Post on 20-Mar-2023
•
Parks in the Urban Environment: An Analytical Study
with Reference to Urban Park. ••of Dhuka
'.,
Ry
Amina Chowdhury
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Urban lind Regional Plnnning, SUET,
Dhaka in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
'"
•
,•
DEPARTM.El\'T OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLA)lNING
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGrNEERING At''O TECHNOLOGY
DHAKA,BANGLADESH
MlITCh~2004
,•..,
The thcsis titled "Parks in the Urban Environmcnt : An Analytical Study "itb
Refcrence to Urban Parb of Dhaka" submitted by Amina Chowdhury, Roll
Number: 9615011F, Scssion: 95-96-97 has becn accepted as satisfactory in partial
flillillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban and Rcgional
Planning on 29 March, 2004,
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
'L",~~tf;Dr. Roxana Hafiz, / rDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning,
BUET, Dhaka,
~Dr. Sanvar lahan,
Professor and Ilead,
Department ofUrhan and Regional Planning,
BI..IET,Dhaka,
Prof. A.S.M. M"hbllb-Un-Nabi,
Professor,
Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
tJUHT, Dh"ka
Li.Q b.~~r1da Nllufar, UA,oociate Profe,sor,
Dcpartment of Architecture,
BUET, Dhaka.
Chairman
(Supervisor)
Mcmber
(Ex-officio)
Memher
Member
(External)
_ ...•- -.CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION
1 hereby declare that this Thesis has becn prepared in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional. Planning at the
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka and has not been
submitted anywhere else for any other degree.
Signature of the Candidate
!fJk",_dhJ'-Yl¥ __Amina Chowdhury
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
Roll Number: F 9615011
URP, BUET
Dlw"
•
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise is due to Almighty Allah. All the progress, achiev<'ments and successthroughout my life are His blessings. First of <Ill,I convey my gratefulness to Himfor giving mc the ability to complete the Thesis.
I wish to express my profound gratitude and acknowlcdgemer,t to my supervisor,Dr. Roxana Hafiz, Associate Professor of the Department of Yrban and RegionalPlanning, BVET, Dhaka for her constant guidance and patience since the inc~ptionof the study. It would have been quite impossible to carry on this research and give ita final shape without her valuable advice, incisive criticism and sympatheticencouragement.
I wish to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Sarv.'arlaban, Professor and Head ofthe Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET, Dhaka for his academic,administrative and logistic supports.
I am also expressing my gratitude to my respected teachers, specially Dr, GolamRahman, Former Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BVET,D!ill"
I am highly grateful to my nephew Salman for helping me to usc different types ofcomputer software. I am expressing my heartfelt thanks to my llieccs Nasreen andNahecd for collecting data from the field. Special thanks tn my brother GaniChowdhury for his helpful service during physical observation survey andphotograph collection.
I also express thanks from the core of my heart to my classmate and friend, KamrunNahar for her all kind of co-operation, coding and entering data into SPSS program,suggestions and encouragement that helped me increasing menIal strength.. Specialthanks to Safi Val Administro.live OjJicer, Department of Geography andEnvironment and Asaduzzaman, Research Office, Dee for collecting differentinformation from Geography Department and Dhaka City Corporation.
I also express my special thanks and gratitude to all the staff of Urban and RegionalPlanning, BVET for their co-operation. Thanks to the staff of the LibTaryof BUET, 'Library of BBS, Library ofDU, and LibTaryof CUS.
I wo,-,ld like to extend my thanks to Anwara Apa, Ambia Apa, Urmi Apa, Rony,Elora, Adil vai for their enormous help and encouragement in the preparation of thethesis.
Finally, I would remain ever grateful to my parents, brothers, sisters and all othermembers of my family.Amina Chowdhury
March, 2004
,ABSTRACT
Green space, in the form of parks is an integral part of c\'ery city. By om:ringoppornmities for recreation, reflection, and relaxation, parks improve communityhealth and increase property values. They provide habitat for numerous species ofanimals and plants, and cool city air through transpiration and evaporation
The need for parks in cities is increasing with the rises in longevity, mobility andleisure of the growing proportion of people who live in urban arc, s. Besides, citiesexperience increasing signs of environmental stress like air and noise pollution,traffic congestion etc, In this situation parks and green spaces are very essentialinside the city for its environmental and ecological balance.
This research focuses on the importance of parks in this city and how they contributeto healthy and 3afe living. The study also investigates reasons that prevent there~idents from using parks,'
The study has been divided into two parts. In one part parks h<lve been selectedaccording to their size, and nature for user survey. In other part household in thevicinity of the selected parks has been selected for nOll-USersurvey.
Primary and secondary matcrials have been used to analpe the availableinformation and to examine tbe condition of existing parks in I'haka city, sociaeconomic status of park users, their use pattern and activity.
Dhaka covers an area of 1530sq km. The city is experiencing a massive populationgrowth, cstimated by the UN at 6.9% between 1974 and 2000, resulting in immea~elll"banization, This unparallelcd population explosion is projectcd, "ith an annualgrowth rate of 3.6%, to result in 21.1 million people living in Dhaka by 2015. ButOne does hardly find enough open and.green space to relax after wnole day's h'lrdvoiork.
Moreover, rapid groV\1hof population and increased urbanization havc given rise toa number of urban environmental problems. Thus at the end of day people find somespace where they have sitting, walking, enjoying opportunity with soft nature. Thescope of this study is confined to the importance and existing condition of urbanparks in Dhaka City.
The main finding is that most of the park visitors are men. Due to lack of securityand proper maintenance number of children and women visitors is very poor, Thesrndy also found that general public is too much aware of their li,ing environment.Thc alert citizen support Dhaka needs enough provision of ::lark to increaserecreational facilities, for climatic amelioration, to reduce social and environmentalpollution and for physical and mental \vdl being.
The contribution of parks to provide comfort to city dwellers by im lroving the urbanenvironment and existing condition of parks in Dhaka also has been discussed.
Chapter Name
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PageNumber
Titleof the Thesis
ThesisAcecptanceForm iiCandidate'sDeclaration iiiAcknowledgement ivAbstract vTableof Contents VIList of Tables xList of Figures xuGlossaryand Acronyms X1ll
CHAPTER I: 1-12INTRODUCTION
1.0The Problem I
1.1.Backgronndof the problem 4
1.1.1Physicalgrowth,Population,andurbanizationtrend of Dbaka 4
1.1,2The urban dwellersand the urbanenvironment in DhakaCity 71.2Rationalof the srndy 10
1.3Objectives J 0
\.4 Scopeand limitationof the study 10
1.5Organizationof the Thesis 12
CHAPTER 2: 13-18RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selectionof the StudyArea 13
2.2 SampleDesign \4
2.3 SurvcyDesign 16
2.3.1 Sourcesof Data 16
2.3.1.1.SecondarySources 16
2.3.1.2PrimarySources 16
2.4DataAnalysis 17
Chapter Name
2.5 Data collection Procedurc
2.6 Problem of Data Collection
CHAPTER 3 :
DEFINITION, STANDARD and CLASSIFICATION of PARK
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Meaning of Open Space and Parks
3.2.1 Open Space
3.2,2. Park
3.3 Space Standards
3.4 Role of parks in urban area
3.4. I Urban parks cffect on development decisions
3.4. 2 Parks protect ph}sical resource in urban environment
3.4.3 Urban parks effect on social well-being
3.4.4 Park providcs recreation opportunity to urban dwellers
3.4.5 Urban parks effect climate amelioration
3.4.6 Urban parks effect on physical and mental well being
3.5 Classification of Parks
3.6. Lessons from Abroad
3.6.1. Parks and open spaces in Japan
3.6.2: Parks and open spaces in Sweden
3.6.3: Parks and open spaces in San Francisco
CHAPTER 4 :DESCRIPTION OF SO:'t1E.SELECTED EXISTING PARKS OFDHAKA CITY
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Description of some parks in Dhaka
4.2.1. Ramna Park
4.2.2 Sohrawardy Uddayan
4.2.3 Osmani Uddayan
PagcNumber
18
18
19-30
19
19
19
19
2022
2222
22
2323242626
27
26
31A7
31
32
32
36
38
Chapter Name
4.2.4 Gulistan Park
4.2.5 Anwara Uddayan
4,2.6 Victoria or Bahadur Shah Park
4.2.7 Hazaribagh Park
4.2.8 Baldah Garden
4.2.9 Shahbagh Shishu Park
4.2.10 Shishu Mcla
4.2.11 Sikkatuli Children Park
CHAPTERS;ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECOl\:OMIC CHARACTERISTICS 0,1'USER RESPONDENTS AND THEIR USE PATTERN
5.1 Introduction5.2. Characteristics of City Park uscrs and their usc pattern
5.2.1 Demographic Characteristics
5.2.2 Socio -Economic Characteristics
5.2.3 Distance Traveled to City Park ~isitors
5.2.4 Length of Stay of City Park visitors
5.2.5 Activity Performed by City Park visitors
5.3. Characteristics of Neighborhood Park users and their use pattern
5.3.1 Demographic Characteristics
5.3.2: Socio -Economic Characteristics
5.3.3: Distance Traveled to Medium Size Neighborhood Park users
5.3.4 Length of Stay of Medium Size Neighborhood Park users
5.3.5: Activity performed by Medium Size Park users
5.4 Characteristics of Special Purpose Park users and use pattern
5.4.1 Demographic Characteristics
5.4.2: Socio -Economic Characteristics
5.4.3: Distance Traveled to Special Purpose Park users5.4.4 Length of Stay by Special Purpose Park uscrs5.4.5: Activity Performed by special purpose park users
5.5: Characteristics of Small Size Local Park users and use pattern
Vlll
PageNumber
40
41
4243
4446
47
47
48-73
4848
49
5051
5)54
5555
5759
62
6264
64
6566686869
Chapter Name
5.5.1 Demographic Characteristics
5.5.2: Socio -Economic Characteristics of Small Park Users
5.5.3: Distance traveled to Small Size Local Parks by its visitOl~:
5.5.4 Length of Stay by Small Local Park users
5.5.5: Activity Pcrfomled by Small Local Park users
CHAPTER 6PROBLEM AND PROSPECT OF PARKS IN DHAKA CITY
6.1 Introduction6.2 Problem of parks suffered by users
6.2.1: Problems that suffer City Park visitors6.2.2: Problems that suffer Medium Size Park visitors6.2.3: Problems that suffer Special purpose Park visitors6.2.4: Problems that suffer Small Size Park visitors6.2.5: Problem that prevents non-users park visit
6.3: Opinion of respondents about need of more parks in Dhaka City
6.4: Suggestion for the improvement and better use of park
6.5: Type of affect due to lack of required park in the city
CHAPTER 7SUMMARY OF THE FIJ','DINGSAND RECOMMENDATIOKS
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Summary of the findings
7.3 Some Proposals for Future
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
A: QuestionnaireB: TablesC : Photographs
PageNumber
69
7071
72
72
74-81
74747476788183
84
8587
89-96
89
91
93
97-100
i-viii
l-lV
v-vivii-viii
Table
Number
Tablel.].1
Table1.1.2
Table 1.1.3
Table 2.1
Table 3.3.1
Table 5.2.1
Table 5.2.2
Table 5.2.3
Table 5.2.4
Table 5.2.5
Table 5.3.1.1
Table 5.3.1.2
Table, 53.3.1
Table: 5.3.3:2
Table: 5.3.3:3
Table 5.3.4.1
Table 5.3.4.2
Table 5.3.5.1
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Population and area size of Dhaka City (1700-2001)
Population Gro1/v1hof Dhaka City
Population Density of Dhaka City
Name and nature of surveyed park
National Recreation and Park Association Park.Standards
Sex, Age and Marital Status of City Park users: "
Occupation and Educational Status of City Park visitors:
Distance Traveled to City Park visitors,
Length of Stay:
Activity Perfonned by City Park visitors:
Sex, Age and Marital Status of Osmani Uddayan,
Gulistan and Victoria Park users
Sex, Age and Marital Status of Hazaribagh, Dhamnondi
Lake side Park and Anwara Uddayan users:
Occupation and Educational Status ofMedinm SizeNeighborhood Park lIsers
Distance Traveled to Medium Size Neighborhood Park users
Distance Traveled to of Osmani Uddayan, Gulistan and
Victoria Park users
Distance Traveled to Hazaribagh, Dhanmondi Lake sidc
Park and Anwara Uddayan users
Length of Stay of Osmani Uddayan, Gulistan and
Victoria Park users
Length of Stay of Hazaribagh, Dhanmondi Lake sidc
Park and Anwara Uddayan users
Activity Perfonned by Osmani Uddayan, Gulistan and
Victoria Park users
Page
Number
5
6
7
14
21
49
505254
55
56
56
58
5960
61
62
62
6)
Table
Number
Table 53.5.2
Table 5.4.1
Table 5.4.2
Table 5.43
Table 5.4.4
Table 5.4.5
Table 5.5.1
Table 5.5.2
Table 5.5.3
Table 5.5.4
Table 5.5.5
Table 6.2.1.1
Table 6.2.1.2
Table 6.2.1.3
Table 6.2.2.1
Table 6.2.2.2
Table 6.2.3.1
Table 6.2.3.2
Table 6.2.4.1
Table 6.2.5.1
Table 6.2.5.2
Table 6.2.5.3
Table 6.3
Title
Aeliviiy Perfonned by Hazaribagh, Dhanmondi Lake
side Park and Anwara Uddayan users
Sex, Age and Marital Status of special purpose park users
Occupation and Educational Status of special park users
Distance Traveled to special purpose park uscrs
Length of Stay of special purpose park users
Activity Perfonned by special purpose park users
Sex, Age and Marital Status of small local park users
Occupation and Educational Status of small local park user
. Distance traveled to small size local parks by its visitors
Length of Stay of small local park users
Activity Perfonned by smalI local park users
Physical problems in the City Park suffered by visitors
Environmental problems in the City Parks that suffer
visitor
Organizational problems in the City that suffer visitor
Physical and environmental problem that suffer Medium
Si?.e Park visitors
Organizational problems that suffer Medium Size Park
visitors
Physical and environmental problem III the Special
purpose Park
Organizational problems in the Spedal purpose Park:
Physical environmental and organizational problem that
suffer Small Size Park visitors
Physical problems that prevent non-users visit in the park
,Environmental problems that prevent non-users park visit
Organizational problems that prevent non-users visit
Distribution of Respondents opinion about need of more
parks in Dhaka City
Page
Number
63
656667
63
697071
72
73
75
75
7677
79
80
go
82
83
83
34
34
Table
Number
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Title
Suggestion for the improvement and better use of park:
Type of affect due to lack of required green space in the
city:
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Number
8587
Figure Title PageNumber Number
Figure Ll Open Space of Dhaka City 3
figure 2.1 Location of Surveyed Parks 15
Figure 3.1 Gabriela Mistral Park before renovation 28Figure 3.2 Gabriela Mistral Park after renovation 28
Figure 3.3 Gabriela Mistral Park during the annual Carnival 29celebration.
Figure 3.4 San Francisco Mayor helping neighbors to plant trees 29
Figure 3.5 Local people constructing the stage using recycled sranitc 30curb stones
Fig 4.2.1.1 SeVvagc lines from nearby localities have been already 33closed but water of the lake is still unclear and polluted
Fig 4.2.1.2 Ratlllliliake playing very important role for it> 33environmental and ecological balance
Fig 4.2.1.3 Huge tress were planted aronnd the lake side 33
Fig 4.2.1.4 Children's comer" Shishu Prantar" 35
Fig4.2.1.5 Ramna Park from the west 35
Fig 4.2.1.6 RaTlUlaRestaurant inside the park 35
Fig4.2.2.1 Pond inside sohrawardy uddayan 37
'"
FigureNumber
Fig 4.2.2.2
Fig 4.2.2.3
Title
South east - viewed from foot bridge
Once large green area and openness of the uddayan attractthe visitors
PageNumber
37
37
figure4.2.8.1 Large sun dial outside the south west comer. of theBaldha Garden
Figure4.2.8.2 Green house ofBaldha Garden
Figure4.2.8.3 The 8ankha- Nidhe pond inside the Baldha Garden
GLOSSARY Ai'lD ACRONYMS
45
4545
BAEC
BBS
BUET
eusdB
Dec
DIT
DMDP
DOE
IAEA
KDA
NRPAPWDRAJUK
UN
WHO
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Centre for Urban Studies
Decibels
Dhaka City Corporation
Dhaka Improvement Trust
Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan
The Department ofEnvirornnent
International Atomic Energy Agency
Khulna Development Authority
National Recreation and Park Associution
Public Works Department
Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakhya
United Nation
World Health Organization
Xtll
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 The Problem
Green space, especially in [he form of parks and nature preserves, is an integral part of
every city. By offering opportunities for recreation, reflection, and relaxation parks
improve community health and increase property values. They provide habilat for
numerous species of plants, and cool city air through transpiration and evaporation(Vandervoort, 1991).
Parks are vital clements in Our city environment. They must be seen not just as space
rcmaindered from development or land use but as an essentia, element which
determines [he character and quality of the urban environment. In urtan areas different
types of parks perform different roles for city dwellers daily and week.:nd activities.
Western experts think an ideal city needs to keep its 40%-50% of land open and their
big as well as small cities remain 70% -80% open and green. Even CiTystate Singapore
remains 60% open. This picture is different in Dhaka. Now Dhaka City lacks miserablyin providing green spaces for its people (Alam, 1999).
Dhaka is badly served for open and green space according to any per capita measure.
Distribution of green space does not correspond 10 population distribution. Indeed, the
more crowed an area, the less green space available. Then old Dhaka has the highestdensity and lowest levels of open and green space.
Here in old Dhaka only 5% and in new Dhaka 12% of land is green al1d open (n.V/DP,
i995). The total amount of open ~pace including its road, footpaths, parks, playficld~,
lakes, ponds, etc. in Dhaka is about 17%-18% of city atea (Alam, i99,').
2
Traditionally various authorities like PWD, RAJUK, DCC manage green and open
space in Dhaka City. At present being influenced by political decision all the parks in
local areas are handed over (0 DCC and large green areas under PWD. AHhough PWD
has a list of green space but DCC has no complete list of parks under their control. At
present the stock of public open spaces under DCC control is apprm"mately 190 acres
and under PWD is 302 acres. (Nilufar, 1999).
This two-authority cover 0.768 sq. miles of area, which is only 1.4% of Dhaka's land.
But ON/DP Structure Plan claims that at the city or metropolitan scale. Dhaka has a f3.ir
representation of recreational open space, both for active and passive r~creation, though
arguably not enough. (Dhaka Structure Plan, Vol-l, 84: 1995). These green spaces
could provide opportunity for relaxation to city dwellers after whole days work. They
could also help to soften harshness of the city.
Today due to pressure of rapid urbanization, cities like Dhaka are mostly built-up areas,
Here population pressure is higher than its capacity, roads are crowded with vehicles
and air is laden with lead, smoke etc. The on going dcvelopment activities are creating
constant pressurc to maximize floor space and squeezing all open and green space out
of the urban landscape. As a result in Dhaka the quality ofliving environment is gettingworse and unhealthy.
Moreover existing parks in the city where children, youth and adults ,;an relax and get
softness of nature have lost its usefulness as a park. Lack ofseeurit;" di~turbanccs by
anti-social elements, aod cases of mugging inside the park arc common feature in
existing parks. These chamcteristics have made park> unusable for its lIsers or visitors.
Experience has demonstrated that where appropriate facilities for the use of leisure time
are found wanting, there Iikewi,e are absent the opportlmity for much needed sunlight,
wholesome exercise, freedom of space, and contact wilh nature. Under 'meh
3
Open Space of Dhaka City
~N
•
'.- •
., . .,. ,- .
• •.-.-..-,,-'.- --.-.,... -••••••.-. - .•
~ .•
•.."•-.-.
•'.
N--N----
Fig L I: Open SJI3C""fDhaka City
4
circumstances the people are deprived of their right to health and happiness. Juvenile
delinquency is encouraged by lack of recreational enjoyment, and in tum there is more
vice and crime among the adults.
As the city has become more densely populated accompanied by noi~;,;,smoke, dust etc.
the demand for open and green in the city has increased. Provision of open space caters
to this growing demand and provides relief from the monotony of urban life. No
regional or town plan is complete without a system of park and playgrounds (Nabi,
1978).
Two studies have been made earlier on similar topics. One of them was conducted by
Siddiqui (1990) regarding the problems and deficiencies of operation and maintenance
of existing parks and open spaces in the city. The other was done by Sabiha (1980)
deals with type of recreation and their socio-economic correlates and attempts to
ascertain the recreational needs of the neighborhood residence in Dhaka city. "t\o study
has been made regarding the role of open space, especially parks in Dhaka eity, and
then problems that prevent park visitors.
1.1. Background of the problem
1.1.1. Physical growth. Population, and urbanization Irend af Dhaka:
The city of Dhaka had many ups and downs politically, economically and functionally,
Dhaka first became important during Mughal period in 1608. The industrial and
commercial prosperity of the city started during the third Viceroy, Ibrahim Khan, ITom
1663 to 1679 was Dhaka's golden age. Industry and trade flourished People flocked to
the city from the surrounding areas and the population of the eity reached its maximum
level.
.
5
The East India Company took over the administration of Dhaka in 1764 and the
commercial and manufacturing policies of the East India Company wrecked the
financial bases of the city. Thus the population of Dhaka declined very sharply. This
naturally led to the shrinking of the physical extent of the city.
In 1769, the province experienced severe famine. The extensive flooding: of 1784, 1787
and 1788 effected Dhaka by death and desertion to th" rural areas. In 1800, the
population of Dhaka fell down to 200,000. In ]838, it declined to 68,038 "hile by 1876
it was only 51,638. The declining fortune of the city, as noted had a catastrophic impact
upon the population and physical boundaries of Dhaka (Karim, 1962).
Table-LI.1: Population and area size of Dhaka (jtv (j700-20Y,m Periods Population Area (sq.km)
\608 Pre-mughaJ 30,000 21700 Mu hal eriad 900,000 4.01800 British eriad 200,000 4.51901 British eriad 104,385 201941 British eriod 239,728 251951 Pakistan eriad 411279 851961 Pakistan criod 718766 1251974 Ban ladesh eriod 2068353 3361981 Ban ladesh criod 3440147 SID1991 Ban ladesh eriad 6887459 13532001 Ban ladesh" eriod 10712206 1530
01)
Source: Bangladesh Population Census 200\
The second half of the nineteenth century saw some improvement in Dhaka. In 1~64,
Dhaka Municipal Council was formed and from then on the town began to expand
again. By 1882, the population rose to 80,645 and by 1901, it was 104,385. In 1906
Dhaka was to be elevated to the status of provincial capital.
6
Table 1.1.2: Population Growth of Dhaka City
Year Population Growth Rate in %
1911 1.77 %
1921 0.93 %
1931 1.53 %
1941 4.19 %
1951 1.28 %
1961 5.18 %
1974 9.32 %
1981 9.94%
1991 6.55 %
2001 6%
Source: BBS, 2001
After the partition of India, there were influxes of population to Dhaka City from India
and also from rl.lral areas. To accommodate this influx of population, Azimpur and
Motijheel colonies were built. Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, Mirpur f.nd laler GlIlshan
and Banani residential areas were developed. Dhaka Improvement Trust (now RAJUK)
was set up in 1956 to ensure planned development of the City. Dhaka starts to expand in
the north direction. The population of Dhaka rose to 4, 11,279 in 1951 and to 7, 18,766
in 1961.
In1989 the boundary of Dhaka was defined as Jaidebpur and Tongi in the north, the
Shita1akkha River in the cast, Namyanganj and Burlganga River in th,; south and Savar
in the wcst. The physical boundary of Dhaka has grown from 85sq. km in 1951 to the
present sizc of 1530 sq. km.
The City of Dhaka has emerged as a fast growing mega city which c:;perienced a high
rate of urban growth in the last few decades. The rapid urhani7,.aI;Jn in Dhaka has
created an adverse effect to it's over all urban environment. From the standpoint of
7
urbani7..ationDhaka hold 1" position (UN, 1998). As a result (he existing situation is
fast deteriorating due to rapid increase of urban grov,th,
At present being the seat of all administrative and commercial actil'itics at all levels
Dhaka has been made the focal destination for million of people and one of the fastest
growing metropolises in the world. Population density of Dhaka mcg~'cily was found to
be 4795 persons/sq. kIn in 1991 and the present density is estimated at approximately
8573 persons/sq. kIn. However, the population density of Dec area is more than three
limes of the mega city area, as in 1991 it was 15333 persons/sq. km against estimated
present density of 18055 persons/sq. km (BBS, 2001).
Table: 1.1.3 Population Density of Dhaka City
Urban Popl.ilation Density (persons/sq. km)Y'M Dhaka CityBangladesh Dhaka Mega City
Corporation1991 2179 4795 153332004 3008 8573 18055
SQurce' BBS. 2001
According to the 199~ census Dhaka city is comprises of an area of 1353 sq. km. with
the population of about 7.0 million (BBS, 1999). In 1981 the area was 510 sq. km. with
3.46 million. Population or Dhaka City in 2001 was 10.7 million with an area of 1530
sq. km. (BBS, 2001).
1.1.2. The urban dweller!>'and the urban environment in Dhaka City
Dhaka city with 1530sq. km area and 10.7 million habitants fail to provide an open and.
healthy environment to its dwellers. As urbanization i5 high in Dhaka migration rate is
also high. Ponds, parks, canals and other vacant lands are replaced by house.
workplaces and markets to provide shelter and service for its inhabitants.
8
The'mos! deplorable aspect of the fast urbanization of Dhaka is dif[(:rent type pollution
and depletion of open spaces and greenery. Now Dhaka city dwellers arc being slow
poisoned by the growing air pollution. Air pollution causes irritation, asthma, high
blood pressure, heart disease and even cancer. According to World Bank en~ironmental
experts, air pollution levels 1n Dhaka are considerably higher than World Health
Organization guidelines for residential areas (Asian Economic News, 2001).
A survey conducted in 1999 showed that the concentration of suspended particles goes
up to as high as 3,000 micrograms per cubic meter althO<.1ghthe allowable limit is 400
micrograms per cubic meter (Rahman, 2001).
SAEe reported that the air that city dwellers breathe on the roac':; contains lead in
concentrations almost ten times abovc the government safety standa,'j sct by the DOE.
The air of Dhaka City holds 463 nanograms per cubic meter of lead _ the highest in the
world. Lead conccntrations, recently measured in the tested children's blood, are 7-16
times more than the acceptable limit. The lead poisoning produces nemo-developmental
disorders in children and could damage-their brain and kidney (Rahm;n, 2001).
Dhaka is also a city of noise pollution which in several areas of Dhaka city is much
higher than the tolerable limit. According to the WHO generally {.Q dB sounds can
make a man deaf temporarily and 100 dB sounds eao cause complete deafness(Rahman, 2001).
But the noise of any busy street in Dhaka has been estimated at 90 to 110 dB.
According to a survey of the Department of Environment (DOE), noise causes mental
and physical illness among the people (Rahman, 2001).
9
A survey of DOE indicates that at Shaheen School the noise level is 83 dB during
daytime and 74 dB at night. at Dhanrnondi Government Boys Sch,lQi 80 dB during..daytime and 75 dB at night, at Dhaka Medical College Hospital 80 dB during the day
and 69 dB at night, at Shishu Hospital 72 dB during the day and 69 dB at night (Dey,
Kabir and Efroymson, 2002).
Water pollution and indiscriminate filling of water bodies are also serious problems in
this city. Almost every lakeside green space has either been secretly allocated by
responsible authority grabbed by influential individuals taking advantage of legal
loopholes.
About 400 tons out of 3,500 tons of solid waste, generated in the cit:, everyday, remain
on the road and in open spaces. Vehicles of Dhaka Cily Corporation ,'DeC) removes the
rest solid waste and carries those to its dumping grounds, which are again located in
open spaces, contributing to air and water pollution in the areas in the immediate
vicinity of Dhaka city (Rahman, 2001). Therefore at pre5e~t environ:nemal situation in
Dhaka is now alarming.
Thc government of Bangladesh has estimated that 23.39% of the tOlal population of the
country is in urban areas (BBS, census 2001 :6); Dhaka aCC(luntsfo'r more than half of
the total urban population in the country. Despite thc problems with air, water and noise
pollution, congestion, crime and health migration from other areas continue to migrate
to the city of Dhaka propelled by myriad reasons (Begum, 199$':4). This situation
decreases open and grcen spaces in the city and makes proliferation of high-rise without
leaving ground area open and green for public use. The city is becon::ing more and more
crowded day by day.
10
These processes result in a city where there is no place for the people to enjoy their'
leisure time. A metropolis cannot be and must not be over proliferation of concrete
structures; there are need for greenery, water bodies' fresh air and open space and parks
where the city dwellers would be able to release and breathe peacefully.
1.2 Rational of the atudy
The rapid grov"ths of population and consequent increased ,urbaniZ<ltionhave created a
number of urban environmental problems in Dhaka. Due to lack of proper maintenance
and attention of responsible authority most of the exisling parks haw become unusable
for use by the general public. Moreover, the few existing parks, which once met the
demand of the children, young, and aids, have already vanished by ilkgal construction.
While open space in the form of parks only can provide us with an opportunity to fulfill
our desire fOf the softness of nature in this polluted and congested eil'l. It is necessary to
understand these types of problem from the perspective of the affected people who are
the user of the environment. The aim of this study is to gain a better understandinr of
the present condition of the existing parks and needs of parks in city eavironment.
1.3 Objedives
The specific objectives are:
• To investigate the role of open space specially parks in the urban environment.
• To explore reasons that prevents use of parks by residents.
• To integrate planning and maintenance of open spaces, especially parks, with
tfle total urban devclopment process of Dhaka.
1.4 Scope and limitation of the study
According to experts 25% area or a city should be preserved as open space or parks to
maintain healthy environment for its dwellers. Parks accessible to tflc general public
-11
provides an integral and necessary part of urban living, particularly in areas of high
density. Dhaka city has a considerable number of parks though tar lower than other
international cities. But due to lack of proper maintenance and regulations the existing
parks are becoming inconvenient for its users day by day.
Moreover rapid gro\Vths of population and consequent increased urbanization have
created a number of urban environmental problems including high air, noise and social
pollution, congestion etc. Thus at the end of day people find some space where they can
sit, walk, enjoy the soft nature. The scope of this study is confined to the importance
and existing condition of urban parks in Dhaka City.
In this study citizen's opinion has been used as indicator for cvalunting the extent and
nature of the problem. The main foeus of the study is to investigate the existing
problems and role of parks in mban environment and their availabilil:' in Dhaka City, In
these circum"tanees the following variables have been ~e1ected
• Demographic and socio economic characteristics of user respondents
• Mode of travel and travel cost
• Distance traveled to park
• Frequency of visits and length ofstay
• Respondents' opinion of using parks for physical and mental well being
• Problems that park u~ers suffer and prevent nonusers park visit
• Possible affects ifthere is not enough green space in the city,
• Activities performed by park visitors
Due to Jimitatlon of time, resources and lack of security the stlldy h:lSmainly confined
on the importance and existing problem issue of the existing urban pal'ks in Dhaka City.
-12
1.5 Organization ofthe Thesis
The thesis has been organized as to gain knowledge about the problem dealt with in this
research and the method of conducting the research. The subject matter of the thesis has
been divided into seven chapters. Chapter I contains statement of the problem and
background of the problem, research objectives, scope and limitation of the study,
rational of the study etc.
Chapter 2 contains the methodologies of the study. In Ihi, chapter selection of study
area and the working procedure of the research has been elaborated. r:::hapter3 contains
a discussion about definition of opcn space and parks, their standard. c1as,; fication; role
of parks etc.
Chapter 4 is devoted to a brief discussion about some existing parks in Dhaka city. It
contains location, operation and management, existing facilities, exi,;ing condilion etc.
Chapter 5 and 6 are the main analytical part of the report. Chapter:: gives analysis of
thc socio economic status of park users, their use pattern, activity etc.
Chapter 6 gives an analysis of the'need and importance of parks in Dhaka city_ It also
analyzes the major causes which prevent park visitors from visiting parks, The final
chapter is conclusion and recommendation. Before the conclusion the major findings
are summarized.
Besides the chapters Bibliography and Appendix, which contains questionnaire format
and some related information are also included.
13
Chapter 2: Research Methodology
2.1 Selection of the Study Area
As urbanization is high in Dhaka migration rale is also high. Dhaka, the capital city
of the country as its share of national urban population wa> 25% in 1981, 31% in
1991 and 34% in 2001 respectively. The population of Dhaka mega city is estimated
at 10.7 million while that of Dhaka City Corporation (DeC) 3I{>~1at 5.94 million in
the year 2004 (Bangladesh National Report, 2001).
As a result ponds, parks, and other vacant lands are replaced by unplanned houses,
workplaces and markets to provide sheller and service for the (l{1ditionalpopulation.
The city also experiences increasing sign of environmental stress, mainly in the form
of poor air quality, excessive noise and traffic congestion etc. In this siluation people
fmd an unspoiled nature to relax after their busy lifc. Therefore parks in the city
could provide this opportunity.
Dhaka has a fair representation of pm-ks and gardens though arguably not enough.
Comparing with Olher world eilies standard this provision may be so little but still
Dhaka has its Ranula Park like London ilS Hyde Park (DMDP, 1995). At present
most of these parks are not conveniem for use by the general public for various
reasons.
But parks are vital element ill the urban environment. They perform various positive
functions to improve the quality ofnrban living. For this reason parks in Dhaka City
have been selected as study area in this research. Thus study has been divided into
two parts. In one part a total 17 parks has been selected for user survey. Parks were
selected according to their size and nature.
.,~
14
Name and natufe of surveyed park
Nature of parkCity park
Medium size neighborhood park
Special purpose park
Small size local park
Name of parkRamoa ParkSohrawardi UddayanZia Uddayan
Osmani UddayanGulistan ParkHazaribagh PmkVicloria ParkDhartmondi Lake side ParkAnwara Udd,.,1all
Boldha GardenShahbagh Shi"hu ParkShishu Mela
Sikkatuli ParkPantho KunjooNawabganj ParkBaridhara ParkSirajuddowla Park
In other pan household in the vicinity of the selected parks has been selected for
non-user survey.
2.2 Sample Design:
In this study selected parks and household has been considered (!s the sample unit
and each respective woman! man is the respondent. Due to shortage of time and
resource a total 300 respondents have been selected for the survey. Among them 250
respondents were park users. In each city park .32, in each m"dium and special
purpose park 13~17 and in eaeh small park 5 questiotlllaire surv,')' was earried. 50
respondents were non.users. At least 10 household were selected lS the sample l'nit
for non-user survey. Respondents were selected randomly from each park and each
household.
','.
• - 15
GAlIf"JR uPAZlLA GAZIPUR ZILA
J\UPGAfI, U"AlILA
N;RAYANGAI'J UPAZIV,
~',,~NARAYA:,'GANI ZILA
,'.
"',~"'"'
~,,"
~.",
'.Ib,
• Study Area
UPAlM
LfGENDlINo' em oo"0",,1m,(1Ti \ORPORAT10N"El
ll<~"~60U""MY
DHAKA CITY CORPORATIONDHAKA ZILA
Fig: 2.1. Location ofsurveyed parks
16
User Respondent: Those respondents were considered as user who visits parks at
least once a week or once a month.
Non-user Respondent: Those people were considered as nOll-user who docs not
visit park or visit very occasionally.
2.3 Survey Design
2.3.1 Sources of Data
2.3.1.1. Secondary Sources
At the firs! step of the research procedure an extensive literauue were reviewed
relating to the study to develop the concept of the study. This litewture survey
helped mainly to Conn ideas regarding standard, process of park development and
improvement, role of parks in urban environment. For these purposes different
books, journals, reports, documents, newspaper, seminar papers and the Internet
have been used.
2.3.1.2 Pr;marySources
It the context of Bangladesh very fe'" studies have been done about open spaces and
parks. To fulfill the mentioned objectives this study mainly deF':nded on primary
sourees. As information about the selected research topic was not available so data
were eollected from primary sources. Data were collected from the fol1ovvingways:
1) Reconnaissance SurvC)'
In reconnaissance survey field visits were undertaken according to list of parks
under the Department of Arbory Culture of the Public Works Division (PWD),
Dhaka City Corporation and other public open spaces under different agencies and
institutions, Data were colkcted from concerned authorities for identification of
existing parks. Therefore the reconnaissance survey helped to id:ntify the parks for
the present study were appropriate or not.
17
2) Physical Observation SurvC)'
A physical observation schedule was used to assess the existing character of the
parks that have been ~elected for this research. [I abo helped to record people's
behavior in a given situation, And to avoid bias which arises from incorrect
information that has been given by the respondents. Besides, it also helped to
identify the nature of use and various influencing ["cLOrs of parks such as
attractiveness, different facilities, management such as security, cleanliness, routine
check etc. In this survey photographs were also taken.
3) Questionnaire Survey
Questionnaire survey has been carried OU!to gather primary information from user:;
and nOil-users. This gave information about the socio ocono;]tic status, mode of
travel, length of stay, frequency of visit of users. II also gavc information about
needs of park, purpose to using park, the problem faced by the u~ers and non-users,
their suggestion for the improvement, their opinion regarding tJle affects if there is
no green in the city etc. It also helped to assess the demand of parks in the city and
their need in the urban setting. The interview has been taken by random sampling
method on the selected spots and area within half-mile radius of the selected parks.
4) lnten.iew
Intervie\VS wcre conducted with experts and persOlUlel of park and related city
development organizations. These are Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Public Works
Department (PWD). The aim of these interviews was to collect information about,
thc present condition of existing parks, their problems and solutions required, their
plans to develop the parks their responsibility and limitations.
2.4 Data Analysis
Computer software and different techniques of statistics have been used for the
analysis of thc collected data, Simple frequencics, percentage, fnd cross tabulation
has been done for the present study. Findings of the sllldy huve been presented in
tabular and gr:lphical form.
18
2.5 Data eollection Procedure
On site user survey were organized in the selected 17 parks, ,vhich varied from 0.3-
100 acres in area. Duration of this suney was March 2002 - April 2002, September
2002.November 2002. The survey period extended from 7.00- 11.00 a,m. and 3,00
p.m. to 7.00 p.m. for 5 separate days at each park and included at least onc Friday in
each case.
2.6 Problem of Data Collection
1) In this investigation it \vas fOWld that some parks such as Osmani Uddayan,
Gulistan Park, etc. aTe largely used by vagabonds, but l'ccause of the nature
Qfthe topic information collection from those parks was necessary. So it w tS
difficult to find a respondent having conscious idea fN giving proper and
useful information as conducted by the questionnaire method in some
particular parks. Hence it took more time.
2) Some respondents gave false information. For example some respondents
suffer various problems but they did not state that correctly.
3) A large nwnber of users such as those who came to escape from drudgery of
every day life or for playing did not show intere,t in answering and
ultimately refused to answer.
4) In some parks environment is insecure and unfair. For this reason it 'Wasnot
possible to survey in those parks in expected number. Such parks were
Osmani Uddayan, Sohrawardi Uddayan, Gulistan Park and so on.
5) Most of the users who came for exercise did not show any interest in
answcnng because they thought it was.a waste ofthcir' time.
Chapter 3: Definition, Standard and Classification of Park
3.1 Introduction
This chapter highlights the definition of open spaces and parks, minimum
requirements of parks, role of parks in urban environment, classification of park etc.
3,2The Meaning of Open Space and Parks
3,2.1 Open Space
In 1974 National Association of Home Builders defined open spacc as the portion of
the land surface left open to the elements. According to DJvIDP (1995) open space
'means any portion of zoning plot esscntially free of structures that serves the
purpose of visual relief and buffering from building and struetu(al mass. These areas
may be privately or publicly owned and mayor may not be acc~ssible to the general
public. But in 2000 Gustanski and Squires defined open space as the portion of the
landscape which has not been built over and which is sought to be reserved in its
natural state or for agricultural or outdoor recreational use.
3,2.2. Park
How a park is defined may depend upon the perspective of the person defming it. A
park can be defined by its relationship 10 humans or by its relationship to nature, Tn
1971, Charles Abrams defined a park as an open area, usually landscaped or left in
its natural state, intended for outdoor recreation and the general -oojoyment of nature.
At the same time according to Rutledge parks arc seen as natural area that served as
passive retreats and recreation area as were focused on athletics and active facilities.
When Olmsted designed Central Park in New York his intention was to bring a taste
of nature into the city. F,lut Christiansen Monty L (1977) views a park as a
"miniature eonununity, with all a community's characteristk complexities." He
• 20
defines a park by who uses it and how it is used. Similarly in i979 I-uurie in his book
Nature in Cirles and in 1990 Gordon in his book Green Cil:es advocates the
inclusion of natural fearnres and processes in the urban landscape.
From the above discussion finally we can say that urhan open space means all land
and "vater in an urban area not covered by buildings. And park means any public or
private space set aside for aesthetic, educational recreational Or cui"ural use.
3.3 Space Standards
It is very difficult to lay do",'I1 any rigid open space standards and to try and apply
them to all urban areas, as it depends upon many factors. These fa~tors are:
I) Age structure of the population
2) Socia-economic characteristics of population
3) Local attitudes and habits
4) Climatic conditions
5) Health characteristics of population
6) Density of residential development etc.
TIle various standards have been advocated from time to time. According to one
standard, a minimum area equal to 10% ofthc gross area oftoWll should be reserved
for parks and playgrounds (Rang\valla, 1974). But this standard has now been
abandoned as it has proved to be illogical. The main factor influer.cing the standard
of open spaces should be density of population rather than be fixed percentage of
total land.
Although community and ecological needs vary geographically, a standard set of
criteria is useful to detennine where and how a region is parks deficient. The
National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) suggests park standards
detennine the size, relative location to population center, size of population and type
of parks in a region. They classify all parks into six categories based on descriptive
21
characteristics and recommend a minimum amount of acreage relative to population
size for each category
Type Acres/I,OOO II~~Z:S) Population Service Area Ieo Ie acres Se,."edMini- N/A 2,500 'q , 500-2,500 Sub-Neighborhood feet.2 , neighborhoodPark ,,
~Neighborhood '.5 5-20 2,000.]0,000 .25 .. 50 milesParkCommunity '.5 20.100 ] 0,000-50,000 I .5ll.3.0 miles,ParkMetropolitan 5.0 Variable Variable -TWithin 30Park i minutes
drivi~~-timeRegional Park 20.0 250+ Serves entire Within I hour
popn in small driving trip.cities
Special Areas No standard is applicable for tbis category. Includes parkways,and Facilities beaches, flood plains, downtown malls, small parks, etc.
Table 3 3 1National Recreation and ParI; Association Park Standards
Source: Drescher, and Franco, 2001
In 'some Asian Cities, a standard of 1.00 acres of open space per 1000 population has
been adopted (Siddqui, 1991). Actually in Dhaka City there are no rules about the
standards of open spaces.
On the basis of open spaces available at that time the 1959 master plan
recommended four acres of land as open spaces for an area inhabited by a thoU5and
people. But the guideline, worked out in 1995, recommended four actes of land as_
open spaces fOl"an area of 25,000 people. lbe guideline alloe::ued some existing
open spaces of the city as places for recreation, but avoided dc~ailing any further
development. But according to BBS (1991), it is estimated that .51 acres open
spaces per 1000 population in Dhaka City.
It will be a useless exercise if we try to compare it with other citi,'s of the world At
present the local planning experts recommended for at least lacre of parks and open
22
spaces per 1000 population for Bangladeshi Cities (KDA Struciure Plan, Working
paper No.1, 1999; 8). !fsuch a standard is to be applicable in the case of Dhaka, the
city needed a stock of approximately 6 sq. miles of area only for recreationalpurpose.
3.4 Role of parks in urban area
Parks are natural landscape. Traditionally this type of space is designed considering
functional and aesthetic purpose. But at present urban parks play many other
important roles. These are
3.4. 1) Urban parks effect on development decisions
The size, character, location and shape of parks can have a ;::r"ofound effect on
current and future development This means green areas like parks can help to meet
the problems and needs of development or developing areas by effecting var;ous
economic decisions like tourism, development patterns etc. Parks influencc many
development factors for example in a built - up area the location of parks can
influence neighborhood patterns and real estate valucs.
3.4. 2) Parks protect physical resource in urban environment"Parks play an important role to provide fresh air, sunlight, peaceful enjoyment of the
unspoiled nature, which is very essential for human life. City particularly in
congested areas it is not possible for the inhabitants to secure thi.', type of facilities.
Therefore, parks should invariably be ptovided for the benefit of such people.
3.4.3) Urban parks effect on social well-being
Parks are the places, which bring people together for social interaction and develop
human relations. A park opens the opportunities to people for expressing their social
interests, which benefits them to enrich them, Modern living is grouping living.
People like face to face contacts where social interaction of the group and individual
are expressed. Parks affords a chance for such expression that enriches social ties
and values.
2]
3.4.4) Park pr(nlides recreation opportunity to urban dwellers
Recreation is an important demand after work. Parks can meel positive human needs
both physically and psychologically in recreation amenities. Passive recrealion
motivates people to pursue personal enjoyment which rew"rds them richer
personalities, better health, improved citizenship' and even economic as well as
spiritual, intellectual" and physical advantage. As modern living becomes
increasingly complex, fast, noisy and crowded parks play an important role by
providing recreation opportunity.
3.4.5) Urban parks effect climate amelioration
The concentration of buildings and paved areas in urban areas lead to the formation
of a specific urban climate characterized by higher night temperatures, restriction of
wind and increased run-off of precipitation, At the larger scale veg,~tation can have a
positive influence in climate waugh evapo-transpiration, humidity is increased and
the heat required for evaporation can reduce air temperature. Therefore urban green
space can produce cool air.
3.4.6) Urban parks effect on physical and menta! well heing
Tbe underlying justification for most open space in the form or park has been on
health grounds - for fresh air, sunlight, physical exercise and psychological release.
Sometimes in certain siruation noise thresholds, toxicity levels, pollution quotients
and density patterns can become intolerable to human beings. In this situation a park
plays an important role in providing a healthy environment.
Physical exercise is absolutely essentIal to good health. For devcloping ones
muscles, for stimulating the circulation system and improving the nervous system
physical exercise is essential. This activity particularly for childr~n out of doors in
the fresh air and sunshine and for adults has long been recognizt:d by the medical
profession. Such healthful participation has its beneficial effects upon ones physical
condition and his appearance.
...
• 24
Parks are the ideal place for mental exercise. Parks provide a natural atmosphere to
induce relaxation and some degree ofreposc.
3.5 Classification of Parks
According to western sumdards all the open spaces in urban areas fall under four
types, such as:
1) Utility Open spaces
2) Green Open spaces
3) Corridor Open spaces
4) Multi-usc Open spaces
Each of these major types has a number of categories according 1.0functional land
use. (Koppelman and Chiara, 1975:42). Our concern of this research is parks which
fall under the category of Green Open Space. In 1974 according !o size Rangw'ila
classified parks in the following ways they are as follows.
Small size parks
These parks are providing inside business or residential areas where land is 'costly.
The area of these parks vanes from 1 hectare to 4 hectares. They located as settings
for architccmral public buildings or movements at junctions of roads or in the midst
of blocks offlats.
Medium Size Parks
These arc also known as neighborhood parks and they are prdcrred for every
residential locality in a town. Both the types of recreation, passive as well as active,
may be provided in these parks. The size of these parks should nnt be less than 12
hectares.
Large ~.izeparks
These parks serve the town or city as a whole or a number ofne:ghborhood units.
They may provide active recreation for games like cricket, boating, swimming, etc.
and may also accommodate zoological gardens. The minimum ar",l required for this
25
type of park is 40 hectares. None of the western standards arc comparable to the case
of Dhaka. Therefore according to Nilufar F. (1999) all the parks within Dhaka City
considering the nature of land and type of use can be ordered under the followingcategories.
Urban Parks
These are large parks in metropolitan scale, basically maintained by PWD. These
parks have occupied from 50-80 acres of land. For example Ramna Park, liaUddayan Osmani Uddayan, Sohrawardy Uddayan etc.
Urban Recreational Areas
Areas developed and assigned for more or less organized outdoor recreational
facilities. Small size parks which are used at local level fall under this category.
Area of these parks is usually Jess than an acre. As for example small children's park
developed with play equipment.
Urban Development Open Space
Op<:n spaces which shape, control and site urban development. T~ese include urban
parks in various sizes in commercial and institutional areas of Dhaka. They are
mainly intermediate size grecn areas with pavements; like Panth" Kunjoo, Anwara
Uddayan, Gulistan Park etc. These parks usually cover 2-8 acres area. Some of these
areas have historic, cultural or political importance like Bahadur Shah Park,
Muktangan Park etc.
Finally from the above discussion on the basis of the nature of function the existing
parks in Dhaka City can be classified into the follovving categories.
City Parks
City Parks are those which serve the people of the entire city. Tl~<'separks provide
general recreation areas, playing spaces, special facilities, water bodies, playing
equipment for children etc. These parks have great importance at the heart of the
city, such as Ramna Park, Sohrawardy Uddayan, and Zia Uddayan etc.
26
Medium Size Parks
The minimum area required for this type of park is 3-12 acres, with intimate,
compact and serviceable in its equipment, giving ample opportunity for use by the
people of the neighborhood. Both active play and passive recreation may be
induded in these parks. For example Osmani Vddayan, Gullstan Park, etc.
Regional and Special Purpo!ie Parks
These parks are commonly resource oriented or developed for some special purpose.
This type of park serves metropolitan needs with the type of passive extensive
activities not possible or appropriate in the city. These parks also serve the people of
the region or the country, such as Botanical Garden, Baldha Garden, and ShishuPark etc,
Small Size Local Parks
Local parks arc those which are mostly designed to cater for the needs of people in a
certain residential neighborhood. These arc for all type of people and the most
important place for 'passive recreation. Local parks provide general amenities and
children's play areas. In these parks function types are everyday type and short
visits. Examples are Tajmohal Road Park, English Road Park etc. TnDhaka a good
number of local parks now have suffered much by vandalism and encroachment
such as Sirajuddowla Park, Narinda Park, and Azimpur Park etc.
3.6. Lessons from Abroad
J.6.1. Parks and open spaces in Japan
The Metropolitan Government in Japan has worked to protect n"ture, create green
areas and secure pleasant 'Waterfrontand riverside areas. It has worked to develop
urban parks out of vacant military bases and abandoned factories, and district parks
on hills that protect natural environments. The pcr capita park spac~ in Tokyo is only
5.34 square meters, far lower than other international cities.
-- 27
The urban plan for greenery and open spaces includes a zoning system designating
zones where greenery is maintained in the fonn of public facilities such as city
planning parks and green areas (i.e., green spaces that serve as urban facilities) and
also wnes for viable forest and agricultural areas.
The plan also covers regional green areas where greenery is protected by regulations
and guidelines. Only through the organic and systematic distribution of these green
and open spaces will a plea>ant urban environment be secured.
3.6.2. Parks and open spaces in Sweden
Area of this country covers 4, 50000 sq. kin. with only 8 million populations, among
them 30% of the total population are foreigner. Before landing ,Stockholm airport
one was surprised to see that a large munbcr of trees arc found from km to !un and
confused whether it is a city or a forest .This is because in Sweden grecn area
occupied about 70%-72% of her total area.
Their process of forestation started a century before. They are still maintaining the
tradition willingly by themselves in a very calculative way. All Swedish citizens
participate in this plantation process. After birth a Swedish child grows up as a
environment conscious citizen. According to a Swedishjournalisl envirorunent is the
first and foremost chosen subject rather than job in Sweden.
3.6.3. Parks and open spaces in San 'Francisco
In San Francisco Gabriela Mistral Park is a small urban park.' Th(: facility is bl.lilt on
a site that had been littered by abandoned cars and trash. The initial building phase
took place through a grant from the Mayor's Office of Community Development.
Construction efforts were led by the Miller Company with community participation.
Through a series of community workshops organized from the adjacent Las
Americas Children's Center a plan was developed.
•
Fig 3 I: Gabriela Mislrlll Park before renovation
Numerowsnon-profit commWlitybased organi7.atio~ have helped by granting funds
for materials and labor to construct the park. Design elements include a play
structure, a raised stage area made from granite curbstones recycled from the dwnp,
and a poet's circle.
Fig 3.2: Gabriela MIstral Park after reIlO\'lltion
The poems of Gabriel MIstral are embedded in the materials of the park in both
English and Spanish Colorful plantings of drought resistant species brighten the
area and are attractive to seasonal migrations ofbutterfues.
29
Fig 3.3: Gabriela Mistral Park during Ihe armual
San Francisco Carnival celebration.
Fig 3.4 5311.Francisco Mayor Agnoshelping neighbors to plant pine trees
Japanese Black Pine lrees were donated by a local chanlable organimLion thaI
wunted to participate In the program. The park is situated on a SIte thal draws
thousands of people during the annual San Francisco Cannvlli celebration
30
•
Fig 3.5' Local people constructing the stage usingrecycled granite curb stones,
The throngs of revelers make use of all lIvailable silling surfaces including the
poetry wall adjacent 10 the sidewalk.
f........ •• - --Chapter 4: Description of some selected existing parks of
Dhaka
4.1 Introduction
Parks are vital elements in our city environment. well-maintained, safe and
accessible parks contribute positive environmental benefits, whicn help to improve
people's health and quality of life. Now 'Dhaka is the most densel} populated and
rapidly growing city in the third world countries. (Bangladesh National Report:
200l).But the environment of the city is being continuously endangered and
threatened by vari~us reaso'ns. One of them for such miserable state is destruction ofits parkJands and green spaces.
The DMDP recommended a given area of the city for use as ope~ space including
parks, uddayans, gardens etc. But at present a good number of parks and uddyans of
the city are found under illegal occupation. The rest is utilized for construction
purposes in gross 'violation of Master Plan and relevant laws and regulations. The
responsible authority failed to provide and maintain civic amenitics for the comfortand well-being of the city dwellcrs.
Few years ago the green parks of the city pleased ones mind with her natural beauty.
Those days are now just memory. But the city still has some different sizes of parks
and garden though their condition is very poor. This chapter has been organiled to
give a brief discussion about some parks in Dhaka city. These parks arc categorizedinto four groups, they are
• Large or City park
• Medium size or Neighborhood park
• Special purpose park and
• Smailioeal park
•-- ~.-
4.2 Description of some parks in Dhaka
Large or City Park
4.2.1. Ramna Park
The Ranula Park is the only largest green space for the city d\vellers. The park
situated at the heart of the city is playing a very important role as city open and
green space. In 1909 Ramna Park was established and developed as a park around
the Ramna Lake. This park is covering an area of 68,80 acres of land along 'Withits
8.76 acre lake. But the park has been swallowed partly by diffcrcM buildings alongits periphery.
At present the open green of the park is about 58 acres including the lake and the
nursery. Except the west side the park surrounded by vehicular roads, the entry is
controlled by seven defined gates from the surrounding. The land uses of the
surrounding areas of the park residential and institutional in use and are in gcnerallow-density built up (Nilufar, 1999].
Ramna Lake
In Ramna Park the lake in its natural shape covers almost one fourth of the area, The
Lake is playing a very important role for its cnviroruncntal and ecological balance.
Once the main attraction of the Ramna Lake was lotus and lily. These plants have
been destroyed due to contamination of the lake water by fish cultivation. Sewerage
Jines from nearby localities polluting the lake water have been ahady closed. But
water of the lake is still now unclear and polluted, Besides these the Jake is poorlymaintained and ill equipped with boating facilities.
Entrance
The park has seven gates which remain open from 4 am to lOpm. Police have been
posted at every entry point and they stay only when the gates are open. The
pedestrians mainly enter from the west entry, named Astachal. People usc mainly
~, 'j,
R ••••n. Lake
Fill, 4,2, 1,1: Sewnj;e 1= from ne",by locaJitie, have be<n .Iready dosedbut W!IIerof1he loke 1, still uncI..,. ond JXlllutod
FIg 4.2. 1.2 The lake playing very important role fur itse",iroomentol on<!eoologIeal hal""""
Fig 4,2 1,3: Huge lre>II """" phmlod around the 10k side
north and east entry named Aoruonodoy and Shantishaya when they come by cars,
The park has defined car parking areas for around 40 cars. But the parking lots are
mostly occupied by the hawkers. Rickshaw users mainly come from south _ easternentry.
Inside the park
Inside the park a children's comer was designed and being developed. There are
about'35 pieces of play equipment like swing, slide, see-saw in the "Shishu Pranter".
But most of them are not usable for children. The park has a stage for cultural
programs at Ashathmaul, occasional festivals cultural and cOlTlMercial fairs take
place in Rarnna Park. During these seasonal and occasional programs thousands of
people from all cross section of the life participate,
Responsible Authority
To ensure better maintenance of the park five clubs of the park users have fonned a
ten member's co-ordination committee. At present the open green area is maintained
by the Arbory Culture Deparunent of PWD. Thc major function and responsibility
of the division are the maintenance and development of the gardens, trees, and lakes
in the park, cleaning, repairing of land, structures and othcr facilities, developmentofnurscries etc [pWD, 2002].
Activity in the park
Mainly two leisure activities are taking place in Rarnna Park; those are recreation
and physical exercise. Most of the park users usc this park for thl\ir recreation. For
recreational purpose people pass time by wandering around thc greenery, relaxing
by sitting alone, by talking with others, by sleeping, by and by boating inside thepark.
Present condition
The park is now infested with undesirable elements like muggers, sex workers and
drug addicts. So the fresh air lovers now have to think twice before entering the
place. Unfortunately they do not have many options open to thcm. Though Ramna
Park has long been identified as a place not safe for innocent citizens, a large
nwnber of them, perhaps, the unsuspccting type, still visit the park.
4.2.2 SohrawardyUddayan
Once Sohrawardy Uddayan was known as the "Ramna Race Course". It has another
histoncal background. The oath for independence and the su;Tendered of the
occupation forces was held on the 7'h and 16<hDecember of 1971 rc~pectively. After
independence name of RanUla Race Course turned into pre>cnt Sohrawardy
Uddayan. This Uddayan covering an area of 102 acres has developed as a wooded
park on the heart of the city. It plays a very important role as the "City Open Space."
At present the park cover an area of83 acre land (PWD, 2002).
The natura] beauly, large area and openncss of the surrounding enhance once its
attractiveness. Thus the underlying stream of visitors from all oyer the city cven on
week days results in over crowding of people in the afternoon and morning.
Entrance
The park has three entrances, which remain opcn throughout the day. No guard orpolice is posted at the entrance.
Inside the park
There are still a large number of trees in huge area of this UddaYHn. The park has
very poor physical support like lighting, toilet, bench, shelter etc. Phying equipment
for children is completely absent here. Though only one toilet in its southeast corner
exists but due to its very poor condition no onc can use it. Vagabond and some users
largely use parkland for defecation and urination.
Fig 4.2.2.1: Pond inside the uddllyan
Fig 4.2.2.2; South ea$l- viewed from footbridge
F --..~•
-
31
• -
, -
Fig 4.2.2.3: Once large green an:a andopen!lC$S of the uddllyml altnlCl thevisitors
Responsible Authority
This green area maintained by the Arbory Culture Department of FWD. The major
function and responsibility of the division are the maintenance 1mddevelopment ofthe trees, cleaning, repairing of land and other facilities.
Activity in the park
Spending leisure time idly and pla)1ng is the two main activities in this Uddayan.
Besides vagabond, sex workers, beggars, pass time by sitting and sleeping.
Present condition
At present this Uddayan is a fantastic shelter for sex workers, beggars, and
vagabonds. No care of trees, no guards, no garden, and the worst of all is that the
entire place is very din)'. Encroachment at the park has taken pla"es in the fonn of a
free publie bathing place in a pond of the Uddayan. The pond ir.iide the Uddayan is
never cleaned .Due to the presencc of antisocial elements like hij,lckcrs, sex workers
and lack of proper maintenance the park is gclling a vcry worsc cGndition.
Medinm Size or Neighborhood Park
4.2.3 Osman! Uddayan
Osmani Uddayan is situated near Gulistan providing an attractive environment in the
densely populated old Dhaka. In the congested Dhaka City this uddayan is the only
breathing or respiratory organ. This important city green is covering an area of 25
acres [Siddqui, 1990J. Acco~ding to Dhaka City Corporation this Uddayan is
covering an area of I°acres. There are still a large number of~rees in the huge areaorthe Uddayan.
Osmani Uddayan \HI~developed in the eighties, had been managed by the Public
Works Departmcnt (PWD). In 1998 responsibility of Osmani Uddayan was
transferred to the D.C.C. When the D.C.C. was given the responsibility of the park it
tried to raise a hawkers market, allocating space to about 5,000 pce.ple.
Once Osmani Uddayan looked like a green park with a lot of green trees. These trees
are the suppliers of breathing oxygen for the people of Dhaka City. There are very
few places in old Dhaka like Osmani Uddayan to spend leisure lime at weekends orto walk around the green ficlds with kids and family.
Inside the Park
Osmani Smriti Millonayotan is situated inside the Uddayn which is equipped with
modem facilities, lbe Uddayan has three entrances; the historical canon of Meer
lumla is kept at the main entrance. The Uddayan is sunoundcd by grill which is
broken at different parts. The entrance is kept open all day long. This place IS
popular for unsocial activities. Inside the Uddayan there are many cheap hotels.
Present condition
Osmam Uddayan at the clumsy area of Gulistan is contributing to a large extent by
making the polluted air fresh. At present this Uddayan is a fantastic shelter for
hawkers, beggars, and vagabonds. No care of trees, no guards, no garden, and the
worst of all is that the entire place is very dirty. There is a pond inside the Udd:lyan
which is never cleaned or well maintained; many dead fishes have been seen to floatin the water,
Osmani Uddayan has already lost its beauty. This Uddayan has already turned into
encroacher's haven. Extinction of the Osmani Uddayan will sharply dcstro)' the
ecological balance in the area. The park is being used by government agencies as adumping ground.
The police department has dumped bricks, stones and sand materials for the
construction of police control room. Titas Gas has also stored pip,~sin the park. The
park is being used randomly for training of driver~. Buses and trucks are parked
inside. Osmani Uddayan which is used as a shift workshop for repair of vehicles.
When a bus goes out of order it is immediately taken to the Osm,ni Uddayan as ifitis a workshop.
'"
Besides snatchers, extortionists, drug addicts and floating sex worker Use the park as
a sanctuary of sorts. The area is already crowded by many unplanned multi-storied
shopping complexes, the bus stand, tempo stand, and government, semi government
establishments etc. Any types of lUlplanned decision will only r.lultiply the existing
problem and make the life unbearable at Gulistan area.
4.2.4 Gulistan Park
Dhaka City offers its dwellers a small number of Uddayan and Gulistan Park is one
of them. This park is situated at the centre of Gulistan area and "overed an area of 10
acres. This is the only park for the people of commercial area Motijheel, Kamlapur,
Basaboo, Shahjahannpur, Fakirapool, Polton, and Santi nagar. This park ismaintained by Dec.
Present condition
At present the park is in a very poor condition. One third of the park is swallowcd by
"Mohanagar Nattomoneho" and the rest part instead of park 'iisitors floating sex
workers street boys bcggars, hawkers are available. Some trees and plants still
remain in this garden but lack of proper care and emission -'rom large number
vehicles of Gulis tan area force them to die and to lose their freshrlcss.
It was hardly 15-20 years ago when people came into this par< with a group for
recreation and stayed there till night. But at present the picture is .~omplete different,
During the day besides the pond sex workers moving here and thcre, in anothe{ part
hijackers and drug addicts are also found. South to thi~ park is possessed by
movable hawkers. Besides this, floating people use this park for defecation andurination.
Though some police v,(alk round the park but they are useless. ll,t; total envirorunent
of thc park starts to degrade after late evening. At that time suffcrings of general
public have increased vel)' much. They have become vcl)' insecure, hijackers andsex workers hara>s them a lot,
4.2.5 Anwara Uddayan
Anwara Uddayan is an intermediate size planned green belt in tile dense city center.
This park is located adjacent to the Framgate Crossing, which i~one of the higllest
traffic zones of Dhaka. This strip of 8 acres land is elongateJ be:ween Indira Road
and.Khamarbari Road. Vehicular roads surround the park on three sides except Ulewest.
The land use of surrounding areas is diversified. The Islami Eye Ho~pital to",ards
the west; the BARC complex is beside the south road. There is a bus and tempo
stand, a daily bazaar of perishable items on the other side of Indira Road. The
Tejgaon College, some commercial buildings, Coaching Centers etc. and residential
areas are adjacent to the south. This open space is maintained by PWD [Nilufar,1999J.
In fact the park is positioned like a huge island "'lUlin the sea of F'lVedareas of busy
vehicular road. To take advantage of this position, this is used as" crossing lOne bypedestrian traffic.
There are six entries on the north and the south, and the area has low height railing
all around. The heavy pede~trian traffic flow in peak actiw hours and thesurrounding vehicular traffic make the area noisy and dusty.
Activit). in the park
Lower middle and low-income groups generally use this Uddayar:.to spend leisure,
time idly. A few middle income children corne from nearby residential areas to play
in the western part. Besides snatchers, drug addicts and floating sex worker use thepark as a sanctuary of sorts.
Present condition
Although there are a number of huge trees along the edges and s:Jme small plants
inside the areas; Ule green cover is cleared off due to heavy ll~e and lack of
--maintenance. The infrastructure is also poor, very few bench(;, and sheds exists
which are mainly occupied by homeless people, Moreover there is no regular
policing, over all environment is not so pleasant to spend leisure llffiC or to enjoy thenatural environment
Besides floating people, beggars and jobless people are also found wandering here
and there. Some of them sleep here and also stay at night. They use open spaces as
kitchen, baths and toilets. The <lrea remains very dirty in some paris .In addition,
many anti-social activities, like mugging, prostitution, drag-selling etc. Due to all the
problems people rarely come here for recreation. Sometimes a few students come to
pass time from adjacent institutions or those who are waiting for buses.
4.2.6 Victoria or Bahadur Shah Park
Victoria Park named after Queen Victoria, was created in' the first half of I~
century. In the past the park had a different appearance. At the intersection of busy
old town streets there was a small open small space in the form of a square and with
a circular garden in its centrc. During 1857, some mutineers "'ere hanged at thisspot.
The park "<IS renamed Bahadur Shah Park in memory of the last Mughal emperor in
whose time the mutiny took place. For a long time after the l';lutiny, this place
remained a haunted area and even in broad daylight people feared to tread upon thisground.
In the 19605, Dhaka City Corporation renovated the park and converted it to a
memorial in honor of the martyrs. At present the park covers an area of 1.98 acres
and maintained by Dec. The Bahadur Shah Park Morning Walkers Association also
looked after the park The land uses of the surrounding areas of the park residential
and commercial in use and are in general high density built up.
Inside the Park
The park' is oval in shape, and enclosed vvithiron railing, There is an obelisk and
cenotaph inside the park. There are also two wash rooms for male and female insidethe park.
Activit}, in the park
Generally the park is used by lower middle and low income groups. People of all
age groups come to the park for jogging, doing other exercises ~laying and even for
passing their leisure times every day. Different small-scale euitural activities arc also
held in the park. A large number of diabetic people also come to the park for a walkas walking is the best way for them to keep fit
Present condition
Although there are a number of trees and some small plants inside the areas; the
.green cover is cleared off due to heavy use and lack of ;naintcnance .fhe
infrastructure is also poor, very few benches, and playing cquipment exists.
Moreover, gases exhausts from near by bus stands pollute the whole area..
4.2.7 Hazaribagh Park
In the past Hazaribagh Park was popular for its beauty. In f967 the park was
developed in densely built-up area near Hazaribagh Tannery. At the time of
development the park was largely used for recreation. Overall environment andfacilities were very good.
The park was designed by various flower trees and other trees. There was a pond
and a number of playing equipment for children inside the park, At present it has
turned into a vacant land. The park is covering an area of 3.7 aeles and maintainedby DCe.
Present condition
After independence total environment of the park gradually has become the worst..DCC has separated the pond by constructing a number of building~ inside the park,
they have also setup a water pump and a machine room. There is a school and
rickshaw garage inside the park. Open theaicr has been developed for the
entertainment of general public but largely used for political purpose. At present
neither playing equipment nor flower trees are found inside the park Floating people
are still available. Generally people do not usc this place as a park A few lowerincome children come from nearby areas to play in the park.
Special Purpose Park
4.2.8 Batdah Garden
Baldah Garden was started in 1909 with some special purpOS(S,At present the
garden is largely used as a botanical park with its rich collection (.f indigenous and
exotic plants. The Garden is situated only ten minutes walk fr'Jm Dhaka's busyMotijheel Commercial area.
This gardcn has two units named as 'Psyche' and 'Cybele' .The Psyche is the earlier
construction. There are a series of rectangular water lily pools :Onboth sides, and•
nursery conservatory. On the left of the conservatory is the Psyche building
originally built as an observatory lOwer.Now with a fev.'additions it is the nucleus
of a complex of constructions that houses superintendents' office, residence, hospitaland pottery shed.
A network of well laid paths and a big cacti glass house also attract visitors, On the
southern extremity of the Psyche lies the most interesting green how,e of this garden.
The Cybele includes two large green houses. The largest one in the north.east corner
oflhe pond and has a very rich collection of orchids, and conservato0' plants.
Boldh. Garden
Fig 4.2.&.1: A large sun dial shoWl! time during sunny days
Fig 4.2.8.2: The most interesting green house ofBaldha Garden
Fig 4,2.8.3; The Sankha- Nidhe pond is a beautiful d~oration ofBalda Garden.
45
,
Many rare plants groVving in pots, in special beds, in hWlg ups and even on the floor
of the green house are another attraction. The second green house of the Cybelc is a
new addition situated at the west of the lion gate. It houses many varieties of ferns.The Cybde also houses the rose.
A large S\Ul dial outside the south west comer of the big green house shows time
during SWillY day's. Another interesting attraction of the garden is the Joy House, the
open terrace of the Joy House serves as an observatory to enjoy the floristic beautyof the garden around.
Present condition
The infrastructure is very poor, very few benches exists, Lack 'afrrarer attention hasmade the entire place very dirty. At present construction of mullistoried surrounding
the Baldha Garden creates a serious problem for the garden. Such constJuction
would destroy the greenery of the rare garden and threaten the breathing space for
city dwellers. The destmction of a garden is similar 10killing the environment which
amounts to killing a human being.
4.2.9 Shahbagh Shishu Park
Sahbagh Shishu Park is the most usable and popular park in the city that is specially
developed for children. The park is situated in Shahbagh area adjacent to Sohrawardi
Uddayan. Though this park is developed for children but people of all age groups
usc the park more than children. This is because environment of this park is slightly
better than any other parks in the city and reasonable .The park covers an area of 15
acres land ofSohrawardi Uddayan.
There was a time in the late seventies and early eighties when more adults than
children uscd to visit this park as it was new ",'lth lot of play gadget,. In the process,
children could not avail all the facilities, which were occupied by the adults.
This park has thirteen different rides and if one pays taka 104 one can avail all of
them. The park is closed on Sunday, on Wednesday it is open for the poorer less
affluent sections of the society. In winter it is open from 2-7 p.m. and in summerfrom 3-8 p.m.
4.2.10 Shishu Mela
Shishu Mela is another park exclusively meant for children and is located in
Agargaon Mirpur road on 2.5 acres of land. This park beinE nearer to densely. .populated residential areas is always full of children most of the middle or lower
middle group .This park opened its door for children in 1995 and has 45 different
games for children along, with 12 other merry _ go- rollilds.
Small Local Park
4.2.11 Sikkatuli Children Park
The park is situated at Sikkatuli area in the very congested old town. Surroundings
of the park are completely built-up. The park covers an area of 0.5 acres of land.
Once to meet the local peoples demand fonner commissioner late Majed Sarder took
steps to develop this park by filling Sikkatuli ditch, At that time some trees were
planted and some playing equipment was installed to decorate the park. Due to
negligence of responsible authority ,and illegal encroachment after few years the
park has now become unusable. But recently with the help of present local ward
conunissioner the park has renovated which is an excellent step for people of theentire area.
48
Chapter 5: Analysis ofSocio~Economic Characteristics of UserRespondents and Their Use Pattern
5:1lntroduclion
In urban areas different Iype parks provide recreation and relaxation opportunity and
also perform various positive function to improve its surroundings. People want easy
access to where they can have contact with nature and which also delight their sense.
A city needs to provide different type parks to meet demand fOf people of different
age group. But a park is not only a green land ""ith some trees it means somethmg
more. Users used different parks regularly only when it is convenient for lISC and .
could satisfied them after visit.
Though arguably not enough comparing with other world city Dhaka has still now a
fair representation of different type parks and gardens. Different type parks has
provided in Dhaka City for different user's satisfaction. Their use pattern is also
different. But at present most of them are not convenient for visitors. There is a
relationship between use of park and socio.economic slatus of users.
This chapter concerned with demographic and socio-economic character of uscr
respondents and use pattern of different type parks in Dhaka: City. So in this
investigation a number of determinants like sex, age, education, distance, activity
etc. has taken into consideration.
5.2. Characteristics of City Park users and their use pattern
City or Metropolitan Parks have been provided to serve the city as a whole or a
number of neighborhoods. Function and components of this typ~ park has bee!1
discussed in previous chapter. In this research Ramna Park, Zia Uddayan, and
Sohrawardy Uddayan has been taken as City Park.
.. 49
5.2.1 Demographic Characteristics
Sex, Age and Marital Status of City Park users
Among the surveyed three City Park it is evident that, large nwnber people visit
Ramna Park and Zia Uddayan to meet their physical and mental demand, All the
City Park visitors though suffer from variOI.lSproblems but degr~e of problem in
Sohrawardy Uddayan comparatively is higher. Frequency of use by a specific age
group is high in Ramna and Zia Uddayan.
Table 5.2.1 shows that in Ramna Park out of 32 respondents percentage of male
visitors are higher than female. This proportion is 68.75% of the total. Most of the
visitors' fall under 16-30 age group, that is 50% of the total and most of them are
male. Visitors under 46-60 age group are very few and all are male.
In addition, 56.25% visitors in Ramna Park are married. Among t!Jem almost all the
female visitors are married and most of the male visitors are unmarried.
Table 5.2.1: Sex, Age and Marital Status of City Park users
Source: F,eld Survey, 2002
Demographic Character Name of ParkRamna Park Zia Udday"" Sohrawardy
Udda anNo % No. % No. %
S" Miile " 68.75 24 75 32 100Female 10 31.25 8 25 0 0
Ag' 1-15 0 0 0 0 0 016-30 16 50 17 53.55 21 65.6231-45 12 37.5 12 37.08 11 34.3846-60 4 12.5 3 9.37 0 06[}c 0 0 0 0 0 0Marital Married 18 56.25 13 40.62 4 12.5
Status Unmarried 14 43.75 19 59.38 '" 87.5
In Zia Uddayan percentage of male visitors are also higher than female. Out of 32
respondents only 25% are female visitor. The majority of the visitors are 16-30 and
3"1-45 age group. That is 53.55% and 37.8% of the total.
50
Among the visitors of this Uddayan percentage of married female visitors are higher
than unmarried. Though significant number married male visitors found, but
percentage of unmarried male visitors are higher. In this Uddayan 40.62% 'visitors
are married and 59.38 % are unmarried.
Out of 32 respondents in Sohrawardy Uddayan 100% visitors are male. Among
them the highest percentage (65.62%) are 16-30 age group and most them areunmarried.
5.2.2 SociQ -Economic Characteristics
Occupation and Educational Status of City Park visitors
Percentage of higher level education means higher level of awareness. In user
survey, survey result reveals that most of the City Park users have higher education.
Due to lack of open lawn in most of the houses and enough outdoor recreational
facilities people have become aware about mental and physical health. Thus large
number visitor rush in the City Park regularly to meet their physical and mentaldemand.
Table 5.2.2: Occupation and Edl1cational Status of City Park visitorsSocio- economic Name of ParkCharacter RamnaPark 21a Uddayan Sohraw.rdy Uddayan
N,. % No, % No. %Occupation Servicc U 37.5 '" ;0 , 21.88
Business 8 " , 12.50 " "Housewife 8 18,75 8 18.75 " """"""' , 18.75 , 18.75 " 78.12Level " Prim. , 6,25 0 0 0 "Education "'C , 6.25 0 " 0 "88C , 15.62 , 21.45 , 6,25
B.D~e , 15.62 8 " " 31.25M. Dc ",e '" 56.26 n 53 55 " 62,5
Source: FIeld Survey, 2002
Table 5.2.2 shows that degree of master's level education is the ltighest in all thc
surveyed City Park. Among the three City Park visitors, Sohrawardy Uddayan hold
51
the highest percentage of master level education, which is 62.5%. Ramna Park hold
the second highest, that is 56.26 %, Visitors of degree level ate also highest in
Sohrawardy Uddayan than Ramna and Zia Uddayan. This is because as Sohrawardy
Uddayan located near Dhaka University large number student visitors come to spendleisure time in the park.
Table 5.2.2 also shows that type of different occupation vary from park to park.
Among the surveyed City Park visitors due to the location percentage of student
visitors are the highest in Sohrawardy Uddayan comparing with other occupation.
That is 78.12%. But percentage of student visitors in lia Uddayan and in Rarnna
Park is few. This proportion is 18.75% in both parks.
In Ramna Park among different type occupation percentage of office goers are
37.5%, which is highest and same as in Zia Uddayan which is 50% of the total, But
in S,?hrawardy Uddayan 21.88 % office goers visit the park for some special
purpose. Small number housewives visit Ramna Park and Zia Uddayan due to its
poor environmental condition. This proportion does not exceed 20% of the total.
Whilst housewife visitors are completely absent in Sohrawardy l'ddayan due to itsvery poor condition.
5.23 Distance Traveled to City Park visitors
Travel is an important factor for decisions to visit a park. Choice of possible site
depends on cost, comfort, availability of other site, travel time etc. Tablc5.2.3 shows
that significant number of visitors come to visit Ramna Park from different distances
and use different modes of transport. Among them the highest perc~ntage ofvisit:Jrs
(31.26 %) cover 1-2 mile to visit this park. Percentagc of visitors who cover less
than 1 mile and more than 4 mile is also significant. This proportion is 28.12% and25% of the total.
As a mode of travel percentage of rickshaw, bus and foot does not vary too much.
Among them the highest percentage of visitors use rickshaw as a mode of travel.
52
They are mainly middle income group, and visit this park with friends or family forrecreation. This proponion is 37.5%.
Table also shows that 25% users. travel on foot. These users m~jnly reside near the
particular park Most of them visit for exercise. Most of the users who use buses to
visit the Ramna Park are male and usually cover a long distance. This proportion is
21.88 %. A few users use car and they are only 6.25%. Most of these users come fOT
exercise and visit regularly.
Table 5.2.3: Distance Traveled to City Park visitors
Travel Name of ParkRamna Park Zia Uddayan Sohrawardy
UddavanNo. % No. % No. %
Le" ili," 1 9 28.12 , 12.5 15 46.87Distance mile1-2mile 10 31.26 8 '5 17 53,13.2.4 mile 5 15.62 18 56,25 0 0More ili,o , 8 25 2 6,25 0 0mile
Mode C" 2 6.25 5 15.62 0 0So; 7 21.88 6 18.75 0 0Foot 8 25 5 15.62 12 37.5Taxi 3 g.37 10 31.25 0 0Rickshaw 12 37.5 6 18.76 20 62,5-
Cost No cost 10 31.25 6 18.75 12 37.52 mk, 2 6,25 2 9.37 0 05 mk, , 25 , 12.5 " 43.75Above 10 taka 12 37.5 19 59.37 6 18.75Time Less than " 3 9.38 5 15,62 22 68.75minutes15.30 minutes 20 62.5 20 62.5 10 31.251 hour 7 21.87 7 21.88 0 0More ili" 1 2 6.25 0 0 0 0hour -Source: Fwld Survey, 2002
Besides the highest pereentage (62.5%) ofRamna Park ,visitors ;,eeds 15-30 minutes
time to reach the park. About 37.5% visitors spend above 10 taka and 31.25%
visitors visit Ramna Park without cost.
• .-53
Similarly as a metropolitan park visitor from different di8tancc also visit Zia
Udday<ln. The highest percentage (56.25%.) of this park visitors covers 2-4 mile
distance. Among them the majority (31.25%) uses taxi as mode .Jf In!Vel and visit
for recreational purpose with their family.
Very few visitors cover more than 4 mile distance, this is 6.25% of the totaL
Percentage of foot and car users in Zia Uddayan is only 15.62 %. Visitors who
travel on foot reside the adjacent areas and come for exercise. About 62.5% visitors
need 15-30 minutes to visit this park.
But Sohrawardy Uddayan shows a different picture. Visitors whe come to visit this
park never exceeds more than 2 mile distance. Table5.2.3 shows that 46.87% visitor
cover less than 1 mile and 53.13 % cover 1.2 mile distance to vi:;;t this park. As a
mode of travel foot and rickshaws are largely used. About 62.5% visit by rickshawand 37.5% on foot.
All visitors of this City Park never enter middle of the Udday,,"! due to its poor
environment. When 43.75% visitors of SOhrawardy Uddayan spenj 5 taka as travel
cost 37.5% visitors visit without cost. Most of these park visitors need 15-30
minutes time to reach the park
5.2.4 Length of Stay of City Park visitors
People visit park for some particular purposes, thus they want minimum facilities,
Usually City Parks arc designed with huge facilities for its users. Hence visitors
could stay in this type parks long timc even all day long. ln the casc of Dhaka
surveyed City Parks shows a different picture. In thc investigation it is evident that
in each City Park no visitors could slay more than 2 hours.
Table 5,2.4 shows that in Ramna Park 84.37% and in Zia Uddayan 87.5% visitors
stay 1-2 hours. And the rest less than I hour eithcr it is for recreation or exercise.
No one visits this two- City Park for \I, day or all day due to lack of essential
facilities and security.
I 54
Source: Flcld Survey, 2002
Table 5.2.4 Len ofStavTime duration Name afPark
Ramna Park Zia Udda an Sohraward Udda an1\'0. % No % No. %Less than I hour -5 15,63 , 12.5 22 68.75].2 hour 27 84.37 '" 87.5 '" 31.25
~0 0 0 0 0 0All da 0 0 0 0 0 0-
Condition of Sohrawardy Uddayan is worse than the other two City Parks. Most of
these park users stay less than 1 hour. This proportion is 68,75%. About 31.25%visitors stay 1-2 hours.
5.2.5 Activity Performed by City Park visitors
Activities of park visitors vary from park to park. This investigation reveals that in
Rmnna Park mainly three activities take place. These are recreation by enjoying
environment, walking and spending leisure idly. The most popular a~tivity in Ramna
Park is to enjoy the nalure that is 37.5% of the total.
Walking is another popular activity, Due to shortage of space within residence about
25% visitors come to walk in this large space. Besides, when watching TV and
gossiping in controlled boundary the only way to spend ones leisu""fl,about 21.87%
people visit Ramna Park to spend thcir leisure time. These visitors relax by"sitting or
moving alone. Users who do not have any facility near their home fo: outdoor games
also come to play in RanUla Park. They are mainly young people; ':;leproportion ofwhich is only 9.37%.
Similarly in Zia Uddayan enjoying the nature and spending Jeis[;re time are two
popular activities. As Dhaka City lacks enough provision of convenient outdoor
recreational facility about 46.87% visitors visit this Uddayan to cnje'Y thc nature for
recreation. But most of them spend their time adjacent to lake side area. Due to lac!,
of security very few people enter the park. Besides, 15.63 % visitors visit for
55
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walking purpose, some of them arc diabetic patients and some want to keep themphysically fit.
Table 5.2.5: Activity Perfonned by City Park visitors
Source: F,cld Survey; 2002
Activity Name afParkRarnna Park Zia Uddavan Sohraward UddavanNo. % No. % No. %Enjoy/he " 37.5 15 46.87 0 0Environment
Walk 8 " 5 15.63 0 0Exercise 2 6.26 0 0 0 0Picnic' 0 0 0 0 0 0.PI, 3 9.37 0 0 5 15.62Spend leisure 7 21.87 12 37.5 27 84.38time
But activities of visitors in Sohrawardy Uddayan are different. In Sohrowardy
Uddayan almost all visitors (8438%) visit 10 spend leisure time, As it is adjacent to
Dhaka University from nearest halls 15.62%visitors come to play, but occasionally.
5.3. Characteristics of Neighborhood Park users and their u~e pattern
Medium size neighborhood parks are designed to cater for the needs of people in a
certain residential neighborhood.. In this research Osmani Uddayun, Gulistan Park,
Victoria Park, Hazaribugh Park, Dhanmondi Lake side Park and Anwara Uddayanhave been taken as mediu'msize parks.
5.3.1 Demographic Characteristics
Sex, Age and Marital Status of Medium Size Neighborhood Park users
Very few female visitors visit Medium Size Park in Dhaka. Table 5.3.1shows that
out of six Medium Size Parks female visitors is found in Victoria and DhanmondiLake side Park.
•
56
Table 5.3.1.1: Sex, Age and Marital Status of Osman; Uddayan, Gulislan andVictoria Park usersDemographic Character Name of Park
Osman; Gulistan Park, Victoria ParkUddavanNo. % No. % No. %S" Male 13 '00 13 '00 W -76,93Female 0 0 0 0 3 23.07
A" 1-15 0 0 0 0 0 016-30 5 38.47 , 30.77 5 38-4631-45 8 61.53 9 69,23 5 38.4646-60 0 0 0 0 3 23.0860, 0 0 0 0 0 0Marital Married 7 53.84 8 61.53 9 69.24Status Unmarried 6 46.16 5 38.47 , 30.76Source: Field Survey, 2002
Among these two parks significant percentage of female visitors visit Dhanmondi
Lake side Park. It is 46.15% oflhe total and 23.07% female visitors are also found in
Victoria Park. While in Osmani Uddayan, Gulislan Park, Hazaribagh Park and
Am-vara Uddayan 100% visitors are men.
" , 0 = 0 us rsDemographic Character Name of Park
Hazaribagh Dhanmondi Lake At\1~ara UddayanPark side narkNo. % No. % No. %~S" Male B WO 7 53.84 B WOFemale 0 0 6 46,15 0 0Ago 1.15 0 0 , 7,09 0 0~16-30 8 61.53 5 38.46 W 76,9331-45 3 23.07 3 23.07 , 7.6946-60 2 15.40 2 15 38 , 15.3860, 0 0 2 15.38 0 0Marital Married 6 46.15 5 38.46 2 15.38Status Unmarried 7 53.85 8 61.54 " 84.62
Table 5.3.1.2: Sex, Age and Marital Status ofHazaribagh, Dhanmondi Lake sideP k nclAw Uddaan e
Source: Field Survey, 2002
Table also shows that visitors of two specific age groups are, mainly, found in
Osmani Uddayan and GuliSlan Park. Most of the visitors in these two parks are
under 31-45 age group. This proportion in Osmani Uddayan is 61.53% and in
57
Gulistan Park 69,23%. Percentage ofmanied visitors in these two parks is also high.
In Osmani Uddayan 53.84% and in Gulis/an Park 61.53% visitors are married.
Visitor of three specific age group visits Victoria, Hazaribagh Park anu Anwara
Uddayan. Among them highest percentage of visitors are 16-30 age group. This is
38.46% in Victoria Park, 61.53% in Hazaribagh-Park and 76.93 % in Anwara
Uddayan. Most of the Victoria Park visitors are married. This is 69,24 % ofilie total.
But highest percentage of visitors in Anwara Uddayan and Hazaribagh Park are
unmarried, this is 84.62 % and 53.85 % of the total. Whilst Dhanmondi Lake side
Park visits people of all age groups due to its comparatively good environment andits 61.54 % visitors are rmmarried.
5.3.2 Socio -Economic Characteristics
Occupation and Educational Status of Medium Size Neighbor'!lOOd Park users;
This investigation reveals that among the surveyed six parks house.wives never visit
Osmani and Anwara Uddayan, Gulistan and Hazaribagh Park due to their poor
environmental eondition. In Osmani Uddayan highest percent<lge of visitors are
office goers because of its location, but they visit for a very short time. Most of these
park visitors are highly educated.' Table 5.3.2 shows that aboLlt 46.15% have
graduated and 30.76% have masters. '
Most of the Gulislan Park and Hazaribugh Park visitors are engaged with business.
This proportion is 69.23% in Gulistan Park and 38.46% in Hazaribagh Park. Most
of them have HSC level education. This is 61.53% and 46.15% of the total. But
about 61.53% visitors in Anwara Uddayan are students. PerceEtage of HSC level
education is 53.86 % in this Uddayan.
-'
Socio- economic Name of Park
Character Osmani Gulistan Park, Victoria Park Hazaribagh Park Dhanmondi Anwara
Uddayan Lake ,ide park Uddayan
No. % No. % No. % No. % No % No. %
Occupation Service 8 61.53 3 13.08 J 23.07 5 38.46 J 23.09 J 23.09
Business J 23.07 , 69.23 4 30.79 5 38.46 2 15.39 2 15.38
Hou,ewife 0 0 0 0 3 23.07 0 0 4 30,76 0 0
Student 2 15.40 1 7.69 ) 13.07 J 13.08 3 30.76 8 61.53
Level of Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15.39 1 7.69 0 0
Education sse 0 0 ) 15.38 0 5 38.46 0 0 0 0
HSC J 23.09 8 61.53 5 38.46 6 46.15 2 15.38 7 53.86
B. Degree 6 46.15 3 23.09 6 46.15 0 0 2 15.38 4 30.76
M. Degree 3 30.76 0 0 2 J 5.39 0 0 8 61.55 2 15.38
Tabl", 5,~.2: occupation and Educational St~ws of Medium Size Neighborhood Park mers:
Source: Field Survey, 2002
~
59
Visitors of different type occupation and different level cdutmion are found in
Victoria and Dhanmondi Lake side Park, Among them highest percentage of
Victoria Park visitors are engaged in business and have graduated.
Whilst in Dhanmondi Lake side Park significant percentage of housewife and
student visitors are found, which is 30.76 % for each occupation, And most of these
park visitors have master level education, which is 61.55%.
5.3.3 Distance Traveled to Medium Size Neighb~rhoodPark users
This investigation reveals that except Dhanmondi Lake side Park no surveyed
Medium Size Park attract visitors from long distance. Table 5.3.3.1 shows that 100%
visitor of Osmani and Anwara Vddayan cover less than 1 mile distance to visit the
park, Foot as mode" of travel is used ,by the highest percentage of visitors. This
proportion is 84.61 % for Osmuni Uddayan and 76.92% for Anwara Uddayan.
Table 5 3 3 2. Distance Traveled to Osmani Gulistan and Victori" Park users,Travel cost and time Name of Park
Osmani Uddayan Gulistan Park, Victoria Park
No. % No, % 1\"0. %Cost No cost 11 84.61 D 100 " 61.532 taka 0 0 0 0 0 05 taka 2 0 0 5 38.46Above 10 0 0 0 0 0 0Time I.e" than 15 9 69.23 13 100 8 61.53minutes15-30minntcs 4 30.76 0 0 5 38.461 Ilour 0 0 0 0 0 0
,More than 1 0 0 0 0 0 0hOllrSource: FIeld Survey, 2002
Most of these two park visitors db not need any travel cost as they visit on foot.
Though visitors cover short distance large numbcr visitors need less than 15 minutes
to reach the park. About 69.23% visitors of Osmani Uddayan and 76.93 % visitors
of Anwara Uddayan need this time to visit the Uddayan. The same picture is for
Table: 5.3.3.1: Distance Traveled to Medium Size Neighborhoo<1 Park u,ers
rravel Name of Park
--Osmani uulislan Victoria Park Hazaribagh Dhanmondi Lake AnwaraUddayan Park, Park side park Uddayan
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %Dislance Less than 1 mile " 100 n 100 13 100 13 100 8 61.53 13 100
1-2 mile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 30.76 0 02-4 mile 0 o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7.69 0 0..More than 4 mile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.Mode Car' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 15.38 0 0Bm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 15.38 0 0Foot " 84.61 13 100 8 61.54 13 100 5 38.48 10 76.92RickshawfTaxi , 15.39 0 0 3 38.46 0 0 , 30.76 3 23,08
Source: Field Survey, 2002
~
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Gulistan Park, Victoria and Hazaribagh Park. 100% visitors oflhese parks COVerless
than 1 mile to visit the park. But 100% Gulistan Park visitors leave! on foot. Visitors
of/his park do nOI need any travel cost and need less than 15 minutes to reach thepark.
The highest percentage (61.54%) of Victoria Park visitors visits on foot but
significant number visitors also use rickshaws as mode of trave!. This is 38.46% of
the total, and need taka 5 as travel cost. Most (61.53%) of the Victoria Park '-isitors
need less than15 minutes time to reach the park.
Source: Ficid Survey, 2002
Table 5,3.3.3: Distance Traveled to Hazaribagh, Dhanrnondi Lake side Park andAnwara Udda an usersTravel CO,l and lime Name afPark
Hazaribagh Park Dh~~ondiLake Anwara Uddayan,ide ark
No. % No. % No. %Cosl No cost 13 100 5 38.46 W 76.932 taka 0 0 , 15.40 0 0 ,5 taka 0 0 3 23m 3 23.07Above 10 0 0 3 23.07 0 0Time Less <h~ " 6 46.16 10 76.93 >0 76.93minutes
1530 minutes 7 53.84 3 23m J 23m] hour 0 0 0 0 0 0More than I hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Besides 100% visitors to Hazaribagh Park travel on foot but most of the visitors
need 15-30 minutes to reaeh the park. The picture is different for DhanmOndi Lake
side Park. From the table it is obvious that visitors from different distances eome to
visit this park. Though most of the visitors cover less than 1 mile and visit or. fool
people also cover 2-4 mile to visit this park. This proportion is 7.69%.
Very few use car as mode of travel. This is 15.38%. Most ofthi.. park visitor do not
need travel eost and needs less than 15 minutes time to travel.
62
5.3.4 Length of Stay of Medium Size Neighborhood Park user~
Out of six Mediwn Size Parks due to their vel)" poor maintenance and lack of
security 100% visitors to Osmani and Anwara Uddayan, Guli:;tan Park, Hazaribagh
Park, Victoria Park stay less than 1 hour in the park during their visit
Table 5.3.4.1: Length of Stay ofOsmani, Gulistan and Victoria Park usersLength of "tay Name of Park
Osman; Uddayan Gulistan Park, Victoria Park
No % No % >.io %Less than 1 hour B '00 D '00 B '001-2 hour 0 0 0 0 0 0y, da 0 0 0 0 0 10All da 0 0 0 0 0 0
Souroe. FIeld Survey, 2002
But visitors to Dhanmondi Lake side Park stayed for minimum 2 hours. About
38.46% visitors stayed less than 1 hour in this park. The highest percentage of this
park visitor is stayl-2 hours. This proportion is 61.54 % of the total.
Length of stay Name of ParkHauu-ibagh Park Dhanmondi Lake side An",ara Uddayan
I parkNo % No % No %
Less than I hour n WO 5 38.46 D .001-2hour 0 8 61.54 0 0\I, da 0 0 0 0 0 0All da 0 0 0 0 0 0SOUTee,FIeld Survey, 2002
Table 5.3.4.2: Lenl,>th of Stay of Hazaribagh, Dhanmondi Lake side Park andAnwara Uddayan users
5.3.5 Activity Performed by Medium Size Neighborhood Park users
Three main activities take place in most of the Medium Si2e Parks. Recreation or
enjoy the nature are of less important because of their very poor condition. Visitors
to Osmani and Anwara Uddayan visit mainly for playing an,1 walking purpose,
About 38.46% visitors come to walk in each of these two Udda)'an, About 53.85 %
visitors to Anwara Uddayan come to play from nearby areas.
63
Table 5.3.5.1: Activity Performed by Osmani, Gulistan and Victoria Park usersActivity Name of Park
OsmanJ Uddayan Gulistan Park, Victoria Park
No. % No. % No. %Enjoy >h, 0 a 0 0 0 0EnvironmentWalk 5 38.46 5 38.46 5 38.46Exercise 0 a 0 a 2 15 38Picnic 0 a 0 a 0 0Play 5 38.46 0 0 , 30.78Spend leisure 5 23.08 8 61.54 2 15.38time
.Source: Field Survey, 2002
In Gulis/an Park the highest percentage (61,54 %) of visitor comes 10 spend their
leisure time from adjacent markets. Some visitors visit this park for exercise. About
38.46% users visit Gulistan Park to walk
Table 5.3.5.2: Activity Performed by Hazaribagh, Dhamnondi Lake side Park andAnwara Uddayan users
Source: Field Survey, 2002
AC!lVity N.meofParkHazanbagh Park Dh~,,~ondi "" Anwarn Uddayon
sid. arkNo. % "". % No, %.Enjoy fu, 0 0 , 30,78 0 0Environment
Walk 0 0 5 38,46 5 38.46Exerei,. a 0 , 7.09 0 0Picnic 0 0 0 0 a 0
"" 5 38.46 , 15.38 , 53,85S end leisure lime , 61.54 , no , 7.69
When most of the visitors (61.54 %) visit Hazaribagh Park to s:)end leisure ti'lle,
visitors visit Dhanmondi Lake side and Victoria Park for various ilCtivities. In these
parks more or less all activities are found. Table 5.3.5.1 shows that in Victoria Park
38.46% visitor's visit to "'<Ilk and 30,78 % to play. Due to its poc'r maintenance no
one visits this park to enjoy the environment and 15.38 % visit exercise purpose.
64
In Dhanmondi Lake side Park highest percentage of visitors' come to physical
purpose and a significant number of visitors \'i~itto enjoy the lIature. About 38.46%
visito,s come 10 walk and 30.78 % visitors to enjoy the nalu-:e. Due to shortage of
playing equipment and small size of playing space only 15.38 % visitors visit this
park to play. No visitors are found for picnics in these surveyed parks.
5.4. Characteristics of Special Purpose Park users and their use pattern
This type of park is mainly designed for some special purposes and serves the
people of the region or the country. In this research Boldha Garden, Sahbag Shishu
Park and Shishu Mela have been taken as Special Purpose Parks.
5.4.1 Demographic Characteristics
Sex, Age and Marital Status of Spedal Purpose Park users
This investigation reveals that among the three ~urveyed spceial purpose parks,
fcmale visitors are higher than male ones in Shishu Park and Shishu Mela. But in
Boldha Garden perccntage offemale visitors is poor. This is because at present mo,t
of the parks in Dhaka are not convenient for female visitor~ due to thcir very poor
C{)ndition. Thus Shishu Park and Shishu Mela can provide comparatively good and
secured cnviromnem to female visitors,
Table 5.4.1 shows that about 76.47% visitors are female in Shishu Mela and 58.82%
in Shishu Park but 70.58% visitors are male in Boldha Garden. In Boldha Garden
highest percentage of visitors' include16- 30 agc group which is 82.35% of thc total.
Most of this Garden visitor is unmarried. This proportion is 76.47%.
But in Shishu Park and in Shishu Mela visitors of different age groups are found in a
significant number. In Shishu Park percentage of visitors of 16-30 age groups lS
4 J .17% which is 35.29% in Shishu Mela.
65
Visitors of' 1-15 age groupo visit Shishu Mela more llften thar. Shishu Park. Under
thi~ age group 41.17% visitors visit Shishu Mela whleh is 29 '~2 % in Shishu Park.
Percentage of unmarried visitor is higher in both two parh. This proportion is
52,94% in Shishu Park and 58.82% in Shishu Mel<!.
Table 5.4.1: Sex, Age and Marital Status of special purpose park users
Source: FI~ldSurvey, 2002
Demographic Character Name arParkBoldha Garden Shishu Park Shishu Mela
No % No % "No %Sex Male 12 70.58 , 41.18 " 23,S3
Female 5 29.42 '" 5~_82 '13 7647A , j -1 5 0 0 5 29.42 I 41.17 --16-30 " 82.35 , 41.17 6 I 35.29I 31-45 5 17.65 5 I 17.64 'I 23.54
46-60 0 0 2 IU7 II 060, 0 0 0 0 0 0Marital Married " 23.53 6 4706 , 41 18Status
Unmarried l3 76.47 9 52,94 10 58.82 I
5.4.2: Socio -Economic Characteristics
Occupation and Educational Status of Special Purpose Park USers
Table 5.4.2 shows that among these three parks due to its location bighest
percentage of smdent visit Boldha Garden, Thi~ proporlion is l2.36 %, Percentage
ofhoL.L>ewifevisitors is poor in this Garden that is only 5,88% Most of the visilOr~
of Boldha Garden are highly educated. About 47,07 % have master level education
and 29.41% have graduated.
Perecnlage of houbewife and student visitors is equal in Shishu Park. This is 41, IR
% of the total. But visitors of different edu~ation level arc found in this park.
Although visitors of master level education are higher than oth,~rs but a signiticant
number of primary level education is also fonnd. This is 17.64%.
G6
Likewise ill Shishu Mela highest percentage of houoewifc visitor:'. (52.95 %) vi~its
this park. About 41.17% studenls also visit Shishu Mela. PC'"CCnlageof mastcr level
and primary level education is also significant in this park. About 35.29% visitors to
Shishu Mel<!have master level and 29.41 % have primary level education,
Table 5.4.2 Occupation and Educational Status of special purpose park users:
~Socio_ economic Character Name of ParkBoldha Garden Shishu Park Shi,hu Mela
No. % No % No. %Occupation Service 0 0 3 17.64 I 5.88Bu,iness , 11 .76 0 0 0 0Housewife I 5.88 3 41.18 9 52.95Student " 82.36 3 41.18 3 4 1.1 ;'Level 0' Priman,- , 0 0 3 17.64 " 29.41Education HSC 0 0 2 11.76 I 5,88sse 4 23.52 I 5.88 I: 5.88B, De ree 5 29.41 3 17.64 23.54M. De fee 8 47.07 8 47,08 6 35,2~
Source: Fjeld Survey, 2002
5.4.3 Distance Traveled to Special Purpost Park users
In this investigation it is evident that Shishu Park and Shishll j\,-lelacan provide their
visitors with minimum facilities. Thus visitors from different distances come 10visit
these two parks. Table 5.4.3 shows that 41.18 % visitors covel' 2-4 mile distance tovisit each ofthc two parks.
Highcst perccntage visitors of Shishu Park and Shishu Mela u,e rickshaws OT taxis
as a mode of travel. These visitors spend above ten taka fOI a "isit. Table 5.4.3
shows that about 52.94% visitors tll Shishu Park and Shishu Mda use rickshaws or
taxis as a mode of travel. Among them 70.58 % spend above 10 taka to visit each ofthe l\vo parks.
67
b
Source: FIeld Survey. 2002
1'a le5.4.3: Distance Traveled to soecia! DUTDose Dark usersTravel Name of Park
Boldha Garden Shishu Park Shishu Mda
No, % No. % No. %Less than 1 10 58.82 2 11.76 5 29.42Distance mile1-2 m,le 5 29.42 5 29.42 2 11.762-4 mile 2 11 .76 7 41.1 X 7 4Ll8More than 0 0 2 17.64 2 17,644 mile
.Mode Car 0 0 12 17.64 5 29.42805 2 11.77 5 29.42 3 17,64Foot 16 35.29 0 0 10 0Taxi 0 0 0 0 9 152.94Richhaw 9 52.94 9 52,~4 0 0Cost No cost 6 35,29 0 0 0 02 taka 0 0 0 0 0 0 ;5 taka 6 35.29 5 29.42 5 29.42Abo~e 10 5 29.42 n 7058 In 70.58,"k.
Time Le,s (han 5 29.42 0 0 0 015 minute,15-30 12 70.58 12 76.48 19 82.36minutes1 hour 0 0 9 23 52 2 17.64More than 0 0 0 0 0 01 hour..
Besides, as most of the visitors of Shishu Park and Shishu Mela cover a long
distance most of them need 15-30 minutes to reach the park. This proportion i,
76.48 % for Shishu Purk and 82.36 % for Sh,shu Mcla. Some visitors abo necd 1
hour to visit. Percentage of long distance tra\'clcr is high in Shishu Park. About
23.52% visitors nccd 1 hour to visit Shishu Park.
But in Boldha Gardcn highcr percentage of visitor COVCrless than one mile distance.
This proportion is 58.82%. About 11.76% visitors also come to ,'isit from 2-4 mile
distance. Most of Boldha Gardcn visitors use rickshaws as a rno,Ie of travel. About
52.94% visitors visit by ricbhaw but 35,29% visits on fool. Highest percentage of
this garden visitor (35.29%) spends 5 taka as travel cost and 70.5~ % needs 15-30
minutes to reach the garden.
68
5.4.4 Length of Stay by Special Purpose Park users
Though these special purpose park can provide security to its ,;sitors people ,tal' in
these parks more time thun other parks orlhe city_ lable 5.4.4 shows that most 01
the visitors to Boldha Garden and Shishu Mela stay 1-2 ho"rs, About 76.48 %
visitors ofBoldha G<lrden and 58.82% of Shishu Meta stayed 1-2 hours in these two
parks. But 52,94% stay more than two hours in Shishu Park.
Table 5.4.4: Length of Stay ofspecial p"rpose park users
Time duration Nam~ of ParkBoldha Garden Shishu Park Shishu Mcla
No. % No. % No. %Less than I hom ; 17.64 0 0 0 01-2 hour D 76.48 8 147.06 W 58.82'I,da , 5,88 9 52.94 , 41.18.All da' 0 0 0 0 0 0
Source, FIeld Survey, 2002
5.4.5 Activity Performed by Special Purpose Park users
Among the three special purpose parks thanks to comparatively good environmental
condition a large number people visit these parks to enjoy the nature. This means
that recreation activity takes priority in these parks. Tahle 5.4.5 shows that 70.60 %
visitors visit Boldha Garden and 70.60 % visit Shishu Park for re;'reation activit~"
Table 5.4 5: Activity Performed by special purpose park users
Source: FLeidSurvey, 2002
Acti,ily Name of ParkBoldha Garden Shishu Park :;h,~h" Mela
No. % No. % 1\'0. %Enjoy <eo " 70,60 " 70.60 " '00EnvironmentWalk 3 17.64 0 0 0 0Exercige 0 0 0 0 0 0Picnic 0 0 5 29.40 0 0PI, 0 10 10 0 0 05 nd leisure lime 2 11.76 0 0 0 0
69...".-..Now Shishu Park is the only park in city center where pcopk visit for a picnic
becau~e of its security. Aboul 29.40 % come to this park fOl picni,,_ But 100%
visitors to Shishu Mela come to enjoy the nature.
5.5: Characteristics of Small Size Local Park users and their usc pattern
Small Size Local Park is provided to serve the people of tho.t particular lo~ality.
Local people of different age groups use this type park for different purpose In this
investigation five local parks have been selected for the study. They are Sikkatuli
Park, Pantha Kunjoo, Nawabganj Park, Sirajuddowla Park and Bmidhara Park.
5.5.1 Demographic Characteristics
Sex, Age and Marital Status of Small Size Local Park users
_Table 5.5.1 shows that out of five r~spondcnts except Baridhan Park m each Local
Park 100% u,ers arc male. These surveyed four parks ean nol attract any female
visitors due to their very poor condition. But in BaridharJ. !'ark 60% users are
women.
Table 5.5.1: Sex, Age and Marital Status of small size local park lISe"
DemogTaphlC t-:ame afParkCh.,-ac\cr
Sikkatuli Pontho Nawabganj Sirajuddowlo H",idharaPark Kunjoo Park P.d. p.Tk
No % No. % " % 1--:0. % }.I". %
,,, Male , WO , wo , '"" , WO , '0
Female " 0 0 0 " " " " , '"A" 0.15 " " " 0 0 " 0 " , '"16_30 , 00 , eo , '" " 0 , 00
31-45 0 0 0 0 " 0 " 0 10 "46.6D , 00 , '" , '" , 00 , '"W " " 0 0 0 0 , 00 0 0
Marriod , 00 , 00 , 00 , WO , 8('MaritalStatus Unm",,;ed , 00 i' 00 , 00 " 0 , %
Source; FlCld Survey, 2002
70
In the inveMigation it is evident that Baridham Park can provide a fan environment
to its visitors, Thus people of different age groups gather both in the morning and
evening. About 40% visitors are in 16.30 and 46-60 age groups. Visitors of )-15 age
groups arc also found. Most (80%) oflhis park uscrs arc m,l[ficd
Whilst in Sirajuddowla Park almost all the uscrs are aged, the 'majority (60%) fall
under 46-60 age group and are man-ied. This park users mainly visit in the momingfor working out.
5.5.2 Socio -Economic Characteristics of Small Local Park Usns
Occupation lind Educational Status of Small Size Local Park Users
Table 5.5.2 shows that occupation and education level are slightly better in
Sirajuddowla Park and Baridhara Park. In Sirajuddowla Park majority (60 %.) aregradl.liltcs and office goers,
Table: 5.5.2 Occupation and Educational Status of small local parI: usersSQC1Q"economic Choracter Name "fPork
Sikk.tuli Pontile Nawabganj Si"Juddewla BaridhoraPark K"nJ"O M POl'k park
No. % "" % No. % Nc. % No. %Occupation Se,,';ce , '" , '0 , '" , W , '"Business , '" 0 0 0 0 , '" 0 0HQusewire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,~Student , '" , e, , " 0 0 ,~Level 0' Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Education HSC ; " , w ; " 0 0 , '0'" , ''" , '" , '" 0 0 0 0
B. Dc,,""e 0 0 0 0 0 0 , " 0 0M.De " 0 0 0 0 0 0 , '" , '0SO",ee, FIeld Survey, 2002
In Baridhara Park highest percentage have master level cdw;alion. Among them
40% arc office ,goers and 40% houscwives. But in the rcst otlwr three parks arc
predominantly used by students and most of their level of educati:.n is HSC. This is
60% of the total in e~ch Small Park.
71
5.5.3: Distance traveled to Small Size Local Parks b}' its visitr.rs
The smaller parks have a predominance of visi(ol's from the immediate vicmity of
the prn:k. T<lble 5.5.3 shows that out of five respondents in each Small Park 40%
users travel 1-2 miles to visit Pantho Kunjoo. Due to lack of enough facilities within
the locality this proportion comes to play from nearby areas and usc rickshaws as amode oflravcl.
'The location and nature of the park influence the mode of travel [0 an mban park.
Usually the smaller parks receive a high pr"portion of vi~itors Oll foot. Thh
investigation also reveals that except Pantho Kunjoo all the (iOO%) Small Parkvisitors travel on foot.
Table 5.5.3: Distance !raveled to small size local parks by its visit.)rs
Source; held SUFiey, 2002
Travel NameofPark~ikk"tuli Patltho Kawabganj S"'Juddowla R."dharaM K"nJoo '"' ParI'. park
No. % "' % No. % "D. % No. %Distance Less {han , , 100 , 00 0 " , 100 , 100mile
I.] mile 0 0 , " , " 0 0 10 02_4 mile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0More than 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0mileMode C" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Foot , 100 , 00 , 100 , 100 , 100. Ricksha,,! 0 0 , " 0 0 0 0 0 0TaxiCost No cost , 100 , 00 , 100 , 100 , 1002 {aka 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 05 (aka 0 0 , " 0 0 0 0 0 0Above 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~o(i--Time Less than l' , 100 , 100 , " , '" ,minules15.30 min"te, 0 0 10 0 , '" , 00 0 0I hour 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-More than , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0hour
72
Travel cost and travel time influence the number of visits. T"ble 5.5.] shows only
u.>ersof Pan tho Kunjoo (40%) need travel cost, And the rest of the users visit these
small parks free of cost. The study also indicates that 100% users of Sikkatuli Park,
Pantho Kunjoo and Baridha,<I Park need less than 15 minute~ to visit these parks.
And 80% users of Siraiuddowla Park need 15-30 minutes. This means both in new
,llld old Dhaka Small Size Local Parks are regularly u~ed by the local visitor~,
5.5.4 Length of Stay by Small Local Park users
In this investigation it is found that most of the Small Parks are mainly used by two
types of visitors, aged and young group. They visit the parks 61f pbying or working
out. Thanks to its overall nice environment only Baridhara P"rk 100% visitors stay
1-2 hOlm,
Table 5.5.4: Length of Stay of small local pv.rk user~Time dut1ltion Name afPark
Sikkaluli Panlho Na",bg.nJ Simjuddowla BJridhara parkPark Kunjl>O Park Park
No. % ,",0. % No. % " ~;, No. 1%Less than , ; '00 , '00 , WO ; wo " 0hour1-2 hour 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ; '00\/, day 0 0 0 0 0 0 0All da' 0 0 10 " 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 ISQurce:held Sur'ey, 2002
Whilst in the rest surveyed Small Parks highest percentage of visitors stay less than
1 hour because of thcir poor condition, ln Sikkatuli Pa,k, Pantho Kunjoo,
Nawabganj Park and Si.Jjuddowla Park 100% visitors stay mt more than 1 hour
either they are aged or young.
5.5.5 Activity Performed by Small Loeal Park users
Usually a well-maintained Smail Park provides different type fticilities to its visitors
within walking dislance. Thus both in the morning and evenin,? people of different
age groups from nearby areas come to relax, enjoy, walk and play in this typ~ park.
73
The most benefited group from this lype park is aged people and children \\.ho C()rnC
10enjoy the environment and to spend leisure time.
kIIdbp ,Thl55 A,, .5: ctlVltv er orme y smal ocal oar usersActivity I\ome of Park
Sikkmuli Pontho Nawabganj SimJ"ddowl" Barido"," parkPork Kunjo" Park Park
No. % No. % }.iG. % '"0. % 1\0, %Enjoy the P P 0 0 p p p 0 , "EnvironmentWalk 3 or , or , or 3 000 , orberei,. 0 0 p p or 10 10 p 0 0.Picnic 0 p " 0 p 0 0 , 0 0Pbv , P" 0 " 0 '0 0 0 , orSpend leisure P P 0 0 p p 0 0 , orlime
Source FIeld Sll"'Cy, 2002
Table 5.5.5 shows that out ortive Small Parks no one visits thc~'e parks to enjoy the
environment or to spend their leisure except l3aridhara Park. In Baridhara Park
different types of activities are found among the visitors. Enjoy' ng the enviWl;ment
is the most popular activity there. It is 40% of the total. Whilst in Sirajuddo\~la Park
100% users come to walk for thcir physical fitness.
In Pantho Kunjoo and in Nawabganj Park playing is the ill')3t popular activity.
About 80% users from nearby areas come to play in these two parks. \1/h'lst in
Sikkamli Park majorit} come to walk to stay in shape. It is 60% of the total. TI1US
survey result reveals that except Baridhara Park people visit ocher four parks only
for their essential activities due to thei, poor condition.
Chapter 6: Problems and Prospect of Parks in Dhaka City
6.1 Introduction
The parks are the wonderful gifts in the city. They are the source of o;::ygen. They
cool the city, shade and sooth city dwellers eyes. These places bring limitless touch
of peace and silence to tit ones body and mind from the monot')nOUS urb'lll living.
Therefore in any urban plarming space for parks and gardens has become very
important. fiut in Dhaka instead of increasing numbers of parks and gardcns the
existing parks, gardens, and playgrOWlds are seriously vitiated very fast. Duc 10 lack
of attention of the authority conccrned and policy, these pl'lccs have become'
unhealthy itself rather than providing a healthy cnvironment to its dwellers.
In this ~ection need of park in Dhaka City, harmful affects of Lot having enough
park in city like Dhaka and the problems that prcvent a visitor fl')Tll visiting a parkhave been di~cusscd.
6.2 Problem of parks suffered by users
In this investigation reason that prevent a visitor from visiting a park are c1assifj;"d''"into three groups such as
1) Physical Problem
2) Environmental Problem and
3) Organizational Problem
6.2.1 Problems that suffer City Park visitors
Physical Problem
In this investigation among the three Chy Parks survey result shov,1; that, large
numbcr respondents suffer bench and shelter problem. Degree of this physical
problcm is vCl) high in Sohrawmdy Uddayan. This park althOl.gh covers a large
area the number of benches and sheltcr is very poor.
75
Table 6.2.1.1 shows that abvuI62,5% visitors face problem v.rilh1;enchcs and 37.5%
visitors suffer ~heltcr problem in Sohr4wardy Uddayan. In Rarr.na Park degree of
shelter problem is higher than other problems.
Table 6.2.1. [: Physical problems in the City Park suffered by visitors
Problem Name ofl'ark -Ramna Park Zia Uddayan S"hrav,.arciylidd~'an
No. % No. % 1'<0, % IPhysical Small size 0 0 0 0 0 0Problem Ab';Cnc~ of 11anl 0 0 0 0 0 0Absence of bench 10 31,25 32 100 20 62.5Absence ofshcltcr 22 68,75 0 0 ! 12 no
Source: F,cld Survey, 2002
AbDul 68.75% vl,itors suITer shelter problem. But in Zia Fddayan 100% visitorsclaim for bench problem.
Environmental Problem
Most of the Ramna Park visitors treat over crowded condition as an environmental
problem. This proportion is 62.51 % of the totaL This is because most of parks in
Dhaka City being incomenient a large number visitors rush into thiS park for vOlriousactivities.
Source: FIeld Survey, 2002
Table 6,2.1 ,2' Fnv;ronment,li nmblcms in the Ci ' Park> th"t suffer visit,."Problem Name of Park
IRamna Park Zia Uddayan ~ohrawardy'Jddavan :Environmen Noisy No. % No. % ,'10, % Ital Problem 5 15.62 0 0 0 0 IOver crowded 20 62.51 0 0 0 0 •,H; level ol1ut;on 0 0 0 0 0 0I OJ 7 121.87 32 100 ::2 I 100
In Sohrawardy Uddayan dirtine~s is found as an environmental problem. Due (0
negligence of responsible authority the entire area has become "ery dirty. Table
76
•
6.2.1,2 shows about 100% visitors of Sohrawardy lJddayan and Zia Uddayan faceproblem with dirtjncs~.
Org'mizationai problems
All types of organizational problems are found very serious m the surveyed City
Parks. Table6.2.1.3 sho",s that! 00% vl~itorsof Ramna Park face maintenance andsecurity problem.
Source; FIeld Survey, 2002
Table 6.2. 1.3: Or~ani7alional nroblems in the Cil ,that suffer \'lsilor:Organizational Name or Park
Ramna Park Zia lJddayan SohmwardyUdda 'an
Yes % No % Yes % No% Yes % No%Poor maintenance 100 0 25 70 '00 0Lack of essential >0 50 50 >0 IOU 0facilitiesLack of Sourc~; 100 0 '00 0 10(, 0Seeur;\Presence of 50 50 25 70 laC' 0antisocial elements
Degree of organi<:ational problem is extremely serious in Sohrawardy Uddayan,
100% visitors of this park suffer maintenance problem, lack of (ssentia! facilities,
lack of security and presence of antisocial elemcnts likc prostitutirm, drug addiction.
While in Zia Uddayan although othcr organizational problems cxist but 100%visitors suffer lack of security.
6.2.2 Problems that suffer Medium Size Park visitors
More or less all the surveyed Medium Size Parks suffer from various problcms.
Among them degree of all types of problems are very high in Osmani Uddayan,
Anwara Uddayan, Gulistan Park and Hazaribagh Park.
Physical Problem
Out of 13 respondents in each surveycd Medium Size Park most of the visitors
except Hazaribagh Park face shelter problem as a physical problem. rable 6.2.2.1
•
j
Table 6.2.2.1 : Physical and environmental prohlem th~t ,'!ITer Mediurr. Si7e Park yi.,itors
Pwhtem Name of Park
Osmani Gulistan VictOl'ia Park Hazaribagn Dhal1lTIondi Anwam
Udd~y~n Park Park Lake _,ide Uddayan, , , ,park
No. % No_ % No % No, % No. % No, %
Phy.<,icai Small 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Problem Absence Qfplant 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 61.55 a 0 0 0
Absence of bench 3 23.08 4 30.7 4 30.76 4 30.76 3 23.08 5 R466
Absence of shelter 10 76.92 9 69.2 9 69.24 I 7,69 10 76.92 8 61.54
4
Environment ;'-Ioisy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 30.77 0 0
al Prohlem Over crowdecl 3 23.07 0 0 8 6l.55 0 0 9 69.23 0 0
High level 0 0 0 0 3 23.07 0 0 0 0 0 0polhltioll
Dirty 10 76.93 13 100 2 15.38 13 100 0 0 13 100
Source: Fidd Survey, 2002
•
~~
78
•shows thm in Osman; Uddayan and In Dhanmondi Lake sid<'-P'lrk about 76,92%
visitors in each park sun",r sheller problem. Table also ~hows <.bout 69 24% visilors
in Gulistan Park, 69.24 % in Victoria Park and 61.54 % in Anwara Uddayan suffer
this shelter problem. But 61.55 % visitors complain about absence of plant inHawribagh Park
Environmental Problem
Among different types of environmental problems most of [be users of Osman;
Uddayan, .t\nwam Uddayan, Gulistan Park and Ha7.uribagh Parl face problem "ith
dirtiness. About 76,93 % visitors of Osman; Uddayan and 100% visitors of Anwara
Uddayan, GuJistan Park, Hazaribagh Park complain aboUllhe mentioned problem.
But visitors of Victoria Park and Dhanmondi Lake side Park, uffer problem with
crowd. The reason is that these two parks comparatively conve,.,i~n( for the visitors
from old and new Dhaka. Thus people rush there, In Victoria P,'rk 61.55 % ~;oitors
and in Dhamnondi Lake side Park 69.23% visitors feel unecmloltablc for OYercrowded condition.
Organizational problems
All types of organizational problems are found in almo~t all the surveyed Medium
Size Park and their degree is also high. Out of 13 respondents in each surveyed park
100% visitors suffer problems with poor maintenance, lack of security, lack of
essential facilities and presence of unwanted peopl~ ",hen visit Osmani Uddayan,
Anwara Uddayan and Gulistan Park.
6.2.3 Problems that suffer Special purpose Park visitors
Physical Problem
Table 6.2.3,1 shows that 100% visitors [0 Shishu Park and B'lldha Garden suffer
bench and shelter problem. But 100% visitors to ShishLlMela claim for size.
,"o
ii,c
0z c 0 0 0, 00
0,
~
00 " 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 r - - - -
0 0 c0 0 0 c0 " z - 0 ~ -0 0,"
~" < "• 0" " " 0 0" ~ r c - ~ 0
0 0 00" z 0 0 0 -"0,
~ " 0 0 0~ " ~ 0 c 0- " - - - c
•~i c 00 c 00 c c - -0,
~ " 0 00 0 0r - - 0 0
~~0 0
" z c 0 0 0,~
" 0 0 0 0, " 0 0 0 c< 0 " >- - - - -00
0, 0- ~ z 0 c 0 00
1 " ", 0 - c 0 0 00 - 0 " 0 0 c 0Z 0 - >- - - - --,~0
-E0
" • 0
" -0 .~.~"00 0 00 0 0, " ~0 " ":~ 0 - " 0, " " " "~ "- 50
, 0 0"g ~ ~ ~ - 50 " " ,
" - 0
" " " 0 " "
80
Environmental Problem
Table shows as environmental problem 100% visitors to R411dha Garden face
problem of dirtiness. Whilst in Shishu Park 47.06 % visitors sutler over crowded
problem particularly at 'Weekends. A.nd 58.83 % v'sitars of Shisltll Mela complainabout dirtjnes~.
fable 6.2 3.1: Physical and envirol1metlUlI problem in the Special purpG,e Park
Problem Name of ParkBaldha I Shishu Park rShishu MelaGarden
Physical No % INo % ,\)0, 1%Problem Small size 0 0 0 0 17 100Ab;ence of 0 0 0 0 " 0lant
~Absence of 17 100 17 100 " 0benchAbsence of 17 >00 17 100 ,) 0,he Iter
Environm i\:ois 0 0 0 0 " 0ental Over crowded 0 0 8 47.06 , " 17Problem High level 0 0 0 0 0 0olllltionDirtv 17 100 9 52.94 10 58,83Source: F,eld Survey. 2002
Organizational problems
In Shishll Park and in Shishu Mela this problem is comparatively moderate bm in
Baldh.a Garden is high.. Table 6.2.3.2 shows in Baldha Garden 100'10 visltors
Source: F,eld Survey, 2002
Table 6.2.3.2, Organizational roblems in the Special purpose Park,Organizational Name ofP",k
IBuldha Garden Shishu Purk Shishu :vidaYes% No% Yes % No% Yes % INo% IPoor 100 0 58.82 " 18 0 100maintenance
Lack of essential 100 0 100 0 '00 0facilitiesLack of sec uri 29.42 70.58 0 100 0 100Pre,ence of 0 0 0 lOO 0 100antisocialclements
suffer maintenance problem and lack of cssential facililles. 58.82% visitor> to
Shishu Park complain about poor maintenance and I00% vis:tors suffer lack of
esscntial facilities. But in Shishu Mela. 100% visitors compiain only about lack ofessenti<ll facilities.
6.2.4 Problems that suffer Small Size Park visitor~
Physical Problem
In general more or less physical condition of almost all small "arks is very poor.
Table 6.2.4.1 shows that out of five small parks, physical condition of BJridhara
Park is the bes!. In Sirajuddowla Park, 100% users fa~e bench and shelter problem.
Absence of plant, bench and shelter problem are highly found in Sikkatuli Park,
Na"vabganj Park. 100% uscrs of these lwo parks suffer the abovc mentioned
problems. But 100% visitors of Pantho Kunjoo face only bench aud shelter problem.
Environmental Problem
Except Baridhara Park dininess as environmental problem state 100% respondents
of surveyed small park visitors. These parks have lost thcir usefulness due to
negligence ofrespollsibJe <lUlhority.Cleanliness is completely abt'ent there.
Organizational problem
Among three types of problem organizational problem is evidently the most serious
in surveyed ~mall local parks. Maint~nance problem, lack of e~s~ntiaJ facilities, and
presence of Ull\.vantedpeople are highly found in Sikkatuli Park, Fantho Kunjoo, and
Nawabganj Park. 100% users of these three parks face the above mentionedproblem.
Sirajuddowla Park visitors also face these problems although unwanted people can
not enter this park. \Vhilst Baridhara Park vl~itors only face essential facilities
problem like toilet and supply of drinking water. These two facilities aTecompletely
f
l3aridhara p~rk
~a 100a 100o 100o 100
No'00100oo
SirajuddowlaParkYe,oo'00100
No
'"ooo
NawahganJParkYe,o'00100100
No
'00'00'00o
Pantho Kunjoo
y"ooo'00
No
'00ooo
Ye,o'00'00'00
Smull sizeAbsence of plan IAbscnce of benchAbsence of sheller
PbysicalProblem
T~hl" ~,2.4.1: Physical cnY;"cllmeptal and org~!lizational problem th>.t""tTer "m~!! ";7~ Park visitQr;Problem ------["Name of Park
Sikkatuli Park
Poor maintenance 100
Lack of essential 100
fucilities
Lack ofsecurily a
Presence of 100100 I amota
EnvironmentalProblcm
Organil:lti()rralProblem
NoisyOver crowdedHighpollutionDiny
oo
IcvellO
'00
'00'00'00
o
oo
'00
o
ooo'00
'00100
o'00
'00
'"'"o
oo
'00o
ooo
'00
'00100
o'00
100
'00100
ooo
100
o
ooo
100
'"100
oo
100100100
ooo
10oo
o
o'00
'00100'00
100
'00o
100'00
I
amlsociul elements
Source: Field Survey, 2002
~
83
absent in Baridhara Park. As small parks arc mainly used by local people they arenot worried about security.
6.2.5 Problem that prevents nOll-users park visit
Sometimes people visit parks to relax: with nature alter whole day's hard work. Bm
almost all the p'lrks in Dhaka City at present fail to provide lhi8 opportunity to its
visitors. Thu~ many people avoid park visit.
Ph}.~ical Problem
Table 6.2.5.1 shows that 100% nOll-user respondents avoid park visit due to absence
of plant. bench and shelter in the park.
T~ble 6 2.5.1, Physical problems that prevent non-usc" vi'J! it in the park
Type l':on-uscr Res ,)nd~nty<; NoNumber % Number % ISmall size 0 0 " '00Ab'cl\ce of lam " WO 0 0
Absence of bench and shelter 50 '00 0 0
Source: Fjeld Survey, 2002
Environmental Pr<>blem
As environmental problem only dirtiness is the worst. Almost all the parks in Dhak<.
City arc e;;:tremc1y dirty. Instead of being fresh, visitors feel uncomfortable after"
vi~it. Table 6.2.5.2 shows that 100% non-user respondents ggree that diltinessprevent their park visit.
Table 6.2.5 2: Environmental problems that prevent non-u,ers visit It in the park
T",' ~on-user Res ondentYeo NoNumber % NlI.nber %No,s 0 0 50 '00Over crowded 0 0 50 '00Hi h level ollution 0 0 50 "0
iDirtv 50 "0 0 =:J 0Source; Fjeld Survey, 2002
84
Organizational problem,
Among different type,; of Qrgani7,.ationai problems ill maintcr,ancc and lack of
security prevent all the non-user respondents' park visit. In Ihis investigation 100%'
non-user respondents avoid park visit due to their very poor m"imenance. These
visitors also fccllack of security.
Table 6.2.5.3: Organizational problems that prevent non-use]'s visit it i" the park
o
~40 I
o30o20
%I 1001<0I 10060
Non-user Res andentNoNumber %
y"Number50205030
Poo' maintenanceLack of essential facilitiesI.ack of secur;Presence of antisocial clcmcmsSource: FIeld Survey, 2002
6.3 Opinion of respondents about need of more park~ in Dhaka City
In the investigation all users and non-user respondents' opinion are asked about the
need of parks in Dhaka, Out of 300 respondents smvey res"lt shows thatlOO%
respond~nt agree that th~r~ should be more parh in Dhaka for physi~al and menIal
well being. This is because parks play an important role to provlde fresh air,,
sunlight, and peaceful enjoyment. These clements are very essential for human life.
Table 6.3 shows that about 93.33% respondents \vanl there to be more parks in
Dhaka for climate amelioration.
Ro; ondcntYes No
No, % No, %
'"" 00 no '0300 100 0 0280 93.33 20 6,67150 50 150 ;0260 I 86.66 40 13.34
To increase reerealLon0 ortuniFor h sieal and mental well-bemFor climate ameliorationFor ceolonical balanceTo reduce air and nois~ ollution
Source; Field Survey, 2002
Table 6.3: Dlstribution of Respondents opinion about need of more parks in Dhaka City
Reason
Dhaka Cil) at present is losing ils greenery for various reason" which aff~et city
temperature, quietness and beauty. Be~ause urban greenery J-:hSpractical uses as
being breathing space it acts as a filter for noise, heats, fumes and smells, Thus [here
should be more parks in Dbaka.
Now the air over Dhaka City gets thicker with emission of gaseclls mixture, smoke
from various sources. Jt is well knoVvllthat, greene!) acts as a sink for absorption of
carbon dioxide (C02) from thc atmosphere. It also contributes t(, the augment.ltion
of oxygen in the atmosphere. About 86,66% re,pondcn15 think more parks would
help Dhaka to reduce air and noi~e pollution.
Respondents also think that there should be morc parks in Dbaka City lor reercallon,
It is because parks provide a nice opportunity for recreation te, spend time with
nature and to get pleasure. This proportion is 60% of the totaL
6.4 Suggestion for the improvement and better use of park
In this investigation Tesponden15 wcrc asked to conuncnt on park facilities which
would inflnenee park vhit. Thc factors in almost all parks in the city receiving the
greatest number of mentions are sound security, essential facilities like toilet,
refreshment facility, gardening, cleanliness, attractive playing equipment, playing
space for children, routine check and so on,
Tabte 6.4: SuggeMionfor tbe improvement and better use of p~rk:
Type of improvement Res ondenlYo> '0
No. % No. %To maintain cleanliness ISO 50 [50 50B rdenin [oo 40 [80 60To ensure secmi 300 '00 " 0To rovide essential faciljues 240 80 ;0 20To, oint sincere "d " 32.66 202 67.3410 rovide se arale s ace for Se arat. aClivi 10 '3, no 96,66To rovide new and attractive rides [" 55,66 m 44,34Reeonotruction and renovation 220 73 33 80 26,67Fine " 20 2U 7[Routine check 160 53,33 t40 4667 ___.'Sour~e: held Survey, 2002
. , •Considerable concern was expressed at the lack of secllrity, iludequacy of different
facilities ~nd I.lllplcasant environment. Table 6.4 show~ that all responder,ls
emphasized the need for sound security.
Most of the parks do not have any gate and gme keepeT or gllard, so anyone can
enler the park. Muggers, hijackers, criminals take shelter in these parks at night.
These people also sluy at daylight and continue their activity. If parks become safeusers would like to visit more,
Large number respondents (80%) suggest essential and impn'ved facilities in the
park for better use. These facilities are sufficient light, supply of pure drinking
water, cnOllgh, hygienic and clean toilet, clean comfortable and enough seating
arrangement, enough shed and shelter; other attractive items such as wall painting,
open air theater etc, In our country people rollinly visit park for physical exercise,
taking rest and recreation. If they can relax in thc park, feel comfort there ane' enjoy
the visit (hen they would usc parks frequently.
Conditions of almost all the parks in Dhaka are very pl'or, About 73.33%
respondents suggest if these parks were renovated with different type facilitiesvisitor:; would visit more of there.
In the investigation i( is evident that only Shahbagh Shishu Park is reasonable for all
class people. So a large number parents rush into this park for their children. But all
the rides installed at the time of its establislunent exist still now. No new rides are
added during this period of time. Thus the rides have become ri~ky and monotonousfor children.
Por better use of park' 55.66% respondents demand to add attractive, modem and
risk free rides for children which would enhance their knowledge.
87
Be~ide these, in large as well as in sm"ll parks provlding garden" in attractive design
by regular care could increase visitors' interest. Almost all parb in Dhaka are not
clean. Authority should take proper steps to maintain cJeJnliness (0 attract, isitors.
6.5; Type of affect due to lack of required park and green space in the city
In this investigation respondent's opinion were asked about pr.Jblems that happen,
for not having required amount of green area in the city. Tatle 6.5 shows 100%
respondents thought the youth are deprived of spending their leisure time in " free
and open environment Therefore they become abandoned and crime would increase.
Source: held Survey, 2002
Type of affect R" ondCllly" No
No. % No. %Increase of juven i Ie delinquency and crime 300 100 0 0Increase of physiological endangerment 108 36 In "IncrCale of dependency on indoor recreation '00 66.66 100 33.34(TV, computer)
Increase of disease and death 177 59 123 <I
People suffer from monotony 220 73.34 '0 26,66.
Table 6.5: Type of affect due to lack of required green space in lhe city,
In checking delinquency of young and adult crime, there is consi<:lerable evidence in
favor of recreation. Studies, research and clinical investigalion ;upport the
connection that where juvenile delinquency exists and organized recreation isinStalled, delinquency rates often drop.
Large number of re~pondellts (73.33%) think that due to scarcity of enough park in
the city people become bored and life becomes monotonous, This is because natural
areas promote livability and vitality of communities, recreational opportunities. good
air and water quality and scenie beauty.
About 66,66% responden.ts support scarcity of convenient park in the city would
incre~se dependency on indoor recreation like TV, computer etc. Encroachment and
lack of proper atlention lorce to diminish eXIsting green and open lands in and
around the city. So people have very little to do after retuming ho:ue.
T~blc also shows that significant rcspondcnts support the fast thai absence of enough
green parks in the city would result in diseases, death dnd psychological
endangermcnt. This is because at prescnt people in Dhaka liv~ within harsh and
rough texture of buildings where thcy do not have enough facilities for rclaxation,
89
Chapter 7: Conclusion
7.1 Conclusion
The main purpose of this research has been to draw up the n,)ce~s;ty of pal':"s in
urban areas particularly in a densely developed city like Dhaka and how they
contribute to heallhy and safe living. Beside this from the perspective of users and
nonusers the existing problems in the parks that prevent visitors visit has been also
examined.
The ~ludy provides useful in[ormaticm about demaod of parks in the city and their
needs in urban living. It also provides infonnation about needs of park visitors; this
can be used by planners for further development and in designing a hetter city.
In urban areas parks are very essential for urban dwelle~_ Pa,.ks serves basically
three functions. They
• Meet positive human needs both physic'llly and psychQlogically in
recreation, amenities
• Enhance and protect [he resource base air, water, soil plants. and in tum
animals.
• Effect economic development deciSlOlJ like tourism, devdopment, pol!ution,
real estate values etc.
Due to rapid urbanization in cities like Dhaka urban areas experience increasing sign
of environmental stress. "Inererore the presence of parks and green spaces has the
potentia! to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization in a sustainable way. Every
one \vho lives in a city is affected, even indirectly by the presence of parks.
About 291 acres open space for park and play ground was pro)Josed in the Master
Plan of 1959, but 10 % of this proposed park and playground w<)u!dnot be possibk
to implemented. Moreover with the expansion of city many existing parks and
90
playgrounds haw already disappeared by encroachment of public and prj....lItebodies.
Though many of the parks within the cily have gone out of (lC citizenry there arc
still some green spaces that provide the people with some much needed rehef from a
monotonous life and barrier outlook At present responsibility cf all open and green
space goes to PWD, Dec, and Forestry Department, but due to lack of proper
attention of the responsible authority physical condition of these few parks andgardens is very poor.
In most of the cases essential facilities like toilets, light, bench, walkways are rarely
designed in these parks. Most of the parks particularly under DeC the plantation i~
not organized and are less maintained. Pollution problems Jik~ noise and bus gase,.
arc found at almost all parks for their location. Besides, presence of hijaeker~"
muggers and sex workers is also a big problem there. Lack of mordinalion between
different agencies is also found a> a major problem.
Exact statistics appear to be lucking but it is clear that a suhtantial depletion .}f
greenery in thc city has taken place. Furthermore, lack of ilroper maintenance
enforce the purks appear to be unutilized or under utililed,
Therefore people of this mega city are deprived of their civic facilities_ People in
past were confused about the need of a park and ill afford to pay for such luxuries,
Btl! today they arc more a"are that parks, open space lakes, garden~, arc the
breathing space of the city, Thesc places provide city dwellero with resort duringtheir leisure hours.
Thus planning for open spaces (lake, park, garden playground etc.) expresses the
standard of progress and attitude to living and enhance physical a~ well as human
environment. In our country it is found that once and for all time a plan which is
static in nature is prepared. Although 5 yearly reVIews arc lllowed for, rathc]
91
optimistically as it happened, it is a process incapahle of adjustment to changing
events. It could only be amended in fits and starts. But ;lIaoning should becontinuative.
It should not be presented as a final definite treatment; it should be abk to fore~ee
and to guide. It should be adaptable 10 permit review, modifkallOn and revision,
Though it is difficult but as planning concerned aboutlhe future it should be always
wise to look ahead.
7.2 Summary of the findings
(I) Most of the city park visitors are men. They arc 16-30 and 31-45 age groups.
Students and office goers are largely found in Clly parb and most of them havemasters.
(2) Among the city parks, visitors from different distances come 10visit Ramna Park
and Zia Uddayan. Most of the visitors cover 1-2 mile distance Dld use rickshaws as
a mode of travel. Significant number visits on foot. Significant number of visitors
also covers 2-4 mile distance and use taxi as a mode of traveL
(3) Most of the city park vi~itors to Ramna, and Zia Uddayan stay 1-2 hours. They
come for recreation and ecercisc. But most of thc visitors in Sohrawardy Uddayan
stay less than I hour in the park and come to spend leisure time.
(4) Most of the medium size park visitors are men and 31-45 age gmup~. Large
number of businessmen (Gulislan Park, Hazaribagh Park) and students (Anwara
Uddayan) visitors are found in this type park. Visitors of Victoria Park and
Dhanmondi Lake side Park are different in terms of occupation and level ofeducation.
92
(5) Majority of medium size park visItors covers less thaI' 1 mile distance and
travel on foot. Recreation gets less importance in this type park because of their poor
condition. Most of these type park visitors come to play and spend their lcisur~ time.
(6) Women visitors largely use special purpose parks. Majority of special purpose
park visitors are housewives and students. And most of them j;ave masters. Most of
the special purpose park visitors visit for recreation.
(7) Most of the visitors to small local park are men, They are under 16-30and 46-60-
age groups. Almost all the local park visitors travel less than I mile distance and
travel on fool. They stay Jess than 1 hour in the park and come I,) play Of walk.
(R) General public arc too much aware of thei, living environment. Because Dhaka
is now the fast urbanized, polluted and densdy populat('d city. Most of the
respondents agree to the fact that Dhaka city needs more parks for the followingreason
• To increase recreational opportunities,
• For physical and mental well being.
• To reduce air and noise polllItion.
(9) Three t)'Jles of problem are found in almost all parks. Among them
organizational problem is the worst. Considerable concern is expressed at lack of
security, lack of maintenance and presence of anti-social elements. Among physical
problem absence of bench, shelter, plam evident.
(10) For better use of parks most of the respondents suggest the following steps
• To ensure secUl.ity.
• To provide essential and improved facilities like sufficicnllight, supply of
pure drinking water, enough and dean toilets, enough seating arrangement
and shelter, other attractive items such as new rides, wall paiming etc.
• Appointment of sincere guard and routine check abo can improve the
condition and can increase use.
93
(11) Due (0 absence of required amount of green space in the city majority of the
respondents think that city dwellers would face the following prohlems
• Youth would become abandoned and crime would incrca;c.
• Number of diseases and death would increase.
• Lives would become boring and monotonous.
• Finally p~ychological endangerment obviously would increa.>e.
7.3 Some Proposals for Future
1) To ensure park planning as 3 system positively related to other planning
City planning is concerned with many separate btl! related elements such as
transportation, housing, recreation, etc. TIle purpose of a city planning should be the
attainment of well-being of the community. Therefore considering Dhaka's present
environmental quality and growing awareness of general public preservation and
planning for parks should be accepted as a major part 0[' the total urban development
and planning process. For this purpose useful data should bc gaiJlercd on population
characteristics, economic activitics, and regource capabihties as giving importan~e in
the planning of transportation or industrial location as for open space ill thc form ofparks.
2) To ensure renovation of the existing parks
According to DMDP Dhaka has a fair representation of parks ar,d gal'dcn~ ttough
urguably not enough. 111\1sdifferent sizcs of parks in the city that still exist nced tobc renovated.
During the last few years SOhrawardy Uddayan which is also considcred as "lungs"
of the city has become complete useless. Bm one can compare this city park with
many other famous parks of the world. Therefore, this Uddayan could be renovated.
Contiguously by appointing adviger different large and medium size parks should be
decorated as attractive as "Santosha" in Singapore or as "Mini incionesia" in Jakarta.
By tllis way urban environmental quality could be improved, recreational facilities
94
could be increased and opportunity for general public to spend t~,eir leisure would begenerated.
3) To ensure multi use
Localities which have no park need to be allowed for multi-use, for example, field~
and open spaces of different institution, government quartelS and governmcm
organizations like police; BDR, amly etc. need to have accessibility to the general
public. These spaces should be particularly ,lCceSSlble to the children and youth of
the community at least for particular time of the day and weekends on the basis ofsome sharing.
4) To stop encroachment by government control
To keep unoccupied und well maintained existing parks government control is
necessary. To stop encroachment, punishment and fine could be a good process,
From the investigation it is clear that more or less most of t~e existing parks in
Dhaka city have become the target of encroachers.
Therefore demolition of all illegal structures in the park (commissioner bh".ban,
garage(Sikkatu]i park) , Vvlltcrpump(Kolabagan children park), commllnity center
(Hazarihagh park), wholesale vegetahle market(Azimpur park) cte. immediately
necd 10 return these parh usefulness. Besides, proper maint~nance of eX;,ling
facilities are also essential to put them in usc.
5) To encourage public participation
To improve the quality of urban environment, public and the government should act
equally. Public are more aware today for their living environment. Thus with
awareness their panicipation is also needed to preserve and to maintain physical
resources in their OVvTIlocality. For example in 200] large numher people who use
Osmani Uddayan and re,ide near the Uddayan strongly protest and stop its
encroachment.
95
6) To enSUre trllllsparclIC) and accouotability
Every year DeC allocate a budget for vanous development activities (see to
Appendix), for park development a good amount is al~o found. Thus expenditure of
this budget about park development must be transparent and accountable,
7) To encourage private sector:
Private sector needs to encourage and invest their fund to establish new park>, own
and develop some of those existing old parb that government fail to rUII, such as
Wonderland ,Shishu Meta, For this purpose, govenuncnl bodies need to facilitate
them easy loun, limiled tax, other facilities under SOme condition that "Quid mah
this opportunity available and accessible for middle and lower ellss.
Entrance fee should be fixed at the entrance of maximum parks, and thus in one side
fund eould be raised and other side entrance of beggar, prOSlitu',~scould be checked.
For ele<mliness and protection of parks fine should be fixed, and thus fund could be
raised and public would use park properly without doing any unrleasanl activities.
8) To implement various proposed propo~al
DMDP has many/proposals to preserve and (0 proteet existing apen spaces of the
city, this thesis also restales the same propo~als in order to increase the eurrent
slock of open spaces in Dhaka City[Dhaka Struetur~ Plan, Vol.], 84-86 Vol-2,1995:46,49,50,53,55]
• Relocation of Hazaribagh tannery area would pro,-ide a substanlJal area for
urban development and help to improve the environment.
• To provide land which is needed for open space and parks III VCf) high
density old Dhaka Central Jail should be relocated.
• Thc BDR HQ restricted area ean potentially provide a substantial area of,centrally located urban land that could site [or a variety uf more intense und
productive urban uses.
96
• Development of Dhanmondi Lake is a master piece, Begunbari Khal should
be developed in a sirnilur way to prevent development encroachment and
increase the limited open and green space and recreation in the city.
• The Graveyard for Martyred Intellectuals and Sahid Minar provides scope
for development as a site of national impOltance and to preserve greenery,
9) To ensure clear agency responsibility
The mo~t serious problem with the management of parks i~lack of clear agency
responsibility for the maintenance and development of these S!!iICCS. There is no co-
ordination among the activities of responsible organizations, nor is there any
concrete policy in any of development and maintenance, It was noticed in the pust
tlJat trees were planted by one agency, on the other hand, were cut dovm hy another
agency, for development work.
,It is suggested that the Dhaka Municipality should have a separate departmc."t for
the maintenance and development of open spaces and parb in the city. This
department should coordinate agencies rcsponsibJlity for different type<; of open
spaces in the city. If possible all the parks in the city should j'e brought under the
supervision and control of this department. For example in United States there are
different park boards, park department. Where ever possible, this depanmenl should
work through cooperative organizations with private orgaaizations, clubs and
societies to operate existing and new recreational spaces.
Therefore planning for parks must be integrated with <Illother land u~e, economic,
and transportation planning rather taken as a single function. Park planning has been
limited in its focus and its functions have rested at the bottom of the list of land usc
elements, with the funds and the lands relegated from the remainders of other
aeti\'ilies. Open space and parks should not neeessari Iy receive CIle son of pliodty or
another, hut rather should be planned and programmed in conjunction with other
functions and purpose. Thus tllls will greatly help to give reCreation facilities and
also help to improve over all environmental quality of Dhaka cit).
97
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APPENDIX A: Questionnaire Survey
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYDlL\KA
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Parkl; in the urban environment an analytical study with reference to urban parksof Dhaka
(User and Nonuser)
NAme oflhe spot: Date: Sample no:
A. Personal/Demographic information:
I. Sex (a) Male (Il) Female
2, A ge-- " • • _
3. Marital status
4 Occupation
(a) Married
(a) Service
(b) Unmarried
(b) Business (c) Hou"e wife
(d)Studenl (f) Other (retired unemployt<l elc,)
5. I."vel of education (a) Primary (Il) sse (e) HSe (d) B, degree
(c) M. degree (f) other
fl. Geographic infonnation
I, Where are you coming from? (a) Wilhi" Dhaka (Il) Out of Dhaka
2. Is there any open space in the form of parks or play grounds in your locality or
community within Y,milc?
3, [ryes what type
(a) Yes
(a) Park
(b) No
(b) Play ground (e) Both
4. Do you use your local park
5. jfycs how freqUCnlly (a) Daily
(a) Yes
(b) Weekly
(b) No
(clOccasionally
6, Ifno, why? (a) Lack of lime(c) Lack of security(e) Othe,
(b) POQrmainlenJ.lce(d) Distantly local~d
7, Do your family members spend their leisurc time in the park?
(a) Yes
8. If yes is it daily? (a) Yes
9. How long? (a) i/2 an hour
C. Purpose of use:
(b) No
(b) No
(b) 1 hour (cl More than I hour
I, Do you live in a (al House (b) Flat (e) Other
2. Do you have a garden in your house
3. Why do }OU comc to this particular park?
(a) Yes (b) No
(a) Big park (b) Closer to my house (c) Weli IT.aintained
(d) No other parks near my house (e) EnjQying naturai beauty
(I)Planned park
(i) Other
(g) Good transport facility (h) I3rcathing fresh air
4, The activities for which you visit parks
{a)Enjoy the cnvironment(b)To walk(e) To exercise(d) For picnic(e) To play games(I) To spend leisure lime
(g)To escape from drudgery of every day life
D. Time duration and fre<juencyof use:
I. Give approximate number ofvisi(s to this park per month
(a) 0-1 (b) 2-5 (c) 6-10 (d) Morelhan ][)
2, Give approximate number of visits to all parks in Dhaka per month(a)[)-l (b) 2-5 (c)6-l0 (d) More than 10
3. Give prohable length of stay.
(a)Lessthanlhour (b)I-2hour {e)V,day
E. Cost:
I. Give approximate distances covered from home to park.
(d) All day
(a) Less than I mile (b) 1-2 mile (e) 2-4 mile (d) More than 4 mile
2. How much time do you need to eome 10this park?
(a) Less than 15 minutes
3. What is your travel eost?
(b) 15-30 min, (e) 1 Hour (d) More than 1 hour
(al No cost (b) 2 laka (e)Staka (d)Abovel0tah.
4. How did you travel to lhe park?
(a) Car
F. Problems:
(b) Bus (cl Foot (d) Other
1. State reasons that prevents you from visiting thc park.
Physieal Problems:
a) Small size
(d) Other
(b) Absence of plant (c) Abscnce ofbeneh and shelter
Environmental Problems:
••
(a) Noisy (b) Over crowded
'"
(c) High level pollution
(d) Other
Problems of Organization:
(a) Lack of proper maintenance(b) Lack of essential facilities [drinking water, toilet, etc.](c) No sccurity(d) Presence of unwanted people / anti- social clements.
G. Opinion:
1. Do you think the prcsent provision of parks is enough?
(a) Yes (b) No
2. Do you think there should be more parks in a city like Dhaka?
\\ihy------"----- _
Where----------- " _
3. Do you support to visit to park?
(a) Yes
4. If yes than why?
(a) For recreation
(d) Other
5, How frequently~
(b) No
(b) For time pass (c) For openness and fre,h breathing
(a) Everyday (b)Afteroneweek (c) After one month (d) Other
6. What do you suggest for the improvement and better use f parks?
--------------------------------------------.----------"------------------------------------------------------._----------------------------._--------"-----------------------------------------------------------------------._-------"--------------------------------------------------------------"----------------------._----
7. Do you think absent of enough parks Canaffect cily dwellers?
(a) Yes
8. If yes, what type Slale
(b) No
,-------------_ .._----------_.- .._---------------------------._._----------------- ------------._----------------------._----------------------------._------------------------------._------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------._-------------------
APPENDIX B: TABLES
Accepted noise limits (in decibels) and current noise situation in Dhaka
Table 1: NOise Quality Standards, by Zone and Time of Day
Limit, in dBaZone Clas, Da)1imo Nighltlme
(6 a.m. 9 ,m.) (9 ,m,-6 a.~-,Sllcnt zone " ;;Residential zone '" "Mixed (residealiall '" '"commorciollindu,l~al) '.(laoCommercial zone '" ,"Indu'lrial zone " '".\"o"":e, Unnay"n ShamanMy. People's Hepar! 0" B~"gl~desh t",'i,O"m,,,, 200!,
Volum, II, IJala/:=" (Tho University Pre" Llm;tcd, Dhaka, 21101).
Table 2: Measured Noise Levels In Some Sensilwe Areas of Dhaka
Location (outside the facility)
Shaheen ,choolMotljheel Govl, high schoolDhanmondi GoV!, boys high ,choolAzimpuf girl, collegeTejg:lon Women.s collegeP.G. ho,pit.1Dhaka medical C<Jllegeho'p;lalMilford hQ'pitalChildren hQspilal
Sou,ce: GOll 1999, GOB 1997 Rangladesh Camp"nul"m of EJ1Vlr(mm"r.!.\"ladSl!CS,Bangladesll ll"","u of S[atistie.,.Dhaka, :I' oil<d in unnayan ~h:lm"nnay, Peop!e'" Repo'[ on fJa"g!ad,,,h I';nvi'onm,'" ]001, VO!um, I!. Dal~base (Th,lJnlve"ily Pres, Limited. lJhak,,, 200 I),
Table 3' DCC, budget at a glnee lor park, Year 2002-2003Figure, are in COOTe Taka (I Coore~ 10 million)Source: DCC
Descriplion Orgmal Budget Revised Budget Budget Allocation2001.2002 2001.2007 2001_2002
Park Devlopment 0.90 0.25 0,50
Cenlral Children 0.40 0.15 0,30Park Devlopmenl
Olncr Park 0.50 0.10De\'lopment 0,20
APPENDIX C: PHOTOGRAPHS
Osmani Uddayan has already turned into encroacher's haven,
Pond inside Osmani Uddayan is never cleaned or weUmaintained,
Osmani Uddayan has already mmed into encroacher's haven.
The entire place inside OSllllUliUddayan is very diry
Sohrawardy Uddayan is a fantastic place for sex workers
Hazaribagh Park exist lISa vaclllrt land