RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Basic Biology experiment the
title “The Effect Temperature of Organism Activity”
arrenged by :
name : Devi Putriana
ID : 1314441006
class : Biology ICP B
group : VI (Six)
It has been checked and consult for an assistant and
assistant coordinator then stated acceptable.
Makassar, Januaryth 2013Assistant Coordinator Assistant
Rachmayani Ardiansyah, S. P d Irwandi RahmatID: 1114040032
Known byLecturer of Responsible
Dr. Muhiddin P. S.Pd, M.Pd NIP : 19721231 19903 1 042
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
Temperature is one of factor that details in
environmental and have role important in arranging
biology activity an organism like arranging speed
chemical in body living things, example breathing.
In condition temperature that different living
things breathing with level different too. Like to
fish that is bloodless animal arranging process
respiration in body it according with condition
environmental it for help process in body.
Like the things of factor-factor environmental
which others, temperature also have boundary for
every organism, like from-until whether is
temperature organism it can defensive. This All
problem studied in ecology study, namely “Sheflord
tolerance law”. So that, in this experiment we can
studied more far about relation between level of
temperature to using oxygen an organism.
Every organism have boundary or gyration certain
to environmental it. If over boundary or gyration
it, so organism can’t defensive life or will
experiencing of die because can’t defensive life
and can’t adaptation own self with environmental it.
Factor-factor of environmental often fluctuation,
seldom found condition that extreme. Fluctuation
environmental factor will influencing life organism,
process of physiologies, its behavior and
mortalities. For lessening bad effect of its
environmental so fish doing adaptation. Adaptation
is a process adjustment self step by step that doing
by an organism to new condition.
Every organism requires need to survive. Organism
can survive only if the environment can provide the
necessities of life. So, every organism must can
done adaption with it environment. If someday the
environment condition change, some species or plant
may can survive or breed. Other species may be die
or move to new premises. All the sea organism
(except mammal) has the poikilotermic
characteristic, that is can not arrange the
temperature of it body. The temperature of
poikilotermic organism body hang on indeed on the
temperature of water where it life. So that the
existence of the changes of water temperature will
effected to the water organism badly.
So that, in this experiment we can studied more
far about relation between level of temperature to
using oxygen an organism.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is apprentice
expected can comparing speed using oxygen by
different an organism.
C. Benefit
In this experiment apprentice more opening
knowledge about how to temperature can influencing
activity respiration in body. Inclusive about
process metabolism in body a living things.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Temperature is one environment physical factor
that the most clear, easy measured and has many kinds.
Temperature has important function in organism to
manage the biological activity of organism, in animals
and plants. This is caused by temperature influences
chemical reaction speed in the body and also determine
metabolism, like in respiration. Like in the other
environmental factors, temperature has to span which
can be tolerated by each organism. This problem is
explained by ecology study in “Shelford Tolerance Law”.
By using tool that relative simple, the experiment
about the effect of temperature for organism activity
is not really difficult to done, for example by using a
simple respirometer (Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum, 2013).
Acclimation: Getting used to the cold if an
animal is kept for a long time at low temperatures, it
acclimates; that is , it adjusts physiologically to
the new conditions. In poikilotherms, acclimation
involves actual cellular changes. Enzyme
concentrations change; different enzyme with different
optimum temperatures are induced; water concentration
shift; conditions affecting enzyme activity, like pH
and ionic concentrations, are altered. As a result,
the metabolic rate at any given temperature
increases.In homtherms, cells remain at the same
temperature no matter what the air temperature, and
their enzyme system do not change. Nevertheless,
acclimation does occur. The fur grows thicker,
circulation shifts to reduce heat losses to the
environment, and higher levels of thyroxine flow in
the blood to spur the metabolic rate.Adaptation to low
temperatures: enduring the cold. Most animals are
inactive at 0ºC. But in the deep fjords off
Newfoundland, where the water temperature all year
long is almost constantly -1.7ºC, many fish swim, feed,
and bread normally. These fish have enzymatic
machinery adapted to a narrow band of temperature; in
water at 1 or 2ºC, they quickly “overheat” and die
(Jensen, 1979)
Physiologic response to environment change can be
done and changed according to time scale that begun
from second until week. Physiologic responses that
involve change that relative small in that process
speed, and biochemical way, can happen very fast. As
an example, when you walk in one day that so cold your
blood vessel will narrow in seconds, a physiologic
response that minimize lost the heat from
body.Tolerance limit is who determine that important
in geographic spread an organism, although biologic
interaction can prevent a species to place a habitat
where that organism has adapted by physiologic.
Physiologic response to variation of environment can
consist of acclimation, that involve a fundamental
change but still can back, that shift tolerance curve
an organism according to environment change (Campbell,
2010).
Living organisms who live in an environment will
adapt with conditions that happen in all year. Some
adaptations are important thing as physiologic and
maybe accompanied with characteristic change and
morphologic. Living organisms can do adaptation only
in short time (minute or hour) or long time (day or
week). These adaptations have value for life
performance and called as acclimation. This process
different with genetic adaptation is called adaptation
in population.Ability to protect an internal
environment, that not influenced by changes in habitat
, decrease needed acclimate in many incidents. When
acclimation adaptation is happened in normally or
optimal in animals, it is called acclimation capacity.
In opposite, acclimation that happened near the
extreme point in tolerance, it is called resistant
acclimation (Michael, 1995).
Temperature has been found to affect the living
organisms in various ways, for example it has
significant role on the cells, morphology, Physiology,
behaviour, growth, ontogenetic development and
distribution of plants and animals. Some of well-
studied effects of temperature on living organisms are
following : Temperature and cell: The minimum and
maximum temperatures have lethal effects on the cells
and their components. If too cold, cell proteins may be
destroyed as ice forms, or as water is lost and
electrolytes become concentrated in the cells; heat
coagulates proteins. Temperature and metabolism: Most
of metabolic activities of microbes, plants and animals
are regulated by varied kinds of enzymes and enzymes in
turn are influenced by temperature, consequently
increase in temperature, upto a certain limit, brings
about increased enzymatic activity, resulting in an
increased rate of metabolism. For instance, the
activity of liver arginase enzyme upon arginine amino
acid, is found to increase gradually and gradually,
with the simultaneous increase in the temperature from
17°C to 48°C. But an increase in temperature beyond
48″C is found to have an adverse effect on the
metabolic rate of this enzymatic activity which retards
rapidly. In plants, the absorption rate is retarded at
low temperature. Photosynthesis operates over a wide
range of temperature. Most algae require lower
temperature range for photosynthesis than the higher
plants. The rate of respiration in plants, however,
increase, with the rise of temperature, but beyond the
optimum limit high temperature decreases the
respiration rate. The rate of respiration become
doubled (like in animals) at the increase of 10°C above
the optimum temperature, provided other factors are
favourable. However, optimum temperature for photo-
synthesis is lower than that for respiration. When
temperature drops below the minimum for growth, a plant
becomes dormant even though respiration and
photosynthesis may continue slowly. Low temperatures
further affect the plant by precipitating the protein
in leaves and tender twigs and by dehydrating the
tissues (Puja, 2013).
The maturation of gonads, gametogenesis and lib.-
ration of gametes takes place at a specific temperature
which varies from species to species. For example, some
species breed uniformly throughout the year, some only
in summer or in winter, while some species have two
breeding periods, one in spring and other in fall.
Thus, temperature determines the breeding seasons of
most organisms. Temperature also affects fecundity of
animals. Fecundity of an animal is defined as its
reproductive capacity, i.e., the total number of young
ones given birth during the life time of the animal.
For example, females of the insect, acridid Chrotogonus
trachyplerus became sexually mature at 30°C and 35°C
than at 25°C, and the highest number of eggs per female
was laid at temperatures of 30°C. The number of eggs
decreased from 243 to 190 when the temperature was
raised to 30—35°C. Likewise, in grasshopper species—
Melanoplus sanguinipes and Camnula pellucida when
reared at 32°C produce 20—30 times as many eggs than
those reared at 22°C (see Ananthakrishan and
Viswanathan, 1976). On the other hand, the fecundity of
certain inseets such as cotton stem weevil (Pempherulus
affinis) was found to decline with an increase in
temperature beyond 32.8°C. In certain animals the
environmental temperature determines the sex ratio of
the species. For example, the sex ratio of the copepod
Maerocyclops albidu is found to be temperature
dependent. As the temperature rises there is a
significant increase in number of males. Similarly in
plague flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, males outnumbered
females on rats, on days when the mean temperature
remains in between 21—25°C. But the position becomes
reverse on more cooler days (Puja, 2013).
Temperature influences the speed and success of
development of poikilothermic animals. In general
complete development of eggs and larvae is more rapid
in warm temperatures. Trout eggs, for example, develop
four times faster at 15°C than at 5°C. The insect,
chironomid fly Metriocnemus hirticollis, requires 26
days at 20°C for the development of a full generation,
94 days at 10°C, 153 days at 6.5°C, and 243 days at
20°C, (Andrewartha and Birch, 1954).
However, the seeds of many plants will not
germinate and the eggs and pupae of some insects will
not hatch or develop normally until chilled. Brook
trout grows best at 13°C to 16°C, but the eggs develop
best at 8°C. In the common forest ground beetle
Pterostichus oblongopunctatus development from egg to
mature beetle takes 82 days at 15°C, whereas at 25°C it
takes only 46 days. In pine lappet, Dendroliniuspini
rate of development and mortality of various develop-
mental stages are effected by temperature. The growth
rates of different animals and plants is also
influenced by temperature. For example, the adult
trouts do not feed much aid do not grow until the water
is warmer than 10°C. Likewise, in the oyster Ostraea
virginica, the length of the body increase from 1.4 mm
to 10.3 mm when temperature is increased from 10°C to
20°C. The gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea and sea urchin
Echinus esculcntus show maximum size in warmer waters.
Corals flourish well in those waters which contain
water below 21°C. The size and colouration of animals
are subject to influence by temperature. In warm humid
climates many animals like insects, birds and mammals
bear darker pigmentation than the races of some species
found in cool and dry climates. This phenomenon is
known as Gioger rule. In the frog Hyla and the horned
toad Phrynosoma, low temperatures have been known to
induce darkening. Some prawn (crustacean invertebrates)
turn light coloured with increasing temperature. The
walking stick Carausius has been known to became black
at 15 C and brown at 25°C. Temperature also affects the
absolute size of an animal and the relative properties
of various body parts (Bergman’s rule). Birds and
mammals, for example attain a greater body size when
they are in cold regions than in warm regions, and
colder regions harbour larger species. But poiki-
lotherms tend to be smaller in colder regions.
Body size has played a significant role in adaptation
to low temperature because it has influenced the rate
of heat loss (Puja, 2013).
CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD
A. Place and Date
Day / Date : Wednesday/ January 8th 2013
Time : 09.00 – 12.00 am
Place : Green House Laboratory faculty of
mathematic and science university of
Makassar.
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Thermometer 1 piece
b. Beaker glass 1000 ml 3 piece
c. Stopwatch
2. Materials
a. 2 tail goldfish ( Cyprinus carpio )
b. Ice cube
c. water faucets
d. Hot water
C. Work Procedure
1. Entered 2 goldfish are relatively
similar magnitude to the beaker glass contained
tap water and acclimatization for 5 minutes.
2. Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass
(A) of normal water (26oC). Calculated and noted
the frequency of movement (open-closed) operculum
in a minute for 5 minutes.
3. Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass
(B) contained warm water(38oC). Calculated and
noted the frequency of movement (open-closed)
operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
4. Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass
(C)contained cold water (15oC). Calculated and
noted the frequency of movement (open-closed)
operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
5. Recorded observation in the table.
CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Observation
Beckerglass
Temperature
Time (minute to……) Average 1 2 3 4 5
ANormal
26℃ 89 85 84 65 76 79,8
BWarm
38℃ -35℃ 97 107 120 122 131 116
CCold
15℃ -14℃ 27 13 12 10 9 14,2
B. Data analyzes
Frequency Average = f1+f2+f3+f4+f55
1. Movement average operculum goldfish in Becker
glass (A) during five minute.(260C)
89+85+84+65+765 = 79,8 operculumminute
2. Movement average operculum goldfish in Becker
glass (B) during five minute.(380C)
97+107+120+122+1315 = 116 Operculumminute
3. Movement average operculum goldfish in Becker
glass (C) during five minute.(150C)
27+13+12+10+95 = 14,2 Operculumminute
Minute 1 Minute 2 Minute 3 Minute 4 Minute 50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
89 85 84
6576
97107
120 122131
2713 12 10 9
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
Beaker ABeaker BBeaker C
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
C. Discussion
In beacker glass A with temperature equal to 260 C,
movement frequency operculum of fish is 79,8
operculum/minute. This is refer to movement operculum
of goldfish more fast if compared with different fish
to becker glass C. This is occur because like that we
know, fish is bloodless animal where’s temperature of
body follow temperature of body. In hot water
closeness estranged water, until for boosting up
temperature of body, fish have to much doing burning,
where’s in this thing will needed much oxygen. This
data shows us that the movement frequency of
operculum is normal or in average. This happen
because fish usual at the running water. This
temperature contains O2 and CO2 is relative same, so
the movement frequency of operculum is normal. so
that fish dont need to much longer to adjust to the
environment . this is consistent with the theory
advanced Burhanuddin(2010), that the frequency of
movement opened closed operculum at the fish normal
as in the normal temperature survived it do not quick
and not too slow for movement of operculum because
this condition in accordanse with the needs of
requiring oxigen.
Frequency movement operculum of goldfish in Beacker
glass B with temperature 380 C is 116
operculum/minute. This is refer to number of normal to
fish. In temperature it sum up oxygen severed in water.
The temperature of body impossible, so occur balance
between sum up oxygen that needed in burning to body
with total oxygen. This data shows us that the movement
frequency of operculum is so high. In hot condition,
the fish do activity that active, so movement frequency
(open-closed) of operculum is so speed. In this
condition, it contents smallest O2 and contents of CO2,
this cause movement frequency of operculum of fish is
quick enough. This is consistent with the theory
advanced Burhanuddin(2010), that at hot temperature the
fish seen doing the much movement or very quickly at
the water which have hot temperature which the
frequency of movement opened closed operculum
relatively quickly , it caused at the hot water, the
oxygen available enough so that the gold fish should
be free to breath at it seen from the frequency of
movement opened closed is little from normally
temperature.
In Beacker glass C frequency movement operculum of
goldfish in temperature 150 C is 14,2 operculum/minute.
This is refer movement frequency operculum of fish to
beacker glass B more tardy if compared with fish in
becker glass A. this is because closeness oxygen ( in
cold water ) more big, it means obstetrical of oxygen
big too. So that process burning in goldfish body have
to lessened, where are oxygen that needed must limited,
this is aim to for degrading body temperature. If
temperature in water degraded continuous so fish can’t
doing process metabolism, until fish can be die. This
data shows us that the movement frequency of operculum
is low. In cold condition, organism activity is not too
active, so make possible movement frequency of
operculum is enough low. In this condition, it contains
bigger O2, this condition cause movement frequency of
operculum is low. this is according to the theory
Burhanuddin(2010), that at the cold water, the oxigen
available is not enough, so that the fish can’t doing
more movement than normally temperature. The frequency
average of movement opened closed operculum sometimes
slow but suddenly quick again this matter can happened
because so many the factor can influenced it.
CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Temperature is one of factor that sharing in
arranging biologist activity organism. In normal
temperature, fish breathing with stabile, but in
different temperature respiration speed to fish not
same, like in temperature cold water and hot water.
In cool water fish breathing so tardy while in
temperature hot water fish breathing with fast. This
is relevant with process metabolism in fish to a lot
of or at least oxygen that consisted in water.The
temperature influence to the organism activity,
especially in respiration system and chemical
process in the body of organism. In normal
temperature, the movement frequency of fish’s
operculum is normal too. But in high temperature,
the movement frequency is increase, and in low
temperature, the movement frequency is decrease.
B. Suggestion
It is expected that the laboratory, so check
carefully whether the goods will be given to
experiment and goods returned experiment. Expected
assistant companion kept an eye on the experiment
especially during the heated of materials, and
continue to give explanations and directions to the
experiment. It is expected that all apprentice to
not spell out to others in addition to this lab, and
always working with the theme of a group for the
results that you want to accomplish can be done as
expected.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell. N. A., J.B. Reece and L.G. Mitchell. 2010.Biologi. 5th edition. Jakarta:Erlangga.
Jensen, William. 1979. Biology. Wadsworth, Inc. UnitedState of America.
Michael, P. 1995. Metode Ekologi untuk Penyelidikan Ladang danLaboratorium. Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia.
Puja, Mondal. 2013. 12 Most Important Effects of Temperature onLiving Organisms.http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/environment/12-most-important-effects-of-temperature-on-living-organisms/3794/. Accessed on 20.57 am
Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2013. .Guide Book of BasicBiology.Makassar: Biology Department FacultyMathematic and science state university ofMakassar.
.
Question1. Why there are difference in the frequency of
operculum movement of fish in different water
temperature?
Answer: Because the temperature of each beaker glass
different. While temperature affects chemical
reactions in an organism’s body. This causes the
organism need more oxygen. To obtain its operculum
fish should move more obten.
2. At what temperature the frequency of movement
(opening and closing)highest operculum?
Answer : at the hot temperature
3. At what temperature the frequency of
movement(opening and closing) lowest operculum?
Answer : at the cold temperature
4. Why there are different in the frequency of
movement(opening and closing) based on operculum
water temperature?
Answer : Because the different water temperature
influence the movement of operculum.