Download - Role of Dendrocalamus strictus in locking of Carbon and NPK nutrients under plantation forestry

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National Workshop on Carlcon Sequestration in Forest and Non Forest Ecosystem

-Role of Dendrocalamus strictus in locking of carbonand NPK nutrients under plantation forestry

M.N. NaugraiyaDepartment of Forestry

lndira GandhiAgriculture University, Raipur - 492012 (CG)E-mail : drmnn_1 [email protected]. uk / drmnn 1 [email protected]

Bamboos well known for their fast growing behaviour in Tropical world is alsorecognised as very versatile woody grass species for its greater services to theenvironment and mankind. Dendrocalamus strictus a very common Bamboospecies with thorn less and semi solid culms is extensively grown natural forestarea as well as in farmers field / home yard in through out central and peninsularlndia. Present study was conducted in 11 years old plantation at 3x4 spacing inone acre area. The row at 4m spacing of plantation was completely harvestpdwith measurement of groMh and biomass characteristics along with Carbon,Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium contents of above and below groundcomponents. Litter fall in Bamboo for a year with its in-situ decomposition andweight loss pattern was also observed along with quantity of C, N, P and Kshared. The average total culms per clump was 21 .2!1.6 with 307.97 and149.02 q ha-' above ,and below ground dry matter accumulation respectively. in11 years aged standing crops of Dendrocalamus strictus, Carbon, Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium were found to be locked 272.28 q ha-1,321.96 kgha-1,8.89 kg ha-1 and234.95 kg ha-1 respectively, while during the 11th years ofgrowth the total 26.02 q ha-t bamboo litterwas deposited on the ground whichcarried 7.42 qC ha-1; 41.4kg N ha-1; 5.6 kg P ha-1 and 31 .2kg K ha-1 respectively.

!ntroduction

Bamboo covers about 37 million hectares which is just about 1% of forestworldwide, but it only one woody species which as much as important to peoplethat two third Bamboo forest being managed privately. Bamboo are the fastgrowing and renewable forest resources and widely grown throughout the tropicsand subtropics (Kuehl and Henley, 2013). lt produced marvellous materialbestowed by nature to mankind in very short rotation production cycle fordomestic and commercial use. However growth pattern of Bamboo are differentfrom other woody plants, due to its unique characteristics of fast growth, highproduction and rapid maturation resulting a significant role in locking of carbonand other major nutrients, climate change mitigation of sustainable economicdevelopment and return (Liese, 2009). Bamboo plantation even at small level isfound to be coupled with potential of carbon storage (Nath and Das, 2011).Afterthe Kyoto Protocol several studies have been conducted on accumulation,storage and sequestration of carbon and other elements in natural and manmade

Department of Forestry, JNKW, Jabalpur (M P.) - February 16-17, 2015, 42

National Workshop on Carbon Sequestration in Forest and Non Forest Ecosystem

-ecosystem (Follett, 2001; Albrecht and Kandji 2003; Montagnini and Nair 2oo4;Nath et al 2009).

Hence this paper studies the locking of carbon and major NPK nutrients by mostcommonly grown Bamboo species - Dendrocalamus strictus in central tnOia innatural forest area as well as plantation forestry and farmer's field / home yards.

Bamboo plantation

Plantation of Dendrocalamus sfrictus'wi'don" at 4x3m spaiing in Vertisols atForestry Research Farm, Dept. of Forestry, indira Gandhi Agriculture University,Raipur (CG). ln the plantation all the clumps of alternate row were removed.Felling of culms of all size in the clumps was done as per recommendedmethods. Each Culm were cleaned from branches and leaves, while rhizomewere excavated carefully with help of JBC machine and cleaned by water jet toremove soil. Fresh of culms, branches, leaves and rhizome of each clump wererecorded, while dry matter of each components of Bamboo were estimated afterdrying the sub samples at 80oC in hot air oven. Estimation of Carbon, Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium in culms, branches, leaves and rhizome as well a1 insoil was done as per standard methods (Allen, 19gg; AoAc, 1g7s).

Soil nutrient status: Soil quality of plantation site was measured by estimatingof electrical conductivity, pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potashat 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depth (Table -1). Eiectrical conductivityof soil at three soil depth was ranged from 0.240 and 0.34 m mhos; it wasmaximum at 10 to 30cm and minimum above 10 cm soil depth. pH showedvariation at different soil depth in both treatments i.e. open field with mono cropthan under Bamboo based agroforestry system. in was ranged from 7.45 to l.g4under Bamboo. PH' was recorded maximum at 20-30crn soil depth, whileminimum at 10-20 cm and 0-1Ocm soil depth. Availability of organic carbon indifferent soil depths was ranged from 0.57 to 0.g2 kg/ha and 0.3g6 to 0.750kg/ha respectively. organic carbon was found more a[ 0-10 cm soil depth andlowest at 20-30 cm soil depth. Nitrogen content in soil ranged from 2i8.34 to275.97 kg/ha. Nitrogen content was recorded at upper layer of soil i.e. 0-10 cmsoil depth, while at 2a4o cm depth it was found minimum in both the cases.

Ptantation growth: The expansion of growth in circumferehce of clump, i.e.length of circumference of clump was ranged between 2.s4 to 3.02 m with anaverage of 2.7 t0.19m. Population of culms per clump was.accounted 21 .2t1.6clump-1, where the percentage share of mature, young, new, cone' and deadculm were 52.2, 41.0, 2.0, 1.4 and 3.6 % respectively after 1 1 years of plantation(Table 2). Height growth of Bamboo culms was found between 5.53 to g.36 mwith average of 6.99, 6m while, Collar diameter of Culm was measured at 3rdinter-node and it was found in range of 2.gl to 3.g cm with average of 3.54 cm.

43Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M p) - February 16-17, 2015,


-Biomass production: Complete harvesting of culms in the clumps was doneand separated into clean Culm, branches and leaves, while carefully excavationof rhizome /root was done with help of JBC machine. Rhizomes as cleaned withjet pressure water pump. The biomass accumulation in culms, branches, leavesand rhizome/root was recorded for fresh and dry weight (Table 2). Sub samplesof each component were made to determine the dry biomass after drying at 75oCin hot air oven for 24 hrs.

The total above ground biomass (Fresh wt) was recorded 49.04 kg clump-1,which was shared by 28.36 kg, 18.18 kg and 2.40 kg by culms, branches andleaves respectively. The biomass accumulation in below ground rhizome androots in a clump was'21.37 kg. Thus total biomass accumulation in a clump was70.41 kg. The dry matter production of culms, branches, leaves and rhizomeswas 14.58 kg 18.18 k9,2.4 kg and 17.89 kg clump-1 respectively aggregatingtotal 54.85 clump-1 dry weight, of which 36.96 kg clump-1 was above groundparts (Table - 2). Contribution of biomass in among above ground parts ofclumps was 66.7,29.7 and 3.6 percent for culms, branches and leavesrespectively; similar share of biomass contribution i.e. 670/0 (culms), 260/0

(branches) and 3o/o (leaves) was reported in Dendrocalamus himiltonff undersocial forestry plantation at 13 years of age (Shanmughavel and Francis,2003).The above ground biomass increment in D.strictus the was 1.32 q ha-1 yf1 at3x4m spacing plantation during 11 years of growth, where in case of 20 years oldBambusa bambos it was 12.1Mg ha-1 yr 1 aggregating 241.7Mg ha-1 extrapolatedat 10x10 m spacing (Kumar et al, 2005).

Carbon and NPK nutrients: The availability of nutrients viz; Carbon (C),Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) status in Bamboo plant ispresented in Table-3. Carbon content was estimated highest in branch 45 percent, followed by 33.26 and 12 per cent in culms and leaves respectively.Nitrogen was found highest in leaves (2.27o/o), followed by branches (0.91%) andculms (0.59%) respectively. Embaye (2005) also reported the similar pattern ofavailability of Nitrogen concentration in Bamboo grown in Ethiopia. Phosphorouswas noticed maximum 0.04 per cent in leaves and minimum 0.01 per cent in bothbranch and culms. Potassium was analysed highest in 1.80 per cent in leaves,followed by 0.60 and 0.57 per cent in branch and culms respectively. in caseBamboo litters the quantity of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphor:us and Potassium (K)in litter was found 12.0, 0.78,0.62 and 0.48 per cent respectively.

The estimation of total biomass accumulation per hectare unit land of plantationwas 456.98 qha-1 out of which belowground (rhizomes) biomass was 149.02 qha-1, while above ground biomass yield was 307.96 ha-1 which was shared byculms, branches and leaves with 205.35 q ha-1,91.38 qha-1 and 11.08 q ha-1

respectively(Table 4).

Department of Forestry, JNKW, Jabalpur (M.P.) - February 16-17, 201 44


-carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium accumulated in the Bamboo,sculms, branches, leaves and rhizomes were found to be locked till theirdisintegration either through burning or through decomposition. in this standingcrop of Bamboo (4x3m) after 11 years of plantation the Carbon was found belocked 272.28 q ha-' which was shared maximum by culms (6s.3sq ha-1) followedby rhizomes (50.68 q ha-1), branches (20.0 q hatl) and leaves trr.oa q ha-1)respectively, where it was shared by 2s.1,18.6,1s,1 and 1.33% respectively(Table 4). in plantation of D.strictus and B.bambos in dry deciduous region oflndia carbon storage was 91.35 to 103.7 q ha-1 (Singh et al, 2004) anO Ag.S to

193 8 qha-1 (Das a-nd chaturvedi, 2006) respectivery, where the averag e 9,21,50 and 63 q.ha-1 carbon storage by'Bamboo in'agroforestry practLes'wasestimated for semi-arid, sub-humid, humid and temperate regions (Dixon et al,1994; Palm et al, 2000; Montagnini and Nair, 2oo4). Here in 11 yrs old plantation,the above ground part carbon storage in standing crop of Bamboo was found110.8 qhr' having share of 2s.1%lfigure-1). inLelow ground huge rhizornesstored 50.68q ha-l carbon and shared. 18.6Yo of total carb6n storage in clump. inB?r999 huge litter fall is atso ptayed key role to tock atmospherictarbon (29.49q ha-') for short period and after a year 80% litter was decomposed (Naugraiya,2013) and some part of which develop the organic matter in the soil.

in case of nitrogen which very important ingredient of protein and fats it wasfound to be locked by 321.96 kg ha-1_in Bamboo plantation after the 10 yrs ofgrowth in form of culms"(121.28 kg ha-1), below ground rhizomes (92.39 kg ha-1),branches (83.13 kg ha-') and leaves (26.16 kg ha-1) with share of 37.67,-2g.70,25.82 and 7.81o/o respectively. Phosphorous content influenced the photo-synthetic activities.in the plants particularly C3 plants was accumulated andlocked 8.89 kg ha-1 in existing Bamboo plantation and it was shared by culms(-2.08"kg ha-1) followed by below ground ihizomes (1.49 kg ha-1), branches (0.g1kg ha-') and leaves (a.a3 kg ha-1) respectively with share or +g.ag, 23.40,16.76and 10.24 % in leaves, Culm, below ground rhizomes and branches respectively(Table - 4). Potassium noticed as important for mobilization of water and othersaps in the plants particularly fast growing ones. lt was locked 234.9s kg ha-1 instanding crop of Bamboo with maximu_m 111.14 kg ha-1 in culms followed bybelow ground_ rhizomes (92.39 kg ha-1), branches (s.ag kg ha-1) and leaves(19.94 kg ha-1) with share of.49.86, 29.32, g.49 and 2.33 % in Cutm, belowground, leaves and branches respectively, thus overall in above ground parts thepercentage of available NPK nutrients was shared in order N>K>P, similar trendwas also observed by Toky and Ramakrishnan (1983) and Shanmughavel andFrancis (1995 and 2003) found in case of Bambusa bambos and D.himiltoniithatper unit area maximum amount of NPK was found in woody tissues of culms +branches followed by rhizomes and leaves respectively.

Bamboo litter fall was occurred in very huge quantity, hence is very important toestimate (Table 4). The litter fall observation was made by instatling 1x1 M nylon

Department of Forestry, JNKW, Jabalpur (M P.) - February l6-i7,2010- 45


-litter trap randomly in whole field and the litter was collected at ev-ery week. Thetotal annual litter fall of Bamboo leave was recorded 99.92 q ha-' yr-', howevermonthly litter fall pattern showed that the peak litter fall month were March(37.7o/o), April (33.2%) afterward it dropped to 10.3% during May to July ;.15.4%.during August to October and 3.3% during November to February respectively.

e.

Per hectare accumulation of Carbon, content through litter on soil surface was28.49 q ha-', while quantity of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (K) were58.98, 21.5 and 119.81 kg ha-1 respectively means litter fall accumulation on thesurface represent another route through which C, N, P, K and other minor q

nutrients return to the living Bamboo plants.

Acknowledgements

Author is thankful to NBM and AICRPAF (ICAR) for financial assistance forconducting the above studies and also to Director (Research) IGAU, Raipur forenhancing the facilities,

References

Allen, S.E., 1989. Chemical'analysis of Ecological Materials. 2nd editionBlackwell Scientific Pub. Oxford

Albrecht, Alain and S.T.Kandji, 2003. Carbon sequestration. in tropicalAgroforestry systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and' Environment. 99(1-3):15-27

AOAC, 1975. Method of analysis: Association of official analytical chemist,Washington, DC. pp. 1015.

Das, D. K. and O. P. Chaturvedi. 2006. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss plantation ineasternlndia:i.CuImrecruitment,drymatterdynamicsandcarbonflux.Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 5:47-59. ;

Dixon, R.K., J.K. Winjum, K.J. andrasko, J.J. Lee and P.E.Schoeder,1994.interrogated systems: assessment of promising agroforestry and alternativeland use practices to enhance carbon conservation and sequestration. I

Climate Change 30:1-23

Embaye, K. 2000. The indigenous bamboo forest of Ethiopia. An overview.Ambio 29:518-521

Follett, R.F. 2001. Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration in

cropland soils. Soil and Tillage Research. 61(1-2):77-92Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall of lndia (Pvt), Ltd lndia

Kuehl, Y., Y. Li and G.,2013. lmpacts of selective harvest on the carbon ;

sequestration potential in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) 'plantations. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 22(1):1-18

Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P ) - February 16-17,201 46


-Kumar, 8.M., G. Rajesh and l(.G. sudheesh, 200s, Aboveground biomassproduction and nutrient uptake of thorny bamboo [Bambusa bambos (L.)Voss] in the homegardens of rhrissur, Kerala. Journal of rropicalAgriculture.. 43 (1.-2): 5 1 -56

Liese, W. 2009. Bamboo as carbcn sink - fact or fiction? Journal of Bamboo andRattan. 8(3/4):1 03-1 1 4

Montagnini, F. and P.K.R. Nair, i2004. Carbon sequestration: An underexploitedenvironmental benefit of ar;roforestry systems. Agroforestry systems 61:281-295

Nath, A.J., l.G. Das and A.K. D6s, 2009. Above ground standing biomass andcarbon stbrage in village bulmboos in North East lndia. Biomass andBioenergy 33 (9): 1 188-1 196, 2009

Nath A.J. and A.K. Das 2011 Carbon storage and sequestration in bamboo-based smallholder home gardr:ns of Barak Valley, Assam. Current Science:100 (2): 229-231

Naugraiya, M. N. 2013. Performance of Rice and Wheat crop rotation underBamboo Based Agroforestry Systems in cG. AR of AlcRp Agroforestry2012-13. Dept of Forestry, lGl\U Raipur, pp32-40,2011

Palm, c. A., P. L. woomer, J. Allegre, L. Arevelo, c. castilla, D. G. cordeiro, B.Feigel, K. Hairiah, J.Kotto-Same, A. Mendes, A. Moukam, D. Murdiyarso,R. Njomgang, W. J. Parton, A. Ricse, V. Rodrigues, S. M. Sitompul and M.van Noorwijk. 2000. Carbon Sequestration and Trace Gas Emissions inSlash-and-Burn and Alternative Land-uses in the Humid Tropics. FinalReport, Alternatives to slash and Burn (ASB) crimate change workingGroup, Phase ll. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.

shanmughavel, P. and K. Francis, 1995. studies on the growth of Bambusabambos at Kallipatty, Tamil-nadu, BIC-lndia bulletin,3 :46-48.

Shanmughavel, P. and K.Francis, 2003. Biomass accumulation and nutrientdistribution in Dendrocalarnus hamiltonii. Xll World Forestry Congress2003, at Quebec city, Canada (http://www.fao.org/ docrep/ARTt CLEAI/F CtX'', I 0269-83. l-l rM )

singh, P., P. Dubey and K. K. .llta, 2004. Biomass pr:oduction and carbonstorage at harvest age in superrior Dendrocalamus strictus plantation in drydeciduous forest region in lndia. pp. 35. in: H. . singh and N. K. Dadrani(eds.) Abstract Volume of Vllth World Bamboo Congress, 27th February -4th March, New Delhi, lndia

Toky,o.P and P.Ramakrishnan, 1983. Role of bamboo (Dendrocaramushamiltonii) in conservation of Potassium during slash and burn agriculture(Jhum) in North-eastern lndia. J.Tree Science-l:17-26

walkley, A. and l.A. Black, 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method fordetermining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromicacid titration method. Soil Science 27.29-38.

Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) - February 16-17,2015 47

rI


-Table 1: Soil Physical and chemical properties at site of D. strictusplantationParameters Soildepth (cm)

0r10 10-20 20-30

EC (m mhos)pH

Org. C (kg ha-1)

N (kg ha-1)

P (kg ha-1)

K (kg ha-1)

0.247.47

2.67

275.97

18.01

763.39

0.347.38

2.40

238.34

51.07

875.50

0.34

7.27

2.48

250.88

13.08

771.57

Table2: Growth and biomass production performance in plantation ofD. strictus

Parameters (%lAv

A. Population of culms (n clump-l)i. Matured

ii. Young

iii. New

iv. Cone

v. Dead

B. Clump diameter (m)

C. Av. Culm's height (m)

D. Collar diameter (cm)

Biomass accumulation (kg/clump)Culms (Fresh)

Culms (Dry)

Dead Culms

Branch (Fresh)

Branch (Dry)

' Leaves (Fresh)

Leaves (Dry)

Above ground (Fresh)

Above ground (Dry)

Below ground (Fresh)

Below ground (Dry)

Total biomass (Fresh)

Totalbiomass (Dry)

21.2 !1.5911.0611.09

8.6911.25

0.42t0.140.2910.09

0.74!0.24

2.70!0.19

6.99t1.24

3.5410.31

28.36!2.76

14.58!2.04

10.0911 .84

18.18r3.11

10.97r1 .33

2.40!1.49

1.331.95

21.37!6.0417.8916.58:

70.41!9.52

54.85r11.46

52.17

40.99

1.98

1.37

3.49

26.58'18.40

20.0

2.42

67.40

32.60

DepaftmentofForestry,JNKVV,Jabalpur(M.P.)_February16-17,2015-48


-Table3: Percentage of G, N, p and K available in different parts of D. strictus

Parameters %c %N %P %Ki. Culmii. Branchiii. Leavesiv. BG

v. Litter

33.2645.012.0

34.01

12.0

0.590.91

2.270.620.78

0.01

0.01

0.040.01

0.62

0.570.61.8

0.620.48

Table 4: Harvesting of biomass arong with c, N, p and K per hectare fromplantation of D. strictus

Components (q/ha) (ks/ha)Biomass Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Culm

Branch

Leaves

Above ground

Below ground

205.5

(44.s7)

91.38

(20.00)

11.08

(2.42)

307.96

(67.3e)

149.02

(32.61)

2.08

(23.40)

0.91

(10.24)

4.43

(4e.83)

7.43

(83.58)

1.49

(16.76)

8.89

21.50

117.14

(4e.86)

5.48

(2.33)

19.94

(8.4e)

142.56

(60.68)

92.39

(3e.32)

234.95

1 19.81

Total 456.98 161.48

Litter fall (annual) 99.92 29.49

68.35 121.28

(25.10) (37.67)

41.12 83.13

(15.10) (25.82)

1.33 25.16

(0.4e) (7.81)

110.8 229.57

(40.6e) (71.30)

50.68 92.39

(18.61) (28.70)

321.96

158.98

Note: Value in parenthesis is percentage

49Department of Forestry, JNKW, Jabartpur (M.p.) - February 16-17,201s

National Workshop on Carlcon Sequestration in Forest and Non

100

90

80

7A

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Biomass Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

iiLeaves i-i Branch ffiCulm

Fig.1: Distribution of Biomass along with C, N, P and K in above ground part of D. strictus

Department of Forestry, JNKW: Jqbqlpur!M,P) - f?9r..q?ry.16-17, 2Q1 50