorine to water

solution while the 150 g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution

made its color white.

25

Table 2: The effect of camias extract to the color of the

horse manure paper

Amount of camias Amount of manure Color

200 mL 250 grams Dark Brown

Using the extract of the camias which was of the same

volume compared to the chlorine solution does not greatly

affect the color of the paper.

Table 3: Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color

of the horse manure paper

Amount of

camias

extract

Amount of

Chlorine

Amount of

Water

Amount of

Manure

Color

100 mL 100 grams 100 mL 250 grams White

Results show that the 100 mL of the camias extract

combined with 100 mL of chlorine solution containing 100

grams chlorine made the color of the paper white which was

similar to the effect of the 150g: 200mL ratio of chlorine

and water to the same amount of horse manure.

26

B.Durability of the paper

Table 4: The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to

the durability of the paper

No. of books Dimension of

the paper

No. of five

peso

Effect

2:2 10” x 20”

x .3” cm

4 Nothing

happened

2:2 10” x 20” 6 Nothing

x .3” mm happened

2:2 10” x 20”

x .3” mm

8 Nothing

happened

2:2 10” x 20”

x .3” mm

10 Torn apart

With the results indicated, the paper can only resist

the pressure exerted by the ten pieces of 5-peso coins. The

number of 5-peso coins less than this will not affect the

paper.

27

C.Texture of the Paper

Table 5: The effect of different materials in

pressing

Materials used in

pressing

Effect

Iron Rough

Rolling pin Rough

By hand Rough

With the process, alkaline solution and chlorine are

good factors in papermaking. Alkaline solution is used to

separate clusters of undigested fibers from the manure,

making it fine and applicable for paper making.

Adding 150 grams of chlorine for obtaining white and

good quality of paper from horse manure is a good

implication. Adding less than this amount of chlorine will

produce product of darker color.

At the same volume, camias extract does a less effect

on the whiteness of the paper. However, when added with

chlorine, the effect is much more transparent and is

comparable to the chlorine solution’s effect to the horse

manure.

The use of camias extract and the chlorine solutions

are of good insinuation in whitening the color of the horse

manure and thus improving its quality as a writing material

usable for the students.

Using hand, rolling pin nor iron as pressing devices

does not affect the texture of the paper. The pressure

exerted by the said materials was not enough to enhance the

paper’s texture and writing potential. Using materials of

vast pressure is highly recommended.

29

With the data indicated, it could therefore be

concluded that horse manure was a suitable alternative

source of paper aside from trees. The horse manure paper was

also applicable in terms of color, durability, texture as

well as in writing ability.

If realized, this product may engage locally and will

help the students in having an educational which is

financially available and ecologically friendly.

30

Recommendations

The researchers recommend the future researchers who

will use this investigatory project as their basis to use a

binding agent to make the paper more durable and compact.

The researchers also recommend using a calendaring

machine to enhance its texture hence, improving its

potential as a writing paper.

Using another source of herbivore manure which is of a

common problem to the society is also recommended.

The future researchers can also add some designs or

colors while in the stage of sheet-forming to be able to

produce a product which can be used as designing papers

which can be commercially available.

Mass production is highly recommended to determine the

feasibility of the developed products in large scale

production

Commercialization of these products is also a good

implication to help solve trees-threatening problems and

even create job

31

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Plowman J. (2001).Papermaking Techniques Book. Blundell,

London: Quatro Publishing Plc.

Starr C., et al. (1984). Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 3rd

ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Online sources

http://Suite101.com/article/make-handmade-paper-textured-

with-horsemanure-a268537 Retrieved on August 29,

2013

http://Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL Retrieved on August

29, 2013

http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-fiber-digested-body-

4829.htmL Retrieved on September 2, 2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food Retrieved on

September 2, 2013

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper

Retrieved on September 2, 2013

32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-based_bleaches

Retrieved on September 3, 2013

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html Retrieved on

September 15, 2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi Retrieved on

September 15, 2013