Each civilization that you will study in this unit madeimportant contributions to history
bull The Romans invented concrete and used the arch in buildingbull The Christians helped shape the Westrsquos religious beliefsbull The Muslims spread the religion of Islam and invented algebra
AncientRome
AncientRome
Chapte rs 8 amp 9
500 BC 100 BC500 BC 100 BC
Chapt er 10
Islamic Civilization
Islamic Civilization
Chap te r 11
254
St Matthew
509 BC Romebecomes arepublic
Islamicprayer rug
Wall painting of ayoung couple of
ancient Rome
NNew Empiresew EmpiresNew FaithsNew Faithsandand
c AD 100Churches foundedthroughout Romanworld
312 BCRomansbuildtheAppianWay
146 BC Rome destroysCarthage
44 BC Julius Caesaris killed
c AD 30Jesus preachesin Galilee andJudaea
Rise ofChristianity
Rise ofChristianity
(l)Cott Nero DIV f25v Portrait of St MatthewBritish Library LondonBridgeman Art Library (tr)ScalaArt Resource NY (br)Ancient Art amp Architecture Collection
254-257 UO3-824133 4304 407 PM Page 254
null
29779448
30degN
0degN
60degN
0deg 30degE
RedSea
PersianGulf
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Nile
R
Euph
rates
R
Tigr
is
R
AFRICA
EUROPE
N
S
W E
1000 km0Mercator projection
1000 mi0
30degE
60degE
0deg
30degN
0degN
60degN
RedSea
PersianGulf
Black Sea
CaspianSea
Nile
R
Euph
rates
R
Tigr
is
R
Indu
sR
AFRICA
EUROPE
AD 300 AD 700 AD 1100AD 300 AD 700 AD 1100
N
S
W E
30degE0deg
30degN
0deg
60degN
RedSea
PersianGulf
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Nile
R
EuphratesR
T
igris
R
AFRICA
EUROPE
Mosque inBaghdad
Gladiatorsin battle
AD 476WesternRoman Empireends
Church of Hagia Sophia(ldquoHoly Wisdomrdquo)
AD 392Christianitybecomes Romersquosofficial religion
AD 1054Eastern Orthodoxand RomanCatholic Churchesseparate
AD 534JustinianreformsRoman law
Chapter10
Chapter10
Chapter11
Chapter11
Chapters 8 amp 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
c AD 1200Muslim rulereaches to northern India
c AD 830Baghdad reaches itsheight as center ofIslamic learning
AD 624Muhammadfounds Islamicstate in Arabia
Chapters8 amp 9
Chapters8 amp 9
(t)Pierre BelzeauxPhoto Researchers (c)Brian LawrenceSuperStock (l)Nik Wheeler
254-257 UO3-824133 8304 529 PM Page 255
256
1 Roman aqueduct
See Ancient RomeChapters 8 amp 9
See Ancient RomeChapters 8 amp 9
2 Roman Pantheon
AFRICAAFRICA
EUROPEEUROPE
Mediterranean Sea
1
23
4
63 BCndashAD 14Roman emperorChapter 8 page 289
c 6 BC ndashAD 30Crucifixion led to rise of
ChristianityChapter 10 page 346
c AD 10ndash65Christian thinkerChapter 10 page 349
c AD 280ndash337Roman emperorChapter 9 page 321
256ndash257 copyWorldsat International Inc 2004 All Rights Reserved (t)Ric Ergenbright (c)Sean Sexton CollectionCORBIS (bl)Robert Emmett BrightPhoto Researchers (bcl)ScalaArt Resource NY (bcr)DanitaDelimontAncient Art amp Architecture Collection (br)Werner FormanArt Resource NY
254-257 UO3-824133 32904 639 PM Page 256
AD 354ndash430Christian
philosopherChapter 10 page 357
C AD 500ndash548Byzantine empress
Chapter 9 page 331
c AD 570ndash632Muslims believe Allahdictated the Quran to
MuhammadChapter 11 page 376
AD 1048ndash1131Islamic poet
and philosopherChapter 11 page 392
ASIAASIA
3 Hagia Sophia
See Ancient RomeChapters 8 amp 9
4 Mount of the Beatitudes
See Rise of ChristianityChapter 10
5 Kaaba
See Islamic CivilizationChapter 11
ArabianSea
257
5
(t to b)Brian LawrenceSuperStock Richard T NowitzCORBIS Nabeel TurnerGetty Images (l to r)ScalaArt Resource NY ScalaArt Resource NY Earl amp Nazima KowallCORBIS BettmannCORBIS
254-257 UO3-824133 32904 659 PM Page 257
Ruins of the Forum in Rome Italy
RRise ise RRomeomeTheThe
ofof
451 BCRomans adopt theTwelve Tables
267 BC Rome controlsmost of Italy
27 BCOctavian
becomes Romersquosfirst emperor
AD 96Rule of theGood Emperorsbegins
500 BC 300 BC 100 BC AD 100 500 BC 300 BC 100 BC AD 100
258ndash
259
Roy
Rai
nfor
dR
ober
t H
ardi
ngG
etty
Im
ages
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 32204 158 PM Page 258
null
31869376
Chapter PreviewWhile the Chinese civilization arose in East Asia the
Romans created an empire that covered much of theMediterranean world Read this chapter to discover how the Romans were able to win control of such a large area
View the Chapter 8 video in the World HistoryJourney Across Time Video Program
Romersquos BeginningsThe civilization of Rome began in Italy Rome grew from a small cityinto an economic and military power
The Roman RepublicRome was a republic for almost 500 years During this time itgradually expanded the right to vote After many years of war andfollowing the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire Rome tookcontrol of the Mediterranean region
The Fall of the Republic As Romersquos territory grew the army gained political power The RomanRepublic weakened by civil wars gave way to the Roman Empire
The Early EmpireAugustus and many of his successors governed well Romersquos empiregrew larger and wealthier
Chapter Overview Visitjatglencoecom for a previewof Chapter 8
Know-Want-Learn Make this foldable to help you organize what you know whatyou want to know and what you learn about the rise of Rome
Reading and WritingBefore reading thechapter write what youalready know about thebeginning of Rome therise and fall of itsrepublic and the earlyRoman Empire under thetabs of your foldableAlso write one questionyou have on each tab Asyou read summarizewhat you learn undereach tab
Step 1 Fold four sheets of paperin half from top to bottom
Step 2 On each folded paper make acut 1 inch from the side on the top flap
Step 3 Place the folded papers oneon top of the other Staple the foursections together and label the topfour tabs Romersquos Beginnings TheRoman Republic The Fall of theRepublic and The Early Empire
259
Cut 1 inch fromthe edge through the
top flap only
Romersquos Beginnings
Staple here
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 32204 201 PM Page 259
null
6708293
260
Taking NotesTaking Notes
Note TakingDid you know that when you take notes you remember more
than three-fourths of the information you recorded That is why itis important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading
Read this paragraph from Section 3
Here is one method of note taking for theabove paragraph
Main Topic
Republicrsquos Problems
Important Details
1 dishonest officials2 gap between rich
and poor3 farmers faced ruin4 cities overcrowded
Trouble in the Republic
Romersquos armies were victorious wher-ever they went Yet problems were build-ing at home Dishonest officials stolemoney and the gap between rich and poorwas growing Thousands of farmers facedruin and the cities were becoming over-crowded and dangerous
mdashfrom page 278
Authors of textbooks
help with note taking
by giving you headings
and subheadings If you
are not sure of the main
topic it is a safe bet
that headings in bold
are important
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 32204 203 PM Page 260
null
1896491
Make a T-ChartRead the first few pages of Section 2 and
use this T-chart as a guide to help you practicetaking notes
On page 273 read aboutRomersquos first code oflaws the Twelve TablesCome up with yourown 12 Tables of SchoolLaw and explain whyeach one should beused to govern thestudents in your school
Read to Write
Main Topic
Romersquos government
Social groups in Rome
Roman law
Important Details
1
2
1
2
1
2
261
As you read Section 1 write thenames of important people or placeson the left column of your note-takingpaper On the right side list detailsfrom your reading
Ronald SheridanAncient Art amp Architecture Collection
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 32404 147 AM Page 261
null
74710326
RRomersquos omersquos
c 650 BCEtruscans ruleRome
509 BCRome becomesa republic
267 BCRome controlsmost of Italy
ITALY
AFRICASicily
Rome
650 BC 450 BC 250 BC650 BC 450 BC 250 BC
262 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
BBeginningseginnings
Whatrsquos the ConnectionIn previous chapters you learned
about the civilization of ancientGreece Greek ways did not die withthe end of Greecersquos freedom Theywere adopted and spread widely byanother civilization Rome
Focusing on the bull Geography played an important role
in the rise of Roman civilization(page 263)
bull The Romans created a republic andconquered Italy By treating peoplefairly they built Rome from a smallcity into a great power (page 265)
Locating PlacesSicily (SIHbullsuhbull lee)Apennines (AbullpuhbullNYNZ)Latium (LAYbullsheebulluhm)Tiber River (TYbullbuhr)Etruria (ihbullTRURbulleebulluh)
Meeting PeopleRomulus (RAHMbullyuhbull luhs)
and Remus (REEbullmuhs)Aeneas (ihbullNEEbulluhs)Latins (LAbulltuhnz)Etruscans (ihbullTRUHSbullkuhnz)Tarquins (TAHRbullkwihnz)
Building Your Vocabularyrepublic (rihbullPUHbullblihk) legion (LEEbull juhn)
Reading StrategySummarizing Information Use adiagram like the one below to showhow the Etruscans affected thedevelopment of Rome
Etruscans
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 32204 214 PM Page 262
null
27689786
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 263
The Origins of RomeGeography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization
Reading Focus If you were founding a new city what
natural features would influence your choice of a build-
ing site As you read this section think about the
choices that the early Romans made
Italy is in an important location in themiddle of the Mediterranean region It is along narrow peninsula with a distinctiveshape it looks like a high-heeled boot jut-ting into the sea The heel points towardGreece and the toe toward the island ofSicily (SIH bull suh bull lee) Across the top of theboot are the Alps craggy mountains thatseparate Italy from European lands to thenorth Another mountain range theApennines (A bullpuh bull NYNZ) runs all the waydown the boot from north to south
The landscape of Italy is similar to thatof Greece but the Apennines are not asrugged as Greecersquos mountains They can becrossed much more easily As a result thepeople who settled in Italy were not split upinto small isolated communities as theGreeks were In addition Italy had betterfarmland than Greece Its mountain slopeslevel off to large flat plains that are ideal forgrowing crops With more capacity to pro-duce food Italy could support more peoplethan Greece could
Historians know little about the firstpeople to live in Italy There is evidencehowever that groups from the northslipped through Italyrsquos mountain passesbetween about 1500 BC and 1000 BCAttracted by the mild climate and rich soila small but steady stream of newcomers set-tled in the hills and on the plains Amongthese peoples were a Latin-speaking peoplewho built the city of Rome on the plain ofLatium (LAY bull shee bulluhm) in central Italy
Where Was Rome Located Geographyplayed a major part in the location ofRome The site chosen for Rome wasabout 15 miles (24 km) up the Tiber River(TY bullbuhr) from the Mediterranean Sea TheTiber River gave the Romans a source ofwater and a way to the rest of theMediterranean world At the same timeRome was far enough from the sea toescape raids by pirates
N
S
W E
100 km0
100 mi0
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
10degE 15degE
40degN
45degN
A L P S
APENNIN
ES
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
CAM
PANIA
TyrrhenianSea
Strait ofMessina
Mediterranean
Sea
IonianSea
Adriatic
Sea
Tib
erR
Po R
ETRURIA
LATIUM
AFRICA
Rome
Carthage
Italy 500 BC
In 500 BC the Etruscans and the Greeksoccupied much of Italy1 Which civilization do you think most
influenced the Latins who settled RomeExplain your answer
2 How was Romersquos location advantageousfor the Latinsrsquo conquest of Italy
Find NGS online map resources wwwnationalgeographiccommaps
CarthaginiansKEY
EtruscansGreeksLatins
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 31705 1214 PM Page 263
null
13374435
In addition Rome was built on sevenhills The Romans did this on purpose Thehills were very steep making it easy todefend the city against enemy attack Romewas also located at a place where peoplecould easily cross the Tiber River As aresult Rome became a stopping place forpeople traveling north and south in westernItaly and for merchant ships sailing in thewestern Mediterranean
How Did Rome Begin Two different leg-ends describe how Rome began The tradi-tional story is that twin brothers namedRomulus (RAHM bull yuh bull luhs) and Remus(REE bullmuhs) founded the city As babies the
boys were abandoned near the Tiber RiverRescued by a wolf and raised by a shep-herd they decided to build a city in 753 BCThe twins quarreled however and Remusmade fun of the wall his brother was build-ing In a fury Romulus lashed out at Remus
and killed him Romulus went on tobecome the first king of Rome thenew city he named after himself
The seeds of Rome are tracedeven farther back in the Aeneid afamous epic by the Roman poetVirgil The Aeneid is the story of theTrojan hero Aeneas (ih bull NEE bull uhs)He and a band of followers are saidto have sailed the MediterraneanSea after the Greeks captured TroyAfter many adventures the Trojanslanded at the mouth of the Tiber
Through warfare and then marriage to thelocal kingrsquos daughter Aeneas united theTrojans and some of the Latins (LA bull tuhnz)the local people He thus became theldquofatherrdquo of the Romans
Historians are not sure how Romebegan They think that Latins lived in thearea of Rome as early as 1000 BC They builthuts on Romersquos hills tended herds andgrew crops Sometime between 800 BC and700 BC they decided to band together forprotection It was this community thatbecame known as Rome
Early Influences After about 800 BCother groups joined the Romans in ItalyTwo of these groups the Greeks and theEtruscans (ih bullTRUHS bullkuhnz) played a majorrole in shaping Roman civilization
Many Greeks came to southern Italyand Sicily between 750 BC and 550 BCwhen Greece was busily building overseascolonies From the Greeks Romans learnedto grow olives and grapes They alsoadopted the Greek alphabet and they
264 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
The AeneidTwo legends describe the beginning of RomeOne says that after Troy was destroyedAeneas and the other Trojans went in search of another place to liveldquoWeeping I drew awayfrom our old country I took to the open seaborne outward into exilewith my people my sonmy hearth gods and thegreater gods Nowmaking landfall underthe southwind there Iplotted out on thatcurved shore the walls ofa colonymdashthough fateopposed itmdashand Idevised the nameAeneadae for the peoplefrom my ownrdquo
mdashadapted from Virgil Aeneid
What type of person do you think Aeneaswas to build a new city after having thefirst one destroyed
Virgil
Francis SchroederSuperStock
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 31705 1215 PM Page 264
null
15083011
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 265
would eventually model their architecturesculpture and literature after the Greeks
Romersquos early growth was influencedmost however by the Etruscans TheEtruscans lived north of Rome in Etruria(ih bullTRUR bullee bulluh) After 650 BC they movedsouth and took control of Rome and most ofLatium
The Etruscans were skilled metalwork-ers who became rich from mining andtrade They forced enslaved people to dothe heaviest work and made their own livescomfortable Their tomb paintings showmen and women feasting dancing andplaying music and sports Some murals alsoshow bloody battle scenes revealing theEtruscansrsquo pride in their military
The Etruscans changed Rome from a vil-lage of straw-roofed huts into a city ofwood and brick buildings They laid outstreets temples and public buildingsaround a central square Etruscans alsotaught Romans a new style of dress featur-ing short cloaks and togasmdashloose garmentsdraped over one shoulder More impor-tantly the Etruscan army would serve as amodel for the mighty army the Romanseventually assembled
Explain How did geographyhelp the Romans prosper
The Birth of a RepublicThe Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy By treating people fairly they builtRome from a small city into a great power
Reading Focus Have you heard the phrase ldquowinning
hearts and mindsrdquo It means convincing people to support
you rather than just forcing them to obey Read on to learn
how the Romans not only conquered other people in Italy
but also won their hearts and minds
The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than100 years Under the Etruscans Romebecame wealthy and powerful Howeverthe ruling family called the Tarquins(TAHR bullkwihnz) grew more and more cruel
Finally in 509 BC the Romans rebelledThey overthrew the Tarquins and set up arepublic (rihbullPUHbullblihk) A republic is a formof government in which the leader is not aking or queen but someone put in office bycitizens with the right to vote In a republicthe citizens have the power The rise of theRoman Republic marked the beginning of anew chapter in Romersquos history
Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes of daily life such as religious ceremonies orpeople enjoying music and feasts How did the Etruscans become wealthy
Etruscanjewelry
(t)file photo (b)ScalaArt Resource NY
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 32204 223 PM Page 265
null
13996211
At the time Rome became a republic itwas still a small city surrounded by ene-mies Over the next 200 years the Romansfought war after war against their neigh-bors In 338 BC they finally defeated theother Latins living nearby Next theyattacked the Etruscans and defeated themin 284 BC By 267 BC the Romans had alsoconquered the Greeks in southern ItalyWith this victory the Romans became themasters of almost all of Italy
Why Was Rome So Strong Rome wasable to conquer Italy because the Romanswere excellent soldiers In the republicrsquosearly days every male citizen who ownedland had to serve in the army Disciplinewas harsh and deserters were punished bydeath The tough discipline helped moldRoman soldiers into fighters who did notgive up easily In addition they were prac-tical problem solvers
For example Roman armies at firstfought like Greek armies Row upon row ofsoldiers marched shoulder to shoulderkeeping their shields together and holdinglong spears Roman generals soon realizedthat this way of fighting was slow and hardto control They reorganized their soldiersinto smaller groups called legions (LEE bulljuhnz) Each legion had about 6000 men andwas further divided into groups of 60 to 120 soldiers These small groups couldquickly cut through enemy lines
Roman soldiers or legionaries werearmed with a short sword called a gladiusand a spear called a pilum Each unit alsocarried its own standardmdasha tall poletopped with a symbol In battle standardshelped keep units together because the sol-diers could see them above the action
Shrewd Rulers The Romans were not onlygood fighters but also smart planners Asthey expanded throughout Italy they builtpermanent military settlements in the areasthey conquered Then they built roadsbetween these towns These roads allowedtroops to travel swiftly to any place in theirgrowing territory
To rule their new conquests theRomans created the Roman ConfederationUnder this system Romans gave full citi-zenship to some peoples especially otherLatins They could vote and serve in thegovernment and they were treated the
266 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
At first the Roman army was made up of ordi-nary citizens Later the army contained well-trained professional soldiers and was one of thebest fighting forces in the world What was astandard and why did the army carry them
The long iron point on the
spear was made to bend after the spear was
thrown preventing an enemy from
using it
Shields were made from
sheets of wood glued together
and covered with leather or
cloth
A soldiers armor was made of iron strips joined by leather ties
Roman LegionaryRoman Legionary
Stock Montage
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 32204 224 PM Page 266
null
14241786
Reading SummaryReview the bull The Romans a Latin-speaking
people settled the region ofRome on the west side of ItalyThe regionrsquos geography as well asEtruscan and Greek ideas helpedRome grow
bull In 509 BC the Romans overthrewEtruscan rule and established arepublic By about 275 BCRoman legions had conqueredmost of Italy
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
1 Where did the Greeks live inItaly and how did they influ-ence Roman civilization
2 Describe the two legends thattell of the founding of RomeThen describe how and whenRome was actually founded
Critical Thinking3 Geography Skills Draw a
diagram like the one below Listexamples of how geographydetermined Romersquos location
4 Summarize Describe theRoman conquest of Italy
5 Compare and ContrastHow did geography affect thedevelopment of civilization inGreece and Italy
6 Expository Writing Write ashort essay discussing the rea-sons Rome was so successful inits conquest of Italy
7 Taking NotesUse the blue subheads inSection 1 to create notesabout Romersquos beginnings Listeach subhead on the left of aT-chart and details on theright
What Did You Learn
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 267
same as other citizens under the law TheRomans granted other peoples the status ofallies
Allies were free to run their own localaffairs but they had to pay taxes to therepublic and provide soldiers for the armyThe Romans made it clear that loyal alliescould improve their position and evenbecome Roman citizens
With these policies the Romans provedthemselves clever rulers They knew thatconquered peoples would be more loyal tothe government if they were well treatedRomersquos generosity paid off As a result therepublic grew stronger and more unified
All the same Rome was not afraid touse force if necessary If conquered peoplesrevolted against Roman rule their resist-ance was swiftly put down
Describe How did Romerule its new conquests
The Location of Rome
This mosaic or picture made from bits of stoneshows a group of Roman legionaries Howmany soldiers made up a legion
Prenestino Museum RomeET Archives LondonSuperStock
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 31705 1215 PM Page 267
null
6525443
RRoman oman RRepublicepublicThe The
Whatrsquos the ConnectionRomans had suffered under cruel
Etruscan kings When they had thechance to create their own govern-ment they chose something verydifferent
Focusing on the bull Romersquos republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landownersand regular citizens as it graduallyexpanded the right to vote (page 269)
bull Rome slowly destroyed the Carth-aginian Empire and took control ofthe entire Mediterranean region(page 274)
Locating PlacesCarthage (KAHRbull thihj)Cannae (KAbull nee)Zama (ZAYbull muh)
Meeting PeopleCincinnatus (SIHNbullsuhbullNAbulltuhs)Hannibal (HAbullnuhbullbuhl)Scipio (SIHbullpeebullOH)
Building Your Vocabularypatrician (puhbullTRIHbullshuhn)plebeian (plihbullBEEbulluhn)consul (KAHNbullsuhl)veto (VEEbulltoh)praetor (PREEbulltuhr)dictator (DIHKbullTAYbulltuhr)
Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Completea chart like the one below listing thegovernment officials and legislativebodies of the Roman Republic
264 BCPunic WarsbeginSPAIN
ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
450 BC 300 BC 150 BC450 BC 300 BC 150 BC
268 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Officials Legislative Bodies
146 BCRome destroysCarthage
451 BCRomans adopt theTwelve Tables
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 32204 234 PM Page 268
null
13740446
Romersquos GovernmentRomersquos republic was shaped by a strug-
gle between wealthy landowners and regular citi-zens as it gradually expanded the right to vote
Reading Focus Do you know where our word
republic comes from It is made up of two Latin words
meaning ldquothing of the peoplerdquo Read on to learn about
the republican government that early Romans created
Early Romans were divided into twoclasses patricians and plebeians The patricians (puh bull TRIH bull shuhnz) were wealthylandowners These nobles made up Romersquosruling class Most of Romersquos people how-ever were plebeians (plih bull BEE bull uhnz) Thisgroup included artisans shopkeepers andowners of small farms
Both patrician and plebeian men wereRoman citizens They had the right to voteand the responsibility to pay taxes and servein the army However plebeians had lesssocial status Marriage between members ofthe two classes was forbidden Plebeiansalso lacked an important political right theycould not hold public office Only patricianscould serve in the government
How Did Romersquos Government Work Inthe Roman Republic the top governmentofficials were the consuls (KAHNbull suhlz) Twoconsulsmdashboth patriciansmdashwere chosenevery year They headed the army and ranthe government Because they served suchshort terms there was little risk that theywould abuse their power The consuls also
N
S
W E
500 km
500 mi0
0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0deg10degW 10degE 20degE 30degE
40degE
40degN
30degN
50degN
A F R I C A Sicily
Crete
Sardinia
Corsica
A LP S
PYRENEES
APPENNINES
Cyprus
Rhodes
ASIAMINOR
ATLANTICOCEAN
Mediterranean Sea
Po R
Danube R
Tiber R
Adriatic
Sea
Black Sea
Nile
R
GREECE
MACEDONIAITALY
SPAIN
SYRIA
Rome
Carthage
NewCarthage
Corinth
Growth of the Roman Republic 500ndash146 500ndash146 BC
During the early years of theRepublic Rome gained territoryaround the Mediterranean Sea1 What major islands did Rome
conquer2 Why do you think Rome did not
expand farther northRoman consul
Rome 500 BC
Territory added by 264 BC
Territory added by 146 BC
KEY
Mic
hael
Hol
ford
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 32204 237 PM Page 269
null
9278609
kept each other in line because each couldveto (VEEbull toh) or reject the otherrsquos decisionThe word veto is Latin for ldquoI forbidrdquo
Rome had other important officialscalled praetors (PREE bull tuhrz) Their main jobwas to interpret the law and act as judges incourt cases Various other officials per-formed specialized dutiesmdashkeeping taxrecords handling public finances supervis-ing public festivals and so forth
Romersquos most important legislative orlawmaking body was the Senate This wasa select group of 300 patrician men whoserved for life In the beginning the Senateonly gave advice to the consuls Over time
the power of the Senate grew By the 200s BC it could also propose laws holddebates on important issues and approvebuilding programs
Another legislative body was theAssembly of Centuries It elected importantofficials such as consuls and praetors andpassed laws Like the Senate the Assemblyof Centuries was under the control of thepatricians
Plebeians Against Patricians As youmight expect plebeians complained abouthaving so little power in the Roman RepublicAfter all they fought alongside patricians inthe army and their tax payments helped therepublic thrive It seemed reasonable thatthey should have equal rights
Eventually the plebeians took action tobring about change In 494 BC many ple-beians went on strike They refused toserve in the army They also left the city toset up a republic of their own These movesfrightened the patricians into agreeing toshare power
In 471 BC the plebeians were allowed toset up their own body of representativescalled the Council of the Plebs The assem-bly elected tribunes who brought plebeianconcerns to the governmentrsquos attention Thetribunes also won the right to veto govern-ment decisions In 455 BC plebeians andpatricians were allowed to marry and inthe 300s BC plebeians were allowed tobecome consuls
The most far-reaching political reformcame in 287 BC In that year the Council ofthe Plebs finally gained the power to passlaws for all Romans Now all male citizenshad equal political standing at least in the-ory In practice a few wealthy patricianfamilies still held most of the power andwomen remained without a voice in government The Roman Republic had
270 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
A Roman TriumphSometimes military leaders returning toRome after a victory took part in a greatparade called a triumph ldquoThus arrayed [decora-tively dressed] theyentered the city hav-ing at the head of theprocession the spoilsand trophies and fig-ures representing thecaptured forts citiesmountains riverslakes and seasmdasheverything in factthat they had taken [When] the victori-ous general arrived at the Roman Forum herode up to the Capitol There he performed certainrites and made offeringsrdquo
mdashZonaras ldquoA Roman Triumphrdquo
Why do you think the military leaders andtheir troops were dressed decorativelybefore the triumph
Roman soldiers
Ronald SheridanAncient Art amp Architecture Collection
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 32204 239 PM Page 270
null
1578316
Roman Dinner Parties Before Romebecame a powerful empire Romans ate simple meals of porridge driedvegetables and greens People rarelyate meat or seafood After Romersquosconquests the dining habits of wealthyRomans changed Newly rich Romansshowed off their wealth with expensivefeasts that included exotic foods andlively entertainment for their guests
At Roman dinner parties guestsreclined on couches The enslavedservants served the food which wouldbe carried into the banquet room ongreat silver platters Roman dishesmight include boiled stingray garnishedwith hot raisins boiled crane withturnips or roast flamingo cooked withdates onions honey and wine
A wealthy Roman womanreclining on a couch
Connecting to the Past1 Whose eating habits changed after Rome
became wealthy and powerful
2 Describe how their eating habits changed
become more representative but it was farfrom a full-fledged democracy
Who Was Cincinnatus An unusual fea-ture of the Roman Republic was the officeof dictator (DIHK bull tay bull tuhr) We define adictator today as an oppressive ruler withcomplete control over the state Romandictators also had complete control butthey served the people and ruled on a tem-porary basis during emergencies TheSenate would appoint a dictator in times of great danger As soon as the danger was past Roman dictators gave up theirpower
The best-known early Roman dictator isCincinnatus (SIHN bull suh bull NA bull tuhs) About 460 BC a powerful enemy had surroundeda Roman army Officials decided that thecrisis called for a dictator and thatCincinnatus was the man for the job Theofficials found Cincinnatus plowing hisfields A loyal and devoted citizenCincinnatus left his farm and gathered anarmy He defeated the enemy in short orderand returned to Rome in triumphAlthough he probably could have contin-ued ruling Cincinnatus did not wantpower Having done his duty he returnedto his farm a mere 15 or 16 days afterbecoming dictator
Cincinnatus was widely admired in hisown time and in later ages GeorgeWashington for one took inspiration from his example Like CincinnatusWashington was a farmer when he wasasked to head an army the ContinentalArmy in the American War forIndependence After leading the Americansto victory Washington returned to his plan-tation home Only later and with somereluctance did he agree to become the firstpresident of the United States
The
Art
Arc
hive
Arc
heol
ogic
al M
useu
m B
eiru
tDag
li O
rti
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 32204 241 PM Page 271
null
10286883
LUCIUS QUINCTIUS
CINCINNATUSc 519ndash438 BC
The loyal devotion of Cincinnatus greatly
impressed the Roman historian Livy In his
History of Rome Livy advised his readers to
listen to the worthwhile story of Cincinnatus
whose virtue rose high above any rewards
that wealth could bring
According to Livy Cincinnatus lived in
Rome but owned and worked a four-acre field
on the other side of the Tiber River On the
day that the officials looked for Cincinnatus
they found him hard at work in his field
covered with dirt and sweat Cincinnatus was
surprised when the officials asked him to put
on his toga and listen as they explained the
wishes of the Roman Senate Cincinnatus
must not have been aware of the danger
the Roman army faced because he asked
the officials if everything was all right before
calling to his wife Racilia and asking her to
bring him his toga quickly
The officials explained the emergency
situation to Cincinnatus He agreed to the Senatersquos
request that he become a dictator Cincinnatus and
the officials crossed the Tiber River
to Rome and were greeted by his
three sons other relatives and
friends and members of the Senate
Later they escorted Cincinnatus
safely to his home The next
morning before daylight
Cincinnatus went to the Forum
and gathered his forces to attack
the enemy
Cincinnatus is asked to lead Rome
ldquoThe city was in the ldquoThe city was in the
grip of fearrdquogrip of fearrdquomdashLivymdashLivy The Rise of RomeThe Rise of Rome
Name a modern-day leader that you think
historians will write about with great
admiration Explain why
Nor
th W
ind
Pic
ture
Arc
hive
s
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 32404 211 AM Page 272
Roman Law One of Romersquos chief gifts tothe world was its system of law The legalsystem of the United States owes much tothe Roman system
Romersquos first code of laws was the TwelveTables adopted about 451 BC Before this time Romersquos laws were not writtendown As a result plebeians claimed thatpatrician judges oftenfavored their own classThey demanded that thelaws be put in writing foreveryone to see
The patricians finallyagreed They had the lawscarved on bronze tabletsthat were placed inRomersquos marketplace orthe Forum (FOHR bull uhm)The Twelve Tables becamethe basis for all futureRoman laws They estab-lished the principle thatall free citizens had theright to be treated equallyby the legal system
The Twelve Tables however appliedonly to Roman citizens As the Romans tookover more lands they realized that newrules were needed to solve legal disputesbetween citizens and noncitizens They cre-ated a collection of laws called the Law ofNations It stated principles of justice thatapplied to all people everywhere
These standards of justice included ideasthat we still accept today A person was seenas innocent until proven guilty Peopleaccused of crimes could defend themselvesbefore a judge A judge had to look at theevidence carefully before making a decision
The idea that the law should apply toeveryone equally and that all people shouldbe treated the same way by the legal system
is called the ldquorule of lawrdquo In the age of Romethe rule of law was still a new idea In manylands people at the top of society often hadspecial privileges and did not have to obeythe same laws or use the same courts as peo-ple lower down In some places people at thebottom of society did not have any legalrights at all The rule of law is one of the keyideas that the Romans gave to the world It isstill the basis of our legal system today
Contrast Before 471 BCwhat right did patricians have that plebeians did not
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 273
Twelve Tables c 451 BC
The Twelve Tables were laws writtenon tablets that described the rightsof each person in the Roman RepublicThe laws were the first set of rules to govern Rome Writing the lawsdown and putting them on publicdisplay ensured that everyone knew the laws and that judges didnot apply the laws differently todifferent people
The laws on the Twelve Tablesexplained a personrsquos rights concerningproperty wills public behavior familylaw and court actions The TwelveTables were the first step toward equal rights for citizens of all classesin ancient Rome They were also a first step toward the idea of the ruleof law that we still uphold today
These bundles ofrods and axescalled fascessymbolized thelegal authority ofRoman leaders
AlinariArt Resource NY
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 32204 244 PM Page 273
null
12914665
Rome ExpandsRome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire Mediterraneanregion
Reading Focus When you achieve a victorymdashwhether
it is in academics sports or some other fieldmdashdo you
then strive for more success That may have been how
the Romans felt once they had taken over Italy Read on
to learn how they continued to expand their power
While Rome developed its governmentit also faced challenges abroad The Romanshad completed their conquest of ItalyHowever they now faced a powerful rival inthe Mediterranean area This enemy was thestate of Carthage (KAHRbull thihj) on the coast ofNorth Africa It had been founded around
800 BC by the Phoenicians As you learnedearlier the Phoenicians were sea traders fromthe Middle East
Carthage ruled a great trading empirethat included parts of northern Africa andsouthern Europe By controlling the move-ment of goods in this region Carthagemade itself the largest and richest city in thewestern Mediterranean
The First Punic War Both Carthage andRome wanted to control the island of SicilyIn 264 BC the dispute brought the twopowers to blows The war that began in 264 BC is called the First Punic WarPunicus is the Latin word for ldquoPhoenicianrdquoThe war started when the Romans sent anarmy to Sicily to prevent a Carthaginian
N
S
WE
500 km
500 mi0
0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
10degW
20degE 30degE
40degE
40degN
30degN
N
A F R I C A
Sicily
Crete CyprusRhodes
Sardinia
Corsica
ASIAMINOR
A L P SPYRENEES
ATLANTICOCEAN
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Po R
Danube R
Tiber R
Adriatic Sea
Nile
R
EGYPT
SYRIA
GREECE
MACEDONIAITALY
GAUL
SPAINRome
CorinthCarthage
Zama
CannaeNew
Carthage
The Punic Wars 264 ndash146 264 ndash146 BC
After winning the Second PunicWar Rome became the strongestMediterranean power1 From what direction did Hannibal
attack Rome2 Why do you think Hannibal took
the route he did instead of sailingstraight across to Rome
Rome at the start of1st Punic WarCarthaginian EmpireHannibalrsquos routeScipiorsquos routeBattle
KEY
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 71404 656 PM Page 274
null
9121882
In December 218 BC Hannibalrsquos forces and the Roman army met in bat-tle near the Trebbia River in northern Italy In a well-planned attack theCarthaginian forces badly defeated the Romans Hannibal made good useof his elephants in the attack but most died following the battle Atwhat other battle in Italy were the Romans defeated by Hannibal
takeover The Carthaginians who alreadyhad colonies on the island were deter-mined to stop this invasion
Up until then the Romans had foughttheir wars on land However they soonrealized they could not defeat a sea powerlike Carthage without a navy They quicklybuilt a large fleet of ships and confrontedtheir enemy at sea The war dragged on formore than 20 years Finally in 241 BCRome crushed Carthagersquos navy off the coastof Sicily Carthage was forced to leave Sicilyand pay a huge fine to the Romans Theisland then came under Roman rule
The Second Punic War To make up for itsloss of Sicily Carthage expanded its empireinto southern Spain Roman leaders were
not happy about Carthage gaining landnear Romersquos northern border They helpedthe people living in Spain rebel againstCarthage Of course Carthaginians wereangry To punish Rome Carthage sent itsgreatest general Hannibal (HA bull nuh bull buhl)to attack Rome in 218 BC This started theSecond Punic War
Hannibalrsquos strategy was to take thefighting into Italy itself To do thisHannibal gathered an army of about 46000 men many horses and 37 elephantsHe landed his forces in Spain and thenmarched east to attack Italy
Even before reaching Italy Hannibalrsquosforces suffered severe losses crossing thesteep snowy Alps into Italy The brutalcold gnawing hunger and attacks by
275
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 71504 506 PM Page 275
null
9931636
Reading SummaryReview the bull During the Roman Republic the
government changed as the ple-beians or lower classes and thepatricians or ruling class strug-gled for power
bull Beginning in 264 BC Romefought and won a series of warswith Carthage and other powersand gained control of theMediterranean region
1 Who were the top governmentofficials in the Roman Republicand what were their duties
2 What does mare nostrummean and why did the Romansuse the term
Critical Thinking3 Sequencing Information
Draw a diagram to describe the sequence of events fromthe start of the First Punic Warto the start of the SecondPunic War
4 Geography Skills Where wasCarthage located and why didit compete with Rome
5 Summarize What other conquests did Rome carry out during the period of thePunic Wars
6 Evaluate Why do you thinkthe legacy of Roman law isconsidered so important
7 Persuasive Writing Write aspeech demanding equal rightsfor plebeians in the earlyrepublic
What Did You Learn
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
276 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
RomeInvadesSicily
mountain tribes killed almost half of thesoldiers and most of the elephants Theremaining army however was still a pow-erful fighting force when it reached Italy
The Romans suffered a severe loss in216 BC at the Battle of Cannae (KA bullnee) insouthern Italy Even though Hannibalrsquos armywas outnumbered it overpowered the Ro-man force and began raiding much of Italy
The Romans however raised anotherarmy In 202 BC a Roman force led by ageneral named Scipio (SIH bull pee bull OH) in-vaded Carthage Hannibal who was wag-ing a war in Italy had no choice but toreturn home to defend his people
At the Battle of Zama (ZAYbullmuh) Scipiorsquostroops defeated the Carthaginians Carthagegave up Spain to Rome It also had to give upits navy and pay a large fine Rome nowruled the western Mediterranean
More Conquests While Carthage was nolonger a military power it remained atrading center In 146 BC Rome finallydestroyed its great rival in the Third PunicWar Roman soldiers burned Carthage andenslaved 50000 men women and chil-dren Legend says that the Romans evenspread salt on the earth so no crops wouldgrow Carthage became a Roman provinceor regional district
During the Punic Wars Rome success-fully battled states in the eastern Med-iterranean In 148 BC Macedonia cameunder Roman rule Two years later the restof Greece became Roman In 129 BC Romegained its first province in Asia It was nowonder that the Romans began to call theMediterranean mare nostrummdashrdquoour seardquo
Describe How did Romepunish Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 31705 1217 PM Page 276
null
12319104
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 277
The The Fall Fall of the of the
RepublicRepublic
82 BCSulla becomes dictator ofRome
44 BCGroup ofsenators murderJulius Caesar
27 BCOctavianbecomes Romersquosfirst emperorASIA
MINOR
GAUL
ITALY
GREECE
SPAIN Rome
100 BC 60 BC 20 BC100 BC 60 BC 20 BC
Whatrsquos the ConnectionBy the end of the Third Punic
War Rome ruled the Mediterraneanworld All was not well howeverCloser to home the republic facedincreasing dangers that would soonlead to its end
Focusing on the bull The use of enslaved labor hurt
farmers increased poverty andcorruption and brought the armyinto politics (page 278)
bull Military hero Julius Caesar seizedpower and made reforms (page 280)
bull The Roman Republic weakened bycivil wars became an empire underAugustus (page 282)
Locating PlacesRubicon (ROObullbihbullKAHN)Actium (AKbullsheebulluhm)
Meeting PeopleJulius Caesar
(joolbullyuhs SEEbullzuhr)Octavian (ahkbullTAYbullveebulluhn)Antony (ANbulltuhbullnee)Cicero (SIHbullsuhbullROH)Augustus (awbullGUHSbulltuhs)
Building Your Vocabularylatifundia (LAbulltuhbullFUHNbulldeebulluh)triumvirate (trybullUHMbullvuhbullruht)
Reading StrategyFinding the Main Idea Use a chart likethe one below to identify the main ideasof Section 3 and supporting details
Main Idea
Supporting Supporting SupportingDetail Detail Detail
Supporting Supporting SupportingDetail Detail Detail
F
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 32204 429 PM Page 277
null
13583711
Trouble in the RepublicThe use of enslaved labor hurt farmers
increased poverty and corruption and brought thearmy into politics
Reading Focus Poverty corruption unemployment
crime and violence are problems we hear about today
Read on to learn how the Romans struggled with these
same issues 2000 years ago
Romersquos armies were victorious wher-ever they went Yet problems were buildingat home Dishonest officials stole moneyand the gap between rich and poor wasgrowing Thousands of farmers faced ruinand the cities were becoming overcrowdedand dangerous
Rich Versus Poor As you read in Section 2most of the people who ruled Rome werepatriciansmdashrich people who owned largefarms These rich landowners ran the Senateand held the most powerful governmentjobs They handled Romersquos finances anddirected its wars Despite some gains for theplebeians many people became veryunhappy about this situation
Rome had few privileged citizens com-pared with the many Romans who farmedsmall plots of land In the 100s BC how-ever these farmers were sinking intopoverty and debt Why Many of them hadbeen unable to farm because they werefighting in Romersquos wars Others had suf-fered damage to their farms duringHannibalrsquos invasion of Italy
Moreover small farmers could not com-pete with wealthy Romans who were buy-ing up land to create latifundia (LA bull tuh bullFUHN bull dee bull uh) or large farming estatesThese rich landowners used a new sourceof labormdashthe thousands of prisonersbrought to Italy during the wars By usingthese enslaved people to tend their cropswealthy Romans could force owners ofsmall farms out of business
Faced with debts they could not payoff many farmers sold their land andheaded to the cities desperate for workHowever jobs were hard to find Enslavedpeople did most of the work If free menwere lucky enough to be hired theyearned low wages These conditions cre-ated widespread anger
278 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
This image shows Romans farming their land Why were Roman farmersbecoming poor in the 100s BC
The Art ArchiveArcheological Museum AquileiaDagli Orti
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 32204 259 PM Page 278
null
12371346
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 279
Roman politicians were worried aboutriots breaking out but they quickly turnedthe situation to their advantage To win thevotes of the poor they began providingcheap food and entertainment This policyof ldquobread and circusesrdquo helped many dis-honest rulers come to power
Why Did Reform Fail Not all wealthy peo-ple ignored the problems facing the RomanRepublic Two prominent officials whoworked for reforms were Tiberius and GaiusGracchus (GRAbullkuhs) These brothers thoughtthat many of Romersquos problems were causedby the loss of small farms They asked theSenate to take back public land from the richand divide it among landless Romans
Many senators however were amongthose who had claimed parcels of publicland Putting their own interests above thegeneral welfare they fought the Gracchusbrothersrsquo proposals A band of senators evenwent so far as to kill Tiberius in 133 BCTwelve years later Gaius met the same fateThese were dark days for the RomanRepublic when the people charged withmaking and upholding the laws could soshockingly violate them
The Army Enters Politics Matters onlyworsened as the Roman army took on a newrole Until now the army had mostly stayedout of government affairs Things changedwhen a military leader named Mariusbecame consul in 107 BC Previously mostsoldiers were owners of small farms Nowbecause this type of farmer was disappearingMarius began to recruit soldiers from the
poor In return for their service he paidthem wages and promised them the onething they desperately wantedmdashland
Marius changed the Roman army fromcitizen volunteers to paid professional sol-diers The new troops however weremotivated by material rewards rather thana sense of duty They felt loyal to theirgeneral not to the Roman Republic Thisgave individual generals a great deal ofinfluence and good reason to becomeinvolved in politics They needed to getlaws passed that would provide the landthey had promised their soldiers
Mariusrsquos new military system led tonew power struggles It was not long beforeMarius faced a challenge from a rival gen-eral with his own army a man named SullaIn 82 BC Sulla drove his enemies out ofRome and made himself dictator
Over the next three years Sulla changedthe government He weakened the Councilof the Plebs and strengthened the SenateThen he stepped down from office Hehoped that the Roman Republic could healits wounds and recapture its glory InsteadRome plunged into an era of civil wars forthe next 50 years Ambitious men saw howSulla used an army to seize power Theydecided to follow the same path
Explain What change didMarius make to the Roman army
Tiberius Gracchus(left) and hisbrother Gaiusbelieved that mov-ing poor Romansfrom the city tofarms would helpsolve the republicrsquosproblems What happened to theGracchus brothers
Web Activity Visit jatglencoecom and click on Chapter 8mdashStudent Web Activity tolearn more about the rise of Rome
ScalaArt Resource NY
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 32204 301 PM Page 279
null
17617136
280 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Julius CaesarMilitary hero Julius Caesar seized
power and made reforms
Reading Focus Did you know that George Washington
Andrew Jackson William H Harrison Zachary Taylor
Ulysses S Grant and Dwight D Eisenhower all com-
manded armies before becoming president Read to
learn about a famous Roman who made a similar jump
from military leader to political leader
After Sulla left office different Romanleaders battled for power supported bytheir loyal armies In 60 BC three men wereon top Crassus Pompey and Julius Caesar(jool bull yuhs SEE bull zuhr) Crassus was a mili-tary leader and one of the richest men inRome Pompey and Caesar were not as richbut both were successful military menDrawing on their wealth and power theyformed the First Triumvirate to rule RomeA triumvirate (try bull UHM bull vuh bull ruht) is apolitical alliance of three people
Caesarrsquos Military Campaigns The mem-bers of the Triumvirate each had a militarycommand in a remote area of the republicPompey was in Spain Crassus in Syria andCaesar in Gaul (modern France) While inGaul Caesar battled foreign tribes andinvaded Britain He became a hero toRomersquos lower classes Senators and othersback home in Rome feared that Caesar wasbecoming too popular and might seizepower like Sulla
After Crassus was killed in battle in 53 BC the Senate decided that Pompeyshould return to Italy and rule alone In 49 BC the Senate ordered Caesar to give uphis army and come home Caesar faced adifficult choice He could obey the Senateand perhaps face prison or death at thehands of his rivals or he could march onRome with his army and risk a civil war
Caesar decided to hold on to his 5000loyal soldiers He marched into Italy bycrossing the Rubicon (ROO bull bih bull KAHN) a
A scene showing a battle between Romans and Gauls
Pompey
Caesar
Crassus
Caesar was part of the First Triumviratewhose members are shown below
Caesarrsquos Rise to PowerCaesarrsquos Rise to Power
(tl)Archaeological Museum VeniceET Archives LondonSuperStock (bl)Louvre ParisBridgeman Art Library (c)Reunion des Musees NationauxArt Resource NY (r)Ronald SheridanAncient Art amp Architecture Collection
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 31705 1219 PM Page 280
null
12632557
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 281
Caesar crossing the Rubicon
Brutus (left) was one ofthe senators who killedCaesar Antony (above)supported Caesar andhis nephew Octavianand fought againstCaesarrsquos assassins
small river at the southern boundary of hiscommand area By doing so Caesar knewthat he was starting a civil war and that therewas no turning back The phrase ldquocrossingthe Rubiconrdquo is used today to mean makinga decision that you cannot take back
Pompey tried to stop Caesar but Caesarwas the better general He drove Pompeyrsquosforces from Italy and then destroyedPompeyrsquos army in Greece in 48 BC
Caesarrsquos Rise to Power In 44 BC Caesarhad himself declared dictator of Rome forlife This broke with the Roman traditionthat allowed dictators to hold power foronly short periods of time To strengthen hishold on power Caesar filled the Senate withnew members who were loyal to him
At the same time Caesar knew thatreforms were needed He granted citizen-ship to people living in Romersquos territoriesoutside the Italian peninsula He started newcolonies to provide land for the landless andcreated work for Romersquos jobless people Heordered landowners using slave labor to hire
more free workers These measures madeCaesar popular with Romersquos poor
Caesar also created a new calendar with12 months 365 days and a leap year TheJulian calendar as it was called was usedthroughout Europe until AD 1582 Thatyear it was modified slightly to become theGregorian calendar This calendar based onthe birth of Christ has been used in theUnited States since its beginning and isused by most countries in the world today
While many Romans supported Caesarothers did not His supporters believed hewas a strong leader who brought peace andorder to Rome His enemies howeverfeared that Caesar wanted to be king Theseopponents led by the senators Brutus andCassius plotted to kill him Caesar ignoreda famous warning to ldquobeware the Ides ofMarchrdquo (March 15) On that date in 44 BCCaesarrsquos enemies surrounded him andstabbed him to death
Explain Why did BrutusCassius and others kill Caesar
(l)S
uper
Sto
ck
(c)M
useo
e G
alle
rie N
azio
nali
di C
apod
imon
te
Nap
les
Ita
lyB
ridge
man
Art
Lib
rary
(r
)Mar
y E
vans
Pic
ture
Lib
rary
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 31705 1220 PM Page 281
null
13337862
Rome Becomes an EmpireThe Roman Republic weakened by civil
wars became an empire under Augustus
Reading Focus Have you ever been in a traffic jam
and wished that a police officer would show up to get
things moving Read on to learn how Romans wel-
comed the arrival of a strong new ruler
Caesarrsquos death plunged Rome intoanother civil war On one side were forcesled by the men who had killed Caesar Onthe other side was Caesarrsquos grandnephewOctavian (ahk bull TAY bull vee bull uhn) who hadinherited Caesarrsquos wealth and two ofCaesarrsquos top generals Antony (AN bull tuh bullnee) and Lepidus After defeating Caesarrsquosassassins these three men created theSecond Triumvirate in 43 BC
The Second Triumvirate The members ofthe Second Triumvirate began quarrelingalmost at once Octavian soon forcedLepidus to retire from politics Then thetwo remaining leaders divided the Romanworld between themselves Octavian tookthe west Antony took the east
In short order though Octavian andAntony came into conflict Antony fell inlove with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VIIand formed an alliance with her Octaviantold the Romans that Antony withCleopatrarsquos help planned to make himselfthe sole ruler of the republic This alarmedmany Romans and enabled Octavian todeclare war on Antony
In 31 BC at the Battle of Actium (AK bullshee bull uhm) off the west coast of GreeceOctavian crushed the army and navy ofAntony and Cleopatra The couple then fledto Egypt A year later as Octavian closed inthey killed themselves Octavian at the ageof 32 now stood alone at the top of theRoman world The period of civil wars was
over but so was the republic Octavianwould lay the foundation for a new systemof governmentmdashthe Roman Empire
Who Was Augustus Octavian couldhave made himself dictator for life likeJulius Caesar did He knew though thatmany people favored a republican form ofgovernment One such person was
282 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Cicero Calls for War
This excerpt is from Cicerorsquos sixth speechabout the struggle between Octavian andAntony (Marcus Antonius)ldquoTherefore when I saw that a nefarious [evil] war was waged against the republic I thoughtthat no delay ought to be interposed to our pursuit of Marcus Antoniusand I gave my vote thatwe ought to pursue with war that most audacious[bold] man who wasat this moment attack-ing a general of the Romanpeople I said furtherthat thegarb of warshould beassumed by the citizens inorder that all men mightapply themselves with moreactivity and energy to avenging the injuries of the republicrdquo
mdashCicero ldquoThe Sixth Oration ofMT Cicero Against
Marcus Antoniusrdquo
Why did Cicero want Rome to fightAntony
Cicero
BettmannCORBIS
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 31705 1223 PM Page 282
null
13478935
Reading SummaryReview the bull As the gap between the ruling
class and the poor in Romeincreased a number of reformsfailed and generals began togather power
bull Julius Caesar became dictatorand carried out reforms to aidRomersquos poor Later he was assas-sinated by members of theSenate
bull Caesarrsquos grandnephew Octaviandefeated Antony and Cleopatraand became Augustus the firstRoman emperor
1 What is a triumvirate
2 Who was Cicero and how didhe influence the writers of theUnited States Constitution
Critical Thinking3 Understanding Cause and
Effect Draw a diagram like theone below Fill in the chain ofeffects that was caused by thethousands of enslaved prison-ers that were brought to Italyfrom Romersquos many wars
4 Summarize What reforms didthe Gracchus brothers suggest
5 Analyze What was the ldquobreadand circusesrdquo policy and howdid Roman politicians benefitfrom it
6 Analyze What reforms didJulius Caesar put in place thatincreased his popularity withpoor and working-class Romans
7 Persuasive Writing Imagineyou are a Roman citizen Decidewhether you would have beenfor or against Julius Caesarrsquosrise to power and his reformsThen write a newspaper edito-rial explaining your views Besure to include facts to supportyour opinions
What Did You Learn
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 283
Cicero (SIH bull suh bull ROH) a political leaderwriter and Romersquos greatest public speakerCicero had argued against dictators andcalled for a representative government withlimited powers
Cicerorsquos speeches and books swayedmany Romans Centuries later his ideaswould also influence the writers of the UnitedStates Constitution
Although Cicero did not live to see Octavianrule he had supported him hoping he wouldrestore the republic In 27 BC Octavianannounced that he was doing just that
He knew the Senate wanted this form ofgovernment However Octavian also knewthat the republic had been too weak to solveRomersquos problems Although he gave somepower to the Senate he really put himself incharge His title imperator translates toldquocommander in chiefrdquo but it came to mean
ldquoemperorrdquo Octavian also took the title ofAugustus (awbull GUHS bull tuhs)mdashldquothe revered ormajestic onerdquo From this point on he wasknown by this name
Explain How did Octavianrsquosgovernment reflect the ideas of Cicero
At the Battle of Actium Octavianrsquos forcesdefeated those of Antony after Cleopatrarsquosships retreated How did the Battle of Actiumaffect the history of Rome
North Wind Picture Archive
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 31705 1224 PM Page 283
null
7951657
284
Was Caesar a Reformer Was Caesar a Reformer or a Dictatoror a Dictator
During his life Julius Caesar was
greatly admired by many people He was
also hated and feared by many others
Some believed he was too ambitiousmdash
exceptionally eager for fame and powermdash
and that his ambition would keep him
from acting in Romersquos best interest
Was Caesar a great reformer or an
ambitious dictator Those who saw him as
a great leader and reformer said that he
bull won the support of his soldiers
through his military leadership
and strategy
bull treated many of his defeated
enemies generously and
appointed some of themmdash
including Brutusmdashto gov-
ernment positions
bull ended the rule of corrupt
Roman nobles
bull brought order and peace to
Rome
bull restored cities that had
been destroyed by the
republic
bull strengthened and
expanded the state of
Rome
bull started public jobs pro-
grams to aid the poor
bull granted Roman citizen-
ship to people from for-
eign countries or states
Great Reformer
The assassinationof Julius Caesar
284
Nim
atal
lah
Art
Res
ourc
e N
Y
284-285 Ch8 YD-824133 32204 805 PM Page 284
285
AmbitiousDictator
Caesar also had many enemies
including some who had been his
friends They saw Caesar as a dan-
gerous dictator and thought he was
taking advantage of his growing
power They said that he
bull became an enemy when he
refused to follow the Senatersquos
order to return to Rome
bull started a civil war that led
to the destruction of the
republic
bull increased the number
of senators to add to his
number of supporters
bull treated his defeated enemies
with cruelty
bull punished those who wanted
to uphold the traditions and
laws of the republic
bull weakened the Senate to gain
absolute power over Rome
bull kept hidden any facts that did
not make him look brave and
intelligent
bull sought glory for himself at the
expense of the republic
Julius Caesar
Checking for Understanding1 Define ambition Identify some
ways ambition can be a positivecharacteristic and some ways itcan be a negative characteristic
2 What could Caesar have done toshow his enemies that he wasnot abusing his power
3 Do you think Caesar was a greatleader and reformer or an ambi-tious dictator Write a briefessay that explains how youview Caesar Use facts to support your position
Brid
gem
an A
rt L
ibra
ry
284-285 Ch8 YD-824133 32204 806 PM Page 285
The The
Early EmpireEarly Empire
Whatrsquos the ConnectionYou learned in Section 3 that
when Octavian became Augustus theRoman world began to change Therepublic gave way to an empire andpeace and prosperity spreadthroughout the Mediterranean
Focusing on the bull By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military andgovernment Augustus created a newera of prosperity (page 287)
bull Romersquos system of roads aqueductsports and common currency madethe empire rich and prosperous(page 290)
Locating PlacesRhine River (RYN)Danube River (DANbullYOOB)Puteoli (pyubullTEEbulluhbullLY) Ostia (AHSbullteebulluh)
Meeting PeopleCaligula (kuhbullLIHbullgyuhbull luh)Nero (NEEbullroh)Hadrian (HAYbulldreebulluhn)
Building Your VocabularyPax Romana
(pahks rohbullMAHbullnah)aqueduct (AbullkwuhbullDUHKT)currency (KUHRbulluhnbullsee)
Reading StrategyCause and Effect Use a chart like the one below to show the changesAugustus made in the Roman Empireand the effect of each change
Causes Effects
AD 14Augustus dies
AD 96Rule of the GoodEmperors begins
AD 180Pax Romanaends
BRITAIN
GAULITALY GREECE
EGYPT
SPAIN
PALESTINE
Rome
AD 10 AD 110 AD 210AD 10 AD 110 AD 210
286 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 32204 808 PM Page 286
null
138971815
The Emperor AugustusBy expanding the empire and reorgan-
izing the military and government Augustus cre-ated a new era of prosperity
Reading Focus What makes a good or bad leader
Think about this question as you read about Augustus
and other Roman emperors
Augustus paved the way for 200 years ofpeace and prosperity in Rome The emperorswho followed him were not all good rulersbut they helped the Roman Empire reach itspeak For centuries the Mediterraneanregion had been filled with conflict UnderAugustus and his successors the region wasunder the control of one empire A long eraof peace began with Augustus and lasteduntil AD 180 It was called the Pax Romana(pahks rohbullMAHbullnah) or ldquoRoman Peacerdquo
What Did Augustus Achieve Uponbecoming emperor in 27 BC Augustus setout to make the empire strong and safe Toprovide security he built a permanent professional army of about 150000 menmdashall Roman citizens Augustus also created aspecial unit called the Praetorian Guard
This force consisted of about 9000 men incharge of guarding the emperor ThePraetorian Guard later became very influ-ential in Roman politics
Augustusrsquos legions conquered new ter-ritories and added vast stretches of north-ern Europe to the empire All of Spain and Gaul came under Roman rule as didland in what is today Austria HungaryRomania and Bulgaria
Meanwhile Augustus rebuilt Rome withstately palaces fountains and splendid pub-lic buildings ldquoI found Rome a city of brickrdquohe boasted ldquoand left it a city of marblerdquo Thearts flourished as never before and Augustusalso imported grain from Africa to feed thepoor He knew that a well-fed populationwould be less likely to cause trouble
Augustus devoted much of his energy toimproving Romersquos government During hisreign more than 50 million people lived inthe Roman Empire To rule this huge popu-lation Augustus appointed a proconsul orgovernor for each of Romersquos provincesThese new officials replaced the politicianswho had been chosen by the SenateAugustus often traveled to the provinces tosee how the governors were doing
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 287
The city of Rome at the height of the Roman Empire
Victoria amp Albert Museum LondonBridgeman Art Library
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 32204 809 PM Page 287
null
14607536
Augustus also reformed the Roman taxsystem Previously individual tax collectorspaid the government for the right to do thejob To make their investment worthwhiletax collectors were allowed to keep some ofthe money they gathered Many of themhowever were dishonest and took too muchAugustus solved this problem by makingtax collectors permanent government work-ers This change made the tax system fairer
Augustus also reformed the legalsystem He created a set of laws forpeople in the provinces who werenot citizens As time passed how-ever most of these people gained cit-izenship The laws of Rome thenapplied to everyone although thelegal system generally stressed theauthority of the government overthe rights of the individual
Who Came After AugustusAfter ruling for almost 40 yearsAugustus died in AD 14 No lawstated how the next emperor was to be chosen Augustus howeverhad trained a relative Tiberius to follow him The next three emperorsmdashCaligula(kuh bullLIH bullgyuh bullluh) Claudius and Nero (NEE bullroh)mdashalso came from Augustusrsquosfamily They are called the Julio-Claudian emperors Unfortunatelythey were not all fit to leadTiberius and Claudius ruled capa-bly Caligula and Nero howeverproved to be cruel leaders
Mental illness caused Caligulato act strangely and to treat peoplecruelly He had many people mur-dered wasted a lot of money andeven gave his favorite horse theposition of consul Eventually thePraetorian Guard killed him andput Claudius on the throne
Nero was also a vicious man Amongthose he had killed were his mother and twowives He is best remembered for havingldquofiddled while Rome burnedrdquo According tolegend he was playing music miles fromRome when a fire destroyed much of the cityin AD 64 Eventually he committed suicide
Explain What did Augustusdo to make the empire safer and stronger
288 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Emperor Accomplishments
Tiberius 14ndash37 AD
Great military leader regulated business to prevent fraud kept Romersquos economy stable
Caligula 37ndash41 AD
Abolished sales tax allowed people in exile to return increased court systemrsquos power
Claudius 41ndash54 AD
Built new harbor at Ostia and new aqueduct for Rome conquered most of Britain
Nero 54ndash68 AD
Constructed many new buildings gave slaves the right to file complaints assisted cities suffering from disasters
The Julio-Claudian EmperorsThe Julio-Claudian Emperors
The four emperors who followed Augustuswere all relatives of Augustus1 Under which emperor was Britain
conquered 2 Conclude Why do you think the Roman
Empire remained at peace even with weakemperors such as Caligula and Nero
(t)C HellierAncient Art amp Architecture Collection (tc)Ronald SheridanAncient Art amp Architecture Collection (bc)The Art ArchiveMuseo Capitolino RomeDagli Orti (b)The Art ArchiveStaatliche Glypothek MunichDagli Orti
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 31705 1225 PM Page 288
null
12595988
AUGUSTUS63 BCndashAD 14
Octavian was born to a wealthy family in a
small Italian town southeast of Rome During his
youth Octavian suffered a number of illnesses He refused
to let his illnesses interfere with his life however showing
the determination that would later make him Romersquos first
emperor
Octavianrsquos father was a Roman senator but it was
Octavianrsquos great-unclemdashJulius Caesarmdashwho first
introduced Octavian to public life in Rome In his late
teens Octavian joined Caesar in Africa and then the
following year in Spain At the age of 18 while Octavian
was studying at school he learned that his great-uncle
had been murdered In his will Caesar had adopted
Octavian as his son Caesar had also made Octavian his
heirmdasha position that Antony had assumed would be
his Against his familyrsquos advice Octavian went to Rome
to claim his inheritance By the time he reached Rome
however Antony had seized Caesarrsquos papers and
money and refused to give them to OctavianWith
remarkable political savvy for someone so young
Octavian turned the situation around in his favor He
won the hearts of Caesarrsquos soldiers and the
people of Rome by celebrating the public games
that Caesar had started
In his rise to power and during his reign as
Emperor Augustus Octavian pushed himself and
his loyal followers with relentless energy In his
private life however he lived
simply and quietly and shunned
personal luxury He was devoted
to his wife Livia Drusilla and
spent his spare time with her at
their home on the outskirts of
Rome
289
Augustus
Augustus overcame the obstacles of illness and
political enemies to become a great emperor
Can you think of any present-day individuals
who overcame obstacles to excel at something
ldquoI extended the frontiers ldquoI extended the frontiers of all the provinces of theof all the provinces of theRoman peoplerdquo
mdashAugustus ldquoRes Gestae ThemdashAugustus ldquoRes Gestae TheAccomplishments of AugustusrdquoAccomplishments of Augustusrdquo
Robert Emmett BrightPhoto Researchers
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 32204 811 PM Page 289
Unity and ProsperityRomersquos system of roads aqueducts
ports and common currency made the empire richand prosperous
Reading Focus Do you find that you are more pro-
ductive when you are not worried about conflicts at
home or school Read to learn how the Roman Empire
prospered during its time of peace
After Nero committed suicide Romepassed through a period of disorder untilVespasian a general and one of Nerorsquos pro-consuls took the throne Vespasian restoredpeace and order He put down several
rebellions in the empire including theJewish rebellion in Palestine Troops com-manded by his son Titus defeated the Jewsand destroyed the Jewish temple inJerusalem in AD 70
During his reign Vespasian began con-struction of the Colosseummdasha hugeamphitheatremdashin central Rome His sonTitus then his other son Domitian ruledRome after he died Both sons oversaw anera of growth and prosperity in RomeDuring Titusrsquos reign two disasters struckthe empire The volcano Mount Vesuviuserupted destroying the city of Pompeiiand a great fire badly damaged Rome
Today about 600000 peoplelive near MtVesuvius Some peopleeven live on the volcanorsquos beautiful
green slopes Scientists warn that thevolcano is overdue to erupt again and
suggest that people move away from thehighest-risk areas Would you choose to live near
MtVesuvius Why or why not
Living in the Shadow of Mt VesuviusLiving in the Shadow of Mt Vesuvius
Ancient Pompeii was a busy port town Itscitizens were going about their day on August 24AD 79 when MtVesuvius erupted and buriedthe town in volcanic ash About 20000people escaped but thousands of othersdied Not until centuries latermdashin the1500smdashwere the preserved ruins atPompeii discovered
Mt Vesuvius today
The ruins of Pompeii
290
(l)S
eam
us C
ullig
anZ
UM
AC
OR
BIS
(r
)Jon
atha
n B
lair
CO
RB
IS
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 71504 518 PM Page 290
null
7585962
The ldquoGood Emperorsrdquo At the beginningof the AD 100s a series of rulers who werenot related to Augustus or Vespasian cameto power These five emperorsmdashNervaTrajan Hadrian (HAY bulldree bulluhn) AntoninusPius and Marcus Aureliusmdashare known asthe ldquogood emperorsrdquo They presided overnearly a century of prosperity from AD 96to AD 180 Agriculture flourished tradeincreased and the standard of living rose
During this time the emperor came toovershadow the Senate more than everbefore The five ldquogood emperorsrdquo did notabuse their power however They wereamong the most devoted and capable rulersin Romersquos history They improved Romanlife in many ways naming trained officialsto carry out their orders
Among the achievements of theseemperors were programs to help ordinarypeople Trajan gave money to help poorparents raise and educate their childrenHadrian made Roman law easier to under-stand and apply Antoninus Piuspassed laws to help orphans All theemperors supported public build-ing projects They built arches andmonuments bridges and roadsand harbors and aqueducts Anaqueduct (A bull kwuh bull DUHKT) is ahuman-made channel for carryingwater long distances
A Unified Empire Later emperorscontinued to conquer new territoryfor Rome The empire reached itslargest size under Trajan It spreadwell beyond the Mediterraneanincluding Britain in the north andpart of Mesopotamia in the east
Trajanrsquos successors however realizedthat the empire had grown too big to ruleeffectively Hadrian began to pull back Heremoved troops from most of Mesopotamia
Roman Aqueducts Transportingwater is a complex problem Romanengineers solved it by buildingaqueducts Roman aqueducts carriedwater across a valley or hillside usinggravity aboveground stone arches andunderground pipes made of stone orclay Between 312 BC and AD 22611 aqueducts were built to bring waterto Rome from as far away as 57 milesOnce the water made it to Rome itwas held in collecting tanks Mostpeople gathered water from thesepublic tanks Only the rich and high-ranking officials had private watertanks in their homes
Many Roman aqueducts still standand are used today Engineers in ancient
Persia India andEgypt built similarwater systemshundreds of yearsbefore theRomans Howeverhistorians agreethat the Romanswere the greatestaqueduct buildersof the ancientworld
Connecting to the Past1 How did the Romans transport water
to the city of Rome
2 Why do you think that only therich and powerful had private watersupplies
Roman aqueduct
Ric
Erg
enbr
ight
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 32204 815 PM Page 291
null
1046973
292 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
N
S
WE
500 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 mi0
40degN
ASIAMINOR
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
SPAIN
ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
N
S
WE
500 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 mi0
40N
ASIAMINOR
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
SPAIN
ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
N
S
WE
500 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 mi0
40N
ASIAMINOR
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
SPAIN
ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
Expanded theempire to its
largest size builtmany new public
works
Promoted art andscience built new
public workspassed laws to aid
orphans
In Europe he set the empirersquos northern boundaries at the Rhine River (RYN) andDanube River (DAN bull YOOB) He also builtHadrianrsquos Wall across northern Britain tokeep out the Picts and Scotsmdashtwo warlikepeople who lived in northern Britain
In the AD 100s the Roman Empire wasone of the greatest empires in history Itincluded about 35 million square miles (91 million square km) Its people spoke dif-ferent languagesmdashmostly Latin in the westand Greek in the east They also practiceddifferent local customs What unified the
empire though were Roman law Romanrule and a shared identity as Romans
Roman culture had been carried intoevery province by the soldiers who protected the empire and by the officialssent to govern The Romans were gener-ous in granting citizenship In AD 212every free person was made a Roman citizen
A Booming Economy Most people in theRoman Empire made a living from theland Small farms dotted northern Italy In
TrajanAD 98ndash117
Antoninus PiusAD 138ndash161
Extent of RomanEmpire 146 BC
Extent of RomanEmpire 44 BC
Extent of RomanEmpire AD 14
Reformed land laws in favor of
the poor revisedtaxes
NervaAD 96ndash98
Built Hadrianrsquos Wall in Britainmade Roman laws easier to
understand
HadrianAD 117ndash138
Helped unite the empire
economicallyreformed
Roman law
Marcus AureliusAD 161ndash180
The Roman Empire Trade and Expansion
The ldquoGood Emperorsrdquo of the Pax RomanaThe ldquoGood Emperorsrdquo of the Pax Romana
(l)Roma Museo NazionArt Resource NY (cr)Staatliche Glypothek Munich GermanyET Archive LondonSuperStock (others)Archivo Iconografico SACORBIS
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 31705 1227 PM Page 292
null
7068764
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 293
southern and central Italy latifundia or large estates worked by enslaved people were common On these estatesand in the provinces of Gaul and Spainfarmers produced grapes and olives Themaking of wine and olive oil became big business In Britain and Egypt thechief crops were grains Bountiful harvestsfrom these regions kept Romersquos peoplewell fed
Agriculture was the most importantpart of the economy but industry wasimportant too Potters weavers and jewelers
produced goods and cities became centersfor making glass bronze and brass
Traders came from all over theempiremdashand beyondmdashto ports in ItalyTwo of the largest port cities were Puteoli(pyubullTEEbulluhbull LY) on the Bay of Naples andOstia (AHS bull tee bull uh) at the mouth of theTiber The docks were lively places Luxuryitems including silk goods from China andspices from India poured in to satisfy therich Raw materials such as British tinSpanish lead and iron from Gaul went tothe workshops of Roman cities
From China
FromIndia
From
Afric
a
N
S
WE
500 km
500 mi0
0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
10degE0deg10degW 20degE 30degE 40degE 50degE
60degE
40degN
30degN
50degN
AFRICA
ASIAMINOR
SPICES
SPICES
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Caspian
Sea
NorthSea
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Adriatic Sea
Rh
ine
R Danube R
TigrisR
Euphrates R
Nile
R
RedSea
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
CreteCyprus
HadrianrsquosWall
GAUL
SPAIN
BRITAIN
ITALY
GREECE
SYRIA
PALESTINE
ARABIAEGYPTAlexandria
Sidon
Byzantium
Athens
PuteoliOstia
Rome
Carthage
MassaliaTarraco
At its height the Roman Empire had conqueredan area about the size of the United States1 What feature made up the far northern border
of the Roman Empire2 Describe in general the trade items that came
from the various regions of the empire
Roman EmpireAD 200
Trade route
GlasswareGrain
HorsesMarbleMetals
Olive oil
SPICES
PerfumeSilk
SpicesTimberWild animals
Wine
WoolTraded goods
KEY
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 32604 617 PM Page 293
null
64836464
Reading SummaryReview the bull Augustus conquered new lands
and created a professional mili-tary and a system of proconsulsHe improved the tax system andthe legal system ushering in thePax Romana
bull Under Vespasian his sons andthe five good emperors Romanscontinued to be prosperous Theybuilt an elaborate system ofroads and developed a commoncurrency that promoted tradeand economic growth
1 What was the Pax Romana
2 What products came from thefarms of Italy Gaul and Spain
Critical Thinking3 Organizing Information
Draw a diagram like the onebelow Add details about theimprovements and changesAugustus made to the RomanEmpire during his reign
4 Sequencing InformationDescribe the sequence ofemperors who ruled Romefrom Augustus through theldquoGood Emperorsrdquo
5 Analyze Why was Romersquoscreation of a common currencyimportant
6 Evaluate Who do you thinkwas a more important leaderJulius Caesar or AugustusExplain
7 Creative Writing Write ashort play in which severalRoman citizens discuss one of the emperors mentioned in this section and his accomplishments
What Did You Learn
Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section Visit jatglencoecom
294 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Roads and Money A good transportationnetwork was vital to the empirersquos tradeDuring the Pax Romana Romersquos system ofroads reached a total length of 50000 miles(80000 km) On the seas the Roman navyhelped to rid the Mediterranean of piratesGoods could be shipped more safely to andfrom Romersquos ports
Romersquos trade was helped by a commoncurrency (KUHR bull uhn bull see) or system ofmoney Roman coins were accepted through-out the Mediterranean region by AD 100Merchants could use the same money in Gaulor Greece as they did in Italy The Romansalso created a standard system of weights andmeasures This made it easier for people toprice goods trade and ship products
Ongoing Inequality The Roman Empirersquosprosperity did not reach all of its people
Shopkeepers merchants and skilled work-ers benefited from the empirersquos trade RichRomans built great fortunes and lived inluxury However most city dwellers andfarmers remained poor and manyremained enslaved
Identify Who were theldquoGood Emperorsrdquo and what did they accomplish
Changes Under Augustus
Roman coins could be used throughout most ofthe empire making trade much easier Howelse did Rome improve trade during the empire
(tl)B
W
ilson
Anc
ient
Art
amp A
rchi
tect
ure
Col
lect
ion
(tr
)Eric
h Le
ssin
gA
rt R
esou
rce
NY
(ot
hers
)The
New
ark
Mus
eum
Art
Res
ourc
e N
Y
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 31705 1229 PM Page 294
null
8280783
The Fall of the Republic
The Early Empire
The Roman Republic
Romersquos Beginnings
Section
Section
Section
Section
Vocabularyrepublic legion
Vocabularypatrician plebeianconsulveto praetor dictator
Vocabularylatifundia triumvirate
VocabularyPax Romanaaqueduct currency
Focusing on the bull Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization
(page 263)
bull The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy By treating peoplefairly they built Rome from a small city into a great power (page 265)
Focusing on the bull Romersquos republic was shaped by a struggle between
wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it grad-ually expanded the right to vote (page 269)
bull Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empireand took control of the entire Mediterranean region(page 274)
Focusing on the bull The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers increased poverty and
corruption and brought the army into politics (page 278)
bull Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms (page 280)
bull The Roman Republic weakened by civil wars became an empire underAugustus (page 282)
Focusing on the bull By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government
Augustus created a new era of prosperity (page 287)
bull Romersquos system of roads aqueducts ports and common currency made theempire rich and prosperous (page 290)
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 295
Roman consul
Michael Holford
295-297 Ch8 CRA-824133 32604 644 PM Page 295
Taking Notes Note Taking18 Read the following paragraph from page 269 Take notes on the information by
making a T-chart
Early Romans were divided into two classes patricians andplebeians The patricians were wealthy landowners These noblesmade up Romersquos ruling class Most of Romersquos people howeverwere plebeians This group included artisans shopkeepers andowners of small farms
To review this skill see pages 260ndash261
Section 2 bull The Roman Republic9 How did the roles of patricians and ple-
beians differ in Roman society10 Explain how Rome gradually defeated the
Carthaginians Section 3 bull The Fall of the Republic11 How did slavery weaken the Roman
Republic 12 How did Augustus change the Roman
Republic Section 4 bull The Early Empire13 Was Augustus a successful ruler Explain
your answer 14 How did the Roman Empire change dur-
ing the Pax Romana
Critical Thinking15 Compare In the chapter Cincinnatus is
compared to George Washington Think ofanother person or character who is similar toCincinnatus Explain how they are similar
16 Explain Why did Caesar fight Pompey 17 Predict What do you think would have
happened if Hadrian had tried to furtherexpand the Roman Empire
Review VocabularyEach of the following statements is falseReplace each word in italics with a word thatmakes the statement true Write the correctwords on a separate sheet of paper ___ 1 A legion is a form of government in
which the citizens choose their leader___ 2 Patricians included artisans and
shopkeepers___ 3 The judge in a Roman court case was a
consul___ 4 In early Rome the role of praetor lasted
only until a crisis had passed___ 5 Large farming estates that used
enslaved people to tend crops werecalled aqueducts
___ 6 A veto was a human-made channel forcarrying water
Review Main IdeasSection 1 bull Romersquos Beginnings
7 Describe the role geography played in therise of Roman civilization
8 How did treating people fairly help Rometo increase its power
296 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
295-297 Ch8 CRA-824133 32204 829 PM Page 296
Geography SkillsStudy the map below and answer the follow-ing questions19 Place Which areas did Rome control after
the Punic Wars 20 HumanEnvironment Interaction What
does the building of Hadrianrsquos Wall sayabout the Picts and Scots
21 Region Why was it important to theRomans to control Mediterranean lands
Read to Write22 Persuasive Writing Suppose you were
working with Tiberius and Gaius to reformRome Write a letter or speech thatexplains why reform is needed and whattypes of reforms should occur
23 Using Your Use your foldableto write a series of questions about thechapter With a partner take turns askingand answering questions until you havereviewed the entire chapter
Building Citizenship24 Making Connections Use the Internet
and your local library to research theTwelve Tables Work with your classmatesto design a similar series of laws andrecord them using modern language Howis your law code similar to and differentfrom the Twelve Tables
Using Technology25 Creating Promotional Materials Use the
Internet to find at least five places relatedto ancient Rome that can be visited bytourists Create a guidebook or brochureon the computer advertising these links tothe past and persuading people to visitthat area Share your final product in areport to the class
Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for theChapter Test visit jatglencoecom
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 297
N
S
W E
500 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 mi0
40degN
30degN
10degE
0deg
20degE 30degE
ASIAMINOR
Rhine
R
Danu be
R
Tigris
REuphratesR
Nile
R
Black Sea
NorthSea
Mediterranean Sea
Red S
eaC
aspianSea
HadrianrsquosWall
BRITAIN
GAULITALY
GREECE
EGYPT
AFRICA
SPAIN
SYRIAPALESTINE
Rome
Carthage Actium
AnalyzeAnalyze
Augustus wrote a historical documentdescribing his accomplishments This passage is about his military leadershipldquoAbout 500000 Roman citizens were undermilitary oath to me Of these when theirterms of service were ended I settled incolonies or sent back to their own munici-palities a little more than 300000 and toall these I allotted lands or granted moneyas rewards for military servicerdquo
mdashAugustus ldquoRes Gestae The Accomplishments of Augustusrdquo
26 Why did Augustus give money to hisretired soldiers
27 Why do you think Augustus did notexplain the reasons for his actions
Rome after Punic Wars 146 BC
Territory added by Caesarrsquos death 44 BC
Territory added by Augustusrsquos death AD 14Territory added by AD 130Battle site
KEY
Growth of Rome
295-297 Ch8 CRA-824133 72104 1148 AM Page 297