AN ANALYSIS ON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN STUDENTS ...

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AN ANALYSIS ON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN STUDENTS’

PROPOSALS: A CASE STUDY AT ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

A THESIS

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire

Sarjana Degree in English

By :

NUR FADILLAH ILYAS

F211 13 026

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS

Bissmillahirahmanirrahim

First of all, the writer would like to express his great praise to the

almighty Allah SWT Who has given changes, spirits, health and patiencein

finishing this thesis. Salawat and salam are sent to the messenger of Allah

SWT, Muhammad SAW, his families, comparies, and followers till the end

of the day.

In completing the thesis the writer has gothelp and spirit from many

people, so, at this moment the writer would like to express her sincere

gratitude to :

1. Drs. Abd. Madjid Djuraid, M.Hum as the writer‟ first consultant and

Dra. Hamsinah Yasin M.Hum as the second consultant for their

valuable guidance, suggestion and correction during the

completion of this thesis.

2. The academic supervisor Karmila Mokogintaa, S.S.,M.Hum.,

M.Arts for her guidance and encouragement from the edly until the

end of the writer‟s study.

3. Her parents Muhammad Ilyas and Mardawiah , her sisters and all

the family for all sincere, everlasting love, countless, motivation,

and prayers to reach the goals.

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4. All the lectures in Hasanuddin University and in the English

Department especially who have given a lot of knowledge and

experiences to the writer.

5. Her closest friends “ULBUS” (Rea, Wilda, March, Windy, Anggi,

Arin, Wiah, Dilyas, and Daud), and to Rasda, and the rest of All

brothers and sisters in PERISAI especially ETCETERA 2013

which she cannot mention one by one and also her friends from

SMAN 1 Pangsid (Nurhaya, Nisrina, Venny) for their help and

prayers.

May all the help that the writer received from everyone be repaid by

God in the future. In addition, may this thesis be accepted as the writer‟s

work to create a better perspective of the nation and give inspiration to the

young generations.

Makassar, 29 September 2017

The Writer

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ABSTRACT

NUR FADILLAH ILYAS. 2017. An Analysis on Grammatical Errors in Students’ Proposals. A Case at English Department Hasanuddin University (Supervised by Abd. Madjid Djuraid and Hamsinah Yasin)

Considering the importance of the grammatical in writing a proposal, this study aimed to describe the errors of grammartical aspects and to find the most errors of grammatical aspects made by the students of English Department, Hasanuddin University being in the seventh semester in writing proposals.

The method used in this research was a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative.) Qualitative method was used to describe 4 types of grammatical errors according to Dulay Burt's theory such as omission, addition, misordering and misformation. While the quantitative method was used to summing the data included in the 4 types of grammatical errors. There were 20 student proposals which were the population and 10 of them were as the samples. The samples were taken using purposive sampling techniques.The data taken which contain grammatical errors.There were 4 procedures in analyzing the data. They were (1) Reading (2) classifying (3) analyzing and (4) elaborating.

The results of the study disclosed that there are 65 sentences were contained grammatical errors. Then 65 sentences were classified based on 4 types with each presentation. They are, omission (60%), misformation (26,19%), addition (10,79%) and misordering (3.07%). Based on the results they can be concluded that omission was the highest precentage of types of grammatical errors were found in background students‟ proposals. Where such errors included the used of articles (14 sentences), verbs (13 sentences), singular (10 sentences), conjunction (1 sentence) and adjective (1 sentence).

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ABSTRAK

NUR FADILLAH ILYAS. 2017. An Analysis on Grammatical Errors in Students’ Proposals. A Case Study English at Department Hasanuddin University (Supervised by Abd. Madjid Djuraid and Hamsinah Yasin)

Mengingat pentingnya tata bahasa dalam menulis sebuah proposal, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesalahan aspek tata bahasa dan menemukan kesalahan aspek tata bahasa yang kebanyakan dibuat oleh mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Hasanuddin pada semester ketujuh dalam penulisan proposal.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode campuran (kuantitatif dan kualitatif.) Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk menggambarkan 4 jenis kesalahan tata bahasa menurut teori Dulay Burt seperti omission, addition, misordering dan misformation. Sedangkan metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk menjumlahkan data yang termasuk dalam 4 jenis kesalahan tata bahasa. Ada 20 proposal mahasiswa yang merupakan populasi dan mengambil 10 di antaranya sebagai sampel. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Dimana data diambil yang mengandung kesalahan tata bahasa. Ada 4 prosedur dalam menganalisa data. Mereka adalah (1) Membaca (2) mengklasifikasikan (3) menganalisis dan (4) merinci.

Hasil penelitian tersebut mengungkapkan bahwa ada 65 kalimat yang terkandung kesalahan tata bahasa. Kemudian 65 kalimat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan 4 jenis dengan setiap presentasi. Mereka adalah omission (60%), misformation (26,19%), addition (10,79%) dan misordering (3,07%). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelalaian merupakan jenis kesalahan tata bahasa tertinggi yang ditemukan di latar belakang usulan siswa. Dimana kesalahan tersebut termasuk penggunaan artikel (14 kalimat), kata kerja (13 kalimat), tunggal (10 kalimat), konjungsi (1 kalimat) dan kata sifat (1 kalimat).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER .............................................................................................. i

AGREEMENT PAGES ...................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... viii

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................... x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Problems ............................................... 1

1.2 Identification of the Problems .............................................. 2

1.3 Scope of the Problems ........................................................ 4

1.4 Reseacrh Questions ............................................................ 4

1.5 Objectives of the Research ................................................ 4

1.6 Significance of the Reseach ................................................ 5

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................ 6

2.1 Previous Studies ................................................................. 6

2.2 Literary Review ................................................................... 7

2.2.1 Error Analysis ............................................................. 8

2.2.2 Surface Strategy Taxonomy ........................................ 9

2.2.3 Grammatical System ................................................... 12

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 25

3.1 Library Research ................................................................. 25

3.2 Field Research ..................................................................... 25

3.2.1 Method of Collecting Data ........................................... 25

3.2.2 Method of Analyzing Data ........................................... 25

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3.3 Population and Sample ....................................................... 26

3.3.1 Population .................................................................. 26

3.3.2 Sample ....................................................................... 27

CHAPTER IV: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS .................. 28

4.1 Types of Grammatical Errors ............................................... 28

4.2 The sources of Errors and Their Frequencies ..................... 51

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ....................... 54

5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................ 54

5.2 Suggestions ........................................................................ 55

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 57

APPENDICES

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Language is something that every human being has at birth. A

language born from a tradition and passed down to humans from

generation to generation. Therefore, this language is referred to as the first

language or traditional language. Regional languages are generally

different from where people are located, even though their language is

same. For example, "English" is used as a first language in some

countries such as United Kingdom, Singapore, United States and etcetera.

Although each country has the same name, the accent uses different

vocabulary is also different.

Nowadays English becomes an international language, some

countries begin to study and make “English‟ as a second language. The

second language is a language used outside of the mother tongue or

traditional language. For example, in Indonesia. Several universities

opened English literature majors. Students of English literature inevitably

have to make English as a second language because the language

becomes their introduction to learning in university

The use of sentence structure in English, as well as Indonesian

language, is different although it has elements of structure that are almost

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the same example in English are s,es,ly,ed and etc while in Indonesian

are men, kan, and etc.

Due to the similarities and difference, this often makes students'

literature to make mistakes in writing and speaking using English.

Commonly, in writing the background proposal by the final grade English

Department students, Hasanuddin University.

1.2 Identification of Problem

Having done observations in some students‟background proposals the

writer identified some grammatical errors such as :

1. Error in using Subject verb agreement

“The reason why the researcher choose_ Hillary Clinton’s speech

as the data source is because she is the most popular women in

this decade who is nominated as the first women of United States

presidential candidate”

The sentence is error in using verb because the subject of this

sentence is “singular” and it does not agree with the verb “choose”

must be followed by “s”.

2. Error in using Pronoun

“In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need

goodunderstanding ability and speaking in English. For example,

the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in his

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jobs, because he can use the information from foreign sources and

web sites.For this reason, they have to learn common language.”

The sentence is error in using personal pronoun. “his” and “he” in

the sentence are do not agree with the subject as a plural “the

student”

Based on description above, the wrier identified some problems

faced by he students about grammar as follows :

1. Some students cannot match the suitable subject (noun) with the

suitable verb in other words, some students cannot use subject

verb agreement correctly in their background proposals.

2. Some students cannot match the suitable pronoun with the

suitable antecedent. In other words, some students cannot use

pronoun-antecedent agreement correctly in their background

proposals.

1.3 Scope of Problem

Scope of problem in this analysis the researcher concern with errors

surface strategi taxonomy used by Dulay et all theory there are 4 types of

grammatical errors such as omission, addition, misordering and

misformation.The researcher collected background students‟ proposals

that never have revision with their supervisor. In collect the data the writer

also not take all of English Department students Hasanuddin University as

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the respondents but only focuses for the seventh semester students who

takes linguistics concern.

1.4 Research questions

1. What is types of grammatical errors in sudents‟ proposals?

2. What is the most type of grammatical errors made by students in

writing background proposals?

1.5 Objectives of the study

1. To elaborate types of grammatical errors make in writing proposals.

2. To describe the most frequent grammatical errors types in writing

proposals.

1.6 The Significance of the study

1. Researchers

For the next researchers, this analysis can give contribution to find

out more complete data about types of grammatical errors

2. Students

For the students especially English Department students this result

can give the contribution to learn more about grammatical rules and

give motivation to always train their writing skills and their grammar.

3. Lectures

For the lectures english department, this research can give

contribution in learning method especially about grammatical rules.

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From the result, the lectures can find an effective method to use in

learning to improve students skills, especially in grammatical rules.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Previous Studies

There have been many of researchers which are related to this

research. The first is a thesis from Meliliana (2013) “An Analysis of

Grammatical Errors in Writing Among The Second Semester Students of

English Department of Yogyakarta State University in Academic Year of

2011/2012”. In her analysis she uses quantitative and qualitative method.

Qualitative method to describe types grammatical errors used Dulay Burt

theory first is category of surface strategy taxonomy those are omission,

addition, misformation and misordering. And the second is comparative

analysis. The researcher also describes the situation about the occurrence

of the errors in students‟ writing. While quantitative method to make

frequency chart of surface strategy taxonomy and comparative analysis.

The second is a journal from Merlyn Simbolon (2015), “An Analysis

of Grammatical Errors on Speaking Activity”. In her analysis she try to find

grammatical errors, and to provide description of errors on speaking

activities using simple present and present progressive tenses made by

the second year students of English Education Department Palangka

Raya University. The reseacher uses qualitative method to describe the

types of grammatical error uses linguistic strategy taxonomy by Richard‟s

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Classification. The researcher also describes the source and cause of

students‟ errors taken from oral essay which consisted of question using

the tenses of simple present and present progressive.

The last is a thesis from Pratiwi Bahar (2012), “Grammatical Errors

in Student‟s Proposals English Department Hasanuddin University”. In her

analysis she uses qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative method

to describe types of grammatical errors are found in students proposals

such as subject verb-agreement, reference, number agreement, namely

indefinite and demonstrative pronoun, word order and ommiting subject

and verb. While quantitative method to make frequency chart for each

category.

Based on all previous studies, this research will be dissimilar with

the researcher above. However the writer used same object with one

previous study “student‟s proposals” . But the writer only focus to analysis

background of students proposals.The writer analysis grammatical errors

used surface strategy taxonomy by Dulay Burt such as omission, addition,

misformation and misordering. The writer also classifies all the errors

based on grammatical system that containt in the sentences and make

frequency for each category of grammatical errors.

2.2 Literary Review

In this part, the researcher will present some theories related to the

research. Following is further discussion of the theories.

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2.2.1 Error Analysis.

Errors are typically produced by people who do not yet fully

command some institutionalized language system (Corder, 1974:

29).Longman dictionary of Linguistic (1985 : 96) defines errors analysis as

“the study and analysis errors made by the second and foreign language”.

Ellis (1985 ; 296) defines it as “working procedure used by researchers

and language teacher to collect, identify, explain, classify, and evaluate

errors”.

According to Dulay and Burt (in Brown, 1994: 205), error is

considered as “goofs”. An error is a deviation from the adult grammar of a

native speaker which reflects the learner‟s inter language competence. It

is called competence error when learners make errors because they lack

knowledge of the rules of the target language. They will not be able to

correct the errors by themselves quickly. They need guidance to correct

the errors. They may also make the same errors at the times. In

conclusion, they define errors are the flawed side of learner speech or

writing. It means that learners cannot learn language without

systematically committing errors first.

As Erdogan (2005:263) emphasizes that „error analysis deals with

the learners‟ performance in terms of the cognitive processes they make

use of recognizing or coding the input they receive from the target

language. Therefore, a primary focus of error analysis is on the evidence

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that learners‟ error provide with an understanding of the underlying

process of second language acquisition.‟

Based on thetheorist above, the writer concludes that errors

analysis are people who do not master second language. The serrors can

be found in people‟s speech or writing. They will not be able to correct the

errors by themselves quickly. They need guidance to correct the errors.

They may also make the same errors at the times.

2.2.2 Error Surface Strategy Taxonomy

Dulay Burt (1982) said that The accent of surface strategy

taxonomy is the ways structures are altered. Researchers analyzing

errors from a surface strategy perspective, concerned with identifying

cognitive processes that underlie the learner‟s reconstruction of the new

language.

There are 4 types grammatical errors as follow :

1.) Omission errors

An omission is a type of error which is “characterized by the

absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance”.

Language learners omit grammatical morphemes much more

frequently than content words. Omission of content words, although

typical in the early stages of L1 acquisition, is not as common in 26

sequential L2 acquisition where the learner is older and more

cognitively mature. If content words are omitted in L2, it is usually

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caused by lack of vocabulary, and learners usually indicate their

awareness of the missing constituent.

For example : John is clever student.

There is missing “a” that should be John is a clever student.

2.) Addition errors

Addition errors are characterized by the presence of an item

which must not appear in a well-formed utterance (Dulay et all

1982:156). It is usually occured in the later stages of L2 acquisition

or learning, when the learner has already acquired some target

language rules. There are three types of addition errors:

a. . Double markings

This error is caused by the failure to delete certain items

which are required in some linguistic construction.

e.g She didn’t went/goed back.

There is double marking that should be “She didn‟t go back”.

b. Regularization

Regularization errors is a type of errors “in which a marker

that is typically added to a linguistic item is erroneously added to

exceptional items of the given class that do not take a marker”.

e.g sheeps instead of sheep

There is regularization error in which regular plural marker.

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c. Simple addition

Simple addition errors characterize all addition errors. It is

the use of an item which should not be appeared in a well-

formed utterances.

e.g the fishes doesn’t live in the water.

There is simple addition that should be “ the fish doesn‟t live in

the water”.

3.) Misformation errors

Misformation errors are characterized by the use of the

wrong form of the morphemes or structure. It is occured when the

learner supplies something although it is incorrect. There are three

types of misformation errors:

a. Regularization errors

Regularization errors that fall under the misformation

category are those in which a regular marker is used in place of

an irregular one.

e.g runned instead of run

There is regularization errors that should be “run”.

b. Archi-forms

Archi-forms errors are the selection of one number of a class

of forms to represent others in the class is common

characteristic of all stages of second language acquisition.

e.g I see her yesterday. Her dance with my brother.

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There is archi-forms error that should be “ I see her yesterday.

She dance with my brother”. It is caused when the learner

represents the entire class of subject.

c. Alternating forms

Alternating forms error caused by the learners‟ vocabulary

and grammar development.

e.g I seen her yesterday.

The alternating error that should be “ I saw her yesterday” .

4.) Misordering errors

Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect

placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an utterance.

It occurs systematically for both L1 and L2 learners in constructions

that have already been acquired.

e.g. I don’t know what is that.

There is misordering error that should be “I don‟t know what that is”.

2.2.3 Grammatical System.

1.) Verbs

Capella university (on grammar handbook: 11) states that verbs

is a word to explain what‟s being done to a noun. It‟s usually an action

word it can explains an emotional or physiological response. Verbs

devided into severals forms:

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a. Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs

Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs are used before the

main verb in a sentence. Primary Auxiliary words include:

Forms of “be” be, am, is, are, was, were,

been, being

Forms of “have” have, has, had

Modals can, could, may, might, will,

would, shall, should, must,

ought to

Special auxiliary, “do” do, does, didxv

For Auxiliary or Helping Verbs Examples:

Larry will have existed for twenty years.

We are inviting the entire class to New York.

b. Verb tenses

Judith F: 99 states that verbs have four principal parts, or

fundamental forms that are used to create a tense: present,

present participle, past, and past participle.

1. Present: This refers to something that is existing or

happening now, or to an action that happens routinely.

For example :

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“I walk my dog every day.”

“As soon as my mom wakes up, she goes

straight into the kitchen to make a pot of coffee.”

2. Present participle: This is formed by adding -ing to the

end of regular verbs. It is used with forms of the verb to

be, such as am, is, are, was, or were. The present

participle form of a verb expresses an ongoing action.

For example :

“I was eating dinner when she called.”

“They were trying to decide where to go on

vacation when I arrived.”

3. Past: This form of a verb is used to indicate that

something has already been completed. For example :

“I hired my assistant because his resume was

impeccable.”

“They placed their trust in the new counselor.”

4. Past participle: This is formed by adding -d or -ed to the

end of regular verbs. It is used with the helping verb have

(has, have, or had). For example :

“I have learned a thing or two in my life.”

“She has noticed his weight gain.”

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c. Gerunds

The gerund (-ing) is used to verb as a noun. Gerund

has the same form as the present participle. It is always

noun and can function in any noun position (George

E.wishon: 268) . For examples

“Swimming is good exercise”

“I am tired of camping”

2.) Noun

Capella university (on grammar handbook: 3) staes that , a

noun is a word describing who or what in a sentence it can be a

person, place or thing like an animal,a device, a point and etcetera.

john (on Oxford guide to English grammar book) said that

there are 3 of nouns form. Those are :

a. Many nouns have no special form to show that they are nouns.

But there are a number of endings used to form nouns from

other words: movement, intention, difference, kindness, security,

landing. • 285(2)

b. Most nouns do not have gender. There are only a few word

pairs such as stewar or stewardess. • 285(3e)

c. Nouns do not have endings to show that they are subject or

object. The only endings are for the plural (bottles, • 145) and

the possessive (the plane'screw, •146).

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3.) Adjectives

Capella university (on grammar handbook:14) states that,

Adjectives are descriptive words used in sentences to modify or

describe nouns or pronouns and also help add meaning to

messages delivered in sentences .

For example:

e.g., “The famous musician had a guitar-shaped

swimming pool behind his huge but gaudy Hollywood

mansion.”

4.) Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.it is

used to refer a noun (called its antecedent) that usually comes

before the pronoun or make writing clearer, smoother, and less

awkward. There are several types of pronoun but the most

common are personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns

Those are :

a. Personal pronoun

It refers to people and things. They are divided into three

categories called first person ,second person , and third person .

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Singular Plural

First person I, my, mine, me We, our, our, us

Second person You, your, yours You, your, yours

Third peron He, his, him, she,

her, hers,

it, its

They, their,

theirs,

Them

b. Demonstrative pronoun

It is used to point out a specific person or thing. These

pronouns include this, that, these, and those.

e.g., Theresa, is this yours?

5.) Conjunction

Conjunction serves to connect two or more clauses, phrases

or words together to make longer constructions. There are two

types of conjunction:

a. Coordinating conjunction

This type is always used to connect elements that share the

same grammatical status, that is, main clause to main clause, verb

to verb, noun to noun, adjective to adjective and so on. These

seven words are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

e.g., The coffee was strong, but sweet.

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b. Subordinating conjunction

This type is often joins two or more unequal clauses to one

another. Typically a main clause will be connected to a subordinate

clause.

e.g., When I arrived home, they had already eaten.

6.) Preposition

Wren and martin (1995:109) states that preposition is a word

placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or

thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else. The noun or

pronoun which is used with a preposition is called objects.

Frank (1972 : 163) states that preposition is classified as a part of

speech in traditional grammar, However preposition as well as conjunction

is different from other part of speech in that:

a. Each is compesed of small class of words that have no formal

characteristic endings.

b. b. Each signal syntactic structures function as one of the other part

of speech.

For those reasons, modern linguistic prefer to classify preposition

as structure words rather than as part of speech.Preposition have

basically two function:

1. Preposition is to connect the noun (all type of nouns) to the rest of

sentence.

2. Preposition is specify the position of the nouns (persons or objects)

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Prepositions of place: at, in, on

According to Leech and Svartvik (1973:82), place prepositions are

prepositions that are used to described the place or position of all types of

nouns. It is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun.

When we refer to place prepositions, we usually refer to in, at and on.

1. Preposition of place in

In is usually used to state that someone or something is in a (the

boundaries can be physical or virtual place). In general, we use in for an

enclosed space: in the garden, a country, a town, a building, a room. In

means inside only. According to Yates (1999:146), the functions of

preposition of place in are:

a. A continent, a country, a state, a city, a town.

Examples:

She lives in California.

She lives in San Francisco.

b. A room, an area of a room

Examples:

She is in the kitchen, in the corner.

Our theater seats are in the balcony.

c. A comfortable chair

Example:

He sat in the chair and watched television.

d. The water, the air, the environment

Examples:

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They are swmming in the water.

There is pollution in the air.

e. The center, the middle

Example: Our house is in the center of the town.

f. The north/south/east/west.

Example: New England is in the north of the united states.

g. A bodily attack

Example: The stone hit me in the face.

h. A vehicle one cannot walk around in it

Example: Ride in the car with us.

i. Print medium

Example: Read the articles in the newspaper.

2. Preposition of place On

On is usually used to state someone or something is on top of a

surface. In general on for a surface: on the wall, on the floor, on the door,

on the cover, a street, a desk, a ceiling. According to Yates (1999:146),

the functions of preposition of place on are:

a. A street, a floor

Examples:

She lives on a Oak Street.

She live on the fourth floor.

b. An outside area

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Examples:

He is standing on the corner.

He has an outdoor grill on the balcony.

c. A straight chair, a sofa, a couch

Examples:

He sat on the chair and ate the dinner.

We sat on the sofa and watched television.

d. Facing a coast, a beach

Example: The house is on the beach.

e. The side, left, right, surface

Example: the market is on the right side of the hospital.

f. The north side/south side/east side/west side

Example: Our house is on the south side of town.

g. The surface of the body

Example: He has a scratch on his arm.

h. A vehicle one can walk around on it

Example: Ride on the bus with us.

An individual vehicle (horses, bicycle)

Examples: He came over on his bike.

i. An electronics medium

Examples: The file is save on the computer.

3. Preposition of place at

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At is usually used to state something or someone is at a specific

place. In generally, we use at for a point: at the corner, at the bus stop, at

the station, at the top of page, at the end of the road. According to Yates

(1999:146), the functions of preposition of place at are:

a. A building, a house or apartement number

Example:

She lives at the 1260 Oak street.

At home: in one‟s own house

At work: at one‟s job

At school: attending school

At churcch: attending church services

b. A work area inside

Example: She is at the kitchen sink.

c. The coast, the beach

Example: The whole family is at the beach.

d. The beginning, start, end

Our house is at the end of the street

7.) Sentence Sructure

Sentence can be categorized in to 4 types

(https://www.lamission.edu/learningcenter/docs/asc/worksheets/Gra

mmar/Sentence%20Types.pdf)

https://www.lamission.edu/learningcenter/docs/asc/worksheets/Grammar/Sentence%20Types.pdf


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a. Simple Sentences

A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. It expresses a

single complete thought that can stand on its own.

Examples:

1. The baby cried for food.

There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought.

b. Compound Sentences

A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An

independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone.

These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and,

nor, but, or, yet, so). For examples:

1. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English.

c. Complex Sentences

A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one

or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a

subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not

express a complete thought. A complex sentence always has a

subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative

pronouns (who, that, which). For example:

After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the

gym to exercise.

24

d. Compound-Complex Sentences

A compound-complex sentence has two independent

clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Examples:

After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their

other teammates for lunch, and they went to the movies.

8.) Articles

An article always precedes a singular noun unless a noun is

universal or all-encompassing. There are two types of articles that is

indefinite “an or a” and definite “The”. Definite article “the” is used for

spesifict location of noun and also used to noun that has been

mentioned in previous sentence. While indefinite “a or an” is used for

non spesifict noun. It may be something that the speaker is mentioned

for the first time, or the speaker may be making a general statement

about any such thing.

For example :

A party was planned in his honor.

The party went well last weekend.

25

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In completing this writing to be scientific work, the writer uses a

certain method. The methods show how the data are collected and

analyzed.

3.1 Library research

The writer collected the data and the theories from various kinds of

books and articles from the library, internet, and many sources to

support the analysis of the research. Those were collected and taken

properly to build the foundation in answering the research question

mentioned before.

3.2 Field Research

3.2 .1 Method of collecting data

In this research to collect the data, the writer used note-taking and

scrutinized method. Note taking used to find types of grammatical

errors in student‟s proposals. And also used scrutinized to read more

carefully the proposals and write down types of grammatical errors.

3.2.2 Method of analyzing data

The writer analyzed the data through the following procedures:

1. The writer read all proposals and identified types of grammatical

errors are found in students proposals.

26

2. The writer classified the types of grammatical errors from the whole

data of student‟s proposals. The writer classified the collected data

used Dulay et all theory such as omission, addition, misformation,

and misordering.

3. The writer used descriptive qualitative to explain types of

grammatical errors are found in the student proposals and also

explain the correction.

4. The writer counted the frequency and percentage of each type of

grammatical errors and defined the most frequent grammatical

errors

No. Surface strategi taxonomy Frequency Percentage

1.

2.

.......

.......

...

...

...

...

The pattern used to get the percentage of data as follows :

x 100%

3.3 Population and Sample

1. Population

The population of this research was taken 20 proposals written by

the seventh semester English Department Student‟s Hasanuddin

University who take linguistic concern. The selection of this population is

based on the reason that the student's proposals, but they were not been

supervised yet, so the proposals might contain a grammatical errors.

27

2. Samples

From the population above the researcher choose 10 proposals as

the sample of this research. The samples are selected used purposive

sampling. A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected

based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.

The samples of the research were 65 sentences from 10

background of proposals They were chosen to contain the criteria that are

needed in this research. The criteria were sentences contained

grammatical errors.

28

CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter includes the data presentation and analysis. This part

explains the types of errors in background of students‟ proposals. The

writer uses Dulay et all theory to identify types of errors such as omission,

addition, misformation, and misordering

The following is the finding collected from the background of

students‟ proposals that contain grammatical errors. The researcher finds

66 sentences errors then the writer analyzes the data based on Dulay

theory which the writer has mentioned before.

The errors as follow :

4.1.1 Omission

Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that

must appear in a well-formed utterance(Dulay et all 1982:154). The

students make some omission errors in using article, verb, singular or

plural noun, preposition, and adjective.

The researcher finds 38 errors sentences that indicate as the

omission errors. Those are : 14 omission of articles, 12 omission of verbs,

10 omission of singular noun, 1 omission of conjunctions and 1 omission

of prepositions.

29

The data are :

1. Omission of verbs

The researcher finds 11 data that are indicated as omission of

verbs. Verb is term used in the grammatical classification of words, to refer

to a class traditionally defined as „doing‟ or „action‟ words. (David

Crystal:67) English verb can take a number of different form. 11 data can

are consisted of 4 form of verbs such as auxiliary verbs, gerunds, subject

verb-agreements and to-infinitives Those data are :

a. Omission of auxiliary verbs

No. Sentences

11.

53.

31.

There are many reasons fro the student why they _ not

Dealing with these maxims, people will assume that the

speaker when they speak to the audience, they _

abiding maxims of conversation.

Problems seen in recent. Researchers even some

students in second grade of senior high school do not

know exactly how the correct steps in writing narrative

text and it depends on their English teacher wether

they really had explained properly to the students or

not

Based on the table, there are 3 data indicate omission of auxiliary

verbs “is”. The subjects of these sentences are plural. it means that the

30

subjects are more than one thing or person and must be followed by

auxiliary “are”. so, the corrections should be “There are many reasons

from the student why they are not interesting to learn”,“Dealing with these

maxims, people will assume that the speaker when they speak to the

audience, they are abiding maxims of conversation” and “Problems are

seen in recent. Researchers even some students in second grade of

senior high school do not know exactly how the correct steps in writing

narrative text and it depends on their English teacher wether they really

had explained properly to the students or not”

b. Omission of Gerund (-ing)

No. Sentences

2.

34.

For the student, the firs thing that should be noted to

improve their English is enrich_ vocabulary especially

for the beginner.

It can be done by choosing the material that

appropriate with the student‟s background knowledge,

give_ a good technique which make_ the students be

more comfortable during the learning process.

Based on the table, the researcher finds 2 data that are indicatesd

omission of gerund.The gerund is the –ing form of the verb that is used as

a noun. So, the correction in datum 2 is “For the student, the firs thing that

should be noted to improve their English is enriching vocabulary

31

especially for the beginner”. While, in datum 34 this sentence is a

compound sentence, to make this sentence complex and paralel, “comma”

mark which becomes separator between “give knowledge” should be

replaced by a conjuntion “and” otherwise, the word “give” mustbe paralel

with “choosing” which must be “+ing” and another error also can be seen

in “a good technique” which is singular the verb “make” must be added “s”

,so, the correction should be “It can be done by choosing the material that

appropriate with the student’s background knowledge and giving a good

technique which makes the students be more comfortable during the

learning process.”

c. Omission subject verb-agreement.

No. Sentences

15.

44.

The reason why the researcher choose_ Hillary

Clinton‟s speech as the data source is because she is

the most popular women in this decade who is

nominated as the first women of United States

presidential candidate

This is due to what the writer already explain_ above

that inaccurate realization of phonemes may lead to

misinterpretation from the hearer

The erorrs have similar with ( data 49 and 4)

32

Based on the table, there are 4 sentences that are indicated as

omission of subject verb-agreement. Because the subject of these

sentences are uses “singular” and it do not agree with the verb form must

be followed by “s”.So, the correction should be “The reason why the

researcher chooses Hillary Clinton’s speech as the data source is

because she is the most popular women in this decade who is nominated

as the first women of United States presidential candidate”,This is due to

what the writer already explains above that inaccurate realization of

phonemes may lead to misinterpretation from the hearer”,”Human being

as the social creature uses language to communicate and exchange

their”,”The writer realizes that learning english is cannot be force,

because there are too many subject to study about”

d. Omission of to-infinitives

No. Sentences

23.

51.

The last reason is _ facilitates accessing infomation.

As well as the political speech, if we want people_

choose us, we should deliver a good speech to the

audience, make their interested with our thoughts or

ideas about what we will do in the future.

The data has similar with (23)

Based on the table, they are indicated as the omission of to-infintive

Verbs. The infinitive is made up of “to” + simple form of verb. So, the

correction should be “As well as the political speech, if we want people to

33

choose us, we should deliver a good speech to the audience, make their

interested with our thoughts or ideas about what we will do in the future”

and “There are many reasons for the student why they not interesting to

learn about English language”. While in datum 23, the sentence can be

omission of to-infinitive “to facilitate” or can be indicated that its missforma

tion of subject verb-agreement which the sentence use auxiliary “is” and

do not agree with the verb as a plural “facilitates”. So, the correction

should be “The last reason is to facilitate accessing infomation” or “The

last reason is facilitating accessing infomation.”

2. Omission of articles

There are two types of articles that is definite “the” and indefinite “a

or an”. Definite article “the” is used for specific, common nouns (singular) /

spesific plural or general nouns. Definite article can also be used to

identify a time period, a unique place(famous buildings or monuments),

geographical areas ( mountains, parts of and, or bodies of water) or some

places that have plural names. The researcher finds 7 omission of definite

article “the” and also the researcher clasifies definite article “the” based on

the reasons the data are:

34

No. Sentences

13.

55.

The researcher takes _ first grade of Junior High

School 19 Makassar as the object this research.

“It can be analyzed using Leech‟s theory of the

politeness principles, because the politicians often

violate the politeness principles in order to gain _

public‟s attentions”

The errors have similar with ( 18, 42, 47 and 13 )

Based on the table, there are 6 sentences That are missing the

definite „the‟ to spesify the location of “first junior high school” and “public‟s

atention” “information”, “structure”, “researcher”, “learning” and “solution”.

So, the correction should be “It can be analyzed using Leech’s theory of

the politeness principles, because the politicians often violate the

politeness principles in order to gain the public’s attentions”,“The

researcher takes the first grade of Junior High School 19 Makassar as

the object this research”. “Learners see the structure of a sentence and

this enables them to build their own sentences and utterances”, “Media is

everything that can be used for helping someone to get the information

needed”, “One of speech that the researcher is interested to do a

research analysis is the political speech delivered by one of the America’s

presidential candidates in 2016 president’s election, Donald

Trump”,”According to Raimes (1983) in Hermanto (2013:148) said that

35

writing is used a tool in the learning process because of everal reasons”

and “Only a few of them that give the solution to the pronunciation

problem.”

No. Sentences

20.

29.

English is now used by all of students in English

Department. It is also the prominent langauge chosen

for academic discussion. Most of _ students believe

that English can lead them the welfare.

Another possible factor of this problem is also the

interest of student’s in learning writing, or the

unsuitable technique that is used by the teacher

While in this table, there are 2 sentences that are missing the

definite article “the” because this word has been mentioned in previous

sentences. So,the correction should be “Another possible factor of this

problem is also the interest of the student’s in learning writing, or the

unsuitable technique that is used by the teacher” and “English is now used

by all of students in English Department. It is also the prominent language

chosen for academic discussion. Most of the students believe that

English can lead them the welfare”.

36

Beside omission of definite artcile “the”, indefinite article “a or an” also

can be found in students' proposals. The data are :

No. Sentences

46. Despite the assumption, the fact does not go along

with the expectation since many of English graduated

students actually failed in writing _ thesis in

grammatical ways

The errors have similar with (8,16, 13, 14, 27)

Based on the table, There are 6 data that are indicated as omission of

indefinited article “a or an”.So, the correction should be “There is a study

which is explaining about language in context”,“Is purpose is to give a

meaning to an event by telling story”,” Despite the assumption, the fact

does not go along with the expectation since many of English graduated

students actually failed in writing a thesis in grammatical ways” ,” From

the technology today we can practice everywere and everytime by using a

cellphone, laptop, DVD, etc”,”Illocutionary acts is sometimes used in

interractions as communication tool in society” and ”In communication

there is a speaker who has a message to be informed to hearer the

message that wants to be informed occasionally cannot be found in word

and utterances”

37

3. Omission of preposition

No. Sentences

56. Moreover,_ speaking perfomance.

From the sentence above, the sentence can be indicated that it is

omitted of preposition because in datum 23 is missing of preposition“in”.

Preposition “in” is used to indicate a location or place. In the sentence,

preposition “in” is used to show the position of speaking that is explained

in previous sentences “Reading is a great factor in foreign language

improvement and believes that students who read a lot are good at

reading, good at writing, and have a good at vocabulary and grammar

knowledge.” So, the correction should be “Moreover, in speaking

performance.”

4. Omission of adjective

No. Sentences

35. Pictured paper is one of alternative which can stimulate

students to learn.

This sentence is missing “s” and must be added in adjective

“alernative” because “alternative” in this sentence is a noun while the

subject is singular. So, the correction should be “Pictured paper is one of

alternatives which can stimulate students to learn.”

38

5. Omission of singular

No. Sentences

3.

43.

Therefore, the mastery of vocabulary is a fundamental

thing for student_.

For example, we can pronounce word_ like natives do by

imitating the way they pronounce or producing the sounds

of the word.

The errors have similar with (11, 5, 37, 6, 32, 38, 57 and

20)

From the sentences above, they can be indicated that they are

omission of singular (-s). Singular means one, while plural means more

than one. Those data are “student”, “teacher”, “teacher”, “student”,

“teacher”, ”channel” “performance”, “student”, “key point” and “word”.

These nouns should be modified into plural form because plural form

refers to more than one person or thing. Beside that, noun also can be

plural if it is preceded by auxiliary “are” as shown in datum 11. “Media are

channel of communication” it means that there are many channel in

media. So, the correct nouns are “Therefore, the mastery of vocabulary is

a fundamental thing for students”,“Media is essential in the classroom

because it can fasilitate the interraction between teachers and students,

so, that teaching and learning activities will be more effective and

efficient”,”There are several techniques and activities that teachers can

39

employ and use in teaching vocabulary ,such as media”,”English is very

important for Indonesian students for the following theree

reasons”,“Problems seen in recent. researchers even some students in

second grade of senior high school do not know exactly how the correct

steps in writing narrative text and it depends on their English teachers

wether they really had explained properly to the students or not”,”Media

are channels of communication”,“Vocabulary knowledge and grammar

are two essential factors of foreign language learning, and they both

influence learner’s speaking performances”,”Consequently, English is

very important for Indonesian students for the following theree

reasons”,”English, as the international language, is one of the keypoints

in global communication” and ”For example, we can pronounce words like

natives do by imitating the way they pronounce or producing the sounds of

the word”.

4.1.2 Addition

Addition error are characterized by the presence of an item which

must not appears in a well-formed utterance (Dulay et all : 156) The

students make some addition error in using article, verbs, singular,

preposition and conjunction.

The researcher has found 7 error used addition. Those are : 3

addition of verbs, 1 addition of singular, 1 addition of conjunction, 1

addition of preposition and 1 addition of article.

40

The data are :

1. Addition of preposition

No. Sentences

41.

People who to understand and use more than two

languages are called bilinguals and people who speak

numbers of languages referred as polyglots.

The sentence is indicated as an addition of preposition “to” or

pronoun “who” . the sentence can be simplified by removing “who” So, the

correction should be “People who understand and use more than two

languages are called bilinguals and people who speak numbers of

languages referred as polyglots.”

2. Addition of article

No. Sentences

54.

According the the previous, analyzing his political

speeches indeed will be very interesting in order to unravel

his campaign strategies and more importantly the content

of his campaigns.

This sentence is using double articles. The sentence can be

simplified by removing one word of “the” before the word “previous”. So,

41

the correction should be “According the previous, analyzing his political

speeches indeed will be very interesting in order to unravel his campaign

strategies and more importantly the content of his campaigns.”

2. Addition of conjunction

No. Sentences

25.

As the generally, English has 4 skills they are listening,

writing, reading and speaking.

From the sentences above, it can be indicated that there is an

addition of conjunction because “as” In this sentence is corelative

conjunction. Where its use is divided into two categories as a cause and

concession. In this sentence the use is not based on the context of the

sentence.So ,the correction should be “Generally, English has 4 skills

they are listening, writing, reading and speaking.”

3. Addition of singular

No. Sentences

19. Good knowledge of grammar is viewed as an essential

aspects for achievement in a foreign language.

From the sentences above, they can be indicated that there are

addition of singular because in datum 19 the indefinite article “an” may not

42

be required with the plural noun “aspects” in this sentence. The sentence

is consider removing the article or changing the noun to singular. So, the

correction should be “Good knowledge of grammar is viewed as an

essential aspect for achievement in a foreign language.” Or “Good

knowledge of grammar is viewed as essential aspects for achievement in

a foreign language”.

4. Addition of Verbs

No. Sentences

37.

52.

26.

It is become a major focus of attention in linguistics.

It is makes a lot of criticism from his political opponents.

Due to the compexity of this skill, many students find it very

difficult to produced an adequate piece of writing.

From the sentences above, they can be indicated that they are

addition of verbs because first in datum 37 the sentence can be simplified

by removing "is" and adding "+ s" at the end of the word „become‟ as the

third singular while in datum 52 the sentence can be simplified by

removing “is”. So, the correction should be “It becomes a major focus of

attention in linguistics” and “It makes a lot of criticism from his political

opponents.”

The next in datum 26, this sentence uses incorrect verb form. The

verb should be changed in to verb 1 so, the correction should be “Due to

43

the compexity of this skill, many students find it very difficult to produce an

adequate piece of writing..”

4.1.3 Misformation error.

Misformation errors are characterized by the use o the wrong form

of the morpeme or structure (Dulay et all : 162). The students make some

omission error in using pronoun, adjective, verb, conjunction, noun, and

preposition.

The researcher has found 17 error used misformation Those are : 2

misformation of pronouns, 7 misformation of verbs, 1 misformation of

conjunction, 3 misformation of nouns ,2 misformation of adverbs and 2

misformation of prepositions.

The data are:

1. Misformation of pronoun

No. Sentences

21.

In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need

goodunderstanding ability and speaking in English. For

example, the student who knows English is able to be

more efficient in his jobs, because he can use the

information from foreign sources and web sites.For this

reason, they have to learn common language.

The errors has similar with (9)

44

Based on the table, the sentences are error in using personal

pronoun. Personal pronouns are reffered to at the first, second or third

person. The pronouns in datum 21 “he” and “has” do not agree with a

subject as a plural. So, the correction should be “In addition to this,

especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking

in English. For example, the student who knows English is able to be more

efficient in their jobs, because they can use the information from foreign

sources and web sites.For this reason, they have to learn common

language.”. while in datum 9 the sentence use pronouns “we” and “our”

does not agree with previous sentence that uses “students and teachers”

as a subject. So, the correction should be “Media is essential in the

classroom because it can fasilitate the interraction between teacher and

students, so that teaching and learning activities will be more effective and

efficient. There are many media that can be used in the classroom; on of

them is an audio visual. From the technology today they can practice

everywere and everytime by using cellphone, laptop, DVD, etc. It can be

justified that listening to English songs, watching movies, reading novels,

and others can improve their language skills.

45

2. Missformation of noun

No. Sentences

42.

25.

50.

BREAKOUT can be agreed as the best music TV program

in Indonesia as it not only limited to Indonesian musics but

also covers International musics.

Before doing and making a good writing the students need

to gather much information by listening to other people,

doing discussion with others, and reading more books.

Speech is a public speaking activity between a speaker

and audience that aims to convey the opinions, ideas,

knowledge, informations and to influence others.

Based on the table, they can be indicated that they are

misformation of noun. First in data 42 and 50 the sentences are error in

using noun “musics and informations” because there are general nouns

and it must be not adding “s” as a plural. So, the correction should be

“BREAKOUT can be agreed as the best music TV program in Indonesia

as it not only limited to Indonesian music but also covers International

music.”and “ Speech is a public speaking activity between a speaker and

audience that aims to convey the opinions, ideas, knowledge, information

and to influence others.”

While in datum 25 the sentence is incorrect in using noun

“discussion”. This noun must be parallel with “doing”, “making” and

46

“listening”. So, the correction should be “Before doing and making a good

writing the students need to gather much information by listening to other

people, doing discussing with others, and reading more books.”

3. Missformation of verbs.

The researcher finds 7 data that are indicated as missformation of

verbs. The data are consist in to 2 verb form, there are error in using

auxiliary verbs and tenses. Those data are :

a. Auxiliary Verbs

No. Sentences

36.

24.

28.

Second, pictured paper are easily obtained, for example,

from schoolbooks, newspaper, and magazines.

Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening and writing

skills is important to learn for indonesian students.

The story include some events which is presented to a

muse the readers or listeners.

Based on the table, there are 3 data of misformation of auxiliary

verbs “are” and “is”. The data aremisformation of auxilary “are” because

“is” in this sentence is not follow by singular form so, “is” should be

changed with “are” to follow the subject as the plural form. So, the

correction should be “Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening and

writing skills are important to learn for indonesian students” and “The story

47

include some events which are presented to a muse the readers or

listeners.”Beside that there is one sentence used to be “are” in singular

form so, the sentence should be changed “Second, pictured paper is

easily obtained, for example, from schoolbooks, newspaper, and

magazines”.

b. Tenses

No. Sentences

33.

40..

47.

20.

Problems seen in recent. researchers even some students

in second grade of senior high school do not know exactly

how the correct steps in writing narrative text and it

depends on their English teacher wether they really had

explained properly to the students or not.

Language itself has became an identity for those who

speak it.

The innovative method is therefore needed applying in

order to improve students‟ comprehension towards English

grammar.

English were used as a second or third language forthe

pure purporse of communicating globally.

Based on the table, there are 4 data that are indicated as

missformation of verbs tenses. Fisrt in datum 40 this sentence is used

48

wrong verb form “became” should be changed in to verb 3 because this

sentence is future tenses,so, the correction sould be “Language itself has

become an identity for those who speak it.”. The next is in datum 33 this

sentence is used wrong auxillary verbs “had” because in this sentence it is

unclear when the teacher want to explained. So, the correction should be

“Problems seen in recent. researchers even some students in second

grade of senior high school do not know exactly how the correct steps in

writing narrative text and it depends on their English teacher wether they

really have explained properly to the students or not.” Another error can

be seen in datum 47.This sentence uses wrong gerund. The verb should

be changed into invinite verb. So, the correction should be “the innovative

method is therefore needed to apply in order to improve students’

comprehension towards English grammar” . the last, in datum 20 this

sentence uses verb 2 “used” and must be followed by “was” before “used”.

So, the corrrection should be “English was used as a second or third

language forthe pure purporse of communicating globally.”

4. Misformation of adverbs

No. Sentences

30.

39.

Moreover, someone who wants to write must be able to

organized ideas, to construct sentences, to use

punctuation and to spell well.

English language happens to be the language that is used

49

almost in every country. These days, it can be seen that

mostly people all over the world recognize English as the

global language.

From the sentences above, they can be indicate that they are

misformation of adjectives “organized” and “mostly”. It is categorized as an

error spesifically the meaning that are not match with the context of the

sentences. The correction should be “Moreover, someone who wants to

write must be able to organize ideas, to construct sentences, to use

punctuation and to spell well.” English language happens to be the

language that is used almost in every country.” and “These days, it can be

seen that most people all over the world recognize English as the global

language. “

5. Misformation of conjunction

No. Sentences

57.

There are several techniques and activities that teachers

can employ and use in teaching vocabulary ,Such as

media.

This sentence is a misformation of conjunction “such as”. This

sentence just gives one technique that teachers can employ and use in

teaching vocabulary. So, the correction should be “There are several

50

techniques and activities that teachers can employ and use in teaching

vocabulary ,One of them is media.”

6. Misformation of preposition

No. Sentences

12.

1.

Based of this, the researcher takes first grade of Junior

High School 19 Makassar as the object this research

English is a global language in this era. English has been

taught in formal and informal education level, from

elementary school until university.

From the sentences above, they can be indicate that tey are

misformation of preposition.The first, in datum 12, the sentence is the

misfromation of using preposition “of”, it should be changed in to “on”

because preposition “on” is used to indicate the part of object by which

someone or something is supported. So, the correction should be “Based

on this, the researcher takes first grade of junior high school 19 makassar

as the object this research”. The second, in datum 1, the sentece is the

misformation of using “until” and mustbe changed in to “to”. Because this

sentence describes a distance or duration of time and the use of

preposition from must pair with preposition to. Soi (from ... to ...) So, the

correction should be “English is a global language in this era. English has

51

been taught in formal and informal education level, from elementary

school to university.

4.1.4 Misordering

The students make some misordering error. Misordering errors are

characterized by the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of

morphemes in an utterances (Dulay et all : 162)

The researcher find 2 data as the missordering of sentence

structure the data are :

No. Sentence

22.

48.

In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need

good understanding ability and speaking in English.

Based on the consideration explained above, a study

that observes the use of songs applied in learning

English grammars for English students department

The researcher finds 2 data that indicate misordering error because

This sentence has an ambiguous meaning. So, the correction should be

“In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding

speaking ability in English” and “Based on the consideration explained

above, a study that observes the use of songs applied in learning English

grammars for English department students”

52

After presenting and analyzing the data, the researcher make

frequency table to know the most types grammatical errors that are found

in student‟s proposals such as omission, addition, misofrmation, and

misordering.

Table 4.1

Errors on Surface Strategy Taxonomy

No. Surface strategy taxonomy Frequency Precentage

1. Omission 38 57,57%

2. Addition 7 10,60%

3. Misformation 17 27,57%

4. Misordering 2 3,03%

Total 66 100%

From the research data, it was found that omission was the highest

precentage of student‟s errors made in writing background proposals. The

students committed 38 sentences or 57,57% out of the whole errors.

Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must

appear in a well-formed utterance(Dulay et all 1982:154). From the data

sudent‟s writing the researcher found 14 omission of articles, 12 omission

of verbs, 9 omission of singular 1 omission of conjunction and 1 omission

of adjective.

The second highest percentage of student errors was Misformation

error, which is committed 17 sentences or 27,57% out of the whole errors.

53

Misformation errors are characterized by the use o the wrong form of the

morpeme or structure (Dulay et all : 162). From the data sudent‟s writing

the researcher found 2 misformation of pronouns, 7 misformation of verb

and to be, 1 misformation of conjunction, 3 misformation of nouns ,2

misformation of adverb and 2 misformation of preposition.

The third percentage of students‟ error was Addition. The students

committed 8 errors or 10,60% on their writing. Addition error is

characterized by the presence of an item which must not appear in a well-

formed utterance (Dulay et all : 156). From the data sudent‟s writing the

researcher found 3 addition of verbs, 1 addition of singular, 1 addition of

adjective, 1 addition of conjunction, 1 addition of preposition and 1addition

of article

The lowest percentage was Misordering error. The

studentscommitted 2 errors or 3,03% on their writing.This error comprised

the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an

utterance or writing. From the data sudent‟s writing the researcher found

2 data as the missordering of sentences structure

54

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter explains the conclusions and the suggestions of the

research. The first part presents the conclusion, while the suggestions

come next after the first part.

5.1. Conclusions

1. The researcher found 61 sentences in students‟ background

proposals were contained grammatical errors. The reseacher

classified into 4 categories based on Dulay Burt theory. The four

categories are :

a. Omission Errors

The students committed 35 sentences on their writing. From the

data, the researcher found 15 omission of articles, 11 omission of

verbs, 7 omission of singular 1 omission of conjunction and 1

omission of adjective.

b. Misformation Errors

The students committed 17 sentences on their writing. From the

data, the researcher found 35 errors sentences that indicate as the

omission errors. Those are : 2 misformation of pronouns, 7

misformation of verbs, 1 misformation of conjunction, 3

55

misformation of nouns ,2 misformation of adverbs and 2

misformation of prepositions.

c. Addition Errors

The students committed 8 sentences errors on their writing. From

the data, the researcher found 7 error used addition. Those are : 3

addition of verbs, 1 addition of singular, 1 addition of conjunction, 1

addition of preposition and 1 addition of article.

Misordering errors.

The students committed 2 sentences errors on their writing. From

the data, the researcher found 2 data as the missordering of

sentence structure.

2. Based on the result it can be concluded that omission was the

highest precentage of types of grammatical errors were found in

background students‟ proposals with the precentage 57,37% . The

second highest was misformation erros with the precentage

11,47%, the third precentage was addition errors with the

precentage 27,56% and the lowest precentage was misordering

errors with the precentage 3,27% .

5.2 Suggestions

According to the conclusions above, the writer concludes with

some things that may bring benefit

56

1. The English Teachers

Based on this study, it can be suggested that the teachers

should be aware on grammatical errors in writing prposals, thus

they can recognize their students‟ difficulties in writing so they will

pay more attention to the errors made by the students and the

causes of the errors in writing. The result of the study will evaluate

themselves whether they are successful or not teaching English.

2. The English learners

The result of the study will show the learners in what aspect

in grammar which is difficult for them. By paying more attention, the

learners are expected to increase their knowledge on the English

grammar, thus they will be aware of the errors they made and

sources of the errors.

3. To Further Researchers

It is expected that the result of the study can give an

informative input about grammatical error analysis or other topics

related to errors. The researcher believes that there are still many

phenomena that can be revealed in this research study. The

researcher expects that this result of study can inspire other

researchers to conduct the research related to grammatical errors

analysis to enrich the existing study.

57

BIBILIOGRAPHY

Bahar, Pratiwi. 2012. “An analysis of grammatical errors in

Student‟s Proposals Makassar: Skripsi Fakultas Sastra Inggris. UniversitasYogyakarta

Brown, H. Douglas. (1994). "Principles of Language Learning and

Teaching”. 3rd edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc

Corder, S.P. 1974. “Error Analysis”. In J. Allen and S. P.

Corder (eds.), The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistic. Vol.3. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Capella University. “Grammar Handbook”. 225 South 6th Street, 9th Floor Minneapolis, MN 55402 : Capella University

Dulay, H., Burt, M., Krashen S. (1982). “Language Two”. Oxford:

Oxford University,Inc.

Erdogan, Vacide. (2005) “Contribution of error analysis to foreign

language teaching”.Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 1(2), 261 270.

Eastwood, John. 1994. “Oxford Guide to English Grammar” : Oxford

University PressWalton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP

George , Julia. (1980). “Lets Write English”. Litton Educational

Publishing: New York

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Judith F. Olson. 2000.”Grammar Essential”. United States of

America

Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Sartvik. 1973. A Communicative Grammar

of English.London: Longman Group Ltd.

Lulu,Meilina. 2013. “An analysis of grammatical errors in writing

among the second semester student of English Department

of Yogryakarta state university in academic year of

2011/2012” Yogyakarta: Skripsi FakultasSeni dan Bahasa.

UniversitasYogyakarta

Merlin,Simbolon. 2015 An Analysis of Grammatical Errors on

Speaking Activity” Palangkaraya: Skripsi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Palangkaraya

Website :


APPENDIX 1: DATA ANALYSIS

STUDENT 1

The globalized era is encouraging people to adapt in every aspect

of life, as well as education. Higher education level requires higher

language proficiency. English is a global language in this era. English has

been taught in formal and informal education level, from elementary

school until university.

As we know that, there are four skills in English, those are listening,

speaking, writing and reading. Vocabulary enrichment is essential in

learning or acquiring new languages. For the student, the first thing that

should be noted to improve their english is enrich vocabulary especially for

the beginner. It is because vocabulary is one of the most important

aspects in mastering English because, the student‟s ability to read or

comprehend the subject is relatively determined by their vocabulary.

Zimmerman (1997) in agnes (2008) stated that for young learners,

vocabulary is central to language and word are the critical improtance to

language learning. It means that, vocabulary as a base requirement that

influence sudents improvement in studying english. Tudents will find some

difficulties if they possess vocabulary. Therefore, the mastery of

vocabulary is a fundamental thing for student. It is no possible for students

to write, read and speak a foreign language without sufficient vocabulary.

The writer realize that learning english is cannot be force, because

there are too many subject to study about. Therefor, the students can be

invited to study english language not only through the text book but using

other media such as electronic.

Media are chennel of communication. Media is everything that can

be used for helping someone to get information needed. Media is essential

in the classroom because it can fasilitate the interraction between teacher

and students, so that teaching and learning activities will be more effective

and efficient. There are many media that can be used in the classroom; on

of them is an audio visual. From the technology today we can practice

everywere and everytime by using cellphone, laptop, DVD, etc. It can be

justified that listening to English songs, watching movies, reading novels,

and others can improve our language skills.

There are several techniques and activities that teacher can employ

and use in teaching vocabulary , such as media. It can be used in the

teaching-learning process, such as, motion, picture, TV, video, etc. The

researcher things that Audio-Visual Media can be helpful in teaching

English especially video.

There are many reasons for the student why they not interesting

learn about English language. The first is the less exercise students will be

very difficult to rememmber the vocabulary that has been given. The

second is the lack of method initiatives in improving vocabulary so, that

make students to be lazy to reproduce their vocabulary. The last is, the

application of vocabulary in everyday conversation is less.

From the reasons above, the researcher would argue that the

dificulty of student is because the lack of vocabulary. On the other hand,

students who have lack of vocabulary will decrease their interest in english

skills.

Reffering to the decription above, the writer is interested to conduct

a research under the tittle of “The use of Video as Teaching Media in

Improving Students Vocabulary”. Based of this, the researcher takes first

grade of Junior High School 19 Makassar as the object this research.

STUDENT 2

Language is a communication tool which is very important in

interraction. According to Morrison in Craith (2007:2) language is a form of

cultural capital and linguistics capital. Action that effect language

communication is speech acts. In speech acts, speaker gives information

to hearer to be understood the meaning of it. In speech acts is not only

saying words ors sentences but also there is a purpose that speaker

informs to the hearer. One way in observing the purpose of the hearer is

illocutionary acts.

Illocutionary acts is sometimes used in interractions as

communication tool in society. Searle citied in Wardaugh (1986:287) said

that illocutionary acts must be perfomed “intentionally” in order to

communicate something in language that will be understood by another

speaker of that language as an utterance, it must (1) be correctly uttered

with its conventional meaning and (2) satisfy a truth condition.

In communication there is speaker who has message to be

informed to hearer the message that wants to be informed occasionally

cannot be found in word and utterances. Accordingly, there is study which

is explaining about language in context. It is called pragmatics.

Pragmatics, explains about communication itself. It is, explaining about

the condition in the contex such as where, when, why the communications

is happened and other aspects.

The reason why the researcher choose Hillary Clintion‟s speech as

the data source is because she is the most popular women in this decade

who is nominated as the first women of United States presidential

candidate. Moreover, one of her persuasive strategies is through her

public speaking ability. Since the researcher is interested in her speeches

as Hillary Clintons tried to convince and influence the hearers to trust on

what she said in it.

STUDENT 3

English is now used by all of students in English Department. It is

also the prominent langauge chosen for academic discussion. Most of

students believe that English can lead them the welfare. English seems to

have been adopted as the language of globalization these days as the

language of global culture and international economy (Graddol, D 1997:4).

As the generally, English has 4 skills they are listening, writing, reading

and speaking.

Those 4 skills are very important. Students need to master these

skills when we are learning English. Listening and reading are known as

„receptive‟ kills while speaking and writing are known as „productive‟ skills.

In this discussion, the relation between reading and speaking can be seen.

Reading is the best way to develop our vocabulary and comprehension.

So, we can speak fluently and confidently because our grammars are

richer. Vocabulary knowledge and grammar are two essential factors of

foreign language learning, and they both influence learner‟s speaking

perfomance. Good knowledge of grammar is viewed as an essential

aspects for achievement in a foreign language. Grammar is important to

learn the nature of language. Grammar helps learners to build

comprehensible sentences in speaking in order to understand how

language works, learners should give attention to grammar.

Reading is a great factor in foreign language improvement and

believes that students who read a lot are good at reading, good at writing,

and have a good at vocabulary and grammar knowledge. Moreover,

speaking perfomance. Learners see structure of a sentence and this

enables them to build their own sentences and utterances. Reading may

contribute significantly to competence in a second language. There is

good reasons, in fact, to hypothesize that reading makes a contribution to

overall competence, to all four skills (Krashen & Terrel, 1983,p.131).

STUDENT 4

English is used by most countries in the world as the global

language. Its worldwide reach is much greater than anything achieved

historically by Latin or French, and there has never been a language as

widely spoken as English. Many would reasonably claim that, in the fields

of busines, academics, science, computing, education, transportation,

politics and entertaiment, English is already established as the de facto

lingua franca. In most countries around the globe the English language

can be found in some from another, be it an international news broadcast,

such as CNN, or a Chicago Bull tee-shirt. It is widely believed that “English

is truly the world langauge. If this were to become official it would reduce

the number of mis-translations. It would make communication across

cultures much easier. English were used as a second or third language

forthe pure purporse of communicating globally. So, it is very necessary to

learn English.

In this era, the importance of English can not be ignored since

English is the most common langauge spoken everywehere. With the help

of developing technology, English has been playing a main role in many

sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my

opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed.

Consequently, English is very important for Indonesian student for the

following theree reasons. The first reason is English helps students find a

high quality jobs fo students to find. In business life, the most important

common language is obviously English. In addition to this, especially,

high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking in English.

For example, the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in

his jobs, because he can use the information from foreign sources and

web sites. The second reason is students be able to communicate with the

international world. in these days, the most important thing for students is

to follow the development in tehnology. For this reason, they have to learn

common language. For example, the internet, which, in my opinion, the

largest source in the world based on English knowledge and information.

The last reason is facilitates accessing infomation. All of the students have

to do some projects or homeworks which arerelated with their field during

the school education. They find sources from English web sites and

books, but they have to replace these data to their projects. During these

process, if they know English to accesss information. However , it is not

easy for student of indonesia to learn English because of many things that

must be mastered in four basic skills.

Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening and writing skills is

important to learn for indonesian students. Listening and reading are

considered as receptive skills; on the other hand, speaking and writing are

productive skills. The researcher thinks that writing can support the others

language skills. It means that writing is a complex domain to learn and to

teach because it requires many skills. Before doing and making a good

writing the students need to gather much information by listening to other

people, doing discussion with others, and reading more books. By writing,

the students can deliver their messages to their readers.

To deliver the message, the students have to produce a text by

using English. They have to write about what they think in their mind and

state it on a piece of paper by using correct procedure. It is supported by

Meyers (2005:2) in Vita Ningrum (2013:2) who defines :

“Writing is a way to produce langauge you do naturally when you speak. Writing is speaking to other on paper- or on a computer screen. Writing is also an action – a process of discovering and organizing your ideas, putting them on a paper and reshaping and revising them”

Writing in a foreign language is one of the most challenging skills

for almost all learners. According to Raimes (1983) in Hermanto

(2013:148) said that writing is used a tool in learning process because of

everal reasons. First, when students are writing, they are applying their

knowledge of grammatical structures, idioms, and vocabulary. Second, the

also explores their language. Last, the students are very involved eith the

new language.

Developing writing skill is though to be highly complex if not the

most complex in comparison to other skills. (26) Due to the compexity of

this skill, many students find it very difficult to produced an adequate piece

of writing. for students in the second year of senior high school, writing

takes quite a long time because it had to make the sentence inside

coheren one anotherin accordance with the topic of the text. Writing is a

process which is generated from an idea and then it is written become its

new form that is discourse. The discourse itself has different types include

argumentative, descriptive, expository and naratie text.

Narative text is akind of text to retell the story that past tense.

According to Percy in Permana and Zuhri (2013:2) in Deevigantari

(2015:22) stated that narrative is a type of text that tells a story or a series

of event in which they occur. (27) Is purpose is to give meaning to an

event by telling story. From these statements it can be inferred that

narative text is concerning with a story. (28) The story include some

events which is presented toamuse the readers or listeners. So, writing

narrative texts are aimed to entertain the reaaders or listeners.

However, narrative text is one form of functional text which is

difficult enough to learn by students especially for students in the second

year of Senior High School. Actually students could not write or known as

blank mind. In addition, they also lack of knowledge so, that they less

understand about how to write narrative text as well. (29) Another possible

factor of this problem is also the interest of student‟s in learning writing, or

the unsuitable technique that is used by the teacher. (30) Moreover,

someone who wants to write must be able to organized ideas, to construct

sentences, to use punctuation and to spell well. Narrative structure has

unique features and conventions, and students can learn these in order to

direct their own learning of stories strategically.

The researcher thinks that narrative text is not as simple as we

think. In writingnarrative text, there are several rulesthat we must follow

such steps in writing text, pay attention to the tenses used and signal

words within the text. (31) (32) (33) Problems seen in recent. researchers

even some students in second grade of senior high school do not know

exactly how the correct steps in writing narrative text and it depends on

their English teacher wether they really had explained properly to the

students or not.

Related the problem, the English teachers have to be more creative

in choosing the material and the technique which can make the writing

class be more interesting and enjoyable. (34) It can be done by choosing

the material that appropriate with the student‟s background knowledge,

give a good technique which make the students be more comfortable

during the learning process. (35) Pictured paper is one of alternative which

can stimulate students to learn. It can encourage students to write.

According to Wright (1992:86) in Hermanto (2013:150) says that picture

will help students to retell experiences or understand something since they

can represent place, object, people, etc. Picture paper also help develop a

student‟s writing process because it has some advantages in learning

process. First, it can translate abstract ideas into more realistic forms. (36)

Second, pictured paper are easily obtained, for example, from

schoolbooks, newspaper, and magazines. Last, pictured paper can save

theteachers time and energy.

From the previous explain, the reseacrher can conclude that using

pictured paper is very usefull and applicable in teaching narrative text to

students. So, the researcher wouuld like to explain about “Improving

student‟s Ability in Writing Narrative Text By Using Pictured Paper.

STUDENT 5

A language is a system of conventional signal used for

communication by a whole community (Gimson, 1989:4). Language as

means of communication is very important for human being.The term

language has various aspects to be studied and it offers significant

function. With language we can talk about knowledge, information, to

convey message, feeling, thought and so on. So, it is clear that in all

aspects in human lives language will be always used. As Fishman said

that almost in all of activities, language is used both in spoken and written

form.

Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or

multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence

connector. It may happen unintentionally.When bilingual or multilingual

person talks to another bilingual/multilingual, there will be lots of code

switching and code mixing occurs.

Most of Malaysian are bilinguals.It is quite commonplace for

bilingual speakers to use two or more languages, dialects or varieties in

the same conversation, without any apparent effort. Sometimes the

languages are mixed or they are switched to another language in their

speech or conversation. Then these phenomena are known as Code

Switching and Code Mixing. It is become a major focus of attention in

linguistics. This concise and original study explores how, when and where

code-switching and code mixing occurs. Drawing on a diverse range of

examples from medieval manuscripts to rap music, novels to

advertisements, emails to political speeches, and above all everyday

conversation, it argues that code-switching and code mixing can only be

properly understood if we study it from a variety of perspectives. It shows

how sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, grammatical and developmental

aspects of code-switching are all interdependent, and findings in each

area are crucial to others.

In this research, the researcher would like to identify what types of

code mixing and code switching used by Malaysian students conversation

and what are the factors.

STUDENT 6

Language plays a very important role in human interaction.

Language is the connector of people to communicate in society.English,

as the international language, is one of the keypoint in global

communication. English language happens to be the language that is used

almost in every country. These days, it can be seen that mostly people all

over the world recognize English as the global language.

The use of English as the international language has become wider

and universal. Not merely as a tool of verbal communication, but it also

influences many aspects in society. One of the countries which the

implementation of English in its society has increased over times is

Indonesia. Even though, Indonesia is a non-English-speaking country, but

the implementation of English comes in to real life and/or cyber life

situations which in the past, English usage can be only found in formal

educations.

Nowadays, many people in Indonesia speak English to each other,

and they also use English in their social networks/medias. Not only for

interaction, advertisements in Indonesia happen to use English. As many

Indonesian advertisements use English, it proves the fact that English has

influenced and controlled the country not only from linguistics and

education perspectives but also from the socio and economics aspects.

Global English is highly flexible and different, depending on which

domain it derives from. Examples of domains are media, lifestyle, culture,

and advertising. The use of English in advertisement might indicates that

most Indonesians are following the globalization and they are considered

to understand English generally. Because in common sense that

language used in advertisement expected to be understood by the

consumers so the information which is conveyed by the products can be

delivered successfully. They try to persuade the consumer to buy through

theuse of language. The language of advertising suits the advertisers aims

which are to inform, entice, excite, and induce the audience to buy. Based

on that explanation one of the most important factors in determining the

success of the advertisement is the using of language.

In Indonesia, the commercial is not entirely in English, the form of the

advertisement sometimes used code-mixing between Indonesian

language (as the native language) and English. The use of English in

Indonesian advertisement is often considered as a part of variation.

Beside the globalization factor, it also caused by the perspective of people

who think that English has prestigious value among Indonesian society.

Through this phenomenon, the writer is really interested to conduct

the research about a sociolinguistics study of the language attitudes

toward the use of English in Indonesian electronic advertisements, since

there has been many Indonesian advertisements use English which can

be found on the television. The writer tries to find out the correlation

between the use of English in advertisements and people‟s attitude toward

the language itself.

STUDENT 7

Language plays a very important role in human life. Language

emerged as one of the creation of society. Language is used by people

inside and outside the society, people are able to communicate and

interract with other people with it. It also helps people to express their

ideas and opinions whether they use language in written or spoken

activities. From that, we understand that language cannot be separated

from human life and therefore with its uniqueness and variation became

an interesting subject for research.

Language is used by people everywhere, from various range of

age, gender, occupation and ethnicity. Language itself has became an

identity for those who speak it. Through the language used, we can easily

identify their society group or even their nationality.

Everyone speaks a language either speak one, two or more

languages. People who to understand and use more than two languages

are called bilinguals and people who speak numbers of languages referred

as polyglots.

English is acknowledged by every people as the international

language. English is taught not only in English-speaking country but also

in non English-speaking country. The ability to speak English is mandatory

for everyone. English then is spoken by everyone regardless of their race,

nationality and native language.

The use of English by people either are bilingual or multilingual in

their community sometimes resulted in a phenomenon known as Code

switching. Code switching is a linguistic phenomenon where people

alternates between language in their utterances. Code switching has

become one of the topics studied in Sociolinguistics for a long time.

Code switching, as a phenomenon, can be found in many forms

either the switches are between Indonesian and local languages or

between Indonesian and English. Code switching also can be found

everywhere, in written form such in newspapers, magazines, and literary

works and in spoken form such on advertisements, on television, and on

movies.

Among all TV shows aired in Indonesia, one with the highest

frequency of code switching usage is BREAKOUT. BREAKOUT is a music

TV program aired from Monday to Friday at 13.00 pm in NET TV.

BREAKOUT can be agreed as the best music TV program in Indonesia as

it not only limited to Indonesian musics but also covers International

musics. Code switching phenomenon can be easily found in this TV

program as the hosts are able to speak English fluently.

Based on the facts above, the researcher tries to analyze code

switches made by hosts NET TV BREAKOUT and why the hosts of NET

TV BREAKOUT use code switching. The researcher entitled his research

“Code Switching used by Hosts in “NET TV BREAKOUT” Selected

Episodes: a Sociolinguistic Analysis.”.

STUDENT 8

English is known as an international language used by many people

in the world to communicate effectively with people from different

countries. Therefore, there is a higher demand from people all over the

world to study this language, including our own country, as it is commonly

used in business trading, abroad study, and so on. Although English is still

becoming the foreign language in Indonesia, the awareness of the

importance of English growing even bigger in Indonesians. Many people

from our country eager to study English, from the very young age to the

elder and they even pay higher to get a private course for this language.

English has been taught in Indonesia, from primary school to the

higher level of education, that is in the university. The students were not

only taught about the language itself, but also the culture, the literatures,

and many others involved the pronunciation or the speech sound. Speech

sound is any of distinctive sound set of a given language or any of the

sounds of the entire phonetic system of a language. Clear pronunciation is

essential in spoken communication. Even where learners produce minor

inaccuracies in vocabulary and grammar, they are most likely to

communicate effectively when they have good pronunciation and

intonation (Burns, 2003).

One of the factors that affects the pronunciation is the exposure to

target language, in this case, English language. Therefore, the more

someones exposed to English language, the more he or she excellent in

the pronunciation of English words. English Department students have

been exposed with English language in their daily academic activites, such

as during the lectures, the presentation, and in their assignments.

However, from the writer observation, English Department students still

lack of abilities in pronouncing English words accurately, yet they already

learn English for many years. This may be due to the influence of mother

tongue and the influence of the spelling system in English language. The

question is how will we overcome this situation?

From the book that the writer has read entitled Better English

Pronunciation, it is said that language starts with the ear. We can learn

language through imitating them. For example, we can pronounce word

like natives do by imitating the way they pronounce or producing the

sounds of the word. Therefore, this may be the solver for the English

Department students‟ problem in realizing phonemes accurately. In this

research, the writer will only take the segmental features of pronunciation

as it is focus on the realization of phonemes. This is due to what the writer

already explain above that inaccurate realization of phonemes may lead to

misinterpretation from the hearer.

Another purpose that makes the writer comes up with this research is

because there are so many research have been done about

pronunciation, but those research mostly focus on the difficulties of

students‟ in pronouncing certain phonemes. Only a few of them that give

solution to the pronunciation problem.

This phenomenon attracts the writer to do a research with the title

“Improving Students‟ Phonemic Pronunciation through Imitation Exercises

(A Case Study in English Department of Hasanuddin University)” to reveal

how imitation exercises can improve the students‟ phonemic

pronunciation. At the end of this research, the writer hopes that this

research can produce a new method in improving students‟ pronunciation

and can be a recommendation for both learner and teacher in improving

pronunciation skill.

STUDENT 9

Language acts as a primary application of communication that

enables interaction of one to another to happen. It further functions as

media of adapting to varying surroundings where a speaker needs to get

on well-comprehension in the basis of cultural and social performances he

or she faces. Every language throughout the world practically depicts how

cultures live on the people‟s lives that reflect on the way of thinking and

communicating, which many expressions and utterances are disclosed in

different manners. Therefore, language of communication is the most

complete and effective way to convey ideas, messages, intentions,

feelings and opinions to others.

The need of communication in this advanced era of globalization has

been growing more significantly as people have started to understand the

significance of wider horizons they may obtain by getting in touch with

others from different countries. Since every nation has its own typical

language, we should be rendered difficulties when attempting each other

communication. Due to the dissimmilarity of language, English appears to

be the most recognizably spoken language because of its flexibility to

learn and practice.

The main aspect in establishing foreign language proficiency is the

amount of time being spent learning the language. At most Indonesian

educational institutions, English is gradually taught in the course of

students‟ study process for more than a decade in the estimated time

periode, especially for those who continue studying English in the

university. Consequently, it could be assumed that they have been

possibly proficient and well-featured. Despite the assumption, the fact

does not go along with the expectation since many of English graduated

students actually failed in writing thesis in grammatical ways.

Although the structure of its language style is considered relatively

easier compared with other languages, most English learners still find the

grammar declining to their comprehension as English as a secondary

language possibly contrasts to their primary language in the importance of

grammatical structure understanding. Among the grammatical problems

faced, modal auxiliary is one of typical English structures that emphasizes

sentence expressions towards attitude and mood to describe ability,

necessity, possibility, etc. as the modals are a complex, heavily used

group of words that should be studied and observed carefully. This

grammar study has various discussions in the importance of the usage,

purpose, and meaning which are formulated from its simple form to the

complex structure that may be considered difficult challenges by a number

of learners.

Moreover, they may find the grammar classes conditionally

ineffective to put up with their needs since the methods used are

categorized traditional where students have to memorize vocabularies and

teachers tend to encourage them to be more cautious to the sentence

pattern instead of the sentence meaning. The innovative method is

therefore needed applying in order to improve students‟ comprehension

towards English grammar.

On the one hand, students can get bored by listening repeatedly to

narration or dialog as they try to understand the meaning of new words or

phrases in context while listening to a song over and over again is on the

other hand less monotonous due to the rhythm and melody. In fact,

listening is one of the four skills needed in mastering the language

proficiency for the students of English department, and the activity of

listening to songs can be considered an effective way to improve their

grammar performance. Songs can help young learners enchance their

listening skills and pronunciation, therefore potentially helping them to

improve their speaking skills as well as becoming useful tools in the

learning of vocabulary, sentence structures, and sentence patterns, not to

mention their reflectivity of mother tongue culture.

Based on the consideration explained above, a study that observes

the use of songs applied in learning English grammars for English

students department where the researcher will intimately examine on

modal auxiliary using the media wrapped in this research is titled Students‟

Ability to Use Past Modal Perfect Through English Songs: A Case Study at

English Department of Hasanuddin University.

STUDENT 10

Human being as the social creature use language to communicate

and exchange their thoughts, ideas, feelings and knowledge to each other

to keep their relationship. In the communication, people should respond

the person to those whom they are connected with, so that they can build

a good interaction and share many things as fellow human being.

There are things that people need to notice in doing interaction. One

of them is being polite to others. Huang (2008:97) states that generally,

people act politely in order to show his wishes, to start a friendly relation

with someone, or to maintain it if it is already existing, or to mend it if it is

being threatened for some reasons. It means that whenever we want

someone to do what we want we have to make the request in a polite

manner.

Speech is a public speaking activity between a speaker and

audience that aims to convey the opinions, ideas, knowledge, informations

and to influence others. It is one type of communication. According to

Rachmat in Hartono (2005: 64-69), says that there are four types of

speech, namely impromptu speech, extemporaneous speech, manuscript

speech and memorized speech.

In pragmatic, the term of speech events to describe “social activities

in which language play a particular important role” (Finegan, 2004, p. 305).

One of speech that researcher is interested to do a research analysis is

the political speech delivered by one of the America‟s presidential

candidates in 2016 president‟s election, Donald Trump.

On June 16, 2015 in Trump Tower New York, Donald John Trump

announced himself that he will be running for president in the United

States presidential election in 2016. Donald Trump is one of the most

influential people in America, a master in gargantuan international

business nets, and also an overly familiar public figure. He is well-known

for his business in real estates and properties, as the main businesses,

and the other branches businesses in which they play an active role in the

America‟s economy. He is one of the richest, and he has decided to run

for the presidential candidate.

As well as the political speech, if we want people choose us, we

should deliver a good speech to the audience, make their interested with

our thoughts or ideas about what we will do in the future. However, in

Donald Trump's speech political campaign, he often made controversial

statements, like the prohibition of Muslims go to America and close all of

mosques in America. It is makes a lot of criticism from his political

opponents.

The foci of the research which is conducted by the researcher is to

know the form violating the interpersonal rhetoric especially politeness

principle. Politeness principles commonly have six maxims, namely:

maxim of tact, maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation, maxim of

modesty, maxim of agreement and maxim of sympathy.

Dealing with these maxims, people will assume that the speaker

when they speak to the audience, they abiding maxims of conversation.

people assume that they telling the truth and trying to make the audience

interested with their speeches as the representation of their political views,

ideologies, movements, future policies, and even their deliberately hidden

political agendas. However, in reality the speaker sometimes give the

negative effect to the audience with they violated some maxims. It is

frequently discovered in campaign politic. In the case of presidential

candidates, it is also commonly discovered that the candidates often use

commissive and assertive techniques excessively to give promises and

assurances to the public

According the the previous, analyzing his political speeches indeed

will be very interesting in order to unravel his campaign strategies and

more importantly the content of his campaigns. That ways the researcher

wanted to know how far Trump has violated the politeness principles (PP)

and for what purposes he did that kind of violations. (55) It can be

analyzed using Leech‟s theory of the politeness principles, because the

politicians often violate the politeness principles in order to gain public‟s

attentions.

APPENDIX 2:

SENTENCES CONTAIN GRAMMATICAL ERRORS.

Participant Sentences

Student 1 1. English has been taugh in formal and informal

education level, for elementary school until

university.

2. For the student, the first thing that should be

noted to improve their english is enrich

vocabulary especially for the beginner.

3. Therefore, the mastery of vocabulary is a

fundamental thing for student. It is no possible

for students to write, read and speak a foreign

language without sufficient vocabulary.

4. The writer realize that learning english cannot be

force, because there are too many subject to

study about.

5. Media are channel of communication

6. Media is everything that can be used for helping

someone to get _ information needed.

7. Media is essential in the classroom because it

can fasilitate the interraction between teacher

and students, so that teaching and learning

activities will be more effective and efficient.

8. From the technology today we can practice

everywere and everytime by using _

cellphone,laptop,DVD, etc.

9. Media is essential in the classroom because it

can fasilitate the interraction between teacher

and students, so that teaching and learning

activities will be more effective and efficient.

There are many media that can be used in the

classroom; one of them is an audio visual. From

the technology today we can practice everywere

and everytime by using cellphone, laptop, DVD,

etc.

10. There are several tecniques and activities that

teacher can employ anduse in teaching

vocabulary, such as media.

11. There are many reasons for the student why they

_ not interesting learn about English language.

12. There are many reasons for the student why they

_ not interesting learn about English language.

13. Based of this, the researcher takes first grade of

junior high school 19 makassar as the object this

research.

14. The researcher takes first _ grade junior high

school 19 makassar as he object of this

research.

Student 2 15. Illocutionary acts is sometimes used in

interrations as _ communication tool in society.

16. In communication there is _ speaker who has _

message to be informed to hearer the message

that wants to be informed occasionally cannot be

found in word and utterances.

17. The reason why the researcher choose Hillary

Clinton‟s speech as the data source is because

she is the most popular woman in this decade

who is nominated as the first women of united

states presidential candidate.

18. There is _ study whcih is explaining about

language in contex.

Student 3 19. English is now used by all of students in English

Department. It is also the prominent language

choosen for academic discussion. Most of _

students believe that English can lead them the

welfare.

20. Learners see structure of a sentence andthis

enables them to build their own sentences and

utterances.

21. Good knowledge off grammar is viewed as an

esential aspects for achievement in a foreign

language.

22. Moreover, speaking perfomance.

23. As the generaly, English has 4 skills they are

listening, writing, reading and speaking.

Student 4 24. English were used as a second or third language

forthe pure purpose of communicating golbally.

25. Consequently, English is very important for

Indonesian student for the following three

reasons.

26. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs

need good understanding ability and speaking

in English.

27. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs

need good understanding ability and speaking in

English. For example, the student who knows

English is able to be more efficient in his jobs,

because he canuse the information from foreign

sources and websites.

28. The last reason is facilitates accessing

infromation.

29. Four basic skills i.e reading, speaking, listening

and writing skills is important to learn for

Indonesian students.

30. Before doing and making a good writing the

students need to gather much information by

listening to other people, doing discussion with

others, and reading more books.

31. Due the complexity of this skill, many students

find it very difficult to produed an adequet piece

of writing.

32. Is purpose is to give meaning to an event by

telling story.

33. From these statements it can be inferred that

narative text is concerning with a story.

34. The story include some events which is

presented to amuse the readers or listeners.

35. Another possible factor factor of this problem is

also the interest of student‟s in learning writing,

or the unuitable technique that is used by the

teacher.

36. Moreover, someone who wants to writer must be

able to organized ideas, to construct sentences,

to use punctuation and to spell well.

37. Problem seen in recent. Researcher even

some students in second grade of senior high

school do not know exactly how the correct steps

in writing narrative text and it depends on their

english teacher wether they really had explained

properly to the students or not.

38. Problem seen in recent. Researcher even some

students in second grade of senior high school

do not know exactly how the correct steps in

writing narrative text and it depends on their


properly o the students or not.

39. Problem seen in recent. Researcher even some

students in second grade of senior high school

do not know exactly how the correct steps in

writing narrative text and it depends on their


properly o the students or not.

40. It can be done by choosing the material

appropriate with the student‟s background

knowledge, give a technique which make the

students be more comfortable during learning

process.

41. Pictured paper is one of alternative which can

stimulate students to learn.

42. Second, pictured paper are easily obtained, for

example from school books , newspaper,and

magazines.

43. According to Raimes (1983) in Hermanto

(2013:148) said that writing is used a tool in

learning process beacuse of several reasons.

Student 5 44. It is become a major focus of attention in

linguistics.

Student 6 45. English, as the international langauge , is one of

the keypoint in global communication.

46. These days, it can be seen that mostly people all

over the world recognize English as the global

language.

Student 7 47. Language itself has became an identity for those

who speak it. Through the language used, we

can easily identify their society group or even

their nationality.

48. People who to understand and use more than

two languages are called billinguals and people

who speak numbers of languages reffered as

polygots.

49. BREAKOUT can be agreed a the best music TV

program in Indonesia as it not only limited to

Indonesian musics but also covers international

musics.

Student 8 50. For example, we can pronounce word like

natives do by imitating the way they pronounce

or producing the sounds of the word.

51. This due to what the writer already explain above

that inaccurate realization of phonemes may lead

to misinterpretation from the hearer.

52. Only a few of them that give solution to the

pronounciation problem.

Student 9 53. Despite the assumption, the fact does not go

along with the expectation since many of English

graduated students actually failed in writing _

thesis in grammatical ways

54. The innovative method is therefore needed

applying in other to improve students‟

comprehension towards English grammar.

55. Based on the consideration explained above, a

study that observes the use of songs applied in

learning English grammars for English students

department

Student 10 56. Human being as the social creature use

langauge to communicate and exchange their

thoughts, ideas, feelings, and knowledge to each

other to keep their relationship.

57. Speech is a public speaking activity between a

speaker and audience that aims to convey the

opinions, ideas, knowledge, informations and to

influence others.

58. As well as the political speech, if we want people

to choose us, we shoud deliver a good speech to

the audience, make their interested with our

thoughts or ideas about what we will do in the

future.

59. It is makes a lot of criticism from his political

opponents.

60. Dealing with these maxims, people will assume

that the speaker when they speak to the

audience, they abiding maxims of conversation.

61. According the the previous analyzing his political

speeches indeed will be very interesting in order

to unravel his campaign strategies and more

importantly the content of his campaigns.

62. It can be analyzed using Leech‟s theory of the

politeness principles, because the politicians

often violate the politness principles in other to

gain public‟s attentions.

63. One of speech that researcher is interested to do

a research analysis is the political speech

delivered by one of the America‟s precidential

candidates in 2016 precident‟s election, Donal

Trump

AN ANALYSIS ON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN STUDENTS ...

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