Post on 18-Jan-2023
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AN ANALYSIS ON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN STUDENTS’
PROPOSALS: A CASE STUDY AT ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
A THESIS
Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire
Sarjana Degree in English
By :
NUR FADILLAH ILYAS
F211 13 026
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES
HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
MAKASSAR
2017
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ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
Bissmillahirahmanirrahim
First of all, the writer would like to express his great praise to the
almighty Allah SWT Who has given changes, spirits, health and patiencein
finishing this thesis. Salawat and salam are sent to the messenger of Allah
SWT, Muhammad SAW, his families, comparies, and followers till the end
of the day.
In completing the thesis the writer has gothelp and spirit from many
people, so, at this moment the writer would like to express her sincere
gratitude to :
1. Drs. Abd. Madjid Djuraid, M.Hum as the writer‟ first consultant and
Dra. Hamsinah Yasin M.Hum as the second consultant for their
valuable guidance, suggestion and correction during the
completion of this thesis.
2. The academic supervisor Karmila Mokogintaa, S.S.,M.Hum.,
M.Arts for her guidance and encouragement from the edly until the
end of the writer‟s study.
3. Her parents Muhammad Ilyas and Mardawiah , her sisters and all
the family for all sincere, everlasting love, countless, motivation,
and prayers to reach the goals.
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4. All the lectures in Hasanuddin University and in the English
Department especially who have given a lot of knowledge and
experiences to the writer.
5. Her closest friends “ULBUS” (Rea, Wilda, March, Windy, Anggi,
Arin, Wiah, Dilyas, and Daud), and to Rasda, and the rest of All
brothers and sisters in PERISAI especially ETCETERA 2013
which she cannot mention one by one and also her friends from
SMAN 1 Pangsid (Nurhaya, Nisrina, Venny) for their help and
prayers.
May all the help that the writer received from everyone be repaid by
God in the future. In addition, may this thesis be accepted as the writer‟s
work to create a better perspective of the nation and give inspiration to the
young generations.
Makassar, 29 September 2017
The Writer
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ABSTRACT
NUR FADILLAH ILYAS. 2017. An Analysis on Grammatical Errors in Students’ Proposals. A Case at English Department Hasanuddin University (Supervised by Abd. Madjid Djuraid and Hamsinah Yasin)
Considering the importance of the grammatical in writing a proposal, this study aimed to describe the errors of grammartical aspects and to find the most errors of grammatical aspects made by the students of English Department, Hasanuddin University being in the seventh semester in writing proposals.
The method used in this research was a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative.) Qualitative method was used to describe 4 types of grammatical errors according to Dulay Burt's theory such as omission, addition, misordering and misformation. While the quantitative method was used to summing the data included in the 4 types of grammatical errors. There were 20 student proposals which were the population and 10 of them were as the samples. The samples were taken using purposive sampling techniques.The data taken which contain grammatical errors.There were 4 procedures in analyzing the data. They were (1) Reading (2) classifying (3) analyzing and (4) elaborating.
The results of the study disclosed that there are 65 sentences were contained grammatical errors. Then 65 sentences were classified based on 4 types with each presentation. They are, omission (60%), misformation (26,19%), addition (10,79%) and misordering (3.07%). Based on the results they can be concluded that omission was the highest precentage of types of grammatical errors were found in background students‟ proposals. Where such errors included the used of articles (14 sentences), verbs (13 sentences), singular (10 sentences), conjunction (1 sentence) and adjective (1 sentence).
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ABSTRAK
NUR FADILLAH ILYAS. 2017. An Analysis on Grammatical Errors in Students’ Proposals. A Case Study English at Department Hasanuddin University (Supervised by Abd. Madjid Djuraid and Hamsinah Yasin)
Mengingat pentingnya tata bahasa dalam menulis sebuah proposal, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesalahan aspek tata bahasa dan menemukan kesalahan aspek tata bahasa yang kebanyakan dibuat oleh mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Hasanuddin pada semester ketujuh dalam penulisan proposal.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode campuran (kuantitatif dan kualitatif.) Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk menggambarkan 4 jenis kesalahan tata bahasa menurut teori Dulay Burt seperti omission, addition, misordering dan misformation. Sedangkan metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk menjumlahkan data yang termasuk dalam 4 jenis kesalahan tata bahasa. Ada 20 proposal mahasiswa yang merupakan populasi dan mengambil 10 di antaranya sebagai sampel. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Dimana data diambil yang mengandung kesalahan tata bahasa. Ada 4 prosedur dalam menganalisa data. Mereka adalah (1) Membaca (2) mengklasifikasikan (3) menganalisis dan (4) merinci.
Hasil penelitian tersebut mengungkapkan bahwa ada 65 kalimat yang terkandung kesalahan tata bahasa. Kemudian 65 kalimat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan 4 jenis dengan setiap presentasi. Mereka adalah omission (60%), misformation (26,19%), addition (10,79%) dan misordering (3,07%). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelalaian merupakan jenis kesalahan tata bahasa tertinggi yang ditemukan di latar belakang usulan siswa. Dimana kesalahan tersebut termasuk penggunaan artikel (14 kalimat), kata kerja (13 kalimat), tunggal (10 kalimat), konjungsi (1 kalimat) dan kata sifat (1 kalimat).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER .............................................................................................. i
AGREEMENT PAGES ...................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................... x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Problems ............................................... 1
1.2 Identification of the Problems .............................................. 2
1.3 Scope of the Problems ........................................................ 4
1.4 Reseacrh Questions ............................................................ 4
1.5 Objectives of the Research ................................................ 4
1.6 Significance of the Reseach ................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................ 6
2.1 Previous Studies ................................................................. 6
2.2 Literary Review ................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Error Analysis ............................................................. 8
2.2.2 Surface Strategy Taxonomy ........................................ 9
2.2.3 Grammatical System ................................................... 12
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 25
3.1 Library Research ................................................................. 25
3.2 Field Research ..................................................................... 25
3.2.1 Method of Collecting Data ........................................... 25
3.2.2 Method of Analyzing Data ........................................... 25
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3.3 Population and Sample ....................................................... 26
3.3.1 Population .................................................................. 26
3.3.2 Sample ....................................................................... 27
CHAPTER IV: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS .................. 28
4.1 Types of Grammatical Errors ............................................... 28
4.2 The sources of Errors and Their Frequencies ..................... 51
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ....................... 54
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................ 54
5.2 Suggestions ........................................................................ 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 57
APPENDICES
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Language is something that every human being has at birth. A
language born from a tradition and passed down to humans from
generation to generation. Therefore, this language is referred to as the first
language or traditional language. Regional languages are generally
different from where people are located, even though their language is
same. For example, "English" is used as a first language in some
countries such as United Kingdom, Singapore, United States and etcetera.
Although each country has the same name, the accent uses different
vocabulary is also different.
Nowadays English becomes an international language, some
countries begin to study and make “English‟ as a second language. The
second language is a language used outside of the mother tongue or
traditional language. For example, in Indonesia. Several universities
opened English literature majors. Students of English literature inevitably
have to make English as a second language because the language
becomes their introduction to learning in university
The use of sentence structure in English, as well as Indonesian
language, is different although it has elements of structure that are almost
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the same example in English are s,es,ly,ed and etc while in Indonesian
are men, kan, and etc.
Due to the similarities and difference, this often makes students'
literature to make mistakes in writing and speaking using English.
Commonly, in writing the background proposal by the final grade English
Department students, Hasanuddin University.
1.2 Identification of Problem
Having done observations in some students‟background proposals the
writer identified some grammatical errors such as :
1. Error in using Subject verb agreement
“The reason why the researcher choose_ Hillary Clinton’s speech
as the data source is because she is the most popular women in
this decade who is nominated as the first women of United States
presidential candidate”
The sentence is error in using verb because the subject of this
sentence is “singular” and it does not agree with the verb “choose”
must be followed by “s”.
2. Error in using Pronoun
“In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need
goodunderstanding ability and speaking in English. For example,
the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in his
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jobs, because he can use the information from foreign sources and
web sites.For this reason, they have to learn common language.”
The sentence is error in using personal pronoun. “his” and “he” in
the sentence are do not agree with the subject as a plural “the
student”
Based on description above, the wrier identified some problems
faced by he students about grammar as follows :
1. Some students cannot match the suitable subject (noun) with the
suitable verb in other words, some students cannot use subject
verb agreement correctly in their background proposals.
2. Some students cannot match the suitable pronoun with the
suitable antecedent. In other words, some students cannot use
pronoun-antecedent agreement correctly in their background
proposals.
1.3 Scope of Problem
Scope of problem in this analysis the researcher concern with errors
surface strategi taxonomy used by Dulay et all theory there are 4 types of
grammatical errors such as omission, addition, misordering and
misformation.The researcher collected background students‟ proposals
that never have revision with their supervisor. In collect the data the writer
also not take all of English Department students Hasanuddin University as
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the respondents but only focuses for the seventh semester students who
takes linguistics concern.
1.4 Research questions
1. What is types of grammatical errors in sudents‟ proposals?
2. What is the most type of grammatical errors made by students in
writing background proposals?
1.5 Objectives of the study
1. To elaborate types of grammatical errors make in writing proposals.
2. To describe the most frequent grammatical errors types in writing
proposals.
1.6 The Significance of the study
1. Researchers
For the next researchers, this analysis can give contribution to find
out more complete data about types of grammatical errors
2. Students
For the students especially English Department students this result
can give the contribution to learn more about grammatical rules and
give motivation to always train their writing skills and their grammar.
3. Lectures
For the lectures english department, this research can give
contribution in learning method especially about grammatical rules.
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From the result, the lectures can find an effective method to use in
learning to improve students skills, especially in grammatical rules.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Previous Studies
There have been many of researchers which are related to this
research. The first is a thesis from Meliliana (2013) “An Analysis of
Grammatical Errors in Writing Among The Second Semester Students of
English Department of Yogyakarta State University in Academic Year of
2011/2012”. In her analysis she uses quantitative and qualitative method.
Qualitative method to describe types grammatical errors used Dulay Burt
theory first is category of surface strategy taxonomy those are omission,
addition, misformation and misordering. And the second is comparative
analysis. The researcher also describes the situation about the occurrence
of the errors in students‟ writing. While quantitative method to make
frequency chart of surface strategy taxonomy and comparative analysis.
The second is a journal from Merlyn Simbolon (2015), “An Analysis
of Grammatical Errors on Speaking Activity”. In her analysis she try to find
grammatical errors, and to provide description of errors on speaking
activities using simple present and present progressive tenses made by
the second year students of English Education Department Palangka
Raya University. The reseacher uses qualitative method to describe the
types of grammatical error uses linguistic strategy taxonomy by Richard‟s
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Classification. The researcher also describes the source and cause of
students‟ errors taken from oral essay which consisted of question using
the tenses of simple present and present progressive.
The last is a thesis from Pratiwi Bahar (2012), “Grammatical Errors
in Student‟s Proposals English Department Hasanuddin University”. In her
analysis she uses qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative method
to describe types of grammatical errors are found in students proposals
such as subject verb-agreement, reference, number agreement, namely
indefinite and demonstrative pronoun, word order and ommiting subject
and verb. While quantitative method to make frequency chart for each
category.
Based on all previous studies, this research will be dissimilar with
the researcher above. However the writer used same object with one
previous study “student‟s proposals” . But the writer only focus to analysis
background of students proposals.The writer analysis grammatical errors
used surface strategy taxonomy by Dulay Burt such as omission, addition,
misformation and misordering. The writer also classifies all the errors
based on grammatical system that containt in the sentences and make
frequency for each category of grammatical errors.
2.2 Literary Review
In this part, the researcher will present some theories related to the
research. Following is further discussion of the theories.
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2.2.1 Error Analysis.
Errors are typically produced by people who do not yet fully
command some institutionalized language system (Corder, 1974:
29).Longman dictionary of Linguistic (1985 : 96) defines errors analysis as
“the study and analysis errors made by the second and foreign language”.
Ellis (1985 ; 296) defines it as “working procedure used by researchers
and language teacher to collect, identify, explain, classify, and evaluate
errors”.
According to Dulay and Burt (in Brown, 1994: 205), error is
considered as “goofs”. An error is a deviation from the adult grammar of a
native speaker which reflects the learner‟s inter language competence. It
is called competence error when learners make errors because they lack
knowledge of the rules of the target language. They will not be able to
correct the errors by themselves quickly. They need guidance to correct
the errors. They may also make the same errors at the times. In
conclusion, they define errors are the flawed side of learner speech or
writing. It means that learners cannot learn language without
systematically committing errors first.
As Erdogan (2005:263) emphasizes that „error analysis deals with
the learners‟ performance in terms of the cognitive processes they make
use of recognizing or coding the input they receive from the target
language. Therefore, a primary focus of error analysis is on the evidence
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that learners‟ error provide with an understanding of the underlying
process of second language acquisition.‟
Based on thetheorist above, the writer concludes that errors
analysis are people who do not master second language. The serrors can
be found in people‟s speech or writing. They will not be able to correct the
errors by themselves quickly. They need guidance to correct the errors.
They may also make the same errors at the times.
2.2.2 Error Surface Strategy Taxonomy
Dulay Burt (1982) said that The accent of surface strategy
taxonomy is the ways structures are altered. Researchers analyzing
errors from a surface strategy perspective, concerned with identifying
cognitive processes that underlie the learner‟s reconstruction of the new
language.
There are 4 types grammatical errors as follow :
1.) Omission errors
An omission is a type of error which is “characterized by the
absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance”.
Language learners omit grammatical morphemes much more
frequently than content words. Omission of content words, although
typical in the early stages of L1 acquisition, is not as common in 26
sequential L2 acquisition where the learner is older and more
cognitively mature. If content words are omitted in L2, it is usually
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caused by lack of vocabulary, and learners usually indicate their
awareness of the missing constituent.
For example : John is clever student.
There is missing “a” that should be John is a clever student.
2.) Addition errors
Addition errors are characterized by the presence of an item
which must not appear in a well-formed utterance (Dulay et all
1982:156). It is usually occured in the later stages of L2 acquisition
or learning, when the learner has already acquired some target
language rules. There are three types of addition errors:
a. . Double markings
This error is caused by the failure to delete certain items
which are required in some linguistic construction.
e.g She didn’t went/goed back.
There is double marking that should be “She didn‟t go back”.
b. Regularization
Regularization errors is a type of errors “in which a marker
that is typically added to a linguistic item is erroneously added to
exceptional items of the given class that do not take a marker”.
e.g sheeps instead of sheep
There is regularization error in which regular plural marker.
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c. Simple addition
Simple addition errors characterize all addition errors. It is
the use of an item which should not be appeared in a well-
formed utterances.
e.g the fishes doesn’t live in the water.
There is simple addition that should be “ the fish doesn‟t live in
the water”.
3.) Misformation errors
Misformation errors are characterized by the use of the
wrong form of the morphemes or structure. It is occured when the
learner supplies something although it is incorrect. There are three
types of misformation errors:
a. Regularization errors
Regularization errors that fall under the misformation
category are those in which a regular marker is used in place of
an irregular one.
e.g runned instead of run
There is regularization errors that should be “run”.
b. Archi-forms
Archi-forms errors are the selection of one number of a class
of forms to represent others in the class is common
characteristic of all stages of second language acquisition.
e.g I see her yesterday. Her dance with my brother.
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There is archi-forms error that should be “ I see her yesterday.
She dance with my brother”. It is caused when the learner
represents the entire class of subject.
c. Alternating forms
Alternating forms error caused by the learners‟ vocabulary
and grammar development.
e.g I seen her yesterday.
The alternating error that should be “ I saw her yesterday” .
4.) Misordering errors
Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect
placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an utterance.
It occurs systematically for both L1 and L2 learners in constructions
that have already been acquired.
e.g. I don’t know what is that.
There is misordering error that should be “I don‟t know what that is”.
2.2.3 Grammatical System.
1.) Verbs
Capella university (on grammar handbook: 11) states that verbs
is a word to explain what‟s being done to a noun. It‟s usually an action
word it can explains an emotional or physiological response. Verbs
devided into severals forms:
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a. Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs
Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs are used before the
main verb in a sentence. Primary Auxiliary words include:
Forms of “be” be, am, is, are, was, were,
been, being
Forms of “have” have, has, had
Modals can, could, may, might, will,
would, shall, should, must,
ought to
Special auxiliary, “do” do, does, didxv
For Auxiliary or Helping Verbs Examples:
Larry will have existed for twenty years.
We are inviting the entire class to New York.
b. Verb tenses
Judith F: 99 states that verbs have four principal parts, or
fundamental forms that are used to create a tense: present,
present participle, past, and past participle.
1. Present: This refers to something that is existing or
happening now, or to an action that happens routinely.
For example :
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“I walk my dog every day.”
“As soon as my mom wakes up, she goes
straight into the kitchen to make a pot of coffee.”
2. Present participle: This is formed by adding -ing to the
end of regular verbs. It is used with forms of the verb to
be, such as am, is, are, was, or were. The present
participle form of a verb expresses an ongoing action.
For example :
“I was eating dinner when she called.”
“They were trying to decide where to go on
vacation when I arrived.”
3. Past: This form of a verb is used to indicate that
something has already been completed. For example :
“I hired my assistant because his resume was
impeccable.”
“They placed their trust in the new counselor.”
4. Past participle: This is formed by adding -d or -ed to the
end of regular verbs. It is used with the helping verb have
(has, have, or had). For example :
“I have learned a thing or two in my life.”
“She has noticed his weight gain.”
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c. Gerunds
The gerund (-ing) is used to verb as a noun. Gerund
has the same form as the present participle. It is always
noun and can function in any noun position (George
E.wishon: 268) . For examples
“Swimming is good exercise”
“I am tired of camping”
2.) Noun
Capella university (on grammar handbook: 3) staes that , a
noun is a word describing who or what in a sentence it can be a
person, place or thing like an animal,a device, a point and etcetera.
john (on Oxford guide to English grammar book) said that
there are 3 of nouns form. Those are :
a. Many nouns have no special form to show that they are nouns.
But there are a number of endings used to form nouns from
other words: movement, intention, difference, kindness, security,
landing. • 285(2)
b. Most nouns do not have gender. There are only a few word
pairs such as stewar or stewardess. • 285(3e)
c. Nouns do not have endings to show that they are subject or
object. The only endings are for the plural (bottles, • 145) and
the possessive (the plane'screw, •146).
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3.) Adjectives
Capella university (on grammar handbook:14) states that,
Adjectives are descriptive words used in sentences to modify or
describe nouns or pronouns and also help add meaning to
messages delivered in sentences .
For example:
e.g., “The famous musician had a guitar-shaped
swimming pool behind his huge but gaudy Hollywood
mansion.”
4.) Pronouns
A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.it is
used to refer a noun (called its antecedent) that usually comes
before the pronoun or make writing clearer, smoother, and less
awkward. There are several types of pronoun but the most
common are personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns
Those are :
a. Personal pronoun
It refers to people and things. They are divided into three
categories called first person ,second person , and third person .
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Singular Plural
First person I, my, mine, me We, our, our, us
Second person You, your, yours You, your, yours
Third peron He, his, him, she,
her, hers,
it, its
They, their,
theirs,
Them
b. Demonstrative pronoun
It is used to point out a specific person or thing. These
pronouns include this, that, these, and those.
e.g., Theresa, is this yours?
5.) Conjunction
Conjunction serves to connect two or more clauses, phrases
or words together to make longer constructions. There are two
types of conjunction:
a. Coordinating conjunction
This type is always used to connect elements that share the
same grammatical status, that is, main clause to main clause, verb
to verb, noun to noun, adjective to adjective and so on. These
seven words are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
e.g., The coffee was strong, but sweet.
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b. Subordinating conjunction
This type is often joins two or more unequal clauses to one
another. Typically a main clause will be connected to a subordinate
clause.
e.g., When I arrived home, they had already eaten.
6.) Preposition
Wren and martin (1995:109) states that preposition is a word
placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or
thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. The noun or
pronoun which is used with a preposition is called objects.
Frank (1972 : 163) states that preposition is classified as a part of
speech in traditional grammar, However preposition as well as conjunction
is different from other part of speech in that:
a. Each is compesed of small class of words that have no formal
characteristic endings.
b. b. Each signal syntactic structures function as one of the other part
of speech.
For those reasons, modern linguistic prefer to classify preposition
as structure words rather than as part of speech.Preposition have
basically two function:
1. Preposition is to connect the noun (all type of nouns) to the rest of
sentence.
2. Preposition is specify the position of the nouns (persons or objects)
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Prepositions of place: at, in, on
According to Leech and Svartvik (1973:82), place prepositions are
prepositions that are used to described the place or position of all types of
nouns. It is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun.
When we refer to place prepositions, we usually refer to in, at and on.
1. Preposition of place in
In is usually used to state that someone or something is in a (the
boundaries can be physical or virtual place). In general, we use in for an
enclosed space: in the garden, a country, a town, a building, a room. In
means inside only. According to Yates (1999:146), the functions of
preposition of place in are:
a. A continent, a country, a state, a city, a town.
Examples:
She lives in California.
She lives in San Francisco.
b. A room, an area of a room
Examples:
She is in the kitchen, in the corner.
Our theater seats are in the balcony.
c. A comfortable chair
Example:
He sat in the chair and watched television.
d. The water, the air, the environment
Examples:
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They are swmming in the water.
There is pollution in the air.
e. The center, the middle
Example: Our house is in the center of the town.
f. The north/south/east/west.
Example: New England is in the north of the united states.
g. A bodily attack
Example: The stone hit me in the face.
h. A vehicle one cannot walk around in it
Example: Ride in the car with us.
i. Print medium
Example: Read the articles in the newspaper.
2. Preposition of place On
On is usually used to state someone or something is on top of a
surface. In general on for a surface: on the wall, on the floor, on the door,
on the cover, a street, a desk, a ceiling. According to Yates (1999:146),
the functions of preposition of place on are:
a. A street, a floor
Examples:
She lives on a Oak Street.
She live on the fourth floor.
b. An outside area
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Examples:
He is standing on the corner.
He has an outdoor grill on the balcony.
c. A straight chair, a sofa, a couch
Examples:
He sat on the chair and ate the dinner.
We sat on the sofa and watched television.
d. Facing a coast, a beach
Example: The house is on the beach.
e. The side, left, right, surface
Example: the market is on the right side of the hospital.
f. The north side/south side/east side/west side
Example: Our house is on the south side of town.
g. The surface of the body
Example: He has a scratch on his arm.
h. A vehicle one can walk around on it
Example: Ride on the bus with us.
An individual vehicle (horses, bicycle)
Examples: He came over on his bike.
i. An electronics medium
Examples: The file is save on the computer.
3. Preposition of place at
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At is usually used to state something or someone is at a specific
place. In generally, we use at for a point: at the corner, at the bus stop, at
the station, at the top of page, at the end of the road. According to Yates
(1999:146), the functions of preposition of place at are:
a. A building, a house or apartement number
Example:
She lives at the 1260 Oak street.
At home: in one‟s own house
At work: at one‟s job
At school: attending school
At churcch: attending church services
b. A work area inside
Example: She is at the kitchen sink.
c. The coast, the beach
Example: The whole family is at the beach.
d. The beginning, start, end
Our house is at the end of the street
7.) Sentence Sructure
Sentence can be categorized in to 4 types
(https://www.lamission.edu/learningcenter/docs/asc/worksheets/Gra
mmar/Sentence%20Types.pdf)
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a. Simple Sentences
A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. It expresses a
single complete thought that can stand on its own.
Examples:
1. The baby cried for food.
There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought.
b. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An
independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone.
These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so). For examples:
1. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English.
c. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one
or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a
subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not
express a complete thought. A complex sentence always has a
subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative
pronouns (who, that, which). For example:
After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the
gym to exercise.
24
d. Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence has two independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Examples:
After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their
other teammates for lunch, and they went to the movies.
8.) Articles
An article always precedes a singular noun unless a noun is
universal or all-encompassing. There are two types of articles that is
indefinite “an or a” and definite “The”. Definite article “the” is used for
spesifict location of noun and also used to noun that has been
mentioned in previous sentence. While indefinite “a or an” is used for
non spesifict noun. It may be something that the speaker is mentioned
for the first time, or the speaker may be making a general statement
about any such thing.
For example :
A party was planned in his honor.
The party went well last weekend.
25
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In completing this writing to be scientific work, the writer uses a
certain method. The methods show how the data are collected and
analyzed.
3.1 Library research
The writer collected the data and the theories from various kinds of
books and articles from the library, internet, and many sources to
support the analysis of the research. Those were collected and taken
properly to build the foundation in answering the research question
mentioned before.
3.2 Field Research
3.2 .1 Method of collecting data
In this research to collect the data, the writer used note-taking and
scrutinized method. Note taking used to find types of grammatical
errors in student‟s proposals. And also used scrutinized to read more
carefully the proposals and write down types of grammatical errors.
3.2.2 Method of analyzing data
The writer analyzed the data through the following procedures:
1. The writer read all proposals and identified types of grammatical
errors are found in students proposals.
26
2. The writer classified the types of grammatical errors from the whole
data of student‟s proposals. The writer classified the collected data
used Dulay et all theory such as omission, addition, misformation,
and misordering.
3. The writer used descriptive qualitative to explain types of
grammatical errors are found in the student proposals and also
explain the correction.
4. The writer counted the frequency and percentage of each type of
grammatical errors and defined the most frequent grammatical
errors
No. Surface strategi taxonomy Frequency Percentage
1.
2.
.......
.......
...
...
...
...
The pattern used to get the percentage of data as follows :
x 100%
3.3 Population and Sample
1. Population
The population of this research was taken 20 proposals written by
the seventh semester English Department Student‟s Hasanuddin
University who take linguistic concern. The selection of this population is
based on the reason that the student's proposals, but they were not been
supervised yet, so the proposals might contain a grammatical errors.
27
2. Samples
From the population above the researcher choose 10 proposals as
the sample of this research. The samples are selected used purposive
sampling. A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected
based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.
The samples of the research were 65 sentences from 10
background of proposals They were chosen to contain the criteria that are
needed in this research. The criteria were sentences contained
grammatical errors.
28
CHAPTER IV
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This chapter includes the data presentation and analysis. This part
explains the types of errors in background of students‟ proposals. The
writer uses Dulay et all theory to identify types of errors such as omission,
addition, misformation, and misordering
The following is the finding collected from the background of
students‟ proposals that contain grammatical errors. The researcher finds
66 sentences errors then the writer analyzes the data based on Dulay
theory which the writer has mentioned before.
The errors as follow :
4.1.1 Omission
Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that
must appear in a well-formed utterance(Dulay et all 1982:154). The
students make some omission errors in using article, verb, singular or
plural noun, preposition, and adjective.
The researcher finds 38 errors sentences that indicate as the
omission errors. Those are : 14 omission of articles, 12 omission of verbs,
10 omission of singular noun, 1 omission of conjunctions and 1 omission
of prepositions.
29
The data are :
1. Omission of verbs
The researcher finds 11 data that are indicated as omission of
verbs. Verb is term used in the grammatical classification of words, to refer
to a class traditionally defined as „doing‟ or „action‟ words. (David
Crystal:67) English verb can take a number of different form. 11 data can
are consisted of 4 form of verbs such as auxiliary verbs, gerunds, subject
verb-agreements and to-infinitives Those data are :
a. Omission of auxiliary verbs
No. Sentences
11.
53.
31.
There are many reasons fro the student why they _ not
Dealing with these maxims, people will assume that the
speaker when they speak to the audience, they _
abiding maxims of conversation.
Problems seen in recent. Researchers even some
students in second grade of senior high school do not
know exactly how the correct steps in writing narrative
text and it depends on their English teacher wether
they really had explained properly to the students or
not
Based on the table, there are 3 data indicate omission of auxiliary
verbs “is”. The subjects of these sentences are plural. it means that the
30
subjects are more than one thing or person and must be followed by
auxiliary “are”. so, the corrections should be “There are many reasons
from the student why they are not interesting to learn”,“Dealing with these
maxims, people will assume that the speaker when they speak to the
audience, they are abiding maxims of conversation” and “Problems are
seen in recent. Researchers even some students in second grade of
senior high school do not know exactly how the correct steps in writing
narrative text and it depends on their English teacher wether they really
had explained properly to the students or not”
b. Omission of Gerund (-ing)
No. Sentences
2.
34.
For the student, the firs thing that should be noted to
improve their English is enrich_ vocabulary especially
for the beginner.
It can be done by choosing the material that
appropriate with the student‟s background knowledge,
give_ a good technique which make_ the students be
more comfortable during the learning process.
Based on the table, the researcher finds 2 data that are indicatesd
omission of gerund.The gerund is the –ing form of the verb that is used as
a noun. So, the correction in datum 2 is “For the student, the firs thing that
should be noted to improve their English is enriching vocabulary
31
especially for the beginner”. While, in datum 34 this sentence is a
compound sentence, to make this sentence complex and paralel, “comma”
mark which becomes separator between “give knowledge” should be
replaced by a conjuntion “and” otherwise, the word “give” mustbe paralel
with “choosing” which must be “+ing” and another error also can be seen
in “a good technique” which is singular the verb “make” must be added “s”
,so, the correction should be “It can be done by choosing the material that
appropriate with the student’s background knowledge and giving a good
technique which makes the students be more comfortable during the
learning process.”
c. Omission subject verb-agreement.
No. Sentences
15.
44.
The reason why the researcher choose_ Hillary
Clinton‟s speech as the data source is because she is
the most popular women in this decade who is
nominated as the first women of United States
presidential candidate
This is due to what the writer already explain_ above
that inaccurate realization of phonemes may lead to
misinterpretation from the hearer
The erorrs have similar with ( data 49 and 4)
32
Based on the table, there are 4 sentences that are indicated as
omission of subject verb-agreement. Because the subject of these
sentences are uses “singular” and it do not agree with the verb form must
be followed by “s”.So, the correction should be “The reason why the
researcher chooses Hillary Clinton’s speech as the data source is
because she is the most popular women in this decade who is nominated
as the first women of United States presidential candidate”,This is due to
what the writer already explains above that inaccurate realization of
phonemes may lead to misinterpretation from the hearer”,”Human being
as the social creature uses language to communicate and exchange
their”,”The writer realizes that learning english is cannot be force,
because there are too many subject to study about”
d. Omission of to-infinitives
No. Sentences
23.
51.
The last reason is _ facilitates accessing infomation.
As well as the political speech, if we want people_
choose us, we should deliver a good speech to the
audience, make their interested with our thoughts or
ideas about what we will do in the future.
The data has similar with (23)
Based on the table, they are indicated as the omission of to-infintive
Verbs. The infinitive is made up of “to” + simple form of verb. So, the
correction should be “As well as the political speech, if we want people to
33
choose us, we should deliver a good speech to the audience, make their
interested with our thoughts or ideas about what we will do in the future”
and “There are many reasons for the student why they not interesting to
learn about English language”. While in datum 23, the sentence can be
omission of to-infinitive “to facilitate” or can be indicated that its missforma
tion of subject verb-agreement which the sentence use auxiliary “is” and
do not agree with the verb as a plural “facilitates”. So, the correction
should be “The last reason is to facilitate accessing infomation” or “The
last reason is facilitating accessing infomation.”
2. Omission of articles
There are two types of articles that is definite “the” and indefinite “a
or an”. Definite article “the” is used for specific, common nouns (singular) /
spesific plural or general nouns. Definite article can also be used to
identify a time period, a unique place(famous buildings or monuments),
geographical areas ( mountains, parts of and, or bodies of water) or some
places that have plural names. The researcher finds 7 omission of definite
article “the” and also the researcher clasifies definite article “the” based on
the reasons the data are:
34
No. Sentences
13.
55.
The researcher takes _ first grade of Junior High
School 19 Makassar as the object this research.
“It can be analyzed using Leech‟s theory of the
politeness principles, because the politicians often
violate the politeness principles in order to gain _
public‟s attentions”
The errors have similar with ( 18, 42, 47 and 13 )
Based on the table, there are 6 sentences That are missing the
definite „the‟ to spesify the location of “first junior high school” and “public‟s
atention” “information”, “structure”, “researcher”, “learning” and “solution”.
So, the correction should be “It can be analyzed using Leech’s theory of
the politeness principles, because the politicians often violate the
politeness principles in order to gain the public’s attentions”,“The
researcher takes the first grade of Junior High School 19 Makassar as
the object this research”. “Learners see the structure of a sentence and
this enables them to build their own sentences and utterances”, “Media is
everything that can be used for helping someone to get the information
needed”, “One of speech that the researcher is interested to do a
research analysis is the political speech delivered by one of the America’s
presidential candidates in 2016 president’s election, Donald
Trump”,”According to Raimes (1983) in Hermanto (2013:148) said that
35
writing is used a tool in the learning process because of everal reasons”
and “Only a few of them that give the solution to the pronunciation
problem.”
No. Sentences
20.
29.
English is now used by all of students in English
Department. It is also the prominent langauge chosen
for academic discussion. Most of _ students believe
that English can lead them the welfare.
Another possible factor of this problem is also the
interest of student’s in learning writing, or the
unsuitable technique that is used by the teacher
While in this table, there are 2 sentences that are missing the
definite article “the” because this word has been mentioned in previous
sentences. So,the correction should be “Another possible factor of this
problem is also the interest of the student’s in learning writing, or the
unsuitable technique that is used by the teacher” and “English is now used
by all of students in English Department. It is also the prominent language
chosen for academic discussion. Most of the students believe that
English can lead them the welfare”.
36
Beside omission of definite artcile “the”, indefinite article “a or an” also
can be found in students' proposals. The data are :
No. Sentences
46. Despite the assumption, the fact does not go along
with the expectation since many of English graduated
students actually failed in writing _ thesis in
grammatical ways
The errors have similar with (8,16, 13, 14, 27)
Based on the table, There are 6 data that are indicated as omission of
indefinited article “a or an”.So, the correction should be “There is a study
which is explaining about language in context”,“Is purpose is to give a
meaning to an event by telling story”,” Despite the assumption, the fact
does not go along with the expectation since many of English graduated
students actually failed in writing a thesis in grammatical ways” ,” From
the technology today we can practice everywere and everytime by using a
cellphone, laptop, DVD, etc”,”Illocutionary acts is sometimes used in
interractions as communication tool in society” and ”In communication
there is a speaker who has a message to be informed to hearer the
message that wants to be informed occasionally cannot be found in word
and utterances”
37
3. Omission of preposition
No. Sentences
56. Moreover,_ speaking perfomance.
From the sentence above, the sentence can be indicated that it is
omitted of preposition because in datum 23 is missing of preposition“in”.
Preposition “in” is used to indicate a location or place. In the sentence,
preposition “in” is used to show the position of speaking that is explained
in previous sentences “Reading is a great factor in foreign language
improvement and believes that students who read a lot are good at
reading, good at writing, and have a good at vocabulary and grammar
knowledge.” So, the correction should be “Moreover, in speaking
performance.”
4. Omission of adjective
No. Sentences
35. Pictured paper is one of alternative which can stimulate
students to learn.
This sentence is missing “s” and must be added in adjective
“alernative” because “alternative” in this sentence is a noun while the
subject is singular. So, the correction should be “Pictured paper is one of
alternatives which can stimulate students to learn.”
38
5. Omission of singular
No. Sentences
3.
43.
Therefore, the mastery of vocabulary is a fundamental
thing for student_.
For example, we can pronounce word_ like natives do by
imitating the way they pronounce or producing the sounds
of the word.
The errors have similar with (11, 5, 37, 6, 32, 38, 57 and
20)
From the sentences above, they can be indicated that they are
omission of singular (-s). Singular means one, while plural means more
than one. Those data are “student”, “teacher”, “teacher”, “student”,
“teacher”, ”channel” “performance”, “student”, “key point” and “word”.
These nouns should be modified into plural form because plural form
refers to more than one person or thing. Beside that, noun also can be
plural if it is preceded by auxiliary “are” as shown in datum 11. “Media are
channel of communication” it means that there are many channel in
media. So, the correct nouns are “Therefore, the mastery of vocabulary is
a fundamental thing for students”,“Media is essential in the classroom
because it can fasilitate the interraction between teachers and students,
so, that teaching and learning activities will be more effective and
efficient”,”There are several techniques and activities that teachers can
39
employ and use in teaching vocabulary ,such as media”,”English is very
important for Indonesian students for the following theree
reasons”,“Problems seen in recent. researchers even some students in
second grade of senior high school do not know exactly how the correct
steps in writing narrative text and it depends on their English teachers
wether they really had explained properly to the students or not”,”Media
are channels of communication”,“Vocabulary knowledge and grammar
are two essential factors of foreign language learning, and they both
influence learner’s speaking performances”,”Consequently, English is
very important for Indonesian students for the following theree
reasons”,”English, as the international language, is one of the keypoints
in global communication” and ”For example, we can pronounce words like
natives do by imitating the way they pronounce or producing the sounds of
the word”.
4.1.2 Addition
Addition error are characterized by the presence of an item which
must not appears in a well-formed utterance (Dulay et all : 156) The
students make some addition error in using article, verbs, singular,
preposition and conjunction.
The researcher has found 7 error used addition. Those are : 3
addition of verbs, 1 addition of singular, 1 addition of conjunction, 1
addition of preposition and 1 addition of article.
40
The data are :
1. Addition of preposition
No. Sentences
41.
People who to understand and use more than two
languages are called bilinguals and people who speak
numbers of languages referred as polyglots.
The sentence is indicated as an addition of preposition “to” or
pronoun “who” . the sentence can be simplified by removing “who” So, the
correction should be “People who understand and use more than two
languages are called bilinguals and people who speak numbers of
languages referred as polyglots.”
2. Addition of article
No. Sentences
54.
According the the previous, analyzing his political
speeches indeed will be very interesting in order to unravel
his campaign strategies and more importantly the content
of his campaigns.
This sentence is using double articles. The sentence can be
simplified by removing one word of “the” before the word “previous”. So,
41
the correction should be “According the previous, analyzing his political
speeches indeed will be very interesting in order to unravel his campaign
strategies and more importantly the content of his campaigns.”
2. Addition of conjunction
No. Sentences
25.
As the generally, English has 4 skills they are listening,
writing, reading and speaking.
From the sentences above, it can be indicated that there is an
addition of conjunction because “as” In this sentence is corelative
conjunction. Where its use is divided into two categories as a cause and
concession. In this sentence the use is not based on the context of the
sentence.So ,the correction should be “Generally, English has 4 skills
they are listening, writing, reading and speaking.”
3. Addition of singular
No. Sentences
19. Good knowledge of grammar is viewed as an essential
aspects for achievement in a foreign language.
From the sentences above, they can be indicated that there are
addition of singular because in datum 19 the indefinite article “an” may not
42
be required with the plural noun “aspects” in this sentence. The sentence
is consider removing the article or changing the noun to singular. So, the
correction should be “Good knowledge of grammar is viewed as an
essential aspect for achievement in a foreign language.” Or “Good
knowledge of grammar is viewed as essential aspects for achievement in
a foreign language”.
4. Addition of Verbs
No. Sentences
37.
52.
26.
It is become a major focus of attention in linguistics.
It is makes a lot of criticism from his political opponents.
Due to the compexity of this skill, many students find it very
difficult to produced an adequate piece of writing.
From the sentences above, they can be indicated that they are
addition of verbs because first in datum 37 the sentence can be simplified
by removing "is" and adding "+ s" at the end of the word „become‟ as the
third singular while in datum 52 the sentence can be simplified by
removing “is”. So, the correction should be “It becomes a major focus of
attention in linguistics” and “It makes a lot of criticism from his political
opponents.”
The next in datum 26, this sentence uses incorrect verb form. The
verb should be changed in to verb 1 so, the correction should be “Due to
43
the compexity of this skill, many students find it very difficult to produce an
adequate piece of writing..”
4.1.3 Misformation error.
Misformation errors are characterized by the use o the wrong form
of the morpeme or structure (Dulay et all : 162). The students make some
omission error in using pronoun, adjective, verb, conjunction, noun, and
preposition.
The researcher has found 17 error used misformation Those are : 2
misformation of pronouns, 7 misformation of verbs, 1 misformation of
conjunction, 3 misformation of nouns ,2 misformation of adverbs and 2
misformation of prepositions.
The data are:
1. Misformation of pronoun
No. Sentences
21.
In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need
goodunderstanding ability and speaking in English. For
example, the student who knows English is able to be
more efficient in his jobs, because he can use the
information from foreign sources and web sites.For this
reason, they have to learn common language.
The errors has similar with (9)
44
Based on the table, the sentences are error in using personal
pronoun. Personal pronouns are reffered to at the first, second or third
person. The pronouns in datum 21 “he” and “has” do not agree with a
subject as a plural. So, the correction should be “In addition to this,
especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking
in English. For example, the student who knows English is able to be more
efficient in their jobs, because they can use the information from foreign
sources and web sites.For this reason, they have to learn common
language.”. while in datum 9 the sentence use pronouns “we” and “our”
does not agree with previous sentence that uses “students and teachers”
as a subject. So, the correction should be “Media is essential in the
classroom because it can fasilitate the interraction between teacher and
students, so that teaching and learning activities will be more effective and
efficient. There are many media that can be used in the classroom; on of
them is an audio visual. From the technology today they can practice
everywere and everytime by using cellphone, laptop, DVD, etc. It can be
justified that listening to English songs, watching movies, reading novels,
and others can improve their language skills.
45
2. Missformation of noun
No. Sentences
42.
25.
50.
BREAKOUT can be agreed as the best music TV program
in Indonesia as it not only limited to Indonesian musics but
also covers International musics.
Before doing and making a good writing the students need
to gather much information by listening to other people,
doing discussion with others, and reading more books.
Speech is a public speaking activity between a speaker
and audience that aims to convey the opinions, ideas,
knowledge, informations and to influence others.
Based on the table, they can be indicated that they are
misformation of noun. First in data 42 and 50 the sentences are error in
using noun “musics and informations” because there are general nouns
and it must be not adding “s” as a plural. So, the correction should be
“BREAKOUT can be agreed as the best music TV program in Indonesia
as it not only limited to Indonesian music but also covers International
music.”and “ Speech is a public speaking activity between a speaker and
audience that aims to convey the opinions, ideas, knowledge, information
and to influence others.”
While in datum 25 the sentence is incorrect in using noun
“discussion”. This noun must be parallel with “doing”, “making” and
46
“listening”. So, the correction should be “Before doing and making a good
writing the students need to gather much information by listening to other
people, doing discussing with others, and reading more books.”
3. Missformation of verbs.
The researcher finds 7 data that are indicated as missformation of
verbs. The data are consist in to 2 verb form, there are error in using
auxiliary verbs and tenses. Those data are :
a. Auxiliary Verbs
No. Sentences
36.
24.
28.
Second, pictured paper are easily obtained, for example,
from schoolbooks, newspaper, and magazines.
Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening and writing
skills is important to learn for indonesian students.
The story include some events which is presented to a
muse the readers or listeners.
Based on the table, there are 3 data of misformation of auxiliary
verbs “are” and “is”. The data aremisformation of auxilary “are” because
“is” in this sentence is not follow by singular form so, “is” should be
changed with “are” to follow the subject as the plural form. So, the
correction should be “Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening and
writing skills are important to learn for indonesian students” and “The story
47
include some events which are presented to a muse the readers or
listeners.”Beside that there is one sentence used to be “are” in singular
form so, the sentence should be changed “Second, pictured paper is
easily obtained, for example, from schoolbooks, newspaper, and
magazines”.
b. Tenses
No. Sentences
33.
40..
47.
20.
Problems seen in recent. researchers even some students
in second grade of senior high school do not know exactly
how the correct steps in writing narrative text and it
depends on their English teacher wether they really had
explained properly to the students or not.
Language itself has became an identity for those who
speak it.
The innovative method is therefore needed applying in
order to improve students‟ comprehension towards English
grammar.
English were used as a second or third language forthe
pure purporse of communicating globally.
Based on the table, there are 4 data that are indicated as
missformation of verbs tenses. Fisrt in datum 40 this sentence is used
48
wrong verb form “became” should be changed in to verb 3 because this
sentence is future tenses,so, the correction sould be “Language itself has
become an identity for those who speak it.”. The next is in datum 33 this
sentence is used wrong auxillary verbs “had” because in this sentence it is
unclear when the teacher want to explained. So, the correction should be
“Problems seen in recent. researchers even some students in second
grade of senior high school do not know exactly how the correct steps in
writing narrative text and it depends on their English teacher wether they
really have explained properly to the students or not.” Another error can
be seen in datum 47.This sentence uses wrong gerund. The verb should
be changed into invinite verb. So, the correction should be “the innovative
method is therefore needed to apply in order to improve students’
comprehension towards English grammar” . the last, in datum 20 this
sentence uses verb 2 “used” and must be followed by “was” before “used”.
So, the corrrection should be “English was used as a second or third
language forthe pure purporse of communicating globally.”
4. Misformation of adverbs
No. Sentences
30.
39.
Moreover, someone who wants to write must be able to
organized ideas, to construct sentences, to use
punctuation and to spell well.
English language happens to be the language that is used
49
almost in every country. These days, it can be seen that
mostly people all over the world recognize English as the
global language.
From the sentences above, they can be indicate that they are
misformation of adjectives “organized” and “mostly”. It is categorized as an
error spesifically the meaning that are not match with the context of the
sentences. The correction should be “Moreover, someone who wants to
write must be able to organize ideas, to construct sentences, to use
punctuation and to spell well.” English language happens to be the
language that is used almost in every country.” and “These days, it can be
seen that most people all over the world recognize English as the global
language. “
5. Misformation of conjunction
No. Sentences
57.
There are several techniques and activities that teachers
can employ and use in teaching vocabulary ,Such as
media.
This sentence is a misformation of conjunction “such as”. This
sentence just gives one technique that teachers can employ and use in
teaching vocabulary. So, the correction should be “There are several
50
techniques and activities that teachers can employ and use in teaching
vocabulary ,One of them is media.”
6. Misformation of preposition
No. Sentences
12.
1.
Based of this, the researcher takes first grade of Junior
High School 19 Makassar as the object this research
English is a global language in this era. English has been
taught in formal and informal education level, from
elementary school until university.
From the sentences above, they can be indicate that tey are
misformation of preposition.The first, in datum 12, the sentence is the
misfromation of using preposition “of”, it should be changed in to “on”
because preposition “on” is used to indicate the part of object by which
someone or something is supported. So, the correction should be “Based
on this, the researcher takes first grade of junior high school 19 makassar
as the object this research”. The second, in datum 1, the sentece is the
misformation of using “until” and mustbe changed in to “to”. Because this
sentence describes a distance or duration of time and the use of
preposition from must pair with preposition to. Soi (from ... to ...) So, the
correction should be “English is a global language in this era. English has
51
been taught in formal and informal education level, from elementary
school to university.
4.1.4 Misordering
The students make some misordering error. Misordering errors are
characterized by the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of
morphemes in an utterances (Dulay et all : 162)
The researcher find 2 data as the missordering of sentence
structure the data are :
No. Sentence
22.
48.
In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need
good understanding ability and speaking in English.
Based on the consideration explained above, a study
that observes the use of songs applied in learning
English grammars for English students department
The researcher finds 2 data that indicate misordering error because
This sentence has an ambiguous meaning. So, the correction should be
“In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding
speaking ability in English” and “Based on the consideration explained
above, a study that observes the use of songs applied in learning English
grammars for English department students”
52
After presenting and analyzing the data, the researcher make
frequency table to know the most types grammatical errors that are found
in student‟s proposals such as omission, addition, misofrmation, and
misordering.
Table 4.1
Errors on Surface Strategy Taxonomy
No. Surface strategy taxonomy Frequency Precentage
1. Omission 38 57,57%
2. Addition 7 10,60%
3. Misformation 17 27,57%
4. Misordering 2 3,03%
Total 66 100%
From the research data, it was found that omission was the highest
precentage of student‟s errors made in writing background proposals. The
students committed 38 sentences or 57,57% out of the whole errors.
Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must
appear in a well-formed utterance(Dulay et all 1982:154). From the data
sudent‟s writing the researcher found 14 omission of articles, 12 omission
of verbs, 9 omission of singular 1 omission of conjunction and 1 omission
of adjective.
The second highest percentage of student errors was Misformation
error, which is committed 17 sentences or 27,57% out of the whole errors.
53
Misformation errors are characterized by the use o the wrong form of the
morpeme or structure (Dulay et all : 162). From the data sudent‟s writing
the researcher found 2 misformation of pronouns, 7 misformation of verb
and to be, 1 misformation of conjunction, 3 misformation of nouns ,2
misformation of adverb and 2 misformation of preposition.
The third percentage of students‟ error was Addition. The students
committed 8 errors or 10,60% on their writing. Addition error is
characterized by the presence of an item which must not appear in a well-
formed utterance (Dulay et all : 156). From the data sudent‟s writing the
researcher found 3 addition of verbs, 1 addition of singular, 1 addition of
adjective, 1 addition of conjunction, 1 addition of preposition and 1addition
of article
The lowest percentage was Misordering error. The
studentscommitted 2 errors or 3,03% on their writing.This error comprised
the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an
utterance or writing. From the data sudent‟s writing the researcher found
2 data as the missordering of sentences structure
54
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter explains the conclusions and the suggestions of the
research. The first part presents the conclusion, while the suggestions
come next after the first part.
5.1. Conclusions
1. The researcher found 61 sentences in students‟ background
proposals were contained grammatical errors. The reseacher
classified into 4 categories based on Dulay Burt theory. The four
categories are :
a. Omission Errors
The students committed 35 sentences on their writing. From the
data, the researcher found 15 omission of articles, 11 omission of
verbs, 7 omission of singular 1 omission of conjunction and 1
omission of adjective.
b. Misformation Errors
The students committed 17 sentences on their writing. From the
data, the researcher found 35 errors sentences that indicate as the
omission errors. Those are : 2 misformation of pronouns, 7
misformation of verbs, 1 misformation of conjunction, 3
55
misformation of nouns ,2 misformation of adverbs and 2
misformation of prepositions.
c. Addition Errors
The students committed 8 sentences errors on their writing. From
the data, the researcher found 7 error used addition. Those are : 3
addition of verbs, 1 addition of singular, 1 addition of conjunction, 1
addition of preposition and 1 addition of article.
Misordering errors.
The students committed 2 sentences errors on their writing. From
the data, the researcher found 2 data as the missordering of
sentence structure.
2. Based on the result it can be concluded that omission was the
highest precentage of types of grammatical errors were found in
background students‟ proposals with the precentage 57,37% . The
second highest was misformation erros with the precentage
11,47%, the third precentage was addition errors with the
precentage 27,56% and the lowest precentage was misordering
errors with the precentage 3,27% .
5.2 Suggestions
According to the conclusions above, the writer concludes with
some things that may bring benefit
56
1. The English Teachers
Based on this study, it can be suggested that the teachers
should be aware on grammatical errors in writing prposals, thus
they can recognize their students‟ difficulties in writing so they will
pay more attention to the errors made by the students and the
causes of the errors in writing. The result of the study will evaluate
themselves whether they are successful or not teaching English.
2. The English learners
The result of the study will show the learners in what aspect
in grammar which is difficult for them. By paying more attention, the
learners are expected to increase their knowledge on the English
grammar, thus they will be aware of the errors they made and
sources of the errors.
3. To Further Researchers
It is expected that the result of the study can give an
informative input about grammatical error analysis or other topics
related to errors. The researcher believes that there are still many
phenomena that can be revealed in this research study. The
researcher expects that this result of study can inspire other
researchers to conduct the research related to grammatical errors
analysis to enrich the existing study.
57
BIBILIOGRAPHY
Bahar, Pratiwi. 2012. “An analysis of grammatical errors in
Student‟s Proposals Makassar: Skripsi Fakultas Sastra Inggris. UniversitasYogyakarta
Brown, H. Douglas. (1994). "Principles of Language Learning and
Teaching”. 3rd edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc
Corder, S.P. 1974. “Error Analysis”. In J. Allen and S. P.
Corder (eds.), The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistic. Vol.3. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Capella University. “Grammar Handbook”. 225 South 6th Street, 9th Floor Minneapolis, MN 55402 : Capella University
Dulay, H., Burt, M., Krashen S. (1982). “Language Two”. Oxford:
Oxford University,Inc.
Erdogan, Vacide. (2005) “Contribution of error analysis to foreign
language teaching”.Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(2), 261 270.
Eastwood, John. 1994. “Oxford Guide to English Grammar” : Oxford
University PressWalton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP
George , Julia. (1980). “Lets Write English”. Litton Educational
Publishing: New York
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Judith F. Olson. 2000.”Grammar Essential”. United States of
America
Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Sartvik. 1973. A Communicative Grammar
of English.London: Longman Group Ltd.
Lulu,Meilina. 2013. “An analysis of grammatical errors in writing
among the second semester student of English Department
of Yogryakarta state university in academic year of
2011/2012” Yogyakarta: Skripsi FakultasSeni dan Bahasa.
UniversitasYogyakarta
Merlin,Simbolon. 2015 An Analysis of Grammatical Errors on
Speaking Activity” Palangkaraya: Skripsi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Palangkaraya
Website :
https://www.lamission.edu/learningcenter/docs/asc/worksheets/Grammar/Sentence%20Types.pdf
APPENDIX 1: DATA ANALYSIS
STUDENT 1
The globalized era is encouraging people to adapt in every aspect
of life, as well as education. Higher education level requires higher
language proficiency. English is a global language in this era. English has
been taught in formal and informal education level, from elementary
school until university.
As we know that, there are four skills in English, those are listening,
speaking, writing and reading. Vocabulary enrichment is essential in
learning or acquiring new languages. For the student, the first thing that
should be noted to improve their english is enrich vocabulary especially for
the beginner. It is because vocabulary is one of the most important
aspects in mastering English because, the student‟s ability to read or
comprehend the subject is relatively determined by their vocabulary.
Zimmerman (1997) in agnes (2008) stated that for young learners,
vocabulary is central to language and word are the critical improtance to
language learning. It means that, vocabulary as a base requirement that
influence sudents improvement in studying english. Tudents will find some
difficulties if they possess vocabulary. Therefore, the mastery of
vocabulary is a fundamental thing for student. It is no possible for students
to write, read and speak a foreign language without sufficient vocabulary.
The writer realize that learning english is cannot be force, because
there are too many subject to study about. Therefor, the students can be
invited to study english language not only through the text book but using
other media such as electronic.
Media are chennel of communication. Media is everything that can
be used for helping someone to get information needed. Media is essential
in the classroom because it can fasilitate the interraction between teacher
and students, so that teaching and learning activities will be more effective
and efficient. There are many media that can be used in the classroom; on
of them is an audio visual. From the technology today we can practice
everywere and everytime by using cellphone, laptop, DVD, etc. It can be
justified that listening to English songs, watching movies, reading novels,
and others can improve our language skills.
There are several techniques and activities that teacher can employ
and use in teaching vocabulary , such as media. It can be used in the
teaching-learning process, such as, motion, picture, TV, video, etc. The
researcher things that Audio-Visual Media can be helpful in teaching
English especially video.
There are many reasons for the student why they not interesting
learn about English language. The first is the less exercise students will be
very difficult to rememmber the vocabulary that has been given. The
second is the lack of method initiatives in improving vocabulary so, that
make students to be lazy to reproduce their vocabulary. The last is, the
application of vocabulary in everyday conversation is less.
From the reasons above, the researcher would argue that the
dificulty of student is because the lack of vocabulary. On the other hand,
students who have lack of vocabulary will decrease their interest in english
skills.
Reffering to the decription above, the writer is interested to conduct
a research under the tittle of “The use of Video as Teaching Media in
Improving Students Vocabulary”. Based of this, the researcher takes first
grade of Junior High School 19 Makassar as the object this research.
STUDENT 2
Language is a communication tool which is very important in
interraction. According to Morrison in Craith (2007:2) language is a form of
cultural capital and linguistics capital. Action that effect language
communication is speech acts. In speech acts, speaker gives information
to hearer to be understood the meaning of it. In speech acts is not only
saying words ors sentences but also there is a purpose that speaker
informs to the hearer. One way in observing the purpose of the hearer is
illocutionary acts.
Illocutionary acts is sometimes used in interractions as
communication tool in society. Searle citied in Wardaugh (1986:287) said
that illocutionary acts must be perfomed “intentionally” in order to
communicate something in language that will be understood by another
speaker of that language as an utterance, it must (1) be correctly uttered
with its conventional meaning and (2) satisfy a truth condition.
In communication there is speaker who has message to be
informed to hearer the message that wants to be informed occasionally
cannot be found in word and utterances. Accordingly, there is study which
is explaining about language in context. It is called pragmatics.
Pragmatics, explains about communication itself. It is, explaining about
the condition in the contex such as where, when, why the communications
is happened and other aspects.
The reason why the researcher choose Hillary Clintion‟s speech as
the data source is because she is the most popular women in this decade
who is nominated as the first women of United States presidential
candidate. Moreover, one of her persuasive strategies is through her
public speaking ability. Since the researcher is interested in her speeches
as Hillary Clintons tried to convince and influence the hearers to trust on
what she said in it.
STUDENT 3
English is now used by all of students in English Department. It is
also the prominent langauge chosen for academic discussion. Most of
students believe that English can lead them the welfare. English seems to
have been adopted as the language of globalization these days as the
language of global culture and international economy (Graddol, D 1997:4).
As the generally, English has 4 skills they are listening, writing, reading
and speaking.
Those 4 skills are very important. Students need to master these
skills when we are learning English. Listening and reading are known as
„receptive‟ kills while speaking and writing are known as „productive‟ skills.
In this discussion, the relation between reading and speaking can be seen.
Reading is the best way to develop our vocabulary and comprehension.
So, we can speak fluently and confidently because our grammars are
richer. Vocabulary knowledge and grammar are two essential factors of
foreign language learning, and they both influence learner‟s speaking
perfomance. Good knowledge of grammar is viewed as an essential
aspects for achievement in a foreign language. Grammar is important to
learn the nature of language. Grammar helps learners to build
comprehensible sentences in speaking in order to understand how
language works, learners should give attention to grammar.
Reading is a great factor in foreign language improvement and
believes that students who read a lot are good at reading, good at writing,
and have a good at vocabulary and grammar knowledge. Moreover,
speaking perfomance. Learners see structure of a sentence and this
enables them to build their own sentences and utterances. Reading may
contribute significantly to competence in a second language. There is
good reasons, in fact, to hypothesize that reading makes a contribution to
overall competence, to all four skills (Krashen & Terrel, 1983,p.131).
STUDENT 4
English is used by most countries in the world as the global
language. Its worldwide reach is much greater than anything achieved
historically by Latin or French, and there has never been a language as
widely spoken as English. Many would reasonably claim that, in the fields
of busines, academics, science, computing, education, transportation,
politics and entertaiment, English is already established as the de facto
lingua franca. In most countries around the globe the English language
can be found in some from another, be it an international news broadcast,
such as CNN, or a Chicago Bull tee-shirt. It is widely believed that “English
is truly the world langauge. If this were to become official it would reduce
the number of mis-translations. It would make communication across
cultures much easier. English were used as a second or third language
forthe pure purporse of communicating globally. So, it is very necessary to
learn English.
In this era, the importance of English can not be ignored since
English is the most common langauge spoken everywehere. With the help
of developing technology, English has been playing a main role in many
sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my
opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed.
Consequently, English is very important for Indonesian student for the
following theree reasons. The first reason is English helps students find a
high quality jobs fo students to find. In business life, the most important
common language is obviously English. In addition to this, especially,
high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking in English.
For example, the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in
his jobs, because he can use the information from foreign sources and
web sites. The second reason is students be able to communicate with the
international world. in these days, the most important thing for students is
to follow the development in tehnology. For this reason, they have to learn
common language. For example, the internet, which, in my opinion, the
largest source in the world based on English knowledge and information.
The last reason is facilitates accessing infomation. All of the students have
to do some projects or homeworks which arerelated with their field during
the school education. They find sources from English web sites and
books, but they have to replace these data to their projects. During these
process, if they know English to accesss information. However , it is not
easy for student of indonesia to learn English because of many things that
must be mastered in four basic skills.
Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening and writing skills is
important to learn for indonesian students. Listening and reading are
considered as receptive skills; on the other hand, speaking and writing are
productive skills. The researcher thinks that writing can support the others
language skills. It means that writing is a complex domain to learn and to
teach because it requires many skills. Before doing and making a good
writing the students need to gather much information by listening to other
people, doing discussion with others, and reading more books. By writing,
the students can deliver their messages to their readers.
To deliver the message, the students have to produce a text by
using English. They have to write about what they think in their mind and
state it on a piece of paper by using correct procedure. It is supported by
Meyers (2005:2) in Vita Ningrum (2013:2) who defines :
“Writing is a way to produce langauge you do naturally when you speak. Writing is speaking to other on paper- or on a computer screen. Writing is also an action – a process of discovering and organizing your ideas, putting them on a paper and reshaping and revising them”
Writing in a foreign language is one of the most challenging skills
for almost all learners. According to Raimes (1983) in Hermanto
(2013:148) said that writing is used a tool in learning process because of
everal reasons. First, when students are writing, they are applying their
knowledge of grammatical structures, idioms, and vocabulary. Second, the
also explores their language. Last, the students are very involved eith the
new language.
Developing writing skill is though to be highly complex if not the
most complex in comparison to other skills. (26) Due to the compexity of
this skill, many students find it very difficult to produced an adequate piece
of writing. for students in the second year of senior high school, writing
takes quite a long time because it had to make the sentence inside
coheren one anotherin accordance with the topic of the text. Writing is a
process which is generated from an idea and then it is written become its
new form that is discourse. The discourse itself has different types include
argumentative, descriptive, expository and naratie text.
Narative text is akind of text to retell the story that past tense.
According to Percy in Permana and Zuhri (2013:2) in Deevigantari
(2015:22) stated that narrative is a type of text that tells a story or a series
of event in which they occur. (27) Is purpose is to give meaning to an
event by telling story. From these statements it can be inferred that
narative text is concerning with a story. (28) The story include some
events which is presented toamuse the readers or listeners. So, writing
narrative texts are aimed to entertain the reaaders or listeners.
However, narrative text is one form of functional text which is
difficult enough to learn by students especially for students in the second
year of Senior High School. Actually students could not write or known as
blank mind. In addition, they also lack of knowledge so, that they less
understand about how to write narrative text as well. (29) Another possible
factor of this problem is also the interest of student‟s in learning writing, or
the unsuitable technique that is used by the teacher. (30) Moreover,
someone who wants to write must be able to organized ideas, to construct
sentences, to use punctuation and to spell well. Narrative structure has
unique features and conventions, and students can learn these in order to
direct their own learning of stories strategically.
The researcher thinks that narrative text is not as simple as we
think. In writingnarrative text, there are several rulesthat we must follow
such steps in writing text, pay attention to the tenses used and signal
words within the text. (31) (32) (33) Problems seen in recent. researchers
even some students in second grade of senior high school do not know
exactly how the correct steps in writing narrative text and it depends on
their English teacher wether they really had explained properly to the
students or not.
Related the problem, the English teachers have to be more creative
in choosing the material and the technique which can make the writing
class be more interesting and enjoyable. (34) It can be done by choosing
the material that appropriate with the student‟s background knowledge,
give a good technique which make the students be more comfortable
during the learning process. (35) Pictured paper is one of alternative which
can stimulate students to learn. It can encourage students to write.
According to Wright (1992:86) in Hermanto (2013:150) says that picture
will help students to retell experiences or understand something since they
can represent place, object, people, etc. Picture paper also help develop a
student‟s writing process because it has some advantages in learning
process. First, it can translate abstract ideas into more realistic forms. (36)
Second, pictured paper are easily obtained, for example, from
schoolbooks, newspaper, and magazines. Last, pictured paper can save
theteachers time and energy.
From the previous explain, the reseacrher can conclude that using
pictured paper is very usefull and applicable in teaching narrative text to
students. So, the researcher wouuld like to explain about “Improving
student‟s Ability in Writing Narrative Text By Using Pictured Paper.
STUDENT 5
A language is a system of conventional signal used for
communication by a whole community (Gimson, 1989:4). Language as
means of communication is very important for human being.The term
language has various aspects to be studied and it offers significant
function. With language we can talk about knowledge, information, to
convey message, feeling, thought and so on. So, it is clear that in all
aspects in human lives language will be always used. As Fishman said
that almost in all of activities, language is used both in spoken and written
form.
Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or
multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence
connector. It may happen unintentionally.When bilingual or multilingual
person talks to another bilingual/multilingual, there will be lots of code
switching and code mixing occurs.
Most of Malaysian are bilinguals.It is quite commonplace for
bilingual speakers to use two or more languages, dialects or varieties in
the same conversation, without any apparent effort. Sometimes the
languages are mixed or they are switched to another language in their
speech or conversation. Then these phenomena are known as Code
Switching and Code Mixing. It is become a major focus of attention in
linguistics. This concise and original study explores how, when and where
code-switching and code mixing occurs. Drawing on a diverse range of
examples from medieval manuscripts to rap music, novels to
advertisements, emails to political speeches, and above all everyday
conversation, it argues that code-switching and code mixing can only be
properly understood if we study it from a variety of perspectives. It shows
how sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, grammatical and developmental
aspects of code-switching are all interdependent, and findings in each
area are crucial to others.
In this research, the researcher would like to identify what types of
code mixing and code switching used by Malaysian students conversation
and what are the factors.
STUDENT 6
Language plays a very important role in human interaction.
Language is the connector of people to communicate in society.English,
as the international language, is one of the keypoint in global
communication. English language happens to be the language that is used
almost in every country. These days, it can be seen that mostly people all
over the world recognize English as the global language.
The use of English as the international language has become wider
and universal. Not merely as a tool of verbal communication, but it also
influences many aspects in society. One of the countries which the
implementation of English in its society has increased over times is
Indonesia. Even though, Indonesia is a non-English-speaking country, but
the implementation of English comes in to real life and/or cyber life
situations which in the past, English usage can be only found in formal
educations.
Nowadays, many people in Indonesia speak English to each other,
and they also use English in their social networks/medias. Not only for
interaction, advertisements in Indonesia happen to use English. As many
Indonesian advertisements use English, it proves the fact that English has
influenced and controlled the country not only from linguistics and
education perspectives but also from the socio and economics aspects.
Global English is highly flexible and different, depending on which
domain it derives from. Examples of domains are media, lifestyle, culture,
and advertising. The use of English in advertisement might indicates that
most Indonesians are following the globalization and they are considered
to understand English generally. Because in common sense that
language used in advertisement expected to be understood by the
consumers so the information which is conveyed by the products can be
delivered successfully. They try to persuade the consumer to buy through
theuse of language. The language of advertising suits the advertisers aims
which are to inform, entice, excite, and induce the audience to buy. Based
on that explanation one of the most important factors in determining the
success of the advertisement is the using of language.
In Indonesia, the commercial is not entirely in English, the form of the
advertisement sometimes used code-mixing between Indonesian
language (as the native language) and English. The use of English in
Indonesian advertisement is often considered as a part of variation.
Beside the globalization factor, it also caused by the perspective of people
who think that English has prestigious value among Indonesian society.
Through this phenomenon, the writer is really interested to conduct
the research about a sociolinguistics study of the language attitudes
toward the use of English in Indonesian electronic advertisements, since
there has been many Indonesian advertisements use English which can
be found on the television. The writer tries to find out the correlation
between the use of English in advertisements and people‟s attitude toward
the language itself.
STUDENT 7
Language plays a very important role in human life. Language
emerged as one of the creation of society. Language is used by people
inside and outside the society, people are able to communicate and
interract with other people with it. It also helps people to express their
ideas and opinions whether they use language in written or spoken
activities. From that, we understand that language cannot be separated
from human life and therefore with its uniqueness and variation became
an interesting subject for research.
Language is used by people everywhere, from various range of
age, gender, occupation and ethnicity. Language itself has became an
identity for those who speak it. Through the language used, we can easily
identify their society group or even their nationality.
Everyone speaks a language either speak one, two or more
languages. People who to understand and use more than two languages
are called bilinguals and people who speak numbers of languages referred
as polyglots.
English is acknowledged by every people as the international
language. English is taught not only in English-speaking country but also
in non English-speaking country. The ability to speak English is mandatory
for everyone. English then is spoken by everyone regardless of their race,
nationality and native language.
The use of English by people either are bilingual or multilingual in
their community sometimes resulted in a phenomenon known as Code
switching. Code switching is a linguistic phenomenon where people
alternates between language in their utterances. Code switching has
become one of the topics studied in Sociolinguistics for a long time.
Code switching, as a phenomenon, can be found in many forms
either the switches are between Indonesian and local languages or
between Indonesian and English. Code switching also can be found
everywhere, in written form such in newspapers, magazines, and literary
works and in spoken form such on advertisements, on television, and on
movies.
Among all TV shows aired in Indonesia, one with the highest
frequency of code switching usage is BREAKOUT. BREAKOUT is a music
TV program aired from Monday to Friday at 13.00 pm in NET TV.
BREAKOUT can be agreed as the best music TV program in Indonesia as
it not only limited to Indonesian musics but also covers International
musics. Code switching phenomenon can be easily found in this TV
program as the hosts are able to speak English fluently.
Based on the facts above, the researcher tries to analyze code
switches made by hosts NET TV BREAKOUT and why the hosts of NET
TV BREAKOUT use code switching. The researcher entitled his research
“Code Switching used by Hosts in “NET TV BREAKOUT” Selected
Episodes: a Sociolinguistic Analysis.”.
STUDENT 8
English is known as an international language used by many people
in the world to communicate effectively with people from different
countries. Therefore, there is a higher demand from people all over the
world to study this language, including our own country, as it is commonly
used in business trading, abroad study, and so on. Although English is still
becoming the foreign language in Indonesia, the awareness of the
importance of English growing even bigger in Indonesians. Many people
from our country eager to study English, from the very young age to the
elder and they even pay higher to get a private course for this language.
English has been taught in Indonesia, from primary school to the
higher level of education, that is in the university. The students were not
only taught about the language itself, but also the culture, the literatures,
and many others involved the pronunciation or the speech sound. Speech
sound is any of distinctive sound set of a given language or any of the
sounds of the entire phonetic system of a language. Clear pronunciation is
essential in spoken communication. Even where learners produce minor
inaccuracies in vocabulary and grammar, they are most likely to
communicate effectively when they have good pronunciation and
intonation (Burns, 2003).
One of the factors that affects the pronunciation is the exposure to
target language, in this case, English language. Therefore, the more
someones exposed to English language, the more he or she excellent in
the pronunciation of English words. English Department students have
been exposed with English language in their daily academic activites, such
as during the lectures, the presentation, and in their assignments.
However, from the writer observation, English Department students still
lack of abilities in pronouncing English words accurately, yet they already
learn English for many years. This may be due to the influence of mother
tongue and the influence of the spelling system in English language. The
question is how will we overcome this situation?
From the book that the writer has read entitled Better English
Pronunciation, it is said that language starts with the ear. We can learn
language through imitating them. For example, we can pronounce word
like natives do by imitating the way they pronounce or producing the
sounds of the word. Therefore, this may be the solver for the English
Department students‟ problem in realizing phonemes accurately. In this
research, the writer will only take the segmental features of pronunciation
as it is focus on the realization of phonemes. This is due to what the writer
already explain above that inaccurate realization of phonemes may lead to
misinterpretation from the hearer.
Another purpose that makes the writer comes up with this research is
because there are so many research have been done about
pronunciation, but those research mostly focus on the difficulties of
students‟ in pronouncing certain phonemes. Only a few of them that give
solution to the pronunciation problem.
This phenomenon attracts the writer to do a research with the title
“Improving Students‟ Phonemic Pronunciation through Imitation Exercises
(A Case Study in English Department of Hasanuddin University)” to reveal
how imitation exercises can improve the students‟ phonemic
pronunciation. At the end of this research, the writer hopes that this
research can produce a new method in improving students‟ pronunciation
and can be a recommendation for both learner and teacher in improving
pronunciation skill.
STUDENT 9
Language acts as a primary application of communication that
enables interaction of one to another to happen. It further functions as
media of adapting to varying surroundings where a speaker needs to get
on well-comprehension in the basis of cultural and social performances he
or she faces. Every language throughout the world practically depicts how
cultures live on the people‟s lives that reflect on the way of thinking and
communicating, which many expressions and utterances are disclosed in
different manners. Therefore, language of communication is the most
complete and effective way to convey ideas, messages, intentions,
feelings and opinions to others.
The need of communication in this advanced era of globalization has
been growing more significantly as people have started to understand the
significance of wider horizons they may obtain by getting in touch with
others from different countries. Since every nation has its own typical
language, we should be rendered difficulties when attempting each other
communication. Due to the dissimmilarity of language, English appears to
be the most recognizably spoken language because of its flexibility to
learn and practice.
The main aspect in establishing foreign language proficiency is the
amount of time being spent learning the language. At most Indonesian
educational institutions, English is gradually taught in the course of
students‟ study process for more than a decade in the estimated time
periode, especially for those who continue studying English in the
university. Consequently, it could be assumed that they have been
possibly proficient and well-featured. Despite the assumption, the fact
does not go along with the expectation since many of English graduated
students actually failed in writing thesis in grammatical ways.
Although the structure of its language style is considered relatively
easier compared with other languages, most English learners still find the
grammar declining to their comprehension as English as a secondary
language possibly contrasts to their primary language in the importance of
grammatical structure understanding. Among the grammatical problems
faced, modal auxiliary is one of typical English structures that emphasizes
sentence expressions towards attitude and mood to describe ability,
necessity, possibility, etc. as the modals are a complex, heavily used
group of words that should be studied and observed carefully. This
grammar study has various discussions in the importance of the usage,
purpose, and meaning which are formulated from its simple form to the
complex structure that may be considered difficult challenges by a number
of learners.
Moreover, they may find the grammar classes conditionally
ineffective to put up with their needs since the methods used are
categorized traditional where students have to memorize vocabularies and
teachers tend to encourage them to be more cautious to the sentence
pattern instead of the sentence meaning. The innovative method is
therefore needed applying in order to improve students‟ comprehension
towards English grammar.
On the one hand, students can get bored by listening repeatedly to
narration or dialog as they try to understand the meaning of new words or
phrases in context while listening to a song over and over again is on the
other hand less monotonous due to the rhythm and melody. In fact,
listening is one of the four skills needed in mastering the language
proficiency for the students of English department, and the activity of
listening to songs can be considered an effective way to improve their
grammar performance. Songs can help young learners enchance their
listening skills and pronunciation, therefore potentially helping them to
improve their speaking skills as well as becoming useful tools in the
learning of vocabulary, sentence structures, and sentence patterns, not to
mention their reflectivity of mother tongue culture.
Based on the consideration explained above, a study that observes
the use of songs applied in learning English grammars for English
students department where the researcher will intimately examine on
modal auxiliary using the media wrapped in this research is titled Students‟
Ability to Use Past Modal Perfect Through English Songs: A Case Study at
English Department of Hasanuddin University.
STUDENT 10
Human being as the social creature use language to communicate
and exchange their thoughts, ideas, feelings and knowledge to each other
to keep their relationship. In the communication, people should respond
the person to those whom they are connected with, so that they can build
a good interaction and share many things as fellow human being.
There are things that people need to notice in doing interaction. One
of them is being polite to others. Huang (2008:97) states that generally,
people act politely in order to show his wishes, to start a friendly relation
with someone, or to maintain it if it is already existing, or to mend it if it is
being threatened for some reasons. It means that whenever we want
someone to do what we want we have to make the request in a polite
manner.
Speech is a public speaking activity between a speaker and
audience that aims to convey the opinions, ideas, knowledge, informations
and to influence others. It is one type of communication. According to
Rachmat in Hartono (2005: 64-69), says that there are four types of
speech, namely impromptu speech, extemporaneous speech, manuscript
speech and memorized speech.
In pragmatic, the term of speech events to describe “social activities
in which language play a particular important role” (Finegan, 2004, p. 305).
One of speech that researcher is interested to do a research analysis is
the political speech delivered by one of the America‟s presidential
candidates in 2016 president‟s election, Donald Trump.
On June 16, 2015 in Trump Tower New York, Donald John Trump
announced himself that he will be running for president in the United
States presidential election in 2016. Donald Trump is one of the most
influential people in America, a master in gargantuan international
business nets, and also an overly familiar public figure. He is well-known
for his business in real estates and properties, as the main businesses,
and the other branches businesses in which they play an active role in the
America‟s economy. He is one of the richest, and he has decided to run
for the presidential candidate.
As well as the political speech, if we want people choose us, we
should deliver a good speech to the audience, make their interested with
our thoughts or ideas about what we will do in the future. However, in
Donald Trump's speech political campaign, he often made controversial
statements, like the prohibition of Muslims go to America and close all of
mosques in America. It is makes a lot of criticism from his political
opponents.
The foci of the research which is conducted by the researcher is to
know the form violating the interpersonal rhetoric especially politeness
principle. Politeness principles commonly have six maxims, namely:
maxim of tact, maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation, maxim of
modesty, maxim of agreement and maxim of sympathy.
Dealing with these maxims, people will assume that the speaker
when they speak to the audience, they abiding maxims of conversation.
people assume that they telling the truth and trying to make the audience
interested with their speeches as the representation of their political views,
ideologies, movements, future policies, and even their deliberately hidden
political agendas. However, in reality the speaker sometimes give the
negative effect to the audience with they violated some maxims. It is
frequently discovered in campaign politic. In the case of presidential
candidates, it is also commonly discovered that the candidates often use
commissive and assertive techniques excessively to give promises and
assurances to the public
According the the previous, analyzing his political speeches indeed
will be very interesting in order to unravel his campaign strategies and
more importantly the content of his campaigns. That ways the researcher
wanted to know how far Trump has violated the politeness principles (PP)
and for what purposes he did that kind of violations. (55) It can be
analyzed using Leech‟s theory of the politeness principles, because the
politicians often violate the politeness principles in order to gain public‟s
attentions.
APPENDIX 2:
SENTENCES CONTAIN GRAMMATICAL ERRORS.
Participant Sentences
Student 1 1. English has been taugh in formal and informal
education level, for elementary school until
university.
2. For the student, the first thing that should be
noted to improve their english is enrich
vocabulary especially for the beginner.
3. Therefore, the mastery of vocabulary is a
fundamental thing for student. It is no possible
for students to write, read and speak a foreign
language without sufficient vocabulary.
4. The writer realize that learning english cannot be
force, because there are too many subject to
study about.
5. Media are channel of communication
6. Media is everything that can be used for helping
someone to get _ information needed.
7. Media is essential in the classroom because it
can fasilitate the interraction between teacher
and students, so that teaching and learning
activities will be more effective and efficient.
8. From the technology today we can practice
everywere and everytime by using _
cellphone,laptop,DVD, etc.
9. Media is essential in the classroom because it
can fasilitate the interraction between teacher
and students, so that teaching and learning
activities will be more effective and efficient.
There are many media that can be used in the
classroom; one of them is an audio visual. From
the technology today we can practice everywere
and everytime by using cellphone, laptop, DVD,
etc.
10. There are several tecniques and activities that
teacher can employ anduse in teaching
vocabulary, such as media.
11. There are many reasons for the student why they
_ not interesting learn about English language.
12. There are many reasons for the student why they
_ not interesting learn about English language.
13. Based of this, the researcher takes first grade of
junior high school 19 makassar as the object this
research.
14. The researcher takes first _ grade junior high
school 19 makassar as he object of this
research.
Student 2 15. Illocutionary acts is sometimes used in
interrations as _ communication tool in society.
16. In communication there is _ speaker who has _
message to be informed to hearer the message
that wants to be informed occasionally cannot be
found in word and utterances.
17. The reason why the researcher choose Hillary
Clinton‟s speech as the data source is because
she is the most popular woman in this decade
who is nominated as the first women of united
states presidential candidate.
18. There is _ study whcih is explaining about
language in contex.
Student 3 19. English is now used by all of students in English
Department. It is also the prominent language
choosen for academic discussion. Most of _
students believe that English can lead them the
welfare.
20. Learners see structure of a sentence andthis
enables them to build their own sentences and
utterances.
21. Good knowledge off grammar is viewed as an
esential aspects for achievement in a foreign
language.
22. Moreover, speaking perfomance.
23. As the generaly, English has 4 skills they are
listening, writing, reading and speaking.
Student 4 24. English were used as a second or third language
forthe pure purpose of communicating golbally.
25. Consequently, English is very important for
Indonesian student for the following three
reasons.
26. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs
need good understanding ability and speaking
in English.
27. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs
need good understanding ability and speaking in
English. For example, the student who knows
English is able to be more efficient in his jobs,
because he canuse the information from foreign
sources and websites.
28. The last reason is facilitates accessing
infromation.
29. Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening
and writing skills is important to learn for
Indonesian students.
30. Before doing and making a good writing the
students need to gather much information by
listening to other people, doing discussion with
others, and reading more books.
31. Due the complexity of this skill, many students
find it very difficult to produed an adequet piece
of writing.
32. Is purpose is to give meaning to an event by
telling story.
33. From these statements it can be inferred that
narative text is concerning with a story.
34. The story include some events which is
presented to amuse the readers or listeners.
35. Another possible factor factor of this problem is
also the interest of student‟s in learning writing,
or the unuitable technique that is used by the
teacher.
36. Moreover, someone who wants to writer must be
able to organized ideas, to construct sentences,
to use punctuation and to spell well.
37. Problem seen in recent. Researcher even
some students in second grade of senior high
school do not know exactly how the correct steps
in writing narrative text and it depends on their
english teacher wether they really had explained
properly to the students or not.
38. Problem seen in recent. Researcher even some
students in second grade of senior high school
do not know exactly how the correct steps in
writing narrative text and it depends on their
english teacher wether they really had explained
properly o the students or not.
39. Problem seen in recent. Researcher even some
students in second grade of senior high school
do not know exactly how the correct steps in
writing narrative text and it depends on their
english teacher wether they really had explained
properly o the students or not.
40. It can be done by choosing the material
appropriate with the student‟s background
knowledge, give a technique which make the
students be more comfortable during learning
process.
41. Pictured paper is one of alternative which can
stimulate students to learn.
42. Second, pictured paper are easily obtained, for
example from school books , newspaper,and
magazines.
43. According to Raimes (1983) in Hermanto
(2013:148) said that writing is used a tool in
learning process beacuse of several reasons.
Student 5 44. It is become a major focus of attention in
linguistics.
Student 6 45. English, as the international langauge , is one of
the keypoint in global communication.
46. These days, it can be seen that mostly people all
over the world recognize English as the global
language.
Student 7 47. Language itself has became an identity for those
who speak it. Through the language used, we
can easily identify their society group or even
their nationality.
48. People who to understand and use more than
two languages are called billinguals and people
who speak numbers of languages reffered as
polygots.
49. BREAKOUT can be agreed a the best music TV
program in Indonesia as it not only limited to
Indonesian musics but also covers international
musics.
Student 8 50. For example, we can pronounce word like
natives do by imitating the way they pronounce
or producing the sounds of the word.
51. This due to what the writer already explain above
that inaccurate realization of phonemes may lead
to misinterpretation from the hearer.
52. Only a few of them that give solution to the
pronounciation problem.
Student 9 53. Despite the assumption, the fact does not go
along with the expectation since many of English
graduated students actually failed in writing _
thesis in grammatical ways
54. The innovative method is therefore needed
applying in other to improve students‟
comprehension towards English grammar.
55. Based on the consideration explained above, a
study that observes the use of songs applied in
learning English grammars for English students
department
Student 10 56. Human being as the social creature use
langauge to communicate and exchange their
thoughts, ideas, feelings, and knowledge to each
other to keep their relationship.
57. Speech is a public speaking activity between a
speaker and audience that aims to convey the
opinions, ideas, knowledge, informations and to
influence others.
58. As well as the political speech, if we want people
to choose us, we shoud deliver a good speech to
the audience, make their interested with our
thoughts or ideas about what we will do in the
future.
59. It is makes a lot of criticism from his political
opponents.
60. Dealing with these maxims, people will assume
that the speaker when they speak to the
audience, they abiding maxims of conversation.
61. According the the previous analyzing his political
speeches indeed will be very interesting in order
to unravel his campaign strategies and more
importantly the content of his campaigns.
62. It can be analyzed using Leech‟s theory of the
politeness principles, because the politicians
often violate the politness principles in other to
gain public‟s attentions.
63. One of speech that researcher is interested to do
a research analysis is the political speech
delivered by one of the America‟s precidential
candidates in 2016 precident‟s election, Donal
Trump