Past and future trajectories of forest loss in New Zealand

B I O L O G I C A L C O N S E R V A T I O N 1 3 3 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 3 1 2 – 3 2 5

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Robert M. Ewersa,b,c,*, Andrew D. Kliskeyd,1, Susan Walkere, Daniel Rutledgef,Jon S. Hardinga, Raphael K. Didhama,*aSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New ZealandbInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UKcDepartment of Zoology, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UKdDepartment of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New ZealandeLandcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, New ZealandfLandcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, New Zealand

A R T I C L E I N F O

Article history:

Received 23 March 2006

Received in revised form

12 June 2006

Accepted 20 June 2006

Available online 14 September 2006

Keywords:

Deforestation

Extinction threshold

Habitat loss

Landcover change

Landscape threshold

Restoration targets

0006-3207/$ - see front matter � 2006 Elsevidoi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.018

* Corresponding authors: Tel.: +44 1223 336 6E-mail addresses: robert.ewers@ioz.ac.uk

Walker), rutledged@landcareresearch.co.nz ((R.K. Didham).

1 Present address: Department of BiologicaUnited States.

A B S T R A C T

Historically, New Zealand was dominated by forest below the alpine treeline, but about

1000 years of Polynesian and European colonisation has resulted in the destruction of nearly

three-quarters of the indigenous forest cover. In this study, the historical patterns of defor-

estation and forest fragmentation were assessed in relation to major topographical, climatic

and anthropogenic variables that may drive forest loss. Deforestation has occurred almost

equally on the two main islands, the North and South Islands, although the remaining

indigenous forest is more fragmented in the North Island. Most deforestation has occurred

in regions with a high-density of road networks, although gradients in climatic water avail-

ability and soil fertility also had weak effects. Deforestation rates over the period 1997–2002

were very low (nationwide deforestation rate of just �0.01% p.a.), but varied widely among

political districts. Expansion of plantation forestry was the single most important driver of

recent deforestation. Only 10 of 73 political districts are afforded long-term protection of

native forest cover (having more than 30% forest cover that is managed by the Department

of Conservation). Forest cover in the majority of New Zealand landscapes has been reduced

below the level of an expected ‘extinction threshold’ (circa 30% native habitat cover) in 55

political districts, and long-term trajectories predict that ongoing deforestation threatens

to force another five districts below the critical threshold within the next 45 years. Except

for the most heavily deforested regions, relatively modest annual rates of habitat restora-

tion could bring forest cover back above the extinction threshold by the year 2050.

1. Introduction

Three thousand years ago, forest covered virtually the entire

land surface area of New Zealand below the alpine treeline

75; fax: +44 1223 336 676 ((R.M. Ewers), afadk@u

D. Rutledge), jon.harding@

l Sciences, University of

(McGlone, 1989), but the arrival of the early Maori people

about 1000 BP initiated widespread forest destruction. The

Maori burned significant areas of lowland forest to encourage

the growth of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) that was used

R.M. Ewers), Tel.: +64 3 3642059; fax: +64 3 3642590 (R.K. Didham).aa.alaska.edu (A.D. Kliskey), walkers@landcareresearch.co.nz (S.canterbury.ac.nz (J.S. Harding), raphael.didham@canterbury.ac.nz

Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508,

B I O L O G I C A L C O N S E R V A T I O N 1 3 3 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 3 1 2 – 3 2 5 313

as a food source, to make cross-country travel easier and also

as a strategy for hunting moa (Stevens et al., 1988). Maori

were, however, not the sole cause of deforestation during this

time, as climatic change, volcanism and naturally ignited fires

have all been implicated as factors driving Holocene vegeta-

tion change in New Zealand (Fleet, 1986; McGlone, 1989). As

a result of these combined factors, forest cover had been

reduced to an estimated 68% of the land surface by the time

European settlers arrived in the early 1800s (Salmon, 1975),

and about half of the lowland forests had been destroyed (Ste-

vens et al., 1988; McGlone, 1989).

The first European settlers in the early 19th Century ini-

tially cleared forest at a relatively slow rate (Arnold, 1994).

However, with a growing population, improvements to

roads and a new rail system, large-scale clearance of forest

on the plains began in earnest in the 1870s (Arnold, 1994).

Early New Zealand landholders were required by law to

improve their land, and many achieved this via the simple

act of burning the forest (Salmon, 1975). Primary forest

clearance continued into the mid-20th century, and after

the Second World War increasing amounts of forest in the

mountain ranges were converted to farmland (Stevens

et al., 1988) or fast-growing exotic plantations (Fleet, 1986).

The net result of Maori and European exploitation of New

Zealand’s indigenous forest was the destruction of approxi-

mately three-quarters of the forest, reducing it from 82% to

23% of the land surface area (Fleet, 1986; Leathwick et al.,

2003b, 2004).

1.1. Conservation implications of historical deforestation

In New Zealand, it is often assumed that clearing of primary

native forests is no longer of significant concern and that

the conservation issues associated with forest loss are no

longer relevant to threatened species management (Craig

et al., 2000; Clout, 2001). However, the historical effects of for-

est loss are frequently recognised as one of the greatest

threats to endangered species (Tilman et al., 1994; Sala

et al., 2000), and there is an emerging recognition of the role

that historical landuse change has in structuring present-

day species assemblages (Harding et al., 1998). Moreover,

theoretical developments on the nature of extinction debts

(Tilman et al., 1994), extinction thresholds (With and King,

1999), and synergistic interactions between forest loss and

invasive species (Didham et al., 2005a,b; Ewers and Didham,

2006), advise caution in adopting the overly simplistic inter-

pretation that historical deforestation is not relevant to pres-

ent-day conservation.

First, extinction debts create a long-term decline in spe-

cies richness for generations following the isolation of hab-

itat remnants, and illustrate the long-term conservation

implications of historical forest loss. The term extinction

debt was coined by Tilman et al. (1994) and describes a time

lag between the process of habitat loss and the eventual

collapse of populations. Extinction debts are paid through

time as communities in remnant habitats gradually relax

to a new equilibrium number of species (Ewers and Did-

ham, 2006). Community relaxation approximates an expo-

nential decay with a half-life from 25 to 100 years for

birds (Brooks et al., 1999), whereas for long-lived canopy

trees the debt may still be current more than a century fol-

lowing deforestation (Turner et al., 1996; Vellend et al.,

2006).

Second, much research has been focused on landscape

and extinction thresholds in fragmented landscapes (Ewers

and Didham, 2006). Landscape thresholds are the result of

‘‘rapid changes in the size and isolation of patches at critical

proportions of habitat in the landscape’’ (Andren, 1994), and

are predicted to occur at approximately 30% remaining habi-

tat cover (Andren, 1994). Below this value, there is often an

abrupt increase in the gap structure of landscapes, a marked

discontinuity in dispersal between isolated sub-populations

and a sharp decline in the probability of metapopulation per-

sistence (Hanski, 1998; Hanski and Ovaskainen, 2002), at

which point an extinction threshold has been passed. The

extinction threshold compounds the risks posed by forest

destruction, as even a small loss of habitat near the threshold

may result in a precipitous decline in the probability of spe-

cies persistence (With and King, 1999).

Third, many invasions do not propagate through undis-

turbed habitats and invasion risk increases disproportion-

ately following anthropogenic habitat loss (May and Norton,

1996; Lonsdale, 1999; Hobbs, 2001). A growing body of evi-

dence now shows that landscape context may be a critical

determinant of local-scale predation intensity exerted by

invasive species (Robinson et al., 1995; Hartley and Hunter,

1998; Ohlemuller et al., 2006). Furthermore, forest edges are

focal points for invasions of remnant habitat (Wiser et al.,

1998). In small fragments that consist completely of edge-

affected habitat, invasive plant species like Tradescantia

fluminensis (Commelinaceae) can influence the long-term via-

bility of forest remnants by dramatically reducing the species

richness, abundance and survival rates of native seedlings

(Standish et al., 2001), as well as reducing invertebrate diver-

sity and altering invertebrate community composition (Toft

et al., 2001).

1.2. Goals of this study

There has been no extensive analysis of patterns of defores-

tation in New Zealand, nor an investigation into the natural

and anthropogenic drivers of those patterns. The purpose of

this study was to determine historical patterns of deforesta-

tion and describe current patterns of forest fragmentation.

These variables were assessed in relation to major topo-

graphical and climatic features. Furthermore, because hu-

mans have been the dominant force behind the loss of

native forests worldwide, correlations between human popu-

lation density, recent changes in human population size and

proximity to highways (a spatial indicator of human activity)

were assessed as potential drivers of forest loss. Finally, the

amount of extant indigenous forest that is currently in-

cluded in the New Zealand protected areas network was

quantified, and predictive equations were used to model

the likely future of forest resources, with an emphasis on

forecasting when landscapes will pass below an expected

extinction threshold of 30% forest cover in the landscape.

For regions that have already fallen below the threshold, res-

toration goals to restore those landscapes by the year 2050

are presented.

314 B I O L O G I C A L C O N S E R V A T I O N 1 3 3 ( 2 0 0 6 ) 3 1 2 – 3 2 5

2. Methods

The New Zealand archipelago consists of several hundred is-

lands spread across 2.2 million km2 of the southern Pacific

Ocean. For the purposes of this study, forest loss estimates

were restricted to the two main islands, the North and South

Islands, for which reliable data were available. The two

islands combined represent 97% of the total land area of

the archipelago and support over 99% of the total human

Table 1 – List of variables, codes, data transformations and datapatterns

Variable Code Units

Forest cover

Pre-human forest cover FORhist %

1850 Forest cover FOR1850 %

Total forest change FORCHA %

Recent forest change FORCH97�02 %

1997 Exotic forest cover EXO1997 %

2002 Exotic forest cover EXO2002 %

Recent exotic forest change EXOCH97�01 %

Fragmentation metrics

Length of forest edge EDGE km

Forest edge: area ratio EDGEAREA km km�2

Number of forest fragments NUMFRAG #

Fractal dimension FRACTD Dimensionless

Ordination axis 1 DCAfrag Dimensionless

Geomorphological variables

Altitude ALTIT m

Land evenness EVEN Std. Dev. in m

Soil calcium CALCIUM Arbitrary

Soil phosphorus PHOSPH Arbitrary

Chemical limitations CHEMLIMS Arbitrary

Soil particle size PSIZE Arbitrary

Soil drainage DRAIN Arbitrary

Ordination axis 1 DCApsize Dimensionless

Ordination axis 2 DCAphos Dimensionless

Ordination axis 3 DCAcal Dimensionless

Climatic variables

Mean annual temperature TEMP �CWinter minimum temperature MINTEMP �CSolar radiation SOLRAD MJ m�2 day�1

Annual rainfall RAIN mm

October vapour pressure deficit VPD kPa

Annual water deficit DEFICIT mm

Ordination axis 1 DCAmoist Dimensionless

Ordination axis 2 DCAtemp Dimensionless

Anthropogenic variables

1996 Population density POPD1996 # km�2

2001 Population density POPD2001 # km�2

Recent population change POPCH96�01 %

2001 Property value RENT $ km�2 yr�1

2001 Personal income INCOME $ person�1 yr�1

Road density ROADDENS km km�2

Distance to highway ROADDIS km

For full details on the calculation of variables refer to the text.

population. The North and South Islands were divided into

grid squares of 10 · 10 km for statistical analysis (Trzcinski

et al., 1999) and a geographic database of historical and cur-

rent forest cover, as well as climatic, geomorphological and

anthropogenic variables was compiled for each grid square

using Arc View 3.2 and Spatial Analyst software. A list of

all variables and data sources used in this study is presented

in Table 1, and full details of how variables were calculated

are available in the Supplementary Information.

sources used in the analysis of New Zealand deforestation

Transform Data source or formula

asin(sqrt(x)) Leathwick et al. (2004)

log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] McGlone (1989)

log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand TopoMap

log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2

log(x + 101) =((FOR2002 � FORhist)/FORhist) · 100

=((FOR2002 � FOR1997)/FOR1997) · 100

log[asin(sqrt(x + 1))] New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2

=((EXO2002 � EXO1997)/EXO1997) · 100

New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2

log(x + 1) =EDGE/FOR2002

log(x + 1) New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2

New Zealand Landcover Database ver.2

=DCA on above 4 metrics

log(x + 1) New Zealand 25 m Digital Elevation

Leathwick et al. (2003b)

sqrt(x + 0.5) Leathwick et al. (2003b)

New Zealand 25 m Temperature Model

New Zealand Forest Service

log(x + 1) Leathwick et al. (2003b)

log(x + 1) Statistics New Zealand Census 1996

log(x + 1) Statistics New Zealand Census 2001

log(x + 101) Statistics New Zealand Census 1996, 2001

Statistics New Zealand Census 2001

New Zealand TopoMap

log(x + 1) New Zealand Forest Service

2.1. Forest cover and forest fragmentation

Data on forest cover were obtained for five time periods; pre-

human (about 1000 years before present), 1850, 1989, 1997 and

2002 (Supplementary Methods). Three metrics were calcu-

lated for each grid square to reflect patterns of forest frag-

mentation in 2002 (Table 1); the number of fragments, the

edge:area ratio of indigenous forest, and the fractal dimen-

sion of the landscape. Data on indigenous scrub cover were

also obtained for 1997 and 2002, as scrub represents an impor-

tant stage in the process of forest regeneration and may be

considered immature forest (Supplementary Methods).

2.2. Climatic and geomorphological variables

Data for six climatic and five geomorphological variables were

obtained to represent abiotic features of the landscape that

may influence patterns of forest cover (Supplementary Meth-

ods). These variables fell into four categories: (1) energy avail-

ability; (2) water availability; (3) landforms; and (4) suitability

of the land for agriculture.

2.3. Anthropogenic drivers of deforestation

Total human population density (rural and urban population

combined) was obtained from the Statistics New Zealand

national census’ in 1996 and 2001, as were data on land values

and personal income levels (see Supplementary Methods).

Road density and the distance from each quadrat to the near-

est main highway were calculated.

Current and future deforestation are limited by the

amount of forest under conservation protection, so maps of

protected forest from the Department of Conservation

National Conservation Units dataset (September 2003) were

obtained. There were 86,436 km2 of land in New Zealand

represented in the National Conservation Units dataset,

of which 84,620 km2 (32% of total land area) is managed by

the Department of Conservation (Supplementary Methods).

2.4. Statistical analysis

The analysis of forest change was conducted in four parts:

(1) a regional analysis of current forest cover, (2) a grid

square analysis of cumulative deforestation patterns (pre-

human to 2002), (3) a grid square analysis of forest fragmen-

tation, and (4) regional predictions of long-term trajectories

in deforestation rates. Where necessary, variables were

transformed to meet assumptions of normality (Table 1).

Grid squares with less than 80 km2 land area (i.e. grid

squares intersecting lakes and coastlines) were excluded

from the analysis (Laurance et al., 2002). To account for

problems of spatial autocorrelation between grid squares,

the linear, quadratic and cubic combinations of longitude

and latitude of the centre of each 10 · 10 km grid square

were included as co-variates in all analyses (Legendre,

1993; Davies et al., 2003).

2.4.1. Current status of forest coverSummary tables of forest metrics were compiled for the 73

political districts of New Zealand. For each district, the

amount of historical deforestation and the amount and

degree of fragmentation of the current forest cover were

assessed. The proportion of each district that was classified

as plantation forest and indigenous scrub (analogous to

regenerating forest) was also summarized. Annual deforesta-

tion rates were calculated over the period 1997–2002 using a

compounding interest formula:

r ¼ ½ðFOR2002=FOR1997Þ1=t � 1� � 100

where r is the rate of change in forest cover (% yr�1) and t is

the time in years over which the rate of change is calculated

(t = 5).

2.4.2. Predictors of forest lossForest loss was only calculated where forest was historically

present, thus grid square analyses were restricted to grid

squares with more than 80% of the total grid square area

in forest before the arrival of humans. Preliminary correla-

tion analyses showed that many of the climatic and land-

form variables were intercorrelated, so separate detrended

correspondence analyses (DCA) were used to identify statis-

tically independent gradients in the two groups of variables

using CANOCO version 4.02 software (ter Braak, 1995). First,

the six climatic variables were reduced to two axes explain-

ing 98% of the variation in the climatic data set (Supplemen-

tary Table S1 a). The first axis reflected a moisture gradient

(DCAmoist), and the second a temperature gradient (DCAtemp),

as indicated by the high correlations between these variables

and site ordering along axes 1 and 2 respectively (Supple-

mentary Table S1 a). Second, the seven geomorphological

variables were reduced to three axes that explained 94%

of the landform variation (Supplementary Table S1 b). DCA

Axis 1 was most strongly correlated with soil particle size

(DCApsize), Axis 2 with soil phosphorus levels (DCAphos) and

Axis 3 with soil calcium (DCAcal). The identified gradients

(2 · climatic and 3 · geomorphological) were used in subse-

quent regression analyses.

Multiple regression in R software (R Development Core

Team, 2004) was used to investigate the effect of these five

axes plus the five anthropogenic variables on historical forest

change (FORCHA). Multicollinearity amongst the predictor

variables was assessed with correlation analysis. Because sig-

nificance tests are sensitive to the number of replicates, and

this analysis had a large sample size (n = 1984), parameter sig-

nificance was tested with a randomisation test based on

power analysis (Supplementary Methods).

ANOVA was employed to assess the drivers of recent forest

loss (FORCH97�02). Prior to analysis, grid squares with no for-

est cover in 1997 were excluded from the dataset. The data

were divided into two sets: those grid squares in which defor-

estation occurred (N = 129) and those where there was no

change in forest cover (N = 1665). ANOVA was used to test

for differences in the values of 13 predictor variables between

the two groups. As with the analysis of historical forest cover,

parameter significance was tested with a randomisation test

(Supplementary Methods).

2.4.3. Analysis of forest fragmentationThe three fragmentation metrics were strongly intercorre-

lated, so a DCA was used to identify statistically independent

gradients in the metrics (ter Braak, 1995). Furthermore, frag-

mentation metrics are commonly tightly correlated with

forest cover in the landscape (Trzcinski et al., 1999; Fahrig,

2003). Consequently, FOR2002 was factored in as a covariable

in the DCA to obtain a measure of current fragmentation pat-

terns that was independent of forest cover (Trzcinski et al.,

1999). Prior to analysis, grid squares with no forest cover in

2002 were excluded from the dataset. The resulting partial

DCA reduced the three fragmentation metrics to two axes

that explained nearly all of the variation in the data (Supple-

mentary Table S2). The first axis (DCAfrag1) was used as a sur-

rogate index of forest fragmentation as this axis alone

accounted for 99% of the variation in the fragmentation met-

rics. The signs of the DCAfrag1 values were reversed to give a

more intuitive index, with the gradient from negative to posi-

tive values reflecting a gradient from low to high fragmenta-

tion. A multiple regression approach (as described above for

the analysis of historical forest cover, utilising the randomisa-

tion test detailed in the Supplementary Methods) was

employed to determine the significant drivers of forest

fragmentation.

2.4.4. Long-term trajectories of forest changeLong-term patterns of forest change in political districts were

assessed by fitting an exponential curve through four points,

FOR18750, FOR1989, FOR1997 and FOR2002. An exponential curve

was chosen on the a priori assumption that deforestation

rates were greatest soon after colonisation and have

decreased through time, and was invariably a good approxi-

mation to the empirical data. Because the likelihood of an

extinction threshold occurring increases greatly when forest

cover decreases below about 30% of a given landscape

(Andren, 1994), the exponential curves were used to estimate

the year in which forest cover is predicted to decline below

this threshold level within each district. Districts were classi-

fied into one of four categories according to the amount of for-

est in the landscape, the amount of that forest that is

protected by the Department of Conservation, and the esti-

mated year in which the 30% landscape threshold will be

reached (Table 2). For districts that have already passed the

30% threshold (Critical category), the area of forest that would

need to be restored annually for the landscape to become 30%

forested by the year 2050 was calculated. Restoration targets

were calculated in two ways: (1) excluding indigenous scrub

and considering mature forest only, and (2) including indige-

nous scrub as regenerating forest.

Table 2 – Criteria for classifying landscapes according tofuture deforestation scenarios

Category Forestcover

Department ofconservation

protected forest

Predicted dateat threshold

Protected – >30% –

Stable >30% <30% >2050

Threatened >30% <30% <2050

Critical <30% – –

3. Results

3.1. Historical forest loss

Eighty-two percent of pre-human New Zealand was covered

in indigenous forest (North Is. 96%, South Is. 72%; Leathwick

et al., 2004), and this figure has dropped to 24%; a total reduc-

tion in area of some 14,000,000 ha, or 71% of the original for-

est (Fig. 1, Table 3). An approximately equal amount of land

area has been deforested on the North and South Islands

(about 7,000,000 ha), although the remaining forest in the

North Island has been divided into many more fragments

with an average area approximately five times smaller than

that of the South Island (Table 3). Deforestation has occurred

non-randomly within the two main islands, with the East

Coast of the South Island and much of the low-lying North Is-

land being almost completely denuded of forest (Fig. 1). Some

of these areas have been replaced with exotic plantation for-

estry (notably in the North Island), but most of the deforested

land has been converted into urban, horticultural or agricul-

tural land uses. Deforestation within political districts ranged

from a low of 13% in Buller to over 99% in Central Otago,

Banks Peninsula, Timaru and the cities of Christchurch, Na-

pier, Tauranga and Wellington (Table 3). Of the 73 political dis-

tricts (Supplementary Table S3), 30 (two-fifths) have

experienced greater than 90% deforestation.

3.2. Drivers of forest loss and fragmentation

The 13 predictor variables explained 35% of the variation in

total forest change (Table 4a; Fig. 2), although the randomisa-

tion test indicated that only road density had strong statisti-

cal significance, with DCAmoist (a climatic moisture gradient)

and DCAcal (a soil fertility gradient) also weakly significant.

Road density was the most important predictor, and reflected

a trend for greater deforestation in grid squares with dense

road networks. Historical forest loss was also associated with

DCAmoist, with dry areas experiencing greater deforestation

than wet areas. However, there was significant collinearity

among many of the predictor variables (Supplementary Table

S4), so although road density and DCAmoist were the most sig-

nificant predictors, it is likely that other variables also played

an indirect role in determining historical patterns of

deforestation.

As with historical deforestation, road density was the

strongest predictor of forest fragmentation, DCAcal was

weakly significant, and population density was not significant

with P = 0.056 (Table 4c). Overall, forest fragmentation was

greatest where road density and soil calcium were at their

lowest. The multiple regression explained 38% of the varia-

tion in the fragmentation index across the 13 parameters,

but road density was the only parameter that individually ex-

plained more than 5% (Table 4c).

Randomisation tests indicated that change in the

amount of exotic forest cover was the only strong predictor

of recent deforestation between 1997 and 2002 (Table 4b).

Grid squares where indigenous forest cover was lost were

strongly associated with recent increases in the cover of

exotic forest (mean ± 95% CI for annual percentage change

in exotic forest cover was 0.98 ± 0.14 for grid squares that

Fig. 1 – Patterns of forest change in New Zealand: (a) pre-human forest cover, (b) 2002 forest cover, (c) total forest loss and

(d) forest fragmentation. The fragmentation index in (d) was calculated with a DCA ordination on number of fragments, forest

edge to area ratio and fractal dimension of the landscape, after partialling out variation in total forest cover (DCAfrag1 in

Supplementary Table S2).

experienced deforestation, versus 0.53 ± 0.04 for those that

did not).

3.3. Regional trends in recent deforestation rates

Between 1997 and 2002, 2344 ha of native forest was de-

stroyed, equivalent to an annual deforestation rate of just

�0.01% (Table 3, Supplementary Table S3). At the same time,

a further 12000 ha of indigenous scrub was cleared

(�0.14% yr�1), with 53 of the 73 districts contributing to the

net decline in scrub cover. The majority of the deforestation

(1569 ha) was in the North Island, with more than half of that

being cleared from the Northland region alone, and a further

24% cleared from the Waikato region. In the South Island,

deforestation was greatest in Southland where nearly 500 ha

were cleared. Deforestation rates varied throughout the coun-

try, with the political districts of the Far North and North

Shore experiencing the highest recent rates of �0.09% p.a.

However, the North Shore had only 1200 ha of forest in

1997, so the amount deforested was small in absolute terms

Table 3 – Regional assessment of past, current and likely future forest cover for the 16 political regions in New Zealand

Politicalregion

Pre-humanforestcover

(ha, %)

2002Indigenous

forest(ha, %)

Totalforest

change(%)

Forestchange’97–’02

(ha, % yr�1)

2002Indigenous

scrub(ha, %)

Scrubchange’97–’02

(ha, % yr�1)

2002Plantation

forest(ha, %)

No.forestfrags

Ave.frag.area(ha)

EdgeDens(km

km�2)

DoCprotected

forest(ha, %)

Stable,protected,

orthreatened

Critical:(ha yr�1, excl.

and incl.scrub)

Northland 1,383,360 (92) 275,568 (18) �80.08 �868 (�0.06) 150,937 (10) �1361 (�0.18) 368,219 (24) 14,069 20 1.67 105,161 (07) 3909 (547)

Auckland 327,396 (93) 45,994 (13) �85.95 �6 (0.00) 26,278 (07) �17 (�0.01) 130,986 (37) 2264 21 1.10 2875 (01) 1331 (747)

Waikato 2,458,399 (94) 577,781 (22) �76.50 �377 (�0.01) 167,380 (06) �340 (�0.04) 778,618 (30) 8207 196 0.83 344,070 (13) 3453 (0)

Bay of Plenty 994,973 (97) 475,986 (46) �52.16 �28 (0.00) 53,546 (05) �238 (�0.09) 655,813 (64) 1608 564 0.84 329,088 (32) Protected

Gisborne 827,506 (99) 132,237 (16) �84.02 �2 (0.00) 123,311 (15) �936 (�0.15) 395,936 (47) 1659 523 0.60 63,024 (08) 2635 (0)

Taranaki 574,964 (99) 177,010 (31) �69.21 �184 (�0.02) 50,505 (09) �695 (�0.27) 37,281 (06) 2850 121 1.28 96,510 (17) Threatened

(2016)

Hawke’s Bay 1,692,048 (98) 292,202 (17) �82.73 �49 (0.00) 161,950 (09) �954 (�0.12) 273,802 (16) 3748 240 0.62 183,368 (11) 3194 (0)

Manawatu-

Wanganui

1,922,797 (98) 438,293 (22) �77.21 �52 (0.00) 172,851 (09) �1194 (�0.14) 269,247 (14) 6600 236 0.90 264,481 (13) 1678 (0)

Wellington 787,829 (98) 158,374 (20) �79.90 �2 (0.00) 110,205 (14) �1378 (�0.25) 119,443 (15) 1187 157 0.71 97,896 (12) 1837 (0)

Tasman 847,945 (88) 532,979 (55) �37.14 �64 (0.00) 68,729 (07) �1227 (�0.35) 104,715 (11) 2153 713 1.27 466,861 (48) Protected

Nelson 41,220 (97) 12,930 (31) �68.63 �6 (�0.01) 5928 (14) �1 (0.00) 12,078 (29) 93 2113 1.22 4489 (11) Threatened

(2048)

Marlborough 796,733 (78) 208,865 (20) �73.78 0 (0.00) 137,490 (13) �3038 (�0.44) 73,118 (07) 806 336 0.72 166,945 (16) 2173 (0)

Canterbury 3,231,290 (67) 286,022 (06) �91.15 �53 (0.00) 210,965 (04) �72 (�0.01) 128,066 (03) 4282 216 0.38 189,269 (04) 5610 (17,685)

West Coast 1,848,727 (79) 1,438,453 (62) �22.19 �145 (0.00) 85,136 (04) �419 (�0.10) 42,520 (02) 2882 690 1.36 1,230,965 (53) Protected

Otago 1,744,739 (60) 181,326 (06) �89.61 �8 (0.00) 103,079 (04) �91 (�0.02) 127,368 (04) 2239 542 0.36 137,421 (05) 5310 (11,511)

Southland 2,250,040 (76) 1,077,089 (36) �52.13 �499 (�0.01) 65,702 (02) �190 (�0.06) 83,636 (03) 2993 391 0.93 942,596 (32) Protected

North Island 10,969,272 (96) 2,573,444 (23) �76.54 �1569 (�0.01) 1,016,962 (09) �7114 (�0.14) 3,029,345 (27) 41,927 61 0.93 1,486,473 (13) 14,252 (0)

South Island 10,760,694 (72) 3,737,664 (25) �65.27 �775 (0.00) 677,028 (05) �5038 (�0.15) 571,499 (04) 15,304 244 0.72 3,138,546 (21) 17,104 (0)

New Zealand 21,729,965 (82) 6,311,107 (24) �70.96 �2344 (�0.01) 1,693,990 (06) �12,152 (�0.14) 3,600,844 (14) 57,231 110 0.81 4,625,019 (18) 31,356 (0)

Data are arranged by regions from north to south, and figures in brackets are percent of district area. See text and Table 1 for details on data sources. Regions are assigned to one of four conservation

categories according to the criteria in Table 2 (Stable, Protected, Threatened or Critical). For regions assessed as ‘Threatened’, the year at which forest cover is projected to fall below an extinction

threshold of 30% forest cover in the landscape is presented. For ‘Critical’ regions, the figure represents the area that would need to be converted to indigenous forest annually to meet an arbitrary goal

of 30% land area forested by the year 2050. The amount is presented under the assumptions that native scrub is not considered to be forest and, in brackets, that native scrub is considered to be

forest. An extended version of this table that presents the same summary information for each of the 73 political districts of New Zealand (where political districts are land units that are nested

within the political regions presented here) is provided in Supplementary Table S4.

Table 4 – Effects of 13 predictor variables on patterns of forest loss and fragmentation in New Zealand, after partialling outspatial autocorrelation

Variable Linear regression or ANOVA Randomisation test

df MS F F (95% CI) P (F > Fcrit)

(a) Historical forest loss (pre-human to 2002)

EXO2002 1 10.34 46.20*** 4.86 (00.07, 20.22) 0.403

POPD2001 1 23.82 106.44*** 12.26 (02.06,33.97) 0.081

RENT 1 11.63 51.98*** 5.70 (00.05, 23.48) 0.356

ROADDIS 1 15.61 69.76*** 7.07 (00.38, 25.67) 0.285

ROADDENS 1 69.95 312.58*** 34.87 (14.00, 63.92) <0.001***

DCApsize 1 6.99 31.21*** 3.14 (00.02, 13.76) 0.584

DCAphos 1 9.65 43.11*** 4.73 (00.06, 19.32) 0.433

DCAcal 1 28.71 128.32*** 13.96 (03.19,33.17) 0.047*

DCAmoist 1 28.05 125.35*** 14.91 (03.40, 36.00) 0.034*

DCAtemp 1 19.59 87.52*** 7.88 (00.56, 25.84) 0.227

EVEN 1 14.03 62.67*** 0.48 (00.00,05.15) 0.947

ALTIT 1 2.54 11.35*** 7.32 (00.49, 21.60) 0.223

INCOME 1 0.27 1.23 0.52 (00.00, 06.27) 0.925

Residual 1970 0.22

(b) Recent forest loss (1997–2002)

EXOCH97�02 1 1.698 28.05*** 15.06 (07.37,26.33) 0.002**

POPCH96�01 1 0.028 0.47 1.47 (00.07, 03.96) 0.974

RENT 1 0.045 0.74 0.28 (00.00, 02.89) 0.990

ROADDIS 1 0.015 0.24 0.17 (00.00,01.85) 0.998

ROADDENS 1 0.044 0.73 2.64 (00.08, 09.75) 0.670

DCApsize 1 0.107 1.77 0.37 (00.00, 03.02) 0.991

DCAphos 1 0.025 0.41 0.16 (00.00,01.80) 0.998

DCAcal 1 0.169 2.79 0.45 (00.00, 03.39) 0.982

DCAmoist 1 0.017 0.29 2.00 (00.03, 07.68) 0.793

DCAtemp 1 0.006 0.10 0.13 (00.00,01.44) 0.999

EVEN 1 0.023 0.38 1.12 (00.00,06.16) 0.898

ALTIT 1 0.164 2.72 0.41 (00.00, 03.04) 0.986

INCOME 1 0.039 0.64 0.26 (00.00, 02.59) 0.995

Residual 1780 0.061

(c) Forest fragmentation (2002)

EXO2002 1 11.66 58.86*** 7.49 (00.20, 23.37) 0.257

POPD2001 1 22.91 115.60*** 14.66 (02.31,38.71) 0.056

RENT 1 12.25 61.81*** 7.31 (00.04, 26.07) 0.283

ROADDIS 1 17.86 90.12*** 10.05 (01.32,29.52) 0.124

ROADDENS 1 63.65 321.16*** 39.32 (16.43,72.63) <0.001***

DCApsize 1 4.10 20.71*** 2.17 (00.00,12.99) 0.672

DCAphos 1 14.37 72.53*** 9.02 (00.61,28.40) 0.177

DCAcal 1 28.32 142.90*** 16.25 (03.64,35.75) 0.029*

DCAmoist 1 15.49 78.18*** 10.89 (01.37,29.76) 0.124

DCAtemp 1 10.73 54.14*** 4.95 (00.07, 19.69) 0.387

EVEN 1 12.70 64.08*** 0.50 (00.00, 05.49) 0.940

ALTIT 1 1.63 8.23** 7.56 (00.67, 22.29) 0.199

INCOME 1 1.00 5.04* 0.83 (00.00,07.11) 0.876

Residual 1780 0.20

The response variables are (a) historical forest loss (%), (b) forest loss between 1997 and 2002 (%), and (c) the fragmentation index DCAfrag1 for

forest cover in 2002. The models in (a) and (c) were tested with multiple regression, and model (b) with ANOVA. Parameter significance for all

models was assessed with randomisation tests that were based on power analysis. F = median value of F-statistic as generated from multiple

linear regression on 1000 randomly sampled subsets of the data (±95% CI). PðF>FcritÞ ¼ probability that any given F-value from the

randomisation test is greater than the critical F-value. Abbreviations as in Table 1.

* P < 0.05.

** P < 0.01.

*** P < 0.001.

(6 ha vs 719 ha cleared in the Far North). Notably, no districts

experienced net native afforestation, and only two had small

increases in scrub cover.

Deforestation events were typically very small, with an

average of just 4.9 ha destroyed at any given location (95%

CI: 3.3–6.5 ha). Over 80% of the deforested areas were classi-

fied as being harvested, but this does not necessarily imply

that it was felled for forestry purposes (Thompson et al.,

2003). Individual scrub clearances were also small

(mean ± 95% CI = 17 ± 4 ha). The majority of scrub that was

0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016

Road density (km.km-2)

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

DCAmoist

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4

DCAcal

0.0 0.6 1.5 3.0

Population density (#.km-2)

r2 = 0.281

r 2 = 0.036r2 = NA

r2 = 0.498

Fig. 2 – Predictors of total forest change in New Zealand: (a) road density, (b) climatic moisture, (c) soil calcium, and (d) human

population density. Negative forest change values indicate deforestation, positive values indicate afforestation. DCAmoist

reflects a gradient from wet (negative values) to dry climates, and DCAcal a gradient from low to high soil calcium. Formulae

for the fitted lines are (a) Y = �160.12 � 34.05 · log10(X); (b) Y = �120.78 � 93.94 · log10(X + 0.3); (c) distance-weighted

least-squares; and (d) Y = �112.29 � 15.91 · log10(X).

cleared was converted to plantation forestry (69%), and these

clearings tended to be much larger than the overall mean

clearance size (35 ± 16 ha). A further 27% of cleared scrub

was converted to high or low producing grassland (927 and

2541 ha, respectively).

By 2002, 55 of the 73 political districts had already passed

below the extinction threshold of 30% forest cover in the

landscape (Table 3, Supplementary Table S3). Of the remain-

ing 18 that have retained significant forest resources, 10 have

conservation protection in place for more than 30% of the

landscape (Supplementary Table S3), and predictive models

indicated that three are stable (Waitakere City, Lower Hurt

City and Upper Hurt City) and five are threatened (Waitomo,

Western Bay of Plenty, New Plymouth, Ruapehu and Nelson).

Several districts recognised as in imminent risk of declining

below the extinction threshold had experienced negligible

forest change in the last 5 years, but are within 3% of the

threshold value, justifying their classification as threatened

landscapes. Four of the five threatened districts are in the

North Island. The exception, Nelson, was far less fragmented

than the North Island districts, with an average fragment area

more than five times greater than any of the other threatened

landscapes (Supplementary Table S3).

Annual restoration rates required for districts to meet the

arbitrary restoration target of 30% forest cover by the year

2050 varied widely (Fig. 3), from less than 50 ha yr�1 to more

than 6000 ha yr�1 (mean = 126 ha; 95% CI = 62–258 ha). Most

(31 of 55) districts that had less than 30% forest cover required

the establishment of less than 1000 ha yr�1 of new forest to

exceed the extinction threshold by 2050 (Supplementary Ta-

ble S4). For 10 of the 55 districts, the inclusion of existing

indigenous scrub as regenerating forest was enough to in-

crease their level of forest cover above the extinction thresh-

old without requiring additional restoration.

4. Discussion

4.1. Drivers of deforestation and forest fragmentation

Deforestation is a non-random process that reflects the par-

ticular history and conditions of a given location. For

instance, North American forest loss occurred primarily along

the coast and at low altitudes (Seabloom et al., 2002), whereas

in the relatively flat Amazonian Basin deforestation has prin-

cipally occurred along paved highways, with human popula-

tion density and climate also being important drivers

(Laurance et al., 2002). By contrast, the cumulative pattern

of deforestation in New Zealand was most strongly associated

with the density of road networks, a climatic moisture gradi-

ent and soil fertility.

0 101.0 101.5 102.0 102.5 103.0 103.5 104.0

Annual restoration required (ha.yr-1)

excluding scrub including scrub

Fig. 3 – Frequency distribution of restoration rates required

for the 73 political districts to meet an arbitrary goal of 30%

forest cover by 2050. Districts are grouped according to the

amount of forest regeneration they would need to meet the

restoration target, and the area of required regeneration is

calculated with scrub both included and excluded. Including

indigenous scrub as regenerating forest greatly reduces the

number of districts that require the establishment of more

than 1000 ha of forest per year.

Road density was the strongest predictor of cumulative for-

est loss and fragmentation in New Zealand, as it is in much of

the rest of the world (e.g. Chomitz and Gray, 1996; Cropper

et al., 1999, 2001; Alves, 2002; Laurance et al., 2002; Agarwal

et al., 2005). This pattern was apparent even though the mea-

sure of historical deforestation lumped pre- and post-Euro-

pean effects. Pre-European deforestation occurred in the

absence of roads, so must have been driven by other factors.

However, it appears that the tendency for post-European

deforestation to occur in areas with high road densities has

been so strong that it has overwhelmed the pre-European pat-

terns. Roads form an integral component of modern com-

merce and can act as a surrogate variable for human landuse

pressure, with high-density road networks representing inten-

sive use of the landscape. As such, it is not surprising to find

that areas with the highest density road networks, such as cit-

ies and suburbs, had the highest rates of deforestation in New

Zealand, and that areas with few roads were left relatively un-

scathed. However, a number of grid squares that had few roads

were also heavily or completely deforested (Fig. 2a), indicating

that the absence of roads is not, in itself, enough to guarantee

forest persistence and that other factors are responsible for

causing deforestation patterns in these areas.

High rates of forest loss were also correlated with low an-

nual rainfall, high vapour pressure deficit and high annual

water deficit. This does not, however, mean that dry climates

per se are driving forest loss. Rather, it is the human response

to climate that is the ultimate cause of deforestation. The cor-

relation between forest loss and a climatic moisture gradient

probably reflects the fact that early peoples used fire as the

most common method of clearing forest (Stevens et al.,

1988; McGlone, 1989; Arnold, 1994), with the dry, eastern for-

ests burning more readily and extensively (Molloy, 1969;

Leathwick et al., 2003a).

Surprisingly, there was a non-significant correlation be-

tween forest loss and human population density. In other

studies of deforestation rates, population density is often

cited as a significant driver of forest clearance (Laurance,

1999; Pfaff, 1999; Bhattarai and Hammig, 2001; Cropper

et al., 1999; Geist and Lambin, 2002). These studies are typi-

cally conducted in tropical, developing nations, where forests

are converted to agricultural land to feed rapidly growing hu-

man populations which are often widely dispersed through

large rural areas (Laurance et al., 2002; Seabloom et al.,

2002). By contrast, New Zealand is a temperate, developed na-

tion with a small population growth rate (1.2% p.a.), a largely

urban population (86%), and an emerging trend for farmers to

protect, rather than clear, privately owned forest (Queen Eliz-

abeth II Trust, 1984; Ministry for the Environment, 2000; Davis

and Cocklin, 2001).

A second reason for the non-significant relationship

between historical deforestation and population density is a

difference in the temporal scale of observations. The popula-

tion distribution in 2001, which was the variable used in this

analysis, does not necessarily reflect the population distribu-

tion at the actual time that deforestation occurred in any

given area, as New Zealand has seen dramatic population

movements in response to colonisation schemes, gold rushes

and the eventual growth of large urban centres around major

ports (Boddington, 2003). Moreover, multicollinearity amongst

variables may also have weakened any direct link between

human population density and historical deforestation. Popu-

lation density was significantly correlated with all other pre-

dictor variables with the exception of exotic forest cover. It

was most strongly correlated with road density, strengthen-

ing the assertion that road density acts as a surrogate for

human landuse intensity.

There were also surprisingly weak effects of the geomor-

phological variables on deforestation. In particular, a strong

effect of altitude on historical forest loss had been expected,

as topography strongly influenced the patterns of human set-

tlement and forest burning in New Zealand (Molloy, 1969), and

most of the lowland plains are almost completely denuded of

native forest (Ewers et al., 2005). That it did not show up in the

analysis probably reflects the intercorrelated nature of many

of the drivers. Both altitude and land evenness were strongly

negatively correlated with road density (r = �0.55 and �0.54

respectively) and human population density (r = �0.35 and

�0.27 respectively), a pattern also shown by Seabloom et al.

(2002), and indicates that the effects of topography were

encompassed within these intercorrelated relationships.

4.2. The impact of exotic forestry on recent deforestationrates

In contrast to patterns of historical forest loss, recent forest

loss over the period 1997–2002 was associated solely with in-

creases in the amount of exotic forest cover. This indicates

that in many locations indigenous forest has been destroyed

to make way for exotic plantations, and demonstrates that

there is a strong role played by the forestry industry in driving

current patterns of deforestation (Walker et al., 2006). Further-

more, a large proportion of the indigenous scrub that was

cleared was converted to exotic plantations. The amount of

land covered by exotic forestry in New Zealand has been

increasing steadily since the end of the Second World War,

and the fact that recent expansion of forestry operations is

still associated with the loss of small indigenous forest rem-

nants is of concern.

4.3. Protection of indigenous forests

Of the forested land that remains in New Zealand, three-quar-

ters (46,250 km2) is Crown owned and protected from clear-

ance and development through administration by the

Department of Conservation. However, the distribution of that

protection is uneven between political districts. Most of the

landscapes with >30% forest fell into the protected category,

indicating that where abundant forest exists, the Department

of Conservation administers a significant proportion of the

forests for conservation purposes. Unfortunately, though,

landscapes with low amounts of forest cover, where surviving

remnants are of proportionately greater conservation value,

also tend to have the lowest proportion of protected forest

(Leathwick et al., 2003a; Walker et al., 2005, 2006).

The districts that are underrepresented in terms of the

remaining Crown-owned indigenous forests managed for con-

servation are predominantly in the lowlands and cities (Awim-

bo et al., 1996; Norton, 2000), where land prices are inevitably

high. This trend has been emphasized during the tenure re-

view process of high country lands that was initiated in the

1990s in New Zealand, where historic crown leasehold land

is in the process of being converted to either conservation es-

tate or freehold farmland (Mark et al., 2003). The net result of

this pattern is an extensive, but non-representative conserva-

tion estate – a problem shared by many nations in the world

(Pressey, 1994). We suggest that future forest protection prior-

ities in New Zealand should now be in two new directions.

The first priority for conservation protection is the target-

ing of landscapes that are at risk of forest cover declining be-

low the ‘extinction threshold’ of 30% forest cover. The

extinction threshold poses a considerable threat to metapop-

ulation persistence in deforested landscapes. As the thresh-

old is passed, dispersal between forest fragments is

disrupted to the extent that extinction rates of isolated popu-

lations increases and vacant fragments are not recolonised

(Kareiva and Wennergren, 1995). The loss of even a small

amount of forest near the threshold may, therefore, result

in an irreversible decline in species persistence (With and

King, 1999). If these landscapes can be maintained above

the extinction threshold by preemptive conservation mea-

sures, it may be possible to avoid future declines in the pop-

ulations of native species, thereby negating the need for

expensive, single-species management which becomes more

costly the rarer a taxon becomes (Garnett et al., 2003). How-

ever, we stress that habitat loss is only one of many factors

that interact to cause species declines (Didham et al.,

2005a,b, 2006), and that preventing future habitat loss will

not, in itself, guarantee the persistence of all species.

The second priority for conservation protection is the tar-

geting of forest fragments in landscapes with very low

amounts of forest cover. These landscapes can be combined

with the Land Environments of New Zealand categories to as-

sign simple priority values to fragments that are not yet pro-

tected, based on two variables: (1) the proportion of protected

forest in the landscape in which the fragment is located; and

(2) the proportion of protected forest in the Land Environ-

ments of New Zealand category within which the fragment

is classified. This simple ranking system has the potential to

provide a clear, ecologically relevant priority system for land

acquisitions.

One important consideration in developing a strategy like

this is that the land must be available for conservation

purposes; this may not be the case for much of the forest that

remains in the most threatened land environments of New

Zealand. The large majority of these fragments are located

on private land that is not for sale, and is not likely to be sold

in the foreseeable future. Thus, effective conservation man-

agement in these areas may rely more on private land cove-

nants through institutions such as the Queen Elizabeth II

National Trust (Queen Elizabeth II Trust, 1984) than on official

government protection through the Department of

Conservation.

4.4. Recent and future deforestation

The spatial distribution of recent deforestation was clumped

in several political regions at opposite ends of the nation, of

which Northland and Southland were the most notable.

Nearly 40% of all forest loss that occurred in New Zealand

from 1997 to 2002 occurred in Northland, which also contains

some of the most fragmented forest in New Zealand.

Although the Northland deforestation rates are still the high-

est in the country, it is notable that they have been greatly

reduced over the past 20 years, when indigenous forest was

being cleared at 1.5% yr�1 (Anderson et al., 1984). Deforesta-

tion rates in Southland are also relatively high, reflecting

the impact of logging activities on land owned by indigenous

groups. Southland is home to almost half of the forest granted

to named Maori people under the South Island Landless

Natives Act 1906, and these remain today as the only privately

owned forests in New Zealand that are not required to have

Sustainable Forest Management Plans under the 1993 Forests

Act (Ministry of Agriculture, 2001). As a consequence, it has

been recognised that there is potential for ongoing unsustain-

able harvesting of indigenous forest in this area (Ministry of

Agriculture, 2001).

Future forest loss scenarios were predicted using exponen-

tial decline curves rather than extrapolating current deforesta-

tion rates into the future, because deforestation rates are not

static through time (Bhattarai and Hammig, 2001; Laurance

et al., 2001). Forest destruction occurred extremely rapidly fol-

lowing the 1870s after establishment of European settlements

in New Zealand (Arnold, 1994) and as the forest has receded, so

has the rate at which further clearance has been made. To ac-

count for these changes through time, a regression approach

was used that smoothed out short-term variation in deforesta-

tion rates and allowed us to determine long-term trajectories

in forest cover. Because of the uncertainties implicit in any

regression analysis and the unpredictable way in which year-

to-year deforestation rates can vary, the dates at which the

landscape threshold is predicted to be exceeded should be

interpreted solely as an indication of the relative threat to dif-

ferent landscapes. By contrast, the restoration targets provide

a clear indication of the magnitude of the conservation effort

required by the individual political districts.

For heavily deforested regions, such as in Canterbury and

Otago, the restoration effort required is considerable, with

many districts needing to restore between 2000 and 6000 ha

of forest each year. Encouragingly though, 6% of New Zealand

landcover is currently classified as indigenous scrub, which, if

left undisturbed for long enough time periods, should regen-

erate into indigenous forest, and so could be considered ‘‘for-

est-in-waiting.’’ When scrub is considered in this manner, the

restoration targets for many districts become more achiev-

able. It is also encouraging that when taken as a whole,

New Zealand has 30% of its total land area in either indige-

nous forest or indigenous scrub that should eventually regen-

erate into forest. However, data from the LandCover Database

shows a nationwide trend for declining native scrub cover,

suggesting that large areas of this landcover type are not

being allowed to regenerate into mature forest before being

cleared. Furthermore, only 162 ha of new scrub cover regener-

ated between 1997 and 2002. Of course, it is also possible that

the LandCover Database has underestimated the amount of

scrub regeneration that is occurring, because the early

encroachment of native scrub into grasslands is unlikely to

be recorded as a transition from grassland to scrub due to

the minor changes in the spectral signatures of the vegetation

cover at these early stages. To detect increases in scrub cover

at the early stages of regeneration, finer remote sensing tech-

niques, such as those employed by the EcoSat Project (Dy-

mond et al., 2004), may be required.

Obviously, the process of forest regeneration in a temper-

ate nation is slow and the final target of 30% landcover of

mature forest can not realistically be achieved by 2050. How-

ever, the land required to meet this set of district-level targets

could certainly be set aside by 2050, because relatively modest

annual additions to the conservation estate will be enough for

many districts to attain the eventual goal of restoring the New

Zealand landscape to the point where the historical impacts

of habitat loss are minimised.

Acknowledgements

John Thyne provided assistance with constructing the GIS

database, Stuart Waring and Kath Henderson at the Depart-

ment of Conservation provided the National Conservation

Units dataset, and Craig Briggs at Landcare Research provided

the pre-human vegetation cover layers. Ecki Brockerhoff, John

Craig, Kath Dickinson, Bill Laurance, Amanda Todd and an

anonymous reviewer gave helpful comments on the

manuscript.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found,

in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.018.

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I: HERITAGE REGISTER _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

KAPITI COAST DISTRICT COUNCIL I - 1 DISTRICT PLAN

PART I

HERITAGE REGISTER

I: HERITAGE REGISTER _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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I: HERITAGE REGISTER

I. HERITAGE REGISTER The tables, which follow, are divided into the following categories:

B. Historic Buildings (including structures) E. Ecological Sites G. Geological Sites T. Significant Trees W. Waahi Tapu

Also included in I.2 is a list of archaeological sites for information purposes.

I.1 HERITAGE REGISTER B. Historic Buildings Abbreviations: DSR (O, H or K) District Scheme Register - Otaki, Horowhenua or

Kapiti DOC Department of Conservation (Number in

Inventory of Significant Indigenous Flora and Fauna)

HPT (I or II) Historic Places Trust (Category I or II Classification)

KCDC Kapiti Coast District Council KEA Kapiti Environmental Action Inc KHS Kapiti Historical Society NTR National Tree Register (NZIH) OHS Otaki Historical Society TC Tree Covenant (protection of trees through

subdivision) WRC Wellington Regional Council NO. ORIGIN:

OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL

DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.)

B1 HPT (II) Land Information NZ (LINZ)

Arthur St, Otaki (SO 13765 Railway land)

Otaki Railway Station NZHPT Register No. 4099 Cat. II (1509135900)

B2 HPT (II) Tainui Marae Committee

2-4 Convent Rd, Otaki Pukekaraka 5 ML 401)

Pukekaraka Presbytery NZHPT Register No. 4100 Cat. II (1510179700)

B3 HPT (I) Roman Catholic Church

2-4 Convent Rd, Otaki Pukekaraka 5 ML 401)

St Mary's Church (Catholic) NZHPT Register No. 4701 Cat. I (1510179700)

B4 HPT (II) Private 3 Main Highway (SH1), Otaki (Lot 2 DP 26621)

Cottage - Brown Sugar Cafe NZHPT Register No. 4093 Cat. II (1509194200)

B5 HPT (II) Housing NZ 206 Mill Rd, Otaki (SO 18606 Sec 4 Blk IX Waitohu SD)

Railway House NZHPT Register No. 4955 Cat. II (1509166600)

B6 HPT (II) Housing NZ 208 Mill Rd, Otaki (SO 18606 Sec 3 Blk IX Waitohu SD)

Railway House NZHPT Register No. 4956 Cat. II (1509166500)

B7 HPT (II) Capital Dairy Products

35 Rahui Rd, Otaki (Lots 1, 4 DP 4014 Pt Matitikura ML 258 A/349)

Rahui Milk Treatment Station NZHPT Register No. 4102 Cat. II (1509157005)

B8 HPT (II) Capital Dairy Products

35 Rahui Rd, Otaki (Lots 1, 4 DP 4014 Pt Matitikura ML 258 A/349)

Rahui Factory Social Hall NZHPT Register No. 4101 Cat. II (1509157005)

NO. ORIGIN:

OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.)

B9 HPT (I) Te Wananga o Raukawa

Health Camp Rd, Otaki (SO 20565 Appt of Sec 5, Pt Sec 18 Blk VIII Waitohu SD)

Otaki Children’s Health Camp Rotunda NZHPT Register No. 4098 Cat. I (1511029200)

B10 HPT (II) Otaki/Porirua Trust Board

Tasman Rd, Otaki (Pt 4 DP 3364)

Maori University (Te Wananga O Raukawa College) NZHPT Register No. 4096 Cat. II (1486113000)

B11 HPT (I) Raukawa Marae Trustees

cnr Te Rauparaha & Hadfield Sts, Otaki (Pt Mangapouri Maori Reserve ML 5304)

Te Rauparaha & Jubilee Memorial NZHPT Register No. 4103 Cat. I (1510161500)

B12 HPT (I) Anglican Church

47 Te Rauparaha St, Otaki (Pt Church Mission Grant ML 461)

Site of the Rangiatea Church (Anglican)

B13 HPT (II) Anglican Church

Te Rauparaha St, Otaki (Pt Church Mission Grant Ml 461)

Maori School (next to Rangiatea Church site) NZHPT Register No. 4968 Cat. II (1510181400)

B14 HPT Roman Catholic Church

Convent Rd, Otaki (Pukekaraka 5 ML 401)

Pukekaraka Conservation Area, Otaki (1510179700)

B15 HPT (II) Private 29 Hadfield Rd, Peka Peka (Lot 2 DP 11457)

Lovat House NZHPT Register No. 4095 Cat. II (1490004000)

B16 HPT (II) Private 48 Winara Ave, Waikanae (Pt Lot 5 DP 41867 Lot 1 DP 45107)

Kildoon Stables NZHPT Register No. 4105 Cat II (1496022000)

B17 HPT (II) Private 48 Winara Ave, Waikanae (Pt 5 DP 41867 Lot 1 DP 45107)

Kildoon House NZHPT Register No. 4104 Cat. II (1496022000)

B18 HPT (II) & DSR (K)

Private 2 Otaihanga Rd, Otaihanga (Lot 1 DP 56172)

Arapawhaiti (Ferry House Inn) NZHPT Register No. 4967 Cat. II (1527098400)

B19 HPT & DSR (K)

Private Paekakariki (Pt Lot 2 DP 4269)

Kumera Pits x 3 (1540001800)

B20 HPT (II) Tranz Rail Ltd Main Rd, Paekakariki (Railway land)

Paekakariki Railway Station NZHPT Register No. 4959 Cat. II (1541055100)

B21 HPT (I) KCDC Railway Station, Main Rd, Paekakariki (Railway land)

South end signal box NZHPT Register No. 4706 Cat. I (1541055100)

B22 HPT (I) Tranz Rail Ltd Railway Station, Main Rd, Paekakariki (Railway land)

Water vats x 2 NZHPT Register No. 4705 Cat. I (1541055100)

NO. ORIGIN:

B23 HPT (II) Tranz Rail Ltd Paekakariki Railway Yard (Railway land)

Goods shed (old rail-air shed). NZHPT Register No. 4961 Cat. II (1541055100)

B24 HPT Tranz Rail Ltd Paekakariki Railway Station (Railway land)

Area as a whole (1541055100)

B25 DSR (K) KCDC 14 Mazengarb Road, Paraparaumu (Lot 39 DP23764)

Bishop Hadfield Church Site - refer to Heritage Trail plaque for History of the Site (1527121300)

B26 DSR (K) WRC Mackays Crossing, Queen Elizabeth Park (Sec 100 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 24783, SH1)

Memorial Gates (1540000100)

B27 DSR (K) Private Main Rd, Paekakariki (Pt Paekakariki 1B ML 1436 & Pt Plan A/2237)

1906 Restaurant (1541008400)

B28 DSR (K) Anglican Church

Beach Rd, Paekakariki (Pt Lot 4 DP 830)

St Peter's Anglican Church and grounds and associated fixtures. (1541000600)

B29 Submission Te Nikau Bible College

Valley Rd, Paraparaumu (Lot 4 DP 50470 Lot 1 DP 21078 & Closed Road)

House - built @ 1900 (1525165100)

B30 DSR (K) Private 52 Tilley Rd, Paekakariki (Lot 10 Blk III DP 2465)

House - built 1920 - early Californian bungalow style house (154105400)

B31 DSR (K) KCDC Marine Pde, Otaki Beach (Beachfront opposite Rupini Street)

Otaki Beach Pavilion - Art Deco era

B32 HPT (II) KCDC Mangaone South Rd, Reikorangi (located between Lot 3 DP 79037 and Pt Sec 61 Blk X Kaitawa SD)

Old road bridge NZHPT Register No. 7189 Cat. II

B33 District Planner

Anglican Church

1 Elizabeth Street, Waikanae (Lot 4 DP 74712 Sec 1 Town of Parata SO 14414)

St Lukes Church-origins in a Maori Village in 1850's (near Kauri Tree, Greenaway Road) (1496002900)

B34 HPT (II) KCDC 9 Elizabeth St, Waikanae (Pt Lot 4 DP 1031)

Old Waikanae Post Office (1906) - currently Kapiti Coast Museum NZHPT Register No. 7125 Cat. II (1496003300)

Change 71A&B 15/10/08

NO. ORIGIN:

B35 Numerous WRC Queen Elizabeth Park (Pt Sec 3 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 23214)

Barn - Horse Stables (1530000100C)

B36 Submission Ministry of Education

21 Ruapehu St, Paraparaumu (Lots 24, 25 Blk II DP 462 Sec 26 SO 22479)

Original School Room, built 1887, now used as school library at Paraparaumu School. (1525118400B)

B37 Submission Private 206 Otaki Gorge Road, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 62504 Blk III Kaitawa SD)

William Jenkins’ cottage (local identity and hero). Very old building. NZHPT Register No. 1321 Cat. II (1488111000)

B38 KCDC Private 20 Tasman Road, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 20769 and Pt 1 Taumanuka ML 1507)

Mill stones (1511021400)

B39 Submission KCDC Mackay’s Crossing, Paekakariki (Lot 2 DP 10816)

Cemetery (1540002600)

B40 Submission Private 44 Atkins Road, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 64825)

Historic residence, built from Totara bush, 1885 (1486115001)

B41 Submission Private Waikanae Christian Holiday Park, Kauri Rd, Waikanae (Lot 1 DP 24354, Lot 1 DP 27661, Lot 1 DP 57749)

Old church building, 1896 (used for worship, weddings, prayer) relocated from Apiti. (1493119300)

B42 Otaki Historical Society

Private 64 Old Hautere Road, Te Horo (Pt Lot 2 DP 60575 Lot 1 DP 74253)

Remains of camp for depression workers. Includes store, cairns. (See Otaki Historical Society Journal 1993) (1488117600)

B43 Submission Private Paekakariki Hill Road (Hair Pin Bend)

Clark memorial and bush.

B44 Submission Private Main Road North, Paekakariki (Sec 93 Wainui Dist Blk II Paekakariki SD)

Old school house - built 1888 (1541043101)

B45 Submission Paekakariki Tennis Club

14 Wellington Rd, Paekakariki (Pt Lot 7 DP 1879)

Historic Building - built 1930s (1541012700)

B46 Submission Private 8 Ngapotiki St, Paraparaumu Beach (Lot 18 DP 14333 CT 563/103)

Post and telegraph wrought iron standard. Remnant of telegraph line - 1860s. (1527239000)

NO. ORIGIN:

B47 Submission Private 91 Main Highway (SH1), Otaki (Pt Plan A/2425 Lot 7 DP 15445)

Old house, built @ 1880 - heart rimu and kauri. (1509192000)

B48 Submission DSR (K)

Paekakariki Playcentre

Wellington Rd, Paekakariki (Pt Sec 103 Blk II Wainui Dist SO 21276)

Historic Building - built 1890s (1541012600)

B49 Submission Private cnr Otaki Gorge Rd/Te Horo Hautere Cross Rd, Otaki (Lot 5 DP 68893)

Historic Building - built 1892 (Old Post Office)

B50 Submission KCDC Memorial Park - Tutanekai St, Paraparaumu (Lot 5A DP 463 SO 12944)

Memorial Gates in memory of soldiers who fought in previous World war - 1924

B51 Submission Private Top of Paekakariki Hill Road (Railway land)

Radar Station site, 1942; Radar rotating block and lookout

B52 Submission Private Gully behind BP Service Station, Paekakariki (Pt Lot 2 DP 4269)

Water catchment system

B53 Submission Private 290 Main Road (SH1), Otaki (Lot 2 DP 46091)

Old house (1898) – originally used as home for homeless and deprived children. (1509105400)

B54 KHS Private 990 State Highway 1, Te Horo (Ngakaroro Pt 3 D1 No. 6 Blk II Kaitawa SD ML 1526)

Once Te Horo Railway Station (1488127200)

B55 KHS Private 12 Elizabeth St, Waikanae (Lot 1 DP 45943 CT 17A/129)

Original Post Office Store - built 1895 - now currently a dairy. (1496002300)

B56 KHS Rotary Aotaki St, Otaki (Pt 83 Town of Otaki ML 956)

Originally Methodist Church, built 1891. (1510149600A & B)

B57 OHS Private 30 Main St, Otaki (Pt Secs 61-63 Town of Otaki, ML 3205, 1458)

Family Hotel - built 1881. (1510154100)

B58 OHS Private Tasman Road, Otaki (Pt Lot 2 DP 11739)

Telegraph Hotel - built 1895 (1510153400)

NO. ORIGIN:

B59 OHS Private 17 Waerenga Road, Otaki (Pt Lot 1 DP 7103)

Jubilee Hotel - built 1891 - currently House of Hope (1510123800)

B60 KCDC KCDC Centennial Reserve, Main Road, Otaki (Lots 1-4 DP 12402)

Court House (1509139800)

B62 OHS Private 148 Tasman Road, Otaki (Lot 4 DP 2554)

Otaki Library - built 1904 (1510182200)

B64 OHS Private 1 Hadfield St, Otaki (Pt Secs 59, 60 Town of Otaki ML 3204)

Old historic house - built 1899 - “Osneloc House” (1510158500)

B65 OHS Private 72 Main Street, Otaki (Pt Sec 113 Town of Otaki ML 1083)

Shop and dwelling - built @ 1880 (1510155100)

B67 OHS Private 98 Waerenga Rd, Otaki (Lot 3 DP 21876)

Historic home - built 1903 (1510134900)

B68 OHS Private 90 Mill Rd, Otaki (Pt Sec 164 Town of Otaki ML 5258)

Raukawa Dairy - built 1890s originally for R J Staveley, Solicitor, as an office (1510155800)

B69 OHS Private 282 Rangiuru Rd, Otaki (Lot 3 DP 7938)

Coaching stables - built 1858-60 - currently car repair business. (1510153401)

B70 OHS Transit NZ SH1, Pukehou Hill (adjacent Lot 1 DP 54714)

Sign erected showing site of overnight camp of Mua Upoko fleeing from Te Rauparaha

B71 OHS KCDC @ 133 Te Waka Road, Te Horo (adjacent Lot 1 DP 62630)

Sign depicting site of Battle of Haowhenua

B72 Keep Waikanae Beautiful (KWB)

Private 14 Kauri Rd, Waikanae (Lot 57 DP 16850)

Greenaway Homestead, Built 1911. (1493118300)

B73 KWB Private Reikorangi Rd, Reikorangi (Gaz 74-1666 Secs 5, 5A Reikorangi Blk X Kaitawa SD SO 13529)

Reikorangi School, established 1895; present building 1912. (1488516700)

B74 KWB Anglican Church

5 Akatarawa Rd, Reikorangi (Sec 4A Blk X Kaitawa SD SO 13529)

St Andrews Church – Designed by F. De Jersey Clere, opened 1908. (1488516901)

NO. ORIGIN:

B75 KWB Ministry of Education

15 Seddon St, Waikanae (Pt 23 DP 1031 Sec 23 Town of Parata SO 14414)

Original School Room (1496021300)

B76 KWB Anglican Church

Rangihiroa St, Waikanae (Lot 86 DP 14131)

St Michaels Church (1491058100)

B77 KWB Methodist Church

9 Taiata St, Waikanae (Lot 54 DP 14131)

Old Church (1491071100)

B78 Submission KWB

Private Kauri Rd, Waikanae (Lot 54 DP 14131)

Maketu’s grave site 1889.

B79 KWB KCDC Eruini St, Waikanae (Lot 48 DP 26719)

Stone monolith - in memory of Sir Charles Fleming (1492019400)

B80 Submission Private 7 Hadfield St, Otaki (Pt Sec 68, Pt Otaki Town Sec C ML 3789)

Historic House, original Plunket Rooms, Otaki - built before 1925 (1510158800)

B81 Submission Private 31 Alexander Rd, Raumati Beach (Lot 1 DP 28735 CT 5C/1304)

Site of original homestead of Wharemauku station - 1850s - Homestead of W P Howell - Social centre of largest land holding in area from 1864-1917 (1528122500)

DOC Tararua Forest Park, Otaki Forks (Pt 2B Ngakaroro ML 192)

Field Hut - Otaki Forks area. Built in 1924 by Tararua Tramping Club with foundations and framing from trees pit-sawn nearby. It is one of the first purpose-built tramping huts in NZ, and is the oldest surviving hut in the Tararua Ranges. NZMS 260 S26 999309.

B83 OHS KCDC 49 Main Street, Otaki (Secs 90A & 90B Town of Otaki ML 2504)

Formerly BNZ, built 1918 and more recently the KCDC Service Centre (1510151300)

B84 OHS Hospital Mill Road, Otaki (Pt 1 DP 9569)

Maternity Hospital built 1899 (1510168900, 1510170300)

B85 OHS Private Arthur Street, Otaki (Lot 7 DP 15552)

Railway Hotel built 1891 (1509135800)

B86 OHS Private 266 Main Road (SH1), Otaki (Lot 2 DP 30732)

Victorian cottage built 1888 (1509133800)

B87 Submission Private SH1 Paekakariki (Pt Lot 2 DP 4269)

Petrol storage tank built during WW2, one of three in NZ.

B88 Submission Landcorp Farming Ltd

Mackay’s Crossing, Paekakariki (Sec 1 SO 36580)

Water storage Mackay’s intake, covered water storage tanks building during WW2

(1540002500 A, B, C)

NO. ORIGIN:

B89 Submission Wellington Regional Council

Mackay’s Crossing, Paekakariki (Pt Sec 2 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 23214)

Sewage Plant built during American occupation WW2 (1530000100, 1530000100A & B 1540000100, 1540000100A-H, 1540000500)

B90 Submission KCDC The Parade, Paekakariki (Sec 43 Town of Paekakariki SO 17839)

Memorial Hall. Originally the third building of the Paekakariki Surf Club built by donation etc and volunteer labour in 1928. (1541020600)

B91 Submission WRC Queen Elizabeth Park, Paekakariki (Lot 1 DP 34143)

Budge House, Caretakers residence

Kotuku Parks Ltd

Manly Street & east of Scientific Reserve (Pt A80C Ngarara West ML 4533)

Cemetery

B93 DOSLI Various Various Survey Monuments

B94 Submission Private Waterfall Road, Paraparaumu (Lot 11 DP 33688)

Lynch House - built @ 1900 (1540003700)

B95 DOC submission

DOC Kapiti Island (Sec 3 Blk I Kapiti SD SO 28650)

The Whare, Kapiti Island. The Whare is the oldest wooden building on Kapiti Island. It was home to Richard Henry, a flora and fauna caretaker on Kapiti Island. NZMS 260 R26 727374.NZHPT Register No. 7342 Cat. II (1515000700)

B96 DOC submission

DOC Kapiti Island (Sec 3 Blk I Kapiti SD SO 28650)

Te Kahuoterangi whaling station, Kapiti Island. Collection of house sites, collapsed chimneys, hearths, a tri-pot stand (or oven) and a grave. Built prior to 1839. NZMS 260 R26 736389. (1515000700)

B97 DOC submission

DOC Tararua Forest Park, Otaki Forks (Sec 1 Blk XII Kaitawa SD SO 13089)

Tararua Timber Company sawmill site, Otaki Forks. Large single-cylinder stationary steam engine, probably dating from the 1880’s, & a large multi-tube under-fired boiler. NZMS 260 S26 965335. 1488169100)

B98 Nomination and Submission (in support)

Private 58 Peka Peka Rd, Peka Peka

House previously owned by Rev. R J Allsworth. Built in 1856.

NO. ORIGIN:

B99 Nomination and Submission (in support)

Paraparaumu Airport Ltd

Paraparaumu Airport, Kapiti Road, Paraparaumu.

The Control Tower, built in 1945.

B100 Nomination. Private 24 Domain Road, Otaki.

Bevan Homestead, built 1897-8, early settlers of Otaki. Accompanies large Pohutukawa tree.

B101 Nomination KCDC Nikau Reserve,SH1 North, Paraparaumu.

Time Capsule, buried January 1 2000, to be opened 2100.

B102 Nomination Private Mangaone South Road Carpark, Reikorangi

Boiler unit associated with old township and sawmill at end of Mangaone South Road circa. 1890s.

B103 Submission Private Mangaone Sth Rd, Reikorangi (south of Driveway to 518)

Historic saw mill cutting (landform excavation through a river terrace embankment). Excavated for transportation of logs on tram system from Kaitawa Reserve into Saw Mill. 1922: Established by Norman Campbell 1926 Sawmill bought and operated by Bill Baxter and Son until 1936. (6532448)

B104 Submission KCDC Road Reserve - Carpark end of Mangaone Sth Rd, Reikorangi

1920’s: Original Boiler used to run coal powered sawmill (see B103)

B105 Submission Private 5 Akatarawa Rd, Reikorangi

St Andrew’s Church Hall (Scottish Kirk). Constructed in Parewanui Bulls 1862, relocated to Parewanui Reserve 1869, relocated to Tangimoana 1962, relocated to Waikanae 2000. Originally used as a blockhouse (with gun ports) then Presbyterian Church building, with rare and usual construction. Gives insight into defensive strategies used by early pakeha settlers(1488516901).

B106 Submission Private 10 Elizabeth St, Waikanae

1930’s: Old Butcher Shop. Part of original Waikanae Township. Original construction with side vents and cool room still evident. (1496002700)

B107 Submission KCDC Council Recreation Reserve (Lot 104 DP86619) between 31 Crown Hill and 81 Realm Drive, Paraparaumu.

Ngatoto Trig Reserve (landform): Contains Geodetic Survey Point “A3DC Ngatoto”. Name given by Mere Pomare at the 1890 hearing of Ngarara referring to it as ‘Ngatoto-o-Wi-Kakapu’. Known as a cultivation area and a eel weir being nearby. Lookout point. (1526076600)

NO. ORIGIN:

B108 Submission Private Te Waka Road, Te Horo (land between 57 and 91)

Early Settlers Cottage (known as the Whalers Wife’s house). May be the oldest structure in the District. Rare example of board and batten construction with timber shingles, sawn totara cladding. Washhouse contains Original copper. Maori Trust owned land, no public access without consent (1487121000).

B109 KHS KCDC Otaki Beach foreshore Located opposite 224 and 226 Marine Parade, Otaki

Stone with Plaque, Monument to the shipwrecks of the ‘Felixstowe ‘and ‘City of Auckland’ in 1868

B110 KHS Te Horo Hall Society

56 School Road, Te Horo LOT 1 DP 56160 BLK II KAITAWA SD

Te Horo Hall, Community hall since 1914 (1488132000)

B111 KHS Southwards Trust

Otaihanga Rd, Paraparaumu LOT 1 DP 47623 CT 18C/458

Manawatu Wellington Railway opening monument commemorating 1886 (15262065000)

B112 KHS New Zealand Fire Service

9 Kapiti Rd, Paraparaumu (Lot 1 BLK I DP 462 CT 7C/1305)

monument commemorating the sale of the first sections in Paraparaumu in 1888, stone with Plaque (1525207200)

B113 KHS Roman Catholic Church

14-26 Hinemoa St, Paraparaumu LOT 1 DP 314578 LOTS 9-13 PT LOTS 7-8 BLK II DP 462 LOT 2 DP 18562

Statue of Our Lady, Mary on the hill above Paraparaumu 1958 (1525119400)

B114 KHS KCDC Tennis Court Road, Raumati South LOTS 27, 29, 30 DP 9790, PT LOT 4 DP 10737, LOT 52 DP 10230, LOTS 13 14 DP 11635

Raumati South War Memorial Hall, 1952 (1529208900)

B115 KHS Private 31 Poplar Ave, Raumati South SHOP 3 DP 73463 ON LOT 7 DP 9992 -HAVING1/3 INT IN 849 SQ METRES

‘Valhalla’, Raumati South old general store built around 1930. last remaining commercial building on north side of Poplar Avenue. (1529117400C)

B116 KCDC KCDC 16 Main St, Otaki PART SECTIONS 61 62 TOWN OF OTAKI -R/W OVER PT SECS 61 62

Otaki Civic Theatre (1510154000)

B117 KHS Private 514 State Highway 1, Paraparaumu PT NGARARA WEST A47 C11 PT DP 5575 PT SUBJ TO R/W DP 10063 BLK IX

Brick dairy , remains of ‘Waimahoe’ built by Mr R H Elder, burnt down in 1903. (1515013800)

E. Ecological Sites (areas of significant indigenous vegetation and significant habitats of indigenous flora)

Abbreviations: DSR (O, W or K) District Scheme Register - Otaki, Horowhenua or

HPT (1 or 11) Historic Places Trust (Category 1 or 11 Classification)

subdivision) WRC Wellington Regional Council No: NAME: ORIGIN:

LOCATION / NZMS 260 MAP GRID REFERENCE

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE

K001 Lake Waiorongomai

DOC (57) Lake Waiorongomai, North Otaki S25 906/529

Dune lake 15.1ha. Best dune lake with outflow to the sea in the Kapiti District. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides important habitat for wetland species including kapungawha. Under considerable threat from stock and drainage. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K002 Lake Huritini DOC (46) Lake Huritini, North Otaki S25 921/534

Dune lake / Wetland – 16.75ha. One of the few remaining dune lake and wetland associations within Foxton Ecological District and is representative of a formally more common habitat. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. However, the site is modified and exotic species are common. Provides habitat for bamboo spike-sedge and kapungawha. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K004 Simcox Swamp DOC (133) Simcox Swamp - North Otaki. S25 928/522

Manuka wetland 4.61ha. Small, ephemeral wetland dominated by manuka scrub. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for bamboo spike-sedge. SIGNIFICANCE: District

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K005 Pylon Swamp DOC (118) Waiorongomai Rd, Otaki S25 919/522

Wetland -1.8 ha. Very small and vulnerable with considerable threat from grazing and weed invasion. Has been considerably reduced in recent years. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K007 Lake Kopureherehere

DOC (49) Takapu Road, Otaki S25 936/519

Dune lake-wetland, swamp forest, tawa forest – 16.72ha. Provides an example of ecological sequence between dune lake, swamp forest and dry forest formally characteristic of the area but now uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. Has been modified and grazed. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented.Provides habitat for kapungawha and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K008 Takapu Bush DOC (677) Takapu Road, Otaki S25 942/516

Tawa-kohekohe forest – 2.94ha. The largest example of the under-represented tawa-kohekohe forest habitat type within the Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Partially fenced, pest plant species absent. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Habitat for kereru. Provides example of sequence from dune lake habitat to forest on alluvial plains. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K009 Lake Waitawa

DOC (59) Forest Lake Road S25 936/512

Dune lake / Wetland – 28.44ha. Lake margin vegetation largely reduced and subject to grazing in parts but contains representative elements of this habitat type. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K010 Waimanguru Lagoon

DOC (14) Forest Lakes Road, Otaki (Lake 1) S25 928/505

Wetland / Lagoon - 1.2ha. Small, degraded wetland. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for small population

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE of bamboo spike-sedge although it is under threat from grazing. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K011 Rotopotakataka Lake

DOC (15) Forest Lakes Road, Otaki (Lake 2) S25 932/505

Tawa forest / Lake. 2.38ha Very small area of uncommon habitat types. The lake has been modified and has an artificial species assemblage. Although this fragment is very small and under threat from pest plant species, tawa forest is uncommon within the Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru and is a component of a series of fragments in the area. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K012 Ngatotora Lagoon

DOC (86) Wairongomai Rd, Otaki S25 918/503

Dune Lake / Wetland - 5.34ha Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Small, fragmented and unfenced but provides habitat for spotless crake and kapungawha. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K013 Pukehou Swamp DOC (113) Forest Lakes Rd, S25 933/499

Wetland, swamp forest, secondary indigenous forest - 24.77ha. Best and largest representative example of wetland-swamp forest associations in Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Korthalsella salicornioides, Hypolepis distans and Doodia australis (Enright et al. 2002; Ravine 1995). Protected under QEII Covenant and DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K014 Waitohu River Mouth

DOC (162) Waitohu River Mouth R25 892/509

River mouth, wetland – 33.01ha. One of very few estuarine wetlands in the district. Wetland habitat is nationally under represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

K015 Haruatai Park forest

DOC (342) State Highway 1 South, Otaki S25 921/480

Pukatea-kahikatea swamp forest, wetland - 5.78ha. This site is fragmented and under considerable threat from pest plant species. However, swamp forest is very uncommon in Foxton Ecological District.

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K016 Staples Bush DOC (679) 426 SH1 Nth, Otaki S25 921/480

Kohekohe-mahoe forest - 1.28ha. Small fragment of kohekohe-mahoe forest on river terrace tread; an uncommon vegetation type in Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

E17 DOC (281) DOC/ Private Tararua Ranges Largest area of native bush/wilderness area on the Coast -42,390ha

K018 Castlehill Farm Bush

DOC (674) Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 935/464

Kohekohe-tawa forest - 6.09ha The largest fragment of kohekohe-tawa forest in Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. This site is threatened by pest plant species. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K019 Waitohu Stream Bush A

DOC (675) Waitohu Valley Rd, Otaki S25 943/465

Tawa-kohekohe forest - 2.63ha. Tawa-kohekohe forest is under-represented within the Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K020 Hillas Bush DOC (668) Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 940/453

Kamahi forest - 2.11ha. Provides habitat for Powelliphanta traversi otakia (Department of Conservation 1996), one of only two known habitats nationally of this subspecies. Kamahi forest is uncommon in the Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: National

K021 Rahui Rd Bush D

DOC (268) Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 941/450

Totara-tawa-kamahi forest - 3.73ha Small, fragmented and under threat from pest plant species, however is a

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE representative example of totara forest with tawa and kamahi within Manawatu Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: District.

K022 Rahui Rd Bush F DOC (670) Rahui Road, Otaki S25 944/449

Kamahi forest, tawa-totara forest - 6.69ha. Small and fragmented, however is a representative example of tawa-totara forest within Manawatu Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Kamahi forest is uncommon within the Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K023 Rahui Road Bush E

DOC (669) 476-490 & 566 Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 947/437

Kamahi forest, tawa forest, tawa-kohekohe forest. - 19.59ha. Along with K025 this site is the best representative example of kamahi forest within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K024 Rahui Road Bush A

DOC (654) 535 Rahui Rd, Otaki S25 948/429

Pukatea-tawa-kohekohe forest - 3.36ha. Best representative example of semi-swamp forest within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K025 Rahui Rd Bush C

DOC (664) 566 Rahui Road, Otaki S25 954/427

Kamahi forest, tawa forest. - 10.9ha. Along with K023 this site is the best representative example of kamahi forest within Manawatu Plains Ecological District.

K026 Rahui Road Bush B

DOC (648) 66 Waimanu Grove, Otaki S25 957/416

Totara-kohekohe-kamahi forest, tawa-kohekohe forest. - 4.42ha. A small representative area of totara-kohekohe-kamahi forest. This habitat type and tawa-kohekohe forest are under-represented within Manawatu Ecological District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K027 Otaki River Mouth

DOC (98) Otaki River Mouth R25 878/473

Estuarine wetland, river mouth. - 71.52ha. The estuary provides habitat for banded dotterel, Caspian tern and long-finned

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE eel. Dune system is degraded and with high level of threat from pest plant species. Flood control measures have greatly modified the system. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K028 Gorge Rd, Bush D

DOC (673) Otaki Gorge Rd, Otaki S25 913/448

Matai-totara-kohekohe forest. - 2.41ha. Small, fragmented and under some threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Korthalsella lindsayi. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K029 Braeview Bush DOC (672) Otaki Gorge Rd, Otaki S25 928/448

Kohekohe-tawa forest - 1.85ha. A very small and narrow fragment, degraded in part, limited regeneration and under threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K030 Gorge Rd Bush C

Totara-kohekohe forest - 1.45ha. Small, fragmented and under threat from pest plant species, but one of only a few fragments of its type within Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Nationally under-represented habitat type. Part of a series of fragments providing links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K031 Otaki River Bush A

Totara Forest - 6.01ha. The largest and best example of totara forest on alluvial plains in the area. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Partially protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K032 Otaki River Bush B

Totara-mahoe forest. - 1.57ha. Contiguous with K031 (Otaki River Bush A). Representative of totara-mahoe forest although very small. Nationally under-represented habitat type. SIGNIFICANCE: District

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K033 Gorge Rd Bush A

Totara Forest. - 1.7ha. Small fragment with considerable weed threat and limited regeneration. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K034 Mansells Bush DOC (687) 568 Otaki Gorge Rd, Otaki S25 940/413

Kohekohe-Tawa-nikau Forest - 4.19ha. A relatively small fragment of kohekohe forest on hill country. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

Hautere Bush C DOC (662) 1081 State Highway South, Otaki, Nth of Te Waka Rd, Te Horo R25 897/441

Totara, titoki Forest. - 0.82ha. Provides habitat for Streblus banksii, Ileostylis micranthus, and DOC historic records list Korthalsella lindsayi. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

Te Waka Road Bush

DOC (661) Corner Te Waka Rd / SH 1. Te Horo. R25 894/435

Totara-kohekohe forest – 1.61ha. Provides habitat for Korthalsella lindsayi and Nestegis. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K037 Cottle’s Bush DOC (663) SH1 (opposite Te Waka Rd intersection, Te Horo) R25 895/434

Totara-matai forest - 1.46ha. Part of a series of fragments across the plains providing links between Kapiti Island to the Tararua Ranges. Recovering from grazing, weed infestation, currently low quality but recovering. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K038 Hautere Bush F DOC (686) SH1 (opposite Te Waka Rd intersection, Te Horo) S25 900/438

Totara-titoki-matai forest - 3.51ha. Convoluted, unfenced and lacking an understorey. Part of a series of fragments across the plains providing links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K039 Hautere Bush E DOC (685) 64, 66 Old Hautere Rd, Te Horo S25 903/440

Totara-matai-titoki forest – 3.25 ha approx (area registered excludes trees on Lot 1 DP 74253). Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Convoluted but one of largest fragments of its type in the area with relatively good regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K040 Kiripiti Bush DOC (665) 92 Old Hautere Rd, Te Horo S25 905/437

Totara-matai-titoki forest - 1.74ha. This site is compact with good understorey and natural regeneration. One of the best examples of habitat of its type in the area. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K041 Hautere Bush D DOC (684) Old Hautere Rd, Te Horo S25 904/438

Totara-matai-titoki forest - 1.04ha. These fragments are a continuation of Kiripiti Scenic Reserve and provide one of the best examples of this habitat type in the area. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Korthalsella lindsayi (KCDC files). Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K042 Bothamley Bush DOC (666) Old Hautere Rd, Te Horo S25 912/440

Totara-matai-titoki forest - 3.61ha. The largest fragment of its type within Kapiti District. Understorey present but site is convoluted and under considerable threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K043 Ludlams Bush / Totara Grove

DOC (667) 235 – 269 Old Hautere Rd, Te Horo S25 912/440

Totara Forest - 3.4ha. Moderately sized fragment under considerable threat from pest plant species. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K044 Old Hautere Rd Bush

DOC (683) 212 Old Hautere Rd, Te Horo (Old Hautere Rd Bush). S25 916/437

Totara-matai-titoki Forest - 1.44ha. Small and convoluted fragment under considerable threat from pest species. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K045 Gorge Rd Bush B

DOC (657) Otaki Gorge Road, Otaki S25 926/439

Totara-titoki-kohekohe forest - 1.91ha. Small, fragmented with sparse understorey and under threat from pest plant species. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K046 Empsons Bush DOC (655) Otaki Gorge Rd, Otaki S25 918/431

Totara Forest - 6.87ha. Half of this fragment is unfenced. Understorey is sparse but one of largest fragments of its type. Part of a series of fragments across the plains providing linkage between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K047 Huapaka Bush DOC (652) Gorge Rd, Otaki S25 931/422

Totara Forest - 3.64ha. This site is highly fragmented but is an example of a formally common habitat and part of a serious of fragments across the plains providing linkage between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K048 Mangaone Bush B

DOC (660) 113 – 115 Arcus Rd, Te Horo S25 901/431

Totara-matai-titoki forest - 2.75ha. One of the largest fragments of its type. Relatively small threat from pest plant species and ungrazed. Provides habitat for kereru. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

Mangaone Bush A

DOC (653) 107 – 109 Arcus Rd, Te Horo S25 903/428

Kohekohe-titoki forest - 3.12ha. One of the largest fragments of its type within Kapiti District. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Streblus banksii. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K050 Catley Rd Bush DOC (650) 11 – 15 Catley Rd, Te Horo S25 901/419

Kohekohe-tawa forest, kawakawa, nikau - 1.32ha. Small relatively good quality area of nationally under-represented habitat type. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

K051 Hautere Bush A DOC (646) 138 Te Horo Hautere Cross Rd S25 904/417

Tawa-kohekohe forest - 0.82ha. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Fenced with good understorey although severe Tradescantia infestation. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

K052 Hautere Bush B DOC (647) Te Horo Hautere Cross Rd S25 904/412

Tawa-kohekohe-titoki forest - 1.49ha. Good regenerating example of its type. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Nationally

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE under-represented habitat type. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

K053 Huttons Bush DOC (688) Te Horo Hautere Cross Rd S25 924/409

Tawa-kohekohe forest - 4.91ha. Provides habitat for threatened Native Carnivorous Land Snail (Powelliphanta traversi otakia - Department of Conservation 1996) and kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: National

K054 Te Horo Bush DOC (645) 877 State Highway 1, Te Horo R25 883/428

Tawa-karaka-kohekohe forest - 1.98ha. Site borders both Foxton and Manawatu Plains Ecological Districts and shows influences of both Districts. There are few remaining fragments on the boundary of the two Ecological Districts. The under storey is sparse and the site is under threat from pest plant species, mostly on the edges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

K055 Te Hapua Rd Swamp A

DOC (334) Te Hapua Rd, Te Horo R25 859/413

Dune Wetland - 49.81ha. Large representative example of habitat that was formally characteristic of the area. Provides habitat for spotless crake. Also Ranunculus macropus, Carex dipsacea, Potentilla anserinioides, (Enright & John 2001) and other species becoming uncommon in the Wellington Region including Gratiola sexdenta, kapungawha and Baumea articulata. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected in parts by QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K056 Te Hapua Rd Swamp E

DOC (719) 84 Te Hapua Rd, Te Horo R25 865/408

Dune Wetland - 1.41ha. Small wetland habitat with constructed pond and exotic species common. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K057 Te Hapua Rd Swamp C

DOC (691) Te Hapua Rd, Te Horo R25 854/406

Dune Wetland - 7.36ha. Site of moderate size in relation to Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for bamboo

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE spike-sedge. Contains open water-reedland-sedgeland-scrub wetland associations. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K058 Awatea Bush DOC (644) SH1 opposite Te Hapua Rd R26 869/396

Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - 7.16ha. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Below main block of forest is a population of Streblus banksii. Provides habitat for kereru. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. In process of protection under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K059 Awatea Scarp Bush Remnant

DOC (643) SH1 opposite Te Hapua Rd R26 863/391

Kohekohe-tawa forest, induced wetland. - 2.02ha. Fragment is very small and narrow. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Area of wetland is small and induced. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K060 Peka Peka Rd Swamp

DOC (109) Peka Peka Rd, Peka Peka R26 844/387

Harakeke Wetland - 4.39ha. Moderately sized wetland with small area of open water and harakeke flaxland-Juncus rushland-coprosma scrub associations. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K061 Waikanae Bush DOC (642) SH1 opposite Peka Peka R26 860/376

Kohekohe-tawa forest, titoki-mahoe treeland - 7.49ha. Kohekohe forest at low altitude is uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected as Scenic Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K062 Hemi Matenga Forest

DOC (693) Foothills, Waikanae R26 859/353

Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest. - 334.23ha. The largest area of forest of its type in New Zealand. Protected in part under Scenic Reserve and DOC covenant. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: National

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K063 Huia St Bush DOC (640) Huia St, Waikanae R26 851/359

Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - 1.5ha. Very small fragment with considerable threat from pest plant species. Kohekohe forest on flat land at low altitude is uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Separated from Hemi Matenga Reserve by a road. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K064 Paetawa Bush DOC (641) SH1 Nth Waikanae R26 855/372

Kohekohe, titoki, tawa forest - 1.59ha. A very small example of a forest type that is under-represented within the ecological district. SIGNIFICANCE: District.

K065 Waikanae Nth Scrubland

DOC (730) SH1 Nth Waikanae R26 846/362

Kanuka-manuka scrub - 7.68ha. A relatively large area of kanuka-manuka scrub and sphagnum moss wetland. Habitat of this type is uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K066 Te Harakeke Swamp

DOC (141) Nth Rutherford Dr, Waikanae R26 821/369

Dune Wetland. Kahikatea, pukatea, toetoe, cabbage trees, manuka - 63.35ha A moderately sized area of harakeke flaxland and raupo reedland - the second largest of its type in the Kapiti District. An important representation of habitat formally common in the area. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K067 Wi Parata Reserve Bush)

DOC (638) Rimu St, Waikanae R26 836/350

Kohekohe forest - 2.96ha. Site is small and vulnerable to pest plant species encroaching from residential gardens. Under-represented habitat type within ecological region. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected as Council Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K068 Osbornes Swamp

DOC (729) Te Moana Rd, Waikanae R26 811/355

Raupo-harakeke wetland - 0.95ha. Wetland is small and modified. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K069 Waikanae Park Bush)

DOC (341) Park Ave, Waikanae R26 828/348

Kohekohe Forest - 0.51ha. A small fragment with sparse understorey however, kohekohe forest uncommon in Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for Korthalsella salicornioides (Townsend et al. 1998). SIGNIFICANCE: District

K070 Russell Reserve Bush

DOC (637) Ngaio Rd, Waikanae R26 830/347

Kohekohe titoki Forest - 2.2ha. A small area of kohekohe-titoki forest that is uncommon in the Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru and Streblus banksii. Protected as Recreation Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K071 Narn’s Bush

DOC (690) SH1 Sth, Waikanae R26 835/337

Kohekohe-titoki-tawa forest, kamahi forest, kanuka scrub - 6.68ha. A small representative example of kohekohe forest – uncommon on lowland within Tararua Ecological District. Very small area of kamahi forest and scrub successional to kohekohe forest. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected in part under QEII Covenant with a further area in the process of becoming protected. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K072 Reikorangi Rd Bush A

DOC (732) Reikorangi Rd, Reikorangi R26 843/330

Kohekohe-titoki-tawa forest - 6.6ha. A small narrow example of tawa-titoki and kohekohe-titoki forest that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Deer present. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K073 Waikanae South Bush

DOC (731) 16 Aston Road, Paraparaumu, Foothills, South of Waikanae R26 835/328

Kohekohe-Tawa Forest - 4.91ha. A small example of tawa-kohekohe forest. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K074 Reikorangi Rd Bush B

DOC (733) 26 Reikorangi Rd, Reikorangi East side of River R26 846/329

Kohekohe-tawa forest, mahoe forest - 3.31ha. A small area of kohekohe-tawa forest with remnant podocarp and a small area of secondary forest that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River.

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K075 Reikorangi Rd Bush C

DOC (734) Reikorangi Rd, Reikorangi West side of River R26 845/329

Titoki-tawa-rewarewa forest - 3.08ha. A small narrow area of titoki-tawa with some regeneration. Part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K076 Reikorangi Rd Bush D

Tawa-titoki-kohekohe forest - 7.66ha. A small example of indigenous vegetation in good condition that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for maire tawahe. A very small area of wetland present on floodplain. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected by OEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K077 Waikanae Gorge Bush

Tawa-kohekohe forest - 25.79ha. A relatively good quality example of indigenous forest on river terrace that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for kereru. Partially protected under DOC Covenant and QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K078 Bluff Hill Bush DOC (710) Reikorangi Rd, Reikorangi (Bluff Hill Bush) R26 847/314

Rimu/Tawa, kohekohe titoki Forest - 12.79ha. A relatively good quality example of tawa-kohekohe forest that is part of a series of fragments adjacent to the Waikanae River. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K079 Mangaone Rd Bush

DOC (716) Ngatiawa / Mangaone Sth Rd, Reikorangi R26 867/326

Tawa forest, kamahi Forest - 23.18ha. Moderate size, relatively good quality example of tawa forest with small area of kamahi forest riparian margin. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K080 Ngatiawa Rd Bush)

DOC (717) Ngatiawa Rd, Reikorangi R26 872/318

Kamahi forest, tawa forest, mahoe forest - 8.69ha. Small, narrow areas of habitat types uncommon on lowland within the Tararua Ecological District. Mosaic with areas of exotic vegetation adjoining and of varying quality. Provides important links between other significant fragments and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K081 Waikanae River Mouth

DOC (152) Waikanae Estuary - River Mouth R26 789/348

Estuarine wetland, river mouth - 68.23ha. Good sequences between salt marsh, fresh water wetlands, dune lakes and dune systems (although degraded and modified). Linkages to Kapiti Island via Kapiti Marine Reserve. Nationally under-represented habitat types. Provides habitat for numerous fauna species including Australasian bittern, Caspian tern and rare visits from reef and white heron. Carex litorosa, Pimelea aff. arenaria, Coprosma acerosa, Spinifex sericeus, and Leptinella dioica ssp. Projected in part as Scientific reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: National

K082 Lion Downs Bush

DOC (692) 123 Otaihanga, Rd, Otaihanga, Paraparaumu R26 812/342

Kahikatea-pukatea swamp forest - 1.68ha. Part of a series of fragments that jointly illustrate the diversity of habitat formally common in the area. Small area of nationally under-represented habitat type. Canopy fragmented and exotic species common in the ground layer. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K083 Turf Dune Forest B

DOC (728) King Arthur Drive, Otaihanga, Paraparaumu (south of Waikanae River) R26 817/342

Kohekohe-titoki-mahoe forest - 1.11ha. Part of a series of fragments that jointly illustrate the diversity of habitat formally common in the area. A representative example of forest type formally common in the area. Habitat type is uncommon in Foxton Ecological District. Vulnerable to effects of

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE expansion of quarry and sub-division. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K084 Turf Dune Forest A

DOC (332) King Arthur Drive, Otaihanga, Paraparaumu R26 816/338

Kahikatea swamp forest, manuka scrub - 0.96ha. Very small area of nationally under-represented habitat type. Lacking understorey. Narrow area of manuka scrub. Both habitat types are under-represented in the Foxton Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments that jointly indicate the diversity of habitat formally common in the area. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K085 Tini Bush DOC (331) SH1, Otaihanga R26 815/330

Kohekohe-pukatea-titoki semi-swamp forest - 6.28ha. These fragments represent the only example of kohekohe-pukatea associations within Foxton Ecological District. Borders both Foxton and Manawatu Plains Ecological District. Good example of the gradation between wetland and dryland forest with small nikau grove. Representative of the former forest diversity likely to have occurred within the District. Part of a series of fragments providing connection between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K086 Muaupoko Stream Bush

DOC (712) SH1, Paraparaumu North Foothills R26 826/322

Kohekohe-tawa forest - 11.17ha. Moderately sized remnant of modified primary forest. Habitat type is uncommon on lowland in Tararua Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Taraura Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K087 Muaupoko Bush

DOC (713) SH1 Paraparaumu North Foothills R26 816/317

Kohekohe-tawa-kanuka forest, wetland - 100.24ha. One of the largest forest fragments in the area containing good representative examples of the forest types present. Provides

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE habitat for Mazus novaezeelandiae subsp. novaezeelandiae (Townsend et al.:1998), Adelopetalum tuberculatum (Forest & Bird Society), Northern rata and kereru. Protected in part by Scenic Reserve (Paraparaumu SR), DOC Covenant, and Forest and Bird Reserve. (Forest and Bird Field Reserve 3.78ha and balance DOC Muaupoko Bush). SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K088 Otaihanga Rd Bush

DOC (636) Otaihanga Rd, Paraparaumu R26 809/325

Kohekohe-nikau forest. - 1.32ha. Kohekohe-nikau forest is uncommon in the Foxton Ecological District. Contains maire tawahe. Part protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K089 Muaupoto Swamp Forest)

DOC (720) Otaihanga Rd, Paraparaumu R26 806/322

Kohekohe mahoe forest, pukatea-maire tawake swamp forest, wetland - 7.54ha. An example of ecological sequence between wetland, swamp forest and dry forest. Kohekohe forest and mahoe forest is uncommon in the Foxton Ecological District. Nationally under-represented habitat. Provides habitat for brown mudfish (Department of Conservation 1996) and kereru. This site contains a relatively large area of mahoe forest. Partly protected by Scenic Reserve (Paraparaumu SR). SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K091 Nikau forest DOC (694) SH1, Nth Paraparaumu R26 804/313

Kohekohe Nikau Forest - 13.63. Relatively large, representative area of semi-coastal forest with considerable area of nikau grove. This habitat type was formally characteristic of this area and is now uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Protected as Council Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

E092 Kapiti Road Wetland

DOC (37) Kapiti Road, Paraparaumu

Wetland – 2ha

K093 Andrews Pond DOC (330) Kapiti Rd / Milne Drive, Paraparaumu R26 782/312

Manuka Wetland - 1.27ha. A small wetland amongst residential and commercial land-use. Nationally under-

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE represented habitat type. Provides habitat for kapungawha. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K094 Norwood Bush C DOC (701) Valley Rd, Paraparaumu R26 785/281

Kohekohe Forest - 1.95ha. Small fragment that has been subject to grazing. Edge effects and browse reducing viability of fragment. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K095 Paraparaumu Coastal Scarp

DOC (698) SH1, Paraparaumu/ Raumati R26 779/277

Kanuka-mahoe-gorse scrub, kohekohe-titoki forest - 61.13ha. The larger block at the north end is kanuka-mahoe dominated regenerating scrub with kohekohe forest regenerating amongst. Southern parts are kohekohe dominated coastal forest on very steep hill country. Coastal forest is nationally under-represented. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

Norwood Bush B DOC (700) Valley Rd, Paraparaumu R26 787/274

Kohekohe-Tawa Forest - 4.93ha. A moderately sized area of tawa-kohekohe forest with small area of swamp forest. Indigenous forest is uncommon on low undulating land within Tararua Ecological District. Provides an example of the gradation between wetland and dryland forest. Part of a series of fragments providing linkages between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K097 Norwood Bush A DOC (699) Valley Rd, Paraparaumu R26 779/269

Kohekohe- tawa Forest - 3.29ha. A moderately sized area of tawa-kohekohe forest. Indigenous forest is uncommon on low undulating land within Tararua Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments providing linkages between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges

K098 Whareroa Bush

DOC (714) Waterfall Rd, Paraparaumu

Kohekohe forest, kanuka scrub - 63.49. Relatively large area of

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

R26 782/262 kohekohe forest and kanuka scrub successional to kohekohe forest. Habitat for Mida salicifolia, (Enright & John 2002b) kereru and northern rata. Part protected by QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K099 Whareroa Bush C

DOC (708) East of Queen Elizabeth Park Between Maungakotukutuku Rd, and SH1 R26 785/242

Kohekohe-mahoe forest - 39.17ha. A valuable area or early secondary forest with tawa forest covering a relatively substantial area. Part protected by DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K100 Whareroa Bush D

DOC (707) East of Queen Elizabeth Park R26 783/236

Mahoe Forest - 5.64ha. A small area of early secondary mahoe forest with kohekohe and occasional tawa. Part of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K101 Whareroa Bush E

Kohekohe Forest Mahoe - 1.36ha. Small area of kohekohe forest. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K102 Whareroa Bush G

Kohekohe Forest - 1.5 ha. 1.01ha. Small area of kohekohe forest. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K103 Whareroa Bush F

Tawa Forest and Raupo Wetland - 1.24ha. Small area of tawa forest with small area of wetland and swamp forest. Indigenous forest uncommon on low hills within Tararua Ecological District. One of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K104 Whareroa Bush B

Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - 3.47ha. Small fragment of kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest. One of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K105 Whareroa Bush A

Kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest - 3.22ha. Small fragment of kohekohe-tawa-titoki forest. Indigenous forest on low hills is uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. One of a series of fragments that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected under DOC Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K106 Mackay’s Crossing Swamp

DOC (62) Mackay’s Crossing SH1, Paekakariki R26 765/239

Raupo reedland wetland - 9.68ha. Moderately sized area of raupo reedland. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected as a Wildlife Management Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K108 Queen Elizabeth Park bush and Wetlands

DOC (348) Queen Elizabeth Park SH1, Paekakariki R26 760/242

Kahikatea swamp forest, ephemeral wetland - 16.81ha. Kahikatea fragment very small, fragmented. Some restoration plantings. The wetland is highly degraded but is being restored. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Historic records of Amphibromus fluitans (Townsend et al. 1998) but hasn’t been recorded from this site in recent years. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K109 Queen Elizabeth Park dunes

DOC (329) Queen Elizabeth Park R26 756/255

Sanddunes: Foredunes and native bush - 109.52ha. Dune system from Paekakariki to Raumati South. The best representative dune system and habitat type in region and in Foxton Ecological District. Under considerable threat from weed species Good example of nationally under-represented habitat type. Provides habitat for pingao and Coprosma acerosa (Milne & Sawyer 2002). Protected as Regional Park. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K110 Fisherman’s Table Dune

DOC (328) South end of Ames St, Paekakariki R26 735/216

Sand dune, mahoe forest - 5.28ha. Nationally under-represented habitat type. Although small, modified and with considerable threat from pest plant species, this area contains a representative example of mahoe forest on

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE sand dune. This vegetation type would have formally been typical of the Paekakariki area but is now uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K111 Wainui Stream Bush

DOC (711) 366 SH1 Paekakariki North, south of Car Haulaways R26 761/222

Kohekohe Forest - 15.13ha. Good example of kohekohe forest in gully. Some sheep grazing and feral goats. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K112 Waimeha lagoon, Waikanae

DOC (154) North of Queens Rd, Waikanae R26 802/356

Wetland - 5.32ha. Wetland habitat with moderate area of open water and raupo reedland-coprosma scrub associations. Provides habitat for kapungawha. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Protected as Wildlife Refuge. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K113 Motungarara Island (Fishermans Island)

DOC (696) Off lower eastern side of the Kapiti Island.

Offshore Island - 1.4 ha. Taupata shrubland one of four offshore islands in district.

K114 Tahoramaurea Island (Browns Island)

Offshore Island - 1.15ha. Second largest offshore island in district.

K115 Tokomapuna Island (Aeroplane Island)

Offshore Island - 0.98ha. Smallest offshore island in district.

K116 Okupe lagoon DOC (92) North End of Kapiti Island

Wetland - 20 ha. Ephemeral wetland on coastal gravely uncommon in district.

K117 Kapiti Island DOC (267) Kapiti Island Offshore Island, bush-clad – 1916ha. Predominately administered and Managed by Department of Conservation as a Nature Reserve. North End Privately owned portion. SIGNIFICANCE: National.

K123 Totara Reserve District Planner, KCDC

Cnr Hautere Cross Rd/Otaki Gorge Rd to 1200 m east Otaki. S25 936/420

Totara Forest - 3.08ha. Narrow corridor of trees. Limited understorey with some in-fill planting. Provides linkages between fragments. Council Road Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K124 Karu Reserve Submission Karu Cres, Waikanae R26 836/341

Kohekohe-karaka forest - 0.7ha. Small area of kohekohe forest. Kohekohe forest is uncommon in Foxton Ecological District.

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under Council Recreation Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K125 Moutuiti Reserve Bush

Submission Between Ngaio Rd and Kohekohe Rd, Waikanae. R26 837/346

Kohekohe Forest – 1.19ha. A small area of kohekohe forest on gently undulating river terrace. Kohekohe forest is uncommon within Foxton Ecological District. The threat from pest plant species is increasing. Protected as a Scenic Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K131 Raumati South Peatlands

Ecologist (Wildlands) Nomination

Bound by Leicester Ave, Poplar Ave, and Matai Rd, Raumati. R26 772/281

Kanuka-gorse scrub, manuka scrub wetland – 11.09ha. Kanuka dominated habitat on dune systems is under-represented in the ecological district. Small area of nationally under-represented habitat type. Relatively large area of kanuka-gorse scrub although it is highly fragmented and exotic species are common. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K133 Nga Manu Sanctuary

Submission North Waikanae, East of Ngarara Road, Waikanae. R26 829/359

Wetland, swamp forest, kohekohe forest, tawa forest - 47.3ha. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Contains maire tawahe and Korthasella salicornioides. One of largest and best examples of swamp forest within Foxton Ecological District. Good example of sequences between wetland, swamp forest and dry f:orest. Provides habitat for brown mudfish and kereru. Nga Manu Nature Reserve protected under Private Trust. Protected in part by QEII Covenant, with further area in the process of becoming protected. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K134 Otaki Railway Wetland

269 – 271 Main Highway Otaki. S25 924/476

Wetland – 0.42ha. Predominantly raupo dominated - Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for kapungawha. Small wetland, grazed in part with a considerable threat from pest plant species. SIGNIFICANCE: District

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

K135 Pukerua Bay Coastal Scarp

Submission Paekakariki Hill Road on Escarpment behind Paekakariki.

Kohekohe coastal forest, secondary scrub - 39.42ha. This site is an important representation of exposed coastal forest that contributes greatly to the character of the region. Nationally under-represented habitat type. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K136 Waiohanga Road Bush

27 Waihoanga Road, Otaki S26 967/396

Kamahi forest, makomako forest, scrub – 3.44ha. Small area of secondary makomako forest and kamahi forest with areas of scrub. Continuous with Otaki River riparian margin. Provides habitat for kereru. Protected under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K138 Ngatoto Trig Bush

Submission Council Recreation Reserve Between Crown Hill and Kapiti Retirement Village, Paraparaumu. R26 791/321

Manuka scrub wetland - 0.56ha. A very small area of manuka dominated transitional wetland in sand dune hollow surrounded by subdivisions and expanding retirement village. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Very small area of unprotected wetland dominated by manuka scrub. Located with Council Recreation Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District

Rowans Bush Nomination and submit (in support)

366 SH1 Paekakariki North, south of Car Haulaways R26 756/227

Kohekohe-titoki forest – 2.8ha. Kohekohe forest on lowland hill country. Part of a series of fragments that provides links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Protected in part under QEII Covenant. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K140 Valley Road Nomination (in support)

East of 165 Valley Road, Paraparaumu R26 797/279

Kohekohe forest – 2.02ha. Regenerating fenced off bush on hill east of Valley Road. A good quality representative example of indigenous forest at low altitude that is uncommon in Tararua Ecological District. Part of a series of fragments providing links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Provides habitat for kereru. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

K141 221 Valley Road

Nomination (in support)

221 Valley Road, Paraparaumu R26 787/274

Riparian regenerating bush - 2.41ha. Very small, narrow riparian margin with some threat from pest plant species. Listed

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE as a Natural Area due to heritage trees associated with original farm house. Was included (1995) in register at request of landowner.

K145 Lady of Lordes Statue Hill

West of Ruahine Street, Paraparaumu R26 793/301

Kanuka scrub – 1.35ha. A very small area of kanuka scrub successional to kohekohe forest. Kanuka scrub is uncommon in Foxton Ecological District. Provides habitat for kereru. One of several areas of kanuka scrub in the vicinity. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K150 Kaitawa Reserve Ecologist (Wildlands) Nomination

Adjoins Rewai St and Kaitawa Crescent, Paraparaumu R26 790/298

Pukatea-maire tawake swamp forest, mahoe, kohekohe-kanuka forest - 7.29ha. Very small fragments of under-represented habitat types including swamp forest. Indicative of previous diversity of vegetation type in the area. Provides habitat for kereru. Active restoration plan is in place. Protected in part as Council Scenic Reserve and part Recreational Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K151 Forest Lakes Road Bush (No. 2)

2 Forest Lakes Road, Otaki S25 945 / 499

Kohekohe-mahoe forest – 2.14ha. Small fragmented area of kohekohe-mahoe forest with considerable weed threat. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plain is nationally under-represented. Black beech present (uncommon in the Ecological District). SIGNIFICANCE: District

K153 Simon Brown Bush

334 SH1, Paraparaumu North R26 818/327

Kohekohe coastal forest – 1.73ha. Examples of coastal broadleaf forest and kanuka forest successional to kohekohe, both forest types are uncommon within Tararua Ecological District. Contains kowhai The fragment is small and unfenced. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K154 Cobb’s Bush Ecologist (Wildlands) Nomination

283 Te Horo-Hautere Cross Road, Te Horo S25 921 / 423

Kohekohe-titoki forest – 1.74ha. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. Good representative example of

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE uncommon habitat type with good regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K164 Pukehou Bush Ecologist (Wildlands) Nomination

424 North Highway,1, Otaki S25 959 / 498

Kohekohe-tawa forest – 1.29ha. Small fragment of habitat under-represented within the District. Habitat for toro – the only site on the Manawatu Plain where this species has been recorded (Ravine 1995). Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K165 Otaki River Bush C

379 Otaki Gorge Road, Otaki. S25 929 430

Totara forest – 2.76ha. Small, mostly unfenced with considerable weed threat. Part of a series of fragments in the area that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K166 Waitohu Stream Bush B

Greenwood Boulevard, Otaki. S25 935 / 478

Kohekohe forest- 1.93ha. Open, fragmented kohekohe with tawa, pukatea and occasional titoki. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. Small and fragmented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K168 Paraparaumu Quarry Scrub

South of Paraparaumu Quarry, North of Mamuku St. R26 797/301

Kanuka scrub – 4.05ha. Small area of kanuka scrub with regenerating early successional forest – an uncommon habitat type in Foxton Ecological District. One of several kanuka scrub fragments in the area. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K170 El Rancho Manuka Wetland

North of El Rancho Holiday Park, east of Weggery Drive, Waikanae. R26 808/250

Manuka wetland – 8.77ha. Ephemeral manuka dominated wetlands in dune hollows. Subdivision on dune ridges. The wetlands are separated by rank pasture. Nationally under-represented habitat type. Relatively large area of manuka dominated wetland with some open water. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K171 Native Orchid Habitat – Paraparaumu Airport

District Planning

East of 25-29 Teoti St, Paraparaumu, Airport Land. R26 769/319

Native orchid habitat: Spiranthes novae-zelandiae - 600m². Very small area of greatly modified ephemeral wetland that provides

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE habitat for Spiranthes novae-zelandiae, endangered native orchid. This is the only known natural population of this species within Wellington Region. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

K175 Waimanu Lagoons

Bound by Barrett Drive and Tutere St, Waikanae Beach R26 794/351

Dune lake – 8.02ha. Adjoins K081 Waikanae Estuary. Highly modified, with artificial assemblage of species and some inappropriate enhancement plantings. However, this site has linkages to Waikanae River Mouth and provides continuation of open water habitat.Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. High use by water bird species. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K176 Otaki Stewardship

Rangiuru Road, Otaki Beach. R25 884/488

Wetland, dune system – 25.35ha. Highly modified sand dune dominated by pine and macrocarpa canopy. Nationally under-represented habitat type. Both dune and wetland habitats are modified and invasive exotic species common. Partially protected under DOC Stewardship. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K178 Kiripiti Scientific Reserve

Old Hautere Road, Te Horo S25 904/439

Totara-matai-titoki forest. 1.98ha. Part of a series of fragments across the plains that provide links between Kapiti Island and the Tararua Ranges. Indigenous vegetation on alluvial plains is nationally under-represented. Site is one of the best examples of this habitat type within Manawatu Plains. Contains akeake Protected as Scientific Reserve. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

Poplar Ave Wetland

GW - RC (site name: WRC A)

South of Poplar Ave, Opposite intersection of Matai Rd, Raumati South R26 768/277

Manuka Scrub Wetland - 3.12ha. Wetland dominated by manuka scrub, Isolepis prolifer and rushland. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. SIGNIFICANCE: District

K185 South Waikawa Beach Dune Lake

GW - RC (site name: WRC E)

South of Waikawa Beach, adjoining northern boundary of the District. S25 906/537

Dune Lake – 0.81ha. Small lake, unfenced with full stock access. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for Kapungawha and,

No: NAME: ORIGIN:

DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE / DOMINANT HABITAT OR VEGETATION / SIGNIFICANCE and is a wildlife refuge. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional

Wairongomai Manuka Wetland

GW - RC (site name: WRC F)

East of Wairongomai Road, Otaki. S25 923/515

Manuka Scrub Wetland – 4.33ha. Short stature manuka over dense Baumea and Isolepis. Some stock access. Wetland habitat is nationally under-represented. Provides habitat for migrating bitten. Rare wetland type in region. SIGNIFICANCE: Regional.

G. Geological Sites Abbreviations: KEA Kapiti Environmental Action Inc

NO ORIGIN OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION/SIGNIFICANCE

G1 KEA Private/or Crown

GR745404 Kapiti Island Beach Ridges

GR727370 Kapiti Island phyllonite

GR732382 Kapiti Island uplifted sea caves

GR804299 Ohariu Fault, Muaupoko Valley

GR806301 Ohariu Fault, Muaupoko Valley

GR836309 Otaihanga Oligocene Sedimentary outlier (old quarry)

GR872470 Otaki Beach Ridges

GR766240 Paekakariki Alluvial Fan

GR758230 Paekakariki Rockfall

GR895450 Te Horo abandoned sea cliff

GR845354 Ohariu Fault, Waikanae

GR760255 Whareroa Dune Fields

T. Significant Trees Abbreviations: DSR (O, H or K) District Scheme Register - Otaki, Horowhenua or

HPT (I or II) Historic Places Trust (Category I or II Classification)

subdivision) WRC Wellington Regional Council NO. ORIGIN:

Submission or Nomination

OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.)

T1 Submission Anglican Church

Otaki, (Old Mission Grounds) Te Rauparaha St, Otaki (Pt Church Misson Grant ML 461)

Norfolk Pines (1) Araucaria heterophylla. Norfolk pine planted in 1850 to mark the graves of two chiefs, Matene Te Whiwhi and Tamihana Te Rauparaha. Site of old vicarage, mission grounds. (1510181400)

T2 NTR Anglican Church

Otaki (Old Mission Grounds) Te Rauparaha St, Otaki (Pt Church Mission Grant ML 461)

Kauri Agathis australis Planted 1849 close to large Norfolk Island pine. (1510181400)

T3 NTR Private 459 Te Moana Rd, Waikanae (Pt Lot 3 DP 46755)

Ash – Fraxinus. Height 46ft (1973). Largest in NZ. Planted by a ‘Mr Shamel’ who brought a seedling from Mexico.

T5 NTR Private 459 Te Moana Rd, Waikanae (Pt Lot 3 DP 46755)

Maius Trilobata (NE Greece) Height 42ft (1973). Very rare species. Largest recorded. (1494141700A)

T6 NTR DSR (K)

Private 121 Amohia St, Paraparaumu (Lot 2 DP 12690)

Rimu - Dacrydium cupressinum NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 545, Reg. No: 041 (1525210600)

T7 NTR Private 121 Amohia St, Paraparaumu (Lot 2 DP 12690)

Evergreen (Laurel) Magnolia Magnolia Grandiflora NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 546, Reg. No: 042 (1525210600)

T10 DSR (H) KCDC Adjacent to 381 Te Moana Rd, Waikanae (Road Reserve)

Karaka tree Corynocarpus laevigatus

NO. ORIGIN: Submission or Nomination

T11 DSR (H) Private Waikanae Hotel Grounds, 32 Main Road, Waikanae (Pt Ngarara West A78E10 Blk IX Kaitawa SD ML 4604)

Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa (1494183200)

T12 DSR (H) B P Oil BP Waikanae Service Station Cnr SH1 & Ngaio Rd. (Lot 1 DP 28250)

T14 DSR (H) Private 100 metres west of road frontage, 8 Greenaway Rd, Waikanae (Lot 1 DP 78308)

Kauri tree Agathis australis (1493111700)

T15 DSR (H) Private 31 Karu Cres, Waikanae (Lots 12, 13 DP 14701)

Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree(1494104400)

T16 DSR (H) Private Main Rd Nth, Waikanae (Lot 2 DP 27967)

Cabbage tree (2) Cordyline australis (1489018700)

T18 DSR (K) Private 3B Frederick St (Edginton), Paraparaumu (Lot 12 DP 13821 CT7B/368)

1 Kauri (6m) Agathis australis (1527247500B)

T20 Submission Private 64 Ames St, Paekakariki (Lot 3 DP 8581 CT 435/285)

Puriri tree Vitex lucens (1541005900)

T21 Submission KCDC cnr Tangahoe & Aperahama Sts, Paekakariki (Road Reserve adjacent to Lot 42 DP 6673)

Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria heterophylla

T22 Submission Private 15 Matene St, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 19130)

Kauri Agathis australis (1510159600)

T23 Submission Private 96 Amohia St, Paraparaumu (Lot 1 DP 12635 CT 506/228)

T24 Submission Private Main Rd Sth, Otaki-opposite Otaki Gorge Road (Pahiko) (Lot 2 DP 50635)

Tulip Magnolia Magnolia x soulangeana. NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 643, Reg. No: 213. (1487109800)

T25 Submission Transit NZ East side of SH1 between Paekakariki Station and Fishermans Table

Pohutukawas Metrosideros excelsa Cabbage trees Cordyline australis Mark southern entrance to the District.

T26 Submission Private 115 Arawhata Rd, Paraparaumu (Lot 23 DP 57282)

Totara Podocarpus totara (1525323100)

T27 Submission Private 31 Karu Cres, Waikanae

Copper Beach Fagus sylvatica (1494104400)

Miro Prumnopitys ferruginea (1494104400)

1 Elizabeth St, Waikanae

T31 Submission St Lukes 1 Elizabeth St, Waikanae

T32 Submission St Lukes 1 Elizabeth St, Waikanae

Puriri Vitex lucens (1496002900)

T34 Submission KCDC Walnut Grove, Waikanae (Road Reserve)

Walnut tree Juglans regia

T36 Submission Private 49 Kapanui Rd, Waikanae Lot 5 DP 60069

T37 KHS Private Lindale, Main Rd Nth, Paraparaumu (Lot 1 DP 81548)

Nikau Palms Rhopalosylis sapida (1526201000)

T38 KHS Private Lindale, Main Rd Nth, Paraparaumu (Lot 1 DP 81548)

Kohekohe Trees (clusters) Dysoxylum spectabile Nikau Palms Rhopalosylis sapida (1526201000)

T39 KEA KCDC 16 Seaview Rd, Paraparaumu Beach (Road Reserve)

Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa

T40 KEA Transit NZ Outside 208 Main Rd North, Paraparaumu, “Twelve Oaks” (Road Reserve adjacent to Lot 1 DP 34019)

Totara Podocarpus totara

Te Rauparaha St, Otaki (old Mission grounds) (Pt Church Mission Grant ML 461)

Cabbage tree Cordyline australis (1510181400)

T42 Submission Private 21 Freemans Rd, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 26701)

Nikau Palm Rhopalosylis sapida (1509122500)

T43 Submission NZ Fire Service

96 Mill Rd, Otaki (Secs 170, 172 Town of Otaki ML 3214)

Submission Tangata Whenua

186 Mill Rd, Otaki (Maternity House) Pt Sec 85 Blk IX Waitohu SD Pt Lot 1 DP 9569 (A LN No. 1510/330/1)

Oaks, Elm & Ash trees Quercus (Oak), Ulmus procera (Elm), and Fraxinus excelsior (Elm) (X1510170300C)

T45 Submission Private 262 Mill Rd, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 64934)

Rimu Dacrydium cupressinum (1509161600)

Submission Private 181 Waerenga Rd, Otaki.(Lot 1 DP 15602 CT 578/43)

Kanuka Kunzea ericoides (1509190200)

Submission KCDC Outside Memorial Hall, 3 Pehi Kupa St, Waikanae (Lot 7 DP 16038)

Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria heterophylla (1496004500)

Submission Private 424B Te Moana Rd, Waikanae Pt Ngarara West A3A A3, A3B1 SO 24197

Horizontal Elm Ulmus Campestris (1494115700)

T50 Submission KCDC Ocean Rd, Paraparaumu Beach, Senior Citizen Hall (Pt Lot 128 DP 9498)

7 Southern Mahogany Eucalyptus botryoides (1527334200)

T51 Submission Private 453 Te Moana Rd, Waikanae (Lot 2 DP 23098)

1 Kauri, 3 Limes, 2 Plane Trees. Agathis australis (kauri) Tilia Platphyllous (lime) Planatus acerifolia (plane) Planted to remember Ernest Beaglehole. Mark entrance to Waikanae (1494141400)

Submission KCDC Tennis Court Rd Reserve, Raumati Beach (Lot 30 DP 9790)

9 Red Gum trees Eucalyptus ficifolia give road special character (1529208900)

T54 Submission Private 83 Rimu Rd, Paraparaumu (Lot 2 DP 29633)

2 Pohutukawas Metrosideros excelsia (1530133700)

T55 Submission Private 7 Maple Lane, Waikanae(Lot 4 DP 67245 CT35D/657)

2 Kohekohe trees Dysoxylum spectabile (1494119100)

T57 Keep Waikanae Beautiful

Ministry of Education

Cnr Seddon & Utauta Sts, Waikanae. Waikanae Primary School. (Lots 18, 19, 23, Pt 22 DP 1031 SO 14414)

Totara, Oak, Elms and other species Podocarpus totara (totara); Quercus robur (oak); and Ulmus procera (elm) All large trees > 6 metres in height (1496021300B)

T58 KEA KCDC Marine Gardens, Raumati Beach (Lot 1 DP 16665)

Oak trees (3) Quercus robur (1528100200A, C-E; 1528100200)

T59 KEA Private 56 Tutanekai St, Paraparaumu (Lot 9 DP 45399)

2 Kauri trees Agathis australis Lot 9 DP 45399; (1525259501)

T60 Submission Private “Crosswater”, 190 Main Rd North, Paraparaumu (next to DOC Reserve) (Lot 2 DP 12276)

3 Bluegum Eucalyptus globulus 3 Red Gum Eucalyptus ficifolia (1526204600)

Submission Private 62B Ngaio Rd, Waikanae (Lots 1, 2 DP 80324)

Karaka tree Corynocarpus laevigatus @ 400 yrs old (1494159000)

T62 Submission Private Cnr Main Rd Nth & Greenhill Road, Waikanae (Lot 1 DP 41434)

Oak tree Quercus robur planted 1920 (1489019400)

T63 Submission Private 44 Atkins Road, Otaki (Lot 1 DP 64825)

Kauri tree Agathis australis Planted 1937 (request of Mr P Atkins) (1486115001)

Submission Private 266 Main Road North (SH1), Otaki (Lot 2 DP 30732)

3 Oak trees Quercus robur Planted 1888 and 1915 request of owner (1509133800)

T65 Submission Private 51 Leinster Avenue Paraparaumu (Lot 22 DP 18884 CT 876/20)

Mexican hand tree Chiranthodendron pentadactylon (1530104500)

T66 Submission Private 51 Leinster Avenue Paraparaumu (Lot 22 DP 18884 CT 876/20)

Pin Oak Quercus palustris (1530104500)

T67 Submission Private 8 Matatua Road, Raumati Beach (Lot 50 Blk III DP 2767 CT 387/213)

T68 Submission Private 21 Allen Road, Raumati Beach (Lot 72 DP 14034)

Lacebark Hoheria populnea (1528212300B)

T70 Submission Private cnr Tainui & Matatua Road, Raumati Beach (Road Reserve)

2 Willow Agonis flexuosa

T72 Submission Private 41 Rimu Road, Paraparaumu Pt Lot 2 DP 18750 CT D3/794)

Celery Pine Phyllocladus alpinus (1530131900)

T73 Submission Private 83 Rimu Rd, 4 Fiesta Grove Paraparaumu

2 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa

T74 Submission Private Nyco Chocolate Factory, Raumati Road (Lot 3 DP 72265)

Copper Beech Fagus sylvatica (1530116500)

T75 Submission Private 54 Rimu Road, Paraparaumu (Lot 5 DP 27501 CT E4/631)

Black Beech Nothofagus solanderi (1530136400)

T77 Submission Private 119 Arawhata Road, Paraparaumu (Lot 25 DP 57282 CT 32D/651)

Totara Podocarpus totara (1525323300A)

T78 Submission Private 117 Arawhata Road, Paraparaumu (Lot 24 DP 57282 CT 29D/632)

2 Totara Podocarpus totara (1525323200)

T79 TC-WS646 Private 24 Ngarara Road, Waikanae Lot 2 DP 67444

1 Kauri Agathis australis (3m), Rimu (5m) Dacrydium cupressinum (1494125600)

T80 Nomination and Submission (in support)

Private 24 Domain Rd, Otaki Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa - 1898

T81 Nomination Private 114 Te Waka Rd, Te Horo

Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa - 1930

T82 Nomination Private 114 Te Waka Road, Te Horo

Illawarra Flame Tree Brachychiton Acerifolium

T83 Nomination Private 6 - 8 Kainui Rd, Raumati 2 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa – 1930’s

T84 Nomination Private 6 McKay St, Paraparaumu Beach

Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum

T85 Nomination Private 60 Renown Rd, Raumati South

Kanuka Kunzea ericoides 1920’s

Private 11 Hira Street, Waikanae

Mexican Hand Tree Chiranthodendron pentadactylon – 1980, NOTABLE (NTR)

Private Talisman Nursery 135 Ringawhati Rd, Otaki

Holly Ilex aquifolium NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 528, Reg. No: 335.

Private 19a Wharemauku Rd, Raumati

2 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa

T89 Nomination and submission (in support)

Private 190 State Highway 1, Paraparaumu North

Rata Metrosideros robusta and Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa – both 1900’s

T90 Nomination Private 54 Makora Rd, Otaihanga

Cabbage Tree. Cordyline australis – NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 528, Reg. No: 355. 1840. Believed to have been used as one of several boundary markers for the early 19c. vegetable gardens.

Private 131 Rangiuru Rd, Otaki Cabbage Tree Cordyline australis - age 100+ years

T92 Nomination Private 20 Tainui St, Raumati Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa – 1890’s

T93 Nomination Private 38 Moana Rd, Paraparaumu

Irish Yew Taxus baccata ‘fastigiata’

Private 124 Main Rd, Paraparaumu

Rata Metrosideros robusta – thought to be where Te Raupahara camped, early 1800’s Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa, thought to be biggest in District, 100+ years

T95 Nomination & Submission (in opposition)

Private 90 Te Moana Road, Waikanae

Oak tree that is approximately 100 years old. Quercus robur

T96 Nomination & Submission (in support)

Private 331 Valley Road, Paraparaumu

Rata Metrosideros robusta, 150+ years

T97 Nomination Private 266 Main Road North, Otaki

Esplallied Pear Tree Pyrus communis, planted 1911. ‘Esplallied’- to train a tree against a wall or frame.

T98 Nomination Private Nikau Reserve, SH1 North, Paraparaumu

Kauri ‘Millenium Tree” Agathis australis, planted Jan 1st 2000 over a time capsule

NO. ORIGIN: OWNER LOCATION DESCRIPTION / SIGNIFICANCE (VALUATION NZ NO.)

T99 Nomination Private 16 Tainui St, Raumati

2 Oak Trees Quercus robur, 1920’s.

T100 Submission Private 156 Atkins Road, Otaki (shown as 2 Atkins Rd)

Trees surrounding original homestead planted by Ada Bevans 1880’s Nolfolk Island Pine NOTABLE (NTR) ID: 461, Reg. No: 028. Araucaria heterophylla 2 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa Maidenhair Tree Ginko Biloba 2 Canary Island Date Palms Phoenix canariensis Nikau Palm Rhopalostylis sapida (SW of house) Kowhai (NW of house) Sophora microphylla Area of native and exotic trees and vegetation up both sides of driveway and around house including Totara, Puriri, Oak, Cabbage Trees, Karaka, Kohekohe, Copper Beach, Norfolk Island Pine, Tulip trees. (1486115200)

T101 Nomination Private 23 Dunstan St, Otaki

Rimu Tree Dacrydium cupressinum, 1930’s

T102 Nomination Private 2 Otaihanga Road, Paraparaumu

Macrocarpa Tree Cupressus macrocarpa. ‘Ferry Inn’ – Arapawaiti. Tree planted by Hana White Udy, in 1890.

T103 Nomination & Submission (in support)

Private 10 Hinemoa Street, Paraparaumu

Oak Quercus robur

T104 Submission (in support)

Private 239 – 243 Mill Road, Otaki

Rata Metrosideros Robusta

T105 Submission (in support)

Private El Rancho Christian Camp, Kauri Road Waikanae

Macracapa (planted on top of Maketu’s Grave) Cupressus Macrocarpa

T106 Submission Private 3B Iti Grove, Waikanae

T108 Submission Private 3 Kauri Rd, Waikanae

Kauri Agathis australis Part of original Greenaway Homestead gardens. See B72, (1493121100)

T109 Submission Private 6 Winara Ave, Waikanae

Kauri Agathis australis Rimu Dacrydium cupressinum Planted 1940’s. (1496005900)

T110 Submission Private 32 Warrimoo St, Paraparaumu

T111 Submission Private 30 Greendale Drive, Otaihanga, Paraparaumu

6 Kahikatea Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (1526035024)

T112 Submission Private Between 64 & 68 The Esplanade, Raumati South

Macrocarpa Cupressus Macrocarpa (1529202100)

T113 Submission Private 53A Wellington Road, Paekakariki

3 Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa Oak Quercus Robur (1541010100A)

T114 Submission Private 63 Waimea Rd, Pohutukawa Metrosideros excelsa

Waikanae (LOT 26 DP 7203)

Provides habitat to native bee populations. (1492004700)

T115 Submission Private 62 Smithfield Rd, Waikanae (Lot 2 DP 330618)

T116 Submission Private 23 Ames St, Paekakariki (LOT 11 DP 1703 CT 152/45)

Kauri Agathus australus (1541002200)

T117 Submission Private 27 Ngatiawa Rd, Waikanae (LOT 2 DP 77582)

Copper Beech Fagus sylvatica pupurea (1490018500)

T118 KCDC KCDC 327-333 Manly St, Paraparaumu (LOT 3 DP 334165)

Macrocarpa Cupressus macrocarpa This Macrocarpa is planted in the family cemetery plot of Thomas Wilson (buried 1878) known as the Arapawaiti urupa. (1527039900)

T119 Submission Private 3a Iti Gve, Waikanae (LOT 1 DP 316890 - INT IN ESM)

T120 Submission Private 3 Iti Grve, Waikanae (LOT 2 DP 316890 - SUBJ TO ESM)

Karaka Cornocarpus laevigatus (1494155501)

T121 Submission Private 236 SH1, Paraparaumu (LOT 1 DP 76463)

Tulip Tree Lyndriodendron tulipifera This Tulip tree is part of the ‘forest garden’ area planted on the homestead of the Smith family (from Smith & Smith fame) in the 1930’s. (1526225500)

T122 Submission Private 236 SH1, Paraparaumu (LOT 1 DP 76463)

Oriental Beech Tree Fagus orientalis This Beech was one of the earliest plantings on the Smith family homestead (from Smith & Smith fame) in the 1930’s. (1526225500)

T123 Submission Private 135 Ringawhati Rd, Otaki (PT TE AWAHOHONU A3 NO 5 BLK IX WAITOHU SD)

Plant Collection This plant collection includes over 1000 native species including many rare and endangered species. The collection serves as a genetic bank for the survival of many of our endangered and at risk plants. (1486153000)NOTABLE (NTR) Reg No 423

T124 Submission Private 27 Kirk St, Otaki (Lot 3 DP 6422)

Kauri Agatha australis (3754609)

T125 Submission Private 38 Te Roto Rd, Otaki (Totaranui AB1B)

Kauri Agatha australis (1509157036)

W. Waahi Tapu NR Te Runanga O Raukawa AA Ati Awa ki Whakarongotai NT Te Runanga O Toa Rangatira NO ORIGIN OWNER LOCATION/LEGAL

DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION/SIGNIFICANCE

W1 Submission Private End of Puriri Road, Waikanae (Pt 424C Ngarara West ML 1491)

Takamore Cemetery

W2 Submission Private Pehi Kupa Street, Waikanae (Lot 41 DP 1031 SO 14414)

Parata Cemetery

W3 Submission Ngati Haumia

Queen Elizabeth Park, Paekakariki (Pt B2 Wainui ML 3272, SO 22867 Sec 103 Blk II Paekakariki SD SO 33368)

W4 HPT submission

Private Flaxmere St to Puriri Rd, Waikanae (Ngarara West A24C and A24B ML 1491, Lot 1 DP 23875 Kaitawa SD ML 1491)

Takamore Waahi Tapu Area (Note - this includes W1)

I.2 Archaeological Sites (site location is accurate only to

within about 100m) N.B. These sites do not represent all archaeological sites in the

district The following are for information purposes: Metric Mapsheet

Site Number

Metric Easting

Metric Northing

Site Description

R25 1 2674600 6040300 STONE WALLS R25 2 2674500 6040200 CANOE R25 3 2683900 6040600 MIDDEN R25 4 2684100 6040900 MIDDEN R25 5 2687100 6040700 MIDDEN R25 6 2687000 60400700 MIDDEN R25 7 2687000 6040600 MIDDEN R25 8 2685800 6040500 CANOE HULL R25 9 2674400 6040200 CULTIVATION AREA R25 10 2674600 6040000 OCCUPATION SOIL R25 11 2687600 6047500 HOTEL R26 1 2673400 6039800 PIT/POST HOLES R26 2 2674000 6039900 GRAVES R26 3 2673900 6039700 MIDDEN R26 4 2673800 6039700 WHALER’S TRYPOT R26 5 2673800 6039600 CAIRN R26 6 2673500 6038900 WHALING STATION R26 8 2673000 6037700 WHALERS’ TRYPOTS R26 9 2673000 6037500 TRADING STATION R26 10 2670900 6037400 CULTIVATION AREA R26 11 2672700 6037100 MIDDEN/PITS R26 12 2672300 6036800 MIDDEN R26 13 2672000 6036300 HOUSES/PITS/MIDDEN R26 14 2671500 6035800 WHALING STATION R26 15 2669900 6034100 TERRACES R26 16 2669700 6034000 PIT R26 17 2669700 6034000 STONE WALL/PIT R26 18 2669700 6034000 MIDDEN R26 19 2669600 6034000 STONE WALL R26 20 2669500 6033900 STONE WALL R26 21 2669700 6034000 STONE STRUCTURE R26 22 2668700 6033600 STONE WALL R26 23 2668700 6033600 BUILDING REMAINS R26 24 2668600 6033600 STONE LINED DRAIN R26 25 2668600 6033600 STONE WALL/ETC R26 26 2668600 6033500 STONE WALLS R26 27 2670100 6033700 STONE WALLS R26 28 2670200 6033500 STONE STRUCTURES R26 29 2670200 6033500 STONE STRUCTURE R26 30 2675200 6025100 MIDDEN R26 31 2675600 6025900 MIDDEN R26 32 2683700 6039800 MIDDEN R26 33 2683900 6039700 MIDDEN

Metric Mapsheet

Site Number

Metric Easting

Metric Northing

Site Description

R26 34 2684100 6039200 MIDDEN R26 35 2683000 6037300 MIDDEN R26 36 2683000 6037400 MIDDEN R26 37 2682900 6037200 MIDDEN R26 38 2682500 6036200 MIDDEN R26 39 2682500 6036200 MIDDEN R26 40 2681700 6036000 MIDDEN R26 41 2681900 6036200 MIDDEN R26 42 2681800 6036500 MIDDEN R26 43 2682200 6036900 MIDDEN R26 44 2682200 6036700 MIDDEN R26 45 2682100 6036700 MIDDEN R26 46 2680100 6035200 MIDDEN R26 47 2679900 6035300 MIDDEN R26 48 2679900 6035300 MIDDEN R26 49 2679900 6035400 MIDDEN R26 50 2688000 6035400 MIDDEN R26 51 2679900 6035400 MIDDEN R26 52 2679900 6035300 MIDDEN R26 53 2680000 6035400 MIDDEN R26 54 2680100 6035100 MIDDEN R26 55 2680200 6035100 MIDDEN R26 56 2680200 6035200 MIDDEN R26 57 2680300 6035400 MIDDEN R26 58 2680300 6035300 MIDDEN R26 59 2680200 6035400 MIDDEN R26 60 2680200 6035400 MIDDEN R26 61 2680000 6035800 MIDDEN R26 62 2680200 6035200 MIDDEN R26 63 2680000 6035300 MIDDEN R26 64 2679900 6035200 MIDDEN R26 65 2679900 6035200 MIDDEN R26 66 2683600 6038500 MIDDEN R26 67 2683800 6038600 MIDDEN R26 68 2683100 6038000 MIDDEN R26 69 2684000 6036100 MIDDEN R26 70 2685700 6038200 MIDDEN R26 71 2679900 6035800 MIDDEN R26 72 2681100 6036500 MIDDEN R26 73 2683300 6037300 MIDDEN R26 74 2683400 6037700 MIDDEN R26 75 2683600 6037900 MIDDEN R26 76 2683200 6038000 MIDDEN R26 77 2680100 6036000 MIDDEN R26 78 2680100 6035900 MIDDEN R26 79 2680100 6035800 MIDDEN R26 80 2680200 6035800 MIDDEN R26 81 2680100 6035900 MIDDEN R26 82 2679800 6035800 MIDDEN R26 83 2679800 6035900 MIDDEN R26 84 2680100 6035700 MIDDEN R26 85 2680100 6035400 MIDDEN R26 86 2679900 6035500 MIDDEN R26 87 2680100 6035300 MIDDEN R26 88 2679700 6035300 MIDDEN R26 89 2683200 6037400 MIDDEN

Metric Mapsheet

Site Number

Metric Easting

Metric Northing

Site Description

R26 90 2683000 6037700 MIDDEN R26 91 2683000 6037900 MIDDEN R26 92 2682800 6038000 MIDDEN R26 93 2675800 6026200 WHAREROA PA R26 94 2675100 6024200 WAINUI PA R26 97 2679000 6034600 MIDDEN R26 98 2687000 6044900 OUTRIGGER (CANOE) R26 99 2675700 6025800 MIDDEN R26 131 2674000 6021700 PITS/MIDDEN R26 134 2660100 6011200 PITS R26 135 2660100 6011400 PITS/MADE SOILS R26 136 2660000 6011300 PITS/MADE SOIL R26 137 2660000 6011200 PITS R26 138 2659900 6011100 PITS R26 139 2659900 6011000 PITS R26 140 2659800 6010900 PITS R26 141 2659800 6011000 MIDDEN R26 142 2659800 6011000 PITS R26 143 2659700 6010900 PITS R26 144 2659700 6012700 MIDDEN R26 146 2676000 6029200 SURFACE ITS R26 169 2659800 6011000 PIT/TERRACE/GARDEN R26 180 2674900 6022600 PITS R26 181 2674600 6022400 PITS R26 182 2674500 6022300 PITS R26 183 2674900 6022000 TERRACES R26 184 2669000 6033600 PITS R26 185 2670300 6033500 STONE WALLS R26 186 2681600 6036100 MIDDEN R26 232 2683600 6033600 PITS R26 233 2668600 6033500 TERRACE R26 234 2668500 6033600 PIT R26 235 2673300 6038700 PIT/TERRACE R26 236 2672300 6034400 WHALING STATION R26 237 2670200 6033400 TERRACE R26 241 2679600 6034800 MIDDENS R26 242 2659600 6012700 LIGHTHOUSE ETC R26 243 2659700 6011300 SOIL/DITCH/BANK R26 244 2659800 6011600 PITS R26 247 2673300 6021300 MIDDEN/ARTEFACTS R26 249 2676500 6027200 MIDDEN R26 250 2676900 6026200 MIDDEN R26 251 2676700 6026000 MIDDEN R26 252 2675900 6026700 MIDDENS R26 253 2682500 6035300 MIDDEN R26 255 2673400 602150 MIDDENS R26 256 2676800E 6026100N PA (possible location of Tipapa Pa) S25 1 2691300 6052700 PITS/TERRACE/MIDDEN S25 56 2623200 6051000 PA S26 1 2708600 6037100 OBSIDIAN FIND R26 257 2683600 6040000 MIDDEN (R26/32 Historic Places Trust) R26 258 2683900 6039700 MIDDEN (R26/33 Historic Places Trust)

I.3 MAP

KEY TO NATIONALLY & REGIONALLY RARE & THREATENED SPECIES NO DESCRIPTION SITE GRID

REFERENCE NATIONAL THREAT RANK

AREA ADDITIONAL PROTECTION STATUS

1 Amphibromus fluitan Wetland grasss

Queen Elizabeth Park

R26 762 243 Nationally endangered

No Information

Wellington Regional Council Reserve

2 Euphorbia glauca Shore spurge

Wharekohu Point, Kapiti Island

R26 678 335 Serious decline

40 x 30m2 Nature Reserve

3 Dechampia caespitosa var. macrantha Tussock grass

Kapiti Island R26 Gradual decline

No Information

Nature Reserve

4 Korthalsella salicornioides Mistletoe

Kapiti Island R26 344, R26 709 355

Sparse N/A Nature Reserve

5 Hebe elliptica var. crassifolia Kokomuka

Kapiti Island R26 Range restricted

Extensive along coastline

Nature Reserve

6 Korthalsella salicornioides Mistletoe

Waikanae Park

R26 825 353 Sparse N/A Recreation Reserve

7 Tupeia Antarctica Tupia

Kapiti Island R26 726 373, R26 727 376, R26 727 402 and also in grid squares R26 72-37-R26 72-40- R26 72-39-

Gradual decline

Plants scattered throughout 500 ha in eastern & northern part of Island

Nature Reserve

8 Mazus novaezeelandiae

Puketitiro, (adjacent to Paraparaumu Senic Reserve)

8m2 None

9 Mazus novaezeelandiae

Otaihanga (adjacent to Paraparaumu Senic Reserve)

R26 811 321 and R26 814 322

Serious decline

50m2 None

10 Leptinella dioica subsp. monoica Shore cotula

Waikanae Estuary

R26 787 348, R26 795 347, R26 785 347, R26 795 349

Gradual decline

Over an area of approximately 20ha

Scenic Reserve and unprotected

11 Lepidium tenuicaule Shore cress

Wharekohu Bay, Kapiti Island

R26 N/A Nature Reserve

12 Lepidium oleraceum Cook’s scurvy grass

Kapiti Island R26 686 335 Nationally endangered

20m2 Nature Reserve

13 Ophioglossum petiolatum Stalked adder’s tongue

Totara Lagoon, Waikanae Beach

R26 Historic Record

Nationally endangered

Unknown None

14 Carex litorosa Sea sedge

Estuary Inlet off Waikanae River, Makora Rd

Scattered through estuary margin

15 Desmoschoenus spiralis Pingao

Otaki River outlet

Gradual decline

Unknown None

16 Pimelea arenaria Sand pimelea

Waikanae River outlet

Serious decline

Unknown None

17 Paraxilla colensoi Scarlet-flowered mistletoe

Plateau Waitewaewae track

S27 020 406 Gradual decline

Within 2metres of river

National Park

18 Spiranthes novae-zealandiae

Paraparaumu Airport

Contact Council

Nationally endangered

Contact Council

Hearing: at Palmerston North: 28-30 March and 16 Apri12012

DECISION: PART 3- INDIGENOUS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Counsel and patties participating in this topic:

P R Gardner for Federated Farmers of New Zealand H A Atkins for Hm1iculture New Zealand A J L Beatson and N J Garvan for Meridian Energy Ltd K Smjeant for the Wellington Fish and Game Council S J Ongley and A Camaivuna for the Minister of Conservation J Gregory for Transpower NZ Ltd and Powerco Ltd L C R Burkhardt for TrustPower Ltd J W Maassen and N Jessen for the Manawatu-W anganui Regional Council

Past and future trajectories of forest loss in New Zealand

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