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2nd International Science, Social Science, Engineering and Energy Conference 2010: Engineering Science and Management

Quantum Synchronization for Multi Variable Packet Switching Security

K. Mitsophonsiri a,*, S. Punthawanunta, S. Mitathab and P.P. Yupapinc a Faculty of Science and Technology, Kasem Bundit University, Bangkok 10250, Thailand

b Hybrid Computing Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand

cNanoscale Science and Engineering Research Alliance, Advanced Research Center for Photonics Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520, Thailand

Elsevier use only: Received 15 November 2010; revised 15 December 2010; accepted 20 December 2010

Abstract

We propose a new technique of signal synchronization using the correlated photon and a quantum processor, which can be performed incorporating in the communication link. The advantage is that data identification can be transmitted associating with the information data, whereas the synchronous key can be provided between Alice and Bob by using the dark solution tail(array) to form the quantum bits(qubits) via the quantum processor. In this paper, the dark soliton array is used to form the multi variable packet switching, which can be used to increase the communication capacity, whereas the security of data can be performed by the secret codes. Moreover, the secret codes can also be used to form the data identification which is known as signal (data) synchronization. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Keywords: Quantum synchronization, Quantum security, Quantum communication, QKD

1. Introduction

Information technology becomes the major tool that can be used to develop the world economy, therefore, the searching of new techniques for more capacity and available network is remained. One of them is that the use of high performance network that can offer both larger bandwidth and high security. Many techniques have been reported [1-4], where they have shown that the user demand can be improved. One of the interesting technique is the high capacity packet switching [5], where more capacity can be added when the multi variable wavelength routers is included in the system. However, the problem remains, when the problem of using signal security and how to specify the end user data, i.e. synchronization. In this work, multi dark soliton array is formed and use to create the packet switching and quantum synchronized codes, where tow advantages can be provided, where one is the high capacity

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-689-445-2224; fax: +6-627-227-262. E-mail address: khuanlux_mi@science.kbu.ac.th.

© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1877–7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.03.086

Procedia Engineering 8 (2011) 474–482

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packet switching, the other is the security code can be formed and use as the synchronized codes. However, soliton communication has been a successful system for long distance optical communication link, where the required minimum repeater is the advantage, which becomes the key advantage of the system performance. However, in practice, the problem of soliton-soliton interaction, soliton collision and dispersion management is required to solve [6-8]. Generally, there are two types of soliton known as bright and dark solitons [9], where the soliton behaviors and applications are well analyzed and described by Agarwal [10]. In principle, the detection of dark soliton is extremely difficult.

Dark soliton behavior has become the promising application when the transmission dark soliton can be converted into bright soliton after passing through into the specific add/drop filter [11], which means that the transmission signals can be transmitted in the form of dark soliton, which is difficult to detect, whereas the specific end user that connects to the link via the specific add/drop filter can obtain the signals. Although, the dark soliton applications have been widely investigated in various applications [12-15], the searching for new techniques that can be performed more available applications remains. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the use of multi dark solitons generated by using the multi light sources/tunable source to form the multi dark soliton multiplexing system, where the multiplexed solitons can be transmitted into the link via an optical multiplexer (MUX). The dark soliton array, i.e. wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of dark soliton is formed, which may be used to form the multi wavelength soliton bands for high capacity communication. Simulation results obtained have shown that slightly difference of soliton center wavelengths can be generated and used for multi channels applications. By using the dark-bright conversion, the multi bright solitons can be obtained, which means that the large number of channel can be kept in the secured communication link, which is also available for communication security with high capacity and long distance link. The parity bit can be formed by using the pair of the entangled photons which can be generated by using the quantum processor (QP), therefore, the high capacity data transmission with high security can be performed by using the proposed designed system.

2. Packet Switching Generation using Dark Soliton Array

To describe the multiplexed dark soliton pulses, which introduce the dark soliton array generation, a stationary multi dark soliton pulses are introduced into the microring resonator system as shown in Fig. 1. Each of input optical fields (Ein) of the dark soliton pulses input is given by [5]

ti2L

zexpTTAtanhtE 0

D0in

(1)

Where A and z are the optical field amplitude and propagation distance, respectively. T is a soliton pulse propagation time in a frame moving at the group velocity, T = t – 1*z, where 1 and 2 are the coefficients of the linear and second-order terms of Taylor expansion of the propagation constant. LD = T0

2/| 2| is the dispersion length of the soliton pulse. T0 in equation is a soliton pulse propagation time at initial input (or soliton pulse width), where t is the soliton phase shift time, and the frequency shift of the soliton is 0. This solution describes a pulse that keeps its temporal width invariance as it propagates, and thus is called a temporal soliton. When a soliton peak intensity (| 2/ ×T0

2|) is given, then T0 is known. For the soliton pulse in the microring device, a balance should be achieved between the dispersion length (LD) and the nonlinear length (LNL = 1/ NL), where = n2*k0, is the length scale over which dispersive or nonlinear effects makes the beam become wider or narrower. For a soliton pulse, there is a balance between dispersion and nonlinear lengths, hence LD = LNL.

When light propagates within the nonlinear material (medium), the refractive index (n) of light within the medium is given by

PAnnInnn

eff

2020

(2)

where n0 and n2 are the linear and nonlinear refractive indexes, respectively. I and P are the optical intensity and optical power, respectively. The effective mode core area of the device is given by Aeff. For the series microring resonator (MRRs), the effective mode core areas range from 0.50 to 0.10 m2 [16]. When a soliton pulse is input and propagated within a MRR, as shown in Fig.1, which consists of a series MRRs. The resonant output is formed, thus, the normalized output of the light field is the ratio between the output and input fields [Eout(t) and Ein(t)] in each roundtrip, which is given by [17]

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)2

(sin11x4)11x(1

)x)(1(11)(1(t)E(t)E

22

22

in

out (3)

The close form of Eq. (3) indicates that a ring resonator in this particular case is very similar to a Fabry–Perot cavity, which has an input and output mirror with a field reflectivity, (1 ), and a fully reflecting mirror. is the coupling coefficient, and x=exp( L/2) represents a roundtrip loss coefficient, 0=kLn0 and NL=kLn2|Ein|2 are the linear and nonlinear phase shifts, k=2 / is the wave propagation number in a vacuum, where L and are waveguide length and linear absorption coefficient, respectively. In this work, the iterative method is introduced to obtain the results as shown in Eq. (3), and similarly, when the output field is connected and input into the other ring resonators.

The input optical field as shown in equation (1), i.e. a dark soliton pulse, is input into a nonlinear series microring resonator. By using the appropriate parameters, we propose to use the add/drop device with the appropriate parameters. This is given in details as followings. The optical outputs of a ring resonator add/drop filter can be given by the equations (4) and (5), respectively [18].

L)cos(ke112)e)(1(11

)e(1L)cos(ke112)(1EE

n

L2

21L

21

L2n

L2

2112

in

t (4)

and

L)cos(ke112)e)(1(11

eEE

n

L2

21L

21

L2

21

2

in

d (5)

where Et and Ed represent the optical fields of the throughput and drop ports, respectively. = kneff is the

propagation constant, neff is the effective refractive index of the waveguide, and the circumference of the ring is L=2 R, with R as the radius of the ring. In the following, new parameters is used for simplification with = L as the phase constant. The chaotic noise cancellation can be managed by using the specific parameters of the add/drop device, and the required signals can be retrieved by the specific users. 1 and 2 are the coupling coefficient of the add/drop filters, kn=2 / is the wave propagation number for in a vacuum, and where the waveguide (ring resonator) loss is = 0.5 dBmm 1. The fractional coupler intensity loss is = 0.1. In the case of the add/drop device, the nonlinear refractive index is neglected.

Fig. 1. Schematic of generation trapping tool system, where Eins: Soliton inputs, Rs: ring radii, s: coupling

coefficients, MUX: Optical multiplexer, Rd: Add/drop radius, MRR: Microring resonator.

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In simulation, the generated dark soliton pulse, for instance, with 50-ns pulse width, and a maximum power of 0.5W is input into each of ring resonator systems with different center wavelengths, as shown in Fig. 1. The suitable ring parameters are used, such as ring radii and ring coupling coefficients, where R1=15.0 m and R2=10.0 m. In order to make the system associate with the practical device [16], n0=3.34 (InGaAsP/InP). The effective core areas are Aeff =0.50 and 0.25 m2 for microring resonatros(MRRs). The waveguide and coupling loses are =0.5 dBmm 1 and =0.1, respectively, and the coupling coefficients s of the MRRs are ranged from 0.03 to 0.1. The nonlinear refractive index is n2=2.2 10 13 m2/W. In this case, the waveguide loss used is 0.5 dBmm 1. However, more parameters are used as shown in Fig. 1. The input dark soliton pulse is chopped (sliced) into the smaller signals R1, R2, and the filtering signals within add/drop ring Rd are seen. We find that the output signals from R2 is larger than from R1 due to the different core effective areas of the rings in the system, which is represented by the nonlinear terms of the ring resonator. However, the effective areas can be transferred from 0.50 and 0.25 m2 with some losses. The soliton signals in Rd is entered in the add/drop filter, where the dark-bright soliton conversion can be performed by using Eqs. (4) and (5). In application, the different dark soliton wavelength is input into the series microring resonators system, whereas the parameters of system are set the same. For instance, the dark solitons are input into the system at the center wavelengths 1 = 1.5, 2 = 1.52 and 3 = 1.54 m, respectively. When a dark soliton propagates into the MRRs system, the occurrence of dark soliton collision (modulation) in multiplexer system and the filtering signals within add/drop ring (Rd) is as shown in Fig. 1. The dark soliton generated by multi-light sources at the center wavelength 1 = 1.50 m, the filtering signals are as shown in Fig. 2. Simulation results obtained have shown that the band of bright solitons is seen, whereas there is no signal at 1 = 1.50 m. The free spectrum range (FSR) and the amplified power of 2.1 nm and 20 W of the dark soliton are obtained, where in this case, the spectral width(Full width at half maximum, FWHM) of 0.1 nm is achieved. In Fig.3, the dark soliton array generated by multi-light sources at the center wavelength 1 = 1.5, 2 = 1.52 and 3 = 1.54 m and filtering signals is shown, respectively. Similarly, the dark soliton array generated by multi-light sources at the center wavelength 1 = 1.56, 2 = 1.58 and 3 = 1.60 m and filtering signals respectively is as shown in Fig. 4, whereas the optical ring radii used are 15, 10 m and Rd = 50 m. From the results obtained, the parity bits (qubits) of each packet switching signals can be generated by using the upper and lower signals, where there is no signal at the center wavelength, which is suitable to form the entangle photon pair.

Fig. 2. Simulation result of the dark solitons within the series microring resonators when the dark soliton input wavelength is 1.5 m, where (a) dark soliton input, (b) and (c) dark solitons in Rings R1 and R2,

(d), (e) and (f) are drop port signals.

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Fig. 3. Simulation result of the dark soliton array when the dark soliton input wavelengths are 1.5, 1.52 and 1.54 m, where (a) dark soliton array, (b) and (c), (d) and (e),

(f) and (g) are the drop port signals, respectively.

Fig. 4. Simulation result of the dark soliton array when the dark soliton input wavelengths are 1.56, 1.58 and 1.60 m, where (a) dark soliton array, (b) and (c), (d) and (e),

(f) and (g) are the drop port signals, respectively.

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3. Quantum Syncronization

From the results obtained as shown in Figs. (2)-(4), the parity bits can be formed by using the pair of the entangled photons which can be generated by using the correlated photons via a quantum processor (QP), therefore, the synchronous data transmission with high security can be performed by using the proposed designed system. To form the synchronous qubits by using the quantum processor, let us consider that the case when the photon output is input into the quantum processor unit. Generally, there are two pairs of possible polarization entangled photons forming within the ring device, which are represented by the four polarization orientation angles as [0º, 90º], [135º and 180º]. These can be formed by using the optical component called the polarization rotatable device and a polarizing beam splitter (PBS). In this concept, we assume that the polarized photon can be performed by using the proposed arrangement. Where each pair of the transmitted qubits can be randomly formed the entangled photon pairs. To begin this concept, we introduce the technique that can be used to create the entangled photon pair (qubits) as shown in Figs. (5) and (6), a polarization coupler that separates the basic vertical and horizontal polarization states corresponds to an optical switch between the short and the long pulses. We assume those horizontally polarized pulses with a temporal separation of t. The coherence time of the consecutive pulses is larger than t. Then the following state is created by Eq. (6) [19].

isispHHHH ,2,2,1,1 (6)

In the expression kHk ,, is the number of time slots (1 or 2), where denotes the state of polarization [horizontal

H or vertical V ], and the subscript identifies whether the state is the signal (s) or the idler (i) state. In Eq. (1), for simplicity, we have omitted an amplitude term that is common to all product states. We employ the same simplification in subsequent equations in this paper. This two-photon state with H polarization shown by Eq. (6) is input into the orthogonal polarization-delay circuit shown schematically. The delay circuit consists of a coupler and the difference between the round-trip times of the micro ring resonator, which is equal to t. The micro ring is tilted by changing the round trip of the ring is converted into V at the delay circuit output. That is the delay

circuits convert Hk, to be

Hkr , + Vkit ,1)exp(2 + Hkirt ,2)exp( 22 + Vkitr ,3)exp( 322

Where t and r is the amplitude transmittances to cross and bar ports in a coupler. Then Eq. (6) is converted into the polarized state by the delay circuit as

= ][ ,2)exp(,1

sssViH ][ ,2)exp(,1

iiiViH ][ ,3)exp(,2

sssViH

][ ,2)exp(,2iii

ViH

= ][ ,2,1)exp(,1,1

isiisVHiHH

iss HVi ,1,2)exp(isis VVi ,2,2exp ][

isHH ,2,2

isi VHi ,3,2expiss HVi ,2,3exp

isis VVi ,3,3exp ][ (7)

By the coincidence counts in the second time slot, we can extract the fourth and fifth terms. As a result, we can obtain the following polarization entangled state as

isHH ,2,2 +

isis VVi ,2,2exp ][ (8)

We assume that the response time of the Kerr effect is much less than the cavity round-trip time. Because of the Kerr nonlinearity of the optical device, the strong pulses acquire an intensity dependent phase shift during propagation. The interference of light pulses at a coupler introduces the output beam, which is entangled. Due to the polarization states of light pulses are changed and converted while circulating in the delay circuit, where the polarization entangled photon pairs can be generated. The entangled photons of the nonlinear ring resonator are

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separated to be the signal and idler photon probability. The polarization angle adjustment device is applied to investigate the orientation and optical output intensity, this concept is well described by the published work [20].

Fig. 5. A system of Signal pulse and entangled photon generation, where RNS : ring radii NS: coupling coefficients, RdNS: an add/drop ring radius, can be used to be the transmission part(TN).

RotatablePolarization

DN6

DN5

PBS RotatablePolarization

RN4

RdN2

Eout

Rt

|VV |HH

|VV |HH

|V |H

|H |V

DN3

DN4

PBS

|V |H

|H |V

Fig. 6. A system of the entangled photon pair manipulation of the receiver part (RN). The quantum state is propagating to a rotatable polarizer and then is split by a beam splitter (PBS)

flying to detector DN3 and DN4.

The transmission part can be used to generate the high capacity packet of quantum codes within the series of micro ring resonators and the cloning unit, which is operated by the add/drop filter (RdN1), used to be Alice as shown in the schematic diagram in Fig. 5. The received part (RN) can be used to detect the quantum bits via the optical link, which can be obtained via the end quantum processor and the reference states can be recognized by using the cloning unit [21], which is operated by the add/drop filter (RdN2), used to be Bob as shown in the schematic diagram in Fig. 6. The synchronous bits (entangled photon pair) can be formed after a signal input with the specific wavelength ( N) is launched into the system. The remaining part of a system of the multi wavelength router is as shown in the schematic diagram in Fig. 7. In operation, the packet of data can be generated and input into the system via a wavelength router, which is encoded by the quantum secret codes. The required data generated by specific wavelength can be retrieved via the drop port of the add/drop filter in the router, whereas the quantum secret codes can be specified between Alice and Bob. Moreover, the high capacity of data can be applied by using more

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wavelength carries (multi wavelengths) which can be provided by the correlated photon generation. In general, the use of dark soliton array is required to form the high capacity packet switching, the synchronous data transmission is formed by using the qubits, whereas the additional advantageous is that the data security can be provided.

Fig. 7. A schematic multi wavelength router, where Ri, Rj: ring radii and is, js are the coupling coefficients, where i: dark soliton wavelengths, QP: Quantum Processor.

4. Conclusions

We have proposed a new technique of signal synchronization using the correlated photon and a quantum processor, which is called quantum synchronization. In operation, the packet of data can be generated and input into the system via a wavelength router, which is encoded by the quantum secret codes. The advantage is that data identification can be transmitted associating with the information data, whereas the synchronous key can be provided between Alice and Bob by using the dark solution tail(array) to form the quantum bits(qubits) by using the correlated photons via the quantum processor. Initially, the dark soliton array is generated and used to form the multi variable packet switching data, which can be used to increase the communication capacity. The security of data can be performed by using the secret codes. Moreover, the secret codes can also be used to form the data identification by using the parity bits (qubits) which is known as signal (data) synchronization. Finally, the required data generated by specific wavelength can be retrieved via the drop port of the add/drop filter in the wavelength router, whereas the quantum secret codes can be specified between Alice and Bob.

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