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JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

TESTS (Questions With Answers)*

63170

38-4

New, Revised and Enlarged Edition

1955 M A L H O T R A B R O T H E R S

"PUBLISHERS

60, DARYAGANJ, DEL*

CONTENTS PAGE

1954 Papers of Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, Military and Joint Services Wing Exami- 1— 32

nations Joint Services Wing Examination 1953 1— 13 Indian Air Force Examination 1953 13— 27 Military Wing of the National Defence

Academy Examination 28— 41 Part II

LITERATURE >>

WHO'S WHO

it

GEOGRAPHY

tt

HISTORY

f >

SCIENCE '

i>

GAMES AND SPORTS

n

ABBREVIATIONS

I I

MISCELLANEOUS

—Questions —Answers

—Questions

—Answers

—Questions

—Answers

—Questions

—Answers

—Questions

—Answers

—Questions

—Answers

—Questions

._-:—Answers •Questions

_ K nswers

45— 71 72—109

113—127

128—156

159-186

187-249

253—265

266—291

295-317

318—390

393—398

399—411

415-417

418—425 429-436

437—462

ALL RIGHTS IN THIS BOOK RESERVED

BY THE PUBLISHERS.

G'it^o

RUPEES FOUR AND ANNAS EIGHT ONLY

Panted at Navin Press, Delhi.

(i)

A LIST OF OUR

INDISPENSABLE

1 9 5 5

PUBLICATIONS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS

AVAILABLB

FROM BOOKSELLERS

A L L OVER INDIA ' Or Direct From

MALHOTRA BROTHERS PUBLISHERS

.60, DARYAGANJ, DELHI.

(ii)

Modern Drafting by

M.C. MOHAN & R.C. JA?N 1955 Edition

A book indispensable to every educated person, in every walk of life, private, social, political, or business and most specially to every University or Competitive Examinee and office assistant.

CONTENTS

1. The course of an official letter. 2. Essentials of a good draft. 3 Noting and Docketing. 4. Form of Offi^-1

Communications. 5. Inter-Departmental Communications. Communications from Individuals to Public Departments. 7. Letters of Recommendations and Testimonials. 8. Business Correspondence. 9. Social Correspondence.. 10. Political Correspondence.. 11. Model Official letters. 12. Press letters.

Pages 400 D . „ ^ Price Re. 4/-j-

(iii)

SENEGAL KNOWLEDGE E N C Y C L O P A E D I A

by Dr. K. B. Bhatnagar, M. A., Ph. D.

1955 Edition

For every candidate who is making serious preparation to compete for the coveted I.A.S and other high posts this standard book will prove to be an indispensable publication.

Dr. Bhatnagar's Generel Knowledge Encyclopaedia is the most up-to-date, compiehensive aDd authoritative reference-book of its kind ever published in India.

1 It covers a vast range of subjects such as General

Terminology, Art and Literature, Science, Economics, Politics, Abbreviations, Sports, Who's Who, History, Geography and the latest World Scene. In fact every topic on which questions can be set in a paper on General Knowledge is there in this great classic. Therefore, this book should be at the desk of every candidate that he may acquire the knowledge for a successful preparation.

Price Ba. 10/8/-

(iv)

A HAND BDDK OF

tOoAY o by

Dr K. B Bhatnagar M.A., Ph.D.

Dr. Bhatnagar is master of the art of writing

good, chaste, beautiful English and of a style which

charms and gives pleasure. Majority of the

Essays are taken from papers set in recent

Competitive Examinations. All the very latest topics

have been included, while a vast ground has been

covered to include all those topics on which tssays

can be set.

The book mil be most useful for candidates ! preparing for Competitive Examinations.

Price Ra. 3\12\-

1 4 5 E 8 S a y 8 Pages 550

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•SWAYS, PRECS AND GENERA(, ENGLISH

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(v)

General Knowledge Tests (WITH LATEST PAPERS)

by

Dr. K. B. Bbatnagar M. A., Ph. D.

1 9 5 5 E D I T I O N

A handy book containing the very cream

of the vast and varied knowledge on all the important

topics such as Science, Art and Literature,

Politics, Economics, Sports, History, Geography,

Current World Events, and world's important person-

cities—past and present. This is what the Examiner

setting paper on General Knowledge expects of the

candidate.

Written in question and answer form, the book

gives you model answers to questions, majori ty of

which have already been set during the last five years.

Price Ra. 7/-

W)

JUNIOR

BHARAT YEAR BOOK

1S55 PaBa 33° Price Rs. 2\4I- only

A book that will help a candidate appearing in anv

ssr?j^rssttKSsrqueLn on India

National Defence Academy), the fc ^ L ( f ? ' t h e

Air Force, Indian Adminhtririv* Q. • y i S ' I n d l a n

Services, Survey of ffi a?d o r h - ^ E n S i n e e » n g the last seven or eight yea s « W ? • e x a m i n a t l o n s durfr* a particular quesrion was S ) £ ^ t h e y e £ ta w h i <* in the hands of a s t u d S o § o n l v J 9 5 4 , T h i s P 1 ^ upto date material on each and e v e r v L m p k t e

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also serves to show him whafauL, P \ ° D *ndia> b u t

India in various examinations i£m f ^ b e e n S e t 0 D

must thoroughly mas?"and I ^ t 0 y e a r > w h i c h he home with tht subject when answerTn^ S° t h a t h e i s a t

Contents.

i. The Constitution of Bbarat, that is, India 2. Union and State Ministries Q„» y

Important Personages inIndiJ S " , ° f I n-d i a n S t a t « , (Indian and Foreign) etc etc D , p l o m a t i c Personell

3. Famous Personage in Inaian 'ffistorv a n , T • dna roreigners connected with Indian

h i s to ry l t e r a t u r e

(Yii)

4. Indians Abroad. 5. Integration of Indian States. 6. Political Parties in India. 7. India's Defence Forces. 8. India's Multipurpose Projects. 9. Means of Communications in India.

10. The Community Projects. 11. India's Five Year Plan. 12. India's Irrigation systems and canals. 13. India's Famous Monuments, Historical Buildings,

Temples, Mosques and places of abiding interest and their location.

14. Places of Historical and other Interest in India. 15. Cities associated with Institutions and other Interest

(Historical, religious etc.). 16. India's Industries—Cottage, small scale and large

scale and their location. 17. Indian minerals and agricultural production and

their location. 18. Peoples and Races in India. 19. Masterpieces of Indian literature Past and Present

and their authorship.

20. India's Architecture and sculpture, musicians, dancers and painters.

21. Languages of India and where they are spoken. 22. Well known subjects and events connected with

Indian history. 23. Important dates in Indian History. 24. Well known and important battles in Indian history. 25. Education in the Indian Union. 26. Health Services in the Indian Union etc. etc.

And a host of other topics, essential for Competitive Examinations.

(viii)

A HAND BOOK OF

General Knowledge by

Dr. K. B. Bhatnagar M.A., Ph.D.

1955 EDITION

A handy book on General Knowledge covering about 460 pages. The book gives the S™ cream of essential general knowledge Iqu r e d T compeut,ve exammations It deserve? to b S and

The most important abbreviations in evervdav n o general terminology on Science. Arts and T ^ d y u s e > Politics, Economics, World History World T ^ ' graphy, Medicine, as also military and navl? , are thoroughly dealt with. a v a l t e r m *.

The chapter on India is the most « i , all. All the most important mT ^ U S t I v e o f

Constitution, India's M u l t i p m W P ! • ' I n d i a ' s

and Navy, Post and Teleeranh n t P r o> e«s, Army Political Parties, and much other ZT11™^ I n d i a ° on India, required fe t s S f 1 mk™™°° competitive and other examinations a « there" 1 0 0 8 "

The book is veritably a mine of the m information and written by a scholar n f ? J "P""*-*^ Dr Bhatnagar, it is the most zShoZtiltu ? U b e t o f

kind in the market. "uiontative book of i t s

Beautifully printed with . beautiful jacket.

P'ice Rs. 3/.

(is)

THE

W O R L D YEAR BOOK 1955

The book gives a very clear, comprehensive, authoritative and masterly picture of :-

i. The International Scene, discussing current world affairs, and the role the U. K., the U. N., the U.S.S.R., the U.S.A., China and India are playing in this world drama right upto date, covering about 120 pages.

2. The latest political developments in various countries, with a large numbers of Maps, the working of their Governments, political parties and interesting information on many other topics with special reference to India which covers about 350 printed pages.

3. The latest world production figures with Maps and the regional Geography of the world -country by country.

4. Extremely vivid pen pictures of worlds' great personalities and leaders representing great causes and movements.

As the contents show, the book deals with topics with which every candidate must be familiar and which every one must have at his finger's tips to be able to answer any question on Current Affairs and General Knowledge, which are set in every competitive examination.

Pages about 630 Price lis. 4\&k

(=0

1" Guide to Joint Services Wing Examinations

I (1951-1955 FULLY SOLVED PAPERS.)

Also rules, regulations, age limits and

other qualifications required for

this examination. Pages 450

Price 4j8j-

2. Ail India Competitive Examinations

Containing rules, re g „I a t i o n S j s y f l a b

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forms required for appearing i n

all the various Competitive Examinations.

{Pages 350 Price lis. «?/£/_

A MOST-BUY BOOK

w

MODERN INTERVIEWS by A. N. MATHEWS

WITH A FOREWORD BY

DR. KRISHNALAL SHRIDHARANI

1955 Edition It is his success or failure in tbe interview that makes

or mars the future career of a candidate.

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It is a book that will be most helpful to one competing for a post. He must read and re-read it, to gather the knowledge and confidence which alone lead to success in an interview.

Rs. 4/-

(tfi)

BHARAT YEAR BOOK 1 9 5 5

This is the very latest, the most comprehensive Year R„ v written by some of the foremost a u t h o r i S o l a l i J range of important topics of information on inSa l7 1 a book of absorbing interest to the general r « ^ u 1S

absolute necessity to a student preparfS fo n V f c a D

Examination. The information given inth.w Competitive so very accurate, so carefully arranged nd brought1 u r l ^ minute, that it has become the most d e n 2 l l ^ ever written on India. The general S J

b o o k

student will find, besides many K B ' ! !* e r a n d « * mention, the following dealt with mos? S h a £ t i J 3 y ? r o W t 0

Price Rs. 4/8/-

CONTENTS PART I

India in 1954 giving a verv eranh.V „ eye view of the Political and E c o n o m i c u , g e n e r a l b i r t ^ as well as its achievements iI £ K "H ° f I n d i a ' policies, its relations with the outside L^A • a n d l n t e™al problems and many intcr-related topics US m u l t i f a r i °«s

And The Five Year Plan

PART II

1. The Constitution of the t>„ ..,• Bharat; systematicallyand S , £ , ? W i a « t h a t » . all its salient features. cri»cal]y bringing o u t '

2. The Cabinet Ministries in the r „ the States. i n t h e C e * < " and Ministries in

3- Detailed information on the Indian States.

(xiii)

4. Indian Political Parties with their programmes. 5. The Defence Forces ql Iqdia— Indian Army, Navy

and Air Force. 6. Irrigation systems of India ang the Multipurpose

Projects. 7. Mineral Resources of the Indian Union. 8. Agriculture in the Indian Union. 9. India's Transport and Communication Systems,

including Roadways and Waterways. 10. Railways ; also Post & Telegraph Department. 11. India's Industries, Trade and Commerce—Cottage

industries, small scale industries and large scale industries

12. Places of Historical, Arcbaelogical and other in portance or interest in India and their locations.

13. Education in India—Indian Universities, Technical Institutions, learned Societies- Educational, Scientific, Literary, Cultural and Humanistic etc. etc.

14. The Press and Newspapers in India, also Indian Architecture and Archaeology.

15. Public Health in the Indian Union. 16. Trade Union Movements in India. 17. India's Foreign Trade. 18. Indian Union's Finance etc. (of the Centre and' of

the States) 19. The Planning Commission. 20. Various Bills passed in Parliament. 21. Linguistic States. 22. Facts about India in World perspective:

PART I I I

General Knowlegde and general world information right upto the minute.

(xiv)

A HAND BOOK OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

by Prof. I. N. SRIVASTAVA, MA.

(IN QUESTION AND ANSWER FORM)

English Edition Price Rs. 4/-Hindi Edition Price Rs. 5/-

A HAND BOOK OF

WORLD CONSTITUTIONS

by

I. N SRIVASTAVA, M.A. (IN QUESTION AND ANSWER FORM)

1955 Edition

i. The book deals most exhaustively with the Constitutions of all the major countries of the world, specially the U. K., U. S. A., U. S. S. R., India, Canada, Switzerland, Union of South Africa, France, Eire & Australia.

2. Also comoarative study of various Constitutions. English Edition Price Rs. 4/8/- , Hindi Edition Price Rs. 5/8/-

(X7)

History of England 'IN QUESTION AND ANSWER FORM)

by

Principal Kirpal Singh Narang M. A.

(1485-1919)

This book has been acclaimed as a great masterpiece on English History. Principal Narang is an authority on the subject. The book is the fruit of his profound scholarship and long teaching experience, and it has been written particularly to meet the needs of college students and those preparing for competitive examinations.

Every period of English History and all the main topics have been exhaustively and carefully dealt with. You will not miss any topic for any examination for which you may be preparing the subject.

• 1955 EDITION Price R$. 7J8I-

(xvi)

JUNIOR General Knowledge Tests

1955 EDITION

This handy book is most useful for candidates preparing General Knowledge paper for their various Competitive Examinations such as the Joint Services Wing, Military Wing (National Defence Academy), the Air Force or Navy, the Post and Telegraph and all

\ other examinations held by the Union Public Service Commission.

Almost all questions have been taken from •he latest examination papers, right upto .954, The answers are complete, precise and

lucid. Every topic such as A r t and Literature, ' History, Geography, Science, Games and Sports,

Who's Who, Abbreviations etc., has been adequately dealt wijth.

Paget 500 Price 4\8j-.

ME LATEST GENERAL KNOWLEDGE PAPER^1

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION JAN. 1954.

Time allowed-—-2\ hours Maximum Marks—300

Answer Ten questions : Five from Part A and Five from Part B.

All the questions carry equal marks. Answers must be written in English.

Part A

Answer Five questions only. If you answer more„ the first five will be marked.

1. What do the following stand for ?— (a) U.S.S.R. (b) A.I.C.C. [c) T.N.T.U.C.. (d) I. L. O. (e) A. I. R. (J) B. B. C. (g) V.P.P. (h) P. T . I. (i) D. Litt. (j) SOS.

2. Name the authors of the following : — (a) Gintanjalt. (b) Pilgrim's Progress-(c) Modern Painters, (d) Sakuntala. (e) Hamlet. • (/) Paradise Lost, (g) Vande Matram. (h) Oliver Twist. (i) Mahabharata. (j) Robinson Crusoe.

3. What do you know about the following :— (a) Aristotle. (b) Bismarck, (c) Dante. (d) Henry Ford, (e) Goethe. (/) Hitler, (g) Joan of Arc. (h) Martin Luther, (t) Rousseau, (j) Einstein.

2 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Defence Forces of India 4. Write short notes on the following : —

(a) National Cadet Corps.* (6) Territorial Army, (c) Gallantry awards.*

5. Name the occupants of the following positions :— (a) President of the United Nations Genera

Assembly. (b) Finance Member of the Indian Cabinet. (c) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. (d) Governor of Madras.

" (e) Chief Minister of Bengal. (f) Indian Ambassador in the U. S. A, (g) President and Head of the State in the U.S.S.R. (h) Prime Minister of Pakistan. (i) Prime Minister and Head of the State in Egypt. (J) President and Prime Minister of Spain.

6. What is the importance of the following dates in. Indian History ?

(a) 563 B.C. (b) 327 B.C. (c) 606 A.D. (d) 1498 A.D. (e) 1600 A.D. (j) 1757 A.D. (g) 1853 A.D. (h) 1857 A.D. (i) 1917 A.D. (j) 1947 A.D.

7. Give a short account of the Community Projects. 8. Describe the role of the Prime Minister in the

Constitution of India.

PartB Answer Five questions only. If you answer mo

only the first five will be marked.

9. (a) What are the following personages famous fo (D Isaac Newton. (iil Wilbur Wright.'

(iii) Aryabhatta. (iv) James Watt, (v) Humphry Davy.

* for full information or these topics consult Bhai' Year Book.

INDIAN AIR FORCE PAPHR 1954 3

(b) Name the authors of the following • —

(i) The Invisible Man. (ii) The Orion,

(iii) The Origin of species, (iv) History of Hindu Chemistry. (v) The Mysterious Universe.

10. What do the following stand for ? (a) C.G.S. (b) B. Th.U. (c) G.M.T. (d) Ca(HC02)3. (e) H 20 2 . (/) B.C.G. (g) B.O.A.C. (h) N.T.P. (i) W.B.G. (j) D.D.T.

11. (a) What do you understand by the following? (i) Air Pocket. (ii) Air screw,

(iii) Gunpowder. (iv) Helicopter. (b) Why is the shadow of a flying aeroplane not

visible on the surface of the earth? (c) A bomber flies 300 miles per hour at a height

of 25.600 feet. Ignoring air resistance and taking g=32 feet per second, calculate how far from a target a bomb must be released for a direct hit.

12. (a) Give the chemical names for the following ? (i) Washing Soda. (ii) Quicklime,

(iii) Epsom salt. (iv) Laughing gas. (6) Give the origin of the following names :—

(i) Quicksilver. (ii) Tuesday, (iii) Eau de Cologne. (iv) Carnivorous,

(c) (i) What happens when 'lemon juice' acts on baking powder ?

(ii) Why does grass become decolourized when kept covered with stone for some days?

13. (a) What do you understand by the following ? (i) Plaster of Paris, fu) Hydrophobia,

(iii) Latent heaf (iv) Infectious diseases.


(b) Distinguish between:— (i) respiration and transpiration,

(ii) arteries and veins.

14. (a) What do you know of the following ? (i) Age of the earth. (ii) Seismograph,

(ii) Cherrapunji. (iv) Alluvial soils, (v) Sivasamudram.

(b) Give the origin of the following names :— (i) Artesian well. (ii) Mount Everest.

(iii) Punjab (iv) Monsoons, (v) Equinox.

15. What do you understand by the following ?

(a) Glacier. (b) Light year. (c) Stone age. (d) International date line, (e) Tornado. (/) Spring and neap tides.

16. (a) How do you know that the earth is rotating about an axis ?

(b) (i) Which are the longest and shortest days in India ?

(ii) When and where does the sun shine continuously for six months ?

(c) What makes the sea roar.

(d) What are the original races of India ? (e) What are the present groupings of railways in

India ?

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION APRIL 1954.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS

Time allowed—2\ hours Maximum Marks—300

Attempt ten questions : five from part A and five from part B. All questions carry equal marks.

Answers must be written in English and in the space provided against each question.

Part A

Five questions are to be attempted. If you attempt more, only the first five will be marked.

1. Name the following :— (a) President of the Indian National Congress. (b) Minister for Commerce and Industry in India. (c) President of Yugoslavia. (d) Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. (e) Speaker of the House of the People in India. (f) President of the United Nations Assembly. (g) President of the United States, (h) President of the U.S.S.R. (i) High Commissioner for India in Australia. (j) Emperor of Japan.

2. What do the following represent : — (a) N.C.C. (b) N.A.T.O. (c) I .N.T.U.C (d) F.R.C.S. (e) I.Q-(f) U.S.I.S.

5


(g) E.C.A.F.E. •(h), P.T.I, (i) D.A. G) D.V.C.

3. What is the importance of the following ?—

(a) Panama Canal. (b) Sennar Dam. (c) Ladakh. (d) The Hague.

# (e) Prairies.

4. What are the following ?— (a) Faust ; (b) Paradise Lost. (c) Othello. \d) The Pickwick Papers, (e) The Deserted Village,

5. Give (i) the date, (ii) the parties and (iii) the result of the following in Indian history :—

Date ' Parties Result

(a) Battle of Jhelum. (b) First Battle of Panipat. (c) Battle of Talikota. (d) Battle of Plassey. (e) Fourth Mysore War.

6. Write short notes on the following :-

(a) Kalidas. (b) Valmiki. (c) Bana. (d) Panchatantra. (e) Guru Nanak.

7. Give a definition of :—

(a) Chauvinism. (b) Federalism. (c) Capitalism,

INDIAN AIR FORCE PAPER 1 9 5 4

(d) Shintoism. (e) Utilitarianism.

8. With what games are the following associated ? What do they mean ?

(a) Swaythlin? Cup. (b) Decathlon. (c) The Rubber. (d) Volley, (c) Sticks.

Part 6 Five questions are to be attempted. If you attempt more,

only the first five will be marked.

9. (a) With what do vou associate the following names ?—

(i) Copernicus.

(iii) Albert Einstein, ' (iv) Howard Florey.

(b) What do the following stand for ? —

' (i) » . (ii) A.M. (iii) T.V.A.

;(iv) K.W. (v)«K.Mn04.

10. What are the following ?— (a) Fresco. (b) Radar. (c) Amphibians. (d) Digestive system in the-human body. (e) German silver. (f) Cataract of the eye. (g) Whale, (h) Algae. (i) Monazite. ('}) Grafting.

8 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGB TESTS

11. (a) Give the chemical names for the following :—

(i) Chalk, (ii) Lime water, (iii) Soda bicarb, (iv) Chile saltpetre, (v) Bleaching powder.

(b) Why are the following so called ?—

(i) X-ray. (ii) Bacteria,

(iii) Magnet. (iv) Malaria. (v) Aqua Regia.

12. (a) What do you understand by the following ? —

(i) Methylated spirit, (ii) Stratosphere.

(iii) Carbon assimilation, (iv) (1) Catalyst.

(2) A soap, as a chemical compound, (v) Signs of Zodiac.

(b) What are the chief parts of an* aeroplane ?

13. (a) Distinguish between : — (i) monoplanes and biplanes, (ii) evaporation and boiling, (iii) density and specific gravity.

(b) (i) What happens when a green leaf is placed * between two pieces of dry ice ?

(ii) What is chemotherapy ?

14. What do you know of the following ?—f

(a) Indo-Gangetic plain. (b) Earth's motion. • (c) Indian Standard Time. (d) Coral Rock. (e) Mohenjo-Daro. (f) (i) Mettur Dam.

(ii) The Upper Ganges Canal.

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE PAPER 1954 9

15. (a) How is a delta formed ? (b) (i) What is a crater ?

(ii) Mention the most severe earthquakes experienced in India in the last twenty years.

(c) What are clouds ? Name the clouds which give rain.

{d) Why is it colder on a mountain than on a plain ? (e) Why does the solar eclipse occur at the time of

the new moon ?

(f) Where are the following in India ?— (i) Indian Rare Earths Limited.

(ii) School of Tropical Medicine. (iii) Chittaranjan Locomotive Works.

(iv) Hindusthan Aircraft Factory. (v) The Central Building Research Institute.

16. (a) What are the trunk roads of India ?

(6) What are the multipurpose projects already under— taken by the Central Government ?

(c) What are the principal varieties of soil of India ? (d) What are the monsoon currents of India and when

do they cause rain ? (e) What do you know of the following aboriginal

tribes of India ? —

(i) Abor. (ii) Santal. (iii)JKadar.

For Q. 14, 15 (part f) and 16 consult Bharat Year Book.

MILITARY WING EXAMINATION 1954

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT AFFAIRS

Time allowed—2$ hour Maximum Marks— 300

Candidates should attempt TEN questions only : FIVE from Part A and FIVE from Part B All questions carry equal marks

Answers must be written in English and in the space provided against each question or part of the question

PART A

Answer FIVE questions only. If you ansuier more, only the first-five will be marked.

1. Give the composition of the House of the People and state its powers.

2. Write a note on what is envisaged in the First Five-Year Plan for each of the following : —

(a) University education. (b) Employment.

3. Write brief notes on the following : — (a) Indus Valley Civilization. (b) Sarvodaya Samaj. (c) Adult suffrage. (d) Prohibition. (e) Shintoism. (/) Coup detat.

4. Name the authors of the following : (a) Arthashastra. (6) Aini Akbari.

t

10

MILITARY WING PAPER 1954 11

(c) Pygmalion. (d) The Coolie. (e) Mother. (f) The Republic. (g) The Life Divine. (h) My Experiments with Truth. (i) The Mysterious Universe, (j) Ram ChaTit Manas.

5. Mention the most important event or events associated with the following dates in Indian history :—

(a) 327 B.C. (b) 1191. (c) 1757. (d) 1857. (e) 1919. (/) 1929. (g) 1942. (h) 1947. (i) 1948. (j) 1950.

6. What are the following famous for ? — (a) Manu. (6) Plato. (c) Archimedes. (d) Fa-hien. (e) Columbus, (j) Ramanuja. (g) Tolstoy. (h) Aurobindo Ghosh, (t) Vivekananda. (j) Zoroaster.

7. Mention the names of the following : — (a) The Speaker of the House of the People in

India (b) U.S.S.R. Ambassador in India. (c) Indian AmasSador in Japan. (d) The Governor of Madras.

12 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TbSTS

(e) Sadair-i-Riyasat, Jammu and Kashmir. (/) Indian Ambassador in France. (g) Indian High Commissioner in the U.K. (h) Food Minister in Government of India. (i) The Chief Justice of India. (j) Minister of Education in Government of

India (fe) The Governor of West Bengal. (!) The Head of the Ismailia sect of Islam, (m) Head of the Indian Custodian Forces in

Korea, (n) Head of the State of Indo-China (Viet

Nam) (o) The Prime Minister of Great Britain.

8. What do the following mean and with what games and sports are they associaed ?

(a) (b) (c) (d) ifi) (f) (g) (h) (0 (i)

Tee. Half-volley. 'Sticks'. Penalty kick. Maiden over. Dummy. Cue. Wimbledon.

Epsom. Schneider Trophy,

P A R T B

Answer FIVE questions only. If you answer more, only the jirst five will be marked.

9. (a) What are igneous and sedimentary rocks and how are they formed ?

(b) How does the examination of rocks enable us to determine their ages ?

10 (a) What is the filament of an electric lamp made of, and why ?

(b) What is the temperature of an electric lamp filament when glowing ?

MILITARY WING PAPER 1954 13

(c) Why are electric lamps evacuated ? (d) Why does a liquid placed in a thermos flask

maintain its temperature, whether hot or cold, for a long time ?

(e) What is the difference between loudness and pitch of sound ?

11. (a) What is 14-carat gold ? (b) What is a sextant ? (c) What is a sundial ? (d) Suggest a method of distinguishing a star

from a planet. (e) What is smoke ? ^

12. (a) How do we know the age of a tree ? (b) Why is slaked lime used as a mortar for

binding bricks in buildings and why is it mixed with sand or cinders ?

(c) Why does ice float on water ? (d) Name the colours in a rainbow. (e) Why does a tennis ball thrown upward fall

down ?

13. (a) How can tides be used to generate power ? (b) What is stream-lining ? (c) Why does a cyclist have to slow down going

round a curve ? (d) How can the position of a bullet in the body

of a person be located ? (e) Mention three epidemic diseases known to

occur most frequently in India.

14. What are the principal ingredients that good diet must contain ? Mention the types of food that contain them.

15. Mention one important contribution of each of the; following :—

(a) Copernicus, (b), Ronald Ross. (c) Marconi. (d) Otto Hahn.


(e) Pasteur. (/) Galileo. (g) Alexander Fleming. (h) Bohr. (t) Darwin-. (j) Freud.

16. {a) How can the elements present in the sun and the stars be determined ?

(b) Why do modern ships, though made of iron, not sink ?

(c) How do honey-bees help plants ? (d) Why are mineral areas situated round about

the Indo-Gangetic plain and not in the plain itself ? (e) Why does a person see a full size image oi

himself in a mirror which is only half his size ?

INDIAN NAVY EXAMINATION Feb. 1954


Candidates should attempt Question No. I and any five of the remaining questions from Part A and any five questions

from Part B. Answers must be written in English

Part A

Attempt Question No. I and any five of the remaining questions. Each question carries 25 marks.

1. Write about 15 lines on the ideal of a Wealfare State and on some of the important steps taken or being taken by the Indian Union to reach it. '

2. Write not more than four lines on the following peisonalities : —

(a) Malenkov. (6> Dr. D. F. Malan. (c) Mao Tse-tung. id) Franco. (e) Syngman Rhee. (f) Dr. Radhakrishnan.

3. Write not more than four lines on each of the following :—

(a) Bhoodan Movement. (b) The Community Development Programme. (c) Risks involved in the policy of decontrol. (d) Bharat Sevak Samaj.

4.j(a) Of the two parts (i) federation and (ii) provincial autonomy in the Government of India Act of 1935 what prevented the introduction of (i) ?

15

•16 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

/ (b) Name the States in the Indian Union. (c) Mention the fourteen regional languages of India. (d) What is India's population according to the 195)

census ? At what rate is it increasing ?

5. Write brief notes on the following :— (a) Mohenjo-Daro. (b) Ajanta wall paintings. (c) Nalanda. (d) Taj Mahal.

6. Write not more than five lines on each of the following : —

(a) The Arab League. (b) U.N.E.S.C.O. (c) Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission in

Korea. (d) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

7. Write not - more than four Unes on each of the following :—

(a) Tansen. (b) Sivaji. (c) Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi. (d) Ramakrishna Paramahansa. (e) B. N. Rau.

( / ) B. G. Tilak.

8. (a) How is the President of the Inaian Republic chosen ?

(b) What is meant by 'Aparthied' ? Who practises it and against whom ?

(c) What is the difference between an A-Part State and a B-Part State of the Indian Union ?

(d) Name the foreign pockets in India.

(e) Name the principal organs of the United Nations.

INDIAN NAVY EXAM. FEB., 1954 17

Part B 8. (a) A one-pound weight and a five-pound weight

are simultaneously released from the top of a tower. Which will reach the ground first ? Give brief reasons for your answer.

(b) A stone thrown vertically upwards takes 3 seconds to reach its maximum height. How long after it is thrown will it return to the starting point ?

(c) How would you find the true weight of a body with a balance whose arms are unequal ?

(d) In the following list, which are non-conductors of electricity ?—

/Muminium, carbon, glass, mercury, mica, procelain, silver, sulphur, sulphuric acid, water.

(e) Where is the liver situated in the body and what are its functions ?

(/) Where are the following places and what is the-importance of each ? —

(i) Bhakra-Nangal. (ii) Chittaranjan. (iii) Jamshedpur. (iv) Kandla. (v) Sindri.

11. (a) What is the composition of water (i) by volume.. (ii) by weight ?

(b) Name the substances used in the common method, of preparing the following gases in the laboratory :—

(i) Oxygen, (ii) Nitrogen.

(c) Name three important uses of carbon dioxide. _ (d) In the following list, which are termed

mixtures ? — Air, ammonia, blue vitriol, cement, chalk, common-

salt, gun powder, iron rust, sea water, soda water. (c) Against. each of the following, write the name of"

one place in India where it is produced :—

18 INDIAN NAVY EXAMINATION

(i) Coal. <ii) Gold, •'(iii) Manganese, (iv) Mica, (v) Petroleum.

(/) What is meant by the following as applied to infectious diseases ?-—

(i) Incubation, (ii) Quarantine.

12. (a) What is a solar cooker ? (b) Why is it necessary to shake a clinical thermo

meter before use ? Will this shaking do if it is to be used on a hot summer day ?

(c) What are the different forms in which carbon occurs native in nature ?

(d) In what respects does air breathed out differ from that breathed in ?

(e) Name three volcanoes and the places where they are situated.

(f) Against each of the following, write its location and one important product for which it ic famous :—

(i) Cuba, (ii) Gold Coast, (iii) Malaya, (iv) Manila, (v) Venezuela.

»„. Complete the priate answers :— %

(v) Venezuela. . 13. Complete the following sentences by giving appro

priate answers :—t (a) The varying lengths of day and night are due to. (b) High tides do not occur at a place regularly every

12 hours but at intervals of 12 hours 26 minutes because. • .

(c) Though Cherrapunji and Shillong are on to* Khasi hills only 25 miles apart, yet the annual raintau at Cherrapunji is 485 inches and that at Shillong i s - -inches only because.

(d) The close of play commentary at 6 *•**• Thursday of a Test Match played at Kingston, (Wes

>.

INDIAN NAVY EXAM. FEB., 1954 19

Indies, 77°W. )wi l f beheard in Delhi (77° E.) on at

(e) The three important towns on the air route from Delhi to London are and the normal time taken for the air travel is.

(/) (i) Vitamin B is present in. and its deficiency causes.

(ii) Vitamin D is present in and its deficiency causes.

14. Complete the following sentences, choosing the correct answer from the clause given against each :—

(a) The glass tube of a spirit level is (curved upwards, straight, curved downwards)

(b) When water is changed into ice (there is no change in heat, heat is taken in, heat is given out)

(c) A minimum thermometer contains (mercury, alcohol, potassium permangnate solution)

• \d) The water in a boiler gets heated by (conduction, convection, radiation)-

(e) The miror in front of the driver by the side of the wind-scieen of a car is (plane, concave, convex).

(/) To see >our full image in a plane mirror, the height of the mirror should not be less than (twice your height, your height, half your height),

(g) A stone dropped from a point in the ceiling of a moving railway compartment will strike the floor of the compartment at a point (vertically below, towards the engine side, away from the engine side). _ 4

(h) The south-west monsoon wind blows in India in (March, July, November),

(i) Pearl is (a mineral product, a vegetable product, an animal product). ' »

j ) Steel is iron containing a small percentage of * (carbon, silver, platinum).

2 0 INDIAN NAVY EXAMINATION

15. Do you agree with the following statements ? Write 'yes' or 'no' and amplify your statements by a few words wherever necessary.

(a) An atom is an indivisible particle. (b) It is easier to float in sea-water than in fresh

water. (c) Concave lenses are used for correcting short sight. (d) Sound can travel in vacuum. (e) Nitrogen is heavier than air. (f) Cooking is easier on a hill station than on the

plains. (g) If a boat is to be turned left, the rudder should

be turned left, (h) A balloon increases in size as it ascends, (i) The earth is nearer the sun in December than in

June, (j) AH the teeth on the upper jaw are broader than

the corresponding ,ones on the lower jaw. (fe) When a fast-moving car suddenly swerves to the

right the passengers will be thrown to the left. (I) The spider is an insect and the gummy fluid with

which it spins its'web issues from its mouth. 16. (a) Against each of the following, write the appro

priate word which is connected with it, choosing the word from the list in brackets :—

(i) Anopheles, (ii) Chlorophyll, (lii) Cinchona,

(iv) Feldspar. (v) Goldfinch, (vi) Locust,

(vii) Lysol. (viii) Mandrill,

(ix) Tetanus, (x) Titanium.

(Animal, bird, disinfectant, disease, insect pest: leaf; metal, mineral,* mosquito^ tree)

(6) With what are the following associated ? -

INDIAN" NAVY EXAM. FEB., 1954 21

(i) Amundsen. (ii) Captain Cook,

(iii) Magellan, (iv) Tensing. (v) Whitaker.

(c) What scientific discoveries or investigations are associated with the following ?—

(i) Darwin. (ii) Dewai. (ii) Fbming. (iv) Marconi. (v) Mendel.

(d) What do the following abbreviations stand for?—

(i) A.I.R. (ii) B.B.C.

(iii) C.G.S. (iv) U.P.S.C. (v) 3-D.

(vi) M.E.D.O, (vii) J.S.W.

(viii) N.T.P. (ix) P.S. (x) TV.

INDIAN NAVY EXAMINATION JULY 1954

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Time allowed—1\ hours MaKimum Marks—300

Candidates should attempt questions as indicated at the beginning of each part

All the questions carry equal marks Answers must be written in English

Part A Attempt Question No. 1 and any five of the remaining

questions 1. Write about 15 lines on the structure and functions

of the Indian Parliament, 2. Write not more than five lines on each of the

following personalities : — (a) McCarthy. (b) Dr. Konrad Adenauer (c) Dr. Soekarno (d) Khan Abdul'Gaffar Khan (e) Tulsidas

if

3. Write not more than five lines on each of the-following :—

{a) The Indian Estate Duty Act of 1953 (b) The Kumbha Mela of 1954 (c) National Extension Service (d) BharatRatna (e) Shramdan

4. Describe the following injnot more than five lines-each : —

(a) The Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of India

22

INDIAN NAVY EXAM. JULY 1954 23.

(b) Achievements of India's Five Year Plan during the first, three years of its existence

(c) India's Foreign Policy (d) Commission for reorganization of States 10

India (e) Dyarchy

5. Write brief notes on the following : —

(a) Nalanda (b) Kailasanatha at Ellora (c) Somnath temple (d) Gol Gumbaz (e) Kohinoor

6. Write not more than five lines on each of the following :—

(a) The Canal-waters Dispute (b) Indo-Ceylon Pact of January, 1954 (c) Implications of U.S. military aid to Pakistan (d) The Geneva Conference (e) Viet Minh

7. Write not more than five lines on each of the following :—

(a) Genghis Khan (b) Guru Gobind Singh (c) Ahalya Bai (d) Dayanand Saraswati (e) Rabindranath Tagore

8. Explain the meaning of the following terms in noL more than five lines each :—

(a) Rationing (b) Paratroops (c) Neutrality (d) Marines (e) Guided missiles

2 4 INDIAN NAVY EXAMINATION

PartB

Attempt Question Nos. 10 and 11 and any four of the remaining questions.

9. (a) What is the difference between mass and weight ? Does a spring balance measure mass or weight ?

(b) A brass 100 gm. weight weighs 88 gm. in water. What is its volume ? What is the specific gravity of brass ?

(c) Given a supply of cold water at 20°C. and boiling -water at 100°C. in what proportion would you mix them to get 20 gallons of warm water at 40°C ?

(d) What is a balanced diet ? 10. (a) What is the difference between a physical

change and chemical change ? Give two examples of each.

(b) Name two methods of preparing hydrogen in large quantities. Mention two uses of hydrogen.

(c) What is soda water ? Why is there effervescence {evolution of gas) when a soda water bottle is opened ?

(d) Which of the following substances in aqueous (water) solution will turn blue litmus red? —

Ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, common salt, lime, lime juice, soap, sugar, sulphur dioxide, vinegar.

11. What are the following ? — (a) Binoculars. (b) Dynamo. (c) Hydraulic press (d) Mariner's compass (e) Microscope (/) Radar »

12. Write notes on the following (not more than five lines each):—

(a) Japanese method of rice cultivation

INDIAN NAVY EXAM. JULY 1954 25

(b) Chlorination of water (c) H-bomb (d) Mine-sweeping (e) Artificial rain

13. Answer the following: — (a) Why does fanning produce a sense of coolness

of the body? (b) In making ice cream why is the cream put in

a metal vessel while the ice is kept in a wooden container?

(c) Why do the parallel rails of a railroad track appear to get closer at a distance?

(d) Why is it better to select coloured materials in daylight than in artificial light?

(e) Why are troops commanded to march out of step when crossing a long suspension bridge ?

14. Do you agree with the following statements ? "Write YES or NOvagainst each, giving reasons in brief. ,

(a) Between the-earth and the moon there will be a place where bodies will have no weight.

(b) The place in (a) above will be nearer the earth than the moon.

(c)aSound travels faster in water than in air. (d) The sun is seen in its true position only at

midday and not in the morning or in the evening.

(e) Wc need more food in winter than in summer. (f) A thick glass tumbler is more likely to break

than a thin one when hot water is poured into it

(g) The temperature of the ocean water increases with increasing depth

(h) All places on the same longitude have midday • at the same time "

26 INDIAN NAVY EXAMINATION

15. (a) Name five gases that are present in the atmosphere.

(b) Name five constellations in the sky.

(b) Against each of the following, write the name of the country where it is most abundantly produced : —

(i) Coffee (ii) Cotton (Hi) Rubber (iv) Tea (v) Wool (d) Against each of the following, write the

wettest month in the year and the average annual rainfall:—

(0 Bombay (ii) Calcutta (in) Delhi (iv) Madras (v) Nagpur (e) Name, in order, the five chief parts of the^

alimentary canal in the human body. 16. Complete the following, choosing the correct

answer from the clues given under each : — (a) The filament of an electric bulb is made of

(carbon, tungsten, platinum). (b) Because gold can be beaten into thin foils it

is said to be (elastic, ductile, malleable). (c) The orbits of the planets are (parabolic, circular elliptic). (d) Permanent magnets are made of (steel, cast iron, wrought iron). (c) The metal that is present in largest .proportion in the latest rupee coin is (copper, nickel, silver). (f) The bone of the upper arm is called (ulna, femur, humerus). ' (g) A knot is a measure of, (speed, distance, time). -

' (h) Cape Comorin is (to the east of, in the same longitude as, to the .vest of) Delhi.

INDIAN NAVY EXAM. ihVi 1954 27

17. (a) What is meant by each of the following abbreviations ?

(i) (ii) («0 ( i f ) ( f ) (ft)

(vii) Cviii)

(»*) (x) (b)

e d ? -

(i) (ii) (iti) (if) ( f ) (fi)

(vii) (viii)

(tx) (x)

G. O. I. e.g. F.R.S. IN. V.I.P. N.N.R.C. B.C.G. I .Q. Y.M.C.A. I.R. With what an

James Watt. Graham Bell. Plimsoll. Oppenheimer. Lister. Jenner. Whittle. Ross. Archimedes. Nobel.

associat-

(c) Who hold the following posts today ?— (i) The Minister of Defence,

(ii) The Commander-in-Chief of India, (tit) The Chief of the Indian Air Force. (iv) The Chief of the Indian Navy.

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAMINATION 1954 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND CURRENT

AFFAIRS Time allowed—2\ hours Maximum Marks—300

Candidates should attempt ten questions in all, five from each part

All questions and all parts of the same question carry equal marks

Answers must be written in English and in the space provided against each question

Part A Attempt any five questions. If you attempt more,

only first five will be valued 1. Name the following :—

(a) The leader of the P.S.P. in Travancore-Cochin. (b) Revenue Minister of Akbar. (c) Year of the American Declaration of Indepen

dence. (d) Year of the Battle of Waterloo. (e) Any feature of the Montagu-Chelmsford

Reforms which you do not like. , ( /) Prime Minister of Ceylon, (g) Founder of modern Turkey. (Ii) Health Minister of India, (t) Vice-President of the United States, (j) Deposed Prime Minister of British Guiana.

2. Name the following :— (a) The two great epics of India. (b) The two great epics of Greece. (c) The scripture of the Parsees. (d) The two Indians who won the Noble Prize. (e) Founder of the Arya Samaj.

28

JOINT SERVICES WING FXAM. 1954 2 9

(/) The last Governor-General of India. (g) Dictator of Yugoslav, ia. (Ji) First Secretary- General of the United Nations. (t) Communist Leader of Viet Minh. (j) Leader of the leftists in British Labour Party.

3. Write 'yes' or 'no' against each of the following :— (a) The Ganges is the longest river in India. (b) The President of the Indian Union is the

strongest executive in the world. (c) The Queen of the United Kingdom is also the

Queen of India. (d) R. A. Butler is the Lord Chancellor of England. (e) Ajmer is a part of Rajasthan. (/) Haile Selassie is the Emperor of Ethiopia. (g) Mr. Fazal Ali is the Governor of Orrisa. (h) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan is the Speaker of the

House of the People, (i) Yoshida is the Prime Minister of Japan, (j) U.N. headquarters are in Lake Success. (k) Soviet Russia has a larger population than the

United States. (0 Yugoslavia is a satellite of Russia, (m) Poland is behind the iron curtain, (n) Mao Tse-tung is the Prime Minister of the

Chiness People's Republic, (o) Judges of the Supreme Court of India are

appointed for a five-year term. 4. Write in one sentence what the following signify :—

(a) Dharma, (b) Avatara, (c) Jizya, (d) Doctrine of Lapse, (e) The Vatican City, (/) The

> Marshall Plan. 5. Identify the authorship of each the following ;—

(a) Sakuntala, (b) The Pilgrim's Progress, (c) The Origin of Species, (d) Das Kapital, »e) Gitanjali, ( / ) The Communist Manifesto, (g) The Story of My Experiments with Truth. (h)«The Discovery of India^ (i) 'Government of ' the people by the people and for the people'"

3 0 JOINT SERVICES WING EXAMINATION

(definition of democracy), (j) 'Do or die' (a phrase).

6. For what do the following abbreviations stand ?—

(a) I.T.O. (b) E.CA. (c) D.V.C. (d) P.T.I. (e) B.B.C (/) Cantab, (g C.I.D. (h) E. and O.E. (t) U.N.E.S.CO. (j) N.N.R.C.

7. Write short notes on the following :— (a) The Veto in the United Nations. (b) Pan Mun Jan. (c) The Mau Mau Rebellion. (d) Apartheid. (e) Genocide. (/) Major preventable diseases of India (mention

only names). •8. Explain in one sentence phrase the meaning of :—

(a) The ballot, (b) Plebiscite, (c) Publi utility concerns. (d) Politbureau. (e) Armistice. (f) Fifth Column. (g) Quorum. (h) Non-aggression Pact, (i) Repatriation, (j) Republic.

Part B Attempt any five questions. If you attempt more,

only the first five will be valued

9. Write 'yes' or 'no' against each of the following :— (a) Helium is an inflammable gas. (b) Mercury is

a metal, (c) Air is a coumpound of nitrogen and oxygen, (d) Diamond is a form of carbon, (e) Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. ( / ) Oxygen is necessary for rusting, (g) Monazite is a radioactive mineral, (h) German silver contains nickel, (i) Hydrofluoric acid dissolves glass, (j) Wines contain methyl alcohol. (k) Sodium chloride is a base. (1) Potassium suiphate causes hardness of water. ' (m) The burning of a candle is a physical chani>e. {n) Sulphur dissolves in boiling water, (o) Petrol is a mineral oil.

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. 1954 31

10. Name the discoverer or inventor of the following : —

(a) Law of gravitation. (£>) Specific gravity, (c) X-rays. (d) Radium. (e) Oxygen. ( J ) Penicillin, (g) Theory of relativity, (/i) Cause of malaria. (i) Hydrogen, (j) Dynamo. (k) Synthesis of ammonia. (I) Periodic Table.

11. Write 'yes' or 'no' against each of the following :—

(a) Silver is a good conductor of electricity. (6) Ice is heavier than water. (c) Heat is produced when ether evaporates. (d) In the Himalayas, the boiling point of water is

100°C. (e) Heat is liberated when steam condenses. ( / ) It is easier to breathe on top of Mount Everest

than in Delhi, (g) Silver is a better material for a teapot than

porcelain. v (h) Hydrometer is an instrument for measuring

humidity. *' (0 In a plane mirror the image is at the»same

distance as the object. * • * (j) Thermometer is an instrument to measure heat.

12. Give in one sentence reasons for the following :—

{a) One should not sleep under a green tree at night. (b) Water kept in an unglazed earthen pitcher is

cooler than water kept in a metal container. (c) Air-passengers are requested to see that their

fountain pens are not completely filled with ink, befbre taking off from the ground.

(d) It is easier to swim in the sea than in a river. (e) Sprinkling salt on a frozen highway helps to

melt the ice quicker. 13. Fill up the blanks in the following : —

(a) Roots absorb solutions of salts from the soil by the process of r.....

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAMINATION

(b) The change of a tadpole into a frog is known as

(c) The enzyme helps in the digestion of fats.

(d) The body temperature of animals remains constant irrespective of the surrounding temperature.

(e) In the body produces insulin. ( / ) A device for bombarding atoms so as to split

them is known as (g) is the process by which green plants

use carbon dioxide and water to make carbohydrates and release oxygen.

(h) Deficiency of vitamin C causes (i) Gammexane is an '}) ..is a poisonous substance in the

free state but an essential part of human diet in the form of its compounds.

14. Name the following :—

{a) The place of maximum annual rainfall in India. ib) The city where the Osmania University is

located. (c) The location of the new Rs. 72 crores steel

plant to be erected in India.

junior

General Knowledge Testg SOLVED PAPERS

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. 1953

OF THE NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY

General Knowledge and Current Affairs


Candidates should attempt ten questions, five from Part A and five from Part B x

Answers must be written in English and in the space, provided against each question.

All questions and all part's of the same question carr equal marks.

PART A

1 Attempt any five questions. If you attempt more, only the first five will be valued.

j»iQ. 1. Name the following :— (a) Prime Minister of the U.S.S.R. {b) Secretary of State Department, U.S.A. (c) Part C States of India. (d) Founder of the Maurya Empire. (e) Three gems in the court of Akbar. (/) Founder of the Khalsa. ' \g) Writer of the Bande Mataram.


(h) Election Commissioner of India. (i) Relief and Rehabilitation Minister of India.

Q. 2. With what do you associate the following ? (a) Hiroshima. (/) Simhagarh. (6) Champaran. (g) Walt Disney. (c) Dharma Chakra. (h) Denis Compton. (d) Nankana. (t) The Kesari. (e) Dwarka. (j) Penicillin.

Q. 3. Write what the following stand for :— (a) Flag at half mast. (6) Sanchi. (c) Rani of Jhansi. (d) Jantar-Mantar. (e) The Tower of Chitor. (/) Dayanand. (g) Ram Das. (h) Anand Bhawan. (t) Haldighat.

Q. 4. Write on the following :— (a) Commonwealth of Nations. (6) Malanism. (c) Mao Tse Tung. (d) General Neguib.

Q. 5. Write whether— (a) The English Constitution is written or unwritten. (b) Harappa is in India or Pakistan. (c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru is an Oxford or Cambridge

graduate. (d) B.B.C. is an official or an unofficial agency. (e) Eisenhower is a Republican or a Democrat. (/) Indonesia is independent or dependent. (g) Elephanta is in Bombay or Bihar. (h) Marconi was French or Italian.

(i) The Burmese are mainly Buddhist or Hindu, Q. 6. Who or what aye the following ? — (a) Birbal Sahni. (c) I. Q. (b) S. O. S. (d) Aurora Borealis.

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. 1953

(c) Ain-i-Akbari. ( / ) Panini.

Q. 7 Distinguish between— (a) (i) Ultra vires. (c) (i) Tycoon.

(tf) Intra vires. («) Typhoon, (6) (i) Viet Minh. (<*) (»') House of Lords.

(n) Viet Nam. (») House of Commons.

Q. 8. Describe in a few lines the following :— (a) India's position in world games and sports. (b) A classic in your language. (c) Five-Ycar Plan.

^ PART B

Attempt any five questions. If you attempt more, only the first Jive will be valued.

Q. 9. Write cyes' or 'no' against each of the following :— (o) Mercury is a solid metal. {b) Air is a compound of oxygen and nitrogen. {c) Burning of sulphur is a physical change. (d) Copper is a bad conductor of heat. (e) Scurvy is a skin disease. (J) Cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights, (0) Water has a maximum density at 4°C. (h) Voltameter is an instrument to measure the voltage

of electric currents. (») Hairs are good conductors of electricity, (j) Silver nitrate is a salt. \k) Oxygen turns a blue litmus paper red. (1) Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky. (m) Smallpox is a contagious disease. (w) On exposure to ultra-violet rays water becomes

unfit for drinking.

Q. 10. Name the following :— (a) The lightest substance. (6) The organs of respiration. (c) The natural magnet.

JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

{d) The ship of the desert. (e) An intimate mixture of mercury with a metal. (/) An instrument to convert sound waves into electrical

vibrations. [g) A pod-bearing plant. (h) A substance which alters the speed of a chemical

action, (t) A plant living on another plant, (j) The substance which produces insensibility to pain.

Q. i i . Fill up the blanks in the following :— («) is an instrument to measure atmospheric

pressure. (b) Potassium is forme^ when nitric acid is neu

tralized with potassium hyckoxide. (c) Like poles of two magnets each other. (d) Deficiency of vitamin D in children causes (e) gas is prepared by the action of dilute sul

phuric acid on zinc. (/) Graphite is a form of (g) D. D. T. is an (A) Anopheles mosquito causes fever. (i) Iodine on heating. (j) Green colour of plants is due to the presence of a ment called , Q. 12. Who discovered or invented the following ?—

W Stethoscope $ X " ? w a " ' W Bicycle. P <? ^ ° m l C f",Q-

W °™»' 8 JEST Q. 13. Give in one sentence reasons for the following:—

6 A S r T 8 5°rWard aS he climbs a hil1-M A 3 ? r e D d s m w a r d w h i l e rounding a corner. 3) APrainho°^ r0Und-8l ,aSS d o e s n o t Pr°<^c an imag e.

•& Fl^,° • W 1S 8 c n e r a l ly s « n after rainfall, (e Electncians wear rubber gloves.

' countries' ^ V C ° ° k r t h a n b l a c k ia t r o P i c a l

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. 195 3 _

(9) Water boils at a lower temperature on the hills than in the plains.

(//) A thick glass tumbler cracks when boiling water is poured in it.

Q. 14. Write cycs' or cno' against each of the following :—

(a) The earth completes one revolution round the suwri in two years. #

(6) The gulf" stream is a warm current of the Indian Ocean.

(c) The Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall in winter. (d) India is one of the chief tea-producing countries of

the world. (e) Black soil is unsuitable for the cultivation of cotton. (/) Coffee is grown on the slopes of the Himalayas. (g) Red Indians are the inhabitants of India. (h) Ostriches are found in the Kalahari desert. (1) Chcrrapunji receives the largest amount of rainfall

in India, (j) The Ganges Plan is sandy.

Q. 15. Fill up the blanks in the following :— (a) The Panama Canal links the with the

Ocean. (b) The meridian passes through the Royal

Observatory at Greenwich. (c) The latitude of the is o°. » (d) is ihe coldest place in the world. (c) When it is winter in India, it is in Australia, (f) Etna is the name of a in Sicily. (g) A sea breeze blows from the to the

during the day. (/)) is a river of the ice which moves very slowly. (1) Reindeer is a useful animal of the region. 0 ) is the highest mountain peak in the world. ' Q. 16. Name one industry which is located in the

following places :—


(a) Dhariwal. > (/) Jamshedpur. (6) Chittaranjan. (g) Digboi. (c) Ahmedabad. (7t) Firozabad. (d) Katni. (t) Gwalior. (e) Ludhiana. (j) Sindri.

ANSWERS

1. (a) Giorgi Maximilianovich Malenkov. (b) John Foster Dulles. (c) Ajmer, Bhopal, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,

with Bilaspur merged into it, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, Vindhya Pradesh.

(d) Chandragupta Maurya. (e) Abul Fazal, Abul Faizi, Raja Bir Bal. (/) Guru Govind Singh. (g) Bankum Chander Chatteriee. (A) S. N. Sen. (*) Mr. A jit Prashad Jain. 2. (a) The Atom Bomb and the destruction wrought

by it. (b) The first Satyagrah of Mahatma Gandhi in India. (c) Emperor Asoka. (d) As Guru Nanak's birthplace. (e) Sri Krishna. (/) Shivaji's victory over Mughals. (g) Cartoon films. (h) Cricket. (t) Bal Gangadhar Tilak. (j) With the cure of pneumonia, gonorrhoea, meningitis,

antnras, etc., generally as an anti-biotic. in i L i r i ^OU™ inS J generally as a mark of respect

7 £ T r Z \Vd Perso°held in high esteem. < S l w

Td i . k n o w n Buddhist stupa.

MnSi ,S S ^St freedom s t r u Sg l e called the I n d i a ° n l h S f n r ^ a S r u sh. ining sample of an heroic woman, oppressors h b e r a t l o n o f*h e r motherland against foreign

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. 1953 7

(d) The ancient astronomical observatory in New Delhi for time measurement and movements of the sun, the moon and the stars according to Indian astronomical methods.

(e) Victory of the Rajputs (Under Rana Kumbha) over the Muslim invaders (from Gujerat).

(/) The Reformer who started the Arya Samaj movement during the 19th century or the Vedic revival and the purging of all excretions from the Hindu Dharma.

(g) The Golden Temple at Amritsar and inventing the Gurmukhi alphabet.

(h) The sacrifice of the Nehru family in giving its all to the nation.

(i) The heroic resistance of freedom loving people like the Rajputs against overwhelming odds. The Maharana (Pratap) of a small state like Mewar, standing against the might of the emperor of Hindustan (Akbar), because he would not sully the honour of his motherland.

4. (a) This term is applied to the free association of independent member nations of the Commonwealth made up of some autonomous communities, like dominions of Canada, Australia, Union of South Africa etc., who are equal in status, and in no way subordinate, one to another in any aspect of their domestic or foreign affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the crown and independent countries like India who accept the Queen as only the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth.

(6) Malanism stands for the snobbery of the white races who would not like to live with coloured people or mix up with them. In its most virulent form, its exponent is Dr. Malan, Chief Minister of the government of the Union of South Africa, who is the author of the aperthied policy in that Union, by which he has segregated coloured people of the Union in special areas set apart for them, while the white master races occupy the best lands, control parliament, and administrative services ai.d government jobs.


* (c>-'Mao Tse Tung : Chinese Communist leader, who, in 1935 led the 'long march' to Shensi and secured an alliance with the Kuomintang in* 1936. When the Civil War was resumed in 1945 he led the Communist armies against the government of Chiang Kai Sheik. In 1949 be became the head of the People's Republic of China.

(d) General Naguib who is now the President of the Republic of Egypt was a general in the Egyptian army. He ,led the coup d'etat which resulted in the expulsion of King Farouq. At first Farouq's infant son was declared the future king of the country and a council of regents was appointed for him, but soon Naguib declared his country as a republic, of which he has now become the head. He has initiated many reforms in the country, most specially land reforms, purging the administration of corruption, confiscating large estates of princes and princesses connected with Farouq's family and is able to bring to a successful end negotiations over the evacuation of the Suez canal by the British.

5. (a) Unwritten (/) Independent (7>) In Pakistan . (g) Bombay (c) Cambridge (/,) Italian (d) Unofficial agency (t) Buddhist (e) Republican

6, (a) Indian scientist who specialized in Botany. (fc) Save our souls (wireless signal of distress at sea).

- (c) Intelligence Quotient.

. (d) Bright luminous beams seen • in the night sky in northern latitudes, especially within the Arctic circle.

(e) Well known historical work of the reign of Emperor Akbar, written by Abul Fazl which gives a very graphic description of the reign of Akbar, the Court and the great courtiers and all facets of the Mughal administration.

«,. ^ ,T h e , S r e a t e s t Sanskrit grammarian of ancient Bharat Varsha.

. ' • W U l t r a v i res means beyond one's legal powers, .while intra vires means within those legal powers.

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. I 9 5 3 9

(6) Viet Minh is the Communist nationalist party of t guerillas who fought under Ho Chi Minh against the French authorities in Indo-China. Viet Nam is the party under emperor Bao Dai, collaborating with the French. Viet Nam is also the name for the republic included in the federation of Indo-China, French Union, established in 1946, to include Tonkin, Annam and Cochin-China with Saigon as us capital, while Viet-Minh is the territory of Indo-China held by the communist guerillas.

(c) Tycoon was the title by which the Shoguns of Japan were known to foreigners from 1854-1868,' while a typhoon is a hurricane prevalent in the China Sea between July and October, sweeping over the Philippine and Japanese islands and a part of the Chinese coast.

(d) The House of Lords is the upper house of the British Parliament, consisting of some 750 hereditary peers, 2f> spiritual peers (bishops and arch-bishops), 16 Scottish representative peers and a number of Irish representative peers, while the House of Commons consists o members representing county and borough constituencies.

8. (a) In world games and sports India has not made any mark, except that she has beaten all nations in Hockey in the Olympic games. In the last Olympic games at Helsinki, she could only win a silver medal in sports. This is due to the fact that there is no intensive training of players in India. She is quite good at cricket and Jier first rate batsmen like Vinoo Mankad, are among the best of world's cricket stars, though none of them arc among the few topmost players. However, in the world of cricket India has made quite a respectable mark.

(l>) The classic I have read in my language is the great Ramayana. It is the history of.Rama, the great epic poem of ancient India. The young hero Rama wins his bride, Sita- by bending the great bow that belonged to god Rudra. Although heir to the throne of Ayodhya, Rama is exiled for fourteen years through 1 he jealousy of.one of his father's wives Kaikai, who desires the throne for _ her own son, Bharta. Rama wanders in the jungle and .atlast settles in the forest near Nasik, where, while Rama and hjs brother Lakshmana go in pursuit of a feigned stag, Sita is


carried off by Ravana, the king of Lanka. Great part of the narrative is concerned with Rama's effort to win her back. In the course of his search Rama secures the services of Hanuman and of Ravana's own brother Vibhi-shna. After the rescue of Sita, Rama is welcomed back to Ayodhya on the expiry of the period of exile. But Rama sends away Sita on the plea and on hearing caustic remarks against his wife that she may have been defiled by Ravana, and although she successfully undergoes certain ordeals, still she had to go. Sita wanders into the forest, finds shelter in the hut of Valmiki and there gives birth to Rama's twin sons whom she brings up to be brave and noble youths. Eventually she is found by Rama and received back as his wife.

(c) Plan covering a period of five years drawn up by the Government of India and on which it is working with the object of securing greater prosperity and social justice for the Indian community by increased production and more equitable distribution of the available wealth. According to the Plan a sum of Rs. 2069 crores is to be spent in five years since its start on different development schemes, most important of which are the development of cottage and small scale industries, as also the bigger industries, like the producer goods industries—jute, plywood, iron and steel, aluminium, cement, fertilizers, heavy chemicals, machine tools etc.,—and the consumer goods industries like vanaspati, cotton textiles, soap, sugar etc ; establishment of new plants which would strengthen the industrial structure of the country; development of irrigation and power specially the great multipurpose projects, which will help in irrigating millions of acres of parched masses of land and produce immense amount of electricity for irrigation and industrial purpose ; the extension of social services like health and rehabilitation of displaced persons etc. etc. The pride of place as to priorities in this scheme- is given to agriculture and community development on which fully Rs. 361 crorcs-are to be spent, while Rs. 168 crores will be spent on irrigation, Rs. 266 crores on multi-purpose irrigation, Rs. 497 crores on transport and communications, Rs. 173 crores on industry and Rs. 340 crores on social services.

JOINT SERVICES WING EXAM. 1953 I I

PART B

9. (a) No (6) No (C) No (d) No (e) Yes (/) Yes (g) Yes (A) Yes (i) No (j) Yes (A) No (Q Yes (m) Yes (n) No.

10. (a) Hydrogen ( /) Microphone (6) The lungs (g) The green-pea (c) Lodestone (A) Manganese Dioxide (d) Camel (t) The Mistletoe (e) Tin amalgam (j) Morphia

11. (a) An Aneroid Barometer is an instrument to measure atmospheric pressure.

(b) Potassium Nitrate is formed when nitric acid is neutralized with Potassium hydroxide.

(c) Like poles of two magnets repel each other. (d) Deficiency of Vitamin D in children causes

rickets. (e) Hydrogen gas is prepared by the action of dilute

sulphuric acid on zinc. (/) Graphite is a form of carbon. (g) D.D.T. is an insecticide. (/*) Anopheles mosquito causes malaria fever. (t) Iodine vaporises on heating. (j) Green colour of plants is due to {he presence of a

pigment called chlorophyll. x

12. (a) William Harvey (b) Hofmann (c) Laennec (d) Kirkpatrick Macmillan (e) Priestley (/) Bunsen (g) Harold Clayton Urey (A) Fermi (<) Alexander Grahm Bell 0 ) Curie.

13. (n) If he were not to lean, but walk erect the centre of gravity of his body would fall behind his back, and he might fall backward.

(6) To balance the force that, according to Newton's First Law of Motion, will otherwise, take his cycle on the line tangential to the circle on which it is moving.

JCNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

> i"1 V (c) This is owing to the refraction and reflection of the \ light passing through the ground-glass which is bent on all

directions or reflected back again. (d) The rainbow is a spectrum produced by refraction

of light by water-drops, so it is formed only after rain has fallen.

(e) To save themselves from the shock of high voltage electricity as rubber is a bad conductor of electricity.

(/) White clothes absorb heat rays much less than black ones.

(?) • This is owing to the lower atmospheric pressure _ on tops of mountains. »**• (k) The inner part of the tumbler expands by the heat of 'the boiling water, while the outer part of the glass remains in the same state and therefore due to the outward pressure or expansion of the inner part of the glass, the tumbber cracks.

1 M « ) No (b) No (c) No (d) Yes (e) No (/) No (>,) No (A),Yes (i) Yes (j) No.

J 5 . (a) The Panama Canal links the Pacific with the Atlantic ocean.

"*. , (6) The zero meridian passes through the Royal

observatory at Greenwich. / ' -* '

(c) The latitude of the poles is o°. (d) Vcrkoyansk (U. S. S. R.) is the coldest place in

the wo^ld. , ^ a j» When it is winter in India, it is summer in Austraiia.

*;' ^ (/) Etna is the name of a volcano in Sicily. , ((I) A sea breeze blows from the sea to the land during

the day. (h) Glacier is a river of ice which moves very slowly. (i) Reindeer is a useful animal of the polar region.

1 - ,,(j) Mt. Everest is 'the highest mountain peak in the *t world. ,

JOINT SERVICES WING HXAM. 1953

16. (a) Woollen (/) Iron and steel

(6) Locomotive (g) Petroleum (c) Cotton Textiles (h) Bangles (d) Cement (i) Pottery (e) Hosiery (j) Fertilizers.

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION 1953

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Time allowed—2h hours Maximum 31arhs—

Attempt ten questions : five from Part A and five

from Part B

Answers must be written in English and in the spcice provided against each question

AH? rVfer q-aestimff carry eqaai marks

PART A

Five questions are to be attempted

Q. 1. Name any ten of the following, answer more only the first ten will be valued.

(a) Prime Minister of China (b) President of the Indonesian Republic (c) Secretary General of the U. N. O. (d) Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme

Soviet (c) India's High Commissioner to the U. K. . (/) Japan's Ambassador to India (g) Prime Minister of Iran (h) Director General of the UNESCO (0 C.-in-C. of the Indian Army (j) Prime Minister of Egypt > (k) President of the U. S. A. , (l) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in' India


(m) The King of Nepal

Q. 2. Write in six lines about the important issues involved in each of the following :—

(a) The Kashmir Question (6) Korean Conflict (c) Anglo-Iranian oil dispute

Q. 3. Answer in not more than three lines any three of the following. If you answer more, only the first three will be valued.

(o) What are the aims of the U. N. O. ? (b) Mention three development-activities in order of

priority in the First Five-Year Plan for India. (c) What are the duties of the Vice-President in the

Indian Constitution ? (d) Why is Shankaracharya regarded as the greatest

Idealistic philosopher of India ? (e) Why is Abraham Lincoln considered as a great

American President ?

Q. 4. Where are the following and what are they famous for ?—

(a) Bikini (/) The Vatican (b) Adyar (gr) Ajanta (c) Flushing Meadows (A) Helsinki id) Rajghat (i) Detroit (e) Jalahali (j) Shanti Niketan

Q. 5. Name the authors of the following :— (a) Gitanjali * (e) Divine Life (6) My Experiments with (/) Discovery of India.

Truth (g) Mahabharata (c) Magic Mountain (h) The Capital (d) Thank You Jeeves (») Ramcharitmanas

Q. 6. Answer any three of the following. If you answer more, only the first three will be valued.

(a) How is the President of India elected according to the present Constitution ?

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION 1953 x 5

(b) What are the main powers of the Governors in Part A States ? _

(c) What procedure is provided in the Constitution for its amendment ?

Q. 7. What do the following mean ? Mention the games (or sports) in which they occur,

(o) Popping Crease (e) Stalemate (6) Deuce (/) Caddie (c) Vulnerable (g) Schneider Trophy (d) Dribble (h) Davis Cup

Q. 8. Write in not more than two lines about the following : —

(o) Sarojini Naidu (d) Premchand (b) Lokmanya Tilak (e) Truman (c) Henry Ford

PART B

Five questions are to be attempted

Q. 9. (a) What are the following persons famous for ? Select any five. If you answer more, only the first five will be valued.

(i) Galileo (v) Priestely (it) Raman (vi) Lister [iii) Volta (vii) Darwin (vi) Bunsen (wit) Cavendish (6) What do you understand by the following ? Select

any four. If you answer more, only the first four will be valued.

(i) Horse-power (v) Saliva (ii) Torricellian vacuum (vi) White corpuscles

(iii) Calorie (vii) Pasteurization (in) Aerated water

Q. 10. Answer any five of the following. If you answer more, only the first five will be valued.


(a) What is the difference between the mass and the weight of a body.

(6) Why does ice float on water ? (c) Why do woollen clothes keep us warm ? (d) How does an electric lamp give light ? (e) What causes an eclipse of the sun ? (/) What is thunder ? lg) At what temperature does the Fahrenheit thermo

meter give the same reading as the centigrade thermometer ? Q. I I . Answer any five of the following. If you

answer more, only the first five will be valued. (a) What is hard water ? (6) Why does a candle burn more brilliantly in oxygen

than in air ? (c) What is the difference between coal and diamond ? (d) What is litmus paper ? (e) What happens when carbon dioxide is passed

through lime water ? (/) How does nitrogen occur in nature ? (<j) What are the important uses of hydrogen .

Q. 12. Answer any six of the following. If you answer more, only the first six will be valued.

(n) Why does iron rust ? (6) What is the purest form of water in nature ? (c) How does a piece of blotting paper soak ink ? (rf) Whatis the difference between a star and a planet ? (e) Why is salt mixed with ice in an ice-cream freezer ? (/) How do you see your image in a mirror ? (?) What arc the uses of— (f) camel ? (it) gold ?

Q. 13. Answer any four of the following. If you answer more, only the first four will be valued.

(a) What are the functions of the blood ? (b) What does our liver do ? (e) How are your bones held together ? (d) What are the functions of the nerves ? (e) How does vaccination protect a person from con

tracting smallpox ?

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION I 9 5 3 I ?

(/) What do you know of typhoid fever ? (g) What part do the teeth play in digestion ?

Q. 14. Answer any five of the following. If you answer more, only the first five will be valued.

(a) How do you know that the earth is round ? (6) What is sea breeze ? (c) Why does a falling berometer indicate the approach

of a storm ? (d) What arc sedimentary rocks ? (e) What are tides ? (/) What are hot sprirgs ? (3) What are the objects of the Damonar Valley Project ?

Q. 15. Write short notes on any two of the following. If you answer more, only the first two will be valued.

(a) Geographical conditions favourable to the cultivation of—

(i) jute (it) cotton (&)*Earthquakes (c) Importance of oceans (d) Earth's motions and their effects

Answers

1. (a) Chou-En-lai (6) Dr. Ahmed Soekarno. (c) Dag Hammarskjold. (d) Marshal Kliment. E. Voroshilov (e) B G. Kher. (/) Mr. Nishiyama Tsutoma. (9) Gen. Zahcdi. * (h) Mr. K. Evans. 0) Gen. Rajendcrsinjhi. (j) Col. Nasser. (k) Gen. Eisenhower. (1) Justice M. C. Mahajan *(At the time of the setting

of paper the chief justice was Justice Patanjli Shashtri).


(m) His Majesty Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Jang Bahadur Shah.

2. (a) India wants Pakistan to disband the Azad Kashmir forces, as also to withdraw its own forces from the occupied territory of Kashmir, as being an aggressor nation it has no right to be there. The plebiscite will be held only when all peoples of Jammu and Kashmir, including refugees driven from Pakistan occupied territory are able go back and to vote without outside influence or threat. Pakistan wants India to do likewise, or to allow its forces to remain where they are on the same footing, and to get the plebiscite held under the U . N . with only 'he U. N. to administer it, while India wants as little interference from outside as possible and no administrator from any powerful country to play power politics.

(6) The most important issues in the Korean conflits were the following :—

(i) Repatriation or not of the prisoners of war, especially of those who did not want to go back to their own countries. As owing to repeated deadlocks over the so called "explanations" to them, the time of 90 days fixed as deadline passed, and thereafter, 30 days of grace, whether they must be set free all of them or further decisions taken about them.

(2) What about the time, place and composition (with neutrals to participate in it or not) of the Political Conference to decide the final peace terms about Korea.

(c) When Dr. Mosaddeq was premier he nationalized the oil industry, and drove out all British personnel bag and baggage and would only talk on compensation to the company and repudiated all other claims about it of the British government. On Dr. Mossaddeq's deposition, the Zehdi Government, more anxious to restart its oil industry and work it as vigorously as before is again entering into negotiations with Britain and American oil interests, and final terms are being worked out.

3. (a) To maintain international peace and seturity and to co-operate in establishing political, economic and social conditions under which this ask can be securely achieved.

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION 1953 19

(6) (••) Agriculture and Rural development. (JI) Irrigation and Power.

{Hi) Transport and Communication. t'c) To act as the ex-officio chairman of the Upper

House of Parliament and to discharge the function of the President when the latter is ill or absent.

(d) Because of his propounding the great Vedantic philosophy of pure monism (advaita).

(e) Because of the great war he fought to emancipate the Negroes and end all types of human slavery and to uphold 'government of the people, for the people, by the people.5

4. (a) Atoll in the Pacific N. W. of the Marshall Islands, where in 1946 atom bomb tests were carried out by the U. S. army and navy.

(b) In the Madras state, headquarter of the Theosophical Society.

(c) In New York city, headquarters of the U. N. (d) In Delhi, contains the Samadhi of Mahatma

Gandhi (mausoleum). (e) Near Bangalore in Mysore State. Contains the

Technical Training College. (/) The independent sovereign state in the heart of

Rome in Italy of which the Pope is the head. (g) Village in Hyderabad state famous for its Buddhist

cave temples dating from 200 B. C. to the 7th cen. A. D. (h) Capital city and port on the south coast of Finland.

Here were held in 1952 the famous Olympic Games. (i) City in the Michigan state of the U. S. A., head

quarters of the Ford, Cadillac, Packard and other famous car firms.

(j) Near Calcutta, famous University founded by Dr. Rabindra Nath Tagore.

5. (a) Dr. Rabindra Nath Tagore (6) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Thomas Mann (d) P. G. Wodehouse (e) Aurobindo Gosh (/) Jawaharlal Nehru (g) Vyasa (h) Marx (»') Tulsidas.


6. (a) The President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of :—

(i) The elected member of both Houses of Parliament. (ii) The elected members of the Legislative Assemb

lies of the States. (b) It is the Governor who (i) appoints the Chief

Minister of the state (ii) grants pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, (in) He has also legislative powers, for he may initiate legislation and promote it by his right to send messages to the House of the Legislature. (iv) The Governor is also empowered to issue and promulgate ordinances in time of emergency.

(c) For the purpose of amending the Constitution a Bill may be introduced in either House of Parliament and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of that House present, the Bill is to be presented to the President for his assent and when he gives that assent, the Constitution stands amended in accordance with the terms of the Bill.

7. (a) A line in cricket indicating the boundary of a particular space near the wicket. If the batsman and his bat are both outside this space, he may be put out of the game by the knocking down of the wicket with the ball.

(6) A term used in lawn tennis denoting that each side has gained three points.

(c) Term used in bridge, when ore is liable to double penalties by having scored a game towards the rubber.

(d) In the game of football to kick forward the ball little by little.

(e) In the game of chess a deadlock whereby the person to play, while not actually in check, cannot move without getting into check—The rtsult is an unsatisfactory draw.

(/) The person who attends a golfer at play and carries the clubs.

(g) An aviation trophy presented by Jacques Schneider in 1913 for competition between aeroplanes of any nation.

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION 1953 2 I

(h) Davis cup or properly called the Dwight Davis International Bowl is the trophy competed for annually by the world's best lawn-tennis players.

8. (a) Gifted poet, orator, and great fighter in the cause of India's freedom. Was governor of U. P. when she died.

(b) Great Indian nationalist leader, founder of the Home Rule League in 1916. Founder of the famous paper, Kesri.

(c) U. S. motor-car magnet, founder of the Ford Motor Company.

(d) The greatest Hindi novelist and short story writer : Seva Sadan, Jianga Bhumi, Karma Bhumi, Kaya Kalpa, Ghaban, Godan, Mansarower are some of his works.

(e) Was 33rd President of U. S. A. Well known for his armed intervention in S. Korea on behalf of U. N. and under the Four Point Plan assistance to under-developed countries.

9. (i) Discoveror of the laws of falling bodies. (ii) Famous for his discovery in 1928 of the Raman

effect which occurs when light passes through a transparent substance.

(ti») Made electrical discoveries which laid the foundation of what is called afcer him voltaic electricity.

(iv) As Inventor of the Bunsen Burner, (w) For his discovery of oxygen, (ft) As the founder of antiseptic surgery. (vii) For his discovery of the principles of natural

selection. (viii) Famous for his discovery of the composition of

water, as also the first to analyse the air of the atmosphere. (b) (t) The horse-power is a unit of measurement of

the rate of doing work or supplying energy. This is equivalent to raising 33000 lb. avoirdupois one foot per minute or developing 33,000 foot pound of energy per minute.


(ii) If a tube is filled with mercury and inverted over mercury in a trough, a column of it will be supported by the atmospheric pressure on the mercury in the trough, while there will be vacuum in the remaining part of the tube. This vacuum is called the torricellian vacuum.

\iii) A calorie is the unit quantity of heat required to raise one gram of pure water from 15 to 16 C.

(iv) Aerated water is water artificially charged with carbon dioxide under pressure.

(v) Saliva is the watery fluid secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth. It serves to moisten inside of the mouth and throat and by help of its enzymes digests the starchy part of the food before it passes to the stomach,

(vi) The white corpuscles are colourless cells in the blood stream whose function is to destroy bacteria and dead tissue cells and engulf foreign matter. In fact they act as' defenders and scavengers of the body.

(vii) Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to such a degree (usually 650 C.) that all bacteria in it is destroyed.

10. (a) The mass of an object is the quantity of matter in i t ; while the weight of the object is the/o?ce with which the earth attracts it downwards.

{b) Because volume for volume it is lighter than water. (c) Wool is a bad conductor of heat. Our woollen

clothes "will neither let the cold outside air get through them nor the still air warmed by our bodies and entangled between the body and the clothes to be conducted away. That is why we feel warm with woollen clothes.

(d) Because the thin filament of the .lamp offers resistance to the passage of electricity through i t , and therefore

\+ due to this resistance it first turns the filament hot, but the extreme heat turns into light. <

(e) As the orbits of the earth and of the moon are nearly in the same plane therefore when the moon happens to come between the earth°and the sun a solar eclipse takes place.

INDIAN AIR FORCE EXAMINATION 1953 2 3

(f) When generally after a lightening the heated particles of matter in the air loose their heat, and the air rushes back to fill the vacuum caused by its expansion, the meeting of the clouds from all sides with great force takes place and produces a sharp clap. This is thunder.

11. (a) Water is said to be hard when it will not easily lather with soap.

(6) Air is diluted with nitrogen and other inert gases. The only element in the air that makes a candle burn is oxygen, therefore when in pure oxygen a candle is made to burn, the chemical action is comparatively much more intense, hence the greater brilliancy of the burning.

(c) Diamond is only an allotropic form of coal, except that it is extremely hard.

(d) Litmus paper is a soluble purple substance of vegetable origin ; turned red by acids and blue by alkalies.

(e) It will turn milky by the action of carbon dioxide, CO«, owing to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate CaC03.

(.0 Nitrogen occurs in nature in the atmosphere of which it forms about 78 percent by volume. It occurs also in numerous compounds like the vast deposits of nitrate, in Chile, in drugs and fertilizers and in the essential articles of food e. g. proteins.

(g) "The chief uses of hydrogen are : (1) In the hydrogenation of coal (2) In synthesis of ammonia by the Haber and Claude processes (3) In the hardening of oils— i. e. the conversion of liquid oils into solid fats (4) as the lifting gas in lighter than air craft (5) In the oxyhydrogen flame".

12. (a) Iran rusts only when exposed to both oxygen and liquid water to form hydrated ferric oxide. Pure iron will not rust when exposed only to air, even through it contains water vapour.

(b) Rain water in the country side or high up in the sky before falling on the earth is the purest form of water in Dature.

2 4 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(c) By capillary action. (d) A planet revolves round the sun, a star does cot. (e) Because the addition of salt lowers the temperature

which comes.down to as much as—23°C. (/) Due to reflection of light we see our image of the

same size as our body and as far as vertically behind the mirror as we are in front of it.

(g) (a) As a beast of burden in desert regions. The swift racing camels are also used as couriers.

(h) For ornamental objects, dental plates, coinage and as a medium of exchange.

13. (a) The functions of the blood are (i) The supply of food (2) of oxygen (3) The removal of waste products.

(6) It separates impurities from the venus blood, secretes bile. It thus controls the supply of nourishment to the tissues.

(c) The bones of our bodies are held together by ligaments made of a very tough flexible material called cartilage or gristle.

(d) The function of the nerves is to convey sensations from the various parts of the body to the brain, and responsive impulses from the brain to the body.

(e) In vaccination the patient is deliberately infected with cow-pox—a mild ailment ; this provokes the body to produce an antitoxin which also destroys the smallpox virus and so prevents the protected person from catching smallpox.

(/) The typhoid fever or Enetric in an infectious fever caused by eating infected food or drinking infected water. Its course can be divided into three stages. In the first week there is fever, headache and general malaise. In the

•second week the fever reaches its maximum, there may be diarrhoea and a rose-coloured rash on the chest and abdomen. In the third week there is improvement if the patient is going to recover, otherwise complications as pneumonia or perforation set in. It is a yery infectious disease and can be prevented by preventive inoculation.


(g) The teeth help digestion by chewing—crushing and grinding the food.

14. (a) That the earth is round may be proved from the following few facts : —

(0 If we watch a distant ship coming into view we will sec first of all its mast, then its middle portion and last of all its hull. Similarly, if the ship were moving away the hull will disappear from view first, and next the middle part and last of all the mast. If the surface of the water were perfectly flat, all the parts would go out of sight all atonce.

(ti) The eclipse of the earth on the moon is always circular. It is only a spherical body that throws a circular shadow. The earth must therefore be a sphere.

(m) The sun rises earlier for places to the east than the west. If the earth were flat, the sun would be visible from all places at the same time, directly it appeared above the horizon.

(iv) Ships sailing round the world never find sharp edges such as they would do if the earth were flat. •

(6) During the day the land becomes more quickly heated than the sea and consequently the air over the land also becomes more heated than that over the sea. It expands and becomes lighter so that it is displaced upwards by cooler and heavier air flowing in from the sea towards the land. This is the sea breeze.

(c) The falling barometer indicates that the air is getting rarerield. To fill in the void created in the atmosphere, heavier air from far off regions may be expected to rush in as a storm. Thus a falling barometer indicates the approach of a storm. 4

(d) Sedimentary rocks are those which have been laidt down in beds or layers by wind, running water or the sea. *

(e) Tides are rise and fall of waters due to the graviti* tional forces of the moon and sun.

(/) Uprush of water from the ground and from a great depth at a single point makes a hot spring. Since the earth


at great depths is very hot, the water uprushing from it is very hot and makes a hot spring.

(#•) The objects of the Damodar Valley Project are (i) To provide perennial irrigation to nearly 100,000 acres of kharif and nearly 300,000 acres of rabi crops in West Bengal (ii) To provide an all water route between the Raniganj coal fields and Calcutta, (Hi) To generate about 270,000 k. w. of electricity to feed the growing industries of the states of Bihar and West Bengal, and to work out the mines. (iv) This will also help in the control of floods of this intractable river which has been often described as the sorrow of Bihar and Bengal.

15. (a) (i) Jute grows in wet deltaic areas, like that of the gangetic delta in Bengal, as it requires a perennial supply of fresh soil, for jute very rapidly exhausts the soil in which it grows. • It requires also much water and a hot humid climate.

(ii) Cotton grows in dry regions and flourishes where the rainfall is less than 40 inches. The best soil for it is the sticky black cotton soil like that of the Deccan.

(6) Earthquake is a shaking or convulsion of the earth's surface due to sudden earth movements, generally along lines of faults (or fractures) due to the sudden shifting of huge rock masses along these faults or fractures. They are also caused by the contraction of a section of the crust of the earth caused by the cooling in the inside of the earth.

(c) (i) Oceans are the highways of the world (it") They are the source of all water on earth, as the water evaporated from over their surface is brought to earth by winds

. ' passing over them (tit) Innumerable variety of fish and other sea animals live in the oceans and are a great source of food to mankind (iv) They are a great source of minerals like salt, iodine etc. derived from the ocean waters and seaweeds etc.

(d) The earth has three motions. (i) It travels round the sun in an elliptic orbit (called the

eliptic) once in a year of about 365^ days, which is our solar year (ii) The axis of the earth is inclined at an angle


of 23} from the true verticle to the elliptic. This gives rise to the phenomenon of the reasons. When the tilt is such that the axis of the earth is inclined towards the sun, the earth receives the sun's rays more directly and a warmer season, as well as longer days are the result. At the equinoxes (March 21, and Sept. 22) the days and nights are equal. The seasons are in the reverse order in the southern hemisphere.

{Hi) The earth has a rotation on its own axis (an imaginary line passing through the true N and S poles) from W to E, thus giving us a day of 24 hours, and the apparent rising of the sun in the E every day and the apparent setting in the W.

MILITARY WING OF THE NATIONAL DEFENCE ACADEMY EXAMINATION 1953

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Time allowed—%\ Hours Maximum Marks—300

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question Answers must be written in English

Part A

Q. 1. Answer any four of the following. If you answer more than four, only the first four will be marked. Under the Constitution of India—

(a) what are the functions of the Governors of States ? (.6) to whom are the ministers of the Government of

India responsible ? (c) how is the Union Parliament constituted ? (<2) name four subjects on which only the Central

Legislature has the power to make laws. (e) name four subjects on which only the State

Legislature has the power to make laws.

Q. 2. What do you know of the following ? (a) Community Projects (c) The Atlantic Charter (6) The Marshall Plan.

Q. 3. Write very brief notes on any four of the following. If you answer more than four, only the first four will be marked. (a) Dr. Alossadeq (e) Sir C. V. Raman (6) General Neguib (/) King Farouq (c) Dr. Graham (g) General Eisenhower (<2) Mrs. Vijay Laksbmi Pandit

28

MILITARY WING DEFENCE ACADEMY EXAM. 1953 2 9

Q. 4. To what countries do the following belong and why are they famons ? .Answer any ten. If you answer more than ten, only the first ten will be marked.

(a) Shakespeare (i) Pearl Buck (b) Iqbal (j) Balzac (c) Uday Shankar (&) Napoleon {d) Duke of Windsor (I) Duke of Windsor (e) Yehudi Menuhin (m) Aurobindo Ghose (/) Aristotle (n) Dean Acheson (g>) Julius Caesar (o) Mountbatten (h) Bertrand Russell

Q- 5- (a) (»') Which team won the World Hockey Championship in 1952 ?

(»»') Who was its captain ? (6) Where was the World Olympic Meet held in 1952 ? (c) What is the 'Davis Cup' ? (d) What do you understand by 'Deuce' in tennis ?

Q. 6. What movements do you associate with the following names ?—

(a) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Lincoln (6) Vinoba Bhave (d) Dr. Malan Q. 7. What do you know of the following ? Answer

any five. If you answer more than five, only the first five will be marked.

(a) I.M.A. (6) The Supreme Court of India. (c) The Union Public Service Commission. (d) Mecca. (e) The Bhakra Dam Project. (/) Wimbledon.

Q. 8. Name the authors of any fifteen of the following. If you answer more, only the first fifteen will be marked.


(a) Bhagavad Gita lock Kolmes (£>) Canterbury Tales • (/) David Copperfield (c) Paradise Lost (m) Tess of the D' Ur-(d) Hamlet bervilles (e) My Experiments with (n) Tales from Shakes-

Truth peare (/) Discovery of India (o) 'Shakuntala' (g) Gulliver's Travels (p) Prem Tachisi' (h) Les Miserables (q) The Decline and Fall (i) Gitanjali of the Roman Empire (j) The Pilgrim's Progress (r) Last Days of Pompeii (k) Adventures of Sher-

Q. 9. What do the following stand for ? Answer any Un If you answer more, only the first ten will be marked.

(0 I.A.M.C. (j) I.A.S. (A) J.P-(0 I.P.S.

(m) LL.D. («) M.B.B.S. (o) N.C.C. (p) Ph. D.

Q. 10. Name one country which is a large producer of the following. Answer any ten. If you answer more, only the first ten will be marked.

(a) Wheat (g) Tea (b) Coal (£) Carpets (c) Cotton (,) Peaches (d) Petroleum (j) Plastic goods (e) Wool (k) Tennis rackets (/) Silk (?) Electric bulbs

Q. 11. Answer any three of the following. If you answer more than three, only the first three will be marked.

# (a) What would happen if the force of gravity were to disappear suddenly ?

(a) F.O.R. (6) B.A. (c) Q.E.D. (d) A.M. (e) P.M. (/) E.A.C. (g) D.M. (h) F.R C.S

V

MILITARY WING DEFENCE ACADFMY EXAM. 1953 31

(b) Why is water used in preference to other liquids in heating rooms or in hot water boltles ?

(c) Why is it easier to drive a bicycle with inflated tyres than with uninfiated tyres ?

(d) Why do dirty clothes become cleaner when put in hot water with washing soda ?

Q. 12. Distinguish between the following. Answer any three. If you answer more than three, only the first three will be marked.

(a) Weight and Mass. (b) Veins and Arteries. (c) Microscope and Telescope, (c/) Soft water and Hard water.

Q. 13. (a) What is the population of India ? (6) Which are the two largest cities in the world ? (c) Name the most well-known "waterfall in the U.S.A. (d) Name the currencies of the following countries :—

(i) Britain (iv) France (ii) U. S. A. (v) Iraq

(in) India (vi) Japan

(e) Name the two longest rivers in the world. ( / ) Where is Mount Everest ? (g) What is the height of Mount Everest ? (A) What religion did Asoka adopt ? (i) Name the two longest rivers in India. (j) Who was the founder of Christianity ?

Q. 14. Answer any three of the following. If you answer more than three, only the first three will be marked.

(a) What is the destructive power of the atom bomb due to ?

(6) How are railway trains Hghted ? (c) What is the solar system ?


(rf) How would you define ca short-sighted person' and a 'long-sighted person' ?

Q. 15. (a) How is malaria caused ? What is its chief cure ? What main precaution would you take to avoid getting malaria ?

(6) What preventive measures would you take to avoid getting plague, cholera and smallpox ?

Q. 16. Give the names of the countries or cities known by the following epithets :—

(a) The playground of Europe. (6) The land of five rivers. (c) The key to the. Mediterranean (rf) The gift of the Nile. (e) The queen of the Adriatic

Q. 17. What are the following? Name one region where they are found, y

(a) Mulberry ( / ) Spinach (6) Giraffe (g) Teak (c) Carnation (A) Dates (d) Zebra (i) Eskimo (e) Negro , (j) Nightingale

Q. 18. («) Name the colours of the rainbow. (6) The names of various railways in India. (c) Name any seven organs inside the human body.

ANSWER

1. (a) The functions of the Governor of a state are manifold. He appoints the Chief Minister and before a Minister enters upon his office, he administers to him the oath of office and secrecy according to a certain fixed form set in the Constitution. Next, he makes rules for the convenient transaction of the business of the Government of the state and allocates that business among the Ministers.

MILITARY WING DEIENCE ACADEMY EXAM. 1953 3 3

The Governor is also required to summon the House or each House of the Legislature of his state and require these to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, for the holding of their session and he has to address them at the commencement of the first session of each general election.

(b) To the House of the People. (c) The Parliament of the Union consists of two Houses

known respectively as the Council of States and the House of the People," the latter consisting of members chosen by citizen on a universal adult suffrage and the former of members nominated by States according to number of seats allotted to each state for this House and twelve nominated by the President.

(d) (1) Defence of India. (ii) Foreign Affairs ; all matters which bring, the

Union in contact with any foreign country. (Hi) War and Peace. * (iv) The Indian Railways.

(e) (i) Local government, e.g., the constitution and powers of municipal corporations etc.

(ii) Works, lands and buildings vested or in the possession of the state.

(Hi) Public debt of the state. (iv) State public services.

2. (a) The community projects are projects launched by the Union Government spread over every state in India with the object of uplifting the economic condition of the whole country and with the active help of the people, mostly on their voluntary co-operation.

They cover a wide field of activity, including reclamation of virigin and waste land, provision of agricultural facilities, quality seeds, agricultural implements, marketing and credit facilities, establishment of cattle and sheep breeding centres, better facilities for education and housing, public health measures, and better medical attention,' improvement of communication and provision of training in professional crafts etc. etc.


{b) The Marshall Plan, also called the European Recovery Programme;, was a programme of American economic aid for war shattered European countries It was inaugurated in June 1947, by George C. Marshall, U. S. Secretary of State. The satellite states of the U S.S.R. refused to accept it, but Britain, France, Italy, Western Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Austria, Norway Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Greece, Iceland, Eire and Portugal accepted it. It is estimated that more than 12,000 million dollars were spent between 1948-51 by the U.S.A. for this aid.

(c) The Atlantic Charter was a declaration issued by Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt, fohowihg their meeting somewhere in the Atlantic. It stated that Britain and the U. S. A. sought no territorial aggrandisement, desired no territorial changes not in accordance with the wishes of the people concerned, respected the rights of all peoples to choose their own form of government, wished to see self government restored to the occupied countries, hoped to see a peace affording security to all nations and proposed the disarmament of the aggressor states as a preliminary to general disarmament.

3. (a) Ex-Prime Minister of Iran, now in Jail. He was a very uncompromising extremist of the extremists in his country and rose to power over the oil issue. He nationalized the oil industry, drove the British bag and baggage from Abadan, where they were working the millions of pounds earning Anglo-Iranian oil company. But his head-strong nature brought him into conflict with the Shah, who dismissed him and ultimately got him arrested.

(b) General Naguib was only a general in the Egyptian army, but dissatisfied with the clandestine living and bungling in the war the Arab countries waged' against Israel, he engineered a coup and ultimately drove out King Farouq. He has declared the country a republic, introduced many land and other reforms and has become its first President. He is however a nominal head of the state, for the real power is wielded by Col. Nasser, the Prime Minister.

MILITARY WING DEFENCE ACADEMY EXAM. 1953 35

(c) At one time U. N. representative in the Kashmir dispute, sent to meet the two governments of India and Pakistan to elucidate information as to their attitudes on points of dispute and make his report to the U. N., which he did.

(d) Gifted sister of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. She was ambassador of India in U.S.S.R. and again in the U.S.A. She has fought many a battle for India in the U. N. Assembly especially over the aparthied laws in the Union of South Africa. Now presides over the U. N. General Assembly.

(e) Great Indian scientist Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his discovery in 1928 of the Raman Effect which occurs when light passes through a transparent substance. Has built the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore.

(/) Ex-King of Egypt who marric-d Nariman Sadeq in 1951. He was deposed by a coup in 1952 by his army headed by General Naguib as he was clandestinely involved in *r^c arms muddle when his forces were fighting those of Israel.

{g) Supreme Commander of the Allied armies in the West during the 2nd World War. War over, he held many high military posts and in 1950 became Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, which post he resigned in 1952 to seek the Republican presidential nomination. In the presidential election he was successful and is now the President of the U. S. A.

4 (a) England. Famous because of his great dramas including tragedies and comedies.

(b) India. Because he is regarded as the greatest luminaries of modern Urdu literature. His Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jabreel, Armughani-Hiyaz and several other notable books find a place in all libraries keeping a nitch for Urdu.

(c)-India. As the greatest living artist and dancer, specially for his classical Indian dances.

(cf) Ex-King Edward VIII. He earned a name and ' admiration of the world, because for the sake of his love, he

kicked an imperial Throne.


(e) U. S. A. He is one of the world's leading violinists. (/) Greece. One of the greatest philosophers and

political thinkers of the ancient world. Well known for his famous Politics.

(j) Italy. One of the world's three greatest generals, the other two being Alexander the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.

(h) England. He is one of the world's greatest living philosopher and mathematician.

(0 U. S. A. She is world's leading novelist. Her •'Good Earth" which won her the Nobel Prize in 1938, also won her world fame.

(j) France. One of world's greatest novelist. Famous or his comedie humaine.

(k) France. One of the world's three greatest generals. (I) Wrongly mentioned twice in this question. (m) India. As the greatest saint of Pondicherry. Well

known for his The Life Divine. (M) England. Famous for his, "blood and tears," toil

and sweat speech and as the greatest of war leaders in Britain's "Finest hour."

(o) U. S. A. Ex-Secretary of states of the U. S. A.— the man who helped to carry to fruition the Marshall Plan.

(p) England. The last British Governor General of India in whose time India end Pakistan were born as self governing Dominions.

5. (a) (0 Indian. (ti) Babu.

(b) Helsinki in Finland. (c) Davis cup is an International Bowl competed for

annually by the world's bestlawd tennis players. (d) If both players have won three points, the score is

called deuce. 6. (a) Non-co-operation movements in 1920-22,

1922-24, 1930-32 and the civil disobedience campaign

MILITARY WING DLFENCE ACADEMY EXAM. 1953 3 7

for national independence in 1942, also called the quit India movement.

(6) Bhoodan or free land gifts to the landless. -(c) The emancipation of the Negroes. (d) Aperthied. 7. (a) The Indian military academy .(Dehra £>un) ; s

an institution for giving preliminary training to officers. It has now been renamed National Defence Academy and v now instead of training being given only to officers for the army, training is also given under the Services Wing scheme to officers of the Navy and Air Force as well.

(b) The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and seven other Judges. It is a court of record, has the original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Government of India and any of the States or between two states. It is the final court to hear appeals against any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court, even if a certificate for this purpose has been refused by the High Court. It is the final interpreter of the Constitution. The law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India.

(c) The Union Public Service Commission is a body of highly qualified men appointed by the "-Union Government, with a Chairman at its head whose function is to conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Unions and the services of the State or States who want its services for this purpose. This is also the body which is to be consulted on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts.

(d) Mecca is the capital of Hejaz in * the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is the holiest city of the Mohammedan world, where the Prophet was born. It is a commercial centre, caravan junction and place of pilgrimage.

(c) The Bhakra Dam project is across a gorge in the river Sutlej in the East Panjab. It is one of the most important multipurpose projects which will irrigate an area of 6*6 million acres and will generate four lakh'k. w. of electricity. The waters will irrigate lands in Punjab,


P. E. P. S. TJ., and Rajasthan. There will be an increase of production of food grains to the tune of 1,300,000 tons, sugar cane or about a million tons, pulses and oil seeds about -"• -,*„ million tons, green fodder about x\ million tons etc etc.

(/) Wimbledon is in the suburb of London, famous as the headquarters of All-England Lawn Tennis Club.

8. (a) Vyasa (author of Mahabharata of whose 6th book it forms a part. This celestial song is ascribed to Krishna) (b) Chaucer (c) Milton (d) Shakespeare (e) Mahatma Gandhi (/) Jawahar Lai Nehru, (g) Swift (h) Victor Hugo (i) Tagore (j) Bunyan (&) Conan Doyle (Z) Dickens (m) Hardy (w) Lamb (o) Kalidasa (p) Premchand (q) Gibbon (r) Bulwar Lytton.

9. (a) Free of railway (charges) (b) Bachelor of Arts (c) which wa£ to be proved (equal to : erat demonstrandum) (d) Air Ministry (e) Prime Minister; Post meridiem= Afternoon (/) Extra Assistant Commissioner (g) District Magistrate (h) Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (i) Indian Army Medical Corps (j) Indian Administrative Service (k) Justice of the peace (I) Indian Police Service (m) Doctor of Laws (n) Bachelor of Medicines and Bachelor of Surgery (o) National Cadet Corpse (p) Doctor of Philosophy. •.

10. (a) Argentina (b) U. S. A. (c) Egypt (d) U. S. A. (e) Union of South Africa ( / ) China (g) India (70 Iran (0 U. S. A. (j) U. S. A. (4) Jullundur (India) (I) Calcutta (Bengal in India).

11. (a) Every object in a state of rest or motion will permanently remain in that condition at the place or in the direction of motion were the force of gravity to suddenly disappear.

(6) Because water has got the greatest specific heat. (c) Because of the greater elasticity of motion imparted

to the inflated tyre by the enclosed air. (d) Because the action of hot water and the washing

soda helps in producing a lather of the greezy particles and in loosening them from the fibrics.

MILITARY WING DEFENCE ACADEMY EXAM. I 9 5 3 . 39 '

12. (a) The mass of an object is the quantity of the matter in it, while the weight of the object is the force with which the earth attracts it downwards.

(6) The arteries are tabes carrying the blood frorQ the heart to the capillaries. The veins are the tubes bringing the blood from the capillaries back to the heart.

(c) A microscope magnifies the apparent size of a minute object seen from just behind the magnifying lens of the optical instrument, while a telescope magnifies images of distant objects.

(d) Soft water is that which easily lathers with soap, while hard water does not easily do so.

13. (a) 356.829,485 according to 1951 census. Excluding Jammu and Kashmir.

(b) London and New York. (c) Niagra. (d) (?) Pound, shilling and pence.

(ii) Dollar and cents. {jit} TheHupee, annas and pies. (ID) Franc. (y) Dinar.

(i-i) Yen. • (e) The Missisipi—Missorie and the Nile. ( / ) In the eastern parts of the Himalayan range <?c the

Tibet-Nepal frontier. (g) 29,002 ft.

(h) Buddhism. (i) The Ganga and Brahmputra. (j) Jesus Christ. 14- (a) Due to its explosive force from nuclear fission

as a result of a neutron chain reaction. (6) From electricity generated in the dynamo and stored

in batteries by the motion of the engine

40 ' JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(c) The Sun, Moon, Earth and other planets form a compact permanent group which we call the Solar system.

(d) A person is said to be short sighted whose eyeball is too long : the rays from distant objects come to a focus in front of and not on the retina but near objects can be focus-sed clearly. We call a person long sighted whose eye baU is too short. He can see distant objects very cleirly, but minute objects, like small written words get blurred to

. him The image of near objects in his case is formed behind the retina.

15. (a) Malaria is a disease produced by the bite of certain mosquitoes—particularly Anopheles—and gnats which contain the malarial parasites. It is easily curable with quinine, but more effective recently produced drugs •are mepacrine and plaudrine, Preventive measures include "prevention of mosquito breeding by keeping clean • surroundings, destruction of mosquitoes by sprinkling kerosine on cesspools round one's dwelling, destruction of plasmodia by the use of drugs, and protection against the bites of mosquitoes by such means as the use of nets, screened houses or mosquito repellent substances.

(b) Preventive measures we can adopt to avoid getting plague are :—

-Protecting food and garbage from rats so that they can find neither food nor resting places in them, as it is to be remembered that plague is the disease of the rats and other such rodents which is conveyed from them to hucnan beings by fleas of the rodents. Similarly there should be continuous destruction of rats by trapping, fumigation, poisoned baits and other means. To kill the fleas the D.D.T. insecticide should be freely used. Lastly when there is an epidemic of plague, the plague vaccination will

&be quite effective for atleast six months. Measures for prevention of cholera :— One must drink only boiled water and refrain from 'ng any uncooked food, specially salads, and food that'

Ven left uncovered and exposed to fleas. If there is •>lera patient at home, we should eat no food in the

' £om, and always wash our hands and change our

MILITARY WING DEFENCE ACADEMY EXAM. I 9 5 3 4 r

. clothes before taking a meal. The excreta of the sick .'should be mixed with an antiseptic before being poured

down the drains. Last of all we should get ourselves vaccinated.

- Vaccination is the best prevention of small-pox.

16. (a) Switzerland (b) The Punjab (c) Gibraltar (d) Egypt (e) Venice.

17. (a) It is a deciduous tree native to Central Asia (b) Giraffee is an African hoofed mammal characterised by a long neck, long legs, and a short body. Found South of the Sahara (c) Carnation is a garden plant found in England (d) Negro is a race of men distinguished by dark skin, fuzzy hair and broad nose and protuding lips. South West and Central Africa is the home of the Negro ( /) Spinach is a flowering plant grown in south and central Europe (g) Teak is a strong wood. Very largely found in Burma besides other countries, {h) Dates are the fruit of date palm tree. Iraq grows it in abundance. (») Eskimos are native of Lapland etc. (j) Nightingale is a bird, renowned for its beautiful song at night.

18. (a) Violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow-, and red.

{h) The Northern, Western, Central, Southern, Eastern, and North-Eastern Railway.

(c) The kidney, testes, ovaries, eye, ear, tongue, and organs of smell.

PART TWO

LITERATURE

Q. i. Who wrote the following books ?

I. Robinson Crusoe 2. Alice in Wonderland. 3. The Mahabharta 4. Shakuntla Natak 5. Gulistan 6. Satyarath Prakash. 7. Paradise Lost 8. The Ramayana 9. A Passage to India 10. Arms and the Man. 11. As You Like It.' 12. Three Musketeers.

Last two parts set in Examination held in 1953 for Admission to the Military Wing of the National Defence

Academy.

Q. 2. The following verses are taken from well known poems. Name the authors of these poems and give the title of each of these poems.

(?) Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink ;

Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to driDk

(it) Not a drum w as heard, not a funeral note, As his corpse to the rampart we hurried ;

Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot O'er the grave where our Hero we buried

(Hi) My days among the Dead are past Around me I behold,

Wher'er these casual eyes are cast, The mighty minds of old :

My never failing friends are they With whom I converse day by day.

(!v\ Full many a gem of purest ray serene The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear :

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen ; And waste its sweetness on the desert air,

45


(v) 111 fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay :

Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade, A breath can make them, as a breath has

made : But a hold peasantry, their country's pride, •

When once destroyed, can never be supplied (vi) Earth has not anything to show more fair :

Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty :

This city now like a garment wear The beauty of the morning : silent bare,

Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie open unto the fields, and to the sky,

All bright and glittering in smokeless air. (vii) Lives of great men all remind us

We can make our lives sublime, And departing, leave behind us

Footprints on the sands of time. (t-iii) Breathes there a mas with soul so dead,

Who never to himself hath said, This is my own my native land ?

Whose heart hath ne'er within him burn'd As home his footsteps he hath turn'd

From wandering on a foreign land ?

Q. 3. Name a well known book and its author against any five of the following subjects :—

(a) Biography (b) Auto-biography (r) An Indian drama (rf) A Greek Epic poem (e) Detective stories

(/) A perfect country with perfect people and a perfect Government.

(g) An Elegy

LITERATURE 47

Q. 4. The following list contains fourteen names ol , books and authors. Put down the name of the books* against their respective authors.

(«) (b)

(<o (d) («)

w Charles Dickens, Vanity Fair ; Rise, Decline and Fall

of the Roman Empire, Great Expectations, Chaucer, War and Peace, Les Miserable, Canterbury Tales, William Makepiecc Thackeray, My Experiments with Truth, Gibbon, Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Victor Hugo.

Q. 5. (a) Who were the authors of the following works ?— (»') Gitanjali, (ii) Paradise Lost, {Hi) Bostan, {iv) Ain-i-Akbari, (v) The Odyssey, {vi) The Divine Comedy, (<•»') The Origin of Species, {viii) Mein Kemph, {ix) Invanhoe, («) Travels with a Donkey, {xi) The Shah Nama, (xit) Sketch-Book and (xiii) Dr. Faust.

Part {vii) set in Joint Services wing Examination, 1952 May,

-Part i and Part vi set in Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Examination 1952

{b) Mention the nationality of the writers of the above mentioned works, against their names.

(c) Mention one other work of atleast three of them.

Q. 6. 1. Shakespeare wrote In Memorium. 2. William Wordsworth wrote Kubla Khan. 3. William Makepiece Thackery wrote Vanity Fair and, ^ David Coppcrfield. 4. Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the well known

poems : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and The Lady of the Lake.

4 g JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

5. Keats wrote John Gilpin and The Prisoner of Chillon.

6. Goldsmith wrote The Pilgrim's Progress and She Stoops to Conquer.

7. Charles Dickens wrote Jane Eyre and Great Expectations.

8. Charles Kingsley wrote the life of Nelson and Westward Ho, while Robert Southey wrote Here-ward the Wake and the Jungle Books.

9. Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem Sohrab and Rustum and Barrack Room Ballads.

10. Lenin, the great Russian revolutionary and statesman was the author of the book Das Kapital, which is the fountain head of Communism. He also issued "The Communist Manifesto."

If you disagree with the above statements, make the right corrections about authorships where you think necessary.

Q. 7. The following verses are part of some well known poems. Give the title of the poems from which each piece has been taken and the author who wrote them.

(a) All are architects of Fate, Working in these walls of time ; Some with massive deeds and great, Some with ornaments of rhyme

(6) Happy the man, whose wish and care A few paternal acres bound, Content to breathe his native air In his own ground.

(c) Toiling—rejoicing —sorrowing, Onward through life he goes ; Each morning sees some task begin, Each evening sees it close ; Something attempted, something done, Has earned a nights' repose.

LITERATURE 49

(d) I remember, 1 remember The house where I was borne The little window where the sun Came peeping in at morn

{e) 'Tis a lesson you should heed : Try, try, try again If at first you don't succeed Try, try, try again

(/) He prayeth well who loveth well Both man and bird and beast He prayeth best who loveth best All things both great and small; For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all

(g) 'Tis the last rose of summer, Left blooming alone; All her lovely companions Are faded and gone ; No flower of her kindred No rose-bud is nigh, To reflect back her blushes, Or give sigh for sigh

(A) Twinkle, twinkle, little star ! How I wonder what you are, Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky !

(»') There, in his noisy mansion, skill'd to rule, The village master taught his little school; Full well they laugh'd, with counterfeited glee, At all his jokes, for many a joke had he,

* Full well the busy whisper, circling round, Convey'd the dismal tidings when he frown'd

Q. 8. The following are names of poets, novelists, dramatists, historians, and painters. Sort them out under their different categories.

Leonardo Da Vincy, George Macaulay Trevelyan, Burns, William Shakespeare. Alexcnder Pope, George Eliot, Edmund Spenser, Bhavabhuti, Rabindranath T&gore,

5° JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Tayashankar Prasad, Bechna Sharma Ugra, Thomas Babington Macaulay, W. M. Thackeray and Goya.

Q. 9. Following are some of the greatest names in literature. Name the countries to which they belonged and the languages they enriched :

Shakespeare. Voltaire. Goethe Homer. Dante. Kalidas. Tulsidas. Sa'adi. Ghalib. Tagore.

Cv^jJ?,w3 ^ r ^ V N t l

^ * i - y w ' *-'

&*S*J SK~dU-' S v S t .

iux.-

Q. 10. Following,are some well known characters in fiction. Name the books in which they are to be found and the authors of those books.

Ali Baba, Tom Brown, Christabel, D' Artagnan, Little Em'ly, Fatima, Man Friday, Sir Galahad, Giant Despair, Glumdalclitch, Guinevere, Haroun-al-Rashid.

Q. 11. What do you understand by the following. Mention atleast one book or poem which comes under

these headings :—

I. An Allegory. 2. An Epic. 3. A Comedv. 4. A Tragedy. 5. A Novel. 6. A Drama. 7. An Elegy. 8. A Sonnet. 9. An Ode. 10. and a Satire.

Q. 12. Name some of the most important plavs. and poetical works of Rabindra Nath Tagore.

Q. 13. What well known book or books do you associate with ? :—

(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Firdausi (c) James Boswell (d) Rudyard Kipling

LITERA1URE 51

(e) John Milton (/) M. Masani (g) R. L. Stevenson (A) William Makepicce Thackeray (t) Lewis Carrol (j) William Shakespeare (k) Sir Walter Scott. You may not mention more than four works by any one

of them.

Q. 14. Following list contains some well known dramas, both tragedies and comedies ; also novels, burlesques, epics, mock epics, Utopias, fairy tales and fables. Place them under their proper headings and mention also their authors if you remember.

Example : Mock Epic : Don Juan by Byron. ^

Paradise Lost. Anand Math King Lear. Great Expectations. Panchtantra. Romeo and Juliet. Katha—Sarit—Sagra. Atlantis. Rajtarangini. A Tale of two cities. As You Like It. Rape of the Lock. Ciiy of the Sun. Tom Thumb.

• The Iliad. Malati—Madhava.

Q. 15. Below is a list of ten authors. Write them down in their chronological order and mention such of their works for which they are being remembered by posterity.

Chaucer. Kalidasa. Homer.


Bankim Chandra Chatterji. Milton. Firdausi. Prem Chand. Dr. Sir Mohammed Iqbal. Bunyan. Skakespeare.

Q. 16. Who are regarded as world's greatest writers of tragedies ? Mention any one of their works you know and the countries to which they belonged.

Q. 17. Following are pieces from some very well known poems. Give the titles of the poem from which they have been taken and name the poets from whose pen they came.

(a) The boy stood on the burning deck ; Whence all but him had fled ; The flame, that lit the battle's wreck, Shone round him —O'er the dead. Yet beautiful and bright he stood, As born to rule the storm ; A creature of heroic blood A proud though childlike form.

(b) Half a league, half a league Half a league onward, All in the valley of death Rode the sis hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade ! Charge for the guns !" he said ; Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

(c) I come from haunts of coot and hern I make,a sudden sally, And sparkle out among the firn, To bicker down a valley.

(d) Land of our Birth, we pledge to thee Our love and toil in the years to be ; When we are grown, and take our place, As men and women with our race

LITERATURE 53

(e) Stone walls do not a prison make Nor Iron bars a cage Minds innocent and quiet take That for an hermitage

(/) Tiger, tiger, burning bright In the forest of the night What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry

(g) The year's at the spring And day's at the morn ; Morning's at seven ; The hill sid's dew pearled ; The lark's on the wing ; The snail's on the thorn ; God's in His heaven— All's right with the world !

(h) In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure— dome decree ; Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea.

(i) Break, break, break, On thy cold gray stones O Sea ! And I would that my tongue could utter The Thoughts that arise in me.

(j) Just for a handful of silver he left us, Just for a riband to stick in his coat,

Q. 18. Following are opening lines of stanzas in some well known poems. Complete those stanzas, also give the headings of the poems and mention names of their authors.

I. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them,

2. Under a spreading Chestnut tree The village smithy stands


3. Trust no future howe'er pleasant ! Let the dead Past bury its dead !

4. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or busy housewife ply her evening care

5. When Britain first, at Heaven's command Arose out of the azure main,

6. I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers From the seas and the streams

7. Oh say ! what is that thing call'd light Which I must ne'er enjoy ?

8. Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star Hath had elsewhere its setting

Q. 19. Who said :—

(i) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested

(ii) Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure 1 nineteen nineteen six, result happiness. Annual iacome twenty pounds, annual expenditure twenty pounds nought and six, result misery.

(Hi) Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel. {iv) You can fool some of the people all of the time,

and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all the time.

LITERATURE 55

(y) That government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

(vi) I awoke one morning and found myself famous. (vii) Fame is the perfume of heroic deeds. (viii) Is not a patron, my Lord, one who looks with

unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help ?

(ix) "A house divided against itself cannot stand". I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.

(x) England'expects every man to do his duty.

Q. 20. With which celebrated writers are the following places associated ?:—

(i) Stratford-on Avon (2) Stoke Poges (3) Shiraz (4) Frankfurt-on the Main (5) London (6) Calcutta (7) Florence (8) Paris (9) Tus in Khorasan

Q. 21. Which of these authors are living ? Mention atleast one or two works by each.

E. M. Forster Herbert Read W. B. Yeats Stephen Spender Virginia Woolf Oscard Wild Solvia Townsend Warner Compton Mackenzie Sir Hugh Walpole H. G. Wells Alfred Edgar Coppard ' Jack Lindsay


Q. 22. The following list of twenty five names includes (a) writers and poets (b) artists and musicians (c) Historians (d) novelists (e) soldiers and statesmen (/) Scientists and inventors (g) philosophers.

Arrange them in the appropriate catagories Abrahm Lincoln, Leonardo da Vincy, Edward Gibbon,

Gengiz Khan, Einstein, George Macaulay Trevelyan, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Thomas Hardy, Thomas Edison, Swinburn, Jamini Roy, Nelson, Paul Cezanne, Henri Louis Bergson, Kalidasa, Kalhana, Ghalib, William Makepiece Thackeray, Rosseau, Archimedes, Dante, Beethoven, Wellington, Kemal Ataturk.

(a) Writers and poets (6) Artists or Musicians (c) Historians {d) Novelists (e) Soldiers and statesmen (/) Scientists and inventors (<7) Philosophers

Q. 23. In what period did the following live, and w hat is their title to fame? Mention atle3st one work with which each is associated.

(a) Kalidasa (6) Homer (c) Tulsi Das (d) Francis Bacon (e) Goethe (/) G. B. Shah (gr) Bankitn Chandra Chatter ii (7t) Sa'adi (i) Milton.

Q. 24. Who wrote the following : (i) The ancient Mariner

(ii) Idyll's of the King (Hi) The Lady of the Last Minstrel (iv) The Prelude (v) Ring and the Book

(vi) Ode to A Nightingale

LITERATURE 57

(vii) Prometbues Unbound (viii) Essay on man

(ix) John Gilpin (x) The Deserted Village

(xi) Pygmalion

(b) To which country did these writers belong ? i . Plato 2. Dante 3. Schiller 4. Voltaire 5. Umar Khyam 6. Washington Irving 7. Zola 8. Boccaccio 9. Hegel

10. Count Leo Tolstoy

Q. 25. Who are the authors of these well known lines ?

(1) For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. (2) Oh, East is East and West is West and never the

twain shall meet (3) The better part of valour is discretion (4) Though the mills of God grind-slowly,

Yet they grind exceedingly small (5) Laugh, and the world laughs with you,

Weep, aud you weep^ alone (6) A little learning is a dangerous thing. (7) Music has charms to sooth a savage breast. (8) Remember that the most beautiful things in the

world are the most useless ; peacocks and lilies, for example.

(9) A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured upon purpose to a life beyond life.

Q. 26. Who are the authors of the following books? :—

(t) Forsyte Saga


(ii) Candide (tn) Rubaiyat (it;) The Three Musketeers (v) She Stoops to Conquer

(vi) Origin of Species (vii) She

(vih) The Last Days of Pompeii (t'x) Seven Pillars of Wisdom (x) The Way of All Flesh

(a-i) Geet Govinda {xii) A Nation in making

Q. 27. Who painted the following:—Indicate also their nationality.

(1) The Last Supper (2) The Sistine Madona (3) Mona Lisa (4) The Disasters of War (5) St. Cecilia (6) Sunflowers (7) The Anatomy Lesson (8) Landscape with Cypress Trees (9) The Good Samaritan (10) The Laughing Cavalier (11) Nocturne (12) Venus and Adonis (13) The Last Judgment (14) Entombment of Christ (15) Guernica.

Q. 28. Correct the spelling mistakes, if any. in any of the following words ?:—

(1) Inaccessable (2) Laison (3) Liviihood (4) Mercenery (5) Outcaste (6) Precede (7) Reminisence (8) Rhumatism (9) Salutory (10) Transcendent (11) Westminister (12) Superintendent.

Q. 29. Who wrote the following books ? :— (a) Kim (6) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (c) The Golden

Bough (rf) Mein Kemph (e) The Three Musketeers ( / ) The Discovery of India (g) Travels with a Donkey (h) Jesting Pilate (i) The Golden Bough (j) The Nature of the Physical Universe (/.-) Peter Pan (?) A Doll's House (m) Glimpses of World History.

Q. 30. Fill gaps in the following :—

LITERATURE 59

(a) The greatest epic poets of India, Greece and England are respectively

(b) Some of the best writers of literary criticism during the later Victorian age were

(c) The "Lyrical Ballads" were written by Wordsworth in collaboration with

(d) The "Lake District" of England is rich in literary associations with memories of

(e) Milton's "Paradise Lost" has immortalized his name but has proved a great failure.

(/) The Piyam-i-Mashriq, Asrarr-i-Khudi and Pas Chen Bayad Kard of. are written in but Bang-i-D.ira, Bal-Jabril and Armughan-i-Hiyaz are all written in

(g) Ud-i-Hindi and Urdu-Maula were written by (h) Muharam Naira, Jag Biti and Bibi Ki Talim by

arc all (i) The most important works of Tulsi Das are

He holds the same position in Literature what Kalidasa holds in Literature.

(j) Kalidasa is called the of India. (k) Some of the best known novelists in Hindi Literature

are

(0 Kalhana flourished during century and wrote about

(w) Malati-Madhava and Uttra Ram Charita are from the pen of. while Mudra-Rakshasa is from the pen of. who flourished during the 9th century A.D.

Q. 31. Who are the greatest romantic poets of England? When did they flourish ?

Q. 32. Write the word that fits any twelve of the following definitions against them.

(a) An artificial pond or. cistern for cultivating water plants.

(JO JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(6) The three sided island formed of mud at the mouth of a river.

(c) A formal relinquishment of sovereign power. (d) A public sale of property to the highest bidder. (e) Marking the skin with indelible patterns by inserting

pigments in punctures. (f) To appropriate public money or goods entrusted to

one's care. (<?) Property inherited from one's father or ancestors. (h) Right of succession belonging to the first born. (t) The creeper that can exist only by living upon and

drawing sustenance from a tree.

(j) A person given to airs and graces or affectedly languishing.

(k) Admitting a person to the citizenship of a state to which he does not belong.

(I) To insert passages in an author's work so as to give a false impression as to its date etc.

(m) A small part of beard left growing beneath the lower lip.

(w) The part of Government which preserves law and order and carries out the laws made by the legislature.

Q. 33. Who wrote the following ? (a) Uttar-Ram-Charita (6) Ivanboe (c) Anna Karcnina (d) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (P) Carnival (/) Peter Pan (g) Gulliver's Travels (h) Man and Superman ({) The Golden Bough (j) Gitanjali (fc) Count of Monte Cristo

Parts c, g and k set inindian Air Fores (Air Force kademy) Examination 1952.

I ^ O 't act. 111 j .uU

6£

LITERATURE 6 j

Q. 34. Write short notes on the following :— Abul Fazal; Firdausi, Shankracharya; Kabir ;

Dr. Rabindra Nath Tagore ; Mulkraj Anand.

Q. 35. To which country did these writers belong and when did they live ? :—

t») Plato (n) Dante

(j'n) Goethe (iv) Tolstoy

S(v) Henry Wordsworth Longfellow * -K _ (vi) Zola

(vii) Chaucer (viii) John Galsworthy

(ix) Washington Irving

Q. 36. Name the authors of the following works :—

(a) The Princess (6) Kidnapped (c) Jane Eyre [d) Cloister and the Hearth (e) My Experiments with Truth, (/) Pickwick Papers, (</) Confessions of a Thug, (h) The " Jungle Book, («') Life of Nelson (j) The Odyssey (A) Westward Ho, (/) The White Company (m) It's never too late to mend (71) Sherlock Holmes.

Q. 37. Give the names of:—

(a) Three great English novelists (6) Three well known English women novelists (c) Three poets who have immortalized their names by

writing world's great epics (d) Three great French dramatists (c) Three gteat English painters (/) Three great Dutch painters (g) Three great Italian painters (A) Three German musicians

(i) Three great Spanish pointers

6 2 JUNIOR GEKEEAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(J) Three world's great sculptors (k) Three great Sanskrit dramatists (l) Three well known novelists in Bengali (TO) Three great Persian poets (?i) Three great poets of Urdu Literature (o) Three great poets of old Hindi Literature (p) Three great modern poets in Hindi (3) Three great novelists in Hindi who are still living (r) Three books by Mahatma Gandhi (s) Three most well known books of Jawaharlal Nehru

Q. 38. (a) What is the difference between myth and legend? Give examples of each.

(6) What is the difference in meaning between ;— (i) Ingenuous and Ingenious (if) Masterful and masterly (tit) Braille and Morse Alphabets (iv) Affect and effect (v) Urban and urbane

(vi) Deprecate and depreciate (vii) Canvas and canvass (viii) Policy and polity

(fa;) Complement and compliment (x) Human and Humane

(xi) Diverse and Divers (c) Distinguish between

(1) Socialist, Communist, Fascist (2) Murder and assassination (3) Spy, traitor and seditionist (4), Born, Borne, Bourn (5) Reverent, Revered (6) Dough, Doe, Dh<?w

LIThKATURE 63

Q. 39. Who are the authors of the following :—

(a) Kim (6) The Invisible Man (c) Vande Matram (d) The Mysterious Universe (») One World (/) A Pair of Blue Eyes (g) Shakuntala (A) Shahnama (») Robinson Crusoe 0 ) Faust (k) Jungle Book (?) Life Divine,

Parts g, h, i, j , k & I set in Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Examination 1952

Q. 40. From the following list sort out painters, composers, sculptors, writers and scientists and state the nationality of each.

Leonardo Da Vincy; Harvey; Stravensky; Walt Whitman; Van Gogh ; Pushkin, Rutherford ; Phidias; Corot; Goya ; Michelangelo Bounarotti, Sinclair Lewis; De Quincy, Debussy ," Rembrandt, Titian.

Q. 41. Who wrote the following :— (a) Failure of a Mission (6) The Indian Struggle (c) The Struggle for Peace (d) Captains Courageous (e) Candide (/) Les Miserable (g) Mother India (h) Unhappy India (*) War and Peace (j) Dur^esh Nandini.

Q. 42. Complete the following sayings : — (a) The proof of the pudding— (6) A cat may look— (c) Pennywise— (d) Birds of a feather— (e)- It is an ill wind— (/) All work and no play— (?) Nothing venture— CO It is love that makes the world — (i) Blood is thicker than— (j) Second thoughts are—

64 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TXSTS

Q. 43. Who wrote :— (a) Paradise Lost (6) Wuthering Heights (c) The Lady of Shallot (d) Through the Looking Glass (e) White Company (J) Passionate Elopement (3) Battle of the Books (h) Back to'Methuselah (i) It's never too late to Mend (j) The Hound of the Baskervilles

. (k) Barrack Room Ballads

Q. 44. Write in one or t vo w ords only what were or are the following ?

Thucydides; Plato; Xenophon; Cicero ; Alighieri Dante ; Alexander Dumas ; Anatolc France ; Victor Hugo; Romain Rolland ; Karl Marx ; Joseph Addison ; Charles Darwin ; John Galsworthy; John Keats; William Somerset Maugham; William Shakespeare ; Jonathan Swift; T . S. Eliot ; Ralph Waldo Emerson; Upton Sinclair; George Santayana; Maxim Gorky; Leo Tolstoy; Miguel de Cervants; Omar Khayyam.

Example :—Thucydides ; Athenian Historian

Q. 45. Who wrote the following and in which Indian Language ?

(a) Kadambri.

(6) Guru Granth Sahib. (c) Narsi-ki-Mira. (d) Durgesh Nandni. (e) Gora (/) Rana Surat Singh (g) Ab-i-Hiyat.

Q. 46. Name the authors of the poems from which the following extracts have been ..aken :—

LITERATURE 65

(a) Act, act in the living present ! Heart within and God over head !

(6) Tis better to have loved and lost, Than never to have loved at all.

(c) Love rules the court, the camp, the grove And men below and saints above ; For love is heaven and heaven is love.

(d) Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast The little tyrant of his field withstood, Some mute inglorious Milton may have rest Some Cromwell guiltless of his country blood

(e) Knowledge is proud that he had learn'd so much ; Wisdom is humble that he knows no more.

(/) Truth is always strange—stranger than fiction (g) To me the meanest flowers that blows can give

thoughts That do often lie too deep for tears.

(h) Tears idle tears, I know not what they mean Tears from the depth of some divine despair Rise in the heart and gather to the eyes.

(0 Roll on, thou deep and dark ocean, roll ! Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain ; Man marks the earth with ruin—his control Stops with the shore.

(j) I am monarch of all I survey My might there is none to dispute.

(/:) I could not love thee dear so much Lov'd I not honor more.

(I) God made the country and man made the town (m) A thing of beauty is a joy for ever ;

Its loveliness increases ; it will never pass into nothingness.

Q. 47. Substitute one word for the following la) A man who is liked by everybody. (b) Too mu:h official formality. (c) To render safe from germs.


(d) An animal that cannot be tamed. (e) The act of speaking aloud one's thoughts when alone (/) People who take up arms against the government. {g) A bird that comes and goes with the seasons. (h) A word no longer in use. (i) A man with an evil reputation. (j) Medical examination of a body held after death. (k) God is present everywhere. (/) A remedy for all diseases. (m) The creeper that can exist only by living upon and

drawing sustenance from a tree. (n) Remarks which do not apply to the subject in hand, (o) A day of gaiety and festivity.

Q. 48. Give the meaning of the following phrases and write sentences using each one of them.

(a) To bear the brunt of. (6) To bury the hatchet. (c) To buy a pig in a pork. (d) To feather one's nest. (e) To husband one's resources. (/) To nip in the bud. (9) To see a thing through coloured spectacles. (h) To split hairs. (1) To take a thing to heart. (j) To pour oil on troubled waters. (k) To hang in the balance. {I) To steal a march. (M) To show white feather.

Q. 49. Correct the spelling mistakes, if any, in any ten of the following words :—

(a) Fushion. (h) Eccleciastic. (b) Adviser. (i) Dafodil. (c) Elysiam. (j) Salable. (d) Fairie. (fc) Bazar. (e) Sybil. (?) Allitteration. (/) Petulent. (»«) Acquiesce. (g) Bountious.

LITERATURE 67

Q. 50. Explain the allusions in, and significance of, the following.

(a) Argus eyed. (b) An Augean stable. (c) A blue stocking. (d) A dog in the manger policy. (e) A good Samaritan. (/) Indian file. (g) A white elephant. (h) An apple of discord. (i) Penelop's web.

Q. 51. Give the difference in meanings of the following and use them in sentences to show these differences.

(a) Take, Receive. (6) Temperament, Temperance, Temperature, (c) Trade, Commerce. {d) Truce, Treaty, (e) Verbal, Verbose. (/) Wages, Salary, Fee. (g) Womanly, Womanish. (h) Wreck, Wreak. (i) Yearn, Crave. 0") Respectful, Respectable, Respective. (k) Recollect, Remember. (I) Quantity, Number,

(m) Principal, Principle, (n) People, A People, The People.

Q. 52. Answer the following :—

(a) What is a Pseuddnym ? Write five Pseudonyms. (6) What is a caricature ? For what purpose is it used ?

What is the modern practice ? ^ (r) What is a Classic ? Name any one or two classics'

you know. («?) What is a canto ? Name any book you know which

is divided into cantos. (e) Name any book in the English language which is

an allegory.


(/) What is a comedy ? Name any comedy you know and its author.

(g) What is a mock epic ? Name any mock epic you know.

(/;) What is a psalm ? Name any psalm you have read and give a short extract from it.

(0 What is a romance? Give examples of romances both in the English and Indian languages.

(j) What is a Utopia? Name some of the Utopias •written in the English language.

Q. 53. Mention, one or two most important works of each of the following authors.

(a) Milton. (e) Munshi Prem Chand. (6) Kahdas. (/) Sir Mohammad Iqbal. (c) Tulsidas. (Q) Mahatma Gandhi. (d) Shn K. M. Munshi. {h) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Q. 54. Complete the following phrases. ,(a) Black as (i) R j p e a s ..

(6) Brittle as (?) Soft as.'". <c) Cool as (k) Timid as . . . . (d) Deaf as (j) Watchful as...

' & t l g u a S M Wet as.. ... (/) Fresh as ( n ) W i s e a s

,7) Harmless as (0) Yielding as... .. W M u t e a s (P) Tough as......

Example : Cunning as a fox. Q. 55. What do you understand by the followine

phrases. Explain their origin. iu»m^ (a) An Amazan {i) A M A n d

(h) A Bayard ( j ) A S h lo 'ck

(e) A Daniel (/,) A Yahoo (d) A Don Juan yj A Vandal

' $ TAKHaR ln W T h e h c e l o f Achilles (/ John Bull (M) Between Scylla anc (g) A Lucretia , Charbydis (A) A Man Friday (0) A Lilliputian

LITERATURE 69

Q. 56. You may have read some of the works of any of the writers mentioned below. Give briefly in not more than 100 words, the substance of the works of any one of these authors.

(t) Charles Dickens (ii) Daniel Defoe {Hi) Bunyan (iv) Jonathan swift (v) Thomas Hardy (vi) Sir Walter Scott (vi) Thackeray.

Q. 57. Approximately when did the following Indian authors live ? Name some best known works of each.

(a) Ashvagosha (6) Bhasa (c) Mira Bai (d) Sur Das (e) Chand Bardai (/) Ayodhya Singh Upadhyaya (g) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (A) Samrath Swami Ram Das (i) Khwaja Altaf Hussain 'Hali (j) Pt. Ratan Nath Dar Sarshar

Q. 58. (a) What do you understand by (t) To boycott ' (v) To lurk

(ti) To hector _ (vi) To meander {Hi) To Sandwich (vii) To tantalize (iv) To pander (viii) To Inchcape

(b) If you know the sources of these expressions state them.

Q. 59. State what you understand by :—

(a) A mealy mouthed fellow (b) Light Literature (c) A left handed compliment (d) A laughing stock (e) An oily tongue (/) A password (<7) A red letter day (h) A racy style 1 (i) A rainy day 0') A right handed man '.

7 U , « » JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS WW, - yw." /

V J ><'/) ' Y

(k) A saving clause ' * (O^Singlenblessedness

(m)' A slow'coach (n) A strait-laced person (p) A swan song

~, u ' ^ " G i v c a Proverb or interesting saying containing each of the following

$ , n^tCh (*) Knowledge Desperate diseases (k) Habit

f S J S S C a n n o t (**) Cesar's wife W } | S £ r g u j A sleeping fox

<»0 Hunger W " 0 n e y ,(««) Grasp all ( ^ N e w b o r n (*»0 Idleness , ( x w ) P o v e r t y

- ( 4 Idle mhd &»> June and T l de * . j (awm) Worth

novelist\ndI1Hr/Oll0-Wing l i s t c o n s i s t s o f I n d i a n P o e t s ' each catego?y4 \ u e T T P i c k 0 U t t h r e e b e l o n & i n g W

a n d a t l e a s S o f t V ^ ^ ^ a g e in which he or she wrote, * "I o f t h e i r important works : -

B i ^ a S t e 1 r L S h r l J a y a S h a n k a r Prasad; Prcm Chand, Munshi RaEhunanHo^erma«; S a r a t Chander Cbattcrjee ; Dag; K. M e S S e r X' Bchai V c e r Singh : Nawab Mirza KunwriDeviNI. , ' S h n Sambanda Mudaliar,; Kuntla

>)u * ' ' ''

following2U|h°W(yourac4uaintanceWith any five of the

, . . < , . ' ' ' i t ' n «

W Ah Baba'and thl p W AUadin ( , F o r t v ^cves

' (c) Gulliver's Travek

? ? S n m ' i ^ogress j / Beauty W h e Beast ,

M Cinderella v , , (A) Alice's Advent,^ - „ •' « Blue -Beard » ^ s i l n , | Wonder land (J) Treasure I s l a n d ^ '

LITERATURE

Q. 63. Who wrote the following ? (a) Shape of Things to Come (b) The Good Earth (c) Gone with the Wind (d) Moby Dick (e) Adventures of Tom Sawyer (f) The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (g) Caesar and Cleopatra (fi) Antony and Cleopatra (1) Puck of Pook's Hill 0) Dasabodha, {k) Raj Tarangni (l) Ain-i-Mbari

Q. 64. Give the nationality of the undermentioned authors. With which well known book or books do you associate them ? t

• 1 Goethe ; Sheikh Sadi; Voltaire; Homer; Dante ; Ibsen ; Count Leo Tolstoi; Aesop ; Alexander Dumas<; Zoroaster ; Sir Walter Scott ; K. M. Pannikar ; Firdausi; Babar; Albrvni *

Q. 65. Some of the persons- mentioned below were' poets,' Epic poets, saint poets, dramatists, novelists, historians, short story writers, while others wrote biographies and autobiographies. Mention them against their proper categories.

Poets Saint poets Dramatists Novelists Historians Short Story writers Biographers Auto biographers

V

Kalidasa, Valmiki, Bhavabhuti, Amir Khusro, Bhartendu Harish Chandra, Mira Bai, Jai Shank'er, Prasad, Munsbi ' Prem Cha--4 • °•—-**— D«~I-.-~ ^ L . _ J . _ .^J •_. Rabindranat Mirza Gh'aH

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON

LITERATURE

1. (i) Daniel Defoe (2) Lewis Carrol (3) Vyasa (4) Kalidasa (5) Sheikh Sadi (6) Swami Daya Nand Saraswati (7) Milton (8) Valmiki, also Sant Tulsidas (9) E. M. Forster (10) George Bernard Shaw (11) Shakespeare (12) Alexander Dumas.

2. (i) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

(ii) The Burial of Sir John Moore by Charles ' Wolfe.

(in) The Scholar by Robert Southey (iv) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by

Thomas Gray. (v) The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith

(vi) Upon Westminister Bridge by William Wordsworth.

(vii) A Psalm of Life by Longfellow. (tiii) Lay of the Last Minstrel by Sir Walter Scott.

Ja) Biography : Life of Dr. Johnson by Boswell (b) Autobiography : Pt. Jawaharlal's Autobiography. (c) An Indian Drama : Shakuntla by Kalidasa. (d) A Greek Epic : The Iliad by,Homer. (e) Detective Stories : Sherlock Homes by Sir Arthur

Conan Doyle. < (/) A Perfect Country with perfect people and a

perfect Government : JJtopia by Sir Thomas ^MjQQxe. "

(g) An Elegy : Miltons' Lycidas. Note. All the parts of this question have been

answered. Students can choose any five they like.

72

LITERATURE (ANSWERS) 73

_ , ' Authors 4 Books

Tharles Dickens Great Expectations ^ M a k e p i e c e Thackeray Vanity Fair , _ ,. f • Rise Decline and Fall of

the Roman Empire Canterbury Tales T Q

War and Peace y . c t o r R u g 0 Les Miserable My Experiments wtm a t m a G a n d h i

Truth

5 ' ^ H ! RabindraNathTagore (Indian) (0 Gitanjh R a b m

M i l t o n (EngUsh) (») Paradise Lost. M ( p ^ s i a n ) .

tfii) Bostan: Sheikh s a ^ F a z a l ( I n d u m ) Jfc,) Am-i-Akban . ana

(„ The Ody^ey : Horne rg^ ^ . ^ 4 » i ) The Divine Comedy _ D a r w i n

(m) The Origin of Species . (English) u . Adolf Hitler (German)

(«,•») Mein Kemph • A g i ( E n g l i s h )

< $ S S w i t h a S k e y : Robert Lewis S t e p s o n

(xii) Sketch Book. V o n&

G o e t he (German) (xiii) Dr. Faust . J. w. , x Tennyson wrote In Memonam.

o' M Tavlor wrote Kubla Khan. 2 . Samuel Taylor w ^

3- ? U 1 ^ a r i S e n s wrote David Copperfield. but Charks Die w c l l k n o w n

4. Samuel Taylo f r i d g e ^ C m S i r Walter Scott wrote "The Lady of the

^ f William Cowper who wrote "John Gilpin" 5- ^ L w d B y t o n -wrote « The Prisoner of

„ Chillon"


6. Goldsmith wrote "She Stoops to Conquer"; but "The Pilgrims' Progress" was written by John Bunyan.

7. Charles Dickens wrote "Great Expectations," but Jane Eyre was written by Charlotte Bronte.

8. It was Robert Southey who wrote the Life of Nelson, while Charles Kingsley wrote "Westward Ho" and "Hcreward the Wake." The Jungle Books were writted by Rudyard Kipling.

9. Rudyard Kipling wrote the Barrack Room Ballads, but Sohrab and Rustam was written by Mathew Arnold.

10. Carl Marx was the author of Das Capital.

7. (a) The Builders by Longfellow. . (6) Ode on Solitude by Alexander Pope. (c) The Village Blacksmith by Longfellow. (d) I remember, I remember by Thomas Hood. (e) Try and Try Again by W. E. Hickson. (/) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel

Taylor Coleridge. {g) The Last Rose of Summer by Thomas Moore. (A) The Star by Ann Taylor: (»') The Deserted Village by Goldsmith.

8. Poets : Robert Burns, Alexander Pope, Rabindra-nath Tagore, E. Spenser.

Novelists : George Eliot, W. M. Thackeray, Bechan Sharma Ugra.

Dramatists: William Shakespeare, Bhavabhuti> Jaya Shanker Prashad.

Historians : George Macaulay Trevelyan, Thomas Babington Macaulay.

. • Painter : Goya, Leonardo-da-Vincy.

English languaec French „ German ' „ Greek it Italian „ Sanskrit „

Shakespeare Voltaire Goethe Homer Dante Kalidas

England French Germany Greece Italian India


(/) M. Masani : Our India. {y) R. L. Stevenson : Treasure Island ; Kidnapped

Dr. Jekjil ar.d Mr. Hyde ; The Black Arrow. (h) William Makepiece Thackeray : Vanity Fair ;

Henry Esmond, Pendennis and The Newcomes. (i) Lewis Carrol : Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,

Through the Looking Glass ; The Hunting of the Shark. (j) William Shakespeare : Hamlet; Othello ;

Macbeth ; As You Like It. (/.•) Sir Walter Scott : Ivanhoe ; Talisman ; Guy

Mannering; Rob Roy.

• 14. Tragedies : Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare ; King Lear by Shakespeare.

Comedies •. As You Like It by Shakespeare ; Malati-Madhav by Bhava Bhuti.

Novels : Anand Math by Bankim Chander Chatterji ; Great Expectations by Charles Dickens; A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.

Burlesque : Tom Thumb by Fielding. Epics : Faradise Lost by Milton ; The Iliad by Homer;

Rajtarangni by Kalhana. Merle Epic : Rape of the Lock by Pope. Utopias : City of the Sun by Campanella ; Atlantis

by Bacon. Fuiry Tales and Fables : Panchtantra, by Vishnu

Sharma ; Katha-Sarit-Sagar by Somdev.

15. Homer : The great epics—The Iliad and the Cdyssey (lived anywhere between 12th and 9th century B.C.).

Knlidasa .(375 A. D.) : His great dramas and poetical compositions—Shakuntla, Vikramorvasi, Malavikagnimitra', Rcghu-vansam, Kumar-sambhava, Meghaduta and Ritu-samhara, all of which are great works.

Firdausi (940-IC20) : Shah Nama. Chaucer (1340-1400) : Canterbury tales!

• Shakespeare : England's greatest dramatist; excelled both in iragedies and comedies. His greatest comedies


ire : Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It and Twelfth Night.

His greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth and King Lear.

Milton (1608-74) : Paradise Lost. 1 Bunyan (1628-88) : The Pilgrim's Progress.

!< Bankim Chandra Chatterji (1838-1893) : Chandra-Sekhar, Durgesh-nandini, Anand Math, Kapal-Kundala, Indira etc. ft Dr. Mohammad Iqbal (1875-1938) : Bang-i-Dara, Bal-Jabril, Armughan-i-Hiyaz. 'a» Prem Chand (1880-1937) : Sangram, Karbala, Godan, rRang Bhumi, Karm Bhumi, Kaya Kalap, Seva Sadan, 1 Premashram and Ghaban.

, f 16. Following are regarded as world's greatest Tragic ! dramatists.

. Aescheles Sophocles Shakespeare Racine Comeille Lessing

,'Schiller . Marlowe

Tragedy Prometheus Bound Electra Hamlet Britannicus Medee Philotas Love and Intrigue Dr. Faustus Sejanus Ben Jon son

17. (a) Casabiana by Mrs. Hemans

Country Greece

Do England France

Do Germany Do

England Do •

(U) The Charge ofahe Light Brigade by Lord, Tennyson. 1 \

(c) The Brook by Lord Tennyson. (d) The Children's Song(by Rudyard Kipling. (e) True freedom bylColonel Lovelace. (/) The TigV by William/Blake. (q) Pippa's song by Robert Browning. (h) Kubla Khatfby S. T. Coleridge. \ (j) Break, Break^Breik By Alfred Lord Tennvsdn. , (j) The Lost Leader by Robert .Browning.

LITERATURE (A NiWURS)

18. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them, Volley'd and thunder'd Storm'd at with shot and shell, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of hell, Rode the six hundred.

1 The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord-Tefinyson-i-

2. Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands

The Smith, a mighty man is he, With large and sinewy hands ;

And the muscles of his brawny arms are stronS '<• ' , iron bar™s* The Village Blacksmith by LonsPeIIow-

3. Trust no future, howe'er pleasant ! 1 Let the dead Past bury its dead !

Act—act in. the living Present I Heart within, and God o'erhead !

"" A Psalm of Life by LODS«UOW.

4. For them no more'the blazing hearth shall p u r n * 4 * Or busy housewife ply her evening care ;

Nor children run to lisp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to shar£> y, „ Elegy written in a Country Churchyard * " ' r ! l 5-

5. When Britain first, at Heaven's command," ' Arose from out the azure main, »

x This was the charter of the land And guardian angels sung the strain—

"Rule, Britania ! Britania rules the waves Britons never shall Be slaves."

' / ' . » ' 11 , Rule, Britania by ^bolnP»on* I bring fresh shower's" for the thirsting fn^-1 8-

Frpm the seas and the streamsi; M

Not£|*Answeis to questions 15nnd 16 should be int3*c^a ,n f i c^

8o JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

I bear light shade for the leaves when laid In their noonday dreams

The Cloud by Shelley. 7. Oh, say ! what is that thing call'd light,

which I must never enjoy ? What are the blessings of the sight ?

Oh, tell your poor blind boy The blind boy by Colley Cibber.

8. Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting, The Soul that rises with us, our life's star, Hath had elsewhere its setting, And cometh from afar : Not in entire forgetfulness And not in utter nakedness But trailing clouds of glory do we come From God who is our home

Intimations of immortality by W. Wordsworth

19. («) Bacon in his Essays ; Of Studies, (it) Micawber in David Copperficld. '

(Hi) This saying is attributed to Dr. Johnson in Boswell's Life of Johnson.

(vi) Abraham Lincoln (In A. K. Mclurc's Lincoln's Yarns and Stories.)

(v) Lincoln in his Gettysburg Address. (ci) Byron, after the publication ofCiiilde Harold, (vii) Socrates (Quoted by Plato).

(viii) Samuel Johnson, Letter to Lord Chesterfield. (i'a-) Lincoln's Speech, at Springfield. (x) Lord Nelson's Signal at Trafalgar.

20. (1) Stratford-on-Avon with Shakespeare (2) Stoke Poges „ Gray (3) Sbiraz „ Sheikh Saadi (4) Frankfort-on-the-Main „ Goethe (5) London ^ „ Milton, Chaucer,

N<V"> (6) Calcutta „ Rabindranath Tagore . v ' W l ( 7 ) F l o r e n c e • » Dante

^ ) f f 18 (8) Pans ^ „ Voltaire (9) Tus in Khorasan . „ Firdausi


21. The following authors are still living (1955)

E. M. Forster works : A Passage to India Herbert Read „ (1) Annals of Innocence and

Experience (2) Education for Peace

Stephen Spender „ World within World Sylvia Townsend Warner „ My Fortune's Maggot; After

the Death of Don Juan Compton Mackenzie „ Passionate Elopement; Carni

val Alfred Edgar Coppard „ Adam and Eve and Pinch Me Jack Lindsay „ Rome for Sale ; The Ana

tomy of Spirit 22. (a) Writers and Poets : Swinburn, Kalidasa, Ghalib,

Dante. (b) Artists or Musicians : Jamini Roy, Beethoven,

Paul Cezanne., Leonardo-da-Vincy. (c) Historians : Edward Gibbon, George Macaulay

Trevelyan, Kalhana. (d) Novelists : Thomas Hardy, William Makepiece

Thackeray. (e) Soldiers and Statesmen: Abraham Lincoln,

Gengiz Khan, Nelson, Wellington, Ataturk. (/) Scientists and Inventors : Leonardo-da-ViDcy,

Einstein, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Thomas Edison, Archimedes.

(<7) Philosophers : Henri Louis Bergson, Rosseau.

23. (a) Kalidasa is the greatest Sanskrit dramatist and poet believed to have flourished about 37 5 A.D. at the court of King Vikramaditya. His greatest masterpiece jsShakuntlg Natak^

(6) Homer is the greatest of the Greek epic poets. He is the traditional author of the "Iliad" and the ''Odyssey". He is supposed to have lived between n t h to 7th centuries B .C.

(o) Tulsi Das is the greatest Hindi poet, whose verison of the Ramayana is a household book throughout India. He is supposed to have written his great masterpiece during


the time of Akbar the Great Mughal. His birth date is 1532 and death 1623.

(d) Francis Bacon is regarded as the father of the inductive method of scientific inquiry. His greatest works a r e : Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum etc. He flourished during the times of Queen Elizabeth and James 1 st of England during the middle half of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century.

(e) Goethe is regarded as the greatest poet and man of letters of Germany. His fame rests on his great drama FgjusU He lived between the middle of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

(/) G. B. Shaw is the greatest dramatist of the 20th century. He died recently in 1950. He has written about 40 plays, and a number of novels, essays and political books. His most well known works, which also contain most of his gospel are Man and Superman and Back to Methuselah.

(g) Bankim Chander Chatterji is the greatest of novelists Bengal has produced. He lived during the 19th century. Anand Math and Durgesh Nandani are his most well known novels. He is the author of the famous Indian National Anthem "Bande Matram.".

(h) Sa'adi is the greatest of the Persian poets. His two great books Gulistan and Bostan are known to every student of Persian literature. He flourished in the thirteenth century A. D, (1184—1291).

(i) Milton is the greatest epic_D££t of England. The great epic Paradise Lost in his creation. He lived during the 17th century in the stirring times of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell of England.

24. (a) (*) Samuel Taylor Coleridge (»'i) Alfred Lord * Tennyson (in) Sir Walter Scott (iv) William Wordsworth

(«) Robert Browning {vi) Keats (vii) Percy Bessy Shelley y (yiii) Alexander Pope (ix) Cowper (x) Goldsmith {xi)

George Bernard Shaw. (6) (1) Greece (2) Italy (3) Germany (4) France (5)

Persia (6) U. S. A. (7) France (8) Italy (9) Germany (10) Russia.


25. (1) Pope (2) Kipling (3) Shakespeare (4) Longfellow <5) E. Wheeler Wilcox (6) Pope (7) Congreve (8) John Ruskin (10) John Milton.

26. (»') John Galsworthy (ii) Voltaire (in) Omar Khayyam (iv) Alexander Dumas (v) Oliver Goldsmith (vi) Charles Darwin (vii) Rider Haggard (viii) Lord Lytton (ix) T. E. Lawrence (a;) Samuel Butler (xi) Jaya Dev.

27. Leonardo da Vincy (Italian) (2) Raphael (Italian) (3) Leonardo da Vincy (4) Goya (Spanish) (5) Raphael (6) Van Gogh (Dutch) (7) Rembrandt (Dutch) (8) Van Gogh (9) Rembrandt (10) Frans Hals (Dutch) n ) James, .Whistler (American) (12) Titian (Italian) 13) Michelangelo (Italian) (14) Titian (15) Pablo Picasso (Spanish).

28. (1) Inaccessible (2) Liaison (3) Livelihood (4) Mercenary (5) Outcast (6) Proceed (7) Reminiscence (8) Rheumatism (9) Salutary (10) Transcendent ( u ) West minster (12) Superintendent.

23. (a) Rudyard Kipling (b) Robert Louis Stevenson (c) Sir James Frazer (d) Adolf Hitler (e) Alexander Dumas (/) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru (g) R. L. Stevenson (h) Aldous Huxley (i) Sir James Frazer (j) Sir Addington (fc) Sir J. M. Barrie (I) Ibsen (m) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

30. (a) The greatest epic poets of India, Greece and England are respectively Valmiki, Homer and Milton.

(6) Some of the best writers of literary criticism during the later Victorian age were Arnold, Pater, Symons, Gosse and Saintsbury.

(c) The Lyrical Ballads were written by Wordsworth in collaboration with Coleridge.

(d) The 'Lake District" of England is rich in literary associations with the memories of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey, Gray, Keats and other great English writers.

(e) Milton's "Paradise Lost" has immortalized his name but "Paradise Regained" has proved a great failure.

(/) The Piyam-i-Mashriq, Asrar-i-Khudi, Pas Cheh Bayad Kard of Sir Mohd. Iqbal were written in Persian


5 5 « S T { £ Z 3 > B a l" J a b r i l a n d Armughan-i-Hiyaz were

A.-? )uSi" iS i{i£gbU r d u• i•M a , , l , , were written by

Charita M ^ V i ^ T ^ W o r k s o f T u l s i Das are : Ram He holds the same n r f v ' ^avitavali and Vinaya Patrika. holds in Sanskrit L i t em" "* '"mature what Kalidasa

$ w oVa;Lc£lfe Shakespeare of India-are Munshi Prem ell A «Wn nove l ists in Hindi Literature Shastri, Devkinandan Khatrf £p a n S h a r m a USra> Chatursen Kumar. dU ^natn, Rup Narayan, and Jainendra

(0 Kalhana flourish,^ ^ • wrote about the kingsof Kashm?8 I 2 t h c e n t u a r y a n d

^ * ^ * 3 ^ J * F r a R a * Charita are from Ae pen 0f Visakhadam, ' lhllt M u d r a Rakshasa is from century. Kiladatta who flourished during the 9th

^ " i d g e , W o S S h T r 3 ^ ^ 1 5 0 ^ o f England are : -midrdlhef tUrinS tSJ l a t e / S , S h e I k y and ifeats. They middle of the i 9 t h ^ J J " l8*h century and upto about the

32. U) An

f™?'?S fe» T™°UT?Z£, ? ? " W Abdication («>

Bwpnic description of the reign


of Akbar, in all its aspects. We get a very complete picture of Akbar and his court and the achievements of the great emperor. Abul Fazal was a great scholar of Persian and translated many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as the Kishan Joshi, the Qanga Dhar, the Mahesh, the JUahanand etc. etc.

Firdausi. Greatest of Persian epic poets who wrote the great Shahnama. the Book of Kings which relates the history of Persia in 60,000 verses. Tradition goes that Mahmud of Ghazni offered to pay him a gold coin for each verse, and when he brought the Mss. to the Sultan, the latter was dumb struck at the thought of having to pay such a colossal sum- and offered instead silver coins. This offer was spurned by the disappointed poet and he gave vent to bitter satire against his royal master and fled from the court. When after long wandering he returned to Tus, his birth place, only to die soon, Mahmud had repented and sent the sum required, but the men carrying the gold leached Tus only to meet the bier of the poet who had just died.

Shankracharya. He was the greatest of the Hindu Teachers and preachers of the 8th century. He was a Nam-budri Brahman of Malabar. He became a Sanyasi at a very early age and devoted his life to the spread of Hinduism. He wandered all over India and held debates with Buddhists and defeated them. He founded four great Maths which survive to this day. He died at the early age of 32.

Kabir was a great preacher born about the end of the fourteenth or beginning of the fifteenth century. He made earnest efforts to foster a spirit of harmony between the Hindus and Muslims. He is said to have been the son of a Brahman widow, but was brought up by a Muslim weaver. He did not believe in the efficacy of rituals or external formalities, either of Hinduism or Islam. To him the only means of salvation lay in Bhajan or devotional worship, together with the freedom of the soul from all sham, insincerity, hyprocrisy and cruelty.


Dr. Rabmdra Nath Tagore. Greatest of Bengal's modern poets. Poet, painter, and author, he was known for f ^ l L / f ! , " ^ l°-DgS o n nature, childhood and oriental « W i n i t ^ »f°r h * rd»gious mysticism. He established d e v e ^ o S Z °- ^ A b o d e o f Pea<*" which has of G S S £ m t e r n a t l 0nal University. His translations fame He i t V£r!f ? k y " C h i t r a " b r o ught him world I S t ' In TOTC\ a W a r d f d t h e N o b e I Pr iê for Literature in the honour ?n L ^ W3S k ^ l g h t e d ' b u t i n *9i9 he resigned na i f For woPrkTSt a g a i D S t B r i t i s h repressive measures in

M i l l 3 n S W e r t 0 1 u e s t i o n 12.

novelht Baorn^napdu(born I9°5) One of India's great hesp nihise™lvd"h- a W a rV t h e S O n o f a P r i v a t e s o l d i e r ' the Pun ari UnTver?^ u mihtaV c a mP- He graduated from Onhisremrn trTnHî^^"t received his Ph. D. in London. "UntouchSes.' °?r h e P r o d u c e d his well known novels : >"n which he d e D i c l T t ^ 3 ^ 8 a n d a Bud"> "Coolie", under the British Pa? , A t

m i s e r a°le lives the masses led Sword a n f he S l e A * * * °uther g r c a t b o o k s : T h e

Village. 5>1Ckle' A c r o s s the Black Waters and The

«5. [ij Greece T-Tf* i* A I_ century B. C. (428 B r , Jo between the 5th and 4th during the 13th c e n t a l n ^ ( " } I t a l y- H e fl°urished

He lived from middlTtf 'S ' ( l 2 65~*32i) ; (in) Germany. quarter of the nineteenth r ^ ' 8 ^ C e n t u r y t 0 e a d y

lived during t h e ^ £ i h7 « - l 8 3 a ) ; (&) Russia. He

America. He lived d S t ! , . C e n t u r v (1828-1910); (») - J ) France. He U ^ d S f f ^ ^ . ^ t u r y (1807-82); 1840-1902) • (VU) EnPlanH g« t h e nineteenth century 9 e n t o y ( l 3 4 0 _ ^ ngjand He lived during the 14th 18th and i 9 t h centuries I 8 ^ S - * H e l i v e d d u r i n g t h e

lived between the last q u a r l r 7 r u 9 3 3 ) («'*) America. He nineteenth century ( 1 7 8 ? " ^ ( ^ l 8 t h a n d half of the

' 36. (a) AlfreiuMTT 5 9 K

son (c) Charlotte Bronte (d?ru (,6) R o b e r t L o u i s Steven-Gandh, (/) Charles DiclS s ^ , . R e a d e & M a h a t m a

(*) Rudyard Kipling rtî,(g) P h i HP Meadows Taylor I W Robert Southey tf) Homer (A)


Charles Kingsley (?) Conan Doyle (/«) Charles Reade (ri) Arthur Conan Doyle.

37. {a) Charles Dickens, William Makepicce Thackeray, Thomas Hardy

(6) George Eliot, Charlotte Bronte, Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell

(c) Balmiki, Homer, Milton (d) Moliere, Racine, Pierre Corneille (e) Thomas Gainsborough, William Hogarth, Joseph

Turner (/) Vincent .van Gogh, Frans Hals, van Rijn

Rembrandt (g) Michelangelo Buonarroti, Sandro Botticelli,

Titian (h) Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Mozart (i) Franciso De Goya, Pablo Picasso, Diago

Velasquez (j) Michelangelo Buonarroti, Phidias, Praxiteles (/;) Kalidasa, Bhava Bhuti, Bana (0 Bankim Chandra Chatterji, Rabindra Nath

Tagore, Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar (TO) Sheikh Saadi, Umar Khyyam, Firdausi (n) Ghalib, Hali, Dr. Sir Mohd. Iqbal (o) Chand Bardai, Kabir, Tulsi Das (p) Jaya Shankar Prasad, Mahadevi Varma, Maithli

Saran Gupta (q) K. M. Munshi, Chatursen Shastri, Jainendra

Kumar (r) My Experiments with Truth, My Soul's Agony,

My Early Life (s) Glimpses of World History, Autobiography, The

Discovery of India.

38. (a) (i) A myth is a tale of tradition handed down from very ancient times. It is usually a story about a god of a national hero of some hoary past or some ancient belief regarding the processes of nature. Thus many stories in the Puranas and the Panchtantras are nothing more than myths.


A legend is practically a myth but is more strictly applied to stones of Christian saints and to traditional stones about famous people.

thoJ? e ! ^ e n d applies to stories of a less remote past tnan a^myth. The best example of such legends is the

S b u s d e V o r a S . " 1 1 1 " 7 C°1 I e C t i°n U^nd Avna b"

abilitL(i)^cgeD- i0US ap-pIies t 0 a m a n ' s skill, his natural M b S S f e n v T ' ,Wbl]e I n 8 e n ^ s t o his nature and acts,

being frank, free from deception and quite honourable. authori tfo?nn»1 U Sr a I l y m e a n s : imperious, or exercising to S 0 r 2 ° P

o fam ,as t e r ; masterly applies 8encn,n? brook no o S L ^ X a m p i e - H i s masterful nature would extrkatbg ffiS°n' ^ m a S t e d y ski11 h e s b o w e d 'm

^%Mag^^Sredfo lCe8dear ly demonstrated hiS

^%«mZttvh^? CI?0SSed d0ts for the bliDd' TL M i n v e n t e d f°r the education of the blind.

for c o n v e y b f ^ t ^ 5 3 SyS,tem o f d o l s a " d dashes used dv) Affe 8 b y w i r e l «s , cables etc.

something i* ,£„** 1, f° counterfeit or pretend to do Produced m e a n s r e s «l t ; or an impression

SSyH^~rci,y-whiIe urbwe or removal or S S l - 0 d C S l r e earQestly the prevention depreciate means to \olfr

B tu°r t 0 re& re t deeply, while

disparage. o w e r th>e worth, or undervalue or 0>") Canvas is the wnrH r

means, generally, to solicit v C ° a r S e ° l o t h ' w h i l e c a n v a S S

by % an individual, " r ^hl Certa|_n C0Urse of action adopted polity means the constitmL me™>d and forms whereas a or an institution. 0 n o t t h e government of a state

«P, while r m p l E n \ ^ e a nn V 5 a ; which c°mpletes or fills

(*) Human means hPi • Ca te flattery-Humane means kind, tender11-1115-f° m a n o r mankind.


(a-i) Diverse means different; unlike; Divers more than one-in number.

(c) i . A socialist is one who believes in and acts on the political and economic doctrine that society should be reorganised by the abolition of competition and capitalistic production which is based on individual initative and the profit motif be replaced by co-operative production for the use of all the members of society. The socialist does this all gradually and by peaceful means.

A Communist would achieve these aims by violent means at the point of the pistol, rejecting the idea that society can be changed by slow peaceful methods, while a Fascist does not believe in socialism. The Fascist is the follower of a Fuhrer, his outlook is extremely narrow and nationalist, while he is a part of a totalitarian type of government.

(2) Assassination is murder having the element of treachery and cold pre-planning in it. Thus a man may be murdered in a scuffle, but Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated.

(3) A spy is one who goes in disguise into enemy's camp or territories to inspect works, watch movements etc. and report the result; a traitor is one who acts disloyally against his own king, country or government, while a seditionist is one who agitates openly against the authority of the government of his country inciting rebellion or breach of the public peace.

(4) Born—Coming into the world by birth Borne—To carry Bourn—Boundry.

(5) Reverent means showing submission, while revered means worthy of reverence, and is used specially when addressing the clergy. \

(6) Dough means a mass of flour or meal moistened and kneaded but not baked ;

Doe is a female of an antelope, rabbit or hare. Dhow is an Arab vessel used on the East African

coast.

n o JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

SQ (a) Rudyard Kipling (6) H. G. Wells (c) Bankim r ( l i ghatterU (<*) Sir J. Jeans (e) Wendel Wilkie (/) ? h ^ a e s r g a r d y e r ! , ) KaUda (A) Firdausi (j) Daniel Defoe (j) Goethe (fc) Rudyard Kiphng (I) Aravindo Ghosh.

40 Painters : Corot (French) ; Goya (Spanish) Leonardo da Vincy (Italian); Van Gogh (Dutch); Titian (Italian).

Composers : Stravinsky (Russian) ; Debussy (French)

Writers : Sinclair Lewis (American) ; De Quincy (English) ; Walt Whitman (American); Pushkin (Russian).

Scientists : Harvey (English) ; Rutherford (English).

Sculptors : Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian) ; Phidias (Greek).

41. (a) Sir Nevile Meyrick Henderson (6) Subhash Chandar Bose (c) Chamberlain (d) Joseph Rudyard Kipling (e) Voltaire (J) Victore Hugo (g) Miss Mayo (h) L. Lajgat. Rai (t) Count Tolstoy (j) Bankim Chander Chatterji.

42. (a) The proof of the pudding is in the eating (b) A cat may look at a king (c) Pennywise, pound foolish (d) Bird of a feather fly together (e) It is an ill wind that blows nobody any goo'd ( /) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy (g) Nothing venture, nothing have (h) It is love that makes the world go mad (i) Blood is thicker than water (j) Second thoughts are best.

, 43. (a) John Milton (b) Emily Bronte (c) Alfred Lord Tennyson (d) Lewis Carrol (e) Sir Conan Doyle ( / ) Compton Mackenzie (g) Jonathan Swift (h) George Bernard Shaw (t) Charles Reade (j) Sir Conan Doyle (fc)

'. Rudyard Kipling.

44. Plato : Athenian Philosopher. Xenophon : Greek historian, philosopher and soldier. Cicero : Roman Orator, writer and statesman. Alighieri Dante : Italian poet. Alexander Dumas : French novelist and dramatist.

tf


Anatole France : French poet, novelist and short story writer.

Victor Hugo : French poet, novelist and dramatist. Romain Rolland : French novelist and dramatist. Karl Marx : German philosopher and socialist. Joseph Addison : English essayist and poet. Charles Darwin : English scientist. John Galsworthy : English novelist and dramatist. John Keats : English poet. William Somerset Maugham : English dramatist and

short story writer. William Shakespeare : English dramatist and poet. Jonathan Swift : English satirical writer and church

man T. S. Eliot : American born poet and critic. Ralph Waldo Emerson : American poet and essayist. Upton Sinclair . American novelist. George Santayana : Spanish philosopher. Maxim Gorky .- Russian novelist, short story writer

and dramatist. i Leo Tolstoy : Russian novelist, playwright, short story

writer and essayist. • Miguel de Cervantes : Spanish novelist. Omar Khayyam : Persian astronomer and poet.

45. (a) Kadambri was written by Bana in Sanskrit. (6) The language of Guru Granth Sahib is a mixture of

Braj Bhasha, Punjabi and Kkari Boli. (c) Narsi-lci-Mira is in Hindi by Mira-Bai, the famous

Hindi Poetess. (d) Durgeshnandani in Bengali by Bankim Chandra

Chatterjee. (c) Gora in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore. (/) Bana Sural Singh is in Pubjabi by Bhai Vir Singh. (g) Ab-i-Iliyat by Mohd. Hussain Azad in Urdu.

46. (a) Henry W. Longfellow (6) Alfred Tennyson.

(c) Sir Walter Scott (d) Thomas Gray (e) William Cowper


(/) Lord Byron (g) William Wordsworth (A) Alfred Tennyson (i) Lord Byron (j) William Cowper (it) Richard Lovelace (I) William Cowper (TO) John Keats

47. (a) Popular (b) Red Tape (c) Sterilize {d) Wild (e) Soliloquy ( / ) Rebels (g) Migratory (/<) Obsolete (i) Notorious (j) Postmortem (k) Omnipotent (I) Panacea (TO) Parasite [n) Irrelavant (o) gala day.

48. (a) To bear the burnt of is to endure the chief stress of the attack. As they left me at their approach I had to bear the brunt of his reproaches.

(b) To bury the hatchet is to make peace ; to cease from a strife. This phrase is derived from the practice of the Red Indians to bury their hatchets and other weapons of war when they smoked 'peace pipe' and made peace between warring tribes. Our quarrel has gone -on too long ; let us now bury the hatchet.

(c) To buy a pig in a pork is to buy a thing without previously examining it to see what the real value of the article may be. I must first of all know if the clock is all right. I am not going to buy a pig in a pork.

(d) To feather one's nest is to provide for oneself in a dishonest manner. It is seen that sometimes some income-tax collectors show more zeal for feathering their own nests than for the government revenue.

(e) To husband one's resources is to manage one's means is an economical way Every householder should husband his resources and should not run into needless expenses.

(/) To nip in the bud is to destroy in the early stages of growth or development. The agrarian movement in some of the villages in the Punjab was nipped in the bud.

(g) To see a thing through coloured spectacles is to look upon it favourably because of one's illusions. In youth every one looks at life through coloured spectacles so

r

LITERATURE (ANSWERS) 9 3 '

that every man appears to be honest and every fair girl a nymph.

(h) To split hairs is to make subtle and useless discrimination. I am not going to split hairs with you about the time of his arrival. After all, it matters little whether he is expected at ten or quarter past ten.

(0 To take a thing to heart is to feel it deeply. He has taken to heart your calculated avoidance of his company.

0') To pour oil on troubled waters is to soothe or calm anger etc. He poured oil on troubled waters by pointing out that none of the men who were quarrelling were really in the wrong.

(&) To hang in the balance is to be in a state of great uncertainty. His fate is trembling in the balance for a favourable decision as likely as an unfavourable one.

(0 To steal a march is to gain an advantage over another covertly. I stole a march over my rival arriving ealier for the appointment and thus secured the first interview.

(w) To show white feather is to show signs of cowardi c e . CI should not have liked the boy to shoiu the white feather'—Rider Haggard. Though he was stronger than me and better armed, I made up my mind not to show the white feather, come what may.

49. (a) Fushin : Fusion ('->) Advisor : Adviser (c) Elysiam : Elysium (d) Fairie : Fairy (e) Sybl : Sibyl (/) Petulent: Petulant (g) Bountious : Bounteous (A) Eccleciastic : Ecclesiastic (*) Dafodil : Daffodil 0 ) Salable : Saleable (k) Bazar : Bazzar, also Bazar (/) Allitteration : Alliteration

(»«) Acqiesce: Acquiesce

50. (a) Argus Eyed means very quick of eye, jealously watchful. Argus was a fabled monster with hundred eyes


in Greek mythology. He was set by Juno to watch Io of whom she was jealous, but who was loved by Zeus.

(6) To cleanse the Augean Stables. This term means:-To clear away an accumulated mass of corruption ; to remove a nuisance or scandal which seemed irremovable. In Greek mythology, one of the 'labours' of Hercules was the cleansing of the Augean stable. Augeas, king of Elis, had a stable occupied by three thousand oxen which had not been cleansed for thirty years. Hercules caused two rivers to run through them and thus all the accumulated filth etc., was removed off. So the term cleansing of the Augean stables comes from this allusion to the labours of Hercules.

(c) A blue stocking means a lady with literary pretensions. It is derived from the Blue Stocking Society, a name given to meetings about 1750 at the house of Miss Montague, and others to talk on literature etc., without playing cards as the ladies of that era usually used to do.

(d) A dog in the manger policy. This is derived from the fable of the dog and the ox in Aesop's Fables. Once a dog made his bed in a manger of hay and when the ox came near to eat the hay, the dog barked at it. The ox pointed out how the dog was not eating the hay itself, nor allowing him to eat it. So a dog-in the manger policy is that which makes a man disallow others to use a thing which he himself does not want to use.

(e) A good Samaritan is a hospitable person who befriends a stranger or an helpless person in difficulties. The allusion is to Jesus Christ's parable of the Good Samaritan. The Samaritans were a people who lived in Palestine. The Jews hated them. One day a Jew travelling from Jerusalem to Jericho fell among thieves who stripped him of everything, wounded him and left him. A priest passsd by but paid no heed to the cries of the man. A Livite did the same. Then a Samaritan came upon the scene. He befriended the man.

(/) Indian File means one after another, in single file. The Red Indians while on march proceeded in single files, hence it is so called.


(?) A white elephant. White elephants are rare. It is said that formerly when the kings of Siam wanted to reduce any of their courtiers to poverty, they used to present him with a white elephant. Now a royal gift could not be refused. As the upkeep of an elephant, specially that of the sacred white elephant which cannot be put to any use—costs a good deal, soon the courtier would fall in distress. So a white elephant means an injurious dignity or distinction that proves too costly to support. Example : A European wife often proves a white elephant to an Indian husband.

(h) An apple of Discord. This term is derived from a mythological story. One day, Iris, the goddess of discord, threw a golden apple on which was inscribed "For" the Fairest" in the assembly of gods. Three goddesses, Juno {goddess of wealth), Minerva (goddess of wisdom), and Venus (goddess of love), contended for the apple. At last, • Paris, son of Priam, gave it to Venus. For this he incurred the enmity of Juno and Minerva and ultimately Troy was destroyed and Paris was killed. So metaphorically this phrase means a subject of envy, and contention, of strife aqd discord, .

(i) Penelop's web is some work which never seems to come to an end. The reference is to the story of Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, who in order to put off her suitors, stipulated that she would take a new husband after she had finished the weaving'of her web. As she unravelled at night what she had woven during the day the work was never finished.

51. (a) Take, Receive. To take a thing is to lay hold of i t ; to receive a thing is to accept its delivery when it is offered.

e. <7V He took a pen from the table. He received a letter from his brother.

(6) Temperament, Temperance, Temperature Temperament is disposition, temperance means moderation, temperature is the degree of any quality, specially of heat or cold.


in Greek mythology. He was set by Juno to watch lo of whom she was jealous, but who was loved by Zeus.

(6) To cleanse the Augean Stables. This term means:-To clear away an accumulated mass of corruption ; to remove a nuisance or scandal which seemed irremovable. In Greek mythology, one of the'labours'of Hercules was the cleansing of the Augean stable. Augeas, king of Elis, had a stable occupied by three thousand oxen which had not been cleansed for thirty years. Hercules caused two rivers to run through them and thus all the accumulated filth etc., was removed off. So the term cleansing of the Augean stables comes from this allusion to the labours of Hercules.

(c) A blue stocking means a lady with literary pretensions. It is derived from the Blue Stocking Society, a name given to meetings about 1750 at the house of Miss Montague, and others to talk on literature etc., without playing cards as the ladies of that era usually used to do.

(d) A dog in the manger policy. This is derived from the fable of the dog and the ox in Aesop's Fables. Once a dog made his bed in a manger of hay and when the ox came near to eat the hay, the dog barked at it. The ox pointed out how the dog was not eating the hay itself, nor allowing him to eat it. So a dog-in the manger policy is that which makes a man disallow others to use a thing which he himself does not want to use.

(e) A good Samaritan is a hospitable person who befriends a stranger or an helpless person in difficulties. The allusion is to Jesus Christ's parable of the Good Samaritan. The Samaritans were a people who lived in Palestine. The Jews hated them. One day a Jew travelling from Jerusalem to Jericho fell among thieves who stripped him of everything, wounded him and left him. A priest passsd by but paid no heed to the cries of the man. A Livite did the same. Then a Samaritan came upon the scene. He befriended the man.

(/) Indian File means one after another, in single file. The Red Indians while on march proceeded in single files, hence it is so called.


(g) A white elephant. White elephants are rare. It is said that formerly when the kings of Siam wanted to reduce any of their courtiers to poverty, they used to present him with a white elephant. Now a royal gift could not be refused. As the upkeep of an elephant, specially that of the sacred white elephant which cannot be put to any use—costs a good deal, soon the courtier would fall in distress. So a white elephant means an injurious dignity or distinction that proves too costly to support. Example : A European wife often proves a white elephant to an Indian husband.

(h) An apple of Discord. This term is derived from a mythological story. One day, Iris, the goddess of discord, threw a golden apple on which was inscribed "For the Fairest" in the assembly of gods. Three goddesses, Juno (goddess of wealth), Minerva (goddess of wisdom), and Venus (goddess of love), contended for the apple. At last, * Paris, son of Priam, gave it to Venus. For this he incurred the enmity of Juno and Minerva and ultimately Troy was destroyed and Paris was killed. So metaphorically this phrase means a subject of envy, and contention, of strife aqd discord^ . ~

(i) Penelop's web is some work which never seems to come to an end. The reference is to the story of Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, who in order to put off her suitors, stipulated that she would take a new husband after she had finished the weaving'of her web. As she unravelled at night what she had woven during the day the work was never finished.

51. (a) Take, Receive. To take a thing is to lay hold of i t ; to receive a thing is to accept its delivery when it is offered.

e. g> He took a pen from the table. He received a letter from his brother.

(6) Temperament, Temperance, Temperature Temperament is disposition, temperance means moderation, temperature is the degree of any quality, specially of heat or cold.


e g. He has the artistic temperament which is so uncertain.

Men who have temperance ingrained in their nature do not easily fly into rage.

The temperature of Jacobabad often rises to 1180

in summer. (c) Trade, Commerce. Trade is carried on within

or without a country on a large or small scale. Commerce is carried on between different countries on a large scale.

In transactions of trade it is not to be supposed that, as in gambling, what one party gains the other must necessarily lose. The gain to each may be equal —Franklin

Commerce defies every wind, outrides every tempest and invades every zone—Bancroft.

Commerce tends to wear off these prejudices which maintain destruction and animosity between nations.

—Roberston (d) Truce, Treaty. Truce is just a suspension of hosti

lities between two armies and treaty is a more formal and prolonged arrangement than truce.

e.g., On Christmas Eve there was a truce between the two armies, but hostilities were resumed after two days.

By a treaty Germany agreed to cede certain islands in the Pacific to Japan.

(e) Verbal, Verbose. Verbal means relating to words ; Verbose means abounding in words.

e.g., There should be no fundamental difference between these two principles; the difference is merely Verbal.

He has a verbose style, he does not know that 'brevity is the soul of wit.'

(f) Wages, Salary, Fee. W ages means the money paid to working men and servants ; salary is the money paid at regular intervals to professional people like officials, clerks etc. ; fee is what is paid to a doctor, lawyer, or similar professional people for special service ;


e. g., Low xoages was the main reason for the discontent among the labourers.

The superintendent draws a salary of Rs. 400/- per month.

The doctor's fee is Rs. 16/- per call. (g) Womanly- Womanish. The former is used in a

good sense, the latter in a bad sense. e.g.., The noble lady, Ahlya Bai was endowed with

all the fine womanly qualities. There are many people who try to be as womanish in

their appearance as possible. {h) Wreck, Wreak. To wreck is to ruin or destroy, to

wreak is to avenge or put in operation (Vengeance, rage etc.) ;

e. g.. The house was wrecked by earthquake. I wreaked a bitter vengeance upon my enemies.

(*) Yearn, Crave. To crave is to beg for something, to yearn is to be filled with longing or compassion etc. ;

e.g., The mother yearns for a sight of her absent child. The villain craved for pardon.

• (j) Respectful, Respectable, Respective. Respectful means full of respect, respectable means worthy of respect and respective means relating to a particular person, thing etc.

e.g., it is our duty to be respectful to our parents. He comes of a respectable family. After the game was oter the boys returned to their

respective houses. (k) Recollect, Remember. To recollect is to succeed

in remembering. A thing which we have almost forgotten is recollected. To remember is to retain in memory, not to forget.

e.g, He recollected the half-forgotten dim memories of his childhood. I cannot but remember such things were, that were most precious to me—Shakespeare.

(I) Quantity, number. We have a quantity of that which can be measured but not counted, and a number of that which can be counted but not measured;


e.g., We speak of a quantity of milk, but not of a number of milk. Again, we speak of a number of books, not of a quantity of books.

(wi) Principal, Principle. We have the Principal of a College, or the principal men of the city ; Principle means 'a settled rule of action', or a fundamental truth ;

e. g., Expedients are for the hour, principles for the age— Bucher. The value of a principle is the number of things it will explain and there is no good theoty of a disease which does not atonce suggest a cure—Emerson.

{n) People, A People, The People. . People means persons generally, A people means a

nation ; and the people means cthe popular classes' or the masses,

e.g., I don't like your saying things to people without meaning them.

The Germans are a proud people. The people of India want peace, but not at the cost of their honour.

52. (a) Pseudonym is a fictitious name sometimes assumed by writers and others ;

e.g., Currer Bell was the pseudonym of Charlotte Bronte 'f;'ia „. . t » » „ Charles Lamb

George Shot „ „ ^ M a r y ^ Qf

Vernon Lee „ Marian Evans

Anatole France " " T, " ^ , » » Jacques Anatole

„x ^ . ' Thibault (b) Caricature. This term refers to the particular

S i v i d l l t S 1 1 : ? aW r i t U , g W h k h s izes 'upoScer ta in

p f o d u ^ r S o u a e f f ? c e t S ° ? n a l dt h r 0 U 8 h « « « * »

• is usuallv assoriar^H „,;,v,A • m o d e r ° times caricature is uually associated with drawing cartoons than with writing.

h a s h e d " a ^ l S s r ^ ^ ^ P ° s i t i o n w h * h

superior and mark d S a f v C V° m i i t e m u r e f ° r ! " has produced such a m a s S n S ? -1CS\ A n a u t h o r w ^ ° The 'Paradise Lost' in S S T v . , " ^ °£hd * clafSiC' cngnsn, Valmiki's 'Ramayana' or

LITERATURE (ANSWERS) 9 9

Kalidasa's 'Shakuntla' in Sanskrit or Tulsi Das's Ramayana in Hindi are all classics.

(d) A Canto is a division or section of a long poem. Byron's Childe Harlod's Pilgrimage is divided into cantos.

(e) An Allegory is the description or illustration of one thing in terms of another, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is an Allegory.

( / ) Comedy is that form of drama which represents-the lighter or more laughable aspects of human action and character. Generally speaking it is the opposite of tragedy which presents the serious and sorrowful elements in life. Example ; Shakespeare's As you Like, it.

(g) A mock Epic is a literary work in which the epic or heroic tradition is ridiculed or mocked. Pope's Raft, of the Lock, Byron's Don Juan are Mock Epics.

(h) Psalm is a sacred song, usually in a lyrical form. Thus we have Longfellow's Psalm of Life from which we give an extract below

Tell me not in mournful numbers Life is but an empty dream ! For the soul is dead that slumbers And things are not what they seern

(i) A Romance, is any highly coloured prose fiction remote from the conditions ot everyday life. This term is also applied to the lengthy stories in verse and prose which became popular in France and spread to other parts of Europe in Medieval times. Stories of King Arthur and his Round Table, as also those of King Charlemagne are all romances. Orlando Furioso by Ariosto is a Romance. Bana's Kadamiri is a great romance.

( j ) Utopia is the name given by Sir Thomas More to the .imaginary commonwealth described in his "Utopia," and hence applied to similar dream countries of other writers ; e.g., "Plato's Republic," Bacon's 'Atlantis' and Capnella's 'City of the Sun.'

53, ^Some most impDrtant works of the authors are giv en against each.


(o) Millon : Paradise Lost (6) Kalidas : Shakuntala, Raghuvansha/W* (c) Tulsidas : Ram-Charit Manas, Kavitavli (d) K. M. Munshi : Verni Vasulat, Jai Somnath (e) Munshi Prem Chand : Godan, Rang Bhumi (/) <SJV Mohd Iqbal : Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jabreel (g) Mahatma Gandhi : My Experiments with Truth {h) Pt. Jawaharlal : Autobiography. Discovery of Indi a

54. (a) Black as pilch (b) Brittle as glass (c) Cool as cucumber (d) Deaf as a post (e) Light as a feather

(/) Fresh as a rose (?) Harmless as a dove (h) Mute as a fish (i) Ripe as a cherry

(j) Soft as down (k) Timid as zhaie (?) Watchful as a hawk

(m) Wet as a drowned lat (n) Wise as Solomon (o) Yielding as wax (p) Tough as leather

55. (a) An Amazon. A masculine woman is called an amazon The Amazons in Greek mythology were a fabled race of female warriors They were reputed to cut off one breast in order to be able to shoot better.

(b) A Bayard means a high-minded and chivalrous gentheman. Bayard (1475-1529) was a knight of the Middle Ages, without fear and without reproach

(c) A Daniel means a very wise judge Daniel was a Jewish patriarch of infallible wisdom descffbed in the wSc

t h e ( ™ r c T a s f a w h m e a n S a r a k e o r l i b e r d n e > »P~iaUy of a m a S l a d f e s A n 1S

TVery- q u i c k *t falling in love and

D T Z ! ^ - a n o K r w h o ™? °f 4 ^ ^ scandalous love ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^


(e) A Hamlet. A person who is too much given to thought and cannot make up his mind to act. Hamlet is the hero of Shakespeare's famous tragedy Hamlet.

(/) John Bull. The national nickname for an Englishman. He is usually satirized as a pugnacious, kind hearted and bull headed farmer.

(g) A Lucretia. A model of chastity, a woman preferring honour to life. She was the wife of Collotinus. As she was violated by Sextus, the son of Tarquin, she committed suicide.

(h) A Man Friday. A constant and submissive attendant, from Friday, the savage whom Robinson Crusoe trained as his servant in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.

(i) A Merry Andrew. A clown, a buffoon. It is derived from Andrew Borde, a physician to Henry VIII of England. This man was a queer combination of the scholar and the buffoon.

(j) A Shylock. A hard-hearted and exacting moneylender or miser, from Shylock the Jew, a character in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. He stipulated that he should take a pound of flesh from the body of Antonio if he failed to repay a loan in time.

(&) A Yahoo. A coarse person of bestial passions and habits, from the Yahoos, who were brutes in human shape, described by Swift in Gulliver's Travels.

(I) A Vandal. A wilful and ignorant destroyer of works of art. The Vandals were a Germanic race who ravaged Gaul, Spain, North Africa and Rome, destroying many priceless books and great works of art.

(m) The heel of Achilles. The vulnerable or weak point in a man's character or in a nation. Achilles, the Greek hero had a weak point, which was his heel. It was here that he was struck by a poisonous arrow from the bow of Paris, and this killed him. No harm could be done to him if he was struck elsewhere.

(n) Between Scylla and Charbydis. Between two dangers. If one escapes from one, he goes to the other. Scylla was a six headed monster living on a rock and

102 JUNIOR GENERAL. KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Charbydis was a whirlpool so placed on opposite sides of the straits of Messina that it was hard to steer clear ot one without being caught by the other.

(o) A Lilliputian. A dimunitive person or thing, fr°m

the country of Lilliput described by Swift in his Gulliver's Travels. These were a very small people about six inches high appearing to be like so many dolls to a normal sized man.

56. Bunyan's Pilgrims Progress. This book is written as an allegory which takes the form of a dream by the author. The chief character, Christian, on the advice of Evangelist, flees from the city of Destruction and passes on his pilgrimage through the Slough of Despond, the Valley of Humiliation, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, Vanity Fair, the Delectable Mountains, the House Beautiful, the country of Beulah and reaches the Celestial City.

Similarly, Christian's wife, Christiana, moved by a vision sets out with her children on the same pilgrimage with her

• neighbour Mercy.

57. Ashvaghoshe lived in the second century A D. Most important works : Budha Charita and Saundrananda.

(b) Bhasa lived about the 4th or 5th century A.D. : Most well known of his work is Swapnavasvdalla.

(c) Mira Bai lived in the sixteenth century, from about 1517 to 1573. Well known works : Narsi-ki-Mira, Rag Sorath ke Pad, Rag Govind, Gitagovind ki Tika.

{d) Sur Das lived between the fifteenth and sixteenth century (1484 -1564). Works : Sahila Lahri, Sur Sarwzli, Sur Sagar.

(e) Chand Bardai was a contcmoorary of Piithviraj Chauhan. Important work : Prithviraj Raso.

(/) Ayodhya Singh Upadhyaya has died recently. Lived 1865-1947. works: Priya Pravxs, Chaukhe. Chubhle, Chaxpade Oiaupade etc.

(g) Bankim Chandra Chatterji lived 1839-1893. Works: Anand Math, Durgeshnandni, Mirinalini, Ilnjsingh, Sitaram etc.,

LITERATURE (ANSWERS) 10 3

(i) Samarath Swami Ram Das lived in the seventeenth century (1608-1681). Works : Karunashtak, Daehbodh.

(J) Khawaja Altaf Hussain Hali, li%'ed mainly during the nineteenth century (1837-1914). Works : The Musudas-v Hali, Shikvai Halt, Diwan-i-Hali etc

(k) Ratan Nath Dar Sarshar lived during the nineteeth century. Works: Fisana-i-Azad, Karam-Dham, BicMi Dulhan.

58. (a) (i) To boycott—To refuse to have any dealing with a person, a country or a thing.

This word is derived from one Captain Bycott of Ireland who was similarly treated by the Irish League in 1830 for his anti-Irish activities.

(ti) To hector—To bully. Hector, the Trojan hero, was wrongly supposed to have behaved like a bully, hence this expression after his name.

(IIJ) To Sandwitch—To insert one thing between two different things.

(iv) To pander—To be basely subservient; to cater to the baser propensities of one. This word comes from Pandarus, the uncle of Cressida, who acted as a pimp in the story Troilus and Cressida.

(v) To burke—To smother ; to pass over in silence. Burke was an Edinburgh criminal, and he and his gang used to smother their victims so that the bodies may show no tell tale marks.

(vi) To meander: To wind; to have an intricate course. This word comes from the winding course of the river Meander in Phrygia.

(vii) To tantalize—To tease, vex or torment by false hopes. Tantalus was a king of Lydia. For his many sins he was tortured by the gods in Hades. He was doomed to be consumed with a raging thirst and ail intolerable hunger. He had to stand in a stream of pure water and over his head hung a branch containing ripe fruit. As soon as he wou}d stoop down to drink the water

I 0 4 JDNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

would sink out of his reach and similarly the branch of the tree would shoot upwards as he would try to catch it.

(viii) To inchcape—To retrench. This word has been coined after Lord Inchcape who was Chairman of a Retrenchment Commission that came out to India in the early twenties of this century.

59. (a) Mealy mouthed fellow is a timid sort of fellow afraid to speak the plain truth in plain language, but speaks with a feigned delicacy of speech.

(6) Light literature is novels, stories, plays etc. which do not require much exertion on our part to understand and enjoy.

(c) A left handed compliment is a disparaging and sneering personal remark. It is anything but a compliment.

(d) A laughing stock is a butt of ridicule ; one at whom people always laugh.

(e) An oily tongue is a smooth flattering tongue. (/) A password is a word privately agreed upon before

hand which must be uttered by one who wants to pass the gate of a fort, of a palace etc.

(g) A Red letter day is an auspicious fortunate day. (A) A racy style is a lively, piquant style of writing. (t) A rainy day is a time of adversity. 0 ) -4 riQht handed man is the chief helper or agent of a man.

(k) A saving clause is that which makes a reservation or contains the stipulation of exemption etc; a thing which contains a kind of loophole of escape in an agreement or gives some hope in a proclamation etc.

(/) Single Blessedness means the unmarried state. (TO) A slow coach is a dull idle fellow who makes but slow progress in everything.

(n) A sliaight laced person is one who is severely virtuous, morally scrupulous or puritanic.

(o) A swan song. It was formerly believed that the swan would sing sweetly before dying. So the last great effort of a man who is much appreciated is called his swan-song.


60. (i) stitch : A stitch in time saves nine. {ii) Desperate diseases : Desperate diseases require

desperate remedies. (Hi) Beggars cannot: Beggars cannot be choosers. (iv) First deserve : First deserve, then desire. {v) Faint heart : Faint heart never won fair lady,

(it) Hunger : Hunger is the best sauce. (vii) Grasp all : Grasp all, lose all.

(viii) Idleness : Idleness is the rust of mind, (/x) Idle mind : Idle mind is the devil's workshop. (x) Knowledge : Knowledge is power.

(xi) Habit : Habit is second nature. (xii) Caeser's wife : Caeser's wife must be above

suspicion. (xiii) A sleeping fox : A sleeping fox catches no

poultry. (xiv) Money : Money makes the mare go. (xv) New broom : New broom sweeps clean.

{xvi) Poverty : Poverty aquaints man with strange bed fellows.

(xvii) Time and tide : Time and tide wait for no man. (xviii) Worth: Worth makes the man, the want of it

the fellow. 61". Poets. (1) Shri Jaya Shanker Prasad wrote in Hindi,

work : Kamayani (2) Bhai Vir Singh wrote in Punjabi, work : Lehran de-har (3) Nawab Mirza Dag wrote in Urdu, work : Gulzar Dag.

Novelists. (1) Premchand wrote in Hindi. Work : Qodan (2) Bhagwati Charan Verma in Hindi. Work : Chifralekha (3) Sarat Chandra Chatterjee wrote in Bengali-work : Srikanta.

Dramatists. (1) Bhava Bhuti wrote in Sanskrit, work : Malati-Madhava (2) Munshi Raghunandandasa wrote in Maithili, work : Mailhila-natak (3) Shri P. Sambanda Mudaliar wrote in Tamil, work : Lilavati Sulochana.

62. (1) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves is one of the ™ost popular stories of the Arabian Nights. Forty thieves hved in a vast cave, the door of which opened and shut at


the words, "Open Sesame", "Shut Sesame". One day Ali Baba, a woodmonger. accidently discovered the secret while hiding behind a tree and made himself rich by carrying off gold and other valuables from the cave in the absence of the thieves. Kasim, the brotber-in-law of Ali Baba, got the secret, but forgot the secret words when he tried to come out. He was caught and beheaded.

The captain of the gang tried to find out the man who stole his valuables, but was always outwitted by Morgiana, Ali Baba's maid-servant. This woman poured boiling oil into jars, into which the thieves had hidden themselves, and killed the whole gang, along with their captain.

(2) Aladin is one of the celebrated characters in the Arabian Nights—an idolent and licentious youth, son of one Mustafa, a poor tailor of China.

One day an African magician met him and pretending to be his uncle, sent him to bring the "Wonderful Lamp," and at the same time gave him a ring of safety. Aladin got for him this lamp, but would not hand it over to him till he got out of the cave ; whereupon the magician shut him up in the cave and departed for Africa. Shut in the cave, Aladin wrung his hands in despair and happened to tub the ring, when lo \ A big genii stood with folded hands before him and asked his command. Aladin asked him to deliver him from the cave and carry him home. By means of the wonderful lamp Aladin got untold wealth, built a magnificient palace and married Badroulbodour, the Sultan's daughter. After a time the magician got possession of the lamp by a trick and caused the palace with its contents to be carried off to Africa. Ultimately Aladin succeeded in poisoning him and regained the lamp and his palace which was restored to its original place in China.

(3) Gulliver's Travels. This book written by Swift is a travel in Wonderland by Lemuel Gulliver, and is divided into four parts.

In the first part Gulliver, a surgeon on a merchant ship, relates his shipwreck on the island of Lilliput, the inhabitants of which are dwarfs, six inches high. Everything


on the island is in proportion to this height in comparison with what we know on our earth. The horses, the oxen, the trees, the dwelling houses, the fighting vessels of the kings of the island are all pigmy in stature. Owing to this diminutive scale everything in the island, e.g , the civil fueds of the inhabitants, the palace of the emperor, their fueds with their neighbours across the channel, their political fueds are all made to look ridiculous. Much of the book indirectly ridicules political party strifes of England of Swift's days.

In the 2nd part of the book, Gulliver is accidentally left ashore on Brobdingnag, where he comes across a people as tall as a church and he goes through several strange adventures as a pigmy would among such giants. In the third part he visits the flying island of Laputa, and its neighbouring continent and capital Lagado. Here in the island of sorceresses Gulliver is enabled to call up the ghosts -of the great men of old and discovers from their answers to his questions, the deceptions of history. The Strulbergs are endowed with immortality, but this boon proves a curse to them. The last, the fourth part, describes the country of the Houyhnhums, who are horses endowed with reason. Their simplicity and virtues are vividly contrasted with the disgusting brutality and bestiality of Yahoos, beasts in the shape of men.

(4) Treasure Island. This is a romance by Robert Louis. Stevenson—a tale of mutiny, piracy and buried treasure.

The mother of Jim Hawkins, who narrates the story, keeps an inn, somewhere on the west coast of England. An old buccaneer takes up his abode in the inn. He has a chest, in which he keeps a map, and which gives clue to the buried treasure of Captain Flint, a buccaneer like himself. Of this his former confederates are determined to take possession, but Hawkins outwits them, secures the map and hands it over to Squire Trelawney. They set sail in the ship "Hispaniola" in search of the buried treasure, but unfortunately, the buccaneers, under their one legged leader, John Silver, become the crew of the ship, which Hawkins discovers too late during the voyage. Fortunately Hawkins


overhears their plot and when John Silver heads the mutiny and runs up the black flag, the Jolly Roger, Squire Trelawny and his friends are prepared to meet tbem and thwart their designs. Ultimately they secure the treasure.

(5) Cinderalla is the heroine of a fairy tale from the French book of Perrault.

The girl is cruelly used by her stepmother and her two* step sisters and kept as a drudge of the house. Once her step sisters having gone to a ball, she is left crying at home. Her fairy god-mother arrives and sends her to the ball on condition that she returns before the stroke of twelve. At the ball the prince falls in love with her, but at midnight she hurries away and drops one of her glass slippers. The prince announces that he would marry her whom the slipper fits. To the discomfiture of the step sisters the slipper is found only to fit Cinderella, who marries the prince.

63. (a)H. G.Wells wrote "Shape of Things to come", (6) "The Good Earth" was written by Pearl Buck (c) "Gone with the Wind" was written by Margaret Mitchell (d) "Moby Dick" by Herman Melville (e) "Adventure of Tom Sawyer" by Mark Twain (/) ""The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" by Edward Gibbon (g) Caeser and Cleopatra by G.B. Shaw, (h) "Antony and Cleopatra" by Shakespeare (i) 'Puck of Pooks Hill" is by Rudyard Kipling (j) Dasabodha was written by Guru Ram Das Samarth (k) Rajtrangni by Kalhana {I) Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazal.

64. Goethe was a German poet. His most well known works are : Wilhehn Meister, Sorrows of Wether and Faust; Sheikh Sadi was a Persian poet. His most well known works are Gulistan and Bostan; Voltaire was a French poet and dramatist. His best known works are : Zadig and Candide ; Homer was a Greek wandering ministrel. His famous works are : The Iliad and the Odyssey ; Dante, the Italian poet is famous for his Divine Comedy ; Ibsen was a Norwegian dramatist. His well known works are : A Doll's House, Pillars of Society etc ; Aesop was a Greek known for his universally read Fables ; Alexander .Dumas was a French novelist whose Count of Monte

LITERATURE (ANSWERS) IC9

Christo and The Three Muheteers are read by us all ; Count Tolstoi was a Russian, famous for his well known "War and Peace" and his famous novel Anna Karenina ; Zoroster was a Persian prophet with whom we associate the Zend Avasta ; Sir Walter Scott, an English poet and novelist wrote the great Waverly novels ; K. M. Pannikar, is a great literary luminary of Malabar and has written his works in Malayalam, most well known of which are . Pankinkarin-arayam, Mandodri, Bhishma, Dhruvaswamini etc ; Firdausi was a Persian poet who wrote the great Shahnama ; Babar, the Great Mughal conqueror of Hindustan, belonged to the Chughtai section of the Turkish race. His great written work is this "Memoirs"' called also the Tuzuk-i-Babri; Albiuni the Persian scholar who accompanied Mahmud on his expeditions to India wrote his famous book Tahkik-i-Hind.

65. Poets : Amir Khusro, Jai Shankar Prasad, Rabindra Nath' Tagore, Mirza Ghalib, Shri Ramalingam.

Epic Poets : Kalidasa, Valmiki. Saint Poets : Kabir, Mira Bai, Sur Das, Nam dev. Novelists : Bhartendu Harish Chandra, Munshi Prem

Chand, Jai Shankar Prasad, Bankim Chander Chatterji, Rabindranath Tagore, K. M. Munshi, Shri Ramalingam

Historians : K. M. Munshi, Beni Prasad Short Story Writers : Jai Shankar Prasad, Prem Chand,

Rabindranath Tagore Biographers : K. M. Munshi. Autobiographers : K. M. Munshi, Ramalinga ; Dramatists : Kalidasa, Bhavabhuti, Bhartendu Harish

•Chandra, Jai Shankar Prasad, Rabindranath Tagore

WHO IS WHO

WHO IS WHO Q. i . (a) What do you know of the following ?' W r - t e

briefly. (i) Sheikh Mohammad Abdulla

{u) Stalin r m „ /-' (b) Name the Commander-in-Chief of the A1™? m

I n d i a . i ,. . . (c) Name the Commander-in-Chief of the I n m a n Aa. (

Force • ^ (d) Name the Commander-in-Chief of the I n d l a n

Navy. , p . . (e) Name the recent winner of the Stalin Peace x ' ' (j) Who is the Governor of the Punjab (India); (g) Name the Chief Minister of Madras. (h) Name the Prime Minister of the U. S. S. R; (i) Name the'Governor of West Bengal.

Q. 2. What positions are held by the following • (a) Mr. Dulles (g) Mr. Moloto\' (b) Professor Ahmad (h) Marshal TitP ^.i

(c) Shri Rajeshwar Dayal Noon "*' . , (d> Shri R. N. Bannerjee (j) Dr. Lakhm«m a s w a m I

(e) Dr. Radhakrishnan Mudaliar. ^'sjf,'' ( / ) Mr. Anthony Eden v ^

, ,QJ ( 1 and 2 set in Military Services Wing E x u d a t i o n 1953'(for Admission to The National D e f e n c e / c a d e m y ;

SijQ. 3. In which connection have you hear^J . ..™f following. > iGive answer about each in one or < ^° > only V M

(°)u$r Gla'dwyn Jebb< (d) (Marshal*Tito ' ,, (6)«Mao Use. Tung , (e) John Foster Tn>}les

(«) Nahas Pasha ',#) Liaquat Altfi


(g) Gen. Eisenhower («) B. N. Rau (h) Acharya Kripalani (o) Torres Bodet (i) King Leopold {p) Manilal Gandhi ( j ) Vijay Hazare (g) Mrs. Hansa Mehta (fc) Soekarno (r) Tribhuvana Bir Bikram

. \l) Ho Chi-Minh Jang Bahadur Shah (m) Dr. Malan («) B. P. Koirala.

(Combined Exam. Military Wing 1950) etc. Q. 4, In what period did the following live, and what

is their title to fame ? (a) Guru Nanak (g) Kemal Ataturk (6) Todar Mai (ft) Nelson (c) Ram Mohan Roy (i) Sun-Yat Sen (d) Dayanand Saraswati (j) Trotsky (e) Willam Wilberforce (k) Elizabeth Bergner (/) Abraham Lincoln

Q. 5. What office is held, or was recently held by each of the following persons ?

(a) Shrimati Vijya Lakshmi Pandit (6) Sarojni Naidu (c) Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur (d) Mr, Dean Acheson (e) Major General J. N. Chowdhuri (/) Dr. K. N. Katju (g) G. S. Bajpai (h) Trygve Lie (i) Winston Churchill (j) Andree Vyshinsky (fc) Sheikh Abdullah (l) Dr. Ambedkar Q. 6. (a) Give the name of the Indian who has won

the Nobel Prize for his contribution to scientific knowledge. (fi) Give the name of an Indian who has won the

Nobel Prize for his contribution to literature. (c) Give the name of an Indian F. R. S. (d) Give the name of the last ex-queen of Egypt. (e) Give the name of three outstanding poets in Indian

languages.

WHO IS WHO 115

Q. 7. What are the following persons famous for ?—

(») Birbal Sahni (h) Isaac Newton

(in) James Watt (iv) Guglielmo Marconi (v) Alexander Graham Bell

Q. 6 and 7 set in Military Wing Examination 1953 for Admission to the National Defence Academy.

Q. 8. Write as briefly as possible about the character and achievements of the following :—

(a) Bismark (b) Frederick the Great (c) Alfred the Great

,(rf) Shivaji (e) Julius Caeser (/) Lord Kitchner

(g) Queen Elizabeth (h) Ashoka (i) Akbar (j) Francis Bacon (fc) Peter the Great

Q. 9. Who were the following :—

(a) Akanatan (6) Confucius (c) Lao Tse Tung (d) Pericles (e) Aristotle (/) Kautilya (Chanakya) (g) Nadir Shah (h) Tutenkhamen

(t) Chengiz Khan (j) Cicero (&) Tansen (Musician in

court of Akbar) (I) Mahavira

(m) Sariputta and Mahamogalan.

Q. 10. What is the importance of the following in the history of Science ?

(a) Darwin (b) Copernicus (c) Mendel (d) Pasteur (e) Sir C. V. Raman (/) Sir Jagdish Chander

Bose

(g) Freud (A) Benjamin Franklin (») Lord Rutherford U) Sir Alexander Flem

ing (k) Wasserman (I) Galileo

WHO IS WHO

Q. 15. What do you know of :— (a) General de Gaulle (b) Dr. Gallup (c) Mr. H. Evatt (d) Governor Dewey (?) President Soekarno (/) Hellen Keller (g) Admiral Jellicoe (h) Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (») Dr. Ralf Bunche (j) Ibn Batuta Ik) Atisa Dipamkara (I) Gen. Mohd. Neguib. Q. 16. Give the names of: (a) The Speaker of the Indian Parliament. (b) India's High Commissioner in the U. K. (c) The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India. (d) The Chief Justice of India. (e) The Defence Minister of India. (/) Governor of Uttar Pradesh. (g) Air Marshal Commanding Indian Air Force. {h) The Congiess President. (») The highest post in the Air Force held by an Indian. (j) The leader of the Socialist Party of India. (<fc) The leader of the Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh.

Q. 17 What positions do the following persons hold in their countries ? Mention also the names of the countries to which they belong.

(a) Robert Menzies (6) Syngman Rhee (c) John Kotelawala (d) Louis St. Laurent (e) Mr. Anthony Eden (/) Marshal Kliment E. Voroshilov (g) General-Juan Domingo Peron (/() Col. Nasser (») Herr Otto Grotewohl (j) Bao Dai (fc) Sir Fcroze Khan Noon

I l 6 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Q. i i . What military posts are the following holding or have held quite recently ?

(a) General Juin Alphonso (6) Adm. Fetchteler (c) Chu-Teh Id) Gen. Eisenhower (ej General Douglas MacArthur (/) Lieut Gen. Ridgway.

Q. 12. Name the following :— (a) Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (6) President of Indonesia (c) Sovereign of Holland (d) Governor of Singapore (e) Chancellor of West Germany (/) Prime Minister of Libya [g) Prime Minister of Ceylon (h) Chancellor of the Exchequer of the U. K. (i) Minister for Interior of the Union of South Africa (j) Indian Ambassador to China (k) Vice-President of India (J) Chief Minister of Pepsu

Q. 13. With what do you associate the following 'names ? Select any len.

(a) Lippershey (i) Bell (6) Kepler (j) Waterman (c) Newton (k) Roentgen (d) Davy (l) Curie (e) Dalton (w) Bohr (/) Morse (w) Baird (?) Mendel (o) Du Vigneard {h) Nobel

Q. 12 and Q. 13 set in Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Exam. August 1952.

Q. 14. Give the country, century and title to fame of :—

(a) Dr. Nansen {b) Sidney Webb (c> Captain Scott (d) Heniy Ford (e) Baden-Powell (/) Lenin (g) Rodin.

I l 8 ' JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(I) Elpidio Quirino (m) Cecal Bayar

Q. 18. Who is now— (a) The Home Minister of India (b) India's Ambassador in Peking (c) The Rajpramukh of Saurashtra (d) The Premier of South Africa (e) The Governor of Bombay (/) The Governor General of Pakistan (g) The spiritual head of the Ismailia Community of

Muslims (h) The Vice Chancellor of Delhi University (t) The Commander-in-Chief of India lj) The Chancellor of the Delhi University.

Q. 19. Give the names of the following : — (a) The discoverer of the cause of Malaria (6) The founder of homeopathy (c) The painter of cMona Lisa' (d) The King who built the Red Fort of Delhi (e) The King who built the Jama Masjid of Delhi (/) The King who built the Grand Trunk Road from

Calcutta to Peshawar (g) The composer who was famous for his Ninth

Symphony. (h) The Indian queen who is famous for her bhajans (i) The king who gave birth to the Marhatta nation (j) The founder of wireless telegraphy.

y Q . 20. Fill in the following :— (a) Nero who lived century...was an infamous......

because (6) Beethowen who lived century was a famous

...He was by nationality a (c) Madam Curie who lived century was a

famous she was the wife of (d) Sir Edwin Lutyens was a famous He is

remembered for (e) David Livingstone.- was a famous He

discovered

WHO IS WHO 119

(/) Euclid was a famous He flourished about century

(g) Marco Polo, an traveller, visited China in about...

(A) Vasco da Gama was a navigator. He visited India in

(«) The Pacific Ocean was discovered by a Spanish explorer in

(j) The Victoria falls were discovered by in......

Q. 21. Give the names of any ten of the following : —

(a) The smallest State in India which has a Legislative Assembly.

(6) The Indian Ambassador to Iran (c) The Governor of West Bengal (d) The Rajpramukh of Saurashtra (e) The first in line of succession to the British throne (/) The present Pope (g) The Supreme Commander of the Western European

Defence Forces (A) The Prime Minister of Pakistan (i) The Attorney General of India (j) The Prime Minister of Ceylon (k) The President of Spain (l) The national name of Siam

Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Examination 1952.

Q. 22. Name the present occupants of the following offices :—

(a) Secretary General of the United Nations (6) Indian ambassador to Indonesia (c) Prime Minister of Portugal (d) The Governor of Assam (e) The President of Indonesia (/) The leader of Her Majesty's Opposition in the House

of Commons (g) The Secretary of State of the U. S. A. (A) French Foreign Minister * (?) India's permanent representative in the U. N. O.

120 JDN10R GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

»-<J. 23. With what discoveries or inventions are the following names associated ?

(a) Rontgen (6) H. C. Urey (c) Max Planck (d) Sir Alexander Fleming (e) Copernicius (/) Galileo

•, (g) Dr. F. G. Banting.

Q. 24. With whose names are the following associated? (a) The Lady of the Lamp (6) The Black Prince (c)

The Iron Duke (d) Little Corporal (e) The Great Commoner (/) The Virgin Queen (g) John Bull [h) The Gloomy Dean (i) Man of Blood and Iron ( j ) Maid of Orleans (&) Scourge of God (I) Poet Laureate of Asia (MI) Morning Star of the English Reformation.

Q. 25. Following is a list of well known names promiscously compiled which includes

(a) some great painters and artists (6) musicians (c) novelists (d) scientists and inventors (e) soldiers and statesmen (/) historians (g) great preachers (h) discoverers (i) writers and poets. Arrange them under their proper headings.

Example Historians: Gibbon Thomas Hardy ; Edison ; Duke of Wellington, Wagner ;

Amundson ; Trevelyan ; Faraday; Nelson ; Kalhana ; Charles Dickens ; Confucious; Bankim Chander Chatterji ; Jamini Roy ; Einstein ; Rabindra Nath Tagore ; Goya, Julius Caeser ; Gordon, Gorky ; Hannibal ; Rembrandt; Lao Tse ; Livingstone ; Marconi; Borodin ; Rommel.

Q. 26. State who is the Secretary General of the Arab League.

(6) India's Foreign Secretary (c) The famous Negro who won the Nobel Prize for

Peace in 1950.

WHO IS WHO 121

(d) Head of the Chinese Nationalist Government now in Formosa.

(e) The Prime Minister of France. ( / ) The U. S. Secretary for Defence. (g) Chancellor of the British Exchequer. (A) Prime Minister of the Federal People's Republic of

Yugoslavia (i) The King of Nepal.

Q. 27. Name any ten of the following :— (a) Prime Minister of Persia. (6) U. N. Supreme Commander in Korea. (c) Winner of the Nobel Prize in medicine for 1951-(d) Governor-General of Pakistan. (e) U.S.A's Ambassador to India. (/) Prime Minister of Egypt. (17) Indian Ambassador to Persia. (h) Prime Minister of Burma. (i) King of Saudi Arabia. (j) President of the French Republic. (A-) Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. (0 Prime Minister of Japan.

Q. 28. Why are the following persons famous ? Select any ten.

(a) Lister ' (t) Freud (6) Pasteur (j) Watt

• (c) Davy • (-fc) J. C. Bose (d) Harvey (I) Rontgen (e) Banting. (m) Diesel ( / ) Darwin («) Lesseps (?) Mendel (o) Domagk (/») Ross

Q> 27 & 28 set in Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Examination 1952.

Q. 29. Who was or are :

(i) The Bravest of the Brave (tt) The Grand Old Man (England) ; The Grand Old

Man (India) ' '


(Hi) The King Maker (England) (iv) The King Makers (India) (v) Serpent of the Nile

(vi) John Company (vii) John Bull

(viii) Lady of the Threadneedle Street (ix) The Lion of Judah (x) The Light of the World

(xi) The Light of Asia (xii) The Last Hindu King of Delhi.

Q. 30. In what profession distinguished ?

(a) Omi Chand (6) Tan Sen (c) Birbal (d) John Gunther (e) Mr. Auther Moore (/) Sir Edward Elgar Q. 31. Of which countries

were or are the following

(g) Sir Christopher Wren (h) George Stephenson (t) G. S. Ohm (j) Jenner (k) Hahnemann

are or were the following kings or presidents ?

(i) King Frederik IX ; (ii) M. Gottwal; (Hi) Prince Boudin; (iv) King Abdel-el-Aziz Ibn Saud ; (v) King Mohammad Zahir Shah; li») Haile Salassi; (vii) King Ahmad Faud Ilnd ; (viii) Syngham Rhee ; (ix) Quirino ; (a;) Bhumibol Aduldej and (xi) Cecal Bayar.

Q. 32. Give the names of the following :— (a) The Indian king who sent missions to Ceylon and

China to propagate the Buddhist religion. (b) The English king who declared himself to be the

head of the Church in England. (c) The Muslim general who boasted that he would

catch the "mountain rat" dead or alive. (d) The American president who abolished slavery in

the United States. (e) The discoverer of Anti-rabictreatment. ( / ) The discoverer of the cause of the Malaria. (g) The last German emperor.

WHO IS WHO 123

(7i) The Negro who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.

Q. 33. What discoveries or inventions do you connect with the names of:—

(i) Commander Peary, (ii) Cavendish, (Hi) Hofmann, (iv) Priestley, (v) Roentgen, (vi) Becquarel, (vii) Han (viii) Bunsen (ix) Newton.

Q. 34. With which scientist do you associate the following discoveries and inventions.

(a) Synthetic penicillin (6) Sulfa drugs as bactericides. (c) Doctrine of the psycho-analysis. (d) Rabies prevention. (e) Vaccination for small pox. (/) Invention of the Cyclotron. (g) Special Theory of Relativity. (h) Law of Conservation of energy. (i) Laws of gravity. (j) First electric incandescent lamp. (k) Manufacture of aluminium by electrolitic action. (I) Invention of dynamite. (m) Manufacture of Hydrocholoric Acid. Q. 35. In what art is each of the following distin

guished. (a) Kalidasa (b) Ghalib (c) Sir Mohd. Iqbal (d)

Edmund Burke (e) Demosthenese (/) Shakespeare (g) William Makepiece Thackeray (h) Raphael (») Sinclair (j) Anatole France (k) Udai Shankar (I) Upton Sinclair.

Q. 36. Give the names of the following. (i) General MacArthur's successor

(ii) The Egyptian general who led a successful coup in Egypt,

(m) The Minister for Natural Resources and Scientific Research in the Government of India.

(iv) The foreign ministers who recently went to Geneva in connection with conferences on Korea and Indo-China.

124 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTIS

(v) The author of the most widely read English plays who died recently.

(vi) The President of Syria. (nit) The candidates to the U. S. Presidency in the

last elections in U. S. A. and the parties they represented.

(viii) The Prime Minister of Nepal, (t'a-) The line fixing the division of North and South

Korea. (x) The king of one of the Middle East countries who

has been forced to abdicate. (xi) The well known Secretary of State in the three

successive Roosevelt administration who won the Nobel Prize for Peace.

Q. 37. What discorery or invention was made by any ten of the following.

(») Copernicus (mi) Charles Darwin. (ii) Newton v (viii) Pasteur

(m) Kepler (t'a;) Harvey (iv) Fahrenheit (a;) Ronald Ross (t>) Marconi (xi) Baird (vi) Madame Curie (xn) Daimler

(Joint Service Wing Exam. 1952) Q. 38. (a) In the Government of India. Who is the

Minister in charge of ? (i) Planning and River Valley Schemes, Irrigation

and power. ., (it) The Minister for Rehabilitation.

(Hi) Thfi Minister for Agriculture. (iv) Administrator, Community Project Administration. (») The Minister for Works, Housing and Supply,

(6) Who is ? (*) The Speaker of India's Parliament ?

• (ii) Chief Justice of India. (Hi) The Governor of Reserve Bank of India. (iv) Commissioner of Scheduled Tribes. (v) The Solicitor General of India.

(vi) The Attorney-Gencial of India.

AVHO IS WHO 125

Q. 39. What are the following famous for ? Answer any fifteen.

(i) Cleopatra (xii) Magellan (it) Sven Hedin (xiii) Peary

(i»i) Sir J. C. Bose (xiv) Tasman, Gilbert (iv) Amundsen (xv) Murray (v) Sir Thomas Malory (xvi) Regnault

(vi) Hippocretes (xvii) John Stuart Mill (vii) Virgil (xviti) George Washington

(viii) Livingstone {x*x) Socrates (ix) Sir Frances Younghus- {xx) Gopal Krishan

band Gokhale (x) Shackleton {xxi) Vivekananda

(xi) Trotsky (Military Wing Exam. 1952)

Q. 40. With what do you associate any ten of the following names of persons or places in the political, social or cultural history of India.

(i) Mohanjo-daro (viii) Mir Jafar (u) Patlipuua [ix) Lord Macaulay

(lit) Kalinga (a.) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (vi) Shcr Shah (zi) Pandit Madan Mohan (v) Chitor Malaviya

(«0 Shahjahan (a;/») Sardar Vallabhbhai {vii) Todar Mai Patcl

(Joint Service Wing Exam. 1952) Q. 41. With what do you associate the following

names ? (a) Dalton (b) Harvey (c) Lister (d) Planck («) D. H. Lawrence (/) Volta (g> Nobel (A) Bell (i) Davy. U) Hoe (jfc) Freud.

(Indian Air Force Exam. Nov. 1951)

Q- 42. Give the names of any ten of the following, (a) The King who was assassinated in July, 1951. (6) Indian Ambassador to Italy (c) The largest railway station in the world. (d) The President of the Chinese Republic (e) The National Name of Japan 1

1 (/) The last Viceroy of India


(g) The leader of the Socialist Party of India. (h) The present King of Egypt. (i) The leader of the British Conservative Party (j) The Chief Minister of Bombay (k) The flagship of the Indian Navy (I) The President of Indonesia

(Indian Air Force Exam. 1951)

Q. 43. Name any fifteen of the following :— (i) Father of the Indian Nation

(it) Governor General of Pakistan (in) British High Commissioner in India (iv) Prime Minister of Australia (v) Lt. Governor of Himachal Pradesh

(vi) President of the Indian National Congress (vii) Speaker of the Parliament of India. (vii) Commander-in-Chief of the U. N. 0 . forces in

Korea. (ix) Prime Minister of Burma. (x) Finance Minister in the Government of India.

(xi) The Indian Hockey wizard. (xii) Discoverer of the North pole.

(xiii) The Emperor of Ethiopia. (xiv) Prime Minister of Japan (xv) The Ruler of the Netherlands.

(xvi) The foreign Minister of Pakistan. (xvii) The dictator of Spain.

(xviii) Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.

(Joint Services Wing Examination 1951) etc.

Q. '44. Name the following :— (a) The Indian Ambassador in France. (b) The Governor of Madhya Pradesh. (c) The Vice-Chancellor of the Banaras Hindu

University, (rf) President of the Prasiduim of the Supreme Soviet

of the U. S. S. R. (e) The Food Minister of the Indian Union. (Combined Exam. Military Wing and Air Force 1950.)

WHO IS WHO 127

Q. 45. Classify the following names according to their reference to orders of Chivalry, Man of letters, Divines, Statesmen, Travellers, Scientists, Musicians or social workers.

(a) G. K. Gokble (b) Florence Nightinglae (c) Faraday (d) Samudragupta (e) Mozart (/) Robert Browning (g) Bhavabhuti (h) Pericles (t) Robert Bridges

(j) Palmerston (k) Ramanuj (/) St Francis of Assessi

(?n) Julius Caeser (w) Rana Sanga (o) Alaxander Hamilton (p) Molotov (3) Capt. Scott (r) Goethe.

(Combined Exam. Military Wing & Air Force 1950)


•WHO'S WHO

1. (a) (») Sheikh Mohd. Abdulla, the former Prime Minister of Kashmir, but now in jail, was once the popular national leader of his people. Graduate of Aligarh University, he was for sometime a science teacher in the State High School. He next led the popular movement for enablishment of popular government in his state and was arrested several times, till after partition of the country be became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. He began manoeuvres for an independent Kashmir. For his activities he was first dismissed and then jailed.

(ii) Stalin, the late Prime Minister and Marshal of the Soviet Union, who died in 1953, was the son of a shoemaker. He rose to this august position by dint of hard work and immense sacrifices for the Communist cause, for which he was jailed several times and sent in exile to Siberia. As a close associate of Lenin he brought about the Bolshevik Revolution, which ended Czarism. His Five Year Plans which transformed Russia from a backward agricultural state into a modern industrial power arc world famous and are being imitated by us in India.

(b) Maharaj Shri Rejendra Singhji. (c) S. Mukerjee. (It was Sir G. M. Gibbs when the

paper was set). (d) Admiral Sir Mark Pizey. (c) Dr. Kitchlew. (/) Shri C. P. N. Singh.

, *It i« to be noted that many persons who held certain positions when the papers were set do not hold those positions now, the writer mentions only persons holding those positions now though these will be anachronisms in such cases.

128

WHO IS WHO (At^WERS) 129

(<7) Mr. Kamraj »Nadar (Shri Rajagopalacharya was the Prime Minister when the paper was set).

(/») Giorgi Maximilianovich Malenkov. (i) Shri H. C. Mookerji.

2. (a) Mr. John Foster Dulles is the Secretary of State of the U. S. A.

(b) Prof. Ahmad Bokhari is the Chief Pakistan delegate to the U. N.

(c) Shri Rajeshwar Dayal (was the Permanent Representative of India in the U. N. O. when the paper was set) now India's Ambassador to Yugoslavia.

(d) Shri R. N. Bannerjee is the chairman of the U. P. S. C.

(e) Dr. Radhakrishnan is the Vice-President of India. (/) Mr. Anthony Eden is the foreign secretary of the

U.K. (g) Mr. Molotov is the Minister for Foreign Affairs of *

the U. S. S. R. (h) Marshal Tito is the President of the People's »/

Republic of Yugoslavia. (i) Malik Ferozekhftn—Neon- is the Prime Minister of A,

West Punjab. .\ if*4>> *£+***** (j) Dr. Lakhmanaswami Mudaliar is Vice-Chancellor of

the Madras University.

3. {a) Sir Gladwyn Jebb. As Chief British Delegate 1/ to the Security Council. It was he who sponsered in the U. N., the resolution that points of difference on demili-tation of Kashmir must be decided by an arbitrator by his fiat.

(b) Mao Tse Tung. He is the Chairman of the Chinese ^ People's Republic.

(r) Nahas Pasha : As leader of Wafd Party and as the former Prime Minister of Egypt.

(d) Marshal Tito. The Prime Minister of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, and as the man who has refused to bring his country inside the Iron Curtain. Though a thorough bred Communist, he has nothing to do

1 with the Kremlin.

I 3 0 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(e) John Foster Dulles. Was President Truman's special envoy in the Far East and peace treaty emissary, specially in connection with Japanese peace treaty. Now U. S. Secretary of State.

(/) Liaquat AH Khan- As the leader of the Muslim League, and the late Prime Minister of Pakistan, before he was assassinated.

(<?) Gen. Eisenhower- Was American general of the Army : was Supreme Commander of all the Allied armies in the West during World War 2nd. He next became Supreme Commander West European Defence. Now American President.

(h) Acharya Kripalani. Though a staunch congressman he is now head of Praja-Socialist Party. For long he was. constantly associated with the Congress Working Committee of which he was a leading member.

(a) King Leopold. The King who betrayed the Allies by surrendering to Hitler's forces without consulting or giving notice of his decision to the Allies. Though he tried x

to regain his throne in 1950, but there was a rebellion against him, so that he had to abdicate in favour of his son Boudin.

(j) Vijay Hazare. India's top ranking cricketer. Once captained the Indian cricket team touring England and led it in test matches in that country.

(A') Soekarno. The President of the Republic of Indonesia. It was he who for years carried on the nationalist struggle against the Dutch.

(I) Ho-Chi Minh. Head of the Indo-Chinese Viet * Minh party, which controls a major part of Indo-China.

He is an extreme nationalist and communist and has fought hard to drive the French out of Indo-China.

(w) Dr. Malan. The greatest racialist since Hitler. Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. Author of the notorious Segregation laws by which he is trying to disenfranchise the Negroes and the Indians and keep the whites

*senarate from these "UrmichahW

WHO IS WHO (ANSWERS) 131

(n) B. N. Rau. He was India's permanent representative •on the Security Council and was chiefly concerned in representing India's case on the Kashmir tangle in the Security Council. He became one of the judges of the international Court of Justice. (He died recently).

(0) Torres Bodet. Director General of the U.N.E.S.C.O.

(p) Manilal Gandhi. Son of Mahatma Gandhi. Like his great father, he is carrying on a struggle in South Africa on behalf of the Indian community against Dr. Malan's government, which is forcing coloured people to live in segregated areas and suffer from many hateful indignites.

(q) Mrs. Hansa Mehta. President of the All-India Women's Conference and Indian delegate to the U. N. Human Rights Commission.

(?') Thrihhuvana Bir Bikram Jang Bahadur Shah. The Maharaja of Nepal. First came into the Hme light when he was deposed by the all powerful Prime Minister Maharaja Monan Shamsher Jang Bhadur Rana in 1950. This brought about an insurrection in the country and the Prime Minister was forced to restore the Maharaja to his ' throne and have a popular government in the country with the Maharaja as its constitutional head. / .

(s) B. P. Koirala. Leader of the insurgent forces which rose against the autocratic rule of the former autocratic Prime Minister, Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana of Nepal. Recently as head of the Napalese Congress he quarreled with his brother, the Prime Minister, M. P. -Koirala, whom he once forced out of the Ministry.

4. (a) Gnru Nanak. Founder of the Sikh Panth. He lived in the 15-16th century during the times of the Lodhis , and Babur (1469-1539), He preached the unity of God- • and Brotherhood of Man.

(b) Todar Mai. One of the greatest gems in the court of Akbar. He helped the Great Moghul in his land reforms. The land tenure system and the government share in the land produce in the Mughul Empire was

1 3 2 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

based on the system he introduced and is being followed with little variation even upto this day.

(c) Ram Mohan Roy. The great Indian reformer ; founder of the Bhramo Samaj. He devoted his life to reforms in the Hindu Society, especially the abolition of the practice of 'Sati'. It was by his persistent efforts that Lord Bentick prohibited this practice by law. He lived from 1774-1833.

(d) Dayanand Saraswati. Great Indian reformer during the Nineteenth Century ; founder of the Arya Samaj and writer of the "Saiyarath Prakash". He sought to turn people's mind back to the Vedas and give up idolatory. He saved Hindus from conversion to other religions, specially the western minded intelligentia from the proselytizing zeal of christian missionaries.

(e) Wilberforce. Lived (1759-1833). Great English philanthropist who carried on ceaseless struggle in the British Parliament to abolish slavery, which ultimately resulted in its abolition throughout the British Empire.

(/) Abraham Lincoln—19th President of the U. S. A. (1809-65). He is remembered for abolition of slavery in the U. S. A. for which he had to fight out the Civil War which broke out in the country on this question. Author of the famous speech "Government of the people, by the people, shall not perish from the earth."

(g) Kamal Ataturk. The great Turkish statesman and soldier, creator of the Turkish Republic, of which he was First President. It was he who helped to stop the further disintegration and disappearance of Turkey as a sovereign state, overthrew the old regime and threw foreigners, Greek and British out of his country and by the herculean efforts to modernize it, made it into a great modern power based on European models. Lived (1881-1938).

(A) Nelson. The greatest seaman England has produced, remembered for his great naval victories over the French

OHW IS WHO (ANSWERS) 133 *

fleet, most important of which are (i) Victory of Cape St. Vincent in 1797 ; Battle of Nile in 1798, and the most notable of all—the naval battle off Cape Trafalgar in 1805 in which he destroyed the combined French and Spanish Fleets. Lived (1758-1805).

(i) Sun Yat Sen. Father of Modern China ; he was the first President of the First Chinese Rupublic founded in 1921, with its headquarters at Canton. The Kuomintang party was founded by him in 1905. Lived (1867—1925).

0 ) Trotsky. Great Russian Revolutionary, who, with Lenin and Stalin brought about the Bolshevic Revolution in Russia. He was practically the creator of the Red Army. On account of his difference with the Communist Party he was expelled from the Council of the Peoples Commissar and exiled. He was assassinated in Mexico by a disgruntled follower. He lived during the 20th century.

(k) Elizabeth Bergner. Famous Austrian actress, who won her fame as St. Joan in Bernard Shaw's play. She is still living.

5. (a) She was India's Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Washington. Before this she was appointed ambassador to Moscow. Was also President U. N. Assembly. Now Ambassador U. K.

(b) She was governor of U. P. (c) Minister of Health in Indian Government. (d) Was a Secretary of State of the U. S. A. (e) He was Military Governor of the Hyderabad State. (/) India's Home Minister. (g) Formerly India's Secretary General for Foreign

Affairs. He is now Governor of Bombay State. (h) He was Secretary General of the U. N. (i) Prime Minister of the U. K. (j) Foreign Minister of the U. S. S. R. ' (fc) He was Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir

State.


(I) He was Law Minister of the Government of India. He does not hold any office now.

6. (a) Sir C. V. Raman (6) Rabindra Nath Tagore (c) The late Dr. K. N. Bahl, who was formerly Vicc-

Chanccllor of Patna University. (d) Queen Narriman (e) Kalidas, Tulsidas, Ghalib

7. (t) As a great botanist and palaeo-botanist in India. (ii) As a great natural philosopher. The discoveror of

the three famous laws of gravitation with which his name is associated.

(Hi) As the inventor of the steam engine (iv) As the inventor of the telephone (v) He was the inventor of wireless telegraphy

•8. (a) Bismark—Great German statesman, called the man of blood and iron, because he was cold, calculating and ruthless in executing his schemes of military aggrandisement. He rose to be the Chancellor of Germany, defeated the Austrians, and then the French and brought about a German Confederation, with Prussia as its head.

(6) Frederick the Great—One of the greatest soldiers of history. He defeated the forces of Austria, and her allies, the French, the Swedes, the Poles, and the Russians during the bloody Seven Year's War, which changed the face of Europe. Having had a Spartan training he was a man of great grit, resources and a first rate general, and though there were heavy odds against him, he never lost heart, but ultimately bore down every opposition and came out successful through his ordeals.

(c) Alfred the Great—The most celebrated and one of the greatest kings England has produced. The most marked traits of his character were perseverance and forethought. He knew full well that the Danish marauders

WHO IS WHO (ANSWERS) 135-

could only be held at arms' length by meeting them on the sea and for this purpose he tried to bring into being a strong navy to check the incursions of the Vikings as they were called. He is deservedly called the father of the English navy. He had repeatedly to grapple with the Danes and saved his country from falling into their hands.

Shivaji—Shivaji is the last of the great Hindu kings who gave birth to a nation and, who, by dint of his own personal valour, his own genius to come triumphant out of all difficult situations, and making heroes out of common soldiers, carved out a kingdom for himself. Meeting stratagem by stratagem, like the planned trap of Afzal Khan, who had come to take 'the mountain rat', dead or alive, and his escape from the prison of Aurangzeb are well known events in Indian history. When he died he left a compact kingdom and he had lit such a fire into the Maratha heart that they rose as a nation and became the master of a great part of Hindustan.

(e) Julius Caesar—Julius Caeser is one of the three greatest generals the world has produced, the other two being Alexander the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte. A man of masterful strategy, personal daring and great vigour, he pushed Rome from a mere city state to being the centre of the great Roman Empire of which he was thus the founder. His victories over the Gauls, the Britons, the German tribes in the West, and in Asia Minor and Egypt in the East, made him master of practically the whole of the then known world. Though his career was cut short by assassination, he left a name and a tradition always to be conjured with, of which his successors took full advantage.

(/) Lord Kitchner—One of Britain's great soldiers, who rose from the ranks to be a Field Marshal. In 1898 he crushed the revolt of the Sudanese dervishes at Omdurman, for which he was knighted and awarded a peerage. He next brought the Boer War in South Africa to a successful termination. In 1916, he sailed to Russia on

J 3 6 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

drowned31 m i S S i ° n ' b u t h i s s ^ P struck a mine and he was

P ^ ^ S S ^ a S f ^ - ^ ^ o n e of the Protestantism in EnglandI « ? ; firmJy established Power of Spain by d e f e a t 5 "A " ^ r d i g i o n > c r u s h e d t h e

ume enterprize bv M ? T S , - A n n a d a ' encouraged mari-

and Frobisher. 4 s ? a a u e e ? ^ m e n l i k e Drake, Raleigh vet displayed the w e a S e s s I ? 5 m a s t e r f u l ™* adroit, The execution of Mary Ou e e n nf * y- a n d ™dictiveness fame and her intrigues S h i ° t S j 1S a b l o t u P o n h c r

from her dignity. H f r wisdom L e , c e s t e r > and Essex detract cnoice of councillors and leadeTs."35 ^ ^ i n h e r

wise (9) Asoka—The or*** T J-

tally who c o n v e r t e d j S ! " ° M , 0 M r c h »f 'he Maurya ' ?f ." religion, a n d l p . ^ T f ' ° m , a m e r e tal s « * °

rocks ,fkingd0m by getting Z a k n o w n throughout his r o c k s , c a v e s e t C ) S o J o g t t m g h r h e OQ

J "avt survived even to this

0') Akbar—The P™ , s m a l f T h ^ 3 ^ , ! 6 ^ ^ ^ o \ t t h

ce

r HGrea tMoghals. There

S h r v S % b n g d o i n round h r d 1 ^ H e inver ted the

andIk f f e r r h l m ' b « it b S S L h , l D i n - I > a W did not r £ L J b e f 0 r e r u D e t of Indfa„ S 1 - h e S e e d o f toleration Congress ,s striving to achieve N a t l 0°alism which the


(£) Francis Bacon—Francis Bacon is the father of the Inductive method of scientific inquiry. Three great books (1) Advancement of Learning (2) Novum Organum and (3) De Augmentis Scientiorum stand to his credit "in which he sought a means of building a natural science which should not be merely theoretical or philosophical, but the principal means of enlarging man's knowledge and power."

He was, for all his greatness, morally a weak man. He helped in the conviction of Essex, his own patron, in getting the ill starred courtier to be declared a traitor. When acting as a judge he took bribes, which were proved to the hilt when he was tried. For this he was fined, banished from Parliament and imprisoned, though he was Pardoned and released.

(*») Peter the Great—Peter lives in Russian history as t h e greatest of the Czars. A cruel, ruthless disciplinarian who put to death his own son Alexis for opposing his reforms, he yet occupies a high place in 1 he galaxy of kings w ho laid the foundation of the greatness of their countries °y far reaching reforms. He Europeanised his army and his navy, reformed the Russian press, schools and church, introduced European manners and literature and encouraged foreign trade. By founding St. Peterberg (modern Leningrad) he opened a window for his country to the outside world. Thus he transformed a country living in Jhe medieval past into a progressive country to take an honourable place among the advanced countries of the West.

9. (a) Akhnaton. Egyptian Pharoe of the 18th dynasty who lived between 1375-1358 B.C. He is remembered as a great religious reformer, who broke the back of the « ' powerful priestly class which had been ruling with high handedness from times immemorial". He disclaimed to be regarded as a god and exalted the worship of the god Aton (a Personification of the sun's disc) as the sole god.

(t>) Confucius. Chinese sage who lived during the 5th century B .c. ; the founder of Confucianism. His religion


is based on the worship and practice of morality as exemplified in the lives and teachings of the earlier wise men, who, as he conceived, have made the world what it is,

(c) Lao-Tse-Tung. Chinese philosopher, the contemporary of Confucius, who is the founder of the Taoist religion of China, called Taoism. The Tao Te Ching, the Taoist scripture, is attributed to him.

(d) Pericles. Great Athenian statesman who lived in the 15th century B.C. He tried to unify Greece under his leadership but was frustrated in his efforts by Sparta. At home he reformed laws, adorned the city, and encouraged art and literature. Some of the greatest of Greek philosophers and men of letters lived during his time. The period of his rule marks the climax of Greek literature

1 and is comparable to the Augustan age of Rome and the Gupta period (specially of Vikrmaditya) in India or the Elizabethan age in England.

(e) Aristotle. Greek philosopher who flourished during the 4th century B. c. Tutor of Alexander the Great, he is one of the most versatile genius of the ancient world. Many of his treatises survive to this day which deal with such diverse -subjects as logic, metaphysics, physics, astronomy, meterology, ethics, politics, biology, psychology etc.

(/) Kautilya. The author of the celebrated Artha-shastra; was prime minister, helper and counsellor of Chandragupta Maurya. He is the prototype of Michaeville. His name has passed into a proverb as a crooked man— a Chanakya muni, meaning a crooked man who achieves his ends by hook or by crook.

(g) Nadir Shah. The Persian invader who sacked Delhi and put the helpless citizens to the sword and carried away the famous peacock throne of the Mughuls. Originally only a shepherd, he proved to be a great organiser and an ambitious man who cut his way to the throne of Persia. The helpless state into which the feeble kings of Delhi had fallen lured him to the wealth of Hindustan, and like other invaders


of Hindustan he found an easy walk over to the capital of-the Mughals where he had his heart's fill.

(70 Tutankhamen. Pharoe of Egypt of the 18th, Family, son-in-law of Akhnaton, a worthless fellow, who-played into the hands of the powerful clergy and undid the work of his great father-in-law. In 1923 priceless treasures were discovered in his tomb and his mummy was also found there.

(i) Chengez Khan. Celebrated Mongol conqueror of the 12th century A. D. who carried death and destruction throughout central Asia, and gave a death blow to the empire of the Caliphs of Baghdad. He is among the world's greatest conquerors, and when he died, his empire stretched from the Volga on the West to the shores of the Pacific in the East and from Siberia to the Persian Gulf. Such a vast empire has not been created by one single individual during his life time.

0') Cicero. Roman orator, statesman and man of letters who lived in the first century B. C. The most elegant of the Roman writers, he has left behind him orations, letters and treatises, which are models of their kind.

(k) Tansen. Musician in the court of Akbar. His name has become a household word in India as a model of a gTeat musician.

(I) Mahavira. The 24th or the last Tirthankra of the Jains, Lord Mahavira was born about 2550 years ago according to Jain Calendar. Born in Vessali, he became an ascetic at the age of 30, acquired omniscience at 42 and preached, like Gautma Buddha for 30 years.

{m) Sariputta. and Mahamoggalan were the two chief disciples of Lord Buddha, who helped the Great Master in carrying his message far and wide in India.

10. (a) Darwin's great contribution to science lies in his having taken the theory of evolution out of the region of pure imagination, and by giving it a basis of fact, to have set it up as a reasonable working hypothesis. Scientists do not now believe man to have been created by any special fiat of God, but trace the human race to an extinct animal


related to that which produced the orang outang, the chimpanzee and the gorilla. Similarly, all existing species have descended from simpler life which became more and more complex and adapted to their special environments as time went on. It is thus Darwin who is the father of the present theory of the evolution of the species.

(b) Copernicus is the founder of modern astronomy. He shattered all guess work theories about the movements of heavenly bodies and by demonstration proved that the sun is the centre of the Solar system and the earth and planets circle round it. Like Darwin's, his work also gave a death blow to the biblical belief that man is the special creation of God and the sun and the moon and all the planets surrounding the earth move round the earth and have been created for man's sake.

(c) Mendel's great contribution to science is his researches on heredity which laid the foundation of the modern study of this subject according to which certain "dominant" characteristics are inherited by hybrids rather than characteristics intermediate between the two parents.

(d) Pasteur's discoveries on the causes of fermentation laid the foundation of Lister's work in aseptic surgery, as he proved that the causes of fermentation lay in the microscopic organisms in the atmosphere, and it is they that cause pesteration of the wound.

(e) Sir C. V. Raman, by his intensive researches on the properties of diamonds, discovered the phenomenon known as "Raman effect."

(/) Sir Jagdish Chander Bose devoted himself to the study of the nervous system in plants, and obtained many remarkable results. He proved that plants behave much like animals and human beings to electrical stimuli. He also carried'on much research on plant life, especially their growth and minute movements.

(g) Freud is the founder of the science of psychoanalysis. Many cases of nervous disorders are cured by methods Freud advocated in his books.

(7i) Benjamin Franklin contributed to the advancement of science by his researches on electricity. He proved that

WHO IS WHO (ANSWERS)^ 141

lightning is a form of electricity. He also showed that electricity is of two opposite kinds, negative and positive. He also invented the lightning conductor.

(») Lord Rutherford's great researches in the field of radio activity laid the foundations of the modern atomic science. He was the first to recognize the nuclear nature of the atom.

(j) Sir Alexander Fleming's researches led him into the discovery of the wonder drug of our day—the famous penicillin.

(6) Wasserman's work in therapy and serum reasearches resulted in his discovering a sero diagnosis of syphlis.

(7) Galileo contributed to the advancement of science by several atronomical discoveries, by inventing the telescope and by proving that all bodies, no matter what their weight, fall on the earth through a vacuum, at the same rate of velocity.

11. (a) C-in-C of the Allied forces in Central Europe. (6) Supreme Commander of the Atlantic Fleet. (c) Commander-in-Chief of Chinese People's Republic. (d) Was Supreme Commander Western European

Defence. He is President of the U.S.A. at present. (e) Ex-Commander Allied Powers, commanding U. N.

forces in Korea and Far East. Relieved of all commands by President Truman.

(/) Was Supreme Commander Allied powers, C-in-C U. N. Command, C-in-C of the Far East, and Commanding . General U. S. Army Far East. Now Supreme Commander of U. N. forces in Europe.

12. (a) General Ridgway. (&) Dr. Ahmad Soekarno . (c) Queen Juliana Louise Marie Wilhelmina (d) Sir John Fearns Nicoll \ (c) Dr. Conard Adenauer ' V (/) Mohammad Saqiyly (g) Sir John Kotlawala (It was Dudley Seannanayaka

when the paper was set). "

j . 2 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

{h) Right. Hon. R. A. Butler. (i) Dr. T. E. Donges (j) N. Raghavan (k) Dr. Radhakrishnan {I) S. Raghbir Singh

13. (a) Lippershey with the discovery of the telescope. {b) Kepler with the discovery of the 3 laws of planetary

motion that bear his name. (c) We associate Newton's name with the Law of

Universal Gravitation and the three laws of motion which bear his name.

(d) Davy with the Davy Safety lamp. , • (e) Dalton's name is associated with formulation of the atomic theory of chemical composition.

(/) Morse with the dot-and-dash alphabet known as the Morse Code

(<7) Mendel with the modern theory of inherited .characteristics.

Qi) Nobel with Nobel prizes and the invention of the ^dynamite.

(t) Bell with the telephone. (j) Waterman with the ink that bears this name. (k) Roentgen with the discovery of the X-ray. (l) Curie with the discovery of the radio-active radium

and the element polonium. (nt) Bohr with the production of the first Atom Bomb.

(He brought scientific secrets from Germany during the Ilnd world war and joined the scientists in the U. S. A.

'.who produced the first atom bomb). (n) Baird with television. (0) Dr. Vigneaud with synthetic penicillin. -

14. («) Norwegian explorer who lived during the 2nd •half of the nineteenth and about the first quarter of the 20th (1861-1930). He was the first man to reach in 1923 the highest latitude until then attained i.e. 86° 14'.

(6) Eminent British Socialist, one of the founders in 1884 of the famous Fabijfn Society. Lived during (the second half of the nineteenih century and died as late

«,as 1947-


(c) Famous British Explorer, who reached the South Pole in 1911, only to find Amunsden had already preceded him. He died of the exposure and starvation on his return journey. Lived during the 2nd half of the 19th and early twentieth century.

{d) Henry Ford. American motor car, multi-millionaire magnate who rose from a humble position to be the richest man in the world, and built up the world famous Ford Motor Company from mere scratch to the biggest motor car company in the world. Lived during the latter half of the 19th century and died as late as 1947.

(e) Baden-Poweil. Founder of the Boy Scout movement, and the "World Chief Scout." He was also a great soldier who leapt into fame for his gallant defence of Mafeking in the Boer war in South Africa. Born in London of British nationality. He lived during the 2nd half of the nineteenth century and died recently in 1941.

(/) Lenin. Russian revolutionary and statesman, father of the Bolshevik nation and the man who established the Soviet regime in Russia. Born in 1870, he died in 1924.

(9) Rodin. One of the greatest of French sculptors; who is remembered for his famous works like "The Thinker", "The Kiss", "The Burghers of Calais", "La Belle Hearlmiere," etc. etc. Lived during the latter half of tht nineteenth century and early twentieth (1840-1917).

15. (a) De Gaulle. French patriot and soldier,, who; on the defeat of France in the 2nd World War fled tc England with whatever number of soldiers could be evacuated. In England he organized a resistance movemeni against the Nazis. He returned to France in 1944, and acted as president of the provisional government until 1946, when on account of his dislike of the proposed new consti-

/ tution he retired from politics. In 1947, however, he agah: became leader of the Rally of the French People whicl 'demanded an end of party strife. He has not howevei proved a very effective and asserting leader and is littl< heard of now a days.

(fi) Dr. Gallup. American journalist and statistician founder in 1935 of the American Institute of Public Opinio!

,».


and devisor of the Gallup Polls, in which public opinion is gauged by questioning a number of representative individuals.

(c) H. Evatt—Australian labour politician, who was once a judge of the Federal High Court and from 1941-49 Attorney General and Minister of External Affairs.

(d) Dewey—Governor of New York since 1942. In 1944 and again in 1948 he was Republican candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated both times.

( 0 Soekarno—President of the new Republic of Indonesia and leader of the Indonesian national movement, which agitated long and bitterly to throw the Dutch out. In 1942 he became Prime Minister of Java under the Japanese, then proclaimed himself President of Indonesian Republic in 1946, and when the Republic was recognized by Dutch in 1949, became the first President of the United States of Indonesia.

^L /^ ) Hellen Keller—Famous blind American lecturer who had the misfortune to lose her power of speech, of hearing, smell and even eye sight, but by special education overcame these handicaps and demonstrated to the world what possibilities lie for the blind when properly educated. She became an accomplished scholar, writer and linguist and has written two well known books : The Story of my life, and The World I live in.

(g) A. Jellicose—British admiral who commanded the Grand Fleet during the First World War and defeated the German Navy in the battle of Jutland in 1916. Afterward he became First Sea Lord and then Governor General of Newzealand.

(h) Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar is a distinguished scientist who has risen from the position of a professor of Chemistry (first in the Hindu University, and then in the Punjab University) to be the Secretary" of the Scientific Research Department of the Government of India.

(1) Dr. Bunche—The most well known American Negro, Ex Mediator in Palestine and the Nobel Prize Winner for Peace in 1950.

WHO IS WHO (ANSWtRS) 145

0') Ibn Batuta-Arab traveller whose writings are of foremost authority on the cultural history of Islam in the post Mongol period. However much of what he writes is based on heresay. His accounts of travels in Egypt, Syria, Arabia, Persia, Central Asia and India make fascinating reading.

(k) Atisa Dipamkara was a Buddhist monk and missionary of Eastem Bengal who visited Tibet in the eleventh century A- D. in the days of Nayapala.

Indian Air Force 1951

(l) Gen. Mohd. Naguib is the man who brought about by a daring Gowp de etat a bloodless revolution of the Egyptian Army against the rule of king Farouq, who was driven out of the country. Since then he has seen many ups and downs, becoming President of the Republic, next premier, then deprived of both, and again restored to both. He is now the President of the Republic.

16. (a) G. V. Mavlankar (b) Vijayalakshmi Pandit (c) B. Rama Rao (d) Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan (e) Pt. Jawahailal Nehru (/) Shri K. M. Munshi (g) Mr. Mukerjee (/*) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru (1) Air Marshall Mukerjee (j) Jai Prakash Narain (&) Shri Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar.

17. (a) Prime Minister of Australia (b) President of the Republic of .South Korea (c) Prime Minister of Ceylon (d) Prime Minister of Canada (e) Foreign Minister of U. K. (/) Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U. S. S. R. (g) President of Argentina (h) Prime Minister of Egypt (0 Prime Minister of East Germany in the Soviet Zone (j) Head of the Republic of Viet Nam under French protection (£) Prime Minister of West Punjab (I) Former President of the Republic of Philippines {m) President of the Republic of Turkey.

18. (a) Shri K. N. Katju (6) N. Raghvan (c) Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (rf) Dr. Malan (e) Shri G. S. Bajpai ( / ) GhuJam Mohd. (9) Sir Agha Khan (h) G. S. Mahajani (»") General Shri Rajendarsinhji (j) Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

146 JUNIOR GEHERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

19. (a) Sir Ronald Ross (b) Dr. Hihnetnma (cl Leonardo da Vinci (d) Shahiahan (e) Shahjahan (f) Sher Shah Suri (g) Ludwig van Beethoven (k) Mira Bai (i) Shivaji (j) Marconi.

20. (a) Nero who lived in the 1st century B. C. was an infamous Roman Emperor, because he persecuted the Christians and is said to have fiddled while Rome burnt.

(b) Beethoven who lived during the 18th century was a famous composer. He was by nationality a German.

(c) Madam Curie who lived during the nineteenth century was a famous Polish Scientist. She was wife of Pierre Curie.

(d) Sir Edwin Lutyens was a famous architect. He is remembered for designing the government buildings New Delhi, the Cenotaph and Whitehall (England) etc. etc.

(e) David Livingstone was a famous Scottish Missionary and explorer. He discovered the Victoria Falls, and lakes Shire and Nyasa.

(J) Euclid was a famous Greek Mathematician. He flourished about the 4th century B. C.

(g) Marco Polo, an Italian traveller visited China in about the thirteenth century A. D.

(h) Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator. He visited India in 1498.

(i) The Pacific ocean was discovered by Balboa a Spanish explorer in 1513

(j) The Victoria falls were discovered by Livingstone in 1855.

21. (a) Delhi (6) Dr. Tara Chand (c) H.C. Mookerjee (d) Jam Sahib of Navanagar (e) Prince Charles Philip Arthur George, Duke of Cornwall (/) Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) <!7) General Mathew Ridgway (h) Mohd. Ali (£) M. C. Setalvad (j) John Kotelcvala (fc) General Franco (I) Thailand.

22. (a) Dag Harnmarskjold (6) Shri Tayabji (c) Antrio de Oliveiro Salazar (d) Jairamdas Daulatram" (<?) Dr. Seokarno (/) Mr. Attlee (g) Mr. John Foster Dulles.

WHO IS WHO (.ANSWERS) 147

23. (a) The Xrays (b) Heavy water (c) Enunciation of the Quantum Theory (d) Penicillin (e) That the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and planets circle round it (/) The laws of falling bodies and invention of the telescope (g) Insulin cure for diabetes.

24. (a) Florence Nightingale (6) Edward the eldest son of Edward III (c) The Duke of Wellington (d) Napoleon Bonaparte (e) William Pitt Earl of Chatham (/) Queen Elizabeth (g) Nickname for an Englishman (h) Jonathan Swift (0 Bismark 0 ) Joan of Arc (k) Attila, the Hun (0 Rabindranath Tagore (m) Wycliff.

25. (a) Painters and Artisls. Jamini Roy, Reynold, Goya, Rembrandt

(6) Musicians. Wagner, Borodin. (c) Novelists. Thomas Hardy, Charles Dickens,

Bankim Chander Chatterji, Gorky. (d) Scientists and Inventors. Edison, Faraday, Einstein,

Marconi. (e) Historians. Trevelyan, Kalhana. (/) Preachers. Confucius ; Lao Tse. (g) Discoverers. Amunsden, Livingstone. (h) Writers and poets. Rabindra Nath Tagore. (1) Soldiers and Statesmen Duke of Wellington,

Nelson, Julius Caeser, Gordon, Hannibal, Rommel. 26. (a) Abdul Khalek Hassouna (b) R. K. Nehru

(c) Ralph Bunch (d) Chiang Kai Shekh (e) Mr. Pierrie Mendeze France (/) Charles Erwin Wilson {g) Mr. Butler (h) Marshall Tito (i) Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah.

27. (a) Gen. Fazlollah Zahedi (6) Gen. Mark Clerk (c) Dr. Max Theilter (d) Mr. Ghulam Mohd. (e) Mr. George Allen (/) Col. Nasser (g) Dr. Tara Chand (K) Thakin Nu (i) King Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz (j) Mr. Vincent Rene Coty (k) Dr. Malan (I) Mr. Shigeru Yoshida.

28. (a) Lister for discovering the method of antiseptic wounds.

(b) Pasteur for inventing the method of preservation called pasteurization. Also for discovering treatment for hydrophobia.

I48 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(c) Davy for the Davy safety lamp. (d) Harvey for his theory of the circulation of blood

which is the basis of all modern physiology. (e) Banting for discovering method of isolating insulin

from the pancreas of animals (/) Darwin for his modern theory of evolution. (g) Mendel is famous for his studies of garden peas,

on which he formed the modern theory of inherited characteristics.

(A) Ross for his discovery of the Malarial parasite in mosquitoes.

(i) Freud as being the founder of psycho-analysis. (j) Watt for his laying the foundation of the practical

application of steam to industry. , (&) J. C. Bosc for his researches on the growth and

minute movements of plants and their reaction to electrical stimuli.

(0 Routgcn for the discovery of the X-ray. ._ (m) Diesel for his invention of the heavy oil using diesel engine.

(n) Lesseps for his construction of the Panama Canal. (o) Domagk for the invention of sulpha drugs as

bactericides.

j . . * 9 ' W ^chael Ney («) Gladstone ; Dadabhoy Naroji <w) The Earl of Warwick (»v) Ali Brothers who made and unmade the Last Mughals (t>) Cleopatra (et) East India Company (m) A typical Englishman (em) Bank of England S ' L r ^ J * ) J«us Christ (si) Gautama Buddha (*»•') Pnthvi Raj Chauhan.

?.™3% ra) B a i* i ng W Music (e) Story telling (d) Journal-m W.Journalism (/) Music (g) Architecture (A) HomoTo^th g ( i ) E l e c t r i c i ^ W) Vaccination (*)

31. («') Denmark (it) Czechoslovakia (Hi) Belgium («0 Saudi Arabia (») Afghanistan (vi) Ethiopia (tit) Egypt («i0 South Korea (w) Philippines (*) Siam (Thailand) (*»)


32. (a) Asoka (6) Henry VIII (c) Afzal Khan (d) Abraham Lincoln (e) Pastuer (/) Sir Ronald Ross (g) William Kaiser (h) Ralph Bunche.

33. (i) The North Pole (ii) Discovery of "inflammable air" (hydrogen) as a distinct substance and demonstrated that it burned to form water (Hi) Discovered aniline in coal tar (w) Discovery of Oxygen (v) Discovery of the Xray (vi) Radio activity of uranium (MI) Discovery of uranium fission (viii) Invention of the Bunsen burner (ix) The laws of gravitation.

34. (a) Dr. Vigneaud (b) Domagk (c) Freud (d) Pasteur (e) Jenner (/) Lawrence (g) Einsteen (h) Helmholtz (») Sir Issac Newton (j) Edison (k) Hall (0 Nobel (m) Glauber.

35. (a) Drama (6) Poetry (c) Poetry (d) Oratory (e) Oratory (/) Drama (g) Novel writing (h) Painting, sculpture and architecture (t) Novel writing (j) Novel writing (k) Dancing (I) (see Sinclair in (i) part of this question).

36. (i) General Mark Clark {ii) General Mohd. Naguib

(Hi) Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad (iv) Anthony Eden of England, Mr. Bidault of

France, Chou-en-lai of China, Dr. Ho Chi Minh for communist portion of Indo-China and Molotov for U.S.S.R.

(«) George Bernard Shaw (vi) Mr. Kosbari

(vii) Gen. Eisenhower who represented the Republican party and Mr. Stevenson who stood from the Democratic party.

(viii) Mr. M. P. Koirala (ix) The 38th parallel of latitude (x) King Faruq of Egypt

(a-i) Mr. Cordell Hull 37. (i) Copernicus is credited with having discovered

that the sun is the centre of the solar system, and the earth and the planets revolve round it.

(ti) Newton discovered, the binomial theorem, the Differential and Integral Calculus and the laws of gravitation.


(Hi) Kspler discovered the laws of motion of planets known also as Kepler's Laws.

(i) That the planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun as one of the foci.

(2) That the line drawn from the sun to a planet covers equal areas in equal times ;

(3) The squares of the times the planets need to revolve around the sun are in the cubes of their mean distances from the sun.

(iv) Fahrenheit. The Mercury thermometer associated with his name.

(v) Marconi invented wireless telegraphy. (vi) Madam Curie discovered the important cancer

cure, radium. (vii) Charles Darwin is the discoverer of the principle

of natural selection. (viii) Pasteur is the discoverer of the causes of fermen

tation in alcohol and milk. (ix) Harvey discovered the circulation of blood. (x) Ronald Ross discovered the malaria parasite.

Note. For the benefit of the reader we answer the following two parts of this question as well : — (xi) Baird was the inventor of television. (xii) Daimler invented the petrol motor car.

38. (a) (i) Mr. Gulzarilal Nanda (ii) Mr. Ajit Prasad Jain (Hi) Dr. Punjab Rao Deshmukh (iv) Mr. S. K. Dey (v) Sardar Swaran Singh.

(b) (i) G. V. Mavlankar (ii) Mr. Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan (It was Mr. Justice Patanjli Shastri when the paper was set) (tit) B. Rama Rau (iv) Mr. L. M. Shrikant (v) Mr. C. K. Daphtary (vi) Shri M. C. Setalvad.

39. Cleopatra is famous in history for her beauty, her magnificient living, her charms and her amours, and as the mistress first of Julius Caesar and next of Mark Antony.

(ii) Sven Hedin is famous as the great geographer and explorer who travelled through Persia, Mesopotamia and Central Asia and explored the sources of the Brahm-putra and the Sutlaj. *


(iit) Sir J C. Bose is well known for his researches in plant life, specially their growth and minute movements and their reaction to electrical stimuli.

(iv) Amundsen was famous for his polar explorations, specially that of the North Pole.

(v) Sir Thomas Malory is famous as the author of Morte D' Arthur.

(vi) Hippocrates was the Greek Physician famous as the "Father of Medicine." His famous Oath, called the Hippocratic Oath has been administered for thousands of years, and is still being administered to men about to enter medical practice.

(vii) Virgil is the famous author of the Ae.ne.id, (tin) Livingstone : The famous African explorer, who

discovered lakes Ngami, Shire and Nyasa and the Victoria Falls.

(Jx) Sir Francis Younghusband is famous for his expedition to the forbidden city of Lhasa and opening up of Tibet to the outside world.

(3) Sir Ernest Shackleton is famous for his expeditions to the Antarctic.

(xi) Trotsky is famous as one of the leading spirit of the Russian Revolution. As Commissar for War, it was he who was responsible for the raising of the Red Army that overthrew the Czarist Regime.

(.xii) Magellen the Portuguese navigator is famous for being the first to complete a voyage round the world.

(xiii) Peary is famous as being the first explorer to reach the North Pole on April 6, 1909.

(xiv) Tasman, the Dutch Navigator, won fame by his discoveries of Tasmania, which is named after him, as also, N ewzealand, Tonga and Fijji Islands.

(xv) Gilbert Murray British classical scholar is famous as one of the most notable translators of Greek drama in the world.

Note. For the benefit of the student we answer the remaining parts as well. , /

http://Ae.ne.id

152 " JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(xii) Regnault is famous for his research work in connection with specific heat and expansion of gases.

(xvii) John Stuart Mill is well known as an eminent Utilitarian philosopher, as the author of Principles of Political Economy and "On Liberty" and his progressive views in general. .

{xviii) George Washington. Famous as the C-in-C of the American forces fighting the War of American independence against England, in which he was totally ^successful. He won for his country an independent status and became its first President.

(zix) Socrates is famous as the teacher of such celebrated men as Plato, Xenophon, and as the man who drank poison rather than recant his own teachings and the views he steadfastly held through life.

i.xx) Gopal Krishana Gokbale is famous as the founder of the Servants of India Society and as the wisest of the Moderate Nationalists in the early Twenties.

(xxi) Vivekananda is famous as being the first Hindu who boldly proclaimed before the world the superiority or Hindu culture and civilization, the greatness of her past arid the hope for her future.

40. Mohanjo-daro with the great-pre-historic Indus valley civilization.

(«) Patliputra is associated in the political history of India as the capital or the Imperial city of the ist and 2nd Maghdan Empires, first that of the Mauryas and agaih that of the Guptas. Its growth and decay is associated with the growth and decay of those empires of ancient India.

(m) Kalinga is associated with the first and the only memorable war of Asoka which proved a turning point m the career of the great king and produced results of far reaching consequences in the history of India and of the eastern world. It was this war which awakened in the breast of the great king sincere feelings of repentence and sorrow, so that he turned Buddhist and tried to spread the laws of Dharma throughout the then known world.


(iv) Sher Shah. Wc associate Sher Shah with the Grand Trunk Road which he got constructed, and which still survives, but more specially with land revenue reforms which have unique importance in the administrative history of India, for they served as the model for future agrarian systems.

(t>) Chitor has a great place in the political history o India as it stands as a symbol of Rajput chivalry and sacrifice and as the nerve centre or stronghold of Rajput rasistance to the Muslim invaders. It was here that the Rajputs resisted Alla-ud-Din's armies and the fair Padmani with several thousand Rajput women performed Jauhar. Again, it was Chittor where the brave Jaimal and Fatta fought to death while opposing the armies of Akbar, and where the Rajput women again performed the rite of Jauhar. > The history of Chitor is the history of Rajputana in the middle ages.

(vi) Shahjahan's name is imperishably linked with the great Taj—the mausoleum of his wife—at Agra, the Red Fort at Delhi, and the new city of Delhi round about the Red Fort. He thus stands out in the cultural history of India as the greatest builder of her great monuments, and in the growth and culmination of Mughal architecture.

(trt'O Todar Mai. We associate Todar Mai with great land reforms of Akbar, on which the British rulers built their superstructure. Todar Mai thus stands in the social and cultural history of our country as a beacon' light or the guiding star for future land reforms. It was he who started regular survey, classification and assesment of land according to such classification.

(viii) Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar's name will go down in history as the man who was instrumental in undoing the Muslim power in Bengal. He joined the English in a conspiracy to oust Siraj-ud-Daula, Nawab of Bengal, from the throne and thus helped in the defeat of the latter at the epoch making battle of Plassey. Mir Jafar not only did nothing to oppose Clive's forces as the Commander of Shauai-ud-Daula's forces, he even gave the advice of retreat to the unfortunate Nawab just in the thick of the


battle, which led to the route of his greatly superior forces.

(ix) Lord Macauley's name finds a place in the cultural history of India, as it was he, who, by his vehement advocacy of Western Education laid the foundation of Educational institutions in India on lines followed in the West, more specially in England. It was he also who systematised the Civil Code while he was the law member of the government of India.

(a;) Raja Ram Mohan Roy occupies an honourable place in the social and cultural history of India for his numerous reform movements, and the impetus given to the Bengali prose literature and journalism which was an indirect result of his reformist campaign carried on through Bengali translations of ancient scriptures and by publishing a large number of Bengali tracts. He was also a great pioneer of English education and thus helped in the spread of western education and thought.

In the field of social reform he vigorously advocated the abolition of many social abuses in the Hindu Society, most specially the degarding position of women, and the rigours of the Caste System. Satti was abolished by his efforts.

He also worked in the political field and was a precursor of political agitation in a constitutional manner which ultimately gave birth to the Indian National Congress.

(xi) Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. In the political field Pt. Malaviya fought, like many staunch nationalists,, both in and outside Indian Councils, for the rights of Indians. In the cultural field his activities were directed in building the great Hindu institution of the Banaras University, and the advancement of Sanskrit learning and old Hindu culture.

(xii) Sardar Vallabhbai Patel. -Before partition of the country, Sardar Patel fought for Indian independence through the Congress movement, and after partition it was he who brought about the peaceful accession of the Indian States to the Indian Union and their subsequent integration.


Note. The last two may be omitted, but they are given for the benefit of the students.

41. (a) Dalton's name is associated with the formulation of the atomic theory of Chemical Composition (&) Harvey with the discovery of the circulation of blood (c) Lister with antiseptic surgery (d) Planck with the Quantum Theory (e) D.H. Lawrence with novels, specially "Sons and Lovers" and "Lady Chatterley's Lover" (/) Volta with the electrical unit, the Volt (g) Nobel with the Dynamite and with the Nobel Prizes (h) Bell with the telephone (t) Davy the "Safety Lamp" 0") Hoe with the rotary press and automatic folding of newspapers (k) Freud with Psycho-Analysis.

42. (a) King Abdullah of Jordan (6) Shri B. R. Sen (c) Grand General Terminal (New York), which has 47 Platforms (d) Moa-Tse-Tung (e) Nippon (/) Lord Mountbatten (g) Mr. Jai Prakash Narayan (h) His Majesty King Faruq (Note. Now Egypt is a Republic, and Taruq is no more the country's future king) (i) Mr. Winston Churchill (j) Mr. Morarji Desai (k) I. N. S. Delhi (I) Dr. Soekarno.

Note. Students may attempt any ten of the above.

43. (t) Mahatma Gandhi (ii) Ghulam Mohd. {Hi) Alexander Clutterbuck (iv) Robert Gordon Menzies (v) Major General Himatsinji (vi) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru (vii) G. V. Mavlankar (viii) General Mark Clark (iz) Thakin-Nu (x) Mr. C. D. Deshmukh {ix) Dhyan Chand (xiii) Robert Edwin Peary (xiv) Haile Selassi (xt>) Mr. Shigeru Yoshida (xvi) Queen Juliana (xvii) Zafar-ulla-Khan (xoiii) General Franco (xiz) General Ridgway.

44. (a) Sardar H. S. Malik (6) Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya W C. P. R. Aiyor (c) Marshall Kliment E. Vorshilov (/) Mr. Kidwai.

45. Chivalry. Rana Sanga, Samudargupta, Julius Caesar.

Men of Letters. Goethe, Robert Bridges, Robert Browning, Bhavabhuti.

'"^KlU'l-i < 6 * JumdR^jENBRAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Divines. St. Francis 3f Assisi, Ramanuj. ^-Statesmen. Palmerston, Molotov, Alexander Hamilton, 58ft "Js Pericles.

. t • travellers. Capt. Scott. Scientists. Faraday.

^Musicians. Mozart. tfincial Workers. Florence Nightingale,'G. K. Gokhale.

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY

Q. i . (a) Where in India are the following found ? (,) Lion ' (i'«) Mica

(t'i) Rhinoceros (v) Sandalwood {b) Give the name of the two biggest cement manufac

turing concerns in India. (c) What do you know of the following :— (t) Kirkee (»*0 Katni

(u) Ichaporc (ft) Ambernatb. (d) When are days and nights longest in a year ? Military Service wing Examination 1953 for Ad

mission to The National Defence Academy

Q. 2. Name some of the most important islands in the Indian Ocean. Why are they so very important to India ?

Q. 3. Fill in the blanks with the right word, from among the words given in brackets, at the end of each of the following.

(a) is the industrial capital of Uttar Pradesh and is the seat of its government, (Lucknow3 Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad, Banaras).

(b) Jute is grown , but it is manufactured in (Madras, Bihar, Assam, East Bengal, Calcutta, in

the great Tata's mills at Jamshedpur, in the Sasoon mills in Bombay).

(c) The principal commodities which India export! to Indonesia are while imports from Indonesii include (Agricultural machinery, tin, tapioca: tobacco, copra, jute goods, raw hides and skins, ,teal wood, coconut oil, cement, shellac, spices, maize, cottor

' piece goods and palm oil. ' , (<l) is called the ship of the ...while thi

1 the king of the (The elephant, the lion • Jthc ostrich, the camel, forest, desert).

159

i6o JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESIS

(e) The Jharia.. is in , and the Sambhar is a in... (the Madras State, the Bihar State, Coal mine, lake, Rajasthan, Pakistan).

(/) (i) The Damodar Valley Project is in , the Hirakud Dam Project in , the Ramapadsagar in . . . . . . and the Bhakra Dam Project in (Bihar, Mysore, the U. P., Orissa, Rajputana, East Punjab, West Bengal).

(u) The Damodar Valley Project will provide perennial irrigation to acres ofland and generate Kw of power ; the Hirakud dam Project when completed will provide irrigation to over acres ofland and generate Kw of power, while the Bhakra dam project will irrigate about acres of land and generate

Kw of power. (g) Kashmir is called the of the East, and

its Great Britain (Paradise, the Philippines, Japan, Switzerland).

(/t) The Punjabees eat while rice is the staple food of (maize, wheat, Rajputana, Bengal, the U. P )

(t) Egypt is the gift of Take it away and the land will For this same reason Egypt has length but no

(j) Days are but nights are in Desert areas.

Q. 4. What and where are the following ? Answer any five.

(a) Bastille (£) Hiroshima (b) Scotland Yard (/) Ajanta (c) Bethlehem (?) Rameshwaram (d) Rajghat

Q. 5. Mention some of the archaelogical discoveries connected with the following :—

(a) Taxila (c) Nalanda (b) Harappa (d) Mahabalipuram Q 4 and Q. 5 set in Military Wing (National Defence

Academy, Examination 1951.)

GEOGRAPHY 161

Q. 6. Name in the Republic of India, the first and second of the following : —

(a) States in respect of area (b) States in respect of population (c) Cities in respect of population (d) Rivers in respect of length (e) Mountain peaks, in respect of height.

Q. 7. What and where are the following :— (1) Victoria Nayanza (2) Cotopaxi (3) The Gobi (4) The

Bosphorus (5) The Vatican (6) The Kurlies (7) The Grand Canyon (8) Baffin Land (9) The Grand Coulee (10) St. Bernard (11) Bulawayo (12) St. Gothard (13) Gavarine (14) Golden Gate (15) Mauna Lao (16) Verkhoynsk (17) Cincinnati (18) Pasco (19) Raniganj (20) Godwin-Austen.

Q. 8. Who are the following people, where do they live ?

The Black Jews ; the Hottentots ; the Maoris . Creols ; Bedouin ; Basques ; the Bantus, Moplas, Santhals ; the Zullus ; the Bamangwato and the Moors.

Q. 9. Which countries use the following currencies : (a) The 'lira' (g) Schilling (6) The 'peseta' (h) Cruzeiro (c) The 'rouble' (i) Peso (d) The 'yen' (j) Krone (e) The 'mark' (k) Rial (f) Drachma

Q. 10. What are the following and where are they found ?—

(a) Kangaroo (/) Glacier (b) Maori (g) Mistletoe (c) Typhoons (h) Pine (d) Todas (j) Teak (e) Khasis (j) Juniper

Q. 11. Explain the following :— (") Equinoxes (d) Leap Year (6) Aurora Borealis (e) Humidity (c) Solar Eclipse


Q. 12. Name one important agricultural commodity produced in the following. Answer any ten.

(a) Bengal (g) California (b) Malabar (h) Guntur (c) Khandesh (0 Malaya (d) Nilgiris (j) Egypt (e) Canada (k) France (/)' Brazil (0 Burma

"Q. 10, Q. 11 and Q. 12 set in Military Wing (National Defence Academy), Examination 1951.

Q. 13. Ate eclipses caused (i) by the shadow of the earth on the moon (ii) by the sun coming between the moon and the earth (Hi) by the shadow of the moon on the sun (iv) by the moon coming between the sun and the earth (v) by the shadow of the earth on the sun ?

Q. 14. What is meant by the following terms ? (a) An ecliptic (3) A bore (b) A meridian (h) A lunar eclipse (c) Isobar (»') Apogee (d) An isthumus (j) Nebula (e) Doldrums (h) Solstice (/) A comet

Q. 15. (a) Name the land which has no snakes (b) How do you account for this fact ?

Q. 16. Where are the following and what are they noted for ?—

(a) Guadalcanal (fir) Angkor Vat (b) The Solomon Islands (h) Potsdam (c) Jamshedpur (i) Flushing Meadows (d) Lake Success (j) Azerbaijan (e) Leh (k) Los Angeles (/) Mohenjo Daro (I) Gilgit

Q. 17. Answer the following : (a) What is the difference between an isobar and an

isotherm ? , (b) Of which country arc Java and Sumatra a part ?

GEOGRAPHY I 6 3

(c) Between what latitudes lies the South Temperate Zone?

(d) In which regions are the world's greatest deserts and why ?

(e) Where is Formosa ? Why has it come into prominence these days ?

(/) What happens to the calendar of a traveller when he crosses the International Date Line ?

(g) What are Marusupials ? In which continent do you find them ?

(A) What do you understand by "White Gold of Egypt" and the "Liquid Gold" of Arabia ?

Q. 18. With what important industries are the following towns associated ?

(a) Banaras ( / ) Moradabad (b) Darjeeling (g) Plymouth (c) Detorit (70 Surat (d) Dalmianagar (i) Titagarh (e) Hollywood (j) Zanzibar

Q. 19. With what sort of goods are the following trade names associated ?

(a) Bata (A) Kodak (b) Blackbird (i) Phillips

, (c) Davy (j) Scissors (d) Dhariwal (k) Underwood (e) Firestone (l) Waterman (/) Glaxo (TO) Zig Zag (g) Huntley and Palmer

Q. 20. (a) Of what countries are the following the national Emblems ?

(0 The Rose (u) The Pomegrante (in) The Lotus (iv) The White Lily (v) The Shamrock (in) The Golden Rod {vii) The Narcissus (viii) The Kangaroo (ix) The Chrysanthemum and (x) The Sugar Maple

(6) From what are the following extracted or manufactured ?

(t) Opium, Molasses, paper, snuff, -gun cotton, coir, semolina (sooji), lac, gunny.

l g 4 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Q. 21. Name the capitals of the following countries, as also the languages spoken in them.

(a) Chile (6) Hungary (c) Sweden (d) Switzerland (e) Netherlands (/) Mexico (&•) Finland (A) Ethiopia (0 Denmark (j) Columbia (k) Bulgaria.

Q. 22. For what arc the following noted ? Kapilvastu, EUora, Somnath, Hiroshima, Ajodhya,

Sarnath, Sanchi, Fatehpur Sikri.

Q. 23. What are the following noted for ?— (a) Sindri (/) Kolar (b) Dum Dum {g) Abadan (c) Jogindernagar (A) Manchester (d) Pusa (i) Ruhr (e) Colorado {j) Croydon

Military Wing (National Defence Academy) Exami* nation 1951.

Q. 24. Name the following. Try any ten. If you try more only the first ten will be marked. (a) The largest silver pro- (g) The largest delta

ducing country. (h) The highest plateau (b) The longest road in India (i) The coldest place (c) The largest desert (j) (d) The highest mountain (A-) The country with the

peak largest electorate (e) The deepest ocean (I) The largest island ( /) The biggest city (»«) The largest peninsula

Q. 25. State briefly the importance of the following:— (»') Ellora caves (vi) Lyons

(»0 Mount Abu (Vii) Vesuvius (iii) Kolar (V;U) Coventry (iv) Ankara (;x) Cairo (e) Abadan ( r ) The Saar

Q. 26. Name one place in India where the following industries are located .-—

(i) Woolen cloth (,-,',•) Locomotives (it) Paper * ^ Silk

GEOGRAPHY I 6 5 .

(v) Film (viii) Jute manufacture [vi) Glass (ix) Cement (vii) Petroleum (x) Copper

Q. 24, Q. 25 and Q. 26 set in Joint Services Wing <National Defence Academy) Examination 1951.

Q. 27. Name five of the longest rivers of the world and countries through which they pass.

(b) State in which states in India are the following seaports situated .

(1) Alleppy (2) Kandla (3) Calicut (4) Surat (5) Tuti-corin (6) Vizagapatam (7) Port Blair.

(c) Which was formerly the biggest princely state in India as regards area and which had the largest population ?

(d) Name the scientific and industrial institutes in the following cities in India.

Bangalore, Dehra Dun, Izatnagar, Roorkee, Kasauli, Jamshedpur, Kanpur, Cuttack, Bombay.

Q. 28. In what continents are the following situated ? (a) Andorra (b) Canberra (c) Vladivostock (d) Vancouver

(e) Asansol (/) Mannerheim (g) Montevideo (ft) Mozambique (i) Oslo (j) Ratnagiri, (A-) Ruanda-Urundi (I) Leopoldville

Q. 29. What do you know of the following ? (a) The Vimmy Ridge (fc) Khajuraho Temple (b) Shantiniketan (l) Kdnarak Temple (c) Scotland Yard (m) Jallianwala Bagh (J) The Valley of Kings {it) Eiffel Tower (e) Singing Tower (o) Tier-el-Bahari {/) Pennsylvania Avenue (p) Avenue of Sphinxes (g) The Tower of London (q) Blair House (/*) The Wailing Wall (r) Abu Simbel Temple (t) The White House (s) Acropolis (j) Trafalgar Square (t) Cleopatra's Needle

Q. 30. To what have the following epithets been applied ? : —

(i) The Blue mountains (") The city of Ghosts and Temples

(iii) The Gate of Tears


(ID) Human Equator of the earth {v) Land of Maple

(wi) Queen of Adriatic {vii) Land of the Midnight sun

' {viii) Britain of the South (ix) Roof of the world (*) The Dark Continent {xi) The Gift of the Nile {xii) The Emerald Island

{xiii) Land of the Millions of Elephants

^ - «' 31" , n w h i c h Pa r t s o f I n d i a are the following: chjefly grown ?— &

g> *ndiS° (e) Cotton S J e a (/) Coffee (c) Sugarcane (g) C h i n c o n a

finrfQ\J2V i!" ^ h k h , p a r t s o f I n d i a o r Ceylon would you X i e ?'_ lng languages sp°ken b y t h e com™>n

U) Malaval^?^ T T ^ & I*™1 W M a r a h a t i « Khasi V) Maiayalam (?) Telugu (A) Kanarese (») Veddas

^y5tWs^^^)<?^ (i) GoId (e>

findômSunitt/J--6800^13 WOuId ^ « P « * to

W S S ( ^ N S . ( 6 ) T ° d a S ( C ) M a r W a r i s W Black Jews

t heyôusT 1 1 " 6 W *« Mh^S places and why are (a) Bodh-Gaya , n c

(6) Ellora H/ S a s a r a m

(c) Konarak }?) Fa tehpur Sikri 09 Madura W âldighat (e) Mandu W Calicut Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Examination

1952.

GEOGRAPHY I 6 7

Q. 36. (a) What is a volcano ? (b) What is fog ? (c) Who discovered the North Pole ? (d) Which is the deepest lake in the world ? (e) Which is the largest desert in Asia ? (/) Which country in the world does not put its name

on the postage stamps ? (g) Which is the biggest museum in the world ? (A) Where is the wild ass found in India ? (i) Which is the largest palace in the world ? (j) Where do bamboos grow wild in India ? (k) Where are wild elephants found in India ?

Q. 37. State whether each of the statements is right or wrong.

(a) India produces no base metal. (b) Mars is nearer to the sun and smaller than the earth. (c) Asia is the largest of the five continents. (d) The Atlantic is the largest of the oceans. (e) The Caspian is the largest of the lakes. ( / ) Archangel is a seaport in the north of Norway. (g) The Gulf stream is a warm water 'stream which

originates from New Foundland and near the English Channel.

(h) Calcutta is within the tropics. (i) The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean with the

Persian Gulf. (j) The great Andes mountains stretch along the east

coast of South America while the Rockies along its west coast.

(k) The great city of Washington, though the biggest and the richest city of North America, is not its capital. That honour goes to the great seaport of New York.

Supply the correct information in the above statements where you find it incorrect. 1

Q. 38. When Germany was defeated in the last Great War, it was divided into certain zones among the occupying powers. Name those zones, and mention the parts


of the country under the occupation of the different powers.

Q. 39. What do you understand by the term "The Iron Curtain." ? Mention the countries which are within the so called "Iron Curtain."

Q. 40. With what main industry or minerals do you associate ?

(a) Kolar (6) Lancashire (c) Jharia (d) Chicago (e) Gujranwala ( /) Essen (g) Attock (h) The Clyde (1) Hollywood (j) Trivandrum (Ic) Raniganj (Z) Lyons (France) (m) Dundee (w) Jamshedpur (0) Vizagapatam.

Q. 41. What is an inhabitant of each of the following countries called ?

(o) Denmark (e) Ceylon (6) Finland ( /) Holland (c) Spain (g) Latavia (d) Norway (ft) Switzerland

r Q. 42. What are the main crops grown in the following countries ?

1 \ ra) E R p t » ( 6 ) E a s t P a k i s t a n (c) West Pakistan (d) Burma A i a v a . / ) . , A ! g e n t i n e Republic (g) The U.S.A. (h) Italy

(») Brazil (j) Germany.

Q. 43- What are following phenomena due to ?

(& 5 t B ., (») Cyclones (») Thunder ^ T ? d e s

S S P W 1 1 1 5 (•*> T r a d e Winds («0 Lightning ( w W ) A r a i n b o w

r1P ,P?r;4 4 ; ;vPTch e /° l l 0 W i n g l i s t c o m a i n s names of lakes, mountains W T ™ W 3 t e r f a l l s a n d w e l 1 k n ° ™ Peaks of = L t 1 ^ ^ ^

GEOGRAPHY 169

Murray (18) Victoria (19) Blanc (20) Gavarnie (21) Kanchenjunga.

Q. 45. What and where are the following ?— (a) The Amazon (b) Salonika (c) Cotopaxi (d) The

Celebes (e) The Grand Canyon (/) Spitsbergen (g) The Pampas (k) Viet Nam (i) The Siroco (j) The Bibliotheque Nationale (k) Bonn.

Q. 46. When it is 12 noon G. M. T. what is the time in l i -

ia) Delhi (b) Tokyo (c) Rome (d) New York. How do you arrive at your conclusions ?

Q. 47. In which countries of the world do the undermentioned people live ?

(i) Bantus (ii) Bedouins (Hi) Kirghiz (iv) Magyars (v) Maoris (vi) Zulus {vii) Czechs (viii) Copts (ix) Afridis (x) Shinwaris.

Q. 48. What and where are these ? : — (a) The Kaaba (6) Puskar (c) Scoda (d) Stonehenge (e)

Norte Dame (/) Potala (g) Gateway of India (h) Death Valley (1) Unterden Linden (j) Wembley.

Q. 49. In what connection and with what famous persons are the following places associated ? :—

(a) Corsica (c) Shantinekatan (c) Bethelhem (rf) Shiraz <e) Stratford-on-Avon (/) Washington (g) Elba (h) Stoke Poges (*) Tus (j) Ajmer.

Q. 50. State what you understand by :—

(i) The milky way (ii) Snow line (Hi) Savannah (iv) Treaty Ports (v) Occulation (vi) A Geyser (vii) Ecliptic (viii) An artesian well (ix) A bore (a;) Zodiac.

Q. 51. Where are the following, and why are they famous ? Attempt any six.

(a) Sarnath (d) Nalanda (6) Pataliputra o {t.) Bali (c) Ellora (/) Fatehpur Sikri


(g) Plassey (*) L a k e Success (h) Waterloo

Q. 52. Where are any five of the following living \ creatures found in a wild state? State whether they are animals or birds ?

(a) Musk deer (/) Koala (b) Puma (g) Mustang (c) Kiwi &) Albatross

' {d) Guano (*) llama («) Gru (j) Plover

Q. 53. Where are the following chiefly found or grown in India ?

(») Gold (iv) Coal (n) Mica (v) Petroleum

(iii) Jute (w) Bauxite

Q. 54. Answer any three of the following :— . (a) State the main types of irrigation in India. Where

are the irrigation canals mostly situated in India ? (b) What are Earthquakes ? Why is the Himalyayan

belt susceptible to quakes ? (c) What are Monsoons ? (rf) What are Ocean currents ? Name one warm water and one cold water current of

the world.

Q 51 to Q. 54 set in Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Examination 1952.

Q. 55. By what name were the following cities or countries formerly known ? :—

Leningrad, Thailand, Iran, Iraq, Istanbul, Oslo, Eire, Gorky, the Hawaii Islands.

Q. 56. What are the national names of the following countries ? :—

India, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, China, Japan, Holland, Abyssinia.

GEOGRAPHY IJX

Q. 57. Which countries or seas do the following straits separate or connect ?—

Strait of (a) Gibraltar (b) Magellan (c) Dardenelles (d) Bosphorus (e) Behring (/) Dover (g) Messina (h) Sudaa (0 Macasar.

Q. 58. Arrange the following animals in the longevity of their lives and state the longevity where you know it for certain. ,

Rat, Pigeon, Horse, Lion, Monkey, Goat, Dog, Cat, Ass, . Chicken, Elephant, Rabbit, Cow.

Q. 59. Name the countries of the world which are the largest producers of: — "•

(i) Real silk (ii) Artificial silk (Hi) Petroleum (iv) Gold (v) Tin (vi) Rubber (vii) Dates (viii) Tea (ix) Mica (x) Cotton (xi) Copper (xii) Lead (rem) Rice (xiv) Wheat.

Q. 60. Which parts of India were connected by the former undermentioned railways. Which chief products of these areas did they help to carry to other parts of India?

(i) B.B. & C.I. (ii) E. I. R. (Hi) Mad. S.M. Rly. (iv) . S. I. Rly. (v) The O. T. Rly. and (vi) B. N. Rly.

Q. 61 • In what countries are the following ports ? (a) East London (6) Port Blair (c) Halifax (d) Valparaiso

(e)' Marseilles (/) Sydney (g) Rotterdam (h) Ostend (i) Seattle ( j ) Bergen (k) Jaffa (Q Rio de Janeiro.

Q. 62. In what continents are the following mountains situated ?—

(a) Andes (b) Drakensberg (c) Atlas (d) Caucasus (e) Alps (/) Karakoram {g) Rockies (/;) Pyrennees (i) Ruwenzori (j) Pamirs (k) Elburz.

Q. 63. Name the capitals of the following states :— (a) Spain (6) Argentina (c) West German Federal

Republic (d) Iraq (e) Luxembourg (/) Finland (g) Indonesia (h) Canada (1) Ethiopia (j) Pakistan (k) Bulgaria (/) Netherlands (m) People's Republic of China (n) Manchuria.


Q. 64. In what seas or oceans are the following? :— (a) New Guinea (6) Baffin Island (c) Iceland (d)

Hispaniola (e) Ceylon (/) Borneo (g) Hokkaido (h) Greenland (i) Honshu (j) Banks Island.

Q. 65. Where are the following situated, and to which country do they belong ? :—

(a) Cyprus; (b) New Zealand; (fi) Sumatra; (d) Mindanau ; (e) Gold Coast; (/) Kentucky ; (g) Marshal! islands ; (h) Morocco ; (1) Timor ; (j) Cape Verde Islands ; (k) Kurlie Islands : (I) Angora ; (m) Madeira.

Q. 66. Mention the names of the countries or continents where you will find the following :—

(a) The Giraffe (6) The Lion (c) Yak (d) Reindeer (e) The Rattlesnake (/) Rhinoceros (g) The Orang Utang (h) Kangaroo (i) Zebra.

Q. 67. Answer the following :— (a) What cape is at the southernmost point of India ? (b) Of what continent is Central America a part ? (c) How much does it cost to send an ordinary letter

(envelope) from Delhi to (i) London (ii) Ceylon (Hi) Pakistan.

(d) Name three or four countries outside India where traces of ancient Indian civilization have been found.

(e) What are the sources of the rivers (i) Ganga ; {ii) Amazon ; (Hi) Nile ; (iv) Danube ; (v) Irrawadi; (vi) Bhramputra ; (vii) Indus ; (viii) Ravi. State also the seas or oceans into which they pour their waters.

(/) What is a cash crop ? Give example. (<7) What is the population of U. P. and West Bengal

according to the latest census report ? (h) In what way does a meridian help determine time ? (i) Why does the lunar eclipse occur only at full moon,

but not at every full moon ?

(j) Distinguish between (i) climate and weather (ii) A dromedary and a camel (Hi) A wasp and a bee (iv) A crow and a raven (v) A motor bus and a tram.

GEOGRAPHY 173

(*) Which country is called the cock pit of Europe ?

Q. 68. It is said that India is deficient in certain metals and non-metals, and that due to -stock piling by Britain and America many Indian industries suffered.

Name some of those important metals and non-metals. Also mention the industries which in your opinion are likely to suffer most due to difficulty of obtainining or stoppage of import of these metals and non metals.

Q. 69. (a) Describe very briefly some of the steps the government of India is now taking to make India self sufficient in food grains.

(b) If it has not met with much success as yet what is this due to ?

Q. 70. Name the rivers on which the following towns are situated.

(a) London (b) Srinagar (c) Lahore (d) Patna (e) Allahabad (/) Delhi (g) New York (h) Rome (»') Quebec (j) Paris {k) Budapest (I) Cairo (m) Bezwada {n) Hankow (o) Vienna (p) Berlin (q) Hyderabad (r) Calcutta.

Military Wing Exam. 1952.

Q. 71. Name the countries in which the undermentioned volcanoes are to be found ? Which has been the most active of late ?

(a) Vesuvius (b) Hekla (c) Kilimanjaro (d) Fujiyama (e) Mauna Loa (/) Cotopaxi (g) Mount Etna (h) Papo-catepetl.

.Q. 72. Name three countries important for the production of each of the following : —

(a) Manganese (f) Clove. (6) Coffee (g) Platinum (c) Timber (h) Tin (d) Motor Cars (i) Mercury (e) Tobacco

Q. 73. Where are the following and for what are they k nown ?—

174 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TEST

(a) Fatehpur Sikri (e) Panth Piploda (6) Ajanta (/) Abadan (c) St. Paul's Cathedral (g) Bandar Mahsur. {d) Quai D'orsay

Q. 74. Locate the following :— (i) Port Arthur, («') Port Blair, {iii) Port Sudan, {iv)

Port Darwin (v) Port Elizabeth; {vi) Port Said, (vh) Port Talbot, (w'i'») Portsmouth, {ix) Port Morseby and {x) Port of Spain.

Q. 75. Give the approximate population of ? : — (i) India (it) Pakistan {iii) U. S. A. {iv) The British

Isles {v) China (ui) Japan (t/t'i) Burma (viii) France {ix) The U.S S.R.

(6) Of what countries are the following capitals :— Bucharest, Damascus. Bern, Kathmandu, Saigon,

•Copenhagen, San Jose, Wellington. Q. 76. Give a brief note of the salient features of each

of the following and also state approximately when each was built :—

(a) The Parthenon of Greece (6) The Great Pyramid (c) The Alhambra (d) The Taj Mahal at Agra (e) The Kutub Minar at Delhi (/) Angkor Vat (?) The Great Wall of China (h) The Leaning Tower of Pisa {i) The Great Stupa of Sanchi {j) Dargah Khwaja Sahib at Ajmer

Q. 77. In which countries or continent would you find the following ?—

(a) Birds of Paradise {b) Macaw (c) King Vulture {d) The Penguins (e) Peacock (/) Secretary Bird {g) Ostrich {i) Kiwi.

Q. 78. Where are ? :— (t) The Shan States (it) the Lushai Hills {Hi) the

Aravali range {iv) the Satpara mountains (») Ladakh {vi)

GEOGRAPHY 175

the Hindukush Range (vii) the Pamirs (yiii) Khartoum (ix) Razmak (x) the Gobi desert (xi) the Bolan-pass (xn) the Tigris river (xiii) the Bahamas islands {xiv) the Kiel canal.

Q 79. What is the approximate value in Indian currency of ? : —

The Pakistan rupee, An American dollar, A Japanese yen ; A French franc ; the English pound.

Q. 80. What particular commodity would you get from the following ?

(a) The Rand (/) Dundee (b) Calcutta (g) Abadan (c) Ahmedabad (h) Java (d) Kimberley (i) Lyons (e) Sheffield (&) Moradabad

Q. 81. Following are some well known sacred places in India. Locate these places. Write also to which communities they are sacred and why.

(a) Hardwar (6) Muttra (c) Puri (i) Kalighat (e) (/) Nankana Sahib (g) Mount Abu (h) Sarnath (*') Kajri {}) Ajmer.

Q. 82, Name the places where the following industries are located in India :—

(a) Cotton textile (6) Iron and steel (c) Sugar (rf)' Paper (e) Cement.

Q. 83. What currency is used in the following countries ? : —

(o) The U. S. S. R. (b) Rumania (c) Bulgaria (d) France (e) Canada (/) Japan (g) Burma (h) Spain (*') Sweden (j) Switzerland (k)' Turkey (I) Argentine Republic.

Q. 84. Name :— (a) a river in Burma (6) A port in New Guinea (c) One of the home islands of Japan


(d) A mountain in America (e) A fresh water lake in Asia (/) A well known waterfall in U. S. A. (g) The source of the river Nile (/t) A desert in Africa other than the Sahara (i) A colony of England in South America (j) A volcanic island in Europe (fc) Rivers in the Argentine Republic {I) A country where majority of the population is-

Croates. (m) One or two countries in the Americas where

majority of the population is (i) Red Indians (ii) Spaniards.

Q. 85. (a) What part of India suffered a devastating earthquake in 1950 ?

(b) What is the chief agricultural product of (i) East Punjab (ii) Bombay (n't) U. P. (iv) West Bengal ?

(c) What is meant by the stars and stripes ? (d) Which is the largest of the planets ? (e) Which known planet is nearest to the sun ? (/) What are the distances of the sun and the moon

from the earth ? (g) What are the Roaring Forties; The Dogger Bank ;

The international Date Line.

Q. 86. Where would you find the following people living in India ? :

The Nayars; Bhils; Todas; Leychas ; Moplas; Gurkhas ; Santhals ; Khasis ; Nagas.

Q. 87. Name one important commercial product or commodity connected with the following : —

(a) Sicily (6) Ural mountains (c) Java (d) Zanzibar (e) Newfoundland (/) Bahrein (</) Kimbeiley [h) Broken Hill (Australia) (i) Johannesberg (j) Baku (k) Rumania (I) Malaya (TO) Agha Jari (Iran).

Q. 88. For what are the following places noted ?

GEOGRAPHY J77

(a) Jharia (b) Wardha (c) Trichnopoly (d) Anand Bhawan (e) Dayal Bagh (/) Shantiniketan (g) Adyar (A) Dalmianagar (1) Sindri (j) Vizagapatam.

Q. 89. («) Who are the Rajpramukhs of the following states:—

Saurashtra; Greater Rajasthan; Madhya Bharat; P.E.P.S.U. Union; Travancore Cochin Union and the Hyderabad state.

(6) With which states have following of the former Indian states merged under the merger scheme ? : Rampur, Banaras, Baroda, Cooch Bihar.

(c) Name the states which are now being governed by the Centre.

Q. 90. On what railway lines are the following places : (a) Agia (b) Poona (c) Ranchi {&) Dhaiwar (e) Monghyr

(/) Patna (g) Ratlam (h) Jodhpur (*) Jubbulpur (j) Nagpur (k) Jhansi (Z) Surat (m) Trichnopoly (») Ambala (0) Bangalore (p) Secunderabad.

Q. 91. Name twelve most populous cities in India in the order of their population, also their approximate population.

Name the most important sea ports of India, mentioning whether they are on the east or west coasts ?

Q. 92. State which of the following countries are in North and Central America and which are in South America

Honduras ; Bolivia ; Venezuela ; Nicaraguay ; Labrador; Costa Rica ; Ecuador ; Canada.

Q. 93. What are the following and what are they used for ?

(i) Saffron (it) cloves (iii) pepper (iv) chocolate (v) ginger (vi) nutmegs (tm) rayon.

Q. 94. Enumerate the chief colonies and territories of the French colonial empire. r

i 7 8 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Q. 95. In what cities are or were ? :— (a) The Leaning Tower ( P«>v*\ (b) Tower Bridge ^/

> (c) The Porcelain Tower (d) The Tower of Silence (e) White Tower (/) Tower Hamlets.

Q. 96. (a) Explain briefly what causes the following :— (i) The Solar eclipse

(ii) Ocean tides (Hi) Earthquakes

(b) In which countries are the following towns situated ? (i) Pretoria (ii) Azarbaijan (Hi) Kiev (iV) Essen (v)

Prague (vi) Leipzing (vii) Mosul (viii) Jaifa (ix) Warsaw (x) Bucharest (xi) Geneva (xii) Symarna (xiii) Caracas (xiv) Sarajevo

Q. 97. Where are ? : — (i) The Pripet Marshes (it) the Dull Jheel (Hi) the

Sunderbans (iv) Lake Ladoga (v) the Niagra Falls (vi) the Falkland islands (vii) Brindsi (viii) The Homelands of the Eskimos (ix) the Elephanta caves (x) Murmansk (xi) Azores.

Q. 98. Following is a list of some well known scientific and industrial research institutes in India. Locate the places where they are situated.

(i) The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ; (ii) Bose Research Institute (Hi) Building Research Institute (iv) Harcourt Butler Technological Institute' (v) National Chemical Laboratory (vi) King Edward Memorial .Institute (vii) Food Technological Research Institute (viii) Electrochemical Industries Research Laboratories.

Q. 99. What is approximately the distance between Delhi and the following cities ? :—

(a) Hyderabad (b) Jullundur (c) Jaipur (d) Kanpur (e) Allahabad (/) Amritsar (g) Madras (h) Calcutta

Q, 100. Where are the following ? :— Cape Verde ; Cape Verde islands ; Cape Camorin ;

Cape Matapan; Cape Trafalgar ; Cape Town ; Cape of Good Hope.

GEOGRAPHY 179

Behring Strait ; Strait of Magellan ; Strait of Messina ; Palk Strait; The Strait Settlements.

Q. 101. (a) State the names of the planets in order, beginning with the one nearest the sun.

(b) What is (1) a Nebula (ii) a Comet (Hi) Shooting star (iv) The Milky way.

(c) State which languages are being spoken by the majority in following parts of India :—

(i) Bombay (ii) Madhya Pradesh (Hi) Madras (iv) East Punjab (v) Mysore (vi) Travancore (vii) Baroda (viii) Indore (ix) South Kanara (a;) Orissa (xi) Berar.

Which are Indo-Aryan languages and which are Dravidian Languages ?

Which languages come under the heading Indo-Germanic ?

Q. 102. Name a port on each of the following seas :— The White Sea, The Black Sea, The Sea of Japan, the

Red Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Baltic Sea, The Mediterranean Sea, The Adriatic Sea and the Crimean Sea.

Q. 103. (a) In which part of the world do the following winds blow ? : —

(i) The Simoom (ii) Typhoon (Hi) Loo (iv) Cyclone (v) Tornado (vi) Sirocco (vii) Hurricanes.

(b) What and where are : Cebu ; Kobe ; Ivory coast; Haiti ; Gozo ; Gaza ; Szechwan; Gretna Green; Honolulu ; Memel ?

Q. 104. In which countries are the following languages spoken ? : —

(1) Amharic (2) Berber (3) Bisayan (4) Catalan (5) Sudanic (6) Swahili (7) Uzbek (8) Annamese (9) Bantu (10) Cushitic (11) Mandarin (12) Singhalese (13) Zulu (14) Konkani (15) Pushtu.

Q. 105. (b) Name atleast four countries each producing in order of quantity the following commodities.

Coal; Crude petroleum; Iron; Tin ; Manganese; Gold; Silver; Wheat; Rice; Sugar; Cotton; Rubber and Aluminium.

' 180 Hf , i|,'T*]UNIOFLGENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

|(6) Name four of the chief food crops of India. In which "states are they grown and in what season are they harvested ? * •

' 'Q. 106. Name the highest mountain peaks in the following continents :—

' *»!j£) Asia , Africa ; North America ; South America ; . Europe ; Australia.

i,T*'Q. 107. Describe in not more than 120 words the importance to India's welfare the proper maintenance of its forests.

, Q. 108. Mention the places in India where the following industries are located. These are to be mentioned separately against each industry.

(a) Cement industry {b) Glass industry (c) Sports good industry (dV Chemical industry (fi^Metal and metal wares (/)> Leather and tanning industry

„ „ S L \ I 0 9 ' W i t h w n a t town do you associate the following ? :—

(a)' Mincing Lane > (6)/The Lion of St. Mark (c) Thc,Victoria Memorial (d) Paternoster Row (e\ The Menin Gate l

(/)VThe Winter Pala'ce ' f(g) The Sistine.Chapel

>*(h) Wailing Wall/ (0 The Golden Horn '

V(j) The Golden Temple (fc) Waiting .Street ' (l) India House

Q 1 to! fo Name the five rf*rs of the two Punjab*

W J h e j?0*1 imP<>ttant/ivers of the Dcccan (c). The Railwayskthat serve Delhi ' ~ °

GEOGRAPHY i

(d) The famous caves of India (e) Where are the Dead Sea and the Lake of Galilee ?

Why are both so well known throughout the wcrld ? •

Q. i n . What do you understand by the six-zones regrouping plan of the Indian Railway ? Under thi: cheme which railways have been regrouped ? Which are£ do these integrated railways serve ?

Q. H2. Where are the following and with what'ar! they associated ?

(a) Dibrugarh t ' (6) Scone (c) Lenin Hydro-Electric Power station

v (d) The Kuikuk oil Fields (/) Kuwait (e) Behrein island

Q. 113. What countries bear on their flags the rouow J ing signs ? *• (a) Stars and stripes t (b) Black, yellow and red (verticle)

(c) Green, white and orange (verticle) (d) White with two horizontal blue stripes, the Blue'

Shield of David in the centre 11 (e) White with a red sun (without its rays)

(/) Red, white, blue (horizontal) (g) Blue cross; with white borders on red ,

" (h) Blue, yellow, red (verticle), with the coat of arms of «the Rupublic in the middle. I («') White crescent and star on red

Ij) Red, with sickle and hammer, and a five pointed star. •> *

v^Q. 114. In the recent war in Korea, locate the following.:— , ^

v(i") Seoul (ii) The. Han river, (Hi) Pusan (iv)j Pan v Mun Juan. / ( " , i "

TQ.1 115. Where are the following situated :-j , (t) The'Chryslcr Building **{ii) The Fontaineblcu Castle,

VW


(ut) St. Sophia Cathedral (tV) St. Peters Cathedral (v) The National Gallery of Art

(vi) Empire State Building (vii) St. John's Lateran (viii) R. C. A. Building

(ix) Cathedral of Charters ' (x) The Alhambra

(xi) Eiffel Tower (xii) Holywood

(xiii) Konarak Temple (xiv) The Wailing Wall (arc) West Minster Abbey.

Q. 116. Of which states are the following districts ?:— Dinajpur; Nowgong; Jalpaiguri; Ganjam; Guntur ;

Karnal; Shahjahanpur; Chitoor ; Bijapur ; Cuttack; Kanchi; Lakhimpur; Murshidabad; Sadiya Frontier I rac t ; Mayurbhanj ; Amroati ; Saran ; Yeotmal.

Q. 117- Which of these are ?: (») Governors' or Lieut. Governors' states (it) States

centrally administered (in) Individual States (iv) Union of States with a Rajpramukh.

R a , W l J n i n ? h ^ ! r a d e ? , h <6> M y s o r e (c) Bhopal (d) Bharat (<0 *3 P r a d e s h ( /> B i l a s Pur <fl Madbya

whe?"thSnt . W i * W h i ^ \ s t a t e s were the following merged when the integration of the states took place > •—

BarodamPCoo'chBSaS V S a y u r b h a n i > S i r h o i 5 K o l h a P u r ; tfaroda, Cooch Bihar ; Chhatttsgarh States ; Makrai.

Q 119. Of which states are the following capitals ? : -

W R e w a T f T V ^ / t ^ / s (C) R a > k o t W Trivandrum 8 L £ S w £ ? G a D g t 0 k ( ? ) R a n c h i <*> Pachmari (i)

Indk whh riS6 J £ TSt „ i mP°»ant universities in before S o o . V1Ce-cha^ellors3 except those founded

GEOGRAPHY 183

Q. i 2 i . Name ten volcanoes, active or queiscent, but not extinct. Name also the countries in which they are situated.

Q. 122. How many offsprings do the following animals usually have at one birth ?—

Cow ; horse ; dog ; c a t ; sheep ; pig ; mouse ; donkey rabbit.

Q. 123. Wha t are the chief countries o f? :—

(a) Asia (c) South America (b) Europe (d) Central America

Q. 124. What are the hottest; the coldest; the wettest and the driest months of the year in India on the average ?

Q. 125. How many hours' difference is there between the time at Greenwich and that at Bombay, Washington, Java, San Fransisco and Calcutta ?

Q. 126. What were the seven wonders of the ancient world ?

What are the v. onders of modern creation ?

Q. 127. How many motions has the earth ? What are they ?

Q. 128. Arrange the following towns in the order of their population in normal times :—

Madras, Delhi, Alkhabad, Mysore, Kanpur, Jaipur, Patna, Agia, Bombay, Baieilly, Ajmer, Amiitsar. Hyderabad (Approximate populations may be mentioned against each)

Q. 129. What is the approximate population of the following States ?

Bombay, Madras, Himachal Pradesh, Travancore-Cochin, Saurashtia, Hyderabad.

Q. 130. Mention three names against each of the following :—

(i) The largest wheat producing countries. (ii) The largest rice producing countries.

184 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLtDGE TES1S

(in) The largest cotton producing countries. (iv) The largest tea producing countries. (v) World's navigable canals which connect large

bodies of water. (vi) The big rivers that flow through Kashmir.

, (vh) The ancient languages of the Aryan settlers in India. (viii) The chief aboriginal tribes of North India.

(ix) The chief mineral products of India (x) South Indian Languages.

(xi) Two tributaries of the Ganga.

Q. 131. What and are they noted for ?

(i) Asansol (it) Chitorgarh

(iii) Formosa (if) Baku

* (v) Dunkirk >

Joint Services Wing Exam. where are the following and

(vt) Greenwich (vii) Hollywood

(viii) Nilgiris (ix) Texas (x) Sheffield

Joint Services Wing Exam-• ,Q. 132. State what you

Answer any ten :— « (i) Waterloo

(ii) Vatican 1 {iii) Lake Success '. (iv) Humpi i »(v) Hiroshima

" (vi) Pearl Harbour

1952. what

1952. know of the following.

(vii) Mohenjodaro (viii) Sarnath

(*x) Vishwa Bharati (x) Stalingrad (xi) Vichy

Military Wing Exam. Paper 1952. Q. 133. The following list contains the names of

animals, uees, flowers, vegetables etc. State what they are and name the region where they arc found. Answer any ten.

'(2) Reindeer (h)rOak

(in) Penguin (iv) Alusk Ox

> (v) Yak \ k(vi) Rhododendron (jrii) Alpaca

(viit) (ix) (*)

(art)

Juniper Rhinoceros Love Apple Ladies Finger Mistletoe

(xiii) Gooseberry

Miliary Wing Exam. Paper 1952.

GEOGRAPHY I § 5

Q. 134. What do you know of the following ? (0 Horse Latitudes (tj) Spring tides and neap tides

{at) Orion (ii) Steppes («/) Eclipse (vi) Earthquakes. Military Wing Exam. Paper 1952.

Q. 135. Name one city where the following industries are located in India .—

(0 Gold mining (u) Hides and skins (iii) Electric bulbs and lamps (u-) Aircraft assembling and manufacture of spare parts (v) Iron smelting.

Military Wing Exam. Paper 1952.

Q. 136. Name one State each in India where the following crops are cultivated extensively :—

(i) Jute (iv) Rice (t?) Sugarcane (1) Coffee

(iii) Cotton Military Wing Exam. Paper 1952-

Q. 137. Write one line each on the following.

, (a) Buland Darwaza (b) Tower of Victory, Chittor (c) Gol Gumbaz (d) Elephenta Caves (e) Nalanda (/) Black Pagoda.

Indian Air Force Exam. 1951'.


(a) Why is there a sea breeze near the coast on a hottl summer day ?

(b) What are the main factors that determine • tne * climate of any region ? ' .'•, -fry

(c) Why are mountains cooler than plains ? ' " , ' (d) The greatest density of population in the monsopp

lands is to be found in certain river valleys. Name, two such rivers. N " \; /,

(e) Name the two countries which lead in the production _ of (a), gold (6) copper. . # , .'*)•* • (/) In which parts do bamboos grow wild in India ?^,»


(g) Which is the most shady Indian tree ? {h) Where are wild elephants found in India ? (t) In which countries of the world are tigers found ? (j) Where are gorillas found ? (A-) Name the largest bird in the world. (0 Which animal runs fastest ? (m) Which bird flies fastest ?

(Indian Air Force Exam. 1951). Q. 139. Note down the information required against

the following items. (t) The circumference of the Earth

(it) The duration of the lunar month (iii) The longest day in the year (it;) The shortest day in the year (v) The country with the largest population

{vi) The number of square yards in an acre (vii) The furlongs in a mile

{viii) The number of sheets in one quire of paper (tx) The number of Indian rupees equal to 100

Pakistani rupees. (*) The speed at which light travel

(xi) The boiling point of water (Joint Services Wing Exam. 1951).

Q. 140. What and where are the following and what are they noted for ? : —

(t) Amritsar (v) Mount Abu (it) Sanchi (vi) Nagpur

(tit) Sambhar {vii) Jamshedpur (vi) Sikandra {viii) Chunar

(Joint Services Wing Exam. 1951). Q. 141. Where are the following and what are they

noted for ?— (a) Ajanta (g) Karachi (b) The Balkans ' {h) Ranthambhor (c) Bethlehem («) Ottawa (d) Buenos Aires (j) Porbandur (e) Cape Trafalgar (A-) Bhubaneshwar (/) Vaisali

(Military and Air force Combined Exam. 1950).


GEOGRAPHY

1. (a) (t) The lion is found in the Gir forest in Junagadh in Saurashtra.

(it) The rhinoceros in the Brahmaputra valley and in the Sundarban forest in West Bengal.

(ti'i) Mica is found mostly in Bihar, Ajmer, Rajasthan and Madras.

(»'«) Sandalwood in Madras, Mysore and their adjoining parts in South India.

(b) The two biggest cement concerns in India are : The Associated Cement Companies Ltd ; The Dalmia Group of companies.

(c) (?) Kirkee has ordnance factory. (it) Ichapore has a famous Hindu temple,

(in) Kami has a cement factory, (it) Ambernath in the Bombay state has the newly

started machine tool factory. (d) Nights are longest in December and days in June

(21st December longest night and 21st June longest day) in northern hemisphere and vice versa in the southern hemisphere.

2. Islands in the Bay of Bengal : The Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Islands in the Arabian Sea : Laccadive and Maldive islands.

These islands are of great strategic importance to India, apart from their commercial value. They have good harbours, and as India is short of them, they would be of great use to this country. Also, their possession is most essential for the protection of the east and west coasts of India. Enemy vessels proceeding to attack India can be

187

188" JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

checked far away in the sea from naval and air bases established in these islands.

Their impoitance was underlined by the Japanese incursion during World War II. In their westward advance they made use of the Andaman and Nicobar islands and would have wrought havock on the harbours and mainland of India had their navy not suffered defeat as it did in the battles of the Coral sea and off Midway Island. So their possession and establishment of air and naval bases in them is most essential for India.

3. (a) Kanpur is the industrial capital of Uttar Pradesh and Lucknow is the seat of its government.

(6) Jute is grown in East Bengal but it is manufactured in Calcutta.

(-) The principal commodities which India exports to Indonesia are cotton piece goods, knitted goods, agricultural machinery, cement, shellac, tobacco, jute goods, while imports from Indonesia include palm oil, copra, coconut oil, spices, tin, tapioca, maize, teak wood and raw hides and skins.

(d) The camel is called the ship of the desert, vyhile the lion the king of the forest.

(e) The Jharia Coal mine is in the state of Bihar and the Sambar is a lake in Rajasthan.

(/) (*) The Damodar Valley Project is in West Bengal, the Hirakud Dam Project is in Orissa, the Ramapadasagar Project in Madras, and the Bhakra Dam in East Punjab.

(n) The Damodar Valley Project will provide perennial irrigation to three quarter of million acres of land, and generate 300,000 Kw. of power ; the Hirakud dam project when completed will provide irrigation to over one million acres of land, and generate 350,000 Kw. of power, while the Bhakra Dam Project will irrigate about 4.5 million acres of land and generate 160,000 Kw. of power.

(3) Kashmir is called the Switzerland of the East and Japan it,s Great Britain.

(/() The Punjabees eat wheat while rice is the staple food of Bengal.

GEOGRAPHY (ANSWERS) 1%9

(») Egypt is the gift of the Nile. Take it away and the land will turn into a desert. For this same reason Egypt has length but no breadth.

(j) Days are hot but nights are cool in desert areas.

\/%. (a) The Bastille was a great prison in Paris built originally as a fortress. It was destroyed by a French mob in 1789. The taking of it was the first event in the Revolution.

(i) Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the London Metropolitan police, including the criminal Investigation Department.

(c) Bethlehem is a village near Jerusaleum in Palestine —birthplace of Jesus Christ.

(d) Rajghat in Delhi, at the bank of the Jamuna river— contains the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi.

(e) Hiroshima—port of Japan—the place where the first atom bomb showed its destructive force.

(/) Ajanta is a village in Hyderabad state near which are Buddhist cave temples dating from 200 B.C. to 7th century A.D. They contain unparalled examples of Buddhist fresco-painting.

(g) Rameshwaram. Holy town built on an island on Palk Strait; contains one of India's most venerated temple.

5. (a) Taxila, near Rawalpindi in Pakistan is famous for its excavations which show the ruins of a well built ancient city which was once a great emporium and a seat of Hindu

,-anjijBuddhist learning, to which scholars from distant parts of the world were attracted.

{b) Harrapa in Montgomery district of Pakistan is famous for its excavations of prehistoric buildings which are supposed to be that of a city built in pre-Aryan days*, belonging to the period of Indus Valley civilization that flourished about 35000 B.C.

(c) Nalanda in Bihar contains the ruins of a famous Buddhist University that flourished from the 5th to the 12 th century.


(<£) Mahabalipuram is a seabeach town, about 32 miles off Madras remarkable for the existence of many ancient monolithic temples ; the greater part of the work on these cave temples, e. g., the 'Descent of Ganges' and 'Five Rathas' having been executed early in the seventh century.

6. (a) (i)" Madhya Pradesh (130,272 sq. miles) (ii) Rajasthan (130,207 sq. miles).

(/.) (1) Uttar Pradesh (63,215,742) (ii) Bihar (40,225,947).

(c) Calcutta, Bombay. (d) Bhramputra, Ganga. (e) Mount Evervest, Godwin Austin. 7. (1) Lake Victoria Nayanza : A lake in East Central

Africa on the equator regarded as the head source of the Nile.

(2) Cotopaxi : A volcano in the Andes range in Ecuador. It is the highest active volcano in the world.

(3) The Oobi : A vast desert tract of central Asia, extending from the Pamirs to the Khigan range, mostly occupying outer Mongolia

(4) The Bosphorus : A strait or channel which connects the sea of Marmora with the Black Sea. It is of great strategic importance as it gives entrance to the Black Sea through which the U.S.S.R. could find an outlet to the Mediterranean, had it been in its possession instead of Turkey.

•(5) The Vatican : The palace of the Pope in Rome situated on the Vatican Hill.

(6) The Kurlies : A chain of islands stretching from the N . E. of Hokkaido, Japan, to the south of Kamchatka ; now in the possession of the U. S. S. R,

(7) The Grand Canyon : A narrow gorge of the Colardo river in U. S. A.

(8) Baffin Land : An island in the Arctic inhabited by scattered Eskimos.

(9) The. Grand Coulee : A great Dam in U. S. A. built in 1911.

GEOGRAPHY (ANSWERS) 191

(10) St. Bernard : Famous pass between Italy and Switzerland in the Alps.

(11) Bulaivayo : Largest town of South Rhodesia and the centre of the Rhodesia railway system.

(12) St. Gothard: A great railway tunnel betweeen Switzerland and Italy ; 91 m i l e s l o n S-

(13) Gavarine : A great waterfall in France, with a height of 1385 ft.

(14) Golden Gale : Channel in California, U. S. A. connecting San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean; crossed by a bridge 6,600 ft. long.

(15) Mauna Lao : A great volcano in Hawaii islands in the Pacific whose alt. is 13,675 feet.

(16) Verkhoynsk: The coldest place on the earth in the U.S.SR.

(17) Cincinnati: American city in Ohio, called "the Queen city". It has one of the finest railway stations in the world and is America's great pork market.

(18) Pasco : Town in Peru, South America, highest in the world, built at an alt. of 14, 280 ft.

(19) Raniganj : A town in Bihar, famous for its coal mines.

(20) Godwin Austin : The second highest mountain in the Himalayas after the Everst. Its height is 28,250 ft.

8. The Black Jews : Jews settled since ancient times in the extreme south of India, found specially in the states of Cochin and Travancore.

The Hottentots are the primitive inhabitants of South Africa, leading a pastoral life and composed of Bushmen and Bantus.

The Maoris are the aboriginal inhabitants of Newzea-land. They are a warlike people, tall and muscular and of brown colour.

Creols : Persons descended from European stock in the West indies and in Mexico are called Creols. They are usually of Spanish blood.

Bedouin : Arabs who lead a nomadic life in the deserts of Arabia and subsist by the pasture of their cattle and the rearing of horses.

1 9 2 JONIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Basques : Race of Northern Spain, vigorous and extremely independent. Their autonomy was destroyed by-General Franco in the Spanish Civil War of 1936.

Bantus : A negroid people living in central and south Africa.

Moplas: Arabs who settled in the Malabar coast 01 the Deccan.

>j5anthah : Aboriginal natives of Orissa and Chota Nagpur.

Zullus : A section of the Bantu Negro family inhabiting South Africa. They are a virile militant race, but now lead a quiet pastoral life.

Bamangwato : A branch of the Bantu people, inhabiting Bechunaland Protectorate. Their chief, Sertse Khama came into world prominence in 1950, because he had married a white wife, formerly a London typist, for which he had to pay the penalty of being driven into exile.

Moore. North African Muslims, specially those inhabiting Morocco and Algeria. They are of Arab and Berber descent.

9. (a) The 'Lira'': Italy (b) The 'Peseta' : Spain (c) The 'Rouble' : The U. S. S. R. id) The 'Yen' : Japan (e) The Mark : Germany (/) The Drachma : Greece (g) Schilling : Austria (h) Cruzeiro : Brazil (*) Peso : Columbia, Mexico (j) Krone : Denmark, Norway (k) Rial: Iran.

10. (a) The Kangaroo is a pouched animal found only in Australia and New Guinea notable for its very long and powerful hind legs, a long tail on which it partly rests and a small head with erect ears.

(6) Maoris are the natives of New Zealand. (c) Typhoons are hurricanes prevalent in the China Sea

between July and October, sweeping over the Philippines, the Japanese islands and parts of the Chinese Mainland.


(d) Todas are an aboriginal tribe living in the Nilgiri hills.

(e) Khasis are a hill tribe of Assam. (/) Glacier is a river of ice fed by an accumulation of

snow. Glaciers are common in mountains above the snowline and in regions like Arctic and the Antarctic.

(g) Mistletoe is an evergreen plant found in Europe and Asia. It grows as a parasite on various trees like the black poplar and apple. It has green flowers and white berries.

(h) Pine is an evergreen coniferous tree, Dative of cold countries and found in upper cooler regions of mountains in warmer countries.

(i) Teak is a • large and valuable timber tree cultivated in India, Burma, Java, Ceylon and Malaya.

(j) Juniper is an evergreen shrub which bears needle leaves and dark blue berries of acrid taste found in Europe, America and temperate countries of the world.

11. (a) "Equinoxes are the 2 points at which the sun during its apparent annual course among the stars crosses the celestial equator; when the sun is in either equinox the days and nights are of equal length, 12 hours each all over the world."

(6) Aurora Borealis is the light phenomenon seen in the sky at night in the northern hemisphere, mainly in the higher latitudes. It assumes a variety of forms one of which is an arc of light.

(c) The obscuration of light of the sun when the moon, passing between earth and sun, casts her shadow on the former.

(d) Leap year is a year of 366 days, occurring every fourth year, and devised in order to allow for the fact that the duration of the earth's revolution round the sun is about 365 J- days; by the addition of a complete day every fourth year. The correction necessary to cause the seasons to fall in the same month of every year is thus approximately made.

(e) The state of the atmosphere with respect to the water vapour it contains is humidity.


12. (a) Bengal : Jute (fi) Malabar : Coffee (c) Khandesh : Cotton (rf) Nilgiris : Cinchona (e) Canada : Wheat (J) Brazil : Coffee t<7) California : Wheat (h) Guntur : Rice (i) Malaya : Coconut (J) Egypt : Cotton (k) France : Vines for producing wine (I) Burma : Rice.

13. An eclipse of the moon is caused only by the shadow of the earth on the moon when the earth comes between the sun and the moon; an eclipse of the sun is produced only when the moon comes between the sun and the earth. No other sort of an eclipse is formed.

14. (a) Name given to the circular path in the heavens round which the sun appears to move in the course of the year.

(6) An imaginary great circle passing through the poles at right angles to the equator.

(c) A line drawn on maps and weather charts linking all places where the barometric pressure is the same.

(d) A narrow neck of land connecting two larger portions.

(e) A zone of the tropics where calms lasting for some weeks prevail, broken at times by erratic squalls and baffling winds.

(/) A heavenly body of a luminous and nebulous appearance that moves round the sun in an orbit which is usually an elongated eclipse. A Comet consists of nebulous head, made up of an enormous number of bodies like dust particles and a tail which is often millions of miles in length

(g) A tidal wave which rushes up certain rivers with great violence, forming a wall of water stretching across the stream. It occurs chiefly at spring tide in rivers with


a funnel shaped estuary. Such bores occur frequently on the Amazon and the Yangtze-Kiang.

(//) When during the course of its rotation, the moon passes into the earth's shadow caused by the interception of the light of the sun. we have the lunar eclipse. It may be either total or partial.

(i) The point in the orbit of the moon when it is farthest from the earth.

(j) A faint misty appearance in the heavens produced either by a group of stars too distant to be seen singly or by diffused gaseous matter.

(/.-) Either of the two points on the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest distant north or south from the equator. These occur on June 21st and December 21.

15. (a) Ireland has no snakes. (I>) The following simple reason may be given for this

fact. During and before the Glacial period, England and

Ireland were part of the main continent of Europe and what is now the English Channel was only a river valley with the Rhine and the Thames tributaries to it. Now when during the last Glacial period ice gradually began to melt and receded towards the North pole, the British isles, together with Ireland separated from the mainland and soon after life began to appear on these islands. But Ireland had separated much earlier from England and what few snakes made their way from the continent to England could get no furthur, and thus when life began to pulsate in Ireland, it was already free from snakes.

One more factor accounts for the absence of snakes in Ireland. It is this that snakes have much difficulty in surviving after they migrate from their natural surroundings. Except in zoos, few, if any types of snakes can live long enough to reproduce in a strange land and climate Thus any stray snakes that may have been introduced in this land, must have perished.

16. (a) Largest of the Solomon islands in the South West Pacific. Here was fought in 1942-43 a bitter naval

I96 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

battle between the Americans and the invading Japanese, in which the former were victorious. The island is a British Protectorate.

(6) A group of islands in the West Pacific Ocean, composed of northern and southern groups, the former being Australian dependency and the latter British protectorate. They saw much bitter fighting between the Japanese and the Americans in 1942-43.

(c) City of Bihar where the great Tata Iron and Steel works are situated.

{d) A district of Long Island, New York, temporary headquarters of the U.N.O. since 1946.

(e) Capital of Ladakh in the Kashmir state, situated on the Indus river. It is a great caravan centre.

• c- iu CaUed t h c C i t y o f t h e D e a d o n t h e l o w e r I n d u s

in amdh. It is a city which is supposed to have been omit about 3000 B.C. • Excavations have revealed the ancient Indus valley civilization.

fo) A great temple in Cambodia (French Indo-China), ^JLA T-St "PP08"1! edifices in the world, lying abandoned and in ruins since thc 15th century. seen? «f T m 9*™""* in the Soviet sphere of influence ; on b Q n L ^ P e m l eo n f e r e n c e s in 1945 between the Allies Ac treaTmS n ?£ s t l o n 8 ' a s

uwe» * the principles governing

H)M^Ll^CmTlh0th Politically and economically. YorkS g P f t h e U - N - ° - o n L o nS Is land> NeW

CasphnASea°ViAkoCaPUblic " T"^caucasus west of the

name U° a p r o v m c e o f N. W. Persia of the same

by r L S r It s t ^ ; ^ t a l e K a S h i r ™ * "

^^L^X^uhlhd^noam^ and weather

while an isotherm i T l i ' J ' V ™ atmosPh^ Pressure, places having the 7*„ e . L i d t a W D . 0 n a m a P l m k i D ? a l

or over a given period e p - e r a t U r e e i t h e r a t a 8 i v e n t i m C


(/,) The Republic of Indonesia. (c) Between 23°* from the south pole and 23^° from

the equator. (d) In tropical or subtropical regions of the world

(North Africa, Arabia, central Asia, central Australia and Central America). This is due to extremely low annual rainfall—somewhat less than 10 inches.

(e) Island off the south east coast of China separated by a narrow strait. It is now the headquarter of the Nationalist Government of China under Chiang-Kai-Shiek. It is of great strategic importance, for whoever holds this island holds a commanding position in the Pacific. Held by the Chinese they can threaten the freedom of -the Philippines and Japan if in course of time they develop sea and air powers and can protect their mainland from any would be invader from the Pacific. Held now by the Nationalist Chinese with the help of U.S.A., it is always a threat to the security of China which can be easily attacked from close quarters.

(/) His date is put forward a day when crossing the line going West and back a day when going East.

(?) An order of the mamaiia in which the female has a pouch or a fold of skin on the belly in which she carries her young ones till they grow up to take care of themselves. They include the kangaroos, wombats, wallabies, opossums of Australia, wolf of Tasmania and the tree frog of South America.

(h) Cotton, which is the main source of income of the Egyptians ; similarly petroleum of Arabia.

18. (a) Silk and brassware {b) tea and cinchona (c) Automobiles (d) cement, sugar, paper, vanaspati and chemicals (e) Film industry ( /) utensils and calico printing (g) shipbuilding (h) silk brocade and embroidery (i) paper and jute (j) cloves and copra.

19. (a) Shoes (6) Fountain pens (c) Safety lamp (d) Woolen Textiles (e) Motor tyres (/) Baby food, biscuits and Glucose D {g) Biscuits (h) Film and photographic


goods (i) Radios and bulbs (j) Cigarettes (k) Typewriters (I) Fountain pen (»i) Cigarette paper.

20. (a) (i) England, Persia (ii) Spain (ni) India (iv) Italy (v) Eire (vi) U.S.A. (vii) China (viii) Australia (ix) Japan (x) Canada.

(b) (i) Opium is extracted from the poppy. (ii) Molasses are a by-product in the production of

sugar from the sugar-canes or beetroots. (Hi) From bamboo, woodpulp, rags, and esparto

grass. (iv) A powdered preparation of tobacco. (v) Cotton, sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

(vi) Coconut (vn) Wheat.

(viii) Resinous matter deposited on the branches of trees by the female of the lac insect.

(ix) From jute and hemp.

21. (a) Capital : Santiago ; Language ; Spanish (b) Capital : Budapest, Languges : Hungarian, German and Slovak ; (c) Capital; Stockholm ; Language : Swedish (d) Capital: Bern; Languages : German, French and Italian (c) Capital: Amsterdam; Language: Dutch (f) Capital: Mexico city; Languages: Spanish and Red Indian (g) Capital; Helsinki; Languages: Finnish and Swedish (/i) Capital: Addis Ababa; Languages : Arabic and Ambanc (i) Capital : Copenhagen ; Language:

S t , ( ^ C T t a l : B o & o t a ; Language Spanish (*) Capital: Sofia ; Languages : Bulgarian and Turkish.

22. Kapilvastu. The birth place of Gautma Buddha.

• E ! I o r ? V B u d1

d h i s t a n d Hindu caves and the beautiful temple of Kailash.

r « w D T t ! 1 , ? 1 celebrated Somnath temple in Sau-rashtra destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni. A new temple almo« on the same site has been built as a revival of

Bomb, Hiroshima. Japanese city destroyed by the first Atomic


Ayodhya. Birth place of Rama. Sarnath. Associated with the preaching of Buddha ;

also Buddhist temples and remains. Sanchi. Has the largest and best preserved Buddhist

Stiipu in India. Fatehpur Sikri. Town founded by Akbar ; contains

magnificent remains of old palace and fort.

23. (a) Sindri. Town situated about 18 miles west of Dhanabad in which the great Sindri Fertilizer factory—the biggest of its kind in Asia—has been set up.

(6) Dum Dum. It is a town and cantonment of West Bengal; famous because it gives its name to a bullet first made at the Government ammunition factory here.

(c) Jogindernagar in the Mandi State has the Hydroelectric station which supplies electricity to East Punjab and even Pakistan.

id) Pusa in Bihar has a big agricultural Research Institute, where advanced agricultural training is given.

(e) Colorado in the U. S. A. is famous for the Colorado river, which has magnificent examples of deep gorges worn by the stream, called canons. One of these is the Great Canon.

(/) Kolar in Mysore has the famous gold mines. (fir) Abadan in Persia has a great oil refinery, once under

the great Anglo-Iranian Company. (h) Manchester in England is the centre of England's

cotton manufacture. \(i) Ruhr in West Germany has the world's richest

coal'field and is also famous for its iron and steel industries, / 0 ) Croydon, suburb of London; is famous for its airport.

24. (a.) Mexico (b) The Grand Trunk Road (c) The Sahara (di Mt. Everest (e) The Pacific (f) London (9) The Ganges delta called the Sunderbans {h) The Pamirs, called also the Roof of the world (1) Verkhoynsk in Siberia (fc) India (I) Australia (m) India.


25 (t) Ellora contains famous Buddhist and Hindu cave and monolithic temples hewn out of solid hill of red stone. These show to what high pitch of excellence ancient Indian sculptors had reached.

(u) Mt. Abu is one of the most sacred centres of Jain worship.

(t't't) For Kolar and (iv) Abadan see Q. 23. (u) Ankara is the Capital of Turkey.

(vi) Lyons in France is important for its silk weaving industry.

(vi{) Vesuvius is an active volcanic mountain in JLtaly. (viii) Coventry in England is famous for the manufacture

of ribbons, watches, motor cars and cycles. (ix) Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt. (z) Saar is a border district of Germany, touching

French territory. It has been a bone of contention between the two and has changed hands several times.

26. (i) Dhariwal (t'i) Calcutta (m) Bangalore (iv) Bangalore (t>) Bombay (vi) Ferozabad (vii) Digboi (aiii) Calcutta (ix) Kami (x) Singhbhum in Bihar.

27. (a) The Nile. It flows through Abyssinia, Sudan and Egypt.

Missouri—Mississipi: through U. S. A. Amazon : Through Brazil. Ob : In Asiatic Russia. Yangtst Kiang : Tibet and China Congo : Belgian Congo in Central Africa (6) (») Travancore state (it) Cutch (tit) Madras (iv)

Bombay (v) Madras (t>t) Andhra (vii) Andaman island. (c) Kashmir as regards area, and Hyderabad as regards

population. (d) Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science, Indian

Dairy Research Institute, and Laboratory of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Dehra Dun : Forest Research Institute Izatnagar : Indian Veterinary Institute Roorkee : Building Research Institute Kasauli: Central Research Institute Jamshedpur : National Metallurgical Laboratory


Kanpur . Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Cuttack : Central Rice Research Institute Bombay : Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; also Haffkine Institute.

28. (a) Europe (6) Australia (c) Asia (d) North America (c) Asia (/) Europe (g) South America (h) Africa (*) Europe (j) Asia (k) Africa (/) Africa.

29. (a) A hillock north of Axras in France. In April 1917, the Canadians secured a splendid victory over the Germans after heroic fighting. A Vimy Ridge Memorial was erected to the fallen Canadians in 1939.

(6) Shantiniketan or the Abode of Peace, near Calcutta. Contains the famous University built by Dr. Rabindranath Tagore.

(c) Headquarters of the Metropolitan Police of London, close to the Houses of Parliament at Westminster. ' It is the seat of the Criminal Investigation Department.

(d) A valley in Egypt where in ancient times kings of Egypt -were buried. Here the mummy of Tut-ank-Amen was dug out nearly 30 years ago by Mr. Howard Carter

{e) A tower standing majestically 250 ft. high by the Mountain Lake in Florida (U. S. A.)

(/) A great busy central street in Washington (U. S. A.) between the Blair House and the White House.

(g) The ancient fortress palace of London. Mary Queen of the Scots, Anne Boleyn, Lady Jane Grey, Essex, Stafford, Laud and Monmouth were all executed in this Tower.

(h) Part of the Western Wall of the Temple of Court of Jerusalem. Jews have met here for centuries to bewail the decline from greatness of their nation.

(i) Official residence of U. S. A. President in Washington.

(j) A square in central London containing the Nelson Monument 170J ft. high, built to celebrate the Victory of Trafalgar, and as a homage to the great national hero.

(k) One of the most beautiful temples built during the Gupta period in Chatarpur state. It is admired on account


of its innumerable small spires which cluster round the main temple.

(I) One of the finest temples in Orissa, shaped as a chariot and dedicated to the sun god.

(m) A big lawn near the Golden Temple in Amritsar ; scene of indiscriminate shooting by soldiers of General Dyer on an unarmed assembly of Amritsar citizens. The tragedy threw a gloom over the whole of India,

(«) A colossal iron structure tower in Paris standing 984 feet high above the earth and trying to kiss the very heavens.

(0) A very beautiful ancient temple of simple design carved out of a solid rock.

(p) A great avenue recently discovered which connects the temples of Luxor with Karnak (in Egypt).

(17) Private residence in Washington of the President of the U. S. A.

(r) Great Rock temple carved out of solid stone in Egypt. Built in the time of the XIX Dynasty about 1250 B. C.

(s) A small hill overlooking the sea in Greece, on which were built great temples by the ancient Greeks, e.g., the Parthenon, the Rectheum and the Propylae.

(0 An obelisk of 186 tons weight and 68 i ft. high, brought from Alexandria to London by Sir Erasmus Wilson and erected on the Thames Embankment, London.

30. (i) The Nilgiri Hills (ii) Banaras (Hi) The strait of Babal Mandab (iv) The Himalayas («) Canada (vi) Venice (vii) Hammerfest (Norway) (viii) Newzealand (ix) The Pamirs (%) Africa (xi) Egypt (xii) Ireland (xiii) Laos (Indo-China).

31. (a) Bihar, Madras and Uttar Pradesh (6) Darjeeling, in Assam ; the Kangra district of East Punjab, Dehra Dun in Uttar Pradesh, and Nilgiri Hills (c) The Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Madras (rf) Bengal, Assam, Orissa, (e) Gujerat-Kathiawar Peninsula, Plains of Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, U. P. Berar, Hyderabad (Deccan), Madras and the Punjab (/) Travancore, Mysore, Cochin,


the Nilgiri Hills (g) Nilgiris, Mysore, Travancore, and Darjeeling.

32 (a) Remote district of Assam (6) Central and North East parts of India (c) South India, specially Madras State (d) Bombay state (e) Assam (/) Malabar, Travancore and Cochin (g) Andhra State (/<) Mysore, Madras, Karnatak and Hyderabad (i) Ceylon.

33. (a) Vizagapatam in Andhra, Mysore, Bhagalghat, Bhanddera, Nagpur in Madhya Pradesh, the Bombay State and Hazaribagh district of Bihar.

(b) Kodarma in Hazaribagh district of Bihar, Nellore in Madras.

(c) Mysore, Singhbhum district of Bihar. (d) In the gold fields of Kolar in Mysore (the Champion

Reef gold mines, the Mysore gold mines, the Oorgum and the Nundyuog all in Mysore in the Kolar gold field) and in Huti in Hyderabad State.

(e) Raniganj in Bengal, Jharia and Giridhi in Bihar, Pench Valley, Chanda and Mohpani inthe Madhya Pradesh, Kota State, Rewa State, Singarani in Hyderabad and Talchir in Orissa.

(/) Salem in Madras, Chanda and Ding districts in Madhya Pradesh, Mysore State and Singhbhum district of Bihar.

(g) U. P. and Bihar. (h) Sutna in Rewa, Katni in Madhya Pradesh.

34. (a) Nepal (6) Nilgiri Hills (c) Marwar in the Rajas-than (d) Cochin state in the Deccan (<?) Central India, specially Orissa (/) Assam.

35. (a) Bodh Gaya, near Gaya in Bihar is famous because it has the sacred pipal tree associated with the memory of the Buddha.

(b) Ellora is an Indian village in Hyderabad, about 12 miles N. W. of Aurangabad. It is famous because it has Buddhist and ancient cave and monolithic temples, the most magnificent of which is hewn out of solid hill of

2 0 4 ]UNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

red stone. One of these temples is the famous Kailash temple.

(c) Konarak is a small town lying 20 miles north of Puri in Orissa along the sea coast, famed for its Black Pagoda dedicated to the sun god. Contains wonderful specimen of art, sculpture and architecture of ancient India.

(d) Madura is the second largest city of Madras state situated on the south bank of river Vaigai. It is one of the sacred cities of the South. Contains the famous Shree Meenakshi Temple.

(e) Mandu near Indore was, once the capital of the Muslim kings of Malwa. It is famous for many historical buildings which made a great name in Indian history. Most prominent among these are : The Jami Masjid planned and begun by Hoshang Shah and completed by Mahmud Khilji, Handola Mahal, Champa Baodi, Jhaj Mahal, Roopmati's Palace, Baz Bahadur's palace etc. etc.

(/) Sasaram; 350 miles from Calcutta by the Grand Trunk Road, contains the mausoleum of Sher Shah Suri.

(</) Fatehpur Sikri is a lone and deserted city, about 26 miles from Agra, built by Akbar as a token of thanksgiving for the conquest of Gujerat. It contains the tomb of the Muslim saint Salim Chisti, who foretold the birth of a son to Akbar

(h) Haldighat is a pass near Gogunda in Mcw&r (Rajputana), famous as the place where the Rajputs under Maharana Pratap fought the armies of the great Mughul Emperor Akbar. It is as famous in Indian history as the Thermoplae pass in ancient Greek History where Leonidas with his 300 Spartans attempted to stem the advancing Persian hordes under Xerxes.

(i) Calicut in the Madras state is famous as the place where Vasco da Gama landed in 1498.

36. («) A volcano is an o utlet on the earth's surface through which during an eruption, quantities of hot gas, steam, molten rock and fragments of solid matter are ejected.


(6) Fog is a dense mass of condensed small water drops or smoke or dust particles in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

(c) Peary. (d) Lake Baikal in U. S. S. R. (e) Gobi Desert. if) Great Britain. (3) The British Museum, London. (h) Wild ass in the deserts of Kutch. (.») The Vaatican in Rome, the Palace of the Pope. 0') These occur mostly in the Eastern lower slopes of

the Himalayas and Assam-Burma hills, as also on the slopes of the western ghats.

(fc) It is found in the wilder parts of the monsoon forests, but specially in lower Himalayan valleys, Brham-putra valley, Travancore and Mysore.

37. (a) Correct (6) The first part is wrong because the earth is nearer the sun than Mars. The second part of this question in correct (c) correct (d) No. It is the Pacific that is the largest («) Yes, correct (/) No, it is a sea-port belonging to the U.S.S.R. (g) It is correct that the Gulf stream is a warm water stream, but the latter part of the

^statement is wrong for it issues from the Gulf of Mexico and ends in the Arctic Ocean (/*) Yes (i) No. It connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea (j) The statement is wrong. The Andes form the western fringe of South America and not the cast, while the Rockies are a

' mountain system in North America along the west coast. (k) The statement is wrong. It is New York which is the richest city of America, while Washington is the capital.

38. Germany was divided into four zones, under (1) the U. S S. R., (2) U. S. A., (3) France and (4) U. K.

The zones comprise the following parts of Germany , which we give under the respective headings of the occupying powers. The U. S. A. : Bavaria and West Central Germany.

!The British : Former Prussian territory.


The French : Western Wurttemburg, Southern Baden, Saar and southern Rhineland.

The U.S.S.R. : Brandenburg, Mecklenburg and Saxony and Thuringian lands. It lies mainly between the Elbe and Oder rivers.

39. Iron Curtain. This term denotes the States in Europe, the territories to the east of which are controlled by the U.S.S.R. This term was coined'by Mr. Churchill in 1946, when he referred to the fact that the Russians had sealed off the lands behind the line so that people in one part of Europe could know little of what was really happening in the other.

These countries are the following : — East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania,

Part of Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary.

40. (a) Gold (6) Textiles (c) Coal (d) Agricultural implements, grain and meat (e) Iron safes (/) Steel (g) Petroleum (h) Shipbuilding (j) Film industry (i) Wood carving, Coir matting (k) coal (I) Silk (m) Jute goods and linen manufacture («) Iron and steel (o) Shipbuilding.

41. (a) Dane (b) Finnish (c) Spaniard (d) Norwegian (e) Sinhalese (/) Dutch (g) Lettish (h) Swiss.

42. (a) Maize, rice, barley and cotton. (6) Rice, jute and tea. (c) Wheat and cotton. (rf) Rice is the main crop. Also, cotton, groundnuts

and sesamum. (e) Rice, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, cocao, spices, copra,

and kapok. (f) Wheat, corn, linseeds and oates. Also cotton and

cane sugar. (g) Wheat, rye, rice, corn, barley, cotton. {],) Wheat, rye, rice, barley oats, sugar beets and hemp. (0 Coffee, cocao, rice, cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco,,

bananas and coconuts. (j) Barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets.


43. (t) Fog is due to a warm moist air meeting cold air or cold water, or cold ground, some of the water vapour condensing on the particles of dust floating in the air. This cloud of condensed vapours thus forms a fog.

(ii) Thunder in the clouds is due to violent changes in the electrical condition of the earth and a cloud or two clouds and the air between them.

(lit) When clouds full of water, just about to discharge rain get suddenly cooled by a very cold wind, the water globules atonce freeze into ice balls and thus there is a downpour of these ice balls.

(iy) Lightning is due to the difference in potential of electricity between two clouds or a cloud and the earth. This produces a discharge of electricity and hence lightning.

(v) When in the regions of the tropics, the air gets hot and rarefied due to extreme heat, a sort of vacuum is formed in the atmosphere of those regions. A whirling mass of air which rotates in a vortex often rushes from cooler regions or from over the seas to fill this up and this whirling mass of air, called a cyclone is thus formed.

(vi) The rise and fall of an ocean, called a tide, is due to the inequality of the sun and moon's attractive forces

on the solid and liquid portions of the earth. • (wit) When during summer months the land masses in

the northern hemisphere become hot and the atmosphere above them gets hot and dry and rarefied, heavy cold moist laden winds from the ocean begin to blow regularly inward from north east and south east towards the equitorial regions of tow pressure. Thus these regular winds, called the Trade winds, are formed.

(viii) A rainbow is caused by refraction and reflection of sunlight in minute water droplets in the air.

44. Lakes : Baikal (U. S. S. R ) ; Great Bear (Canada) • Nyasa (Southern Africa) j Balkash (U. S. S. R . ) ; Manitoba (Canada).

v Deserts : Thar (Rajasthan, India) ; Kalhari (South Africa); Dasht-i-Lut (Iran); Rab-ul-Khali (Nejd in ArabiaV Gobi (Mongolia). h


Rivers : Hwang Ho (China); Murray (Australia) ; Euphrates (Turkey).

Waterfalls : Gersoppa (India); Niagra (U. S. A ) ; Gavarnic (France); Victoria (Southern Rhodesia in Africa) ;

Mountain peaks : Kilimanjaro (Tanganika, Africa) ; Kanchanjunga (Nepal); Tirich Mir (India) ; Blanc (France);

45. (a) River of Brazil. (b) City and seaport of Greece and the capital of

Macedonia. (c) Volcano of the Andes Mountain, in Ecuador. I t

is the highest active volcano in the world. • (d) An island in the Indonesian Republic, being one of

the Sunda group. (e) A great gorge through which flows the Colorado

river in Arizona state of U. S. A. ( / ) A group of islands in the Arctic ocean between

Greenland and Nova Zemlya. (#) Flat treeless plains in Argentine lying between the

Andes and the coast. (/1) A republic included in the federation of Indo China

under the French. (t) A hot, dry, dust laden wind blowing from the

highland of Africa to North Africa, Sicily and southern Italy. The term also refers to a warm, damp wind prevalent in Mediterranean lands during winter.,

(j) One of the finest libraries in the world in Paris which has approximately 5,000,000 volumes.

(fc) Capital of the West German Federal Republic, and a famous university town.

46. Delhi is five hours ahead, Tokyo is nine hours ahead and Rome is one hour ahead, while New York is five hours behind the Greenwich time.

The conclusions have been arrived on the consideration of their longitu dcs. Taking Greenwich as the place through which the Meridian passes (Meridian is zero longitude), the longitudes of Delhi, Tokyo ana Rome are about 750 , 1750 and 150 east of Greenwich, while that of New .York is 75° to the west of Greenwich.

GEOGRAPHY (ANSWERS) 2 0 9

Now since the globe is divided into 360 longitudes and as the earth goes round its axis in 24 hours, 15° longitude= 1 hour, hence the above conclusions.

47. ()') In Central and South Africa (//) Arabia and North Africa.

(Hi) In U.S.S.R. in the steppes between the lower Volga and the Caspian sea.

(i't>) Hungary. (v) Newzealand.

(t'O In South Africa, North East coastal district of Natal.

(vii) Czechoslovakia. (oiii) Egypt.

(ix) In the tribal area of Waziristan.

48. (a) The famous mosque at Mecca, containing the equally famous black stone which is believed to have been given to Abraham by Gabriel. All devout muslim pilgrims imprint a kiss on it.

(ft) Lake near Ajmer in Rajasthan, sacred to the Hindus,

(c) Large armament factories and iron foundaries at Pilsen in Czechoslovakia ; one of the largest in Europe.

(d) A pre-historic monument on Salisbury plain in Britain consisting of 2 concentric circles enclosing two rows of stones on a horseshoe plan. It appears to be a ruin of some Druid temple.

(e) The cathedral church of Paris completed in 1300 A.D. after 150 years of uninterrupted work on it.

( / ) Dalai Lama's Palace in Lassa (Tibet). (g) An imposing structure in the form of a gateway on

the sea shore in Bombay, built in commemoration of the visit of George V Emperor of India.

(/») Valley in California U. S. A., extremely hot in summer ; very much below the sea level.

(i) Berlin's most well known street containing its offices and palatial buildings, destroyed by bombing during the 2nd World War.


*( j) ' Borough of Middlesex England, where is built the sports'stadium capable of holding a hundred thousand spectators, venue of Association Football Cup Final.

49. (a) Birth place of Napolean Bonaparte. . (6) Tagore's University Vishwabharti.

(c) Birth place of Christ. (d) Birth place of Sheikh Saadi. (e) Birth Place of Shakespeare.

' ( / ) Capital of U S. A., associated with the name of Washington, U.S.A.'s first President.

(g) The island in the Mediterranean where Napolean Bonaparte was imprisoned.

(h) The village where Gray wrote his famous poem "Elegy written in a Country Church Yard."

(i) Birth place of Firdausi. (?) Contains the Dargh of Khwaja Muinuddm Chisti.

50. (*) A belt of stars encircling the heavens and consisting of dense clouds of stars. It is very clearly visible on a clear night.

.(h) The zone on a mountain above which snow always lies; (It is at 16000 ft. in the tropics).

(in) Term applied to the level grasslands in the south east states of U S.A. or in West Africa, which have practically the same characteristics as the praries of North America or the steppes of S E. Russia.

, (t'r) Certain ports in China open by treaty to the commerce of European nations. These preferences have disappeared now.

(v) This term is used in astronomy to mean the biding of a star or planet from sight owing to the interposition of another celestial body, as for example the hidirig of a star or planet by the moon.

(vi) A natural spring which at more or less regular intervals explosively ejects into the air columns of steam or hot water. Most remarkable examples of them are : The Great Geyser north of Rejvarik in Iceland, and Yellowstone National-park U S . A. ,

(vii) Name given to the circular path in the heavens round which the sun appears to move in the course nf the

/


year. It is really the earth that revolves round the sun, and therefore the illusion is caused by the earth's annual circuit round the sun in a plane inclined at an angle of 23^ degrees to the equator.

(viii) An artesian well is a well sunk into a permeable stratum which has impervious strata above it and which outcrops at places higher than the place where the well is sunk, so that the hydrostatic pressure of the water in the permeable stratum is alone sufficient to force the water up

' out of the well. (ix) A tidal wave which rushes up certain rivers with

great violence, forming a wall of water stretching across the stream. It occurs chiefly at spring tide in rivers with a funnel shaped estuary. Such bores occur frequently on the Amazon and the Yangtze-Kiang.

(2) Zodaic is the name given by the ancient Greeks to that zone of the heavens extending 8° on each side of the ecliptic containing the path of the sun, the moon and the five planets then known. The stars contained in it were grouped into 12 constellations to each of which were given a symbol. These are Aries, the Ram ; Taurus, the Bull ; Gemini, the Twins ; Cancer, the Crab, Leo, the Lion ; Virgo, the Virgin; Libra, the Balance; Scorpio, the Scorpion; Sagittarious, the Archer ; Capricornus, the Goat ; Aquarius, the Water Bearer and Pisces, the Fishes.

51. (a) Sarnath near Banaras is the place where Buddha preached his first sermon of Nirvana.

(£) Patliputra was the site of modern Patna city in Bihar. ' It was the capital of the ancient Mauryan and Gupta 'empires.

(c) For Ellora see part («') Answer to Q. 25. • (d) For Nalanda see part (c) Answer to Q. 25.

(e) Bali is an island of Indonesia separated from Java by \i2 miles wide Bali strait. It is famous as the only island ,'in the East Indies where Hindu religion has survived to . this day. .v (/) Fatchpur Sikri. See Answer to Q. 35 part (g).

(g) Plassey. Village of Bengal; scene of Clive's victory . in I7S7 over Sirai-ud-Daula.

2 1 2 ]UN10R GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(h) Waterloo. Village 8 miles south of Brussels in Belgium where the great Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by the Duke of Wellington:

(1) Lake Success is the district of Long Island, in New York, U. S. A., site of the Head Quarter of the U. N. O. Secretariat.

52. (a) Musk deer is an animal found in Tibet, Nepal and parts of Central Asia.

(6) Puma is an animal in South America, (c) Kiwi is a bird in New Zealand. \d) Guano is the excreta of birds, found chiefly in Peru,

Chile and Pacific islands. (e) Gnu is an antelope found in South Africa. (/) Koala is an animal resembling a kangaroo found in

Australia. (g) Mustang is a horse found in North America, (ft) Albatross is the largest and strongest of sea-birds

found in the southern seas. (i) Llama is an animal like a camel found in S. America. (j) Plover is a bird found in Britain.

53. (i) Gold in the gold fields of Kolar in Mysore and the Huti gold mines in Raichur district Hyderabad.

(it) Mica in Kodarma in Hazaribagh Dist. Bihar, Nellore in Madras,

(m) Jute in Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Bihar and Cooch Bihar, (iv) Coal : Raniganj in W. Bengal, Jharia and Giridih

in Bihar, Chanda, Korha and Mohpani in M. P., Kora State, Singrani in Hyderabad etc.

(1*) Petroleum in Digboi in Assam. (vi) Bauxite in Arcot Dist. Madras state. 54. (a) The following are important modes of irrigation

in India. 1. Storage Canals. In the Deccan, Madhya Pradesh

and Bundhelkhand, storage canals are constructed. During the hot season rivers dry up and therefore artificial storage becomes necessary. During the Monsoon, rain water is stored across some valley by building a dam and then it is distributed to the neighbouring areas by means of canals when it is wanted.


2. Tanks and Reservoirs. In rocky area, it is not easy to dig canals. In the drier parts of the Deccan, for instance, mud barriers are built across small streams or the outlets of natural lowlands, and water is collected here, in crude tanks in the rainy season. This water is utilised for irrigation as required. It is estimated that nearly 8 million acres of land are irrigated annually by means of tanks.

Tank irrigation is prevalent in Hyderabad, Madras 'and Mysore.

3. Wells are dug where sub-surface water is available at a short depth. Wells form an important means of irrigation in the Punjab areas not served by canals and in the U. P. and Bihar. Tube-wells worked by electric power are used in the north western U. P.

4. Karez is a system of irrigation peculiar in Baluchistan. Water at the foot of hills is brought to the alluvial plains by means of long under-ground tunnels, called Karez, and used for watering crops.

Other Resources. Flood irrigation and inundation irrigation are the other

sources of minor irrigation in India. The monsoon flood water of rivers is diverted to lands which are above the level of the ordinary supply in a river. The flood water soaks the lands and the moisture retained in the soil allows the cultivation of a winter season crop, which otherwise would not be possible. The monsoon supplies of the rivers are heavily charged with fertilizing silt. This dispenses with the use of manures to a certain extent, and allows the regular annual cropping of the same piece of land without any serious effect on the soil. This system is very widely practised in Egypt.

The largest number of canals at present are in U. P. (6) (t) See Answer to Q. 96 part {Hi). {ii) The Himalayas are the youngest mountains existing

in the world and their elevated rocks have not yet attained stability. The elevation of 1600 miles long mountain range, 250 miles broad is a heavy strain on the rocks which occasionally slip off under the strain and cause earthquakes.


(c) Monsoon is the term applied to the seasonal rain laden winds that ' blow from the Arabian and the North Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent and Burma from about May to September each year.

(d) An ocean current is a movement of the surface water of the ocean caused by the prevailing winds and the difference in density due to variations in temperature and salinity. •? The Gulf stream is a warm ocean current, while the

irlabrador current off Newfoundland is a cold ocean current.

'55/ Leningrad was Thailand „ Iran „ Iraq Istambul „ Oslo

formerly ca 33

33

33

33

33 J

Eire „ Gorky „ „ The Hawaian islands

led

3

)3

J

J

3 '

3

Petrograd Siam Persia Mesopotamia Constantinople Christiana Irysh Free State Ninji Nov ograd Sandwich islands

•V'57.

India : Bharat Germany : Deutschland Hungary : Magyaroszag Switzerland: Helvetia Norway : Norge Finland ; Soumi China : Chung kuo Japan : Nippon Holland : Netherlands Abyssinia: Ethiopia

(a) The Strait of Gibraltar . r . , , , , .. separates Spain from Africa and the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. {.-(ft) The strait of Magellan separates Chile from Tierra del'ruego. V (c) The strait.of Dardenelles connects the Aegean-Sea

with»the sea or Marmora. ,

- .' ( A T h , e , st,rao ° f B o s P h o r u f connects the sea of Marmora with the Black Sea. > v (

'"! (e) The Behring strait separates .Asia from America.

GEClGRAPHY (ANSWERS) ' ••' 2 1 <>

• - • • : - " * • / • *

( / ) The strait of Dover connects the North Sea with • he English Channel. • •'•

(g) The strait of Messina separates Italy from Sicily '\. (k) The Sunda Strait separates Java from Sumatra ' (i) The Macassar Strait separates Borneo from*-.the

Celebes.

58. Rat lives usually 3 — 5 years Rabbit „ „ 6— 8 „ Cow „ „ 9—12 „ Lion „ „ 10 „ Cat ( „ „ 10—12 „ ' -,- ,.; Dog • „ „ 10—12 „ • , '>;• Pigeon „ „ 10—12 „ -• Monkey „ „ 12—16 ,,. • ' * ' . • Goat „ v " 1 0 ,, - . -V Ass „ „ 1 8 - 2 5 ,. ' . . " # Horse , „ „ 20—25 „ \ Elephant „ -„ 30—40 • „ . ; / v '

59. (i) Real Silk : China and France . . •' («) Artificial Silk : U.S.A and Japan • . • \ ,

'(i»'i) Petroleum: U.S.A.;'Venezuela, U.S.S.R#j i r a i r ' > 1 Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Iraq and Rumania' . ' " '1 (iv) Gold : Union of South Africa, U.S.S.R., Canada

U.S.A, and Australia. ,< ,• •"';'%:.'•' (») Tin : Bolivia, Malaya, Republic of Indonesia •

Congo, Nigeria. • > (vi) Rubber : Malaya, U-. S. A, Indonesia,' Thailand'

and Ceylon. 1 ' • . • \ (vii) Dates: Arabia, Iraq, Iran ,•' •...'••

(viii) Tea: China, India,'Ceylon. .'.',*'• ,'• '• (ix) Mica: India. , .• ' ' ' • • ' • ' • ' •"••J (x) Cotton : U. S. A., China, Egypt, India, Pakistani-

J ' U.S.S-R :, Mexico and Brazil. ' , . " > . • y(xi) Copper : \XJ. S. A., Chile, Canada, U. Sj.'s.'R.

/ Northern Rhodesia, Belgian Congp. and Mexico!' (xiifLead : U. S. A, Mexico, Australia'; Canada and: s ' . ' U . s . , s . R . • - . ' • ; . „ , :..•;>., " • • xiii} 'Rice >:' China, India^ Java and Burma/ '

2 i 6 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(xiv) Wheat: U. S. A., U. S. S. R., China, Canada, France and Italy.

60. (i) The B. B. and C. I. Rly. linked the cotton growing areas of western and central India with Bombay, besides passing through the belt working iron ore, manganese and coal

(ii) The E. I. Rly. ran through the rich coalfields of Bengal and Bihar and connected some of the most fertile regions of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with the port of Calcutta.

(Hi) The M and S. M. Rly. connected rice and cotton areas of the Deccan with Morrmugao on the west-cost and Waltair on the east-coast.

(iv) The S. I. Rly. connected Madras with Dhanush-kodi and was an important line for pilgrim traffic.

(v) The O. T. Rly. traversed through some of the most important sugar cane, grain and timber districts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

(vi) The B. N. Rly. was the most important mineral line in the country. It traversed areas working coal, manganese and iron mines. It linked these areas with the ports of Calcutta and Vizagapattam.

61. (a) Cap Town, South Africa (6) Andaman Island (c) East Canada (d) Chile in South America (e) France (/) New South Wales, Australia (g) Holland (//) Belgium ({) Washington state of U. S. A. (j) Norway (k) Palestine (Z) Brazil.

62. (a) South America (6) South Africa (c) North West Africa (d) South Europe (e) Europe (/) Asia (<?) North America (h) Europe (i) Central Africa (j) Asia (/b) Asia.

GEOGRAPHY (.ANSWERS) 2 1 7

63. (a) Madrid (b) Buenos Aires (c) Bonn (d) Baghdad (e) Luxemhurg (/) Helsinki (9) Djakatar (h) Ottawa (t> Adis Ababa (i) Karachi (k) Sofia (I) Amsterdam (m) Peking {n) Mukden.

64. (a) In the South West Pacific (6) Arctic Ocean (c) North Atlantic Ocean (d) Caribbean Sea (e) Indian Ocean (f) South China Sea (g) Sea of Japan in the Pacific (#) North Atlantic (i) Sea of Japan (j) Arctic Ocean.

65. (a) Cyprus : In the East Mediterranean about 40 miles from the coast of Asia Minor. It is a British Crown Colony.

(b) Newzealand : In the South Pacific Ocean. It is a Dominion of the British Commonwealth.

(c) Sumatra : This island lies south west of Malaya, from which it is separated by the strait of Malacca and the Java island from which it is separated by the Strait of Sunda. It is a part of the Indonesian Republic.

(d) Mindanao : one of the islands of the Philippines in the Pacific Ocean.

(e) Gold Coast. A British Colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa.

(/) Kentucky. A state of the U.S.A. south of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi river.

(g) Marshall Islands. In the Pacific Islands ; are now under England and Australia.

(h) Morocco : North west corner of Africa divided into three zones ; the French protectorate, the Spanish protectorate and Tangiers.

(i) Timor : Island in the Malaya archipelago. Part is Portuguese and part belongs to the Indonesian Republic.

(j) Cape Verde Islands : Group of islands belonging to Portugal, off the west coast of Africa in the Atlantic ocean.

(h) Kuril Islands : Chain of some 47 islands in North Pacific, above Japan, belonging to the U. S. S. R.

(I) Angora: Capital of Turkey, also now called Ankara. It is on the Anatolian plateau in Asia Minor.

218 , JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(m) Madeira : An island in the north Atlantic belonging to Portugal about 400 miles west of Morocco.

66. (a) In Africa South of the Sahara.

# (6) In Africa and tropical parts of Asia, for example in Saurashtra. ^ '

(c) Tibet (d) It is found throughout the northern parts of the

new and old worlds, specially in Siberia and Canada (e) In North America

XT CO It is found in East Indian Islands; forests of Northern India and Africa. o t

(g) In the East Indies, Borneo and Sumatra. (k) Australia and in some islands of the Pacific. (i) Abyssinia and Somaliland in Africa, also in the

plains north of the Orange river. '

67. (a) Cape Camoroon (6) North America (c) for (t) London 4 annas

„ . (t't) Ceylon 2 annas „ (n'i) Pakistan 2 annas

(d) Java, Bali, Mauritius, Cambodia (e) (1) Ganga comes from Gangotri* in the Himalavas

and pours into the Bay of Beneal I m a I a y a s

(11) Amazon from Peru and flows fnto the Atlantic

(iii) The Nile has its source in Lake Virr«« ' r ^ TV, P ° r T T° t h e Mediterranean Sea l m "*

(iv) The Danube comes from the Black Forest in Germany and ends in the Black Sea ' ' l n

(v) The Irrawady has its source at thp m n f l

of the rivers N'mai and Mah" *L$£ east 6 ^ and flows into the Bay of Bengal a

(vi) The Brahmputra rises from the Tih-r™ r of the Himalayas and a L g w i £ Z* cT* pours into the Bay of Bengal. a n g a

(vii) The Indus has its source in the vc,m^ flows into the Arabian sea H l ^ l a y s and

GEOGRAPHY (ANSWERS) 2 i £

(viii) The Ravi has its source in the Kulu hills of the" Himalayas and joining with the Indus flows into the Arabian sea.

(/) A cash crop is a crop which is raised with the sole purpose of making money, as for example, the cotton or the tobacco crop.

(</) The population of U. P . is 63,215,742 (1951 census) and that of West Bengal is 24,810,308 (1951 census). ,

(/1) Since the Greenwich time is regarded as the standard time and the standard meridian now taken passes through Greenwich, therefore, if we know the longitude of a place and the Greenwich time, we can atonce calculate the time at that particular place ; for there is a difference of one hour from the standard Greenwich Meridian time for every 150 of longitude.

(i) When the moon is between the sun at.d the earth, it cuts off the sun's rays from the earth hence it appears dark to us on the earth. The new moon is born just when the sun, the moon and the earth are respectively in a straight line. As the moon circles round the earth, more and more of it is visible, till it is full moon when it is in the opposite direction, that is, behind the earth in the opposite direc-. tion. Now in this situation when it is full moon the lunar eclipse occurs when the centres of the sun, the earth and the moon are in one straight line. The moon then gets ec-

- lipsed by the umbra of the sun's rays on the earth thrown on it. This is lunar eclipse of the full moon. As will be seen from above, the lunar eclipse cannot take place except at-

. full moon. The centres of the three cannot be in one straight line always, hence no eclipse takes place at every full moon. ' (J) (i) The weather at any particular place may be described as the combination of all the atmospheric phenomena existing at one lime; while climate is the condition of that place with regards to its temperature, moisture etc. at successive specific, periods of the whole year.

(ii) A dromedary is a camel with this difference from the ordinary camel that it has always only one hump, and it is more swift than the so called camel which has often two humps. '

1 • 1


tickSPyo SwtpVtf f i o r C ^ M e t h C b 6 e ° D * black bLred colouring w h i ^ t e t ^ t V l l T * * *

t h a i l h e ^ d ^ ^ c r o T ^ i t s ' n Y ^ ' ^ » bulkier , more lustrous. Y ' D<1 "S p l u m a S e 1S blacker and

p e j S w^ereS^ t S n ^ v e V * g " c f e i ? ? ^ " only on^J» w h i l e t h e b u s c a n ^ £ ^ 5 2 , " runs

(.«; Belgium

are based on these essentia t h o s V n d u s t r i e s which to suffer. CSSential con™odities are bound

The industries that can be most affected are • -

^ » T « £ ^ ^ £ S f W £ -anTof of sulphur. a n d chemical industries for want

schJL T0heiSi rytttr1 •£? working on v a » ° -

thus make the country s e ? ^ f f l P d U C t , 0 n o f Ind*a and early as possible anHave c 0® ,?/ m t h i s r e sP e c t- "» spent abroad on imports of S ufff V

t h a t ™ being some of these schemes as follows : m a y enutneratl The River valley project schemes.

It is estimated that river valW „,„• actually in hand would hriZt.lb^T ^,a t have been land. These are the Damodar valW \ X mi-Ul0n a c r « of West Bengal; Bhakra D^n Ss^nT- $ B i h a r a n d

Dam in Andhra and Hyderabad • T „ 7™gabhadra Orissa. The Central Watlrpower ' i S L S ^ i D a m i n

taon Commission and p rov inc ia l^nd^S g? N a v i S -have under consideration a number of «.«* i 0 v e r n m e n t s

* » c„mptacd, » 0 U U h e , p p S ^ » * ^ S S i c b ,


extra food Next to these the Kosi projects, the Narbada. The Tapt'i, M. P. and Bastar State projects will irrigate other large tracts. Other river valley projects would similarly help in bringing under the plough much waste land, or those lands which had no assured supply of water, like canal water etc.

Other schemes. Other schemes that the goverement is carrying on are

(i) Intensive cultivation of those areas under food crops which have perennial or assured water supply (2) reclamation of land by tractors (3) the sinking of tube wells (4) importing of special qualities of fertilizers for use in irrigated rice areas and diversion of some acreage from surplus crop to cereal production (5) subsidising aid in the shape of improved seeds, organic manure, compost fertilizers, and immediate minor irrigation works concentrated on selected regions of cultivated land. (6) Reclaim-ation, covering of weed infested and new land by mechanical cultivation.

For the speedy implementation of this programme, a small development board has been set up at the Centre and States have been requested to set up parallel development boards.

Plans are also under way to move, with speed and in larger quantities, iron and steel for agricultural purposes, so that the food production drive may quicken.

Inspite of all the efforts that have been made since the popular government took up the reins of government in its hands the success has not been very marked and its results are not yet quite visible for various reasons. These may be enumerated below:—

1. Except one or two other river valley projects are still underway. Till some of the bigger schemes are completed, water cannot flow regularly into waste lands, or those which require regular supply (2) Much of the land that grew wheat and rice has gone to Pakistan, while the portion left in India is much less in proportion to its teeming millions. Till India attains self sufficiency in food production much


' & t r •t0 bu i m P ° r t e d - ( 3 ) A * u c h o f the Grow More Food Campaign has been only propaganda in the press and Parliament and enormous sums have been wasted instead of being utilized to help in small concrete schemes which could give immediate and tangible results (1 Unpracedented floods and famine conditions in recent years tn I * ? !f ' I 5 4 CIeateud C O n d i t i o n s w h « millions S had

zz&sssszsrwould have been u t " ssipi-^-Missourie (h) Tiber (i) St T Li >•( iVUss i" g ) Danube < > S^M^ ft Y ^ ^ t S Danube (p) Spree (g) Musi (r) Hoogly. g g ( o )

71. (a) Vesuvius in j . t a I y

^ g « * l a . » Iceland .(c)Kahman,aro „ Tanganyika Territory" WFujiyuma „ J a Africa

ftSSS" ;; Srgroupof — (?) Mount Etna „ sicilv (h) Popocetipctl ' „ Mexico

M Tobacco : A n ^ c l t d l * £ G « » ^

in rains and lie abandoned S ° mes> b u < t h e y « o

• (6) Village in Hyderabad Deccan near «*;,. i, of caves containing famous Buddhist f.esco-painting.3 S C M 8


(c) England's biggest cathedral in the heart of the city of London, built by the famous architect Sir Cristopher Wren. This great building took Sir Wren 35 years to finish.

(d) Name of a quay on the river Siene in Paris. On it are situated the buildings which house the French department of Foreign Affairs. •

(e) City in central India noted for its excavations. (J) Abadan is a town in the Khuzistan province of

southern Iran and till recently was the headquarter of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company which was the world's largest refinery, employing about 75000 hands. Iran's great oil fields are situated here.

(g) Next to Abadan, it is the largest oil centre in Iran.

74. (») Port of Manchuria China, south west of Mukden. (ii) Capital of the Andaman island in the Bay of

Bengal. (Hi) Seaport of Sudan on the Red Sea. (iv) Port in the Northern Territory of Australia. (v) A town in Cape Province, South Africa.

(vi) Port of Egypt at the north end of the Suez Canal (wit) A port and town of Wales, England.

(viii) Seaport in Hampshire England. (ix) Port of New Guinea on the south coast. <.r) Seaport of Trinidad, British Indies.

'5. (0 India : 361.82 million (1951) (ii) Pakistan : 73,321,000

(Hi) U. S. A. 131.669,275 (estimated on 1940 census)

(iv) British Isles : 50,213,600 (in 1948) (v) China : 463,493,418 (1948)

(vi) Japan : 80,170,815 (in 1948) (vii) Burma : 18,000,000 (1941 census) (viii) France : 41,750,000 (in 1946)

(ix) The U.S.S.R. 192,900,000 (in 1946) b) Bucharest is capital of Rumania

Damascus „ „ Syria . B e r n >, „ Switzerland

Kathmandu „ „ Nepal


Saigon „ „ Cochin China (Viet Nam) Copenhagen „ „ Denmark San Jose „ „ Costa Rica

Wellington „ „ Newzealand

76. (a) The Parthenon of Greece was built in the fifth century B. C. on the Acropolis in Athens. It was the chief temple dedicated to the goddess Athena.

(6) The Great Pyramid is at Kafu in Egypt. It is a massive building with a square base, (each being 795 ft. in length) and sides which slope to meet at the apex. The height of the pyramid is 481 ft. It contains the tombs of the Pharoes of ancient Egypt. It was built about 5000 years ago.

(c) The Alhambra is located in Granada', Spain. It was the palace of the Moorish kings of Spain built in the thirteenth century.

(d) The Taj Mahal at Agra is a mausoleum of Mumtaz Mahal at Agra built by Shahjahan. There is a central dome, flanked by four slim white minarets ; the entire structure being of marble. Built about the middle of the 17th century (1632-50).

(e) The Kutab Minar, about 11 miles from old Delhi, is a minaret built by early Muslim kings of the Slave dynasty to commemorate their victory in India or dedicated to some early saint. It was built during the thirteenth century.

(/) Angkor Vat is one of the grandest temples of the Far East in Cambodia now lying in ruins. It was built during the 12th century.

(g) The Great Wall of China built of earth and stone is supposed to have been built in the 3rd century B. C. as a protection to the country from the constant inroads of the Mongolian tribes of central Asia. It is 1400 miles long, and varies from 18 to 30 ft. in width with numerous large watch towers. It is sufficiently wide to allow six horsemen to trot side by side.

(A) This famous tower where Galileo experimented to determine whether all bodies, of whatever weight or substance, fell towards tjie earth at the same rate of acce-


leration, is a campanile of white marble 179 ft- high and' leans more than 16 ft. out of the perpendicular. It was-completed in 1350.

(t) The great stupa of Sanchi in Bhopal state is a-Buddhist Mound built during the 3rd century B. C. The stupa is dome shaped and stands on the top of a small hill. It is enclosed by stone railings each of which has a different inscription. In the stupa itself there are fine, sculptures showing scenes from the life of Gautma Buddha..

(3) A mausoleum built in Ajmer in memory of the Sufi saint, Khwaja Muin-ud-Din Chisti who died in Ajmer some 700 years ago. Situated at the foot of a renowned fortress —the Taragarh—it is a huge irregular rectangle--with multiple gateways, beautifully carved courtyards, and" screened tnd arched cloisters. Originally a small tomb,, in course of centuries it has developed into a mammoth-shrine. TheUrso f the Khwaja is held every year and pilgrims from far and near come to pay homage to the-great saint.

77. (a) Birds of Paradise are found mostly in some of t he Pacific islands {b) The Macaw in the New World specially South America (t) King Vultures are found in the tropicaP. America (d) Penguin is found mostly in the Antarctic-region (e) The Peacock in India (/) The Secretary-Bird in South Africa (g) Ostrich in Africa and Arabia (i) Kiwi: in New Zealand.

78. (i) In Burma. (it) Assam. (tit) In Rajputana. (iv) Between the Deccan and Northern India, separating:

the two. (v) In Kashmir comprising part of the Upper Indus

Valley. (vi) A lofty mountain range forming the western

extremity of the Himalayas, dividing Afghanistan from* Turkistan.

(w»») The Pamirs is a plateau north west of the Plateau, of Tibet.


(viii) Capital of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, just above the junction of the Blue and the White Nile.

(ix) Military station in the South West of Wazirastan. {x) Waterless tract in Central Asia. Extending from the

Pamirs to the Khingan range. Occupies the region of Sin-Kiang and outer Mongolia.

(xi) High-lying, deep, narrow gorge between Quetta (Baluchistan province of Pakistan) and Kandhar in Afghanistan.

(xii) River rising in the mountains of Armiau and Kurdistan and flowing through Iraq for after a course of about i ioo miles to join the Euphrates.

(xiii) One of the islands of the West Indies Arche-pelago.

(xiv) Canal of Germany connecting Kiel on the North Sea with Holtenau on the Baltic, thus connecting these two seas.

79. One hundred Indian rupees are equal to about 67 Pakistani rupees ; an American Dollar is about Rs. 4/I2/- ; Japanese Yen has fluctuated violently. It was about 12 As. before the war ; its present exchange value is much less ; one rupee is equal to about 7.32 French Franc ; One English pound is equal to about Rs. 13/5/-.

80. (a) Gold (6) Jute goods (c) Textiles (d) Diamonds (e) Steel, iron and brass goods (/) Coarse linen fabrics and jute goods (0) Oil (h) rubber, sugar and tobacco (i) Silk goods (j) Brass untensils.

81. (a) Hardwar. In Uttar Pradesh. Sacred to the Hindus. Attracts thousands of Hindu pilgrims from all over India for a dip in the sacred Ganga river. The great Kumbh Mela is held after every 12 years.

(6) Mathura. In Uttar Pradesh. Sacred to the Hindus as the birth place of Krishana.

(c) Puri. Sacred place to the Hindus in Orissa. Here the car festival of Jagannath is held every year during the month of June or July.

(d) Kalighat. In Calcutta, where the temple of Kali, sacred to the Bengali Hindus is situated to the south


east of Alipore. Goats and buffaloes are slaughtered as offerings to the goddess Kali.

(e) Madura. In Madras, on the banks of Vaigai, sacred to the Hindus, as it is said to have been founded by Shri Ramchanderji during his exile and on his way to Lanka. The city is full of temples, the most famous of which is Shree Meenakshi temple, situated in the centre of the city. (In the question, this part has not been printed).

(/) Nankana Sahib. The city is now in West Pakistan. The city is sacred to the Sikhs as it is the birth place of Guru Nanak.

(g) Mount Abu. In the Aravali Hills, now in the Bombay state. It is sacred to the Jains. The temples are known as the Dilwara temples.

(h) Sarnath. Sacred to the Buddhists, because here the Buddha preached his first sermon on the doctrine of Nirvana. A tower marks the spot. It is near Banaras in Uttar Pradesh.

(i) Kajri. This place is also sacred to the Buddhists, for it is said to contain the granite rock which the Buddha visited and which became the scene of the famous conversion.

(j) Ajmer. This city is sacred both to the Hindus and Muslims, for near Ajmer is the Pushkar Lake, sacred to the Hindus, while it is sacred to the Muslims as it contains the grave of Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti who died in 1235 A. D.

82. (a) Bombay, Ahmedabad, Sholapur, Nagpur, Kanpur, Madras, Coimbatore, Madura in Madras State and Delhi.

(b) Jamshedpur in Bihar, Hirapur in West Bengal, Busupur near Asansol, Manoharpur, Mysore at Bhadravati.

(c) U. P., Bihar, Bombay, Madras, East Punjab. (d) Calcutta is the main centre ; other places are ;

Jagadhari in East Punjab, Panaher in Travancore, Sirpur in

228 ,„ * JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TEST

( Hyderabad (Deccan), Bhadravati in Mysore, Dalmianagar p in Bihar, Sambalpur in Orissa etc. I ' (e) Madras, Porbandar in Kathiawar, Katni in Madhya "•Pradesh, Bihar etc.

K > r83- (fl) T f le Rouble (6) Lev (c) Lev (d) Franc (e) ^Canadian dollar (/) Yen {g) Burmese rupee (Ji) Peseta (i)

Krona (;) Swiss Franc (k) Turkish pound (I) Pesu.

« L 84- (a) Irrawaddy (b) Port Moresby (c) Honshiu (d) The Rockies (e) Lake Baikal in Asiatic Russia (/) Niagra )?< Vl

rHtona Nyanza (h) Kalhari (») British Guinea (j) Sicily

, J*£ T h e Uruguay, Paraguay, and the Parana, with its ' ^ / " W A " "

S l a d 0 j BermeJ°> andPilkomayo (I) Czechoslovakia <• i ? • M a ' o r i ty Spanish in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay. ^.Majority of Red Indians in Ecuador Republic and

3? iGuatemala.

-»^85. (a) Assam

< m - ^ ^ W h e a t <") c°tton (in) Sugar cane (iv) Jute BW.W F l aS o f the U. S. A., bearing on it, the 13 stars

Tt£ *!epreS<\nt t h e or i& ina l s ta tes of the Union and 48 stars, the total number of the states. fa (d) Jupitar.

i ,„ CO Mercury is the nearest.

•fcwhilP t l ? 6 SUD i s a^0Ut 92,8oo,ooo miles from the earth, £38,860 miks!an ^ ^ ° f t h c m o o n f r o m t h e e a I t b *

^ O c e S w h i S f ? u°rUeS- T h a t Portion of the Atlantic socTlkdI h b e t W e c n 40° and 500 N. latitude, It is ^ ^ ^ E < g X . , t 0 n n i a r e often encountered in

. between S f f i ^ S h o a l i n the North sea extending

^ItT/grSSing plZt End Y ° r k S h i r e " EnglaDd' m i k f ThTdfffJ d<Ue Une' The 180th Meridian, which

^West O n e ^ n nw1 m t i m e b e t ^ e e ° the East and the

-JCLg^K,y« ^ t 0 put forward a daywbett - . . , g tne une, and a day back when going East.


86. The Nayares live in the Madras State.

Bhils „ „ „ Rajputuna, Satpura hills and Madhya Bharat

Todas „ „ „ Nilgiri Hills . Leychas „ „ „ Sikkim Moplas „ „ „ Malabar Gurkhas „ „ Nepal Santhals „ „ Bihar and Orissa Khasis „ „ „ Assam Nagas „ „ „ Naga hills in Assam

87. (a) Sulphur (b) Iron (c) Sugar (d) Cloves (e) Fish-oil (/) Pearls (g) Diamonds (A) Silver (i) Gold (/) Petroleum (k) Petroleum (l) Rubber (m) Oil.

88. (a) Coal fields (6) At one time residence of Mahatma Gandhi. The Congress sponsered Wardha Scheme of Education emanated from here (c) This place is sacred to the memory of Shri Aurovindo Ghosh who lived here (d) The palatial building of Pt Moti Lai Nehru, which was handed over to the Congress, as his gift to the Nation (e) Headquarters of the Radfaa Swami sect and Dayal Bagh industries (/) The great university (Vishwabharti) founded by Dr. Rabindra Nath Tagore (g) In Madras state is famed for the office of the Theosophical Society {h) City containing the Rohtas industries of the Dalmia, producing cement, paper, vanaspati and several other commodities {i) Known for the great fertilizer factory which has been built here (j) India's great shipbuilding yard belonging to the Scindias.

89. (a) A

Rajpramukh of Saurashtra is Jam Saheb of Nawanagar , „ „ Greater Rajasthan Maharaja of Jaipur * . „ „ Madhya Bharat „ Maharaja NofGwalior ~i „ „ Pepsu Union „ Maharaja of Patiala » „ Travancore-Cochin Maharaja of Travancore „ „ Hyderabad Nizam of^Hyderabad

(b) Rampur. has merged with Uttar Pradesh Banaras ,„ „ . „ „

«


Baroda has merged with Bombay State Cooch Bihar „ „ „ West Bengal

_ (c) (i) Himachal Pradesh (2) Bilaspur (3) Cutch (4) Vindya Pradesh (5) Bhopal (6) Tripura (7) Manipur (8) Khasi Hill States.

90. Central Rly. : Agra, Poena, Jubblepur, Nagpur, Jhansi, Secunderabad.

Eastern Rly.: Ranchi, Monghyr, Patna. Western Rly.: Ratlam, Jodhpur. Southern Rly.: Surat, Trichnapoly, Banglore,

Dharwar. Northern Rly.: Ambala.

91. A. Calcutta (3,000,000), Bombay (2,900,000), Madras itf^'JTl' H y d e r a b a d ' (1,085,00b), Dehli (1,200,000), Ahmedabad (800,000), Bangalore (780,000), Kanpur S S ^ K ' .L u t : k n o w (500,000), Poona (480,000), Agra (375>ooo), Amntsar (326,000).

RPH?" RSe!.P0rtST,0n, t h e w e s t c°as t of India. Alleppy. S d l , S f ' u w u a n d a r ' Bhawanagar, Cutch Mandir, ffi^Mo"1 State) °kha <Baroda state)> Surat' ( X d S I*' Q m l ° n CTravancore), Marmagao. Calicut Madra Vhf^ r tS- ? £ t h e e a s t c o a s t o f ™* = Bimlipatam Mad a M$}batI (° n s s a ' ) Cocanada (Madras), Cuddalore

Port B ai^a?naS ' ?U t t a c k (0rissa)> Dhanushkodi (Madras),

Mangalore (Madras^ v^n d a m a n s)> Gopalpur (Orissa), Tellilherry « £ f i ( S S T S ^ S S T '

CentrSaniAl?er ica1LBoHvia' Venezuela, Ecuador.

North AmTrlca3 I B f t d u r a s j Nicaragua, Costa Rica. "*enca . Labrador and Canada.

certain p lam S a i tTd!L^ e . e d d i s h ye l l o w s t i S m a o f ?

used for flavouring f ° p e n * d Aower.buds of the clove tree ; tonic. s n a colouring cookery and also as a

dried berries o f T e n ^ 0 * 1 ? condimcnt consisting of the t u e PePper plant.


(iv) A sweetmeat or beverpge prepared from the beans of the cocao tree by roasting and grounding them and then making this into a paste.

(v) Ginger is the root stock of the Zingiber plant used as a condiment or a stomaich.

(vi) Nutmeg is the aromatic kernal of a tree, used as a seasoning article in cookery.

(vii) Rayon or Artificial silk is silk, made in imitation of real silk synthetically produced from cellulose.

94. Following are the chief territories and colonies of France :—

Algeria, Cameroon, West Equitorial Africa with its capital Brazzaville, French West Africa with the port of Dakkar as its capital, Madagascar, Tunisia, Morocco, Indo-Chinese Federation, French Somaliland and some Pacific islands like New Caledonia, New Hebrides etc.

95. (a) Pisa (b) London (c) Nanking, (China) (d) Bombay (e) London (f) London.

96. (a) When the earth passes into the shadow caused by the moon interposing between the earth and the sun, an eclipse of the sun takes place, called the solar eclipse.

(b) Tides in the seas and the oceans are caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon.

(c) The earthquakes are violent disturbances of the earth's crust, resulting from fractures, usually along existing faults in the underlying rock strata subject to great strain. They are also caused by the earth's crust under the pressure exerted by the cooling of the earth's interior, or when the sea water gets into the deeper parts of the earth's crust and the steam together with the volcanic lava have burst out, causing violent tremors in the earth's surfaces.

(d) (t) Union of South Africa (ii) U. S. S. R. {Hi) Ukraine, U. S. S. R. (iv) Germany (v) Czechoslovakia (vi) Germany (vii) Iraq (viii) Israel (ix) Poland (x) Rumania (xi) Switzerland (xii) Turkey (xiii) Venezuela (xiv) Yugo

slavia. 97. (i) In the U. S. S. R. (ii) Near Srinagar, Kashmir

(Hi) Bengal («») U. S. S. R. (e) U. S. A. («) Islands in the South Atlantic (vii) Italy (viii) The northern seaboard of America and Asia and in some of the Arctic islands (ix)

.232* , ', • ?* JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Near Bombay (z) North coast of the Kola Peninsula, Hussian Lapland (xi) Atlantic Ocean 800 miles west of Portugal.

• ( 98. (t) Bombay (ii) Calcutta (Hi) Roorkee (iv) Kanpur (v) Poona (vi) Shillong (vii) Mysore (viii) Karaikudi.

99. (a) 1044 (b) 226 (c) 180 (d) 273 (e) 391 (/) 278 (?) 1368 (h) 902.

100. Cape Verde : Most westerly point of Africa in Senagal, French West Africa. U Cape Verde islands : Islands in the Atlantic about 350 miles west of the African west coast of Cape Verde,

• t } , a p e Camorin • Cape at the southern tip of India. 'tape Malapan : Southernmost cape of Greece. Cape Trafalgar : Cape at the south coast of Spain at

-rue north west entrance of the strait of Gibraltar.

Bo e " : P ° n a b ° U t 3° m i l e S off t h e C a p e o f G ° ° d

"ipt£ a p e $S°°i "°Pe: Headland forming a peninsula (Africa B a y 3Dd F ^ e Bay in the Union of South

^thScrtt : N a r I 0 W SCa W h k h S e p a r a t e S A s i a f r ° m

IdSe t SZj^h betWeCD Tie"a dd FUCg0

7 TatksLf'iT :- S t r a i i b e t w e e n l ta 'y « d Sicily. k j ^ " ^ « « « • Strait separating India from Ceylon.

Uranus N l p S J ^ p f i ^ Earth> Mar*> J»Piter, Saturn,

^ L N ^ " ^ ^ «>«tialt bodies, envelop--or dust. The star at 3LP b a b l y COns i s t o f r a r e f i e d g a S

luminosity. h c c e n t r c l s responsible for the

Vg* fining ^ ^ \ ^ ^ ^ » -


Shooting star. It is a popular name for a meteor, which is a small piece of solid matter, travelling in space and which on entering the atmosphere is transformed into vapour by heat of friction. The path of the shooting star is shown by a streak of light.

Milky Way. Name given to the long track of millions of small stars which encircle the heavens. The stars appear more densely crowded in the Milky Way than the .other brighter and bigger stars. The Milky Way is very clearly visible on a clear starlit night. (c) (i) Bombay. Marhati, Gujarati, Kanarese and Sindhi

(u) Madhya Pradesh. Marhati and Hindi (lit) Madras. Tamil, Kanarese, Malayalam, Oriya, and

Telegu (it>) East Punjab. Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu (v) Mysore. Kanarese

(vi) Travancore. Tamil and Malayalam (vii) Baroda. Marhati and Gujarati

(viii) Indore. Marhati and Hindi (I'X) South Kanara. Kanarese (a:) Orissa. Oriya

(ix) Berar. Marhati. The following are the Aryan languages :— Hindi, Marhati, Gujarati, Bengali, Sindhi, Punjabi,

Bihari, Oriya and Urdu. Dravidian languages are : — Tamil, Telegu, Malayalam, Kanarese. The Indo Germanic languages are : Greek, Latin, German, Celtic, Slav, Persian, Hindi

and allied languages like Urdu, Marhati, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali and Bihari.

102. The White Sea—Archangel The Black Sea-Odessa The Sea of Japan—Valadivostok , v

The Red Sea-Port Sudan The Yellow sea -Port Arthur The Baltic Sea—Stalingrad The Mediterranean Sea—Marseilles


The Adriatic Sea—Venice The Crimean Sea—Sebastapole

103. (a) (t) The Simoom blows in the regions about the Red Sea and in the Sahara and other parts of North Africa.

(it) The typhoon blows over the Philippines, the islands of Japan and parts of the coast of China

(Hi) The Loo blows in the Punjab, Sindh and the N. W. Frontier of Pakistan

(iv) In the Indian Ocean (v) Tornado in the Mississipi region of the U. S. A. (vi) Sirocco in the Mediterranean lands. (vii) Hurricanes in the Caribbean and Pacific Ocean. (6) Cebu. One of the Philippine islands. Kobe. Port of Japan. Ivory Coast. French colony of West Africa to the

North of the Gulf of Guinea. Haiti. One of the islands of the West Indies. It is a

Negro Republic. Gozo. An island in the Mediterranean sea north west

of Malta. Gaza. A port in Palestine, now belonging to Israel. Szechwan. A province of China. Gretna Green. Town in Scotland, notorious for run

away marriages performed at Blacksmith's Forge. Honolulu. Capital of the Hawaiian islands on the isle

of Oahu. Memel. Baltic seaport in Lithuania, U. S. S. R.

104. (i) Ethiopia (2) North Africa (3) Philippines islands (4) Spain (5) Central Africa (6) South Africa (7) U. S. S. R. (8) Indo-China (9) South Africa (10) Ethiopia (11) China (12) Ceylon (13) South Africa (14) South India (15) N. W. F. P. Afghanistan.

105. Coal. U. S. A., Germany, TJ. K., U. S. S. R. Crude Petroleum. U. S. A., Venezuala, U. S, S. R ,

Iran. Iron. U. S. A., U. S. S. R., France, U. K. Tin. Bolivia, Malaya, Indonesia, Belgian Congo.


Manganese. U. S. S. R., Gold Coast, India, Brazil. Gold. Union of South Africa, U. S. S. R., Canada,

U. S. A. Silver. Mexico, U. S. A., Peru,'Canada. Wheat. U. S. A., U. S. S. R., China, Canada. Rice. China, India, Java, Burma. Cane Sugar. Cuba, India, Brazil, Puerto Rico. Cotton. U. S. A., China, India, U. S. S. R. Rubber. Malaya, Ceylon, Indonesia, Thailand. Aluminium. U. S. A., Canada, U. S. S. R., France. (6) The chief four food crops of India are : — Rice, Wheat, Jawar (Great Millet) and Bajra (spilled

millet). Rice is chiefly grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and

Madras. It is grown during the summer months when monsoons set in.

Wheat is grown mainly in East Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It is a winter crop, being sown just about October and reaped from the end of March to that of May.

Jawar and Bajra. These are both grown in Bihar, U. P., Bombay and Madras. They are both winter crops.

106. In Asia : Mount Everest In Africa : Kilimanjaro In North America : Mt. Mckinley In South America : Mt. Aconcagua In Europe : Mt. Blanc In Australia : Mt. Kosciusco.

107. Forests are a great asset of the Indian Union. They are the source of timber required for the construction of houses, boats, ships, railways, carriages and furniture. The forests also provide raw materials for several industries like sports, matches, paper, lac, resin, turpentine and tanning. They give employment to people engaged in woodcutting, sawing and other industries. Besides, they provide grazing and hunting grounds and some useful medicinal herbs.

Their indirect utility is also great. They make the climate of the country healthier and help in bringing more


rains. They help in preventing floods and soil erosion. They decrease the velocity of winds and protect the country from cold and dry winds.

108. Cement. Madras, Porbandar in Kathiawar, Katni in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Patiala and Rajasthan.

Glass. Ferozabad, Hathras, Ghaziabad, Banaras. Sports goods. Jullunder and Meerut. Chemical industry. Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and

Delhi. Metals and Metal Wares. Moradabad, Banaras,

Bombay, Poona, Jaipur, and Moubhandar in Singhbum district of Bihar.

Leather and tanning. Kanpur, Agra, Madras, Calcutta, Delhi.

109. (a) London (b) Venice (c) Calcutta ( i) London (e) Ypress (/) Leningrad (g) Rome {h) Jerusalem (i) Constantinople (j) Amritsar (k) Chester to Dover (/) London.

110. (a) Sutiej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum. (6) Narbada, Godavari, Krishna. Panar, Palar, Cauvery. (c) Nothern Railway. (d) Ajanta and Ellora. (e) Both in Palestine. Both have Biblical associations.

111. A govt, of India's accomplishment for the regrouping of Rly. into six zones. These zonal groups are:—

1. Northern Railway 2. Western „ 3. Central „ 4. Eastern „ 5. North Eastern Railway 6. Southern „

The Southern Railway system is an amalgamation of S.I. Rly., S.M.S.I. Rly. and Mysore Rly.

The Southern Rly. now serves the whole of the Peninsula linking Waltair on the East and Poona in the west with Trivandrum in the extreme south.


The Western Railway includes the broad-gauge section of the B. B. and C. I. Rly., the Saurashtra and Rajasthan Rly. and Jaipur State Rly.

The Central Railway is composed of the G. I. P., The Nizam State Rly., Dholpur State Rly. and Scindia State Rly.

The Northern Rly. comprises East Punjab Rly., Jodhpur and Bikaner State Rly., Allahabad and Moradabad division of E I. Rly.

The Eastern Railway consist of portion of G. I. P., M. and S. M. and B. N. Rly. excluding the Howrah Kharagpur section.

112. (a) Town in Assam, centre of worst affected earthquake area in that state.

(6) Town in Scotland where in its ancient palaces kings of Scotland were crowned on the "stone of destiny."

(c) On the Dneiper river in the U. S. S. R. (d) In North Iraq. (e) Oil field in Arabia. (/) In the Persian gulf world famous for pearl-fisheries.

113. (a) The U S.A. (6) Belgium (c) Eire (d) Israel (e) Japan (f) The Netherlands (g) Norway (h) Rumania (») Turkey (j) The U.S.S.R.

114. (t) Seoul. Capital of South Korea, only a few miles south of the famous 38th parallel of latitude.

(t'i) The Han river. A river flowing on the north east of Seoul.

{Hi) Pusan. The major part of South Korea, in the extreme south.

{iv) Pan Mun Juan. A small town in North Korea, near the famous 38th Parallel of Latitude, where parleys for a cease fire between the Communist and the U. N. representatives took place.

115. (i) The Chrysler Building in New York (»i) The Fontaineblue castle in Paris (i'tt) St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome {iv) St. Sophia Cathedral in Istanbul (v) The National Gallery of Art in Washington {vi) Empire State


Building in New York (tit) St. John Lateran in Rome (viii) R. C. A. Building in New York (ix) Cathedral of Chartres in France (x) The Alhambra in Granda, Spain (xi) The Eiffel Tower in Paris {xii) Hollywood in Los Angles, U. S. A. (xiii) Konarak Temple in Puri, Orissa state (ivx) The Wailing Wall in Jerusalem, Palestine (xv) Westminster Abbey in London.

116. Nowgong, Lakshmipur, Sadiya Frontier Tract are districts of Assam ; Manbhum, Ranchi and Saran are districts of Bihar ; Bijapur is district of Bombay.

Karnal is a district of East Punjab; Amraoti and Yeotmal are district of Madhya Pradesh ; Guntur and Chitoor are districts of Andhra ; Cuttack and Mayurbhanj and Ganjam are districts of Orissa ; Shahjahanpur and Murshidabad are districts of Uttar Pradesh ; Dinajpur and Jalpaiguri are districts of West Bengal.

117. (a) Vindhya Pradesh is a state with a Lieut. Governor (6) Mysore is an individual viable Part B state (c) Bhopal is a Chief Commissioner Part C State centrally administered (d) Rajasthan is one of the Part B states. Maharaja of Jaipur is the Rajpramukh (e) Madhya Pradesh is a Part A Governor's state (/) Bilaspur is a Chief Commissioner's state but merged with Himachal Pradesh (g) Madhya Bharat is a Union of States with Maharaja of Gwalior as its Rajpramukh.

118. Rampur and Banaras with U. P. ; Mayurbhanj with Orissa ; Baroda, Kolhapur and Sirhoi with Bombay • Cooch Bihar with West Bengal; Chattisgarh and Makrai with Madya Pradesh.

119. (a) Bangalore is capital of Mysore (6) Jaipur (c) Rajkot (d) Trivandrum (e) Rewa (/) Gangtok (g) Ranchi (A) Pachmari (»') Bhuvneshwar

Rajasthan Saurashtra

„ Travancore-Cochin „ Vindhya Pradesh 3) Sikkim 9> Bihar „ Madhya Pradesh » Orissa.


120. Agra Vice Chancellor C. V. Mahajan Aligarh „ ,, Dr. Zakir Hussain (Muslim) Andhra „ „ Dr. V. S. Krishna Banaras ,, „ C. P. R. Aiyar (Hindu) Lucknow j , ,, Acharya Jugal Kishore Mysore „ „ B. L. Manjunath Poona „ ,; Dr. Mukand Rao Saugor „ „ Dr. Ramprasad Tripathi Rajasthan „ „ G. C. Chatterji

121. Vesuvius in Italy j Hekla in Iceland ; Etna in "Sicily ; Mauna Loa in the Hawaiian group of islands ; Krokatoa in the Sunda Strait; Katmni in Alaska, U. S. A. ; Popocatepetl in Mexico ; Cotopaxi in Ecuador ; Izaleom in El Salvador ; Fujiyama in Japan.

122. Cow has 1 offspring ; horse also 1 ; dog varies from 3 to 12 ; cat 4 to 6 ; sheep 1 or 2 ; pig varies from 6 to 12 ; mouse 5 to 7 ; donkey 1 ; rabbit 3 to 9.

123. (a) Chief countries of Asia are : — Afghanistan, Burma, Ceylon, China, India, Iran, Iraq,

Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand (Siam), Transjordan, Tibet, Turkey, Viet Nam, Yemen, Indonesia archipelago, Malaya.

(6) Chief countries of Europe : — Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,

^Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Luxumbourg, Swedan.

(c) Chief countries of South America are :— Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guinea, Chile,

Columia, Dutch Guinea, Ecuador, French Guinea, Peru, "Venezuela.

(d) Countries of Central America are :— Guatemala, Honduras, British Honduras Salvador,

Nicaragra, Costa Rica, Panama. 124. The hottest months begin from about February

in the Deccan, and from April in the North and last till


the break of the"monsoon from about middle or end of May in the south, to July in the north.

The wettest months begin about the middle or end of May and last till the end of August or middle of September.

The coldest months begin from about middle of October and last till the end of February.

The driest months begin from October and last till the beginning of the monsoons in May. But there are generally two great exceptions to this dry weather, i.e. in the Madras state and the North West portion of India. In the Madras state the east winds which set in over the Bay of Bengal in October, coalesce with the damp retreating summer monsoon and blow over the whole of the coast of the Madras state and give this region the wettest and most disturbed weather of the whole year. Similarly in the North West rain laden winds from the Caspian or the Mediterranean region come in the months of December and January and give winter rains during these two months, which generally vary in duration and strength.

125. Washington is five hours behind, San Francisco eight hours behind, Bombay five and a half hours ahead, Calcutta is six hours ahead, and Java is eight hours ahead of Greenwich time.

126. Wonders of the Ancient World :— The Pyramids of Egypt. The Temple of Diana at Epheasus in Rome The Hanging Garden of Babylon Statue of Jupiter at Olympia The Tomb (Mausoleum) of Mausolus in Asia Minor Colossus of Rhodes The Great Wall of China.

Modern Wonders 1. Wireless Telegraphy and Telephone 2. Radio Tele

vision and Talkies 3. Discovery of Xrays and Ultra-violet rays 4. Spectrum Analysis 5. Discovery of Radium 6. Automobile and Locomotive 7. Rocket Propulsion 8 . Jet Propulsion 9. Penicillin and other anti-biotics 10. Radar i i . Atom Bomb. 12. Hydrogen Bomb.

GEOGRAPHY (ANSWERS) 2 4 I

127. The earth has three motions :— (1) Its motion on its own axis which it completes in a

day (2) Its motion round the sun which it completes in a year (3) Its motion, shared with the rest of the solar system, towards a point not far from star Vega at a speed of about 12J miles a second.

128. Bombay (about 2,839,000); Madras (about 1,416,000); Hyderabad (about 1,085,000); Delhi (1,200,000), Kanpur (705,000); Agra (375,000) ; Allahabad (332,000); Amritsar (325,000); Patna (283,000); Bareilly (208,000) ; Jaipur (290,000): Mysore (244,000), Ajmer (196,000).

129. Bombay about 36,000,000; Madras about 35,733,000 ; Himachal Pradesh about 990,000 ; Travancore-Cochin about 9,280,000; Saurashtra about 4,130,000 ; Hyderabad about 18,600,000.

130. (i) The U.S.A.; The U.S.S.R. and China (h) China, India and Burma (Hi) The U.S.A.; China and India. (iv) China, India and Ceylon (v) The Kiel Canal, The Panama, The Suez

(oi) The Indus, the Jhelum and their tributaries (vii) The Aryans spoke Sanskrit, which is the language

of the Vedas, but as they got mixed up with the aboriginal tribes many mixed dialects, like the old Pali sprang up in course of time.

(viii) The Bhils, Gonds, Santhals, Gakkhars, Nagas. (iz) Most important mineral ores of India are : Iron,

Manganese, Mica, Coal, Salt, Magnesite, Gypsm, Monazite, Illmenite, Titanium, Thorium, and Gold.

(x) South Indian languages are :—Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telegu and Marhatti.

(xi) The Bhagirithi and the Alakanda.

131. (»') Asansol. Town in Bengal, the centre of its coal industry. About 20 miles from it are the great Chitranjan Locomotive Works.


(«) Chitorgarh. Ancient capital of Udaipur, famous mRajputana history, every stone of which has behind it some tale of heroism or romance. Has the famous Tower of Victory built by Rana Kumbha, an old fortress perched on a rocky hill and Mira Bai's temple.

^ F o r m o s a or Taiwan is an island off the southeast coast of China separated from it by the Formosa strait. V^JA ? 5 ^ u 1 9 4 5 n r e m a i n e d under Japan, when it was 2 d ; P \ D

Ta - . I t i s n ™ t h e last refuge and hcad-

Shelkh Nationalist government under Chiang-kai-

for ^ p f ^ l e u m ^ l f 3 D *"*' ° D * ' C a S p i a n Sea> f a m ° U S

In (thlD,Unn!'ir™ ^CaX0r t o f F r a n c e o n t h e Strait of Dover. cvent,inR f - ? 0 u d W a r i t w a s t h e s " n e of the greatest of the B r S ' S p h l ^ ° r y n a m e l y ' t h e evacuation of the bulk FrenchB""S

nh ^ P ^ ' o ^ r y Force and a large number of

' - n e ^ n ^ ^ a ^ ***

, which . toST^TSto ' l ThRoyra l 0bservatory *om

i.e., theo0 o f l o J t V J , T h e Greenwich meridian, •stated; it is S G L " t a J e n , f ^ " ^ or more simply withusarercckonTd Ch t h a t d e S r e e s of longitude

• M £ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (u-s,A°-chief tea pTantaSon81"*" M o u n t a i n range in Madras, famous for

, 0*) Texas. A state of the TT <? A • • u - , , leading in cotton and i 6 , A - l n l t s *outh west,

' enormous output of nP t^i Ca t b r eeding, as well as its («) Sheffield ? „ C T a r D d n a t U r a l g3S-

its cutlery and steel m a S ' l u S * "* E n g l a n d > f a m 0 U S f ° r

. 132 (t) Waterloo. Villas • us name to the famous batt if tu

D D

B e lS l u m> w h i c h 8 i v e s

I which the French under M i B a t t l e o f Waterloo-m armv under Wellington p o l e o n W ere defeated by ao


(10 Vatican The palace of the Pope in Rome situated on the Vatican Hill It includes the church of St. Peter.

(tit) Lake Success. District of Long Island, New York. It is ihe headquarter of the U.N.O. secretariat.

('i') Humpi is the site of the ruins of Vijayanagar, the ancient capital of the Vijayanagar Empire that fell to pieces on its defeat at Talikotain 1565.

(') Hiroshima. Seaport of Japan. First City to be destroyed by the atomic bomb.

(vt) Pearl Harbour. U. S. Pacific naval base in • Oahu, chief of the Hawaiian Islands, and scene of the Japanese attack on Dec. 7, 1941, which destroyed a large part of the U.S fleet anchored there.

{viii Mohenjodaro. Village in Sindh (Pakistan) on the Kotri Larkana branch of the N. W. Rly. Excavations have revealed the pre-Aryan Indus Valley Civilization Ex-

' cavations have shown a well planned city, having baths, courtyards and drains. Large quantity of terra cotta figurines, seals and vases have been found.

(viii) Sarnath. Town about four miles from Banaras, where the Buddha delivered his first sermon after he became the 'Enlightened One'.

(ix) Vishwa Bharti. The University at Shantiniketan founded by Rabindra Nath Tagore. The university tries to synthesisc the culture of the East and the West.

(x) Stalingrad. Town of the U.S.S.R., whose successful defence by the Russians against the German hordes was a turning point of the 2nd World War.

(xi) Vichy- Town of France which in 1940-44 was the scat of Marshal Fetan's Government.

133. (0 The reindeer is a deer, both male and female of which have antlers. It is found throughout the northern parts both of the Old and the New World specially in Lapland where it is used as a beast of burden on the broken snow of these regions.

(«) Oak. The Oak is a kind of tree found mostly in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

(i») The Penguin is a kind of bird, whose wings are more adapted to swimming than T> flying. It is. found on desolate rocks, mostly in the Antarctic waters. '


(iv) The Musk-ox is a sheep-like ox with brown longhaired shaggy coat, inhabiting mostly the northern part of Canada. .

(r) The Yak is the Tibetan ox with long silky hair hanging down its body.

(vi) Rhododendron is an evergreen flowering shrub found in Asia and the Americas. They are found specially in the Himalayas in our country.

(rii) Alpaca. The Alpaca is a kind of camel found specially in the Andes, Chile and Peru. (Many of us are familiar with the Alpaca wool, so soft and lustrous).

(i;tii) Juniper is a kind of evergreen shrub, found mostly in Europe and America,

(ix) Rhinoceros is the largest and most powerful of mammals allied to the elephant. It is found in the jungles of Assam and Bengal and Africa.

(x) Love-apple is the fruit of the tomato which is grown everywhere in the world.

(xi) Lady's Finger is the long, lady's finger like vegetable growing on stalks of a shrub everywhere in •vegetable gardens.

(xt'i) Mistleto is a green parasitic plant, found chiefly on apple trees or oaks or pear trees etc., found in England and elsewhere.

(ziti) Gooseberry is a shrub found mostly in temperate legions of Asia and Europe. It is extensively grown in England. It has a delicious fruit-like the currant.

134. (t) Horse Latitudes. A part of the North Atlantic ocean noted for long periods of calm. In days of sailing vessels, the latter, for want of wind to fill the sails and drive them, had to remain at anchor for long. The horse cargo, for want of fodder and water had often to be thrown over-board—hence the term.

(t'O Spring and Neap tides. When both sun and moon are on same side of the earth, the lunar and solar tides are heaped one on the other, and a very high tide is formed. This is called the spring tide.

When in other positions, the two forces act against one another, specially when they are 900 apart and are diamctri-

GEOGRAPHY (.ANSWERS) 245

cally opposed, a very small tide is formed called the neap tide.

(Hi) Orion is the name of a constellation of stars derived from a Greek mythological figure—a handsome giant, named Orion, who was struck blind by Dionysus, but got back his eyesight, by exposing his eyelids to the rays of the Aurora and was transformed into a constellation in the sky.

(iv) Steppes are the wide treeless plains of the south east of Russia and south west of Siberia.

(t) Eclipse. When a heavenly body is obscured by the intervention of another heavenly body between it and the observer, it is called an eclipse. Thus when the sun, moon and earth are in one straight line, solar eclipse occurs.

(vi) Earthquakes are disturbances of the earth's surface, mostly due to the contraction of crust of the earth caused by the cooling of the planet.

135. (0 Gold mining at Nandydroog in Mysore (ii) Hides and skins in Kanpur (in) Electric bulbs and lamps in Calcutta (iv) Aircraft assembling and manufacture of spare parts in Bangalore (v) Iron smelting in Jamshedpur.

136. (1) Jute in West Bengal, (it) Sugarcane in U. P., (Hi) Cotton in Bombay state, (iv) Rice in West Bengal, (v) Coffee in Travancore-Cochin.

137. (a) Buland Darwaza. Massive archway at the southern gate of the Jami Masjid of Fathehpur Sikri, built of marble and sandstone to commemorate Akbar's conquest of Gujrat.

(b) Tower of Victory, Chitor. Tower built at Chitor by Rana Kumbha to commemorate his victories over the Muslim rulers of Malwa and Gujcrat.

(c) Gol Gumbaz Tomb of Sultan Mohd. Adil Shah in Bijapur, estimated to be the second largest dome in the world, noted for its whispering gallery and multiple echoes. ,J(d) Elephanta Caves. Famous Buddhist cave temples

of the 8th century, six miles from Bombay, out into the


sea, containing carved deties and panels of Hindu mythology in relief.

(el Nalanda- Site of a famous Buddhist university town that flourished from the fifth to the 9th century.

, (/) Black Pagoda. Temple of the Sun-God atJNonarak., in the Puri district of the Orissa state.

138. (a) On a hot summer day, the land mass of the coasts gets hotter and thereby the air above it thinner than that of the sea which gets hot comparatively less quickly. The thicker and cooler air of the sea thus rushes towards the coast to make up the equilibrium.

(b) The climate of a region depends upon a number of factors, chief of which are its average temperature, moisture, latitude and altitude.

(c) Mountains are cooler than plains, because as the altitude increases, the air above the earth gets thinner and thinner and has lesser and lesser capacity to 'retain heat, hence mountains are cooler than the plains in the same latitudes.

(rf) (1) The Gangetic valley in India (2) The valley of the Yangtse Kiang in China.

(e) The Union of South Africa leads in the production of gold, while the U. S. A. leads in the production of copper

(/) Bamboos grow wild mostly in the Tropical moist Deciduous Forests and Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of India. These are found in Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Bombay, Mysore, Coorg, Travancore-Cochin, in regions which have an average rainfall between 50 to 100 inches.

(q) The Bunyan tree. (h) In Assam and in the forests at the foot of the

Himalayas and in the Sundarbans. (t) The tiger is mainly found in India, Javaand Sumatra. (j) Gorillas are found mostly in the equatorial forests

of West Africa. (A.-) The Ostrich is the largest bird in the world. -(/) The Cheetah runs the fastest of all animals. ' (m) The Frigate bird is the fastest of birds.


139. (0 The circumference of the earth=24902 miles. (ii) The duration of the lunar month : The lunar

month is not constant in length. Its average is 29 53 days.

(Hi) The longest day in the year—21st June. (iv) The shortest day in the year=2ist December. (v) The country with the largest population : China.

(vi) The number of squate yards in an acre=4840 (vii) The Furlongs i?i a >nile=8 Furlongs are equal to a

mile. (viii) The number of sheets in one quire of paper—24.

(ix) The number of Indian rupees equal to 100 Pakistani rupees=l%o.

(x) The speed of light =• 186,000 miles (or 300,000 Kilometers) per second.

(xi) The speed of sound —1100 feet per second. (a;n) The boiling point of water— ico° C. under an

atmospheric pressure of 760° mm. of mercury.

140. (t) Amritsar. City of East Punjab guarding India's North Western border, famous for its Golden Temple, the most sacred shrine of the Sikhs. Big bullion, grain and textile centre, though owing to its prcximity to the border much of its old business has declined.

0 0 Sanchi. A village in the Bhopal state, ccntaining a perfectly preserved Buddhist mound, built about the 3rd century B. C.

{Hi) Sambhar. Lake in Rajasthan, well known for extensive extraction of salt from it.

(iv) Sikandra. Small town in U.P. famed for Akbar's mausoleum.

(v) Mount Abu. One of the prettiest hill stations in India, situated on an isolated plateau in the Aravali Range. It is a place of pilgrimage for the Jains, as it contains the celebrated Dilwara marble temples noted for the beauty of their exquisite carvings.

(m) Nagpur. Capital of Madhya Pradesh. Centre of the great cotton producing area, with a University of its own.

(vii) Jamshedpur is a great industrial centre in the Singhbhum district of the Chotaiagpur division in Bihar

248 » JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

state, famous for the Tata Iron and Steel Works Ltd., the largest works in the East, which produces agricultural instruments, rails and railings, locomotive parts and other steel products.

(viii) Chunar. In Bihar noted for its famous fortress : came into prominence in the struggle for power between Sher Shah Sur and Humayun.

141. (a) Ajanta. A village near Aurangabad in the Hyderabad State (Deccan), famous for the caves consisting of twenty four monastries and five temples, all hewn out of solid rock.

(6) The Balkans is a mountain range extending from the Adriatic to the Black Sea ; properly the range running through the middle of Bulgaria.

This name is also applied to the Balkan states which consist of Turkey, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, Rumania and Bulgaria.

(c) Bethlehem- A village about six miles south of Jerusalem in Palestine, famous as the birth-place of Jesus Christ and King David

(d) Buenos Aires is the capital of the Argentine Republic. It is the principal Argentine port and the centre of export and import trade.

(e) Cape Trafalgar. Famous Cape on the south coast of Spain at the entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar. Here Nelson fought the naval battle in which he gave a crushing defeat to the combined fleets of France and Spain. In this battle Nelson also received a mortal wound.

(/) Vaisali. Modern Besarh or Basrah in the district of Muzaffarpur in Bihar. It was the capital of the famous Vaisali clan of ancient times.

(g) Karachi is the port of West Pakistan on the Arabian. It is the one big outlet for its products and for imports coming from abroad.

(h) Ranthambhor. One of the most famous fortress of Rajasthan, which the Muslim sultans repeatedly conquered and lost to the Rajputs. It was attacked and conquered by Qutab-uddin Aibak, next Ala-ud-Din Khilji.


The last time we hear about it was when it was taken by Akbar from Raja Surjana Hara in February 1569.

(«') Ottawa. Capital of the Dominion of Canada situated on the right bank of the Ottawa river. Contains fine Parliament buildings.

0 ) Porbandur. Port in Saurashtra, well known as the birth-place of Mahatma Gandhi.

(k) Bhubnesbwar. Capital of Orissa. Contains the famous Mukteswar, Lingraj and Parsurameshwar Temples, as also those of Parvati, Bhagwati, Ananta, Vasudeva, Brahmeshwar and Bhaskareswar etc.

HISTORY

HISTORY

Q. I. Write short notes on any five of the following :— (a) Domesday Book. (6) English "Sea Dogs". (c) What did Asoka do for the spread of Buddhism ? (d) How did Akbar exercise a real control over his vastf

dominions? i (e) What are the 'Ceded Districts'. How did the British!

acquire them ? (/) How was the North West Frontier of India defended

by the British since 1901 ? {gf What is the policy of India towards Communist^

China ? [Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Exam. 1952].»

Q. 2. What important event took place in the following" years :—

327 B. C. 55 B. C. 1066 A. D. 1215 A. D.

, 1356 „ 1798 „ 1815 „ 1857 „ 1947 » Q. 3. When and between whom were the following!

battles fought and which party' was successful ?. Name the generals or admirals where possible.

1 (a) Trafalgar (b) El Amien (c) Waterloo (d) Jutland (e) Plassey (/) Second Battle of Panipat (g) Marathon (h) Plate*

((t) Kurukshetra. . J '(Inter Service Wing Armed Forces Academy Exam. 1948.)

' • Q. 4. With what notable events in the history of the '< '•British occupation of India are the following places associ

ated ? Write only three or four lines against each. Buxa'r, Vandiwash, Seringapatam, Chilianwala, Imphal

1

253


Q. 5. In what year did the following happen ? (a) India proclaimed a Republic (b) The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (c) Chinese Republic proclaimed (d) Treaty of Versailles signed (e) The North Koreans invade South Korea (/) Japan attacks U. S. A. at Pearl Harbour (<;) The Labour government comes into power under

Mr. Attlee for the first time (h) The United Nations Organization founded (t) Hitler attacks the U. S. S. R. (j) The end of the First World War (A-) The beginning of the 2nd World War

Q. 6. Fill in the following gaps : — (?) Mahatma Gandhi whose full name was was

born in at He went to Africa in In India he carried on his famous Civil Disobedience in When the Quit India resolution was passed in he was arrested and imprisoned in the famous He was assassinated by in

(ii) The battle of Waterloo was fought in ...between and led by and respectively.

" "( t i t ) The battle of Plassey was fought in between The town of Plassey lies in

(iv) The Declaration of American Independence was made in and under the leadership of

(1) Queen Victoria ascended the throne in She proclaimed herself as the Empress of India in She was succeeded in by her eldest son, who ascended the throne with the title of

(»t) Mohammad was born in His birth place was , where he lived and preached. But in the year

he had to flee from this place and took refuge in which was then called This famous flight is termed as the

(vii) King Alfred the Great fought many battles against He is called the father of

HISTORY 255

(tiii) The battle of Hastings, a port in was fought in between and under the respective leadership of and

(ix) The Wars of the Roses were fought between..... . . . end lasted between

(a-) The Hundred Years War is so called because The most famous victories won by the over were... in the years respectively.

{xi) The Crusades were

1

The purpose of these crusades was ,

(xh) Alexander the Great, king. ascended the throne in He led his soldiers against

the Persian king and defeated him in the battle of in In India he was joined by the traitorous Raja and defeated Raja on the banks of

He died at in the year His kingdom was divided among his generals, one of whom was We know him because he fought against

Q. 7. Arrange the following in order of time : Mahatma Gautam Buddha ; Julius Caeser ; Alexander

the Great; Socrates ; Homer ; Alfred the Great; Chandra Gupta Maurya ; King Harsha Vardhana; Mohammad Ghori, Queen Elizabeth ; Peter the Great; William 1 the Conqueror; Akbar the Great Moghul; Napoleon Bonaparte; Aurangzeb.

Q. 8. Which country won and which country lost the naval battles of ? : —

(a) The Nile (6) Jutland (c) Salamis (d) Coral Seas (e) The Bismark Sea (/) Toranto.

(Royal Indian Navy Exam. 1948).


Q. 9. Answer the following :— (a) When was Joan of Arc burnt at the stake ? (b) Who were the Pilgrim Fathers ? (c) When did the French Revolution break out ? What

were its slogans ? . ((2) Who were the chief opponents in the First World

War ? By which treaty was it ended ? (e) Why was the first dynasty of Muslim king of India

called the Slave kings ? (/) Who was the First Muslim kiDg of India who

overran the Deccan ? (9) Who was the king who transformed Buddhism from

a mere sect to a state religion ? What efforts did he make to spread this religion ?

(h) Give the location of the Hindu State of Vijayanagar. When was it destroyed and by whom ?

Q. 10. What do you understand by the Reformation and the Renaissance in Europe ?

Q. 11. Name some of the most decisive battles fought in India since the advent of the Muslims which changed the course of its history. Between whom were they fought and with what results ?

Q. 12. Mention some of the decisive battles fought in India by the British which established their supremacy in the sub continent. Only the name of the battles are to be given.

Q. 13. What happened on the following dates ? (a) August 4, 1914 (6) Dec. 7, 1941 (c) May 7> x945

(d) August 6 and 15, 1945 (e) January 30, 1945. (/) August 15. *947 (?) January, 26, 1950 (h) 26th June 1950.

Q. 14. Which was completed earlier ? (i) Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.

(ii) The Kiel Canal or the Welland. {Hi) The Howrah bridge, Calcutta or the Golden Gate

bridge, San Francisco. (n>) The Forth bridge on the Firth of Forth, Scotland

or the Sydney Harbour bridge.

HISTORY 257

Q. 15. Give the names of :— (a) The two most renowned kings of the Mauryan

dynasty. (6) The two most renowned kings of the Gupta dynasty. (c) The five most powerful Moghal kings. (d) The invader who carried away the peacock throne

from Delhi. (e) The king who ordered the inhabitants of Delhi

to move out to Daulatabad. (/) The English kicg who sold Bombay to the East

India Company. (3) The Muslim queen who sat on the throne of Delhi. (A) The invader who hastened the fall of the Sultanate

of Delhi. (i) Akbar's courtier who wrote Ain-i-Akbari. (j) The renowned Chinese pilgrim who visited the Court

of Harsh Vardhana. (k) The British queen in whose time the great Armada

was defeated. (/) The founder of the Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan. (m) The Hindu raja who met his end in the battle of

Talikota. (n) The queen who encouraged Columbus to sail to the

west in quest of India. (o) The king whose name is associated with the Arabian

Nights Entertainments. (p) The British officers who wrote (1) "Rajasthan" (2]

Memoirs of Central India,

Q. 16. Answer the following :— (a) Whose period of rule marks the climax of Greel

culture ? (6) Name some of the most distinguished Greek (t

Soldiers and statesmen (ii) philosophers (n't) writers anc poets (iv) sculptors who have shed glory on the name cj ancient Greece.

(r) The Roman Empire : — (t) Which were the countries which made up th<

Roman Empire. Locate some of the importan ones by their modern names.


(it) Name some of the most important Emperors of Rome before the empire began to decline.

(Hi) What contributions have the ancient Romans made to Western civilization ?

Q. 17. Give approximately the period during which the following dynasties ruled :—

(a) Maurya (e) The Tudors (b) Gupta (/) Plantagenets (c) The Slaves (9) The Kushans (d) The Moghuls

Combined Exam. Military wing and Air Force Academy 1950.

Q. 18 Who were the opposing parties in the following battles or wars and who won ?

(a) Wars of the Roses (b) The Civil War in England (c) The battle of Thanesar (d) The first battle of Panipat (e) The battle of Hastings (/) The battle of Talikota ((7) Battle of Austerlitz (h) The War in Crimea (t) The battle of Chilianwala 0') Seven Year's War.

Q. 19. State the names of the belligerent countries in (a) The 2nd World War (b) The War in Korea.

Q. 20. Arrange the following events in chronological order : —

(a) The Coronation of Shivaji (6) Formation of the East India Company (c) The grant of Divani to the East India Company by

Shah Alam • r

(d) Discovery of Sea route to India by Vasco da Gama (c) Columbus discovers America (/) Invention of the Printing Press (g) Defeat of the Spanish Armada

HISTORY 259-

{h) Fire of London (i) Permanent Settlement of Bengal

Q. 21. What do you understand by the following ? : — (0 The Golden Age (iv) The Stone Age

(a) The Iron Age (y) The Medieval Ages (iit) The Bronze Age

Q. 22. In which year did the following events occur ? (a) Signing of the Magna Carta. (b) Babar defeats Ibrahim Lodhi. (c) Nadir Shah invades Hindustan. (<Z) Mahmud of Ghazni destroys the Somnath temple. (e) The discovery of the New World by Christopher •

Columbus. ( / ) Alia ud Din Khilji over-runs the Deccan. (g) The formation of the East India Company. (h) The introduction of the Permanent Settlement of

Bengal. (t) The Russian Armada destroyed by the Japanese. (j) The storming of the Bastile. (k) The introduction of the Minto Morley Reforms. (Z) Partition of Bengal.

Q 23. Place the following events in their chronological order, mentioning against each event the year in. which it happened.

Battle of Thermopylae ; Traditional dates of the birth and death of Mabavira ; Alexander's invasion of India ; Defeat and death of Prithviraj ; Transfer of India from Company to the Crown; Fa Hien travels in India;. Death of Akbar the Great Moghul; Foundation of' Vijayanagar ; Norman invasion of England ; The Glorious Revolution ; Indian Sepoys Mutiny ; Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut; Japan defeats Russia; Birth of the U. N. O. ; death of Shivaji; Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi ; Truman elected President of America ; Hieun. Tsang arrives in India.

Q. 24. Who was ? :— (/) The First Governor General of India

•£60',k " ^ i , ) JUNIOR* GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

• (ti) The First Viceroy of India (iit) The last Viceroy of India

, (iv) The last Governor General of India i (u) The Governor General who abolished Sati in India

(m) The Governor General who introduced the subsidiary system

w {mi) The Governor General who announced the ,, Doctrine of Lapse

(tfiii) The Governor General in whose time the Sepoy 1 Mutiny took place ">

(tV) The Governor General who made permanent. ' settlement of revenue in Bengal

'*($) The Viceroy in whose time the seat of government, was transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.

Q. 25. What happened on ? :— 'itth November 1918 12th April 1945 ,'3td September 1939 I 5 t h August 1947 Vipth1 June 1940 3 0 t h J a n u a r y I 9 4 g

S iti & u941 2 6 t h J^uary 1950 § 7tb December 1941 10th April 1951

4iQ. 26. What famous man died at ? : ? (t) ,Thc battle of Hastings

(n) The battle of Trafalgar ( , m 5 e battle of Zutphen, . a / ^ Jh-e Sle&e of Q^bec 1* (« The Siege of Khartum

(t'i) .Battle of Thanesar ' > ^ ' ^ B a t t l e o f P a r n p a t

(win)l Battle of Talikota * ( « and> battle ot Pariipat

^Third .bat t le 'ofPanipat <*. Batdebf Thermopylae

( X£] B^at , l eofCh^nwala.

t h c L n S i e f e c l n r ' ^ th 'e Grid's'greatest generis *ey fought! 'Write K r 5 d 3 n d t h e 4 ° ^ important battle

write them down m their" chronological ordei

Q. 28. In the war in Korea : (a) When did the North Koreans attack South Korea ? , (b) Which were the important towns in South Korea

which came in the world news ? (c) When was Seoul retaken by the U. N. forces ? (d) What has been the significance of the 38th parallel

of latitude ? ' (e) Who is the persent Commander of the U. N. forces ?3

What is his full designation ? ' (/) On what difference of policy between President

Truman and General MacArthur was the latter sacked ? ' (g) What were the grounds on which Communist China I

'•joined in this conflict ?

Q. 29. (»') Name any ten independent sovereign countries* of the world that still exist with kings or queens at thc'ir j

"heads. 1 *, (ti) Give also the names of the kings who rule over'j

v these kingdoms. > ,' (Hi) Mention the names of four kingdoms which have*

become republics since the end of the 2nd World War,1. *jand name the kings who have been forced to abdicate.

Q. 30. What do you understand by the following ? (a) Indus Valley Civilization ,(b) The Crusades (6) Doctrine of Lapse , (d) Holy Roman Empire « (e) Permanent Settlement (/) The Subsidiary Alliance.

(Q. 31. Write short notes on any five of the following:— , Shankracharya, Ramanuj, Firdausi, Kabir, Chaitanya,

Abul Fazal, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Sir Sayyad Ahmad.'*

-, Q- 32- In what countries do or did r the following dynasties rule ? ' * *

v T'he^ Manchu ; . The ' Khilji; iThe Plantagenet ; Bourbon,; Stuart; Hohehzollern ; . Windsor': ' Hapsmirg;

262 JUNIOR GENhRAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

The Shang dynasty ; The Gupta dynasty ; Luangprabang dynasty ; The Ptolemies.

Q. 33. By what peoples has India been invaded after that of Alexander the Great ? Do not write your answer in a haphazard way, but in chronological order.

Q. 34. What is the most important event in World History with which you associate each of the following names ?:—

(0 Homer (ii) Julius Caesar (i»i) King John (if) Joan of Arc [vj Oliver Cromwell

(vi) Nepoleon Bonaparte (vii) Rousseau

(viii) George Washington (tz) Lord Clive (z) Lord Louis Mountbatten.

(Joint Services Wing Exam. 1952) Q- 35- Name the following : —

W J*": V e d i c god of thunder H Shn Krishna's discourse to Arjuna

by ^ S a n d e r 0 " 7 ™ W e 8 t e r n P U D ' a b firSt C D t e r e d

( S ^ S ? " * 1 V n ^ y - a r Patliputra Qutab Afin:r

h° C O m p k t e d t h c buildingof the

( } 'LXStu^lrel!gious reform- ° f t h e

<*) The king who" first ZS * W ,? a v c r b y c a s t e

, , Bengal to Peshawar ^ t h e h i g h w a y f r o m

(xi) The author of the Aln ; A. u •

HISTORY 263

(xiii) The queen over whose grave the Taj Mahal was built.

(xiv) The British Viceroy who first introduced local self government in India

(xv) The British Viceroy who organized Department for the preservation of ancient monuments.

(Joint Services Wing Exam. 1952)

Q. 36. Name the following :— (1) The birth place of Gautam Buddha

(ii) The founder of Jainism (Hi) The oldest collection of Vedic hymns (ij) The Greek Ambassador to Chandragupta's court (v) The author of Ramcharitmanas

(t>») The celebrated musician at Akbar's court (vii) The most valiant woman, who fought in the revolt

of 1857 (viii) The name of the first Viceroy of India under the

British Crown (ix) The first President of the Indian National

Congress (x) The first President of the Republic of India.

Joint Services Wing Exam. 1952.

Q. 37. Give approximately the period during which the following dynasties ruled, and name the greatest ruler in each.

(i) Tughlak (v) Pallavas (it) Hoysalas (vi) Pandyas

(m) Chola (vii) The Peshwas (iv) Vijayanagar (viii) The Khiljis.

Military Wing Exam. Paper 1S52.

Q. 38. Attempt the following questions :— (a) Who was the greatest king of the Maurya dynasty ?

What were his main achievements? (b) What do you know about the Partition of Bengal in

1905 ? (c) Which Viceroy removed the capital of India from

Calcutta to Delhi ? Give two reasons why this was done.


Id) How did the Industrial Revolution change the listribution of population in England ? ,

(e) Which countries constituted the "Central Powers , ind which the 'Allies' in the First World War (1914-1918) ?

^f) Write short notes on the following :— , (i) The Reign of Terror (ti) The Regulating Act

(Hi) The American War of Independence (iv) The Atlantic Charter (v) Integration of Indian States (vi) Asian Relations Conference

(vii) Hindu Code Bill.

Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Exam. 1951, Joint Services Wing Exam. Jan. 1951.

Q. 39. When were the following battles fought, who were the contesting parties and who won ? Answer with date, contestants and victor. ^ 'MI (a) The First battle of Tarawri (Thanesar)

1(6) The battle of Blenheim 1 (c) The battle of Trafalgar

Xd) The battle of Omdurman 1(e) Seven Years War.

*• (Military Wing Exam. 1951 and Joint Military and' U Air Force Academy Exam. 1950.)

b j 40. Give the dates of the following events. ^Example-Outbreak of World War No 1. Answer 1914 (a) The Roman Conquest of Great Britain

\ & \ T h e Partition of India | J (c ) The Declaration of Independence of America

(d) The French Revolution H

"(e) The birth of Jesus Christ *(/) Columbus sailed for the New World on his firs?

voyage (g) Vasco-da-gama landed on the West Coast of India • , (h) Arab invasion of Sindh (i) 'Indian' National Congress was founded 0') Death.ofrLenin

HISTORY

(k) Gandhi-Irwin Pact (h Hitler became Vice-Chancellor of Germany (m) King Charles I was beheaded (w) Atom Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima (o) Declaration of the Second World War (p) United Nations was founded.

(Inter Services Wing (Armed Forces Acadamy) Exam. 1948.)

(Combined Exam. Defence Academy and Air Force Academy Exam. 1950.)


HISTORY

1. (a) Domesday Book was a record of the survey of England carried out in 1086 by officials of William the Conqueror. Its purpose was to provide the necessary information for the levying of the land tax and other dues, and to ascertain the value of the crown lands. It also enabled the king to discover the wealth and power of the barons and who were their tenants. It was called the Doomsday from the belief that its judgment was as final as the Doomsday.

(b) The English cSea Dogs: were the buccaneers of the 16th and 17th centuries who plundered the ships of the Spaniards in resentment of the exclusive right the latter claimed to the wealth of the S. American continent and which they were carrying home across the seas. Later they became mere pirates attacking ships of any nationality to which they could lay their hands.

(c) Following were some of the measures adopted by Asoka for the spread of Buddhism.

(i) He built a large number of Buddhist monasteries all over the country and spent large sums of money in endowing them

(ti) He caused edicts of the main teachings of the Buddha to be engraved on pillars and rocks, some of which have endured even up to our days. He also appointed censors to see that people obeyed those edicts and led a Buddhist life

(tt't) Besides their official duties the state officer's were also instructed to propagate the Buddhist religion in assemblies and religious congregations.

266

HISTORY (ANSWERS) 267

(iv) Buddhism was made the state religion. (») Religious missions were sent to far off lands to give

the message of the Buddha to all those people. (d) Akbar divided his empire into provinces and sent

governors of his own chosing to govern them. He appointed his own Diwans or financial officers in each of these provinces. These two officers were on par with each other and directly responsible only to the Emperor. They kept watch and acted as checks on each other, and curbed each other's ambitious designs. Akbar also had the best of spies everywhere who gave him first-hand information of what was going on in the provincial courts : Akbar removed any man who did not act upon the imperial firmans. 2. 327 B. C. Alexander the Great, led expedition to

India. 55 B. C. Julius Caeser invaded Britain.

1066 A. D. The battle of Hastings was fought. 1215 „ The great Magna Carta was signed by King

John. 1356 A. D. Battle of Poitiers in France was fought in

which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French.

1798 A. D. The French Revolution started in this year, also Washington was elected as the First President of the U. S. A.

1815 A. D. The battle of Waterloo was fought in which the English defeated Napoleon Bonaparte.

1857 A. D. The Indian Sepoy Mutiny breaks out. 194.7 A. D. India was divided and the Dominions of

India and Pakistan were created. 3. (a) Trafalgar. Between the combined fleets of the

French and the Spaniards under Admiral Villeneuve on the •one hand and the English on the other under Nelson. Tvhe English won the battle. The battle was fought on 21 Oct., 1805.

(6) Al Amein. Between the British 8th Army under Montgomery and the Axis (German and Italian) forces under Rommel. The former was successful. It was fought in 1942.

268 JUNIOR CENTRAL KNOWLEDGI; TESTS

(c) Waterloo. Between the English under Wellington; and the French under Napoleon in i s 15. The latter was defeated.

(d) Jutland. Between the British navy under Admiral Jellicose and the German navy under Admiral Scheer. It was fought in 1916 and the former was successful.

(c) Plassey. Between the British under Clive and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daula. It was fought in 1757. The latter was defeated.

(/) 2nd Battle of Panipat. Between the Mughul forces under Bebram Khan, general of Akbar and Hemu. The latter was defeated and killed. It was fought in 1556.

(17) Battle fought in 490 B. C. between the Greeks and the Persians, in which the latter were defeated.

(/<) Naval battle fought in 1939, in which the German "Pocket battleship" Admiral Graf Spec was sunk by the British cruisers, Ajax, Achilles and Exeter.

(t) Battle of Kurukshetra was fought between the Pandus and the Kurus in which the former were successful.

4. Buxar. Scene of battle in 1764 between the combined forces of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Oudh and Shah Alam, king of Delhi on the one hand and the English on the other. It ended in the defeat of the three allies, resulting in the .Emperor of Delhi coming under the influence of the English, while Mir Kasim disappeared leaving the English to do what they liked with Bengal. It laid deep foundation of the power of the English in India.

Vandiwash. Battle fought between the English and the French in 1761, in which the latter were defeated, and a death-blow given to their power in India.

Serihgapatam. Battle fought between the English and Tippu Sultan of Mysore in 1799, in which the latter was defeated and killed, thus ending the powerful Mysore state.

Chilianwala. Battle fought in 1849 between the forces of the East India Company under Lord Hugh Gough and the Sikhs, in which the Sikh power was broken for good and the Punjab added to the British raj.


Imphal. Town in the Manipur border state of India in which the Japanese forces were defeated during the 2nd World War and any threat of invasion of India averted.

5. (a) 1950 (b) 1917 (c) 1912 (d) 1919 (e) 1950 (/) 1941 (g) 1945 (A) 1945 (0 1941 0 ) 1918 (fc) 1939-

6. (i) Mahatma Gandhi whose full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 at Porbandar. He went to Africa in 1893. In India he carried on his famous Disobedience movement in 1920-21. When the Quit India resolution was passed in 1942 he was arrested and imprisoned in the famous Agha Khan Palace. He was assassinated by V. N. Godse in 1948.

(it) The battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815 between the Englis,h and the French led by the Duke of Wellington and Napoleon Boneparte respectively.

(tit) The battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the English and Siraj-ud-DauIa. The town of Plassey lies in Bengal.

(it-) The Declaration of American Independence was made in 1776 and independence was won under the able leadership of Washington.

(v) Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837. She • ' proclaimed herself as the Empress of India in 1876. She was succeeded in 1901 by her eldest son who ascended the throne with the title of Edward VII, King of England, Emperor of India.

(tu) Mohammad was born in 570 A D. His birthplace was Mecca, where he lived and preached. But in the year 622 he had to flee from this place and took refuge in Medina which was then called Yatrib. This famous ilight is termed as the Hegira.

(fit) King Alfred the Great fought many battles against the Danes. He is called the Father of the British Navy.

(t't'i'O The Battle of Hastings—a port in Sussex—was fought in 1066 between the English and Normans under , the respective leadership of Harold, king of England and William, Duke of Normandy.


(ix) The Wars of the Roses were fought between the House of York and the House of Lancaster between the years 1455 and 1485.

(x) The Hundred Year's War is so called because it was a struggle between the English and the French which lasted for about 100 years. The most famous victories won by the English over the French were the Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt in the years 1346, 1356 and 1415 respectively.

(xi) The Crusades were eight military expeditions organised from the n t h to 13th century under the banner of the Cross.

The purpose of these Crusades was to recover the Holy Land from the hands of the Saracens.

(xii) Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, ascended the throne in 336 B.C. He led his soldiers against Darius,, the Persian king and defeated him in the battle of Arbela. In India he was joined by the traitorous Raja Ambi and defeated Raja Porus on the banks of the Jhelum. He died at Babylon in the year 323 B.C.

His kingdom was divided among his generals, one of whom was Selucus Nicator. We know him because he fought against Chandra Gupta Maurya.

7. Homer, Gautama Buddha, Socrates, Alexander the Great, Chandra Gupta Maurya, Julius Caeser, Alfred the Great, Harsba Vardhana, William the Conqueror, Mohammad Ghori, Akbar the Great Moghul, Queen Elizabeth, Aurangzeb, Peter the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte.

8. (a) The English fought against the French, the former were victDrious.

(6) The English against the Germans. The battle was indecisive.

(c) The combined fleets of Athens, Sparta and Corinth defeated the fleet of Xerxes, the Persian king.

(d) Naval battle between the American'and Japanese Navies, in which the latter was defeated.

(e) Do Do. Do. (/) A section of the Italian fleet was defeated bv the

naval aircraft from British carriers.

HISTORY (ANSWERS) 27 I

9. («) 1431. (6) 101 English Puritans who set sail in 1620 for

America, to escape persecution in their country. They landed in Plymouth in the same year where they founded a settlement. They are regarded as die pioneers of American Colonization.

(c) In 1789. Its slogans were : Libert}-, Fraternity, Equality.

(d) The British Empire, France, Russia ; Italy, the U.S.A., Japan, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Rumania and Portugal on the one hand and the Central Powers on the other, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey.

It ended with the treaty of Versailles. (e) Because the majority and the most powerful of them

were once slaves. (/) Alla-ud Din Khilji. (<?) Asoka. He spread Buddhism (1) by adopting it as

a state religion (2) by sending preachers throughout the length and breadth of India to bring home to the masses the message of the Buddha (3) He also sent his preachers and even his own kith and kin to preach the Buddhist faith in other lands, specially Ceylon (4) He got inscriptions on rocks and pillars inscribed with the main teachings of the Buddha on them.

(h) The kingdom of Vijayanagar comprised the whole portion of the Deccan extending from the river Krishna to Cape Camaroon.

It was destroyed in 1565 when its ruler was defeated at the battle of Talikota by the combined forces of the Bahmani states of the Deccan.

10. Reformation. The great religious movement of the 16th century in Europe, which ended the religious unity of west Europe and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant religion.

Renaissance. Name popularly given to the revolution in literature, and art in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. This was caused by the study of ancient models in the literature, painting and architecture of Greece and


Rome, more specially the former. It was stimulated by the fall of Constantinople, when the Greek scholars spread to the west, as also by the printing press and the discovery of America.

11. Some of the most decisive battles in Indian history: (i) Battle of Tarain in 1192 A. D. in which Prithviraj

" Chauhan was defeated and killed while fighting the invading armies of Mohammed Ghori. This established the Muslim power in India.

(2) First Battle of Panipat fought in 1526 in which Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and lulled while fighting the invading forces of Babur. This established the Mughals in India.

(3) In 1565 was fought the battle of Talikota between Raja Ram of Vijayanagar and the combined forces of Bahmani kingdoms of the Deccan which destroyed the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar in the Deccan.

(4) Third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Marhattas and Ahmed Shah Abdali in which the latter was victorious. The dream of the Marhattas to be the masters of all Hindustan was shattered for ever.

(5) Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the English and Sirajudduala. This battle laid the foundation of the British Empire in India.

(6) Battle of Vandivash in 1761. Though not so famous as some other battles, it gave a death-blow to the power of the French in India and cleared the way for practically an undisputed mastery by the English over the whole of Hindustan. It then remained a question of time when the English would control the whole country.

12. 1. Battle of Vandivash 2. Battle of Plassey 3. Battle of Buxar 4 Battle of Seringapatam 5. Fourth Mar-hatta War 6. Battle of Chilianwala. '

13. (a) August 4, 1914 Great Britain declares War on

Germany. (6) Dec. 7th, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbour, (c; may 7, 1945 Germany surrenders uncondi

tionally.

HISTORY (ANSWERS) „

CO August 6,1945 Hiroshitna blasted by the First . Atom Bomb.

(0 January Yo ^ £ P £ a s u r r ^ d e r s unconditionally (/) Augusi i ? £ £ Mahatma.Gandhi assassinated. X

u g u s t i 5 , i 9 4 7 India and Pakistan become self-fa) January , * T « , f ° ™ n g Dominions. (*) **%£% 9o5° N o r r h ^ r 6 8 3 R C p U b l i c -

y;>o £ortn Koreans invade South ... ,., Korea. 14. 0) The Suez Canal.

(") The Kiel Canal. M ?h°edFn S a t e r ? r i d g C ' S a n Fnndsco. W l h e Firth of Forth Bridge.

lb) &mC^ndJa G u P t a M a u r y a and Asoka

(c) I a T d Y , ? U p t a and Chandra Gupta (-) N a t ' SAhabhr' J a h a n g i ^ S h a h i anaPn?Aurang 2 e b .

a ) C h U a h r L r i a d T U 8 l a q -GO Raziya Begum. («) Amir Taimur (0 Abul Fazal.

1 0') Fahein. /M T 9 u e e n Elizabeth, u ; Hasan Bahmani O ) Raja Ram. 00 Isabella of Spain. W Harun-al-Rashid.

16. (a) Pericles.

( } W S T " * 5tafc"»« : P - c l e s 5 Alexander the

(So %^?^&!,h% AristotIC-des, Aeschy us? S o p h o S H

pe r o d o ; ,u s ' ™°cidi-

• Myron, Pheidias, Praxiteles, Scopas.

2 ? 4 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(c) (i) Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal); Gallia (modern France); Britannia (Britain without Scotland) ; Macedonia (modern Greece); Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)i Illiricum (modern Yugoslavia) ; parts of mid-southern Europe comprising portions of Austria etc. ; North Africa, comprising Egypt, Cyrenaica, Morocco etc.

(ii) The most important Emperors of Rome were :— Augustus Caeser, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and

Marcus Aurelius. (in) Rome gave to Western Europe (i) Its religion (it)

The Roman Law (hi) Its literature and (iv) its culture. Europe is thus more indebted to Rome than even to Greece.

, 17. (a) Maurya : First quarter of the fourth century B. C. (About 324 B.C. to 2nd century B. C. (183 B.C.).

(b) Gupta 319-20 A. D. to 720 A.D. (c) The Slaves 1206—1290. (d) The Mughals 1526-1857. (e) The Tudors 1485—1603. (/) The Plantagenets 1154-1458. (g) From about first century A. D. to middle of the

fourth century A. D.

18. (a) The Houses of York and Lancaster. It terminated with the accession of Henry VII who united in his, person the rival claims.

(h) Between Charles I and the English Parliament led by Cromwell. The former was defeated and beheaded.

(c) Between Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghori. The former was defeated and killed on the battlefield.

(tf) Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur. The former was

defeated and met his death on the battlefield. (e) Between Harold, the English King and William the

Norman. The former was defeated and died on the battle field.

rJH^TT™ R a ™ R»ya ^ng of Vijayanagar and the w ^ l f i / r C , S o f ! h e . B h a m a n i kingdoms. The former was defeated and was beheaded on the battlefield.


(9) Between the French led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the combined forces of the emperors of Russia and of Austria. The armies of the latter were defeated.

(/») Turkey, aided by Britain and France, against Russia. The latter country was defeated.

(«') Between the Sikhs and the forces of the East India Company. The latter won the battle.

(j) It began between Frederick, the Great of Prussia and Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria. Later on England supported Frederick,'• while France, Sweden, Poland and Russia joined Austria. Frederick finally emerged successful.

19. (a) The belligerents in the 2nd World War were : The Axis Powers of Germany under Hitler, Italy under Mussolini, Japan under Tojo and their satellites like Rumania, Bulgaria etc. who joined later on, and on the other side were the United Nations headed by Britain, France, China, and the U. S. S. R. ; the U. S. A. joining later on when its fleet was treacherously attacked by the Japanese at Pearl Harbour.

(b) The belligerents in the Korean war were: The North Koreans, assisted by the "volunteer" forces of the Chinese. Later on practically the Chinese Communist forces took the field.

Fighting against them were the U. N., headed by the U.S.A. and the South Koreans, with the nominal assistance of England, Australia, Turkey and a few other nations, 11 in all, who sent their fighting forces in the Korean battle field. India sent only a small ambulance unit.

20. Invention of the Printing Press : Columbus discovers America ; discovery of Sea route to India by Vasco-da-gama ; defeat of the Armada ; formation of the East India Company ; Fire of London ; coronation of Shivaji ; the grant of Diwani to the East India Company by Shah Alam ; Permanent Settlement of BeDgal.

21. Golden Age. The term is usually applied to a period in a nation's history when it has reached the zenith of its prosperity or culture ; as for example, the golden age

. \ « 1

•2 76 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

of Greece in the time of Pericles ; the Gupta Golden Age in the time of Vikramaditya ; the Golden Age of the Moghuls in the time of Shahjahan.

This term is also applied to an imaginary age in song and fable when the earth yielded in all fulness without toil and trouble and every creature lived in happiness and in peace with every one else.

The Iron Age. The last of the three stages in the forward march of man, when during prc-historic times, he advanced from the stone and bronze age to practically the modern age on the discovery and use of iron. This age is also marked by a more settled and pastoral life and the beginning of the arts of modern civilization, like the hieroglyphic writings of the ancient Egyptians.

The Bronze Age. An age in the history of many races of mankind when the stone implements were replaced by bronze. This lies between 5000—1200 B. C.

The Stone Age. This name is give.n to the pre-historic period in history, when early mankind used stones as its implements, both for hunting and domestic use before the discovery of metals. This age extends anything to the early appearance of man on this earth to 5000-2000 B. C., •when man lived in caves and as a hunter.

The Medieval Ages. This applies to that period in Europe which lies between the end of the ancient cultures

• ? r f C ^ a n d R o m e a n d t h e Modern Age which began with the Renaissance and Reformation movements in 14-16 centuries. It practically began in the 5th century when the Roman Empire came to an end. In India this period

gnr S i T ? C r eu l i D e ° f t h e G u P t a a S e » the establish-ment 01 the English power.

, i 2 ' {?\ " i 5 (ft 1 5 2 6 (c> x739 (d) 1024 (e) 1492 ( / ) 1306-10 to) I 6 o o ( * ) i 7 9 3 (i) 1905 (j) i 78V(i) S 0 9 (0

23. 540-468 B.C. Traditional dates of the birth and n „ „ d e a t h o f Mahavira.

S R P ' J a t t k o f Thermopylae. 326 B.C. Alexander's invasion of India.


- 11 A.D 643

1066 1192 1336 1498 1605 1680 1688 1857 1858

1905 1946 1948 1948

35

33

33

33

33

yy

33

33

33

33

33

53

33

33

405— 11 A.D. Travels of Fahein in India. Hieun Tsang* travels in India. Norman invasion of England. Defeat and death of Prithviraj. Foundation of Vijayanagar. Vasco de Gama arrives in Calicut. Death of Akbar. Death of Shivaji. The Glorious Revolution. The Sepoy Mutiny. Transfer of India from Company to the Crown. Japan defeats Russia. Birth of the U.N.O. Mahatma Gandhi assassinated. Truman elected U.S.A. President

24. (t) Warren Hastings (ii) Lord Canning (Hi) Lord Mountbatten (iv) Shri Rajagopalacharya (v) Lord William Bentick(w') Lord Wellesely (vii) Lord Dalhousie (viii) Lord Canning (ix) Lord Cornwallis (x) Lord Hardinge.

25. n t h Nov. 1918 : Armistice signed by German plenipotentiaries.

Britain and France declare war on Germany.

Italy enters war on the side of Germany.

Hitler makes a sudden attack on Russia.

Japan attacks Pearl Harbour. President Roosevelt died and

Harry S. Truman sworn in to succeed him

India and Pakistan become Dominions of the British Empire.

Mahatma Gandhi assassinated. Commencement of the Constitution of India.

10th April 1951 : General MacArthur dismissed.

n t h Nov.

3rd Sept.

toth June

22nd June

7th December 12th April

15th August

30th January 26th January

1918 :

1939 :

1940 :

1941 :

1941 • 1945 ••

1947 :

1948 : 1950 :


26. (1) King Harold of England. (n) Lord Nelsoni admiral of England, (tii) Sir Philip Sidney. (iv) The English general Charles Wolfe, (t?) General Gordon. {vi) Prithviraj Chauhan.

(yii) Ibrahim Lodhi. (viii) Rama Raya of Vijayanagar.

(ix) Hemu (x) Shivarao Bhao. (xi) Leonidas, the Spartan hero (xii) Sham Singh Attariwala.

27 Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caeser, The Duke of Marlborough, Frederick the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte, The Duke of Wellington, Chengez Khan.

Alexander the Great (336—323 B C.)- He conquered Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan and the Punjab up to the river Ravi. His most important battles were those fought against the Persians at Issus and Arbella and against the Indian raja Porus on the banks of the Jhelum.

Hannibal (249—183 B. C ) . Carthaginian general who invaded Italy from Spain and plunged Rome into immediate danger through his victory at Canne (216 B. C ) . He was defeated by Scipio and soon after committed suicide.

Julius Caeser (102—44 B. C ) . He conquered Gaul (modern France), Britain, Egypt, and Asia Minor.

Chengez Khan (1162—1227). Celebrated Mongol conqueror, who by his military exploits established a kingdom which at his death stretched from the Volga to the Pacific, and from Siberia to the Persian Gulf.

Duke of Marlborough (1650—1722). One of the most brilliant of English generals. Beginning by driving the Spaniards from the Netherlands he w on notable victories—Blenheim 1704, Ramillies 1706, Qudenarde 1708 and Malplaquet 1709-all these victories enhanced the military glories of England.

Frederick The Great (1712—1786). Hero of the Seven ^kears War in which he withstood the combined


forces of Austria, Russia and Saxony and by his conduct of the various campaigns of this long drawn war, with very meagre resources, he proved himself one of the greatest soldiers of history.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769—1821). Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria, Germany and Spain. His most well known victories are : Lodi, Marengo, Austeriitz, Jena, Friedland and his defeat first at Leipzig and then at Waterloo.

The Duke of Wellington (1769—1852). Famous English commander and statesman known as "The Iron Duke". He is most remembered for his world famous victory at Waterloo over Napoleon Bonaparte.

28. (a) 26th June 1950 (b) Seoul, Keosong, Taejon, Taegu, Wongu, Wonson, Pyongyong, Pan Mun Jon (c) Sept., 1950 (d) The 38th parallel of Latitude is the line that separates North Korea from the South (e) General Mark Clark, Supreme Allied Commander in Japan and Commander-in-Chief, Allied Command in Korea (/) General MacArthur wanted to extend the ariel war into Manchuria to des&oy the newly built bases of Chinese Volunteer Forces. This President Truman would not allow, as this would have brought the U. N. into conflict with China and might have ultimately involved the U. N. in a world conflict—perhaps an undeclared 3rd World War. (g) On the pretext of saving Manchuria from the threatened U. N. attacks.

29. (t) Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Neatherlands, Iran, Belgium, Saudi-Arabia, Greece, Ethiopia, Luxembourg.

(t'i) Great Britain is ruled by Queen Elizabeth II nd ; S weden by king Gustav VI ; Denmark by King Frederick I X ; Netherlands by Queen Juliana; Iran by King Mohammad Riza Pahlevi; Belgium by Prince Baudouin ; Saudi Arabia by King Abd-el-Aziz ; Greece by King Paul I ; Ethiopia by king Haile Sellisi I ; Luxembourg by Grand Duchess Charlotte.


(3) The following countries have become republics since World War II . The names of kings who have been forced to abdicate are given against each.

Italy King who abdicated Humbert II Bulgaria „ „ „ King Boris Rumania „ „ „ „ Michael Yugoslavia „ „ „ „ Peter

30. (a) Indus Valley Civilization. Archaeological excavations carried out in recent years at Mohenjo-Daro in the Larkana district, Sindh, and Harappa in the Montgomery district of West Punjab have revealed that some five thousand years ago a highly civilized community flourished in these regions which built big cities with a regular system of drainage, wide roads, spacious buildings on hygenic principles. These peoples of both jsexes wore cotton fabrics, used ornaments like necklaces, armlets, finger rings and bangles, while women further had girdles, nose studs, ear-rings and anklets all of very beautiful designs. These ornaments are of gold, silver, ivory, copper and precious metals. Besides these, many articles of domestic use have been discovered, all of which show a great advance in technical knowledge.

(b) Crusades. These were eight military expeditions organised from the n t h century to the 13th, by Christian-dom under the banner of the Cross, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the hands of the Saracens. In the First Crusade, Jerusalem was taken and a Christian power was established which was soon driven out. All the subsequent expeditions did not achieve much, till the eighth ended in utter failure and no further expedition was undertaken. The third expedition is memorable for the prominent part Richard Coeur de Lion, king of England played in it

(c) Dcctrine of Lapse. Doctrine held by English Governor Generals like Wellesley and more particularly by Lord Dalhousie, that if the natural male heir of an Indian Rajah or Nawab failed, then his lands, titles and kingdom lapsed to the company as the Paramount Power, to whom they had already surrendered all their sovereign rights.

HISTORY (ANSWERS) 2 8 1

The company's government in its greed to annex the lands and revenues of such rulers did not allow them to adopt heirs even from next of kin. Such states were those of Satara, Udaipur, Nagpur, Jhansi etc. etc.

(tf) Holy Roman Empire. Name applied to the Empire founded by Charlemagne or Charles the Great in 8oo A. D. and suppressed in 1806, by the abdication of Francis 1st of Austria. It comprised the German speaking people of Central Europe and was ruled by an elected emperor who claimed to be the representative of the ancient Roman Emperors.

(e) The Permanent Settlement. Settlement of government land revenue realizable from zamindars made by Lord Cornwallis on a permanent basis. This revenue once fixed was not to be enhanced so long as the British government existed.

There used to be heavy arrears in payments of the land revenue, with the consequences that lands were frequently sold. To make the revenue stable and to create a loyal contented class of zamindars who would willingly uphold the British Government in self-interest were the two main objects of the Permanent Settlement.

(/) The Subsidiary Alliance. System introduced by Lord Wellesley to establish British Supremacy in the whole of India by subordinating the Indian princes to the British Government in all matters of external policy and by making them undertake to maintain British troops within Oieir respective territories.

31. Shankaracharya. One of the greatest of the Hindu teachers and preachers of the post Gupta period. Born in 788 A.D. of Nambudri Brahman family of Malabar, he became a sanyasi at a very early age and devoted his life to the spread of Hinduism. He held debates with the Buddhists and defeated them. He founded four great Maths or colleges—in the north, south, east and west which still survive to this day—Sringeri in Mysore, Dwarka in Kathiawar, Puri in Orissa and Badrinath in the snowy heights of the Himalayas.

Ramanuja. Lived during the twelfth century. He is one of t ie greatest exponents of the Bhakii Cult, as a

2 8 2 JUNIOR GENKRAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

means of salvation. The school he founded was known as Vishishtadvaita. His followers are known as Sri Vaishnavas.

Firdausi. Persian poet who flourished between the ioth and eleventh centuries (940-1020 A. D ) , famous for the epic poem Shahnama, the Book of kings which relates the history of Persia in 60,000 verses.

Kabir flourished about the end of the fourteenth or beginning of the fifteenth century. He is said to have been born to a Brahman widow who left him by the side of a tank in Banaras and was brought up by a Muslim weaver and his wife. He preached a religion of love and tried to promote unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. He did not believe in the efficacy of rituals or external formalities either of Hinduism or Islam, but salvation according to him lay in Bhajan or devotional worship, together with the freedom of the soul from all sham, insincerity, hypocricy and cruelty.

Chaitanya. One of the greatest preachers of the middle ages who preached the cult of Krishna Bhakli, opposed priestly ritualism, and believed that through love and devotion, song and dance, a state of ecstasy could be reached in which the personal presence of God could be realized. Lived 1485-1533.

We deal with other personalities also for the benefit of the reader.

Abul Fazal, Courtier of Akbar. Abul Fazal was one of the greatest Persian scholars, poets, essayist, critic and historian of his time j author of Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy. A great Bengalee savant religious reformer and founder of the Brahmo Samaj He is one of the greatest dynamic personalities of the 19th centurv Of the most salutary reforms he brought about in the Hindu society were the doing away with the cruel custom of sati or immolation of Hindu widows on their husband's piers' abolition of child marriage introducing of widow-remarriage, and general catholicity of outlook among the Hindus on all matters—religious or social. n Q U S

HISTORY (.ANSWERS) 2 8 3

Sir Syed Abroad. A leader of the Muslims who intensely devoted himself to the promotion of Western learning among the Muslims so as to bring them in line with the Hindus. In 1875 he founded a school which soon developed into the Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and ultimately into the Muslim University.

32. The Manchus ruled in China, the Khiljis in India, the Plantagcnets in England, the Bourbons in France, the Stuarts in England, the Hohenzollern in Germany, the House of Windsor in England, the Hapsburgs in Austria, the Shang dynasty in China the Gupta dynasty in India, ' Luangpiabang dynasty in Indo-China, and the Ptolemies in Egypt.

33. (1) The Syrians under Artiochos III (2) The Parthians (3) The Sakas 14) The Kushans (5) The Huns (6) The Arabs (7) The Muslims under Mahmud, next Sbahab-ud-Din Ghori (8) The Mongols under Amir Taimur (9) The Mughals under Babur Cio) The Persians under Nadir and Ahmad Shah Abdali (11) The English.

34. (?) The siege and destruction of Troy by the Greeks. (««) The crossing of the Rubicon and the founding of

the Roman Empire. (iii) The proclamation of the Magna Carta, (tv) The deliverance of France from the English. (v) The Civil War in England.

(v>) The decisive battle of Waterloo. (vii) The most important forerunner of Romanticism,

and one of the men whose writings sowed the seed of the French Revolution.

(viii) The Independence of the U.S A. .(«'*) The Battle I of Plassey and the establishment of the »

British Empire in India. (*) The creation of India and Pakistan as British

Dominions.

35. (i) Indra (ii) Gita (m) Pushkalavati, represented by the modern Charsadda near the junction of the Swat


and Kabul rivers, about seventeen miles north-east of Peshawar (iv) Bindusara (v) Yuan Chwang (vi) Nalanda (vii) Iltutmish (viii) Padmani (ix) Kabir (x) Sher Shah Sur (xi) Abul Fazal (xii) Sir Thomas Roe (xiii) Mumtaz Mahal (xiv) Lord Ripon (xv) Lord Curzon.

36. (i) In the village of Lumbigrama near Kapilavastu (Kapilavastu was situated tn the Nepal Tarai to the north of the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh) (it) Mahavira (Hi) Rigveda (vi) Magasthenese (v) Sant Tulsidas (vi) Tan Sen (vii) Rani Lakshmi-bai of Jhansi (viii) Lord Canning (ix) W. V. Bonnerjea (x) Dr Rajendar Prasad.

37. (t) 1310-1413 (ii) About 1111 to 1339 (Hi) About 846—1279 (iv) About 1350 to 1565 (v) About 350 A. D. to 895 or close of the ninth century (vi) About 2nd century A. D. to the raid of Malik Kafoor hi 1300 (vii) 1713—1811 (viii) 1290 —1320.

(i) Muhammad Bin Tuglak (h) Vir Bala (in) Rajaraja the Great (iv) Krishna Dev I (v) Narsinha Varman (vi) Jitivarman Sundra I (vii) Balaji Baji Rao (viii) Ala-ud-Din Khilji.

38. (a) Asoka may be regarded as the greatest king of the Mauryas.

Some of his main achievements were the following : — 0") He transformed Buddhism from a local sect to a

world religion. Though this religion has disappeared from the land of its birth, it still has millions of adherents in countries like Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, China, Japan and elsewhere. Had Asoka been not born, or converted to Buddhism it may have remained confined to Maghdha and soon died away like many mushroom sects.

(ii) He gave to India a place in the ancient world what Christian missionaries gave to Palestine in Medieval ages India became the Holy land to the Buddhists of the neighbouring countries, as Palestine became to the Christians" of Europe. Innuumerable Buddhist scholars and seekers after truth came to India to learn at the feet of Indian teachers in universities at Taxila, Nalanda and elsewhere and this helped in the spread of Indian Art and'culture far beyond the borders of India. '


(m) The message of Non-injury— Ahirnsa—and universal peace : peace between man and man, and between man and every sentient beings. Also, the lofty moral principles Asoka taught and followed himself had a profound effect on the moral tone of the people. His lofty ideals have remained as a beacon light to all succeeding ages. His rock edicts and his pillars in which he got inscribed his laws of Dharma are immortal monuments to his great achievement in the sphere of moral uplift of mankind.

(P) Partition of Bengal. Bengal was partitioned with two purposes by Lord Curzon in 1905.

(1) To relieve the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal who had to administer a territory of 189,000 square miles with a population of 78 million—a task which was growing unmanageable (2) To divide Bengal so as to break the Permanent Settlement Act, as the two Bengals would be governed by new laws.

There was intense agitation against this partition. To the nationalists it meant the partition of their nation, their mother province, their language, their traditions etc. and there was a continuous agitation against it, which often took a violent turn till the government of Lord Hardinge was obliged to abolish it.

(c) Lord Hardinge. The two reasons for removing the capital to Delhi were :

1. Delhi was in the heart of India. It was better to govern the country from a central place than distant Calcutta. '

2. To Delhi clung the past grandeur and sanctity of being the seat of successive governments. The British bad stepped into the shoes of the great Mughals, it was but right that they too should have their seat of government in the Imperial city with which the Mughul name was associated.

(d) Before the Industrial Revolution, England was mainly an agricultural country. The great inventions in the textile industry, like Kay's flying shuttle, Hargreave's spinning jenny, Cartright's power loom ; next, the smelting of iron by coke instead of charcoal, and the opening of the


railways, all led to the substitution of the factory system for the domestic industry that was being carried on in villages and small towns. These brought about the concentration of population in big cities specially in the north where industry was rapidly expanding owing to the proximity of coal and iron.

(e) Central Powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria.

Allied Powers. The British Empire, France, Russia, Italy, the U. S. A , Japan, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Rumania and Portugal.

(/) (i) Reign of Terror. This term is applied to the period of anarchy, bloodshed and confusion in the French Revolution. It began after the fall of the Girondists in May 1793, and extended to the overthrow of Robespiere and his accomplices in July 1794. During this short time thousands of persons were put to death.

(ii) Regulating Act. Act passed in 1773 for the purpose of introducing Parliamentary supervision over the East India Company for better governance of its territories in India. Among other things, the Government of Bengal was vested in a Governor-General and a Council of four members. The votes of the majority was to prevail, the President having the casting vote in case of a tie.

Further, the Governor-General in Council was to control the subordinate Presidencies of Bombay and Madras in matters relating to war and peace.

(jit) American War of Independence. This was the revolt of the British colonies in North America which resulted in the establishment of the U. S. A. The struggle originated in the resentment of the colonists against such measures as the Navigation Act which placed the Americans at a disadvantage against British Commercial interests Taxes like the Stamp tax, the Tea tax etc. provoked bitter opposition, so much so that the tea boxes of one shin were actually thrown into the sea. This was a signal for an ooen armed revolt and a clash took place at Lexington in i7 7< The first battle of this war was fought at Bunker Hill and


soon after a Declaration of Independence was issued. A number of see-saw battles ensued which ultimately ended in 1871 with the surrender of Cornwallis, the British Commander, at Yorktown to Washington, the American Commander. The independence of America was recognized on Sept. 3, 1783, by the Treaty of Paris.

(iv) The Atlantic Charter. Declaration issued by Mr. Churchill, war time Prime Minister of Britain, and President Roosevelt of America following meetings somewhere in the Atlantic in August 1941. It contains eight points. The countries made the following declaration :—

That they seek 1. No aggrandisement, territorial or otherwise 2. No territorial change without the wishes of the

people concerned; 3. The restoration of sovereign rights and self-govern

ment to those people who have been deprived of them, and respect for the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government;

4 To further access to trade and new materials by all people ;

5. To improve labour standard, social security and economic advancement;

6. To establish a peace in which men may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want

7. To enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance.

8. To dis-arm the aggressor nations pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security and at the same time to aid and encourage all other practicable measures for lightening the burden of armaments.

(«) Integration of Indian States. According to the plan of June, 1947, by which England was to relinquish power in India and create India into a Dominion, the paramountry of the crown in its relation to the Indian States also lapsed, so that they were left free with the choice of joining either of the two new dominions that had been created or remain independent. If some big ones made the


latter choice, there was great apprehension of the Balkanization of the country. The difficult task of integrating the Indian States with the Dominion of India was performed by the late Sardar Patel with great patience, persuasiveness and by friendly negotiations in an extremely cordial spirit so that before August 15, 1947, with notable exception of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, as many as 136 Salute and fully jurisdictional States acceded to the Indian Union.

The ruler of Junagarh was so unwise as to acceed to the Dominion of Pakistan, though his territory lay wholly within the Indian Dominion. The Government of India would not recognize this accession, and when through agitation and popular rising he left for Pakistan, the Government incorporated his territory within its Dominion. This action was vindicated by the result of the referendum which was held in February 1948. It was soon merged with Saurashtra.

Although reluctant in the beginning, the Nizam of Hyderabad entered into a standstill agreement with the government of India in November 1947, but inspite of this agreement relations between the two began progressively to deteriorate mostly on account of the atrocities of the Razakars on the helpless population which ultimately resulted in the police action of Sept. 13, 1948 and the subsequent taking over of the State's administration by India's Military Governor.

With which country Kashmir finally joins is yet to be seen. The first phase of the Indian States problem being over with their accession to India, the second and the most difficult phase of integrating the States began. This has been done under a four-fold process (1) Recognition of premier States as viable units. Under this head come Hyderabad, Mysore and Jammu and Kashmir which has acceeded to India, but whose future will finally be decided by a plebescite (2) The taking over of administration by the Centre. These are states like Himachal Pradesh, Bhopal Vindhya Pradesh, Cutch, Bilaspur etc. (3) Merging States with provinces. Examples of these are : Mayurbanj with Onssa, Chhattisgarh with Madhya Pradesh, Rampur Banaras, and Tehri Garhwal with U. P., Kolhapur, Sirhoi'


Baroda, some Gujerat and Dcccan states with Bombay, Loharu, Pa taudi and Dujana with East Punjab etc. etc. (4) Integrating a number of smaller states with contiguous states into Union of States. Such states are Saurashtra, Greater Rajasthan, Madhya Bharat or Malwa Union, P. E. P. S. U. i.e. Pathla and East Punjab States Union, Travancorc-Cochin.

The process of integration has now been completed. (n) Asian Relations Conference. An unofficial and

non-political conference of academic, cultural and other organizations held in New Delhi in 1947 of Asian countries interested in the study and promotion of cordial international relations. This conference discussed economic, social and cultural problems excluding all controversial political issues from its agenda. Though no tangible results ensued from it, still it brought the countries of Asia into closer and friendly relations, which they have maintained ever since.

(vii) The Hindu Code Bill. The Hindu Code Bill is an attempt by the Indian Legislative Assembly to codify the so many Hindu Codes, prevailing in India, on very progressive lines, which bear very clear impress of tbe impact of Islam and Christianity and the West on Hindu India. According to the advocates of such views, the Hindus must be governed by laws which conform to the spirit of the age, if they are to survive among the progressive people of the world, while according to its opponents the new Code seeks to destroy the very foundations on which the Hindu Society has been built, and introduces so many alien features in its structure, which are very obnoxious to the very conception of Hindu Law. For example, the right of the daughter to claim the property of her father and share it with her brothers, the right of the wife or the husband to judicial separation (divorce) and marriage in the same gotra have never existed from time immemorial and these new innovations will certainly change the very structure of the Hindu Society permanently for better or for verse.

JUNIOR GENERAL* KNOWLEDGE TESTS

lis main provisions. The main features of the Code are that it seeks to codify and modify the existing laws in regard to (.1) marriage (2) adoption (3) guardianship (4) joint family property (5) women's property (6) Intestate succession (i.e. succeeding to a property where no will has been made by its owner for any of his relatives etc.) (7) testamentary succession and (8) maintenance.

Thus, if and when the Code becomes law, a Brahmin might marry a Sudra girl, and a Sudra might marry with a Vaish or Kshatriya girl and the marriage would not be regarded as illegal and the children born to them would

'-be as good as any born to the pure Brahmin or Kshatriya or Vaish family They would not be regarded as mongrels and inferior to union of parents in the same caste. The code thus seeks to do away with all distinctions of castes in

, the Hindu Society. Even the strict prohibition of close alliance in the same gotra is done away with. The daughter will have a right to claim the property of her deceased father, like her other brothers. The most sweeping change sought is the right given to the husband and the wife to seek divorce under certain conditions. According to the present law, the Hindu Marriage is indissoluble in any , circumstance whatsoever. But now its rigidity will be broken. The bill has not yet emerged in its final form, but its basic principles have been accepted, and if there is any change, it will be only in minor details.

Many of its provisions have now been incorporated in ,the Special Marriages Bill Act.

39. (o) Between Prithiviraj Chuahan and Shahabud-J Din-Ghori in 1191. The former was successful in this battle.

(b) Fougbjt in August, 1704 when the English general Marlborough and the Austrian general Prince Eugene defeated the French and Bavarians under Tallard.

(c) Naval battle fought in October 1805, in which the British admiral Nelson defeated the combined fleets of France and Spain under the French Admiral Villeneuve.


(d) The battle of Omdurman was fought in 1898 when the Anglo-Egyptian army of Lord Kitchner defeated the forces of the Khalifa.

(e) Battles fought between 1756—1763 between Britain and Prussia on the one hand and France, Austria and Russia on the other. With various fortunes, the battles were concluded in 1763 and Britain and Prussia emerged victorious.

40. (o) 55 B. C. (6) 1947 (0 1776 (d) 1789 (e) 4 B. C. ( 0 1492 {g) 1498 (h) 7 " (») 1S85 ( i ) 1924 (i) 1931 (0 1933

' O ) 1649 (71) 1945 (o) 1939 (p) 1945.

SCIENCE

SCIENCE

0 . i. Explain the difference between :— (a) White and black (6) Power and energy (c) Solar and lunar

eclipses (d) a solution and a sus-t

pension

(e) Weather and climate^ (/) Cast iron and steel (?) Antiseptic and propy

lactic (h) Mammal and reptile,

Q. 2. What do you understand by the following? — (a) Inertia (6) British Thermal Unit

(B.T.U.) (c) Astigmatism (d) Destructive distillation (e) Fixation of Nitrogen

(/) Deliquescence (g) Chlorophyll (h) Inoculation (i) Abdomen (j) Calorific Value

Q. 1 and Q. 2 set in Military Wing Examination 1953 (for Admission to The National Defence Academy)

Q. 3. Answer the following :— (a) What does a falling barometer mean ? (6) What is the metric system ? (c) WLat is horse power ? (d) Why do people standing in a moving bus j e n d 'to

fall forward when it comes to a sudden stand-still ? ^ r, (c) How is it that in Arctic regions fish are ableitoMive

instead of freezing to death ? •* (/) Why does milk turn sour ? „« *} (fiO Why does water boil at a lower temperature on hills

vthan on plains? 'J , * (h) Why do we see the flash of lightning ^before we »/ hear the clap of thunder ? ~ i i i* .(i) Why have wild animals and birds usually' furs o-3 feathers of the same colour as their surroundings ? y*


(j) What is the time taken for light to travel from the sun to the earth ?

(Ic) What is a short circuit ? (I) What is a rainbow ? What is the order of colours

in a rainbow ? (m) Why is aluminium so useful in aircraft construction ? (n) Why do we not call a whale a fish ? (0) What is the distinction between cast iron and

wrought iron ? _ (p) What is that metal which at normal temperature is a liquid ?

(?) What is the chemical composition of a diamond ? (r) Why do we yawn when we are tired ? (s) Is it healthy to keep plants in a closed living room ? (0 w'hy do liquids keep hat so bng in a trurmDs flisk ?

^ \ 9 ; - 4 ' D i s t i n S u i s h between (a) Physcist and Physician {fi) Microscope and Microphone (c) Gramophone and Phonogram. r

Q. 5- (a) What is the cause of a rainbow ?

(6) Why don't we fly off the spinning earth ?

(c) What do you mean by fixing a photographic plate ?

crus(f? W h k h 'S t h C m ° S t a b a a d a n t ^ m e n t in the earth's

Q. 6. (a) What is a loadstone ? (6) Give chemical names for the following • _ (*) Caustic soda ( , } ?

(m) Washing soda W G l a u b e r s Sau

te) How does the blood help your body fight disease ? (rf) What is a leap year ?

c a r b ( S n H X X t y V 1 ; - ? ) S ^ ( ^ D i t r 0 g l a g a S ? ° m

potassium hydroxide ? (° p o t a s s i u m carbonate from

Q" 5 8 n d Ad6mt sL

n„ f tf i ,Ta . r y^ i?g E ^ n a t i ° n 1953 (for Adm18SIOn to The National Defence Academy)

SCIENCE 297

Q. 7. (a) We take two balls of iron, one ten limes heavier than the other, and let them fall from a height in a vacuum, which will reach the ground first and why ?

(b) Why is hydrogen used in baloons ? (c) Why does the flow of blood through an ordinary cut

in one's finger automatically stop after some time ? (d) If we take an empty bottle, stop its mouth with a

cork, and place it in front of a fire, what will happen and why ?

(e) Will there be any difference in the strength of light if a lighted candle is placed in a room which is painted black, and if the same candle is placed in a room with glazed white walls ? Explain why.

(/) What are the three forms in which matter exists ? Name any matter which you may have seen in all the three forms.

(g) Why is rain water purer than ordinary water ? (/;) How would you find out whether a table is quite

horizontal, or whether a wall is quite vertical ? (0 Explain the use to plant life of the following : —

Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower.

Q. 8. (a) Why is aluminium a good metal for making cooking utensils ?

(b) What are the main purposes of cooking ? (c) Where are the higher priced seats placed in a cinema

and why ? (d) What is meant by short sight and long sight ? (e) How do spectacles correct short sight and long sight? (/) What is the difference between coal and charcoal ?

What is the most important use of charcoal other than that of fuel?

Q. 9. How does a telephone work ?

Q. 10. Supply the information required against each of the following : —

(a) What is the physical cause of sound ? (b) What is specific gravity ?

- (c) What are the principal parts of an aeroplane ?

£8 ' JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(d) What is a Magic Lantern ? What is it used for ? To what use is it put in various industries ?

(e) What is electroplating ? (/) What are Cathode rays ? (g) What name is given to the method of signalling by

iots and dashes ? ; , (h) What disease is aimed to be prevented by vaccination ?

(i) What is normal temperature of human body ? (j) What sickness are associated with the following ?

(t) Anopheles (ii) Tsetse

" (Hi) The Rat flea (iv) The Sand fly.

• , (k) How do you convert Fahrenheit temperature into Centigrade ?

(/) Whai is roughly the weight of a cubic foot of water ? (m) Why do water pipes sometimes burst in cold

weather ?

Q. i r . (a) What are— (i) Saliva ?

(h) Bile ? (61 Where has a material body no weight ? (c) What makes you feel the beat of the pulse ? (d) How would you identify the following solutions :—

(0 Lime water (ti) Common salt in water

(e) What happens if you have a hole through an electric bulb and then switch on the current ?

Q. 12. Where are the following situated ? (£) National iMctallurgical Laboratory

(ti) Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (Hi) Fuel Research Institute (iv) Leather Research Institute (v) Sindrj Fertilizer Factory (vi) Why does water boil when put on lime ?

Q. 11 and 12 Military WiDg Examination 1953 (for Admission to The National Defence Academy)

SCIENCe 299

Q. 13. What do you understand by a carat ? What is standard carat weight ? What is meant by 18 carat gold ?

Q. 14. What do you understand by the term "A Balanced diet" ? What essential ingredients in our food make a balanced diet ? If the food I take habitually is deficient in salts, what harm will this cause to me ? •»

Q. 15. What do you understand by the following terms?

(a) Atoms (h) Bacteria (b) Molecules (i) Conservation of matter (c) Electrons (j) Respiration (d) Protons (fc) Sublimation (e) Ultra violet rays (I) Florescence (/) Vitamins (m) Electrolysis (g) Fermentation («) Osmosis

Q. 16. What is the function in the human body of the following organs ? .—

(a) Heart (6) Lungs (c) Liver (rf) Kidneys (e) Glands (f) The Stomach {g) The intestines.

Q. 17. (a) What is the Midnight sun ? < (b) During which period of the year does India receive

most rain and why ? (c) Why does yeast make the bread rise ? (d) What are the different types of volcano ?

Q. 18. (a) How do germs cause disease ? (ij What are the functions of the kidney ? (c) Why do you not feel any pain when cutting your

hair or finger nails ? • ^ Q. 17 and 18 set in Military Service Wing Exam. 1953

(for Admission to The National Defence Academy).

3 0 0 JUNIOR GENERAL RNOWLEDGtf TESTS

Q. 19. («) Why are fossil shells found in chalk ? (6) Why are flowers brightly coloured ? (c) What makes the leaves of a tree green ? What is

the use of this green matter to a plant ? (d) Why don't iron ships sink ? (e) Why is uranium so valuable in the manufacture of

atom bombs ? In which countries has it been found in large quantities ?

(/) What is a freezing mixture ? What is its approximate temperature ?

(?) What is the maximum height that can be sucked up by a water syphon ?

(A) Does a clock become slower or faster in hot weather ?

(«') Why do they keep spaces between the rails of a Tailway line when joining them ?

Q. 20. What harm will be done to our body if there is a permanent deficiency if any one of the following ingredients in the food wc have to take ?

(a) Carbohydrates (b) fats (c) proteins (d) vitamins (e) mineral salts.

Q. 21". (a) What do you call the organism that lives at the expense of another organism ?

(b) If there were no bees on this earth, what will happen to plant life ?

(c) What do you understand by the term metabolism ? (d) What different functions do arteries and veins

perform in the human body ? (e) What do you understand by capillaries ? What is

their function in the human body ? (/)»How can we estimate the height of a house by

dropping a stone from its top ? (Without a string of course)

Q. 22. What are the functions of the following in the human body ?

Spleen ; pinna of the ear ; lungs ; heart and bladder.

(Military Wing Exam. 1951 and others)

SCIENC2 301

Q. 23. Which is heavier ? volume for volume ; Iron or mercury A pound avoirdupois or a kilogramme. A cubic foot of water or a cubic foot of ice; Pure milk or pure water. Platinum or lead A log of a hard wood like mahogany and an equal

volume of water.

Q. 24. (a) What is meant by absolute zero of temperature ?

(6) If you want to protect iron from rusting what should you do ?

(c) At what temperatures does (i) Mercury freeze (n) Carbon melt (m) lead melt (iv) sulphur boils ?

(d) Why does an electric light make a bang when it is broken ?

(e) What is (i) a calorie (?';) an ohm ? (/) What is the approximate speed of (i) sound («')

light ? 25. Q. (a) What is the use of food to animals ? (6) What does the circulatory system consist of in

human beings ? What is it concerned with ? (c) What will be the difference in the colour of your

blood rich in oxygen from that deficient in oxygen ? (d) Do fishes hear ? (e) State two observations from everyday life which

indicate that light travels in straight lines. (/) In what ways is the reflection of light helpful to

the driver of a car ? (g) How is the earth illuminated on days when direct

sunlight is shut off by clouds ?

Q. 26. For what human ailments are the following antidotes employed :—

(a) Salvarsan (6) Insulin (c) Peruvian Bark {d) Morphia, (e) Sulpha drugs (/) Calf lymph (g) Ultra violet rays (h) Penicillin (i) The Leech

K 3?2 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Q. 27. Of what are following composed .— air ; water ; bleaching powder ; salt; sulphuric acid.

Q. 28. In which part of the body are the following to be found ?

The Atlas bone ; the sternum ; the oesphagus ; the diaphragm ; the pancreas ; the occipit ; larynx and the optic nerve.

Q. 29. (a) What is the importance of milk, curd ar.d butter milk in the food of a vegetarian ?

(b) Why is water an essential constituent of our food ? (c) Why should hand grounded rice be eaten in prefer

ence to milled rice ? (d) Why is it harmful to throw away the water in

'which rice or vegetables are cooked ? (e) Why is it harmful to cat too many sweetmeats ?

„ (/) What is the difference between sugar-cane of Northern India and that of Madras and Bombay ?

Q. 30. What are the uses of the following in industry ? Does India produce them in sufficient quantities to meet her industrial needs ?

(a) Sulphuric Acid (&) Caustic Soda (c) Soda Ash (d) "Turpentine (e) Woodpulp.

Q. 31. (a) What is the difference between the burning , of spirit in the oxygen of the air, and the burning of food

in human beings ? (b) What is the use of oxygen to plant and human life ? (c) What is the function of haemoglobin in the blood

of animals ? (d) What is blood pressure ? What is the instrument

, that measures this pressure ? (e) How is the function of breathing carried on in

human beings ? Why is it better to breathe through the -aose than through the mouth ? (

-*Q. 32. Name the following :— (i) The centre of the Universe.

(ii) The satellite of the E3«h.

SCIENCE 303 *

(in) The shape of the orbit of a Planet. (iv) The lightest substance. (v) The alloy composed of copper and zinc. (vi) The machine used for convening mechanical

energy into electricity {vii) The apparatus for generating electricity from

chemical action. , (viii) A plant or an animal living on another plant or

animal. (ix) The organs of respiration, (x) The organs for the circulation of blood.

(A-I) The natural process by which more complex varieties of plants and animals are developed from simpler forms.

(xii) Animals which have a backbone. (xiii) The animals which suckle their young. (xiv) The animal which resembles man most.

Joint Setvices Wing Exam. 1952.

Q. 33. Answer any five of the following :— (a) Explain how water springs up by itself in an

artesian well. (6) What are the general effects of heat on bodies ? *• (c) Why is a convex mirror mounted on a motor car

in front of the driver ? (tf) What are echoes ?, Under what conditions are

they distinct ? (e) Why is water having temporary hardness unsuitable,

for steam boilers ? ( / ) Mention the chief uses of oxygen. (17) What are the chemicals used in the preparation

» of chlorine ? (ft) How is iron extracted from its ore ?

. Q. 34. Answer any five of the following : — (a) What are ribs ? How are they arranged ? (6) What are capillaries ? What kind of blood do they.,

contain ? (c) What, are adenoids ? How do they affect *the_

body ?


(d) How is the eye adjusted to near and distant objects? (e) Mention some diseases caused by insects. (/) How are fins useful to fish ? (<7) What are the chief sources from which plants

derive their food ? (h) What are the external stimuli to which plants

respond ? Q. 33 and 34 set in Indian Air Force (Air Force Aca

demy) Examination 1952.

Q. 35. (a) In India and other tropical countries, drinking water is kept during summer months in porous earthenwares. What is the purpose of this ?

(6) Electric refrigerators have to be defrosted of the ice that accumulates on the coils inside the box. Where docs this ice come from ?

(c) Of what importance is relative humidity to health ? (d) What causes hard water ? How can it be removed ? (e) Why does snow which has black dirt or soot on it

melt more rapidly than clean snow ? Why does ice melt when salt is scattered on it ?

Q. 36. Who discovered or invented the following ? («') The science of Geometry

(ii) That bodies fall because of the force of gravity (Hi) The telescope (iv) That atoms are made up of electrons (») The lightning conductor (vi) The art of printing (fit) Miner's safety lamp

(viii) The Telegraphic Code of dots and dashes (ix) The telephone (x) Books for the blind

(art) Shorthand system of writing (an) Vaccination

(xiii) Motion Picture (xiv) That plants are sensitive to shocks (xv) Penicillin.


SCIENCE ' • j f3°5 ' * * ' <

Q, 37. What are the following composed or made of ?:—; (;) Common salt (vi) A photographic camera ';

(»'») Chalk (vii) A thermos'flask'. (111) Sulphuric acid (wit) The human eye ' . _ (iv) Air (iz) The human ear (v) Water (*) The Nervous system. '.

' • Joint Services Wing Exam.' 1952. . * *

Q. 38. Give the main reasons for each of .the Following :— " /

(1) What is the advantage of having two eyes instead • of one? * ' • !- ''

(ti) Why do we not see the stars during the day ?,, '.' (m) Why does a bad egg float in water ? * ' . ' / , ' • (tu) Why are oases formed in the midst of- some '

deserts ? • - ' .'• (v) Why do primitive people shift their habitation''.

from place to place ? ' ' ' , 'V (vi) The sun has been shining for hundreds of ' millions of years with, unabated pow.er and } ' brilliance. How do you account for this" fact ?• >'j. (vii) When a train is bulging out smoke, does-, the^

smoke go forward or backward ? ", • f.'. ;•> (tin) Why are morning and evening less warm' than."'

noon ? , ' . ' * i'.', (ix) How would you find'out vthe .time at a place when V

Greenwich time and longitude are given ? * 1 (x) How would you find out the^four directions' from*

where you are standing on a dark clear night'? x ,. -,' {xi) Why does a straight stick look bent when partly*

immersed in water ? . ; , .

Part Joint Services Wing Exam. 1952.;'

Q. 39. (a) What is a 16-carat gold ring ? ,v ' *".,' ,(b) To what uscs'are.the fpllowing metals put ?

< -. {*) Tungsten (ti) Lead'(m) Copper (iy). Zinc (v) 'Nickel ['(vi) Mercury (vii) Aluminium (viii) •Uranium.*.:'. >. '?. '»• (c) Why •us coal sometimes'.called • "buried sunshine'"? .•How.was{i) ,coal (it) petroleum formed in the'earth ?*, •' 4


(d) Name some of the products obtained from petroleum.

(e) Mention some of the most important uses of coal tar. What are the products obtained from it ?

{f) Why are most electric wires and cables made of copper ?

Q. 40. Name the following :— (i) The four Elements (ti) The sense organs

(in) The vital organs (iv) The Planets (v) The colours into which a ray of light is split when

passed through a prism (vi) Essential requirements of health (vii) Serious infectious diseases of India

(viii) Chemical components of a balanced diet. Joint Services Wing Exam. 195L

Q. 41 A. Name the instruments used for the following purposes : —

(1) Observing distant objects (ii) Observing minute objects

(in) For testing milk (iv) Measuring atmospheric pressure (v) Measuring rainfall

(vi) Recording the shock of an earthquake (vii) Finding direction at sea (viii) Detecting the approach of an aeroplane

(xi) Detecting the presence of electricity (x) Projecting moving pictures

(xi) Listening to the action of heart and lungs (xii) Helping breathing in infantile paralysis


Q. 41B. (a) When a parachuter jumps from * an aeroplane, he falls rapidly, but after he opens the parachute his rate of fall becomes less. What is this due to ?

(b) In what way may the atom be regarded as a miniature solar system ?

SCIENCE 3°r (c) It has been observed that the equatorial diameter

of the earth is greater than the polar diameter by nearly 13* miles. What is this bulging of the earth at the equator due to ?

(d) Why are roads banked (raised) at their curves ? (e) Why do we not see the stars during the day time ?

Also, why do stars twinkle ? (/) How would you be able to distinguish a star from

a planet ?

Q. 42. Answer the following :— (a) What are the fundamental characteristics of living

things ? (b) What should you do to keep your skin healthy ? (c) What is the main function of (a) white corpuscles (b)>

red corpuscles ? (d) Why is it unhealthy to breathe through the.

mouth ? (e) Why does a bad cold effect our sense of taste ? (/) What is the difference between vaccination andl

inoculation ? (g) What are the World's chief sources of power ? (h) What is the unique quality which enables carbon-,

to form so many compounds ? (i) Which expand to the greatest extent when heated :.

solids, liquids or gases ? Which has the lower specific gravity : hot water or cold

water ? Indian Air Force Exam. Nov. 1951.

Q: 43. (a) Distinguish between the following :— (i) Climate and Weather

(ii) Relative Humidity and Absolute Humidity (tit) Density and Specific Gravity (iv) Stars and Planets (v) Veins and Arteries

(vi) Stratosphere and Troposphere, (b) Explain the following :—

(i) The cause of rainbow (ii) Why is humid heat and humid cold more un

bearable than dry heat or dry cold ?

3 0 8 . ' .. JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(Hi) Suppose :"you. had" to fire a long range gun at an object ipp miles due north of you, would you

v - aim directly at the target or to the right or to the left of it ?

Military Wing Exam. 1952

' Q. 44. Name the diseases and the purposes, i. e. curative or protective, for which the following treatment is administered.

- (i) Deep X-ray therapy (it) B. C. G. Vaccination

{iii) Paludrine (iv) Penicillin injections.

. (v) Sulphetrone («t) Insulin injections.

1 Military Wing Exam. 1952.

Q. 45, What do you understand by : '(a) • Infra red rays ,(b) .Ultra violet rays

' (c) Atom Bomb • ' (d) Television " ,

.(e). Dynamite (/) Snowline (?) Typhoon

Combined Examinations Military Wing & Indian Air t Force Feb. and July, 1950.

Q, ,46.' Answer the following :— (J) Why does a person run before taking a leap? "

- (ii) A tumbler, full of water, and covered with a piece )f paper placed over the top can be inverted without .pilling'the water. Why? • \ .

(iii) Why is a clinical thermometer used in preference>

to an ordinary Fahrenheit thermometer? Why is- the former graduated from 950 F to n o 0 F ? ' '

{iv) A wire carrying heavy weights at its ends ~cuts its way through .a block of ice, whereas the block remains, uncut. . Why ?'. . . .

SCIENCE •'. 309 T V

(r) Water may be boiled in a paper box without burning-' the paper. Why ? "- . ~~

(vi) Why does the colour of an article in the light of an oil lamp differ from that in the day light ? '

(vii) Why is phosphorus kept under water and metallic sodium under kerosine oil ?

(tiff) How does washing soda differ from caustic soda? Why is not the latter used for washing clothes ?

(ix) What is fuse wire ? Why and where is it used ? • (x) How does black lead differ from red lead ?

(Joint Services Wing Exam. 19510 Q. 47A. Answer any five of the following :— (a) What objects fall fastest (i) in air (it) in a vacuum* ? ' (b) In what units are (i) Mass {ii) Length {Hi) Time •

expressed in scientific works ? : , > (c) What are solids, liquids and gases ? " (d) Explain why ice can be preserved by wfapping if in

a blanket. . ,- -(e) What are the chief characteristics of acids ? '

• ( /) State the chief chemical elements in food. - ',. , • (g) What foods would a man prefer in a cold climate ?< »

(A) Explain in one sentence the difference between the»; roles of nitrogen and of carbon in the body.

Q. '47B. (a) What is essential to the formation of bone ? (6) What should you do to keep your skin healthy ? (c) How many blood groups are there ? Name them:

. ' (d) Describe the essential structure and work of the •heart ?

(e) What are internal secretions ? (/) When does a plant (i) take in and (it) give out

carbon dioxide. . • (<j) What is the advantage of pruning a plant and when,

should it be done ? • ' . Q- 47A & Q. 47B set in Indian Air Force (Air Force;

Academy) Exam. 1952.^ 1 Q 48. • Give thc\rnain causes, visible symptoms, and; , well known me]thodsi of prevention or cure of ibe following > diseases— ' " •' ' • • • ' * . .


Cholera Small-pox Diabetes Influenza Rabies Enteric fever (Typhoid)

7. Gout b". Pyorrhoea 9. Plague

10. Tuberculosis 11. Leprosy

(Military Joint Services Wing Exam. 1949, 1851)

I. 2.

3-4-5-6.

Q. 49. What are vitamins ? Name atleast three of them and state in what articles they are found.

(Inter Services Wing Exam. 1949).

Q. 50. (A) What is the principal contribution to health •of the following constituents of our food ?

(a) Proteins (6) Fats (c) Carbohydrates {d) Minerals {e) Vitamins.

(B) What—

(a) is the use of a Paravene (6) is the action of a depth charge (c) is the function of a carburettor (ei!) are the three electrodes of a wireless (e) are the two relevant properties of a gyroscope ?

(Royal Indian Navy Exam. 1948).

Q. 51. (a) A man steps out of a railway train before it has come to rest. How will he fall ?

(b) Why must you run forward when jumping out from a running car ?

(c) A hare, when being chased by a dog takes good many turns. Why ? b

{d) Why does a man move his hands backwards when trying to catch a cricket ball ?

$ ™£lalf w h y o n e fails t 0 c l i m b a gr«sy post. {/\ S i y ? C S a m a n ^ a l k i n 8 UP a h i l 1 ^an forward ? (9) Why does a rope dancer use a long rope ?

cycled y 1S " S 3 f e r t 0 H d e a m o t o r ca* ^ a n a motor

t h c l T ^ r 6 n d U e a S k r t 0 W i m i n * * s e a " « e r or,

not ink1.1 l ^ i f f S S f b f t ^ ^ ^ De3d Sea d°

SCIENCE 3 "

(yfc) Why is the sky blue ? (I) Why does the sun look much yellower to us than it

really is ? (TO) What do we mean when we say that the temperature

under shade of a certain place is 900 and the humidity is 75?

{71) A ship passes from fresh water into the sea water. Will it rise higher or sink lower or will its position remain unaffected ?

(o) What is a helicopter ? (p) What is meant by calories of food ?

(Royal Indian Navy 1948 and others)

Q. 52. (a) Why does steam produce a more severe burn than boiling water at the same temperature ?

(b) Why do clothes dry more quickly on a windy day than on a quiet day ?

(c) Why does a thick tumbler break when ice is put in i t ? .

(d) A cotton bed sheet feels much colder when first put into use. Why ?

(e) How is it that you put a blanket to keep warm, you wrap it round ice to keep it from melting ?

(/) The housewife blackens the bottom of her degchi, but varnishes its upper surface bright. What does she gain by this ?

(g) When you fly a kite on a clear sunny day, it throws a distinct shadow on the earth. As it flies higher and higher up this disappears. Why ?

(h) It has often been observed that patches of light under a thick shady tree are generally circular. Why is this so ?

Q. 53. (a) Why is iron roofing corrugated ? (b) Why does a ship float in water ? (c) Why are cloudy nights warmer that bright nights ? (d) How is it that a rainbow is generally seen after

rainfall ? (e) Grass looks green, while a red rose looks red.

Explain this scientifically.

$12 ''. , JUNIOR GENERM- KNOWLEDGE TESTS * ' I ' t '

• . (/}Some colours get matched in artificial light, but lot in the day light. How would you,account for this ? ' .(</) Why do objects appear coloured when seen through,

a prism ?

• Q. 54. Answer the following :— (a) State the cause and mode of infection of Malaria.

.What preventative measures would you take in this connection ?

' (b) In not more than five lines state the importance of , forests in India.

Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Exam. Feb. 1952

Q. 55. (a) What is the difference between welding and' soldering ?

. (6) Does a clock become faster or slower as the temperature rises ?

(c) What is the difference between hard and soft water ? (d) Why are white clothes cooler than black clothes in

- >the tropics ? '„' .,' (e) What is refrigeration ? t -

• 'if) Why should a cycle pump get hot when the tube is. •• being inflated ?

. (g) What is a desert mirage and how is it caused ? , ' (h) What are X rays and their uses ?

(i) What is an electric Transformer ?

\ Military ,Wing (National Defence Academy) Exam. 1952

_ Q. 56. (o) Why does a kite on a string temain motion-, less in>a steady wind ?

. "(&) Why is the ffy-wheel of an engine driving 'heav loads kept of a small size than a big one ? " "

. . <c) A bucket full of water can be swung round an< - , round without spilling any. What can this be due to ? '' -. ' \d) Why does a cyclist lean inward when cornering \ • • -• .'(e) Why arc motor tracks banked at corners ? . ' . ' *• •. . ( / ) Diamonds, rubies"and • sapphires keep their -oolis

for ever. What is this due to ? , . - < > " ; (?) A leakycar-radiator loses far more water' when' he than when-cold. What is'.this d\ip \'n > '• S •' \

SCIFNCE , 3*3

(A) Why can a big whale weighing 400 toris remain suspended in water with little or no exertion ?

(i) It is* not difficult to float a needle on still water, although the density of water is less than that of fnetal of which the needle is made. How is this possible ? .

(3) Why is a layer of damp-course inserted oeaf the plinth of a building ?

(k) If you go on rapidly twirling a pointed stick like a, drill in a hole in a piece of wood, what will happeij. and why ?

Q. 57. Answer the following : — (a) How does a plant manufacture starch and sugar for

building up its body ? (b) Show that the sun is the ultimate source of all life

on earth. * (c) If you make a grease-spot on a piece of paper, and ,

hold it so that light falls on it, the greasy part looks' darker. Why ?

If next you hold the paper upto the light the greasy part %e,em£ bughxet than. the. tesx. Wt^ ?

(d) Of what elements are the following substances ' composed ? :— [

Water, turpentine, cane sugar, the common salt, marble v rock crystal, salt-petre, red lead. :"

.(e) What is a light year ? What is approximately the distance of the nearest star from the earth ? What is the distance of the moon ? In how many days does it revolve

.round the earth ? ' ; (/) What are the asteroids, a nebula, the Milky Wray?

a satellite, comets and meteors ?

Q. 58. (a) Give a brief description of (t) Jet aeroplanes (u) Penicillin (tH) Electrons (iv) Radar (t) Asdic.

(6) Explain briefly how a motor engine works. (c) Describe briefly :— » • [a\ Aircraft carrier (6) Mine sweeper (c). Tracer bullet

(d) Air cover (e) Submaiine. x • Inter Service Wing Exams Paper 1949

3H JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS


(a) What is the advantage to man and animals of the high specific heat of water ?

(b) How is it that images of trees formed by reflection at the surface of a lake are upside down and not erect ?

(c) You may have often seen an ice vendor add salt to the iced water surrounding the ice-cream tin bottles. How does this help him to keep the cream from liquifying ?

(d) Why do damp clothes feel chilly ? (e) Why does the skin go pale when we begin to shiver

on account of cold ? (/) The water in our earthen vessels even in hot weather

is fairly cool to drink, but during the monsoon months its coolness disappears. What is this due to ?

(g) Explain the principle on which the refrigerator works and keeps our food cool.

(h) By what process or processes are petrol, paraffin oil, lubricating oil, fuel oil and pitch from the crude petroleum obtained from oil-wells ?

(t) On a cold morning you may find frost settled on dry grass or on the bare ground : what is this due to ?

(J) What means are used ta liquify gases ? (k) Scientists have claimed that the energy of a burning

candle if used in a perfectly efficient engine can lift a small lorry to the top of St. Paul's dome ! Can you give any near example to show that this is possible ?

(I) What is a turbine ? To what uses is it put ? (m) What is a diesel engine ? What is its advantage

over petrol engine ? (n) Why is water the best substance to use in a hot

water bottle ? (0) What is television ? How does it work ? (p) What is a Radar ? How does it work ? (q) What is the principle of the atom bomb ?

Q. 60. (a) What is the wavy and trembling appearance of objects seen through the hot air ascending from a chimney or from a sunbaked ploughed field due to ?

(b) Ribbed or cut glass used for windows admits light but does not allow objects to be seen through it -. Why ?

SCIENCE 315

(c\ What is brilliance and fire in diamonds due to ? (d) Explain the following phenomena : — (i) When transparent glass is powdered, the powder is'

not transparent. (ii) It is impossible to see the edge of a swimming bath

with one's eye under water. (Hi) Oiled rayon (Artificial silk) is transparent. (e) Why are curved mirrors employed in search-lights

and headlights of cars ? (/) Why does light grow fainter and fainter as it departs

from its source ? (g) If you stand a candle in front of a concave spherical

mirror, you will find that you can receive an image of the candle on a screen placed at a certain distance from it. Why?

(h) Concave mirrors are sometimes preferably employed as shaving or make up glasses. Why ?

(«') Severe burns on furniture or even destructive fires may be caused by leaving rounded bottles or glass vases containing water in front of a sunny window. What could this be due to ?

(j) What is an echo ? How is it produced ?

Q. 61. Answer the following :— (a) A soap bubble looks coloured in white light. Why ? (0) Why does a yellow cloth look yellow ? (c) Would a flame burning in compressed air be hotter

or cooler than a flame in ordinary air ? (d) What is meant by the terms Analysis, Synthesis, and

electrolysis ? (e) With what element in nature is the chemistry of life

almost exclusively associated ? (/) Carbon monoxide is poisonous to animal life but it

has no effect on insects or plants. What is this due to ? (g) Why is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen

employed in artificial respiration ? (h) What is dry ice ? To what use is it put ? (i) What is soda water made of ? Why is it called by

this name ? (j) Why is carbon dioxide used as a fire extinguisher ?

316 • : JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEUUE TBS IS

(k) What is the-source of . . . • '• . (»)' turpentine , ' (tw) Rubber

(if) Kosin ' • (») Cork. (in)' Opium

' (I) Name plants that have neither flowers, fruits, seeds nor roots ?

• (rn) What is graft? ' hi) How does a bee hum ?

Q. 62. (a) What products are obtained from petroleum. To what uses arc each put ?

(6) From what arc the following obtainad and to what 'uses are they put ?

Benzene, Turpentine, Nepthaline, Alcohol, Glycerol, Phenol.

Q. 63. (a) To what different uses animal and vegetable' oils, and fats are put ?

(6) • Name some of the most important foodstuffs which contain starch as one of their most important ingredients.

'(e) From what ate the. following made (i) Pap« (it) . Artificial silk (iii) Cardboard (tv) Brushes (y) Sacks and

ropes? ', Q. 64. (a). Why does foodstuff go bad in hot damp • weather ? Why do salted meat and candied fruit keep for • years?

(b)'. Heavy "soapy" clay or waterlogged earth is infertile, ;Why is this so ?

' (c) What should you do to avoid infection. t \(d) What diseases are caused by (t) Viruses (it) Bacterh (iii) Protozoa (iv) Fungi ?

Q. 65. Explain why— 1. J Smoky, air corrodes stone work. 2. Decaying cabbage smell worse than decaying grass. 3. Egg-spoons tarnish quicker than salt-spoons. 4., Plaster of Paris becomes warm when it sets. '5. 'Herbivorous animals are often proyided with "salt

licks." ' '. • • . ' . 6. • Water supplies, by municipalities' is almost invariably

•' chlorinated. •

SCIENCE • ' • ' ' 317

Q. 66. (a) Swimming batbs swarm with bacteria from' the saliva, perspiration, and even other' products of the bathers and may be a source of infection if these bacteria are not destroyed. What should be done to get'rid of this danger to public health ?

(b) To what different uses is the common-salt put ? (c) What is the ordinary glass made of? Why is i f

particularly suitable for chemical apparatus ? •' (d) What are the ingredients of cement ? <-( (e) What is the use of electro-plating ? > . (/) Children need more food than adults in proportion,

to their weight. Why ? (g) Explain the part played in digestion by (1') the mouth '

(it) the stomach (tit) t ie pancreas (to) the small intestine. < (h) When a dog pants, does it cool or-heat itself ? ' ' - •' (t) In what respects is the feeding of infants with cow's,''

milk inferior to breast feeding ? 0*) What is a bird's temperature ? , (fc) Why does salt mafce one thirsty ? (1) What foods should you cat to keep healthy ? ;. (m) What is air-conditioning ? (n) How does a diesel engine work ?

v (<?) How does a jet engine work ? (p) What is lighter than air ship ?

, (q) How do navigators find their way across the seas ? . Q. 67. Name :— v {a) The founder of the modern plastic industry.. (b) Pioneer of the electro-microscope.

" (c) Inventor of the electric telegraph - (d) Inventor of the telephone. N • ' . :

(e) Discoveror of Ether waves around the universe. .'*'.. (/) The designor of a wireless transmitter. ; ' \ (g) The scientist who perfected the thermonic .valve.", ,. Q. 68. Explain briefly the following:— i' •''' (a) (t) Blood transfusion (t?) Colour-blindness , (m) '

Fertilizers (t'u) Anaesthetics (v) Icebergs (vt), VVireIess."_. (6) (»') Why are cloudy nights warmer than" clear nights?,

(n) Why does a cheap clock,lose time in summer ?/,• Joint Services Wing Exam., May 1952..


GENERAL SCIENCE

1. (a) The difference between white and black is due to the complete reflection and complete absorption of the rays of the sun respectively. A white object when seen in white light reflects all the colours and therefore appears white. Similarly a black object absorbs all the colours and therefore looks black when seen by white light or Jight of any colour.

(6) Power is the rale at which work is done. Thus a standard horse is supposed to be able to raise 33,000 lbs. through one foot in one minute : that is to say, it could do 33,000 foot pounds-weight of work per minute or in other words, it has one horse-power.

Energy is the capacity for doing work. A brick on the table has more energy than a brick on the floor, though

' both are stationary ; for if the brick is allowed to fall from the table to the floor it can do work in doing so. Similarly a bullet travelling with a velocity of 2,000 feet per second differs from a stationary bullet in being able to do more work. The bullet in both the cases is the same, but the one in'motion has energy, the other which is stationary has none.

(c) A solar eclipse is an eclipse when the moon crosses the sun's face, its shadow sweeping over the earth from W to E. It is a lunar eclipse when the moon passes into the shadow of the earth, i.e. when the earth is between the sun and the moon.

(d) A solution is a homogeneous mixture e.g. a liquid in which some solid, liquid or gas is dissolved, say salt in water. In suspension the body does not dissolve and

318

SCIENCE (ANSWERS) 319

become one with the dissolving liquid. For example, extremely finely powdered sand particles will remain suspended in mercury liquid and will not dissolve in it.

(e) Weather is the atmospheric conditions as to heat or cold, wetness or cloudiness etc. at a particular time ', while climate of a country is its average temperature, moisture etc. at successive specific periods of the year. The moisture may be cold or hot on a particular day, but the climate of northern Europe is cold.

(/) Cast iron is impure brittle form of iron in which the carbon content is from 2% to 4.5% in the form of cemcntite which is responsible for its brittleness.

Steel contains iron only from 0.1% to 1.5%. It is very much harder and less brittle than cast iron.

(g) An antiseptic is a substance that will destroy or prevent the growth of germs. Propylactics refers to the preventive measures and remedies adopted to the prevention of diseases.

(/*) Mammals are the verebrate sub-kingdom of animals whose females are characterised by the possession of mammal i.e. teats by which they suckle their young ones. They have also two sets of teeth in their life time, the milk teeth and the permanent teeth. The reptiles on the other hand are animals which move on their bellies or crawl on small short legs. Their skins are covered with scales or scutes which are absent in mammals. They have also no teats. <U«i

2. (a) Inertia is the tendency of a body to preserve its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.

(b) British Thermal Unit is. the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water through i° Fahrenheit.

(c) Astigmatism is a defect of the lenses of the eye, due to the curvature of the lense being different in two mutually perpendicular planes. Thus the rays in one plane may be in focus while those on the other are out of focus. This defect is corrected by the use of cylindrical lenses.

. , . - - ] W I O R G E N E K A L S N 0 ^ E D O H TESTS

32° • • . , Tvncess of heating . . ( f l .Besirucdvc - ^ ^ V V m S changes,ta£

' ofiuo^foruseasfertihzersfrom the f re^ J * ^ l m S r f by ^ - M r H ^ c r andlerpek processes etc. process, the cyanamide Hat. e d fey m P ' ?n Deliquescence is the property p a i r ^ s u c b

' Winces of picking up r n o l s t . u r eo t L r words, becoming

liauid on. exposure to au. Soda is one such example. i c e e n colouring

szJoJT^ °f harnessins p

^ i n o c u l a t i o n is the introduction of ^ - germs J the body of a human being, or o r t h e

in ectlon into the to « f £ ^ S . T b £ prevents any animal, a mild atta-k 0 I ^ r o n . Thus the person or

. ^ g Z ^ J S ? ^ disease. Inoculation for

^ r U ^ - ^ - t u y is that part of the body. •, - (0 Abdomen °* t b ^ , L * the nelvis and contains : ,whiS lies between th e chest and ^ ^ ^ l i ver/ • • t b e digestive ^ ^ V e e n and the kidneys. . pancreas etc., as also ID y .Q h e a t

V <j) Calorific value is the fuel vaUwoi ^ un i t , 'Thus one P ^ J . * * £ , £ . £ muchheat as can ^ S n e d ^ o m tle^same 'amount of carbohydrates or

- t C i , D S ; > The falling of a barometer indicates that* either < - l - ^ o T ^ o S t on which the barometer is, place the height/* the OD)eci vi fe i n c r e a s m g anC

• S ^ ? ? S % - f f c £ S a » a fine to.rainy weather.


(b) The Metric system is a system of weights and measures used in majority of the European countries. This system is based on the metre as a unit of length and is about 39§ inches. The unit of capacity is the litre which is about if pints, and the gram as the unit of weight, of which ioco make i kilogram; this latter being equal to 2& pounds. These units are divided or multiplied on a decimal system. Multiples of the several units are indicated by the Greek prefixes viz deca—hecto—and kilo. The sub-divisions are indicated by the Latin prefixes deci, centi and milli.

(c) Horse-power is the unit of measurement of the rate of doing work or supplying energy. It is equivalent to the power required to raise 33,000 lbs avoirdupois one foot per minute.

(d) This is due to the fact that when the bus was in motion the bodies of the people in it had acquired its momentum. When it comes to a sudden standstill their feet or the parts of their bodies resting on the bus come also to a standstill, but the rest of their bodies still have the old momentum, and hence according to Newton's First Law of Motion, they continue to move, and therefore with this momentum still in their upper parts they fall forward.

(e) At 4°C water has the highest density. Volume for volume, ice which is at o° temperature is lighter than the water at this temperature. Hence as the water of the surface of Arctic regions gets frozen, the frozen ice so formed remains floating on the water. Water at the bottom of ponds or lakes or seas remains at 4°C, and never gets frozen, as the floating ice covers it and does not let the cold reach down the bottom. Since fish etc. can live in water at 4°C, they never get frozen to death.

(/) Milk is one of the best foods for bacteria as it is for human beings. Milk therefore invariably becomes infected. The bacteria are mostly lactic bacteria, which feed on the sugar of milk and turn it into lactic acid, which gives the sour taste to the bad milk.

(fir) The boiling point of water depends upon the atmospheric pressure upon it. The more the atmospheric pressure, the higher is the boiling point and vice versa.

jOSIOE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS 3 2 2 „ ^ r P „oes on decreasing,

Nowrhe P«ssu.= o f ^ ' S S f h S ? on hill-site a s ,he altitude goes 0 ° ' ° S ° L n on ihe plains Wo».

times greater *an that of sou o f thunder.

protection from their enemies. a n d 11 seconds (j) Light takes approximately 8 minutes and

to come to us from the sun. f h e l e c t r i c current f fc) A short circuit is a deviation or mc

the prismatic colours in their order. It is cause

^ o r S ^ o ^ ^ ^ V ^ t l n d r ^

J & t r S S r ^ ^ ^ a C * h are « « •

n ^ i l ^ S S S S d mammal and not . ^ (o Wrought iron is malleable iron, whilccast iron is thai

variety which has been hardened with carbon, (p) Mercury. (a) It is a pure form of carbon. r r) Tiredness is due to ovcr-exertion, on account 0

which there is rapid loss of oxygen by the disintegration of tissues. As we require more oxygen to replace u, yawn and take deeper breaths. .

(s) Like every living creature plants respire, tnai to say, they take oxygen from the air, make it combine wu glucose contained in their food and give out water an carbon dioxide. A good part of the oxygen of the close room is thus used up if plants are in it. The carbon dioxia will not sustain life and is rather harmful to human neauu. so it is injurious to keep plants in a closed living room-

SCIENXE (AN&WERS) 323

Such a keeping in closed room is injurious to the plant itself, for it will not get sufficient oxygen to build itself.

(1) A thermos flask is a double-walled vessel with a vacuum between the walls. Now the worst conductor of heat is a vacuum. A hot liquid in a thermos-flask would never cool if it were not that a little heat is conducted through the neck, and the vacuum cannot be quite perfectly made. Also, the silver on the thermos-fla^k reflects most of the rays back into the liquid, and emits very few of them. Hence the hot liquid in a thermos-flask does not loose its heat for a considerable time.

4. (a) A physicist is one who is rersed in Physics or is a student of nature ; a physician is a doctor or one who prescribes medicines for diseases.

(6) A microscope is an instrument which magnifies to the eye objects so minute as to be almost or quite undis-cernable to eyes without its aid : a microphone is concerned with sound. It is an instrument which renders the faintest sounds distinctly audible.

(c) A gramophone is an instrument for recording and reproducing articulate speech or other sounds. A phonogram is not different in essential principles from the gramophone, but this name is generally applied to the earlier type of the instrument, especially those with cyclindrical reproducing records and external horns.

5. (a) The cause of the rainbow is the refraction and internal reflection of sunlight in minute droplets of water in the air. p.

(6) Because of the gravitational attraction on our body. (c) By the term "fixing a photograph plate" is meant,

the rendering that portion of the sensitive plate, which has Dot been affected by light, insensitive to exposure, afjwr developing, by the action of 'hypo' («>.,) sodium biosulphpe.

(rf) Oxygen (47 per cent).

6. (a) A loadstone is an oxide of iron, called also magnetite. It is a natural magnet and possesses polarity.

(6) (£) Sodium hydroxide (t'i) Potassium aluminium sulphate.


(Hi) Sodium carbonate ( S Calcium sulphate di-hydrate \j> Hydrated^sodxum sulphate ^

W 7 h e v ^ i . ^ i S . Thus white cells deal with S S T a c S b ; ki l lK and eating them and thus help us

t 0 ^nvadSg^sease germs also cause the blood to generate -antibodies" which resist them and give the person immunity to the disease for a time.

(d) Leap year is the year of 366 days, occurring every fourth year and devised in order to allow for the fact that the duration of the earth's revolution round the sun is about 365I days.

(e) (t) Carbon Dioxide turns lime water milky, while nitrogen gas does not.

(li) Potassium hydroxide is powerfully caustic and will destroy both vegetable and animal tissues. It will also dissolve silica out of glass. Potassium carbonate does no such thing.

7. (a) They will fall at the same time, because the gravitational pull upon falling bodies produces in them the same accelaration in a vacuum, whatever be their weights.

(6) Because it is the lightest of the gases. On account of this, the baloon will rise much quicker than if it were filled with any other gas.

(c) The blood contains a soluble compound known as fibrinogen. When the skin is injured and blood begins to flow, fibrinogen is converted into a tough jelly-like material known as fibrin. This causes the blood to clot and in this way to seal up the wound and to stop bleeding.

(d) The enclosed air in the bottle gets heated and expands and tries to force its way out. If the cork is not fixed tightly, it will be forced out and the expanded air escape out of the neck. If the cork is very tight, and does not go out, the expanding air inside the bottle will exert a growing pressure on its walls, till it cracks and the air escapes.


(e) The black painted walls will not reflect light and therefore the room will look comparatively much darker to the one having glazed white walls, with the same candle inside the room, because the latter will reflect light rays which will brighten the room.

(/) Matter exists in three forms : Solid, liquid and gas. Water assumes all the three forms, viz, Ice as a solid, water as a liquid, and steam as a gas.

(g) Rain is formed high up in the skies by the condensation of water vapours, so that when it falls it is free from all impurities. The only impurities it picks up before it falls on the ground, are traces of carbon particles floating in the air, and some carbon dioxide and other impurities. Even these are absent in the countryside, the hills and other places away from human habitation. But ordinary water contains all soluble substances on the surface of the earth or in its various strata, so the ordinary water is much less pure than rain water.

(Ji) To determine whether a wall is quite vertical, the carpenter's plumb line may be used. If the wall is not quite vertical it will not be parallel to the plumb line. To determine whether a table is horizontal, we may use the spirit level, which contains a bubble of air floating in a fluid sealed in a glass tube. If the bubble remains in the centre of the table, the table is horizontal, otherwise not. The ordinary carpenter's water level also may be used.

(i) Root. For fixing the plant in the earth and drawing up sap from the soil.

Stem. The stem is the ascending axis of a plant and bears leaves and flowers and maintains communication between the root and the leaves.

Leaf. Leaves are the breathing organs of a plant. They develop chlorophyl, the green colouring matter, which affects assimilation of the carbon in the air by its power of harnessing part of energy of sunlight. Without the leaves there would be no growth of the plant.

3 2 6 JDNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Flower. The flower is the reproductive part of the plant. Its shape, colour and scent are specific aids to the process of reproduction, as these attract the bees, butterflies etc. which act as the fertilizing agents. The flower in short helps in carrying on the species.

8. (a) Aluminium is a very light and fairly hard metal and very resistant to atmospheric corrosion. For this reason it is extensively used for domestic cooking utensils.

(6) The main purpose of cooking is to remove the rawness of the food, to make it more palatable and more easily digestible and incidentally to kill all germs and bacteria harmful to life.

(c) At the farthest end of the hall. Because the nearer we are to the screen, the more blurred is the vision of the picture thrown on it and vice versa,

{d) When the elasticity of the lens of the eye has been lost a good deal, it cannot be compressed. So when it focusses distant objects clearly, but cannot focus near objects. It is called long sight.

In Short Sight the eyeball is too long ; the rays from distant objects come to a focus in front of the retina and therefore the vision of distant objects is either blurred or they are not seen at all. Of course near objects can be focussed clearly.

(e) The short sight is corrected by a concave spectacle ens, as it makes the rays which reach the lens diverge. The nwtrr , ?v C C t c o n c a v , i ly w i l 1 b " ° g the focus of the distant object at its proper place.

Similarly a convex lens will correct the Ions sight by causing the m s which reach the lens to converge

CO Coal is a combustible material composed chiefly of ^ Z , 1 ^ ^ *T ******* *nd t K o J r while charcoal is the residue of partially burnt animal or vegetable matter, specially the ordinary wood

The most important use of charcoal other than that of fuel is in the manufacture of gunpowder.

9. The telephone. The telephone consists of a receiver and transmitter, with a coil of wires leading to and


connected with a line, which has an automatic dialing device, where the wanted line of the person to be called is joined. The connection is thus completed.

The transmitter is a microphone with an electrically conducting aluminium diaphragm, behind which is a hollow bos loosely packed with granules of carbon. Now when the telephone is raised an electric current flows in both the transmitter and the receiver. When a person on lifting the telephone speaks into its microphone, the diaphragm of the microphone vibrates in uDision with the speaker's voice. Vibrations of the diaphragm vary with the degree of compression, causing the resistance of the granules to fluctuate. Similary fluctuating currents are set up and each one of the electrical reproduction of the sound waves thus causes a pulse of current to pass to the transmission lines. In the telephone receiver two short iron rods are mounted on the ends of a U shaped magnet. Wound on the rods are coils of wire which are connected to the transmission lines. When the person on the other side speaks into his telephone, the electric currents that his sound sets up come through the transmitting lines, and the electro-magnet pulsates in sympathy with the pulsating currents ; and moves the diaphragm of the receiver in sympathy with i t ; the electric waves are converted into sound waves and are heard through the receiver.

10. (a) The physical cause of sound are waves in the atmosphere vibrating at rates roughly between 20 and 20,000 per second, caused by the impact of some object on another, which creates the waves in the atmosphere.

(6) Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of the same volume of some standard substance. This standard substance is usually water in the case of solids and liquids and hydrogen or air in the case of gases.

(r) The principal parts of an aeroplane are : (1) The wings (2) The engine or engines (3) The airscrew or propeller (4) The fuselage (5) The rudder.


(d) A magic lantern is a device for casting images of objects from an illuminated blide on to a screen for entertainment or instruction.

The lantern, which is usually an incandescent lamp or an arc has a concave mirror to increase the intensity of the light, a condensing lens which distributes the light over the slide and a projection lens to focus the ima^e on the slide.

The slide itself is a transparent positive of the required picture.

(e) Electroplating is the plating or plastering of one metal by another through the process of electrolysis. This electrolysis is the decomposition of the metal which is required to plaster the other by means of the passage of electric current through it.

_ Note. The part of Question (rf) beginning from "What is it used industries" is part of this question.

Thus if we want to plate an iron spoon with copper we make a solution of copper sulphate and connect a copper plate to the positive terminal of a single dry cell and the well-cleared iron spoon to the negative plate. During the ensuing process the irons of the copper will be attracted to and discharged at the iron spoon and in course of time plate it with copper.

(D R nr l f i e le,c t '°P , a t lrng P r o c «s ^ put to many uses,

eo d oladn. ^ ( 2 ) 3S [o u n d a t i o n for nickel, silver or f r c v d e a S d i 3 r ) n U n S C T h a b l e a n d "ntarnishable coating J e w e l l i f f 1 d 0 m e S t i c , f i t t i D S e c c (4) Imitation jewellery (s) Hard, non-corrod ble coatinsr fnr «:ri<»n!ific instruments (6) For table utensils etc. etc s c i e n t , n C

teni{n?urhremn^1 f • -nVi8 ib ,C I a y S C r c a t e d b ? a h i S h

STas at tl ell™TV P 3 S S i n g t h r o u 8 h a tube containing gas at an extremely low pressure about one millionth of an atmosphere • These cathode rays are haU ? f elect-ron^ travelhng from negative pole to positive at enormous

streaTmTf T h e ^ Z / ^ ** ^ ° f X"»y»J ' « when the stream ot these cathode rays strikes against matter it causes it to give out radiation of verv shnrr »,„„ ? M l c a "? e * we call X-rays. ^ ° " wave-lengths which


(g) The morse code (h) Small pox (i) 98-5° Fahrenheit (J) (t) Malaria ({«') Sleeping sickness (tVz) Plague (i»)

Kala Azar. (/:) The formula for converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade

is the following :— F = SC + 32.

(I) It is 62-5 lbs. (»n) Ice is lighter than water, therefore when due to

severe cold, water in pipes begins to solidify into ice then due to its expansion, it sometimes exerts so much pressure on the sides of the pipes that they burst.

11. (a) (t) Saliva is a watery fluid, secreted by the salivary glands. It serves to moisten the inside of the mouth and throat, while the ptyalin and other enzymes, which it contains help to pre-digest food, specially starches, before it passes into the stomach.

(it) Bile is a yellowish or greenish fluid secreted from the blood by the liver to aid in digestion, specially fats. Should it pass into the blood-stream, the patient suffers from jaundice.

(6) At the centre of the earth. (c) The systole and diastole of the heart as the circulat

ing blood is received in the veins as it is pushed into the arteries through the capillaries

(d) (1) By the passing of carbon dioxide, which turns the lime water milky.

(e) The wire will soon rust by coming in contact with oxygen of the air and the illumination will go on diminishing till it ceases.

12. (0 Jamshedpur (it) Jadavpur (Hi) Digwadie (iv) Madras (v) Sindri (vi) The chemical reaction of lime when pouring water on it results in the formation of quicklime and this results in the evolution of intense heat. The water boils by the generation of this heat.

13. The carat is the unit of purity of gold, as also the unit of weight in diamonds and other precious stones.


Chemically pure gold is 24 carat. If a gold piece is 18 carat, it means that it has a mixture of 18 parts of gold and six parts of some alloy. The standard'carat in the British market is' 0-2053 grams, though many countries have adopted the^ American metric carat of o-200o grams.

14. By a "Balanced Diet" we mean a diet which contains all the ingredients in it which are essential to-growth and normal health in right proportions.

Such a diet contains in right proportions the (1) Carbohydrates (starch and sugar) (2) fats (all edible oils and fats of animal or vegetable sources) (3) Proteins (the lean or all kinds of meat and fish, also eggs, and for pure vegetarians-proteins in cheese, milk, nuts etc , (4) mineral salts which are ingredients of many foodstuffs (5) water (6) vitamins.

Salts are very essential for the formation of bones and teeth etc., so if there is deficiency of salts in my food, my bones will be weak or brittle and early decay of my teeth may set in.

15. (a) Atom is the name given to the very small discrete particles of which all matter is composed.

(I) A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or compound that normally can lead a separate existence. I t may consist of one atom as in case of helium or mercury vapour, or of more than one as in Hydrogen (H„), Ozone (03) etc.

(c) Electron is the unit particle of negative electricity. Its mass is about 1/1840 of that of the hydrogen and it is one of the ultimate constituent of matter.

(d) Proton is the unit particle of positive electricity and like the electron is the ultimate constituent of matter.

(e) Ultra-violet-rays are the invisible part of the solar spectrum beyond the violet end. Physiologically they are extremely powerful, producing sunburn and the vitamin D in the human body and are so efficacious in cases of rickets and other deficiency diseases.

(/) Vitamins are complex organic compounds, small quantities of which are necessary to the healthy functioning


of the organism. There are a large number of these vitamins, called vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and so on.

Vitamin A is found in animal fats, milk, butter, cod liver oil etc. It is necessary for growth. It prevents 'dry eyes'; Vitamin B is found in most foodstuffs, specially yeast, also in the husks and germs of seeds, such as rice and wheat. Those people who use polished rice without husk or germ suffer from beri-beri. This is a nerve disease with weakness and tenderness in most parts of the body. Vitamin C prevents scurvy. It is found in lemons, oranges etc. Vitamin D is necessary for the proper formation of bones. Vitamin E found in cereals and green vegetables is necessary for fertility etc. etc.

(g) Fermentation is the process of making sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The enzymes present in yeast convert sugar first into glucose and then into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

(h) Bacteria are minute organisms consisting of a single cell composed of protoplasm. Their place in nature lies between the simplest vegetable organisms, such as the fungi and the algae and the simplest of the microscopic animals. They are often termed germs, microbes and micro-organisms etc.

(1) This law states that matter can neither be created, nor destroyed. As matter can be converted into energy it may be restated as follows : —

The sum total of energy plus matter in the universe is constant.

(j) Respiration is the process of breathing by which every living creature takes oxygen from the air; makes it combine with glucose contained in its food, and gives out carbon dioxide and water By this process it produces heat and eneigy that it requires for motion, growth etc.

(/-•) Sublimation is the change of a solid body into the state of a gas without passing through the liquid stage.

(J) Fluorescence is the property of certain substances of emitting radiations when illuminated.

(m) The decomposition of a substance by electricity is called electrolysis. This specially refers to the decomposition of solutions of compounds of acids, bases and salts.


(«) When substances diffuse through a permeable membrane from a solution in which they are more concentrated to one in which the concentration is less, the process is called osmosis. The rise of sap in plants, the absorption of soil water by roots, the absorption of materials by organs and membrane of animals' bodies are processes of osmosis.

16. (a) The heart propels the blood and governs its circulation (b) The lungs are the organs of respiration. Their function is to remove the carbon dioxide from the blood and replace it with oxygen (c) The livers control the supply of nourishment to tissues (r/) The function of the kidneys is to separate urine from the blood (e) The function of the glands is to secrete and excrete substances necessary to the proper working of the body and the elimination of waste products. The liver, the pancreas, sweat and tear glands, lymph glands etc., are such glands. (/) The function of the stomach is to receive food and subject it to the process of digestion (g) The intestines are the chief organs of digestion. Whatever parts of the food have not been digested in the stomach get digested in them and the blood in the blood capillaries surrounding them is enriched by digested food poured into them to nourish the body.

17. (a) The midnight sun is a phenomenon of high latitudes, observed at and around midsummer, when the sun does not sink belo . the horizon throughout the 24 hours, and therefore may be seen at midnight.

(6) India receives the maximum rain from about June to the end of September, due to the moist laden monsoon winds that rise from the Indian Ocean and the Arabian sea, produced by the excessive heat of the sun when evaporation of the waters of the ocean is at its maximum and these moist-laden winds blow towards the dry lands of S. E. Asia.

(c) This is due to minute fungi, which convert the sugar of the carbohydrates first into glucose and then into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The rising of bread is specially due to the formation of carbon dioxide gas which escapes in bubbles and causes the bread to rise.


(d) Volcanoes may be broadly classified as explosive central and areal eruptions, and as non-explosive central and fissure eruptions.

In the first type a long series of central explosions and eruptions occur intermittently over many years. Examples : Vesuvius, Etna.

In the type of Explosive Areal Eruption there is eruption of vast quantity of pumice and volcanic ash. Examples of non-explosive and Fissure Eruption type is Mauna Loa.

18. (a) Germs cause disease by attacking a definite part of the body such as lungs or blood tissues. The action of the germs produces chemical substances called toxins which are poisonous to us. Abundance of food, warmth, moisture, etc. enables the germs to multiply to an enormous extent and produce their poisons, which are too powerful for the antibodies produced in our bodies to overcome them, hence the various diseases.

(6) The function of the kidneys is to serve as channels for excreting nitrogenous waste and they keep the proportion of water and salts in the blood always the same by removing any excess

(c) Because the nervous system does not work in them.

19. (a) Chalk is composed of the crushed shells and calcareous remains of minute sea animalcules like molluses, echinodermes etc. ; hence fossil shells are often found in it (b) To attract bees, so that they may help in the process of plant reproduction, by cither carrying away pollen or fertilizing the stigmas by the pollen brought from flowers of other plants (c) The chlorophyll. It is this substance which effects carbon assimilation by its power of harnessing energy of the sun..

(d) Because volume for volume, the weight of the ron vessel is less than the weight of the water it displaces, hence it easily floats on the water of the oceans.

(e) Because it is the heaviest of metals and the most radio-active, and easily subject to atomic disintegration when the atom bomb is produced from it. It is to be noted


that ordjnary uranium cannot be used for atomic bombs. An isotope called U. 235 occurs mixed with ordinary uranium in the proportion 1 to 140. It is this isotope

' which explodes with terrific power when assembled in a quantity of a 'critical size' which is a military secret.

Deposits of Uranium are found in Czechoslovakia, in Belgian Congo, and in Canada near the Bear Lake, and in the United States at Utah.

(/) A freezing mixture is a mixture of certain substances for producing low temperatures. These temperatures differ with different mixtures. Thus a mixture of ice and salt gives a temperature of about 2 J °C. For lower temperatures a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and ether may be used The temperature will be sufficiently low to freeze mercury.

(?) 33 ft. (h) It becomes slower, because owing to the heat the

length of the pendulum increases and as the time of swine of the pendulum depends upon its length, if this increases the time to complete the swing increases; so the clock sets slower. 5

(t) Metals increase in lengths when heated. In summer time, due to the heating of the iron, the rails expand If there were no spaces between the rails of a railway line thev would get twisted, as they will not be able to finef soace to expand freely. It is for this reason that s p a c e s ^ kept between the rails of a railway line. P

20. (a) Carbohydrates are our fuel foods that ,v * say, they are "burnt" by the body for purpose of „ • heat and energy. Their deficiency in?

o u r food 5 , ? ° g

that we miss the ingredients which gfve o u r T o d K e a ^ n d

(6) Fats like carbohydrates are burnt in the bodv to carbon dioxide and water. In this process they S o u r much more energy than carbohydrates and they are §a verv concentrated energy food. Their deficiency i n o u r d S therefore means that we have no ingredient in h t • us extra energy to carry on hard manual labour 8 ' V e

SCIEKCE (ANSWERS) 335

(c) The proteins are our body builders. They replace the tissues that have been spent. Without them there will be stoppage of growth and general deterioration in health

(d) Deficiency of vitamins in the food will generally reveal itself by some form of disorders. Thus there will be stunted growth if there is deficiency of vitamin A We may suffer from beri-beri or pellagra if there is deficiency of vitamin B ; we may surfer from scurvy if there is no element of vitamin C in our food, and we may suffer from rickets for want of vitamin D etc. etc.

(e) Mineral salts are essential to our blood (for example iron salts), and the proper functioning of rhe glands, e.g., iodine salts are essential for the secretion of the thyroid), while lime salts are essential for the formation of bones and teeth.

Thus deficiency of any of the above mentioned gredients in our food will make us suffer one way or the other.

21. (a) A parasite. (6) There will be no carrying away of the pollen to the

stigma for fertilization, and therefore much of plant life will die off.

(c) By metabolism we mean the chemical changes of construction and destruction that are continuously going on in the cells of living matter.

(d) Arteries convey the blood from the heart to all parts of the body, while the veins carry the impure blood from the tissues to the heart

(e) Capillaries are a meshwork of fine blood vessels which permeate every tissue of the body.

It is these fine tubes which carry the work of the blood in the body The, fine tubes carry the air and food to the tissues, and carry away all waste products from them.

(/) This can be calculated from the formula S = »/*a

where S is the distance of fall, / the acceleration due to gravity, and t the time of the stone from rest.

If by help of stop watches we calculate the time of fall of the body from the top of the house to the ground, we know the, time of fall of the body. The acceleration due to gravity is 32 feet per second. Hence S can easily be calculated.


22 The exact functions of the spleen are not yet properly understood, but it appears to produce secretion which stimulates digestion and helps to promote the formation ot blood corpuscles ; the pinna of the ear serves as a funnel to collect sound ; for functions of the heart and lung see answer to Q. 16 ; the function of the bladder is to receive urine and when it is full, to discharge it through the urethra.

23. Mercury is heavier than iron; a kilogram is heavier than a pound avoirdupois ; a cubic foot of water is heavier than a cubic foot of ice ; pure milk is heavier than the same quantity of pure water ; platinum is heavier than lead ; a log of hard wood like mahogany has lower density than the same quantity of water and is therefore lighter.

24. (a) Absolute zero is the lowest temperature which can possibly exist and is equivalent to—273°^.

(6) In order to protect iron from rusting it may be painted or heated in steam ; the latter operation results in the formation of a protective film of magnetic oxide of iron over the surface of the metal.

(c) Mercury freezes at about—390 or—40°C ; carbon melts at about 38oo°C, lead melts at 327°C ; sulphur boils at 445°C.

(d) Air has been exhausted from the electric bulb, so that when the bulb gets broken, air from outside rushes in to fill the vacuum inside the bulb and the noise is produced.

(e) (0 Calorie is the unit of quantitative measurement of heat It is the amount of heat required to raise one gramme of water through i°C. By dieticians it is used as a measure of the heat giving properties of foodstuffs. Thus 1 oz. of protein or a carbohydrate yields 120 calories and fat 270 calories.

(ii) The resistance of a column of pure mercury at o°C, 106.3 cm. long and 1 sq. mm. in cross section is called an ohm. It may also be stated thus :

A circuit resistance is 1 ohm when a pressure of I volt is required to produce a current flow of 1 ampere.

(/) (t) Sound waves travel in air at a speed of 1100 ft. per second ; (i'i) Light travels at the speed of 186,000 miles per second.

SCIENCE (ANSWERS) 3 3 7

25. (a) The use of food to animals is that it gives them material for the growth and renewal of tissues and for the provision of bodily heat and energy.

(6) The circulatory system consists of (i) The heart which serves as a pumping station for the blood (it) The arteries which carry the pure blood to the various parts of the body (tit) The veins which bring back the impure blood collected from the various parts of the body (iv) The capillaries which are extremely fine tubes and which form a meshwork permeating every tissue of the body. These tubes, invisible to the eye, are the places where the work of the blood is done, that is, the pure blood rich in nutrients is supplied to the tissues and impurities and waste products are removed and carried away through veins.

The function of the circulatory system is to supply nourishment by means of the blood to all parts of the body and to gather back all the waste products, also through the blood.

(c) The colour of the blood when it is rich in oxygen is . bright scarlet and when it is deficient in oxygen it is purple.

(d) Yes. (e) When light breaks out through the clouds, we see it

taking a well defined path in straight lines. Similarly, a narrow beam of light entering through a darkened room does the same thing.

(/) It helps the driver to be constantly aware of the other cars in traffic. If there were no reflection of light he would not see the image of any car coming from behind from his mirror. He might suddenly take a turn to the right side, and there may be a collision with a car trying to overtake and pass by him.

(g) The day light we have on a cloudy day is diffused light. It is produced by the scattering effect of clouds on sunlight.

26. (a) Salvarsan is used in the treatment of syphilis. (6) Insulin for diabetes; (c) Peruvain Bark for Malaria. (d) Morphia to alleviate pain.

JUNIOR GCNtRAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

(e) Sulpha Drugs are used in the prevention and treatment " of childbirth fever, pneumonia and wound infection.

(/) Calf lymph for small pox. (<7) Ultra violet rays to cure rickets and other deficiency

diseases. (/j) Penicillin to cure pneumonia, gonorrhoea, meningitis,

anthrax and tetanis as it destroys the bacteria which cause these diseases.

(i) The leech is sometimes used for blood letting at a diseased part of the body.

27. Air is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen in the proportion of 78% and 21% respectively and the remaining 1 % by rare elements of argon, helium, neon, crypton etc. and carbon dioxide ; water is a chemical compound made of 88'89 per cent oxygen and i r n per cent hydrogen ; bleaching powder is a chemical compound of calcium, oxygen and chlorine, made by passing a stream of chlorine over dry slaked lime. Its formula is CaO Cla ; salt is a chloride of calcium ; sulphuric acid is a chemical compound of hydrogen, sulphur and oxygen, having the formula H8S04 .

28. The Atlas bone : In the neck. It articulates with the skull.

The sternum : The breast. The Oesphagus : From the back of the mouth to the

stomach. The Diaphragm : In the chest, separating it from the

stomach. The Pancreas : It lies behind and below the stomach. The Occiput : The back part of the head or skull. Larynx: Throat. Oplic nerve : In the head behind the eyes. 29. (a) They will supply him with vitamins A, C

and D. They also supply first class protein and incidentally calcium.

(6) Water is necessary for flushing the body. It also' helps m the digestion of food and the proper distribution of its ingredients and in preventing over-concentration of any


ingredient of the body, thus helping in the proper balancing of energy in the body.

(c) Grounded rice contains the important vitamin B, because it is contained in the husk of the rice, but not in its starchy portion. So if polished rice without the husk is eaten., there is likelihood of the disease beriberi occurring. This is a nerve-disease with weakness and tenderness in most parts of the body.

(dj Because the water contains vitamins in the solution extracted from rice or vegetables and its throwing away means loss of them in the food we eat.

(e) Too much sweetmeat taking means digesting excessive quantities of sugar, all of which the insulin excreted by the pancreas cannot turn into the useful glucose. Excessive sugar contents in the blood means boils, indigestion and many ailments such as those from which diebetic patients suffer. These sweetmeats are also devoid of vitamins, so necessary to health.

(V) The sugarcane of Northern India is hard and thin and has comparatively much less surcose contents than that of Bombay and Madras which" is'a+so" rriore'Hthick and soft.

30. (a) Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, explosives, coal tar derivatives or the dye industry, in electrical accumulators in making drugs, fertilizers, petroleum refining and in metallurgical processes.

(b) In industry caustic soda is used as a source of metallic sodium ; for the manufacture of soap and artificial silk, in the dye industry etc., etc.

"^cj Soda ash (sodium carbonate) is used in the manufacture of glass, caustic soda and soap.

(d) Turpentine is used as a drying agent in the manufacture of paints and varnishes.

(e) Woodpulp is used in the manufacture of paper; also for the preparation of artificial silk when prepared from spruce.

At present none of the above arc prepared in sufficient quantities in India to meet all her needs.

34° JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

31. (a) Both the processes are the same, giving out energy, carbon dioxide and water ; only the process is more intense and quicker in the case of the spirit than that of the human body.

(6) Bith human beings and plants require a continuous supply of oxygen for growth and energy. Both will not survive long if deprived of oxygen, though in the case of human beings, the process of decay sets in much earlier.

(c) Haemoglobin is the colouring matter of the red blood cells which make the blood red. It carries oxygen to all the cells of the body and therefore it is essential to life.

(d) The pressure which the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels while it is being driven along the arteries by the pumping of the heart is called Blood Pressure.

The instrument that measures this pressure is called Sphygmanometer.

{e) The function of breathing : We breathe by the expansion and contraction of the lungs which is a continuous process. This is how they expand and contract:—

The lungs are completely enclosed in a case with a movable wall.

The top of the case is the ribs and the bottom is the , diaphragm which is a big sheet of muscles which divides the body in two.

The lungs in the case fill it completely. Now this case can expand and contract. When it expands, the lungs must expand too and so take in the air, if they did not, a vacuum would be left between them and the lining of the case and the air pressure in the lungs would instantly expand them. So during the process of expansion air is breathed in. When the case contracts, air is forced out of the lungs. This i* thus how air is breathed in and breathed out by the expansion and contraction of the case enclosing the lungs.

It is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth, because in the first instance while passing through the long passage of the nose, the hair in the nose act as a sieve, keeping impurities outside ; secondly during

i


the chilly winter, cold air passes through a comparatively longer passage and does not affect the lungs as quickly as it will do if it is gulped through the mouth and thirdly, what is most important, there is a deeper breathing through the nose than through the mouth, so that by breathing more deeply we can increase our air supply when the body requires more oxygen, and we supply more oxygen to the depths of the lung cells and therefore make the lungs stronger, as well as the blood richer in oxygen.

32. (t) The sun (it) The moon (m) An ellipse (iv) Hydrogen (v) Brass (w) A Dynamo (tit) A battery (vi'i'i) A parasite (ia;) The Lungs (a;) The Heart, the arteries, the veins and the capillaries (xi) Evolution (xii) Vertebrates (jilt) Mammals (ziv) Chimpanzee.

33. (a) In an artesian well the water springs up by itself by hydrostatic pressure. This pressure is due to the outlet of the well being some depth below the level of the source of water. In places where a basin of permeable layer of rock such as chalk is sandwiched between two impermeable layers, such as clay, so that rain falling on the outcrop of the permeable layer filters through this, layer, and saturates i t ; if now a well is bored through the impermeable upper layer, the water will flow into the well. If the water table above the outcrop, i. e. the source of the water be sufficiently high, the water will gush up.

(b) When bodies are heated maiked physical changes are observed to take place in them. One of these is the change of state, on account of which a solid body is converted into a liquid when sufficiently heated and a liquid when heated further is converted into a gas. *

Among various other changes are expansion or contraction (ice contracts when heated), change in electrical properties, chemical changes etc. etc.

(c) So as to give a magnified reflection of objects coming from behind and thus help the driver to be aware of the traffic flowing behind him and guard him against accidents.


(d) An echo is the effect produced when sound is reflected or thrown back on meeting a large solid obstacle, such as the side of a hill or a large building.

For the echo of a sharp sound to be heard distinctly and separately from the sound itself, the echo should fall on the ear atleast -njth of a second after the original sharp sound. This is because the mental impression of a sound persists in the brain for about A second after the sound waves fall on the ear. If therefore the reflection of the same sound falls within -rV second, the brain will not analyse it as a separate sound.

The volocity of sound in air is 1090 ft. per second at 0°C, and increases at the rate of 2 ft per second for i°C rise of temperature. Suppose the temperature of the air is 15CC, then the velocity of sound in it is 1120 ft. per second. The distance travelled by the sound in A second is thus 112ft. Therefore the distance between the listner and the reflecting surface must be atleast 56 ft. for the sharp sound and its echo to be heard distinctly.

(e) Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarborates of calcium or magnesium. When such a water is boiled the mineral settles to the bottom of the container. This sediment would thus be found on the inner walls of the boiler in the form of crusty scale. In course of time this crusty scale blocks the passage of steam, as also other parts of the steam engine.

(/) Most important uses of oxygen are (i) For the Intensely hot oxy-acetylene flame used for

. welding and cutting iron and steel (n) For artificial respiration in case of suffocation or

where a patient requires special administration of oxygen. (n») Liquid, oxygen is used as the airman's oxygen

supply in high flying planes. (g) Sodium Chloride or the common salt. (h) The production of iron includes the following

processes : (1) Boasting, which is a preliminary purifying process

for removing moisture or carbon dioxide, if it is a carbonite.


2. Smelting, chiefly in large quantities in a blast furnace producing a mass known as pig. This is done with the help of hard coke or anthracite.

3. Resmelting the pig iron in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron.

4. Reheating the pig iron and puddling in a reverb-ratory furnace to produce wrought or (malleable) iron.

It should be noted that besides coke or anthracite, blast of air heated to 8oo°C is introduced in the furnaces which reduces the carbon to carbon dioxide and monoxide and helps in melting and reducing the impurities of the iron ore, which forms a fusible slag.

34. (a) Ribs are arched and very elastic bones extending outwards and forwards from the back bone. They are twelve in number on each side. The upper seven are attached to the sternum, the next three are attached to the seventh rib and the lower two are unattached at the front; hence they are called c:floating ribs "

(b) Capillaries are innumerable minute blood vessels situated between the small arteries and the small veins. From the small arteries they gather pure blood to pass it on to varidus tissues of the body and from the various tissues they collect impure blood to pass it to the small veins.

Thus some contain pure and some impure blood, according to the function they perform.

(c) Adenoids are an outgrowth of gland-like tissue behind the nose and throat.

They cause somewhat muffled speech, force breathing only through the mouth, and snoring during sleep.

(d) This is done by what may be called the power of accommodation of the eye. A normal eye can see objects clearly over a distance ranging from 6" from the eye to infinity. The distance between the eye lens and the retina is a fixed one and in order to focus objects at different places the curvature and therefore the focal length of the crystalline lens is changed by straining the ciliary muscles. The nearer is the object, the greater is the strain and the

a d S t m e n t ^ f 0 ? ^ 1 ^ 8 ^ o f * e crvstsir ,

W M a l a n a caused b y t h ? u ° f S a n d ^ ^ * the blte of J

•<fferby *e ** of the fleas .. h &} , T h e Tsetse fl„ _ . . . ^ * h , c h

f"5"c germs w l c or the flea., „ u . , „ , (»») The Tsetse fl, W h , c h

cattle and sleeoin» • i y t r a nsmits the ,v . (/) TheC:? e^n e S S t°--:S ^ d l S^na g a n a t 0

ftSSfigg? ^ f i ? ^ potion and f W The ^ Z USEd a* P i a n e l V g i d ^ f * * , S f from whirh »TT sources of fnnH <• , n g l n air.

W The most imn g 0 C b v * e roots respond i* £ T . ™ P ° « a n t externa •

saw* » K ~ » S 5

P-serving w a f e r s 1 1 1 3 sP<*ial ^ ^ V ^ i

35. (a) The „ u i n g an<*

t


with the flowing dry air surrounding the pot. Ill this process they use up much latent heat and the droplets next to them become cooler by this loss of heat. This process-goes on continuously, so that the whole of the water in the earthernware gets cooled—the cooled water so much sought after in summer when one feels so thirsty.

(b) It is the water vapour in the air that solidifies and forms ice due to the cooling process in the refrigerator.

(c) Relative humidity is important to our health and comfort. When the relative humidity indoors is low, the moisture on the skin and on the lining of the nose and v

throat tends to evaporate very rapidly. This condition is not healthful. Buildings in which the relative humidity is kept between 50 and 65 percent are as comfortable at 68°F. as a room at 72°F. with a relative humidity of 35 percent.

Similarly when the relative humidity is very high, as in hot cloudy days, we perspire very freely, but due to the great humidity of the air, the perspiration does not evaporate quickly and we feel extremely uncomfortable and drowsy.

Relative humidity is thus very important to health. (d) Hardness in water is always due to the presence of

calcium bicarbonates or calcium sulphate. The former causey temporary hardness, which can be removed by boiling ; the latter causes permanent hardness, which can be removed by washing soda. Both forms can be removed by running the water over sodium aluminium silicate.

(e) This is due to the fact that soot or dirt or salt make a soluble mixture with ice, absorbing in this process a fair amount of heat called the heat of solution. This heat is extracted from the ice and the mixture, the temperature of which falls and makes a freezing mixture—a- liquid with temperature below o°C.

36. (t) Euclid (ii) Newton (Hi) Galileo (iv) Ernest Rutherford (v) Benjamin Franklin (vi) Gutenberg (mi) Sir Humphry Davy (viii) S. F. B. Morse (ix) Alexander Graham Bell (x) Louis Braille (xi) Sir Isaac Pitman (xii)


shorter the focal length of the crystalline lens. So the adjustment of the focal length in the normal eye takes place by the power of accommodation as stated above. When this power of accommodation is lost the eye begins to suffer from many defects.

'(e) Some of the diseases caused by insects are (i) Kala-azar, caused by the bite of sand fly (ii) Malaria caused by the bite of the anaphole

mosquito (Hi) Plague, caused by the bite of the fleas which

have the plague germs (iv) The Tsetse fly transmits the disease nagana to

cattle and sleeping sickness to man. (/) The fins are the principal organs of locomotion and

aid in maintaining equilibrium. To one kind of fish, the flying-fish, the fins are used as planes for gliding in air.

(g) The chief sources of food of plants are (i) The air from which they get carbon dioxide, which is absorbed by the leaves and this is then converted internally into organic foods by the process of photosynthesis (ii) Nitrogenous and other mineral compounds are got by the root's from the soil. • '

(h) The most important external stimuli to which plants respond is (i) Light. Thus a plant placed by the window will bend its growing points towards the light whose energy it needs. / If it is laid on the ground its shoots will turn and grow upwards, (ii) Heat is another stimulant. Excessive heat and cold both kill plants. Their growth is very marked where it is congenial to them : a sweet pea seedling sown in autumn grows quickly till the cold

/ weather comes in October : from then till March it hardly moves : the sun of April soon sets it growing once more. (Hi) Plants also respond to their surroundings. Thus in desert regions of the world where rain is only occasional, all the plants develop in a special way for gathering and preserving water.

i

35. (a) The earthen pot is porous. The minute droplets in its pours evaporate when they come in contact


with the flowing dry air surrounding the pot. In this process they use up much latent heat and the droplets next to them become cooler by this loss of heat. This process goes on continuously, so that the whole of the water in the earthernware gets cooled—the cooled water so much sought after in summer when one feels so thirsty.

(b) It is the water vapour in the air that solidifies and forms ice due to the cooling process in the refrigerator.

(c) Relative humidity is important to our health and comfort. When the relative humidity indoors is low, the moisture on the skin and on the lining of the nose and N

throat tends to evaporate very rapidly. This condition is not healthful. Buildings in which the relative humidity is kept between 50 and 65 percent are as comfortable at 68°F. as a room at 72°F. with a relative humidity of 35 percent.

Similarly when the relative humidity is very high, as in hot cloudy days, we perspire very freely, but due to the -great humidity of the air, the perspiration does not evaporate quickly and we feel extremely uncomfortable and drowsy.

Relative humidity is thus very important to health. (d) Hardness in water is always due to the presence of

calcium bicarbonates or calcium sulphate. The former causes" temporary hardness, which can be removed by boiling ; the latter causes permanent hardness, which can be removed by washing soda. Both forms can be removed by running the water over sodium aluminium silicate.

(e) This is due to the fact that soot or dirt or salt make a soluble mixture with ice, absorbing in this process a fair amount of heat called the heat of solution. This heat is extracted from the ice and the mixture, the temperature of which falls and makes a freezing mixture—a- liquid with temperature below o°C.

36. (i) Euclid (ii) Newton (Hi) Galileo (iv) Ernest Rutherford (v) Benjamin Franklin (vi) Gutenberg (vii) Sir Humphry Davy (viii) S. F. B. Morse (ix) Alexander Graham Bell (x) Louis Braille (xi) Sir Isaac Pitman (xii)


Edward Jcnner (arm) Edison (xiv) Sir Jagdish Chander Bose (xv) Sir Alexander Fleming.

37. (i) Salt is a sodi um chloride made of sodium and chlorine (it) Chalk consists almost entirely of carbonate of lime (calcium carbonate) (Hi) The elements of sulphuric acid are sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen, made by causing sulphur trioxide to combine with water (iv) Air is a mixture of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, and 1% of such elements as helium, Argon etc. and some carbon dioxide (v) Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, with the formula H 20 (vi) A photographic camera is primarily a light-tight box with a convex lens in one wall. Its length can be varied and there is a shutter »'. e. some arrangement for covering and uncovering the lens for a short time The lens throws a sharp image of the object to be photographed on to a sensitive plate or film which receives a permament image capable of being made visible (vii) A thermos flask is a double-walled vessel with a vacuum between the walls. The inner wall is coated with silver so that when hot liquid is poured in the flask and it is corked, its heat is preserved by the vaccum which does not allow the heat to be conducted away, while the silver on the thermos-flask reflects most of the rays back into the liauid and emits very few of them and thus preserves the h™ «J-the liquid in the flask (viii) The human eye fe S spherical structure contained in the bony socket o f , h f a c e The globe contains three parts directly concern^ •£' vision. These are three different c o 4 i ° s t h e " " or protective cornea the sclerotic or the tough fibre and X centre, called the iris. There is also an inZl «5 screen called the retina. The globe is fiied w i t h T ^ matter which keeps it firm In the middle of r W - " l d

hole and it is through this apertuie that light enter, T " a

a camera. ° cr;> a s in

Just behind the iris is a lens where the light k f„. and strikes on the delicate inner membrat h i etina thence the impulse is transmitted to the brain bv tvL ?' nerve. 3 e optic


(ix) The ear consists of three parts, the inner ear, the middle ear and the outer ear. The inner ear contains a small coiled tube called the cochlea which is hedged in the skull. It is filled with fluid. This inner part of the ear is separated from the middle ear by a membrane called the drum and this in turn is separated by a membrane, called the tympanic membrane from the tube of the external ear which gathers the sound from outside. The space between these membranes is filled with air. This space also has three small bones called the auditory ossicles and they stretch from the tympanic to the inner ear.

It is these bones that transfer outer vibrations to the inner ear and start motion in the fluid of the inner ear, which is carried by auditory nerves to the brain (x) The nervous system consists of (i) the various nerves (made of cells, fibres, and organs, connecting tissues etc.) which convey sensations from the various parts of the body to the brain and responsive impulses from the brain and the spinal cord back to the rest of the body (2) A second system which is not under voluntary control centring on ganglia adjoining the spinal cord. This system controls the life processes, such as digestion, respiration, blood circulation etc. etc.

38. (i) It is for nothing that nature has given us two eyes. Both our eyes receive nearly, but not quite, the same impression and from the slight difference between the two views we get our idea of distance and "solidity". One eyed people cannot judge distances as exactly as two eyed Thus a one-eyed person often pours the tea behind or in front of the cup. Sight with two eyes gives a solid effect. The right eye sees a little more of the right side of an object and the left eye sees a little more of the left side.

Also, if by any chance one eye is lost, the second is there to help the man through life. If there was only one, the man would become totally blind if it were permanently injured

(ii) This is because of the atmosphere around the earth, which breaks up and scatters the sunlight into a blanket of brightness through which we cannot see. We


can see through the atmosphere at night, out to the stars because then there is no scattered sunlight.

(Hi) Owing to fermentation in the yolk and the putrid gas in the egg, it is volume for volume lighter than water.

(i v) Oases in deserts form where high plateaus or hills lead to a depression or a valley. The water level here is the same as the water level at the bottom of a well in a plain, so that underground water oozes out and forms the oasis.

(v) Being not settled agriculturists, they shift from place to place in search of water or pasture for their cattle when either becomes scarce.

(vi) According to modern theories the sun is a huge atom-smashing machine. It is through the nuclear reactions of four common chemical elements—hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and helium - that the constant heat and light of the sun is produced. These nuclear reactions form a series or cycles in which the hydrogen nuclei are changed into the more complex nuclei of helium, and it is through this process that the nuclear energy of the sun is liberated. It is estimated that there is enough hydrogen fuel in the sun to keep it shining brilliantly and steadily for another ten billion years.

(vii) The smoke is going forward in the direction of the train, but so much slowly that it seems to be going backward. This is due to the resistance of the air, which resists the progress both of the train and of the smoke, but its resistance to the smoke is far more than to the train. If the train were running in a vacuum, both the smoke and the train would be running together.

(viii) During noon-time the sun is directly overhead and its penetrating rays have the shortest route to reach the earth, and warm it up. During morning and evening the slanting-rays have to pass through a thicker haze of the air, and therefore their intensity decreases. Moreover,.

> the ultra violet portion of the sun's rays, which is responsib l e for the heat of the rays is absorbed by the hazeP

therefore much less heat goes to the earth during both morning and evening which are consequently less hot.


(ix) The earth passes through 3600 of longitude in 24 hours; thus 150 of longitude represent one hour of difference in apparent time. Therefore if Greenwich time is taken as the standard time, and we know the longitude of a place we can atonce calculate the time at any place by taking into consideration the fact that 150 of longitude represents a difference of one hour.

If a place is 15° longitude east of Greenwich, its time is one hour earlier to the Greenwich time, and if 150

longitude in the west it is late by one hour and so on. (x) This can easily be found by looking forward to

the Pole Star which is the brightest of the Ursa Minor (or Little Bear) constellation of stars.

Now the Pole Star is the nearest conspicuous body to the North Pole of the heavens and is only about 1 ° distant from it. Therefore when we have located the Pole Star and are facing towards it, our back is turned towards the south, our outstretched right arm will point towards the east and the left towards the west.

(xi) This is due to refraction of light. The rays coming from the points of the stick which is below the water are bent away from the normal as they leave the water which is a denser medium and enter the air which is a lighter medium and therefore the images of these points formed by producing the rays backward and nearer to the surface will appear to have got raised and due to this, the immersed part will appear to have got bent.

39. (a) Pure gold is 24 carat. A sixteen carat gold ring means that it has a mixture of 16 parts gold and 8 parts alloy.

(6) (t) Tungsten is used for electric lamp filaments, for hardening steel, specially high speed steel

(t'j) Lead being easily manupulated is much used by plumbers, especially for piping also for covering cables, as lining for laboratory sinks, in electrolytic cells, in chambers for making sulphuric acid, in storage for battery plates. As an alloy with antimony it is used for making shots and type-metal, and with tin for making pewter.

(in) Copper is used for electrical apparatus, for wiring purposes, in many alloys, e. g , bronze, gun metal, and


especially the brasses. With duralumin copper is much used in air-craft. It is also very extensively used in cheap coins.

(iv) From very early times zinc has been used as a con-ponent of brass. Its chief modern uses are in the production of galvanized iron, as an alloying elements in batteries, and in the die-casting industry, where use is made of super-pure zinc nicknamed 'four nines' i. e. over 99 99% zinc), giving highly reliable results.

(«) Nickel is used in coinage, in chemical and food industries and armour plating, in the manufacture of guns and aircraft, for its resistance to corrosion, and in electrical industry for valves. The most important use however is in alloys with iron and steel. Examples of such alloys are nivar, permalloy, cupronickel and N\ Silver.

(vi) Mercury is much used in scientific instruments, e. g. barometers, thermometers, vacuum pumps, in discharge lamps, also formerly for silvering mirrors.

(wit) Aluminium is much used in alloys, e. g. aluminium bronze, aluminium brass. Being light and resisting corrosion, the metal and its alloys are largely used in aircraft. It is much used also for cooking utensils and in thin sheets for wrapping foodstuffs.

(viii) Uranium has found use in the production of atomic energy.

(c) (t) Coal is believed to have been formed of plants burried million of years ago. Plants need the energy of sunlight to live and grow. Thus the energy in coal is the energy of sunlight captured millions of years ago by the plants that lived in the coal-forming swamps

(t'i) Petroleum was formed in the earth millions of years ago from tiny plants and animals that lived in shallow seas. These seas covered parts of the present land areas. The living things died and were buried in mud that settled to the ocean floor. In time this mud was covered with sand which later became rock. By some process—not yet understood—oil was formed from the buried remains of those plants and animals.

(d) Some of the products obtained from petroleum arc :—

SCIENCE (ANSWfcRS) 351

I. Petrol 2. Paraffin 3. gas oil ; fuel oil for diesel engines 4. Wax 5. Asphalt 6 Benzene 7. Kerosine 8. Gasoline 9. Vaseline etc.

(e) Coal-tar is used in building mecadamized roads and for the preservation of rough outdoor wood work.

Coal tar is the source of benzene, toulene, xylene, phenol, naphthalene, creosol and indirectly of dyes, disinfectants, poison gas, insecticides, perfumes and many drugs.

(/) Because copper is easily hammered and drawn into wire, and next that it is an excellent conductor of electricity, and also because it does not easily corrode.

40. (i) According to Aristotle all substances were to be regarded as composed of four simple bodies. These bodies or elements were :—

fire, air, water and earth. (it) The sense organs may be classified under the

following headings : 1. Those which receive the perception of touch A „ j , ,3 3, ,, ,, taste 3 - 33 33 33 33 33 33 Smell

4' S3 33 33 33 33 33 S O U n d

5 - 33 33 3' » 33 33 light

(i) The sense of light is provided by the eye, (2) that of sound by the ear, (3) smell by the nerve ending in the nose, (4) taste by taste buds of tongue and (5) of touch by a number of nerves endings or nerve tissues in the skin. Thus the sense of pain is perceived by nerve fibres in the deeper layer of the skin, of light touch by Meissmers' corpuscles in the skin, heat and cold by nerves ending in the skin, pressure by pacenian corpuscles in the skin.

(nt) The following are the most important vital organs in the body.

(1) The heart (2) The lungs (3) The liver (4) The kidneys (5) The brain along with the spinal cord i. e. the central nervous system (6) The various glands producing hormones for the vital processes in the body.

(it>) Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.


(») Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red. (ft) In the individual health depends on cleanliness

of the body and surroundings, exercise, a balanced diet and suitable occupation, proper leisure and freedom from worries and harrasments etc.

(vii) Some of the serious infectious diseases of India are the following :—

Typhoid, tuberculosis, malaria (by the mosquito), •gonorrhoea, lockjaw, small-pox, chickenpox, measles, mumps, influenza, colds, diptheria, whooping cough and typhus.

(viii) A balanced diet contains in proper proportions, according to the needs of the individual (i) Carbohydrates, starch and sugar ; (2) fats (edible oils and fats, animal or vegetable) ; (3) Protein (found in cheese, eggs, milk and nuts, and meat); (4) mineral salts (found in almost all foodstuffs, specially green vegetables) (6) Vitamins (6) water.

41. A. (i) The telescope (ii) The microscope (iii) Hydrometer (t») The Aneroid barometer (v) Rain gauge (vi) Seismograph (vii) The mariner's compass (tn'tt) Radar (fa;) Electroscope (x) Kinematograph (xi) Stethoscope (xii) Iron lungs.

41. B. (o) When a parachuter jumps from an aeroplane, he falls rapidly due to the action of gravity on him, but after he opens the parachute, his rate of fall becomes less. This is due to the large resistance offered by the air to the open parachute.

(6) The atom according to Lord Rutherford's theory is regarded as a miniature solar system, in which the sun is represented as a minute but heavy, positively charged nucleus, around which revolve one or more planets in the shape of particles of negative electricity or electrons.

(c) Millions of years back the earth was in a semi-fluid state, after it had cooled from the gaseous state. Now if a ball in a semi-liquid state is made to rotate round'its axis at a great speed, it will be found that it bulges a little at its centre, while it is some-what depressed at its top and bottom. This has been the case with the earth. It has bulged at its equator, while it has depressed at its poles,


hence the difference in the equatorial diameter and polar diameter.

(d) Roads are banked at all curves in order to counteract centrifugal force and thus save cars and bicycles going at high speed from skidding.

(e) (i) For first part see answer to Q. 38 part (i*°). (») The twinkling is caused by differences in temperature in the air. Some layers of the air are hotter than others, and one layer is always swirling and moving through another. These different layers of air bend the starlight rays of light in different ways and at different angles. It is this passing through layers of air of different temperatures that makes the light of the stars unsteady, that is to say, they twinkle.

(/) The stars shine by their own light, while the planets shine by the reflected light of the sun, like the reflected light from a mirror. The light from the planets does not waver as muchas from the stars, because the wavering of one ray of their light is counteracted by the wavering of another ray in another direction. But the most clear marking off of a planet from the sun is the fact that a planet can be easily picked out by noting that over a period of time its position changes against the background of the stars.

42. (a) The fundamental characteristics of living things are the following :—

1. A living organism persists though its material is ever changing.

2. Living organisms reproduce other living organisms which ultimately become very like the organisms which produce them.

(Hi) Living organisms have the power of responding to changes in their surroundings.

(6) Since the skin is a powerful excretory organ, constantly pouring waste products out of the body in the form of sweat and moisture, there should be regular bathing, preferably with the help of soap, so as to keep its pours open. The water may be cold or warm according to the weather and condition of one's health. To keep it smooth, it should also be well oiled.


' Heat is contantly generated by the combustion of food in The muscles and" glands, and dissipated through the Sin by conduction to the clothing and evaporation of s«eat Clothing must therefore be clean, and dry, warm in wntcr and light in summer so as to save it from chil, in ection and dirt. Since the skin is liable to diseases, like Loema arid boils due, to inflammation, or iniection or "imo» like cancer, or fungus invasion like ringworm and blisteib due to exposure, it should be kept well protected.

(c) The principal function of the red corpuscles is to transport oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. The. function of the white corpuscles is to destroy bacteria and similar foreign bodies by engulfing them, ana.

' thus protect the body from disease. They also repair . injured tissues. , . '. ' (d).'Tn the first place the outside air if gulped througn

the mouth comes cold or warm as it is and is thus more prone to, affect the lungs than if the breathing were dope through the nose, where the longer passage through the nostrils will moderate the heat and cold of the incoming air ; .secondly bacteria and germs will more easily be taken through- the open mouth, than through the smaller nostrils; wb'dse hair work also as a preventure sieve ; thirdly with the

; open mouth, breathing is not so deep, as when air is . breathed through the nostrils, and therefore oxygen of tb e . air doe's not reach the innermost cells of the lungs, as i t '

• does' when breathed through the nose. ,' • (e),Bad cold paralyses the nerve endings, and therefore. . due to numbness, we lose the sense of the normal taste. .

/ . ( / ) The difference between vaccination and inoculation is-this that in the former case a preparation of the dead bacteria of the variety responsible for a given disease is injected, into the blood-stream of a patient suffering from that disease or liable thereto in order to increase his resistance •to the complaint, whereas in the latter the. actual disease germs' are'introduced' in the body, with the same purpose

( m view,- %.e. to give the patient a mUd attack of that disease, and thus give him immunity from a severe attack if it occurs later on/

SCIENCE .(ANSWERS) 3 5 5 '

(g) Coal, mineral oils, specially petroleum and its products, vegetable oils, water at high altitudes from which hydro-electric current is produced and wood.

(7J) The chief reason why carbon forms so many more compounds than every other element is that carbon atoms can combine with one another and this with another, so building up chains and rings of carbon atoms to which other atoms of other elements are attached.

(i) The gases expand the most. Hot water has a lower specific gravity than cold water.

43. (a) (t) The condition of a country or area with regard to its average temperature, moisture, etc. at successive specific periods of the year is its climate, while weather is the combination of all ' the atmospheric phenomenon existing at one time. This latter changes suddenly . or slowly • with the change in the factors of any of the atmospheric phenomenon, like moisture, clouds, wind etc. e tc

(u)- Absolute Humidity may be defined as the density of the water vapour present in the atmosphere, while "Relative Humidity" indicates the degree of saturation i.e. the ratio of the actual vapour present to the saturation vapour pressure at the particular temperature, expressed as a percentage. .

. (tit)* The Density of a substance is the mass of unit volume of. the substance, while specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of the mass of the substance to the mass of an equal, volume of water.

We may express them thus :— .' . ' .t - . mass of substance in gm

J \& / • V t m l i i m A n f C l l h c t a n r p i n *> i

Specific Gravity

volume of substance in c.c. Mass.of Substance

Mass of equal volume of water' " ' (tv) Planets are .heavenly bodies which revolve round

•the sun in elliptic orbits. This distinguishes them from the stars, which are also heavenly bodies at an ' immense distance from the sun and perform no such revolutions. These stars , are billions in nunmber, while the-planets are


only a few in number, ranging from the nine well known planets to over a thousand tiny planets or asteroids.

(v) Veins are the blood vessels that carry the impure blood from the tissues to the heart, while the arteries are blood vessels that carry the purified and enriched blood from the heart to the tissues.

(vi) Stratosphere is that part of the atmosphere beyond 6 miles from the earth where the temperature is constant. Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere in which temperature falls as height rises, so the atmosphere up to above 6 miles from the earth is the Troposphere.

(6) (i) The rainbow is caused by the decomposition of light when it passes through water drops in the atmos-sphere at a certain angle.

(it) This is because the humid air does not evaporate our perspiration, on account of the atmosphere being already saturated with water vapour and this is dangerous to health. One can bear extreme cold, or even extreme heat of dry atmosphere when one begins to perspire profusely, but which gives a feeling of coolness on account of the evaporation of the perspiration from the skin, but one cannot bear a stuffy atmosphere full of water vapours.

{Hi) Since the earth moves on its axis from west to east, therefore while facing the target to the north, one must aim a bit towards the east i. e., towards one's right for during the fraction of time it takes to reach the target, the target has moved a bit towards the east. The bullet cannot be aimed towards the left, i. e. towards the west, as the target would have already passed that point before the bullet reaches it.

44. (t) It has been observed that living cells are more resistant to X-rays than malignant one's so that deep seated growths are successfully attacked and often dispersed or destroyed. This is deep X-ray therapy to cure some intractable diseases.

(«) B. C. G. vaccination for tuberculosis. (in) Paludrine for malaria. (iv) Penicillin injections are given to prevent the

growth of certain bacteria many of which are harmful to , man e.g., some of the staphylococci and streptococci, and


the organisms of pneumonia, gonorrhoea, meningitis, anthrax and tetanus.

(v) Sulphetrone is one of the best medicines for Pneumonia and Septic fevers.

(vi) Insuline injection for diabetic patients. «

45. (a) Infra Red Rays are invisible heat rays beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. It is the infra rays which falling on anything heat it.

(b) The ultra-violet rays are that part of the solar spectrum beyond its violet end which is invisible to the eye, but affects a flourescent screen and possesses strong chemical properties. It is these rays' long exposure to skin which causes sunburn and the formation of vitamin D.

(c) The Atom Bomb is a bomb produced iq a Uranium pile and derives its explosive force from nuclear fission. It were such atom bombs which wiped out Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945.

(d) Television is the name given to the reproduction by wireless of scenes enacted at a distance.

(e) Dynamite is a high explosive consisting of a mixture of nitroglycerine and kieselguhr, first devised by Alfred Nobel.

(/) Snowline is the zone on a mountain above which snow always lies.

(g) A Typhoon is a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas generally towards the end of the hot season.

46. 00 So as to gain momentum. (u) The force of atmospheric pressure (which is 15 lbs

per square inch) can support a column of 32 ft. of water, so that if the piece of paper covers the water tightly, and there are no air bubbles between it and the water, the atmospheric pressure will support the column of water in the tumbler if the invertion is done very carefully.

(Hi) The ordinary thermometers measure long ranges of temperature, therefore they have long tubes and big bulbs containing a fair quantity of mercury. They also require a fairly long time to reach the temperatures required to be measured. To obviate these defects a Clinical thermometer is

358 'JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

used to measure the temperature of the human body. As its bulb is very small and thin it attains.the temperature of the patient in half a minute.

The scale goes from 950 F to n o ° F only, for it is within this range that the human body can remain cold or hot. Beyond-this range there is little chance of its survival. Hence for convenience sake this range is adhered to. •

(iv) Due to the pressure the wire puts on the ice block, ; it cuts its way through the block, but at the same time due

to its pressure and friction it releases minute droplets of '. water. .Now these droplets due to the surrounding cold ,

get congealed and form ice again, so that as the wire slowly , cuts its way downward, the wire cut block solidifies and remains as one solid piece as before.

(v) We may place the paper box containing water in a ' current of gas and slowly warm h and go on turning the

•.bag, so that it is not affected by heat, at one 1 point and .char it. The gas may be sufficiently heated to boil the water inside the box. The paper will be burnt only if the ignition

: point is reached at some points, but as constantly moving water inside takes away its heat, that point is not reached.

(vi) Because it has not all the colours of the spectrum.

• m . / " ^ P h o s P h o r u s t a k e s Are spontaneously in the air at .

••SS?SiA^ t e m p e n , t u ,^h e i , c c i t is k e p < u n d e r wateir

.• with Which it does not combine. •comWneUmT^ i«CPt T 1 " k e r o s ^ with which it does not . ' S T i t i l M k e p t U n d e r w a t e r l i ke phosphorus, . h Sd^nrhXyr^itTs1^, w a v o r m V s o d i u m because it picks up even the lutTe i ° T ^ " I * 0 - ^ " d rapidly .tarnishes h U t l e m 0 1 s t u ^ l n t h e a.ir a n d

. c a r b S e ^ X ^ T ^ ' ^ ^ - j f "*Tc soda is a chemical c o i p & 0?& ^ f c $ & « " ? £

'. a r m e r C x p l S i r tenVh,0fhs ^ * £ crystals

turns liquid.. - m 0 1 s t u re as possible from the air and


The solution of caustic soda is very errosive and destroys clothes etc , in a very short time. Hence it cannot be used for washing purposes. "

(ix) A fuse wire is a wire of short length and' of fairly high resistance fitted to a fire-proof frame and fixed between terminals. If the current carried by the fuse exceeds the fixed value, the fuse melts and thus disconnects the current. The fuse thus helps to save the wires, carrying the current from getting hot and causing a fire. The fuse by melting and disconnecting the wires prevents this occurrence.

(x) Black lead is graphite, a form of pure carbon, while red lead is an oxide of lead.

47 A. (a) (»') Compact heavy materials fall the fastest in air. (»'?) All fall with equal speed in a vacuum.

(b) There are two systems followed in scientific works. One is the C. G. S. system, in which the Units are centimeter, gram and second. The other is the British system In it length, mass and time units are : a foot, a pound and a second. This is called the Foot-Pound-Second system.

(c) -4 Solid is a matter which has a fixed shape and a fixed, volume which cannot be altered except by applying a* definite force.,

A liquid has no shape but has a fixed vohinie, which cannot be altered except by applying a definite force.

A gas has neither fixed shape nor a fixed volufne and fills the whole of any space in which it is set free.

(d) A blanket is a bad conductor, so is air entangled within it, Iso it will not allow the outside warm air to pass through it and melt it, neither will the air entangled in the blanket serve as a conductor and thus melt ice.

'(e) Acids have the following chief characteristics.:. . i . Acids turn blue litmus (which is a vegetable dye) red.

. 2. All-acids give hydrogen when solutions of them , are pouted upon certain metals.. , ,

. Thus sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric acids,.and even weak acids like boric acid produce hydrogen with metals.


3. All acids combine vigorously with alkalies and produce salts.

4. Solutions of acids conduct electricity better than does water and are decomposed by the electric current.

5. All acids, except the weakest, have a sour taste. ( / ) They arc carbohydrates, fats, oils, proteins, vitamins,

water and mineral matter (particularly containing iron, calcium, sodium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulphur and iodine).

(?) Those which contain mostly fats, oils and sugars which give him warmth, energy and nourishment at the samp timp same time.

(A) Nitrogen is the essential element in nitrogenous loods that build up the body, while carbon is the essential constituent of food that serves as a 'fuel'.

47. B. (a) Lime salts, like calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate (in addition to salts of flourine, chlorine and magnesium) arc essential for the formation of bones.

(6) For the health of the skin the following measures maybe adopted : (1) Sufficient light (2) Plenty of fresh air (3) regular exercise, e.g. walking and games (4) correct clothing i.e. hght enough to allow the free circulation of air but warm enough to retain heat in winter (5) personal nf te"/^"^ USe 0 f SoaP a n d w a t e r (6) avoidance ? ™ E ( 7 ) r U ^ b , D g ° f t h c s k i n w " h oU to save it from roughness and dryness (8) use of disinfectants on the exposed parts of the skin, specially the neck

and ( AB T h e r e " ' * " b l ° ° d g r°UP s- T h e y are O, A, B

(d) The heart is the muscular organ which sunolies blood to al parts of the bnHv w„ii ^mcn supplies it contains two pairs of chambe^ 7 ^ P e a r - s h a P e d , ' muscular wall The upper ™ , i Z dm.dfd b y a V e r t , ,C a l

and mmmnn n.tP t k ™ k P i ' e a u n c l e s , are smal er ana communicate through valves with the lower and lnrcer pair, the ventricles. When the h « „ l • g? contracts strongly, calkd the s v l l ^ T m U . S d e

feed blood to the v«tricl e! w i t h W W h l C h t h C ^ u r i d e S

later, and they pump ffil^^SS^^

SCIENCE (ANSWERS) 3 6 l

blood into the aorta, which is the main artery through which the whole of the body, except the lungs is supplied, while the left ventricle pumps used blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to be aerated. Next, after the heart's contraction, it dilates (called the diastole) and refills used blood from the veins entering the right auricle and aerated blood from the lungs entering the left auricle. This process goes on interminably through life.

(e) Internal secretions are the secretions or manufactured substances of glands or groups of cells in animals (including man) which are essential to normal health. Thus the lymphatic glands secrete and filter the lymph before they enter the blood stream. The ductless glands, like the thyroid, the parathyroid, the pituary, etc. produce hormones which are secreted into the blood stream and these help to regulate many bodily processes. The sex glands or gonads secrete in the female ova or egg cells, and in the case of male, sperm cells needed to fertilize ova before reproduction can take place.

(/) Plants take in carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis i.e. when the energy of the sunlight is absorbed by the green cells of the leaves and is used to build up sugar and starch from the carbon dioxide of the air.

Since plants are living things, their cells carry on respiration. They take oxygen from the air for slow oxidation and give off carbon dioxide as a waste gas. While photosynthesis takes place only during the hours when the plant is exposed to sunlight, respiration goes on 24 hours each day that the plant may continue to live.

(flO Pruning is the cutting off of parts of a tree or plant which are of little or no use to its general welfare. This is done to enable more sap and light to reach the rest. The best seasons for the operation are autumn and winter when the natural flow of sap will be least interfered with.

48. 1. Cholera is an intestinal infectious disease commonly found in India. It occurs by eating infected food. The symptoms are very severe watery diarrhoea and severe

362 JONIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

vomitting. One of its treatment is Leonard Roger's treatment. Injections of saline fluid is one of the best treatments.

2. Small-pox is an infectious disease causing fever, pain, headache, vomitting. Its most important symptoms are red spots which later become blisters and afterwards are 'filled with puss. It is caused by a virus. Vaccination is a'reliable preventive.

3. Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas in which there is deficient secretion of the insulin (the secretion of the pancreas). The function of insulin is proper utilization of sugar in the body. Hence when enough insulin is not produced there is an accumulation of sugar. The blood becomes loaded with sugar and ultimately it is passed in the urine. Symptoms in the early stages may not be visible to the patient but soon the patient is overcome by general debility, has excessive thirst and too much urine is passed. Treatment is regulation of diet and injections of insulin.

4. Influenza is an acute infectious fever caused by Pfeifler's bacillus or a filterable virus. Its symptoms are usually headache, catarrh, fever, shivering and aching and general prostration. No effective drug has been as yet

' prepared to cure it. For the present the best treatment is rest in bed -? and plenty of drinks like orange squash, or lemon or barley water.

5. Rabies is another name for hydrophobia. It is a' disease transferable to man by biting of an animal suffering from this disease, usually by a mad dog For the first,

r six months after the bite symptoms usually do not appear. When they begin, there is spasm of the throat muscles, choking feeling and deh'rium. Treatment is proper

•• serum injections on formula prepared by Pasteur. , 6. Enteric fever or Typhoid is an infectious disease

, caused by typho'id bacilli. Its early symptoms are bead-r ache, lassitude, insomnia and feverishness, later, abdominal

distension, enlargement of the sp}een, and a rose-coloured rash on the chest and abdomen. The vaccine known

' a ? . T - . A- ;B- Pro.tccts against the disease. Treatment* v requires specialized medical attention ; there is so far no

specific treatment. ' ' •


7. Gout is a painful type of disease of the joints. It is due to excess of uric acid in the blood. Its most clear symptons are the pain in'the joints due to their inflammation. Treatment aims at removing the deposits of urate of soda from the system by diet and drugs.

8. Pyorrhoea is an infection of the gums whose symptoms are easily seen in that the edges .of the tooth sockets begin to bleed easily and pus flows out of the

• gums and there is foul smell of the discharged blood from the gums. Its cause is the decay of the food matter that gets into the roots of the teeth during the process of mastication and insufficient cleansing of the teeth with any germicidal paste reaching the roots or inside1 the gums. Its treatment is careful cleansing of the teeth,by a dentist, " [

9. Plague is caused by plague germs which enter the blood stream by the bite of a flea that has already: bitten a rat infected with the germs of this disease. Its symptoms are the swelling of the lymphatic glands. Soon fever and a state like drunkenness follows. Prevention is by controlling the rat or exterminating it. Protective inoculation is quite effective. . • -

10. Tuberculosis is caused by the Tubercle baccilus. It may'affect any part of the body e.g., lungs, intestine,, joints etc. Symptoms are : cough, low grade fever, loss of weight, discharge,of blood through cough, sweating at night and .general exhaustion. B. C. G. vaccination may prevent its development. A new anti-Tuberculosis d rug : , Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazine has been claimed to be effective in combating the disease, but these are' all in experimental stages as yet.

n : Leprosy is caused by the lepra bacillus, a germ' similar to that of tuberculosis. It attacks trie skin and the.', nerves. Its symptoms are : Pain and tingling in the affected area ; thickening of the skin, ulceration of the body, loss of hair, offensive perspiration, loss of feeling and decay of the parts. Many drugs are being given' to patients to cure'the disease hut nope effective has as yet been invented. ' ' •


49. Vitamins are complex organic compounds present in food and essential to the maintenance of health. Deficiency of one or some of them is the cause of many ailments, like scurvy, beri beri, rickets etc. Several vitamins are now known, which have been named as A, B, C, D, E, and so on.

Vitamin A is contained in butter, milk, eggs, the liver of cod, and halibut etc.

Vitamin B is contained in the outer layers of cereals, green vegetables, tomatos, yeast, milk, egg, yolk, nuts, fish oil and spinach.

Vitamin C is found in lemons, organes, green vegetables, etc.

50. A. (a) Proteins are necessary to health as they are body builders and replace the tissue that has been spent.

(6) Fats are essential to the body, as they give added energy to it.

(c) Carbohydrates which include sugar, starch and cellulose are the fuel foods of the body and are essential for giving it heat and energy.

(d) Minerals are essential to the blood (e.g., iron salts) and to the proper functioning of the different glands (e.g , iodine salts are necessary for the secretion of the thyroid). Lime salts are essential for the formation of bones and teeth etc. etc.

(<s) About vitamins, the previous question may be consulted. Also the following :—

Vitamin A is necessary for growth Its shortage results in loss of weight, dryness, various paralysis, degeneration of the mucus membrane of the air passages and intestines.

Vitamin B is necessary to health, as its absence causes beri beri.

Vitamin C is necessary to health, for its absence causes scurvy.

Vitamin D prevents rickets. B. (a) The paravene is used to remove mines from a

ship's path by deflecting them along a wire and severing


their moorings (b) The action of the depth charge is to destroy a submerged submarine by exploding bombs below the surface of the sea and as near the located submarine as possible (c) The function of a carburettor is to project minute droplets of fuel into the air passing of the cylinders, so that a suitable explosive mixture may be formed for ignition by the sparks.

(d) Wireless waves, as they are transmitted to the receiving station have high frequencies as well as low frequencies. It is the low frequency waves that contain the transmitted intelligence to the receiving station. This is done by means of a detector—a one way device—consisting of one or more valves. The simple "diode" valve will suppress the requisite frequencies, conveying the remainder on for conversion. This has two electrodes, but to boost the current t$ the strength to enter the speaker a triode with three electrodes is used.

There are therefore the 3 electrodes of the wireless valve.

(e) One of the properties of a gyroscope is that it is able to rotate in any plane. The second property is what is called precession i.e., when a force is applied to it which tends to alter the plane in which it is rotating, i.e., in other words, tending to change the direction in space of its spinning wheel, the gyroscope resists this force and turns in such a way that the plane and direction of the spinning disc become the same as those of the applied force.

51. (a) He will fall forward in the direction in which the train was moving.

(b) If there is no running the feet come to a sudden standstill, while the rest of the body has still the speed of the running car, the man will fall forward ; the running to some distance will slowly absorb the speed of the forward momentum on the body, therefore there will be little chance of the fall.

(c) Both the hare and the chasing hound are in motion, but when on the approach of the hound, the hare takes a sudden round leap, he moves in a round circle while the hound, due to bis forward motion goes on running forward


Newton's first law of motion). This gives the hare the breathing time to change his direction, while the hound »ets away a good distance and has to pursue the hare again.

{d) If the man were not to move his hands, the ball will strike the palms of his hands with its full momentum. By giving a swing to the bands backward it takes a longer time to change the rate of its momentum and thus progressively lessens the intensity of its impact or the force with which it strikes the hands,

(e) Friction on the greased post has been reduced to the minimum, the reaction in this case which enables a man to climb up is much smaller than his weight which pulls him down, therefore he finds it difficult to climb.

(/) A person leans forwards that the vertical line from the centre of" gravity of his body may fall within the base of his. support. If he were to walk upright, this line through the centre of gravity, of his body will fall outside his feet supporting his body and towards his back and there is a continuous, propensity of his rolling over backward.

(<?) 'The rope dancer uses a long pole in order to change rapidly the position of his centre of gravity, so that as h e ' Swings' to the right or the 'left the vertical line passing through it remains \vithin the base of his support, that is, the rope. '. (fi) It is safer to ride a motor car than a motor cycle, because the base of support of the car is wider than the motor .cycle. The motor cycle with a small base is much more easily upset than one with a broad base like the car.

(») The sea water contains much , saltish material •• and therefore is denser'than the river water.' One' can therefore float more easily in sea water than in the river water.

(j) This is because due to excessive quantities of salts ,in the Dead Sea, the- density of the water is very great, hence one'does not sink in it. •

• (fc) The white light pf the sun is made up of the colours of the spectrum i.e. of rays of violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow, and red. Now' when the light of sun parses

file:///vithin

SCIENCE (ANSWERS) , 3 6 7

through the earth's atmosphere it is broken up and scattered by the tiny particles of air and dust and water vapours in it. Since the waves of blue light of the spectrum (i.e. of the total white light of the sun) are much shorter than those of red or orange or green waves etc., so when the light of the sun passes through the earth's atmosphere, the blue part of the white light is of just the wave-length to be scattered by the dust and other particles, while the rest of the waves which have longer wave-lengths, pass right through the atmosphere. The scattered blue waves thus make the sky look blue.

{I) The sun looks yellower to us than it really is, because the blue light has been left behind in the sky itself.

(m) When we say that the temperature of a place is 900 and that the humidity is 75, we mean that the air has

„ 75 percent or three-quarters of the water vapour that it can contain at a temperature of 90°.

(w) It will rise higher, because of the greater density of the sea water.

(o) A, helicopter is a flying machine designed for vertical ascent whose support in flight is derived from the reaction of the air on one or more power driven motors. A Helicopter can, however, rise from and alight in a very limited area. ' 4 (p) Calories of food are measurements of heat-giving properties of foodstuffs. Thus 1 oz. of proteins of carbohydrates yield 120, and of fat 270 calories.

52. (a) Steam at ioo°C contains latent heat, 1. e., it contains 537 calories per gram more heat than the same weight of boiling water, hence it will part with much more heat than equally hot water and cause severer burns. Often the steam is under much pressure, and the greater, the pressure, the hotter it is, therefore when it is under great pressure, it is extremely hot, and its burn will therefore be very much severer than that of boiling water.

(b) In a windy day the water vapours are quickly carried^ away by the wind, therefore the water vapours: as they arise, from the' clothes are quickly .removed, and replaced by drier air which similarly removes the -water .vapours.

368 JUNIOR GENEKAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

The saturating point, or great humidity in the air surrounding the wet clothes is thus never allowed to be reached, which it otherwise would, if the surrounding air had been stagnant.

(c) If a quantity of ice is put inside a thick glass tumbler, the inside of the tumbler contracts due to the cold it catches. Since glass is a bad conductor of heat or cold, its outer surface remains at the prevailing outside temperature and does not contract, but the inside forces it to contract. As glass has little tensile strength, accordingly it cracks.

(<2) This is due to the fact that the new bed sheet has been starched by the washerman and there is no air (which is a bad conductor of heat) in the spaces of the texture of the sheet. Therefore in the winter as the starched sheet acts as a conductor, it removes considerable heat from the warm body, so it feels cold.

(e) Between the blanket and the body, the air, which is a bad conductor of heat or cold, soon gets entangled when the blanket is put round the body. This entangled air does not allow the heat of the body to escape, therefore we put on a blanket in winter. On the same principle the entangled air would not allow the outside warmer air to come in and pass heat to the ice and melt it.

\(/) The house-wife blackens the bottom of the degchi, that it may absorb as much of the heat coming from the coals below it as possible. The upper portion where this outside heat does not reach, is brightened, so that heat may not be conducted away from it by radiation.

(g) As the kite begins its flight upward, its shadow, both umbra and penumbra, falls on the earth, but as it is a very small object in comparison with the sun that throws its light on it, its umbra is very small. As it rises higher, this umbra fails to reach the earth. As regards its penumbra it gets too faint in the intensity of the bright light to be distinguishable. Hence no shadow appears on the earth.


53. (a) I r o n f° r roofing is corrugated to increase its rigidity.

(b) A ship floats in water because \olume for volume it is lighter than the amount of water it displaces.

(c) Cloudy nights are warmer than bright nights because clouds do not allow radiant heat or the earth to pass through them They rather reflect it back and thus keep the air warm. On a bright night, radiant heat passes into the sky.

(d) It is because air is full of rain globules after rain fall. As a rainbow is a spectrum produced by refraction of light by water drops, hence rainbow is formed only after rainfall.

(e) Grass looks green and a red rose looks red because grass allows only green rays of light to pass through it, while similarly a red rose looks red because it allows only the red rays to pass through it and absorbs the rest.

(/) Artificial light does not contain all the seven colours of the sunlight, hence when an object is seen in it, it has not the brightness of its original colour. If, for example, the body is blue, the artificial light may not have the blue part in its spectrum and hence the body may not look quite blue. This will not be the case in bright day light.

(g) On account of the splitting up of the light that comes from the object through the prism.

54. (a) Malaria is caused by the bite of a mosquito of a group of family known as the Anopheles. The mosquito carries in its saliva, a parasite, called the malarial parasite, where the parasite completes the first part of the cycle of its life history. The mosquito in the act of biting man, injects the parasite in the blood stream of the bited man where it completes the 2nd part of its life-cycle. The parasite, on receiving access to the blood enters the red cells, grows and eventually split up into a host of small bodies (the offsprings) which multiply rapidly and go on destroying the blood cells, and cause the ague, on the production of each generation after every second or third or fourth day etc.

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3 ? 0 JUNIOR GENfcRAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Preventive measures consist in (i) exclusion of mosquitoes from dwellings by fine wire-gauge fixed to.doors S windows and the use of mosquito nets beds as the risk of being bitten is the greatest during night fall (2) S p y i n g the larva of the mosquitoes by sprinkling over i S S n e oil in cesspools of water m the vacinity (3) Kefpmg the house and surroundings absolutely clean so S h e mosquitoes do not settle and feed on garbage 2 c (4) giving doses of quinine or atabnne to the patient.

(b) Forests are of vital importance in conservation of water and wildlife, prevention of erosion and floods, for S n b e t supply and recreation, in preventing extremes of S S e and in attracting moisture laden winds towards themselves, thus bringing good rainfall. Also in preventing the spread of the desert.

55 (a) The difference between soldering and welding is this that in soldering two metallic surfaces are joined .bu a fusible metallic cement, while in welding metallic pieces are joined together by hammering after softening them by heat, or by brazing or riveting.

(b) It becomes slow, as its pendulum becomes longer and it takes longer time to swing.

(c) Water is said to be hard when it does not form a lather with soap, while soft water does. Hardness is due to the presence of soluble calcium or magnesium compounds, which are absent in soft water.

(d) Black clothes absorb the rays of light and hence they feel very hot when worn. White clothes reflect the jays and therefore do not get so warm.

(e) The production of low temperatures by mechanical •methods is called refrigeration, based on the principle that the change from the liquid to the gaseous state is brought about by the absorption of heat. Carbon dioxide, ammonia <or methly chloride are employed.

(/) Energy created by friction is converted into heat energy.

(g) A mirage is an optical illusion seen usually at day time in sandy wastes when the sun is high and burning bright. This is an inverted image of an object at a distance


caused by the refraction of light from the cooler and denser upper layers of the air to the hotter and rarer layers immediately above the hot burning sands.

We may explain the phenomenon thus. Suppose a man is riding on a hot burning desert plain. The layer of air next the ground will be hottest and the layer above this will be cooler. So a ray of light, say from a palm tree, is gradually bent until the angle at which it enters the hottest air is so small that it is totally reflected. It then rise still it meets the eye of the rider. Consequently, the rider sees an inverted tree like a reflection in water. The sky too is reflected from the layers of hot air and its bright reflection is so like water that it looks as if one is nearing some lake.

(A) Xrays are radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum which are next to ultra-violet rays in the direction of the shorter wave-lengths. They are identical in character with wireless and light waves, but very much shorter. They can penetrate bodies opaque to ordinary light. This property is taken advantage of in radiography, when the bones of human bodies or some extraneous solid matter in any part of the human body is clearly revealed in an Xray photograph.

(i) An electric transformer is an electrical contrivance consisting of two coils for increasing or decreasing the voltage of an alternating current supply. Transformers are used to convert the very high voltage currents, which are the most economical to transmit, to the ordinary voltages which alone are suitable for use at sub-stations. Thus a current of i ampere a t i 30,000 volts could be turned into a current of 650 amperes at 200 volts.

56. (a) A kite on a string remains motionless in a steady wind because the tension or pull of the string, the weight of the kite and the pressure of the wind exactly balance each other.

(6) This is to prevent the fly wheel from going to pieces and doing damage to its surrounding, if due to some cause its speed gets suddenly increased beyond the danger point. For example, the flywheel of an engine may be

3 ? 2 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

» o «fP oace while the engine is drawing a heavy running at a safe pace: wwi k * b r e a k a l l t h e power of machine . if, then, tne uriv B disaster may

? ? , ^ K \ £ T « W i g f l y ^ e r ™ n i n g at a very

^ i £ f p 3 £ j 2 i J l « - m r 0 n h e f 0 b C a r s to! nnint mav be reached when the strength of the bars nxin& ? tTit?cyentre may be unequal to it, then the run w> go to pieces. The remedy therefore is to have a flywheel ot a K y small size, so that the engine at its greatest pace cannot drive it at the danger speed.

(c)This occurs when the force impelling the water outward is equal to the force of gravity pulling n down

' " ( d ) To counterbalance the force pushing him under Newton's First Law of Motion along the tangent ot tne curve, he has to bend towards the centre. l m s i s , ; the pull towards the centre of the string at whose ena revolving a weight in a circle. .

(e) Following the first law of motion the car has tne tendency to fly towards the tangent of the round c o r n " and hence there is the fear of its skidding and falling over the precipice. The corners are therefore banked.

(/) Diamonds, sapphires and rubies, which are intensely hard, keep their polish for ever, because they do not wea or get scratched. .

(g) Hot liquids are much less viscous than cold. It " a

been observed that six pints of boiling water will leaK • through a given hole in the same time as one pint of col

water. For this reason a leaky car-radiator loses fat mor water when hot than when cold. Also the leak gets wider by the heat of the boiling water in the car-radiator.

(h) The average density of a whale's tissue is about i'05-Then density of water is i , hence if a whale weighs, say 105 tons, and displaces 100 tons of water, therefore it will be heavier than the water it displaces by about 5 tons only. If it weighs about 400 tons it will be heavier tban the water it displaces by about 20 tons only. Now the ligb* oil in its blubber and the air in its lungs will be sufficient to bring its Specific Gravity to about 1. Hence it c a ° remain suspended in water with little or no exertion.


(t) This can be explained by the phenomenon of surface tension The surface film of water can support an appreciable weight. It is therefore not difficult to float a needle on still water, although the density of steel is about 7.8 and though also the weight of the needle is enough to force the surface molecules apart and let it through.

(j) Bricks and mortar are porous and so the water of the soil rises through them by capillary action and keeps them constantly damp. To prevent this happening a damp-course consisting of some non-porous material is inserted between two rows of bricks just above the soil-level.

{k) This will make the wood catch fire. The energy of the motion of the rapidly twirling pointed stick becomes heat energy and since wood is a poor conductor of heat, this accumulates and the wood finally catches fire.

57. t (a) Plants make the energy derived from the light of the sun the source of the starch and sugar they manufacture. The green leaf of a plant is an instrument for using this energy of light to cause the gas carbon dioxide present in the air, and water from the soil, to combine and make starch and sugar.

(6) All animals Hying on the earth, live on nothing else but plants or other animals which have fed on plants, consequently the whole animal kingdom is dependent for food on the plant kingdom and the plant kingdom in turn on light of the sun to build itself up from air and water. 'So every one of us depends for our food on the energy of light and therefore on the sun, which is the source of this light.

(c) This is because it lets some of the light through, whereas the non-greasy part reflects it almost back to our eyes. This loss of some part of the rays of light makes it look darker than the rest of the surface of the piece of paper.

If we hold the paper up to the light, the greasy part looks brighter than the rest because when we look from the back side of the paper, more light comes-to us through it than through the non-greasy part.

374 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS.

{d) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen; turpentine of carbon and hydrogen ; cane sugar of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen ; the common salt of sodium and chlorine ; marble of calcium, carbon and oxygen ; rock crystal of silicon and oxygen ; saltpetre of potassium, nitrogen and oxygen ; red lead of lead and oxygen.

(e) A light year is the distance which light (in a vacuum) traverses in a year at the rate of 186,000 miles per second.

It is equal to 5,880,000,000,000 miles. The nearest well known star is the famous Dog-Star,

also called Sirius. It is 8 6 light years away from the earth.

The moon is at a mean distance of 238,860 miles from the earth. It revolves round the earth in 27*32 days, but I owing to the simultaneous movement of the earth in its own orbit round the sun, the moon does not return to a similar position, relative to the sun's rays until 2 21 days later. Thus the interval between two new moons is 29*53 days.

(/) Asteroids are numerous small planetary bodies, not visible to the naked eye which revolve round the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Nebulae are luminous masses of gaseous matter seen through the telescope, either spiral or chaotic in form.

The Milky way is a long and luminous track consisting of gaseous matter with small stars seen on dark nights along the middle of the sky.

A satellite is a secondary celestial body which revolves round a planet, just as the latter revolves round the Sun. Thus the Moon is a satellite of the Earth.

Comets are luminous bodies moving round the Sun in highly eccentric 01 bits. Usually a Comet contains a nucleus, an enveloping haze and a long thin tail.

Meteors are small pieces of solid matter usually containing iron, chromium, nickel and magnesium which

,• shoot through -the earth's atmosphere leaving a luminous trail behind. We also call them "shooting stars" though they are not really stars.


58. A. (?) A jet aeroplane is so constructed that it derives its thrust from the high velocity of the gases it ejects. The process consists in the burning of fuel with previously compressed air in a combustion chamber or chambers from which the hot gases pass into a circular chamber open to the atmosphere and facing rearward in the aircraft. This circular chamber has a turbine mounted, on a long shaft passing through the combustion chambers. At the forward end of this shaft is a compresser driven, by the turbine which drives air under pressure and which burns with the atomised fuel. After driving the turbine the exhaust gases pass outside with high velocity. The compression and heating processes and the subsequent escape of the gases gives the required thrust to the aeroplane, which is directly proportional to the air-gas. acceleration.

(ti) Penicillin, the wonder drug of our day, discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming is an organic acid formed during the growth of the common mould. Even very weak solution of it prevents the growth of certain bacteria which are harmful to man, as for example, the organism of pneumonia, gonorrhoea, meningitis, anthrax etc.

(Hi) Electrons are the minute particles of matter charged with negative electricity. They are the ultimate constituents of matter. According to the modern scientific theory an atom consists of very minute particles, called the nucleus It is surrounded by a distribution cf regative electricity, which are the electrons.

All electrons have identical mass and charge. The different properties of the various chemical elements are due to the different number of electrons in them. Thus the hydrogen atom has one electron, that of Uranium has 92 etc. etc.

(»'r) The Radar" is a sensitive instrument by which the position of an object in space is located by radio waves and its speed and direction of movement is also located. The principle on which it works is this : All solid and liquid bodies reflect radio waves, which are uninfluenced by darkness, cloud or fog. To detect any reflecting object in space, it is necessary to first flood that object with

376- JUMOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

radio waves. Ground reflectors are used to pick up the reflected beam of the radio waves and it is then possible to determine the direction of the waves, and thus the direction of the radio located object with respect to the ground station.

The distance along that direction may also be determined by timing the journey of the radio waves to the reflecting object and back. The accurate and speedy measurement of the time intervals of these waves going and coming back is the basic feature of the radio measurement of distance.

(v) Asdic. This word is an abbreviation for Anti submarine Detector Indicator Committee which invented an apparatus for detecting the presence of enemy submdrines under water by use of echoes. It was used during the 2nd World War.

B. A motor engine is an internal combustion engine ysing petrol as a fuel. It has one or a number of cylinders in which the combustion of the gases produced gets at a high temperature and consequently at a high pressure and this high pressure is applied to a piston forcing it outwards. The motion of the piston is transmitted by means of a piston rod to a crank-shaft and thence by a system of gears to the driving axle of the car. The combustible mixture of air and petrol vapour for the cylinders of the engine is obtained by means of a carburettor which mixes petrol vapour and air in the proportion demanded by the engine and introduces them into the cylinder or cylinders. The first stroke on the piston draws in the mixture, the second compresses it, and a spark by the battery fires it. The expanding gases then force the piston in its third or working stroke. The fourth stroke clears the cylinder for the operations of motions that are to follow.

C. (a) The aircraft carrier is a large warship fully protected and armed, carrying planes which can take off from its deck and return to it afterwards.

(6) The minesweeper is a wire stretching between two ships to sweep the sea of enemy mines under water The mine is drawn up the surface of water and exploded. The mine is already magnetised to get drawn towards an iron


ship on account of its magnetisation, so it is easily drawn towards the wire.

(c) A tracer bullet is a bullet which leaves a smoke trail to mark its course.

(d) Air cover is a special cover for civilian population against explosives, incendiary and gas attack from the air. This is a precautionary measure and the shelters are specially bomb-proof.

(c) A Submarine is essentially an under-water craft which submerges, specially to fire torpedoes. It has a round or square conning or lcok out tower and a periscope or reflecting instrument which are its eyes under water.

59. (a) More than half of our bodies consist of water. If water had not a high specific heat, they would get cold and hot much more rapidly and it would be more difficult for our temperature regulating apparatus to keep them at the normal temperature of 37.5°C.

(fc) The still surface of the lake acts as a perfect mirror. Now the image of any object formed by a plane mirror is seen as far below the surface of a mirror as it is above the mirror ; therefore the top of a tree will have its image as far below, as it is above the surface of the water. The other nearer parts will be proportionately nearer, till its roots will have their reflection nearest to them.' Thus an inverted image of the tree will be formed.

(c) The freezing point of a solution of ice and salt it lower than that of pure water. Thus ice freezes at 0°C, but a solution of water containing 3% salt, freezes at the lower temperature of—2°C. The stronger the solution, the lower the freezing point. Thus a solution of stronger brine gets its temperature lowered still; hence as the ice vendor adds salt to his lumps of ice surrourding the cream, the lowered temperature of the increasingly strong solution keeps the cream frozen.

(d) Damp clothes feel chilly because water evaporates from them and these in this process take heat from the body with which they are in contact.

(e) When we begin to shiver with cold, it means the body is cooling too fast on account of the surrounding cold.


The Ijttle blood vessels in the skin are closed and the blood is kept away from the surface. Hence the skin goes pale.

(/) The molecules of water in the pores of an earthen ware constantly come in contact with the surrounding air, which takes them away, and in this process their latent beat is lost by their evaporation, and thus the inside water of the earthen ware goes on cooling on account of the weak convection current set in it. The water of an earthen pot is thus cooler than the water in vessels outside. During monsoon months, the surrounding air is saturated with water vapours, hence there is no evaporation of the molecules of water in the pores of the earthenvvare, hence the water does not cool.

(g) The principle on which a refrigerator is worked is that a gas or vapour is turned into liquid in one part of the machinery. This uses up heat or power. The liquid is then evaporated where the cooling is required. During the process of evaporation it takes away it's latent heat, aud hence cools the inside.

(h) By fractional distillation, since the various constituents of the natural petroleum have different boiling points.

(i) This is because the earth contains a store of heat, which is conducted from its interior and so dew or frost does not easily condense on the bare ground. Dry grass or twigs or shrubs or railing do not receive heat by conduction from the earth, so they cool more quickly and most of the dew or frost settles on them.

(j) The best way to liquefy a gas is by simultaneous cooling and pressure.

(k) This may be taken as possible if we remember that the heat-energy of a tumbler—full of petrol, used in a by no means perfectly efficient engine will drive a big car atleast two miles at 30 miles per hour.

(I) A Turbine is a rotary steam engine in which kinetic energy of steam is converted into work. It consists usually of a shaft, wheel or rotar carrying a number of blades. Against the latter are directed jets of steam which cause the


shaft to rotate at a high speed and thus set into motion the machines to be worked. The turbine is much used for driving high speed mechanisms such as dynamos. It is particularly used with advantage in very large units such as are needed in generating plants.

(m) The Diesel Engine is an engine in which heavy oil is used instead of the comparatively dearer petrol. The make of both is much the same, but instead of the carburettor of the petrol engine, and its sparking plug, there is a pump which can force a fine spray of oil into very strongly compressed air in which this sprayed oil burns. The heat expands the gases formed and these start the movements of the piston.

The advantage of the Diesel Engine over the petrol engine is that it burns the heavy oil and thus uses the part of crude oil which the petrol engine cannot employ. The crude oil is many times cheaper than petrol and therefore it saves so much expense. Its efficiency also is very high and it requires no electrical apparatus for ignition.

(n) Water is the best substance to use in a hot water bottle, for in cooling from ioo°C to say 30°C it gives out about twice as much heat as would the same weight of, for example, oil.

(o) Television is the transmission of moving pictures and sound simultaneously by electrical impulses.

A succession of still pictures is transmitted at the rate of twenty five per second which gives an illusion of movement. The television camera changes the light pattern of the transmitted scene into a series of electrical signals which modulate a very high frequency radio carrier wave. The received signals are changed at the receiving station into light variations and reassembled on the screen of a cathod ray tube at the receiver.

(p) The Radar is a radio detecting and ranging device used to locate planes and ships and to bomb precisely.

The method used is the detecting and positioning of the object by means of reflected radio waves, independent of the object itself. At the receiving station, short pulses or


raido-waves are radiated at a certain frequency depending upon the range required. During the time interval between the pulses a receiver is connected to receive the reflected signals or echoes, which are applied to a cathode ray tube indicator suitably caliberated. The distance to the object is determined by measuring the time interval between the transmission and reception of the reflected pulse. The reflected wave from objects one mile away is received about 10 micro-seconds after the transmit pulse. This thus gives the distance of the object from the radio transmitting station.

{q) The principles on which the Atom Bomb works is based on the fact that nucleur fission of one of the Uranium isotopes U 235 may be secured by bombarding its atoms with neutrons. When this fission takes place more neutrons are set free ; these in turn continue the process of fission, and this 'chain reaction' liberates millions of time the energy derived from burning the same quantity of coal or oil.

60. (a) This is due to the light rays being bent as they pass from the denser cold air to the lighter hot air and v<ce--uer,va.

(6) This is because all the light rays pass through the ribbed or cut glass but they are scattered in all directions and so cannot give a clear picture.

(c) The brilliance and fire in a diamond is due in the first place to its very high refractive index which ensures that light which enters it is totally reflected several times before it leaves the stone; secondly, due to its high dispersion, w hich means that the blue rays are much more bent than the red. Thus, the diamond saparates the blue and the red light from ihe white light and shows "fire," the wonderful play of colour seen in the stone,

(d) (i) This is owing to the refraction and reflection of the light passing through the powdered glass being bent in all directions or reflected back again.

(it) This is because we can see up through water only at a certain angle.


(Hi) Rayon or artificial silk is made of cellulose. Now cellulose has a refractive index nearly the same as that ot oil, so light is bent but little when passing from oil to cellulose. Oiled silk thus is as good for the passing ot light rays through it as oil itself, hence oiled silk is transparent.

(e) Light rays falling on a curved mirror are all reflected back as parallel rays and are not scattered back promiscuously in all directions This parallel beam of lieht therefore retains the full light of the origiral source, hence the reflecting mirror before the source of light m cars and search lights is a curved concave mirror.

(fi The reason why light grows fainter and fainter as it departs from its source is that the beam of light gets wider so that the same light has to cover a greater area. If li"ht could be made to travel as a beam of parallel rays, it would never spread out at all, and would remain equally bright lor any distance, but since this is not so, the spreading light gets fainter and fainter for the reason explained above.

(a) This image is formed because all rays from any part of the candle meet at the same point on the screen.

(h) This is because they magnify all the ill spots on the face They make one's beard or complexion look much worse than it actually is.

({) This sometimes happens because the glass sphere formed by the glass bottle brings light to a focus Though it is by no means a sharp one, but unlike a lens it will focus light coming from any direction. The concentrated rays on the focus burn furniture or anything which can catch fire, just as a beam of sunlight will burn paper or cloth or wood when it gets concentrated at the focus of a lens.

(j) An echo is an imitative repetition of a sound due to the reflection of the sound-waves from an obstacle. They are often heard in the neighbourhood of clouds or high walls or in big halls.

3^2 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

61. (a) This is because it is a mixture of lights of all wavelengths, each wavelength causing in our eye the sensation of a particular shade of colour.

(b) A yellow cloth looks yellow because it reflects the yellow rays, but absorbs the rest of white light.

(c) It will be hotter because volume from volume it will contain more oxygen than the ordinary air.

(d) Analysis is the process of separating the constituents of a mixture or compound into its original elements Synthesis is the opposite of this process-that of putting the constituents together and making the material.

Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by means of the passage of an electric current through it.

(fi) With Carbon.

(/) Carbon monoxide is poisonous because it combines with the haemoglobin of the blood, taking the place of the oxygen which this pigment carries to every part of the bu°dyui Iatu r e L u l t S v}ea a b o u t h a l f t h e r e d Pigment of the blood has been destroyed. Plants or insects contain no blood and therefore it has no effect on them. " " u a m

(g) A mixture of carbon dioxide and air, when the former is less than 5 % ^ the mixture has theeffecof stimulating the centres m the brain which control b S t h i i and therefore make breathing deeper and more 3 For this reason a mixture of carbon dioxide a^d oxygen is employed m artificial respiration. "*ygen is

(A) Solid Carbon Dioxide which looks v*™ ™„ u ,., snow is called-dry ice". It is used 5 ^ ^

(0 Soda water ,s a solution of carbon dioxide in water made under a pressure of about ran i h « l I square inch. The name soda water ?s S e n t * * little sodium carbonate is added to the water vHcause» carbon dioxide is put into it. t e r b e f o r e t h e

(j) Because the carbon dioxide nf •* a forms a lather of bubbles which float on thJlf e ? t m P i s h e * say petrol vapours-ard extinguish! b u r n i n 8 b o d y -

(*) (i) Turpentine is derived from the resin ne -• and other conifers. D e r e s m o f P»»e trees


(it) Rosin is the solid residue from crude turpentine after oil of turpentine is distilled off.

(Hi) Opium is the bitter dried juice from unripe capsules of opium poppy.

(w) Rubber is obtained from milky secretion (latex) of various plants.

(v) Cork is the light bark of the evergreen cork tree. (I) Plants that have neither flowers, fruits, seeds nor

roots are the thallus plants or thallophytes. These are the Algae and the Fungi. The "reindeer moss" of northern Canada, lichens, yeasts, molds, mildews, puff-balls, mushrooms, toadstools and the bracket fungi are examples.

(MI) Grafting is the method of propagating some kinds of trees, such as fruit trees, and certain plants, such as rose bushes. In this method, a piece of a small stem is removed from the tree we wish to propagate. This stem, called the scion is atonce bound at the top of the other tree, called the stock, where this stock has been just freshly cut. Both then grow together as one tree. This operation is called graft.

(n) The bees' humming is made by the movement of its wing. The wings vibrate very rapidly, as they move to and fro, and these vibrations set up waves in the air that carry the sound to our ears.

62. (a) From petroleum we obtain petrol, paraffin oils, gas oil and fuel oil. This last may be further separated into lubricating oil, paraffin wax and asphalt.

Its various products are put to different uses. Thus petrol is easily turned into vapour and releases great energy very quickly, hence it is used in internal combustion engines like those of cars and aeroplanes ; Paraffin oil is used in oil-stoves, lamps, Primus stoves. Fuel oil is used in Diesel engines employed for driving ships, heavy lorries and trucks etc. etc. Asphalt is used for paving, damp courses, as an ingredient of enamels etc.

(b) Benzene is obtained by the distillation of coaltar ; turpentine is obtained by distilling the resin of trees (e.g., the pine tree); napthaline is obtained during the process cof distilling coal tar ; alcohol is ordinarily obtained by the


fermentation of sugar or of starch ; glycerine is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of soap ; phenol is obtained as one of the products in the distillation of coaltar Following are the uses to which the above products are put :—

Benzene is used to make dyes, explosives, synthetic drugs, perfumes, lacquers and as organic solvent

Turpentine is used as a solvent and drying agent in paints and varnishes ; purest grade is used in medicine.

Napthalene is used in dyes, insecticides and solvents. Alcohol. The main uses of alcohol are in alcoholic

liquors ; as a solvent for gums, resins etc., in the lacquer and varnish industry ; and also in the making of dyes; for essential oils in perfumery ; and for medical substances in pharmacy. It is also used as a raw material in the manufacture of chloroform, ether, chloral, idoform etc. Alcohol is also used as a fuel.

Glycerol also called glycerin is used in perfumes, cosmetics, some inks, explosives, antifreeze mixtures and in medicine.

Phenol, also called carbolic acid, is used as an antiseptic,, disinfectant, and to make resins, explosives and dyes.

63. (a) Oil and animal fats are put to many uses. (1) As essential foodstuffs (2) As protective substances-

in paints and varnishes (3) As lubricants (4) In the manufacture of artificial lard and margarine (5) As the raw materia of soap (6) As the raw material of linoleum (7) For making fatty acids to be used for candles (8) Illumination.

(b) Wheat, rice, potatoes, maize, arrowroot, sago, peas and beans are all chief starchy foodstuffs.

(c) (i) Paper of high quality is made from used up linen and cotton fibres, also from esparto grass that of poor quality like newsprint from woodpulp from thinly sliced wood treated with caustic soda.

(ii) Artificial silk is produced from cellulose The starting material is bleached woodpulp which is subjected to various processes.


{Hi) Cardboard is prepared from straw derived from the stems of cereals, also fronvwoodpulp.

(tv) Brushes are made from coir which is derived from coconut husk.

(«0 Sacks and ropes are made from the fibres of the jute plant.

64. (a) This is because hot damp wheather is ideal for the growth of bacteria, which multiply in millions within a few hours and help in the decay of food. Salt and sugar in large quantities prevent the growth of bacteria by withdrawing moisture from their bodies by osmisis. Thus salted meat and candied fruit if well kept will remain preserved for many years.

(6) The type of bacteria which helps in the fertility of the soil requires air to breath. This can happen best in a porous type of soil. Heavy "soapy" clay or waterlogged earth is infertile because it prevents the action of bacteria on it.

(c) (1) Use clean water, specially tap water 'free from bacteria. Water of wells and open ponds is full of bacteria and infectious germs and should be avoided.

(2) The food used must be well cooked and carefully covered. The milk used should be well boiled, preferably pasteurised.

* (3) Stuffy, ill ventilated, crowded and dark places should be avoided. Seek fresh air and sunlight.

(4) One should keep at a distance from infectious patients, and not rub bodies or clothes with them, even if one has to serve them.

(5) All cuts and bruises in the body must be cleansed and disinfected.

(6) Keep the body well nourished and fit. (d) (i) Diseases carried by viruses are those of foot

and mouth e.g., rabies, yellow fever, canine distempers, small-pox, typhus, mumps etc.

(«) Bacteria cause the common colds, pneumonia, diptheria, scarlet fever, measles, tuberculosis, enteric fever, venereal diseases, anthrax, cholera etc. etc.


(iii) Protozoa cause malaria, sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentry. .

(ir) Fungi cause ringworms, dandrutt etc. 65. ( i) Because smoky air of a town contains some

quantity of sulphuric acid which is very corrosive to stone work etc.

(2) Cabbage which contains a good deal of sulphur begins to emit the foul smelling hydrogen sulphide when it decays. Grass does not contain sulphur, so it gives out no such foul smell when it decays.

3. The reason for the egg spoon tarnishing is because even fresh eggs gire off traces of hydrogen sulphide. Salt

, has no such action on a spoon. 4. Plaster of Paris is calcined gypsum. In order to

set it, it is mixed with water with which it combines with a strong chemical action and in this process much heat is liberated, hence the Plaster of Paris warms up when it sets.

5. Plant food of herbivorous animals is some-times deficient in salt in certains areas, hence 'salt licks' are given to them to make up for the deficiency. Salt is of the greatest importance in animal life and forms one of the ingredients of blood, hence it must be given to animals to keep the minimum percentage in the blood.

6. So as to kill germs and bacteria in it which chlorine does.

66. (a) Bleaching powder, sodium hypochloride or chlorine in small quantities should be introduced in the water and the water should be pumped continuously through filters.

(b) Salt is put to many diversified uses. In the household it is used for cooking and eating. It is used for salting fish and meat etc. in order to make them keep for longer-time. It is used in industry to make sodium carbonate, hydro-chloric acid, sodium hydroxide, chlorine, sodium sulphate and for various other minor purposes.

(e) Ordinary glass is a mixture of calcium salicate and sodium salicate. It is particularly suitaol: for chinioil apparatus, for it is most resistant to the actios of ch in cals:


The only substances that effect it arc hydroflouric acid and hot solutions of alkalis.

(d) Cement is a mixture of calcium salicates and alumi-nates. The materials from which it is made are chalk and clay.

(e) Electroplating or putting a thin layer of one metal over another is done for various purposes, most important of which are (i) Providing an unscratchable and untarnish-able coating for car'parts, domestic utensils, cycle parts etc. (2) for rust proofing (3) Imitation jewellery and as foundation for nickel, silver or gold plating (4) Hard non-corrodi-blecoating for scientific instruments and such other uses.

(/) In the first place children are very active and they require proportionately greater quantities of food to keep up their energy, and secondly because the process of growth requires much energy.

(g) (*) The mouth helps in the chewing of the food which breaks it up into little fragments and thus the digestive juices poured over food get readily mixed with it. The salivary glands in the mouth pour the saliva which has starch-digesting enzymes. So a good part of the food goes down the mouth after it has been well digested.

(u) The stomach churns up the food from two to five hours and reduces it to a syrupy liquid. The gastric juice it secretes reduces the proteins of the food to easily soluble peptones, while the fats are reduced to small droplets and similar digestive work is done with other types of food.

(in) The Pancreas secrete ferments necessary for the digestion of starch, protein and fat. It secretes insulin which breaks down sugar.

(it;) It is in the small intestines that the greater part of the digestive process is done. The food as it comes from the stomach is acidic, and the fats, starch and sugars have not been broken up. This work is done in the small intestines which pour out an alkaline liquid containing several enzyms which help in this process. It receives dis-charge from the pancreas and the bile from the liver. Function of the pancreas has been described above. The greenish or yellowish liquid "bile" from the liver helps in lowering


the surface tension of the droplets of fats and so makes them more readily digestible.

(K) It cools itself by evaporating moisture from its lungs, i) Because in the first place the mother's milk is free

from bacteria, secondly, the maternal milk carries with it the anti-bodies from the mother's blood and is therefore caoable of conferring on the baby some immunity from infection Thirdly, the contents of the mothers' milk are ^ f r S h t proportion to be easily digestible by tender digestible apparatus of the newly born baby.

(f) The temperature of birds varies from ioo° Fahrenheit in such birds as gull to 112° Fahrenheit in the swallow,

(fcl This is because salt draws water from the tissues of the body towards the kidneys where the waste liquids are filtered Normally the amount of water drawn is not great enough to be noticeable, but if the food we eat is very salty the amount of water drawn out of the tissues is very great, and the tissues will be lacking in water. That is why we feel thirsty after taking salt.

(I) To keep the body healthy one should take a balanced diet containing fuel foods, fats and carbohydrates (i.e. sugars and starches) to provide energy ; proteins, such as meat, eggs or milk if one is a vegetarian to build new tissues for growth or to replace those that have worn out ; milk will also supply calcium for strong bones and teeth and therefore it should be freely used by those who can

• afford to have it. The food should also contain mineral ingredients, including salt that help the body to maintain its chemical balance and to carry on its functions. Last but not least one must take foods that are rich in vitamins, for though the vitamins are not foods by themselves, they are "food factors" as they are called. They help the body to make use of food we eat.

(m) Air-conditioning is the process of cleaning the air, giving it just the right amount of moisture (humidity) and keeping it as warm or as cool as one likes.

(n) The Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine using heavy oil as fuel; the heat necessary to ignite oil


is supplied by the compression of air in the cylinder. Its working is as follows :—

The engine is like an ordinary petrol engine, but there is no carburettor or sparking plug. Into the top of the cylinder projects a jet through which a pump can force a fine spray of oil. In the first instant the piston is made to descend and the inlet valve is opened by a cam mechanism. Pure air only is drawn into the cylinder. The cylinder is filled with air and the inlet valve closes. The piston now rises and compresses the air far more highly than in the petrol engine. This makes the air very hot. When the piston is at the top of its stroke a fine sprang of oil is injected into the cylinder from a small pump worked by the engine. The oil instantly burns in the hot compressed air and the heat expands the gases and these force the piston down. This is the working stroke. The piston now rises, the exhaust valve is opened and the hot gases are driven out. The up and down working of the piston, starts the movements of the crankshaft of the engine and this goes on so long as it is worked and fuel supplied.

(o) The principle on which the jet engine works consists in the burning of fuel with previously compressed air in a combustion chamber or chambers from which the hot gases pass into a circular chamber open to the atmosphere and facing rearward in the air craft to be propelled. Usually there are several combustion chambers which discharge the products of combustion into a restricted chamber housing a turbine mounted on a long shaft passing through the unit. At the forward end of this shaft is a compresser driven by the turbine and this compresses air and forces it into the combustion chambers under pressure, where it burns with the atomized fuel. After driving the turbine the exhaust gases pass to the atmosphere with a high velocity and in passing through the unit the acceleration of the air, by the compression and heating processes and its subsequent escape, provides a reaction which gives a thrust; this being directly proportional to the amount of the air-gas acceleration.

(p) Such devices as the baloon, which rises high into the air, by having gases like hydrogen or helium enclosd


in them and which are much lighter than the air, are the lighter than air ships.

(q) With the help of the magnetic compass.

67. (a) Prof. H. Standinger, a German research Chemist (b) Dr. Frits Zernike (c) Morse (d) Bell (e) Henrich Rudolf Hertz (/; Marconi (g) J. A. Fleming. ,

68. (a) (i) Blood transfusion is transference of blood from one living subject to another. Transfusion is sometimes affected directly by connecting an artery of the donor with a vein of the receipient or indirectly by drawing off blood from the donor, preventing it from clotting by adding sodium citerate and then pumping it into the appropriate vein. The blood of the donor must be of the same type as that of the recipient.

(ii) Colour blindness is the inability to distinguish between colours, especially between red and green.

(Hi) Fertilizers. Since it is seldom that cultivated land is naturally rich enough to yield maximum attainable crops, specially prepared substances are used to fertilize the land. These are nitrates and phosphates, most important of which are (i) Sodium nitrate or'nitrate of soda' (2) Ammonium sulphate (3) Ammonium nitrate (4) superphosphate of lime

t etc etc. The best fertilizer is of course well Totted farrmard manure but it is not produced in sufficient quantities, hence, the need for artificial fertilizers.

(iv) Anaei-thtUct are chemical substances like chloroform or ether or a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen which temporarily deaden local or general concicusness in the body.

(v) Icebergs are detached portions of glaciers which float into the sea.

<vi) Wirtlesx transmission is the production in the ether of waves of high frequency alternating currents, which reproduce the sound at the receiving station.

(6) (0 See Ans Q. 39 (c) (ii) See Ans. Q. 40 (6)

GAMES AND SPORTS

GAMES AND SPORTS Q. i . (a) What is the length of a tennis court ? (b) What is the breadth of a tennis court ? (c) What is the length of a cricket pitch ? (d) What is the distance between the ground' and the

centre top of a badminton net ? Military Wing Examination 1953 (for Admission to

The National Defence Academy)

Q. 2. Name the games with which the following players, tournaments and terms are connected :—

(i) Wimbeldon (ix) Mankad (t'») Canon (x) Chukkar

(Hi) Dalip Bose (xi) 'Maiden over' (tV) Ranji Trophy (xii) Davis cup (v) 'Try' (xiii) 'Sticks'

(t>i) 'Drible' (xiv) Worrel (vii) 'Caddie' (xv) 'Let'

(viii) Hazare Joint Services Wing Exm. 1952.

Q. 3. The following list contains names of well known sportsmen and terms in various sports and games. Arrange these names and terms under the appropriate head.

Len •Hutton, Dalip Bose, Dhyan Chand, Emil Zotopec, Hat trick, Duece, Sumant Misra,Bully, Balbir Singh, Budge Patty, Putting the shot, Maiden over, sticks, Free kick, Mushtaq Ali, Richard Bergman, Pole vault, Hasset, C. K. Naidu, Off side', Dribble.

(t) Cricket (it?) Tennis (t'«) Football (y) Track and Field sports,

(in) Hockey Joint Services Wing Exam. 1951.

393

3 9 4 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGB TESTS

Q. 4. Explain briefly any ten of the following terms pertaining to games and sports :—

(i) Volley (iv) Davis cup (ii) Olympic Games (v) Derby

(iit) Half Volley (t>») Ranji Trophy (vii) Duck (xj Jocky

(viii) Rubber (xt) Dribble (ix) Deuce (xii) Skating.

Joint Services Wing Exam. January 1951.

Q. 5. Give the names of the following. Answer any •five.

(') The Indian lady champion for table tennis, (ii) The President of the Board of Cricket Control in

India (n't) The Captain of the Indian Test Cricket team (in

England). (iv) Light Heavy Weight Champian. (v) The world professional Snooker champion.

(vi) Britain's ace jockey. Military Wing Examination Paper 1952 and others

Q. 6. (a) Which game or sports do the following terms relate ?

(1) Chukkar (v) Niblick (u) Crawl (tn) Short leg

(m) Sticks (vii) Revoke (tv) Foot-fault (viii) Tee. (b) What are the dimensions of a badminton court ? (c) Where did the game of tennis originate ? (d) Who has been the most well known cricketer of the

•world and is still living ? (e) What is the length of the Olympic marathon race ?

Royal Indian Navy 1949, and Mechanical engineering and Transport 1952.

Q. 7. (a) What do you mean by : — (1) Photo finish, (it) No Trump. (6) Which countries specialize in the following :—

/

GAMES AND SPORTS 395

(»') Ju Jitsu (n) Rugby Football (Hi) Baseball (iv) Cricket.

(c) Where and when are the next international Olympic games to be held ?

(d) With what sports do you associate the following :— (t) Joe Louis (ii) Hazare (in) Randolph Turpin (iv)

Thiruvengadam (i) Walter Lendrum (vi) Sugar Ray (wit) •Fred Trueman.

Rpyal Indian Navy Exam. 1948, and Combined Military Wing and Air Force Exam 1950 etc. etc.

Q- 8. Give the measurement of (") A football field (6) A hockey ground (c) A tennis

court (d) A Boxing Ring

(&) What are the Olympic Games ? Who started them ? What part has India taken in them ? Where and when arc they going to be played next time ?

Inter Services Wing Exam. 1948, and Royal Indian r* avy Exam. 1949 & other Exam etc etc.

Q. 9- What do you understand by the Asiads ? Which •countries took part in these games ? Name the countries against the games l n which their players showed their best.

Q. io. What are the following .--

<iv\S»ttv M a r a t h o n " c e (ii) The Ashes (Hi) Penaltv kick

Ui) Rubber S L " BCWSe ^ ^ " ^ (*° SteeP lechase

Q- i r . Who are the following :—

I' ? , V K y ^ r C i a n 0 5- Miss Sultana 3 A m t N t t h " 8 1 1 1 3 1 1 % Randolf Turpin 4-JerseyJoWalcott- I TedSchroeder.

AVff x 1 " W h ' C h § a m e S a r e t h e - f o"owing terms used?-': Niblick Di / r i 5 0 ^ A ^ r a D d s l am> S c r u m > Styne, Square leg,

ToSo^T S' G a m b k ' A C a n 0 D> Hearts/The Rope?,


Q, 13. Explain the following terms :— Revoke ; Vulnerable ; A Tackle ; Caddie ; Love All ;

A Duck ; A Hat Trick ; A Let.

Q. 14. What well known places are associated with ?:— (a) Boxing (b) Lawn Tennis (c) Shooting (d) Derby

(e) Association Football (/) Polo (g) Rugby Football.

Q. 15. With what games are the following trophies associated ? :—

(i) The Ryder Cup (it) Calcutta Cup (Hi) The Ranji Trophy (iv) The Brighton Cup (v) I. F . A. Shield (vi) Prince of Wales Cup, Westchester Cup, Blue Riband, The Schneider Trophy, Whitman Cup, Rovers Cup.

Q. 16. In connection with what games have you heard of the following :—

(i) Len Halton (it) Charles Ezzard (Hi) Worrel (iv) Nigel Howard (v) Frank Sedgman (vi) Naresh (vii) C. S. Naidu (viii) Gama (ix) Maxim (x) Alec Bedser.

Q. 17. (a) What is the size and weight of a standard cricket ball.

(b) What is in cricket a noball, a bye, a maiden over. (c) Name some of the best known Indian players in

the game of cricket. (d) Who captained the Indian team in the Olympic

games in hockey at Helsinski ? (e) Of which country are (i) cricket (it) baseball the

national game. ( /) What is the standard distance between the posts of

a football goal and what is the height of the bar from thc ground ? (

(g) What is the usual circumference of a football ? (h) When is a player "offside" in a football game ?

What is the minimum distance from which a penalty kick can be taken ?

(i) In the game of hockey what is the distance between the posts and what is the height of the bar from the ground ?

GAMES AND SPORTS 397

Q. 18. (a) What do you understand by the following terms in hockey ?

(0 sticks (it) "Penalty bully" (b) In lawn tennis :—

(i) What is the length and breadth of the court ? (ii) What is the height of the net ?

(Hi) What is the length of the service lines ? (iv) What is the diameter and weight of the ball ? (t>) When is it called a 'lob' ?

Q. 19. Write with what sports are the following .associated ?

Select any ten (a) Davis Cup (h) Epsom (b) 'Ashes' (i) Maiden (c) American cup ( j ) Bully (d) Ranji Trophy (k) Putney (e) Chukkur (0 Twickenham (/) Scrimmage (wi) Oval (?) Let

Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy Examination ^952).

(c) In the game of Badminton : — (i) What is the length and depth of the net ? (it) What is the height of the poles ?

(Hi) What is the standard weight of the shuttlecock and the number of feathers in it as well as their lengths ?

Q. 20. Name atleast one or two star performers of each country in the Asian games of 195I5 and the games in which they excelled. Which country was best on the whole?

Q. 21. (a) In the Olympic Games played at Helsinski, name atleast four countries whose players won gold medals. Give a resume of the Games as they were played and name some of the players who won special distinctions and the countries which did best in them.

3S>8 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

Q. 22. (a) Name the events in the athletic section of the Olympic games.

(6) Name the events included in the A. A A. (Amateur Athletic Association) Championships.

(c) What is the Decathon. Name any athletic who has won it at the Olympic Games in recent years.

(d) Explain the following terms in games as clearly as you can :—

(i) Creases (U) Checkmate (in) Deuce (iv) Try (v) Stone Walling (vi) Touch line (wit) A Tackle (viii) Stymied (ix) A cannon.

Q. 23. With what sports and games are the following trophies associated : —

The Ryder Cup, The Brighton cup, Westchester cup, The King cup, The I. F. A. Shield and the American cup.

Q 24. ('/) In the game of hockey (z) how many players makes the half backs, and what is the number of the forwards (b) what is the length and breadth of the pitch (3) what are approximately the circumference and weight of the ball

(b) How many players are there on each side of the following games ?

(a) Association football (b) Basket ball (c) Rugby Football (d) water polo.

(Armed Forces Academy and other Exam. 1949).

Q. 25. (a) Name some of the greatest cricketers past,, and living India has produced. Write brief notes on each one of them not exceeding two or three lines for each.

(b) Name some of the greatest cricketers, other than Indian, who have won world wide fame.

(c) Name the Captain of the cricket team in test matches between India and Pakistan in 1952. What were-the results of these matches ?


GAMES AND SPORTS

1. (a) 78 feet, (b) 27 feet, (c) 22 yards (d) 5 ft.

Lawn Tennis Billiards Tennis Cricket Rugby football Football Golf Cricket Cricket Polo Cricket Lawn Tennis Hockey Cricket Badminton

3. Cricket : Len Hutton, Hat Trick, Maiden Over, Mushtaq Ali, C, K. Naidu.

Tennis : Dalip Bose, Deuce, Sumant Misra, Budge Patty, Richard Bergman.

Hockey : Dhyan Chand, Balbir Singh, Sticks, Bully. Football: Free kick ; Off side. Track and Field Sports : Emil Zatopeck, Putting the

shot, Pole vault. 4. (») Volley, In cricket or tennis etc. a hard return

of the ball before it reaches ground. (til Olympic games. The Olympic games are a revival

of the ancient Greek games which were played at Olympia.

(i) Wimbledon (u) Connon (iii) Dalip Bose (iv) Ranji Trophy (v) Try

(vii Dribble (vii) Caddie

(viii) Hazare (ix) Mankad (x) Chukkar

(xi) Maiden Over (xii) Davis Cup (xiii) 'Sticks' (xiv) Worrel (xv) Let

399

4P0 * JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

They were initiated in 1894 b v the French Baron Pierre-di Corbertin. They were first held at Athens in 1896 an( later on at intervals of four years at Pairs, St. Louis London, Scotland, Antwerp, Paris again, Amsterdam,'

iLos Angeles, Berlin and London and lastly in I952 *l

' lHelsinki in Finland. They could not be played during the , two World Wars.

They include the usual field events, swimming, yatching boxing, canoeing, cycling, gymnastics, hockey, football, shooting, weight lifting, wrestling, rowing, etc. etc.

(Hi) Half Volley is return by striking that ball just as it touches or rises from the ground.

(u>) The Davis Cup. More properly it is the D w i ^ Davis International Bowl, donated by an American term player in 1900. It is competed for annually by the world best lawn tennis players.

(v) Derby. It is the most important horse race: 1 England and takes place at Epsom in May. I t c o V f n 0 t . distance of i£ miles and the winner receives a sum or u less than £5000. . v

(tn) Ranji Trophy. The Ranji Trophy is a t r 0P J competed for by the best cricket teams in India. £ » " been held m honour of Kumar Shri Ranjitsinbji Mar*™ ofNawanagar, who was a brilliant batsman. . i n

(«) Duck. In cricket, the Zero (0) which records a scoring sheet that a player has made no runs. .„

(»m) Rubber is the term used to denote a contest t o * ( two out of three games or three out of five-also deciding the game therein. . „] t . j ^ f e " c e - It is a term used in lawn tennis d e n o t e

t h e a ^ n S e ^ 8 ^ 0 " ^ 1 1 0 ^ ^ 1

(xii) Skating It is the art of propulsion on ice by J ^ l

S h F C h C d t 0 t h e S h 0 e ' It is played in ^ ° f ° ^ \ North European countries which have produced & champions.

GAMES AND SPORTS (ANSWERS) , 0 I

gram m ^ c ] T J l T ^ h ^ V m ^ ^ V i z i a ° -Richards. ( } J ° e M a x i m & L i n d r T M G o r d ° °

( £ l : r g / • ? * * " ' ^ - C r i c k e t

" 4 'n sinbgIe2c°o^n ^ ^ " ^ « * « ft" * ' 7 ft.

IFrenchCou tr0tshaVe ° r i g i n a t e d i n F r a n c e » the D. Don Bradman. •b- 2^miles, 385 yds.

when t h e P ^ M ^ C n0 f

Ot

fh e

r r e r S a t ?5 C r i t k a l m o ™ « vation often d e c e i t h . . ? * £1 S r e a c h e d ' T h e e y e obser-l e g o r b o d y

n t C a £ d ^ f S e % t s C l e a r l y " ^ ™h™

Thiruvengadum with T a b l e T e n n i f - ' ^ r W r b ° x i n S 5 professional) snooker - 7 1 , » ' W a l t e r L l n drum (as a boxing . Fred T ^ V J g h S d S ? ^ " * * * K

yards-b (2aJt°h0 tba l I" f idd : ^ S o yard length and 50-100

b n r f i l 1 1 0 ^ g f 0 U D d •• I 0 ° yards length to 9 o y a r d S

f - ^ A AT J e n n i s court : 78 ft hv ?s fv

- ) A Boxing Ring: A C - ' / f l 8 ^

« O l y m p i a r i n S c ? " ^ ^ ° f . t h e . a ^ ien t games held Baron Pierre de Coube'rn*, • V W C r e l m t i a t e d by the French various cities from time to ,° l 8 9 4 4 . n d h a v e b e c n h e l d * yatching, boxing, baske,ho fC' ,They delude swimming, » ^ " f c p e n t a t h & ^ I S 2 C , m f c *<?**** wrestling

• l n d , a bas not shown much dis-


tinction in the Olympic games except that she has had the honour to win and retain the Hockey championship in successive Olympiads.

In the games in 1952 Sohan Singh and Lavy Point areached upto semi-finals, -K. D. Jadav won the first individual Olympic medal for India by annexing a bronze medal. As in previous olympiads, India retained her world hockey title, successfully staving off stuff opposition from Holland and Britain. They will be played at Melbourne in 1956.

9. The Asiads are games started on the lines of the Olympic Games. Unlike the Olympiads in which every country of the world can take part, these are confined only to the countries of Asia and are to be held at intervals of four years. The first were held at Delhi in March 1951, and the next will be held at Manila in 1955.

The following countries took part in these games :— Afghanistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Burma,

Singapore, Ceylon, India, Iran, Nepal and the Philippines. India came first in Mens' Events of 100 Metres, 200

Metres, 800 Metres, 1500 Metres and in the Marathon race. She also came out first in 10,000 Metres walking race and 50 kilometres walk.

In other games following were the results :— Japan won the first place in 400 Metres, 300 metres,

Javelin throw, Hammer throw, pole vault, Decathon, putting the shot, and discus throw.

Iran in 5000 metres and practically in all weight lifting •events. Her Nanijou won the bantum weight lifting and created a new world record by clearing an aggregate oi 700 lbs.

10. (i) The Marthon is a race in which the competitors "have to cover a distance of 42,195 metres or 26 miles/385 yards.

(it) The Ashes : The mythical trophy for whicr England and Australia compete in test matches in cricket.

This famous term is the outgrowth of England-Australia Test matches played in England in 1882 at ib< Oval in which England needed only 20 runs to win and

GAMES AND SPORTS (ANSWERS) 4 0 3 •

with six wickets in hand lost the match. The next day the London Sporting Times published a mock In-Memo-riam notice. In affectionate remembrance of English cricket which died at the Oval on 29th August. Deeply lamented by a large circle of sorrowing friends and acquaintances. R. I. P. (The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia). Since then this term has been applied to Test matches between England and Australia, the winner being supposed to win or retain the "Ashes".

(iii) Penalty kick. If a player of the defending side, intentionally trips, kicks, strikes, jumps at, pushes or charges violently an opponent or handles the ball within the penalty area, then the refree awards the opponents a penalty kick, i.e., a player of the opposing side is al low * to kick the ball into the goal from a penalty kick mark. Only the goal keeper is allowed to defend his side and prevent it from getting inside the net.

(iv) Bully. When at the start of an hockey play, a player of each of the opposing teams begins to tap first the ground between the ball and his own goal line and then his opponents' stick over the ball three times alternately after which one of these players plays the ball with bis stick, this is called bullying the ball.

(y) Popping crease. The poppying crease is a line marked four feet from the wicket, parallel to it and is deemed unlimited in length.

(vi) Stumped. If in playing at the ball, provided it is not touched by his hand or bat, the batsman be out of' his ground and the wicket is put down by the wicket keeper with the ball, or his hand or arm with the ball in hand, the batsman is declared "stumped".

(vii) Steeplechase. It is a race punctuated by hurdles and a water jump, in order to create obstruction.

{viii) The Rubber. The ultimate winner of a series of Test matches played between two teams is said to have won the rubber. The usual number of such matches is five.

(ix) L.-B. W. If the batsman intercepts with any parts of his person which is between wicket and bat, a ball, which in the opinion of the empire would have hit the

4 0 4 JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGB TESTS

stumps, the batsman is declared Leg Before Wicket c L. B. W.

11. i . Eocky Marciano : World Heavy Weigh Champion.

2. Richard Bergman : Table tennis player. 3. Amarnath • Cricket player. Captain of the India

team in its matches against Pakistan players in I95:

4. Jersey Jo Walcott: Was one time Heavy Weigh Boxing Champion. He is still a formidable Boxer.

5. Miss Sultana is a table tennis player. 6. Randolf Turpin is British light—heavy weight an

middle weight champion. 7. Savold is Europe's Heavy weight champion. 8. Ted Schroeder is one of the best living tenni

player.

12. A half nelson in Wrestling. A GranH clam t>i_. •__ £" A Grand slam

Scrum Styne Square leg Niblick Diamonds Gambit A Cannon Hearts The Ropes Touchdowns

Playing Cards Rugby Football Golf Cricket Golf Bridge Chess Billiards Bridge game of Bowles Football

13. Revoke. In t hemmonf^ J Vulnerable. Term ^AL l*t t 0 D e S , e c t t 0 f o l l o w SUI,'

to double penalties• bv h? ' " d g e w h e n o n e i s l i a b

the rubber y D a v i n S s c o red the game towaru

the R u ^ y / f a h e W ^ ^ 0h

fe

t .h

eoId- of the ball ft

Caddie. The n e « n n „,k y o t t h e opposite side. carries the clubs i l T c i S ? 3 t t e n d s a g ^ r at play a*

Love all Afrpr tv.» called Love'All. g a m e h a s °een 'set', the score»

she* . h a T t ' p l a y ^ m a t T r ^ r e c o r d s i n «***

GAMES AND SPORTS (ANSWERS) 405

A Hat Trick. When the bowler gets three batsmen. out without their having scored any runs, he is said to have done the hat trick.

A Let. It is a 'Let' if in Badminton the shuttle touches the net in service, but if in play it does not invalidate the itroke.

14. (a) Boxing : Yankee stadium and Madison Square Garden New York.

(6) Lawn Tennis : Wimbledon in England ; Forest Hills in U. S. A.

(c) Shooting : At Bisley. (d) Derby : At Epsom in England. (e) Association Football: At Wembley Stadium, also

at Calcutta. ( 0 Polo : Hurlingham, Ranelagh, Roehampton, all S.W.

of London. (g) Rugby Football : Blackheath, London.

) 15. The Ryder cup with Golf Calcutta cup „ Horse racing The Ranji trophy „ Cricket The Brighton cup „ Hockey I.F.A. shield „ Football Prince of Wales cup „ Golf Westchester cup „ Polo Blue Riband „ Steamship race The Schneider Tropy „ Seaplane competition Whitman cup ., Tennis Rovers cup „ Football

16. Len Hutton in connection with cricket Charles Ezzard „ „ Heavy weight boxing Worrel „ „ Cricket Nigel Howard „ „ Cricket Frank Sedgman „ „ Cricket Naresh Kumar „ „ Tennis C. S. Naidu „ „ Cricket Gama „ „ Wrestling. Joe Maxim „ „ Boxing. Alec Bedser „ „ Cricket.


• 17. (a) Weight of a cricket ball is 5 J oz. to 5 J oz. circumference is 9". •

(6) If a bowler throws or jerks a ball, it is 'no ball' ; when a ball passes the batsman without striking either his ball or person and runs are scored, they are called byes : when no runs are scored in an over, it is called a "Maiden over".

(c) Amar Nath, Hazare, Phadkar, C. S. Naidu, Vinoo Mankad.

( i i Babu. (c) Cricket is the national game of England, Baseball

of U. S. A. (/) Distance between the posts are 8 yards. The

height of the bar is 8 ft. from the ground. (<?) When fully inflated the ball is about 28 inches in

circumference and 21 inches around its widest part. (h) A player is "offside" in a football game if he is

nearer his opponent's goal line than is the ball, unless there are two opponents between him and the goal line, or unless the ball was last touched by an opponent.

Penalty kick is taken from any suitable spot 12 yards from the goal line.

(i) In the game of hockey the distance between the posts is 4 yards. The bar is 7 feet from the ground.

18. (a) (»') If while hitting a ball, the player raises any part of his stick above his shoulders, either at the beginning o'r end of the stroke, the umpire declares it as "sticks". •' Penalty bully. The penalty bully is demanded for breach of discipline The offender, or some other member of his team has to take the bully 'with a member of the opposite team. All other players of his side have to go beyond the nearest twenty five yards line.

(6) (i) The length is 78 ft. Width is 27 ft.

(ii) Height of the net is 3 ft. (n») Length of the service line is 21 ft. from the net. (iv) The diameter of the ball is 2\" to 2%". The

weight is 2 oz. to ii\ oz.


(v) Lifting the ball high above the opponent's head to put it beyond his reach is called lob.

(c) (t) The net is 17 ft. to 24 ft. in length and 2 ft. 6 in. in depth.

(»0 The poles are 5 ft. 1 inch in height, (in) Weight of the shuttlecock is 73 to 85 grains ,

(he number of feathers is 14 to 16 : the length of a feather is 2\" to 2%"'•

Xole —This part has been wrongly printed below Q. 19,

19. («) I awn Tennis (b) Cricket (c) Yatch Racing (rf) Cricket (f Polo (/) Rugby foofball (ff") Badminton (A) Derby (?) Cricket (j) Hockey (k) Boat racing (J) Rugby-Football (WJ) Cricket.

20. The following were some of the star performers in the Asian games of 1951.

I.avy Pinto of India in 100 and 200 metres, Baghbanbasi of Iran in 5 ->oo metres, Tamoi Soichi of Japan in 10,000 metres. Chota Singh of India in the Marathon race,' Nishuchi Fumio of Japan in Decathon, M. Namjou of Iran in bantum weight.

Iran did best in weight lifting, India and Japan won most of the field events 1

21 The U. S. A., the U. S. S. R., Australia, Czechoslovakia. A resume of the games.

"The Helsinki Games will go down in history as the greatest record-breaking meet. Not a day passed without jiew, records being set up.. The Czecho.slovakian, EmiL .. Zatopek, was the man of the athletic festival. His achievement was remarkable. He was the first long distance runner "ever to win the triple crown in the Olympics. Zatopek created new records in 5,000 and io,ooo-metres and the Marathon. His timing for the endurance race was, astonishing as he strode out the 26 miles and 285 yards in 2 hours, 23 minutes and 3.2 seconds. The next" outstanding athlete was the Australian, Marjorie Jackson. Her brilliant spurts made her a world beater in the , 100 and 200 metres. She equalled the world record in 100 metres. But the 200 metres saw her in devastating form


and helped her to create a world mark of 23.4 seconds. Australia sent another star athlete, Miss Strickland. Her flight over the timber in the 80 metre hurdles was a brilliant feat and took her to a new world record of 10 9 seconds. And then there were several close finishes. The photofinish camera declared Remigino of the U. S. A. the winner from among four sprinters, all of whom finished in 10.4 seconds. Barthel of Luxembourg and McMillen of the U . S . A . ran home in the identical timing of 3 minutes 45.2 seconds in the 1,500 metres But Barthel just finished ahead of the U S. runner. This was a memorable race as four men beat the old Olympic record In the pole-valut too, four men leaped over the previous Olympic height ot 14 feet 3J inches but the U. S. Parson, Bob Richards lived up to his reputation by clearing the bar at 14 feet 11J inches.

Equally outstanding performances were recorded in the swimming events. The honours were shared, the Japanese once again showmg that they are adepts in this sport also.

Sf i&f fd wresthD!titIes went to the w e s t e r ° »«"o£ But Mm of Japan proved too good in the bantam weight free-style-wrestling. Russia swept the board in g y r n S c s and won numerous medals, but not sufficient t o T e a t ^ h e wreftlim, K n T J 3 n S d l

us t i n g u i ^ d themselves in

™ £ fg T ^ ' J W W - ° D t h e first individual Olympic medal for India by annexing a bronze medal. And Ron S S n a L n s t ' t h e T ^ - " T ™ * « « ' » * a ^ k - o S S u S But InHiS a n a d i a D ' ,B u t Uf l a ' i n t h e Preliminary rounds But India s proudest hour came when she retained her world hockey title, successfullyTtaviS; off .'iff opposition from Holland and Britain." S

22. (a) The following are the events in the athletic section of the Olympic Games : - I 0 0 metres, 2oo mere 400 metres, 800 metres, 1500 metres, 5000 metres ™o 000

?rs"S£;eu oh:r s hurdi?' 4°° =«« bias 3000 steeplechase, high jump, long jump, pole vault throwing the hammer, discus and javelin, hop*-step a n d -jump, shot put, throwing the hammer, 400 metres relay,


1600 metres relay, 1000 metres track walk, 50,000 metres-road walk and Decathon.

(b) The following are the events in the Athletic Championship :•—

100 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, 880 yards, 1 mile, 3 miles, 9 miles, Marthon, 120 yards hurdles, 400 yards hurdles, 2 miles steeplechase, jump, putting the shot or weight throwing the hammer, throwing the Javelin, 1 mile relay, 2 miles walk, 7 miles walk and Decathon.

(c) The Decathon is an all round test in which the competitor has to take part in ten events, the 100 metres, 400 metres, 1500 metres, n o metres hurdle, high jump, long jump, pole vault, shot put, throwing the discus and throwing the javelin all within two days, and score points in each or else retire from the competition.

This is the severest test of strength, speed, stamina, and fortitude to be found anywhere in the whole world.

It was won at the Olympic games of 1948 by Bob Malthis of U. S. A . ; Nislmchi Tumio of Japan in Asiads

of 1951. (ri) (i) Creases. In cricket a line indicating the

boundaries of a particular space, as the position of batter and bowler.

(«') Checkmate. In the game of chess when the king cannot avoid being captured on the next move, he is Checkmated.

(Hi) Deuce. It is a term used in lawn tennis and denotes that each side has gained three points.

(iv) Try. In rugby football, the score of the three-points gained by a player who succeeds in placing the ball with his bands over the enemy's line.

(v) Stone Walling. Batting with caution and offering •wall like resistance to the opposite party trying to force an easy or quick decision in its favour.

(vi) Touch line. In football Rugby, the lines defining the boundary of the field at the sides.

(vii) A Tackle. It is a tackle when the holder of the ball is held by players of opposite side in rugby.

"4io JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

' (viii) Stymied. When a player's ball lies between his opponent's ball and the hole and thus blocks the line of play it is called stymied. ,

{ix) A Cannon. A strike in billiards in which the player hits both the red and his opponents ball.

23. The Ryder cup with golf, the Brighton cup with hockey, the Westchester cup with Polo, the King's cup with air race, the I F.A. shield with football, the American cup with yatch racing.

24. (i) Three players of a team make the half back, while five are the forwards (»') The rectangle is ioo yards in length and between 55-60 in breadth. The weight of the ball is between 5} to 5] ounces. Its circumference is between %i\ to Q£ inches.

(b) Association football ; 11 on each side Basket ball : 9 on each side Water-polo : 7 » » » Rugby football : 15 „ „ „ (Rugby Union)

' 5 !) 55 35

(Rugby League) 25. (a) Some of the greatest names in Indian cricket,

past and present are :— • K. S. Ranjitsinghji, K. S. Daleepsinghji, the Nawab of

Pataudi, C. K Naidu, Vijay Merchant, Vijay Hazare, Amar Singh, Vinoo Mankad, Hindlekar, Lala Amarnath, Gulam Ahmed.

Kumar Shri Ranjeetsinghji (1872-1933) Maharaja of . Nawanagar, js the first among this fine gallaxy of great

Indian cricketeers. He was called "the tallest of the Romans". Much of his fame was won in England. The Ranji Trophy is named after him.

K. S. Daleepsinghji is Ranji's great nephew—"the Prince charming of cricket." He, however, did not remain long in the field due to ill health.

The Nawab of Pataudi who died recently from a fall in a polo match was another great cricketeer in the band of the select few. It was said of him. "He,was one who shared a grace of stroke, a soundness of defence and a balanced

GAMES AND SPORTS (ANSWERS) 4 I I

style which belong to those of the highest class." Both C. K. Naidu and Merchant were the kings of the game right upto 1940 or thereabout and played many successful matches against M. C. C. of England. Merchant, however, played magnificently so late as 1951 at Ferozshah Kotla. "His scintilating late-cuts and magnificent cover-drives were a treat to watch."

With the retirement of the two giants, their mantle has fallen to Vijay Hazare who captained India's team in England Versus India Test Matches. He is a steady man, though not spectacular like C. K. or stylish like Merchant.

Amarsingh was "a brilliant all rounder of the world and a live wire in the game." Hindlekar was India's finest wicket keeper batsman.

By his great performance at the games Vinoo Mankad^ won an undying fame in the cricket world. One exelaimed about him "What a cricketer the man is—one of the all time greats who would probably command a place in any world XI ?"

Amarnath the 'Rebel' cricketer is a brilliant though-eratic batsman. He has been chosen to captain the Indian team against Pakistani team when it visited India. Ghulam Ahmed is another great name in cricket. His forte is his off break.

(b) Some of world's great cricket players are or have been :—

DonBradman, Len Hutton, Danis Compton, Hammond, Ford Trueman, Nigel Howard, Alec -Bedser. -W. J.- Edrich.,'

(c) Names of the crickcteer who captained the test Matches in 1952 in India Vs Pakistan are : Amarnath on India's side A. H. Kardar on Pakistan side.

V MISCELLANEOUS'QUESTIONS 431!

1 (/) "Of tf&w many States does Ind,ia at present consist (excluding territories admiuistered directly by

' the (Union Government) What do you understand by (g) Secular State. (li) Fundamental Rights (1) Adult Franchise (j) House of the People.

Combined Exam, of the Military Wing and Air Force Academy, July 1950.

Q. 8. Describe in not more than 150 words the Organization of United Nations and functions of some of its Specialized Agencies such as W.H.O. F.A.O. U.N.E.S.C.O. |

Combined Exam. Military Wing and Air Force Academy of Indian Air Force July 1950)

Q. 9. Explain what is meant by— (a) a blue book (6) the Agony Column (c) a log book (d) third degree methods (e) the Fourth Estate (/) Stop Press (0) A coup d' etat (h) a sea-dog (t) Habeas Corpus

'(j) £ine die • (k) Ship money (0 Blue Peter

(m) Blue Ribbon ', Royal Indian Navy'Exam. 19*49.'

Q. 10. Explain briefly :— (a) By-elections

'* (b) Civil lists' *(c) Co-operative credit

. (d\ Curfew orders ^ ((e)* Psycho-analysis c(/) The Benelux countries

(g) Neanderthal man

I 4 3 2 *. JUNIOR* GENERAL KNOWLEDGE iESTS

-J ' \ (h) The Damodar Valley Project; I (*) The Western Union. , (j) Utilitarianism.

* Royal Indian Navy Exam. 1949.

Q. 11. Answer any three of the following :— (a) Name the two houses of the Central Legislature in

the present Constitution of India. (6) What do you understand by (i) the Union List

(ii) Rajpramukh ? (c) What are the qualifications for a member of the

Legislative Assembly of a State ? (d) How is the Vice-President of India elected accord

ing to the present Constitution ?

Q. 12. What do these names stand for ?— (a) Austin (/) Singer (&) Bata (g) Shalimar (c) Dunlop (k) Merck (d) Zeiss (i) Kodak (e) Hicks

Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Exam. 1954. >

Q. 13. What do the following words or expressions mean ?

(o) Vatican (/) The Papal Bill (6) Textile ((7) Q u a r a n t i n e

(c) Tripos (h) Deciduous trees (d) Hangar (i) D e c r e e N i s i

(e) Jamboree (j) R e d T a p e

Q. 14. Name the founders of the following institutes. • (i) Association Montessorie International (Indial

(ti) The Indian Congress. ;* (Hi) The Muslim University Aligarh. (ii;) The Hindu University Banaras. (v) The Ramakrishna Mission.

(vi) Servants of India Society, (tin) Vishva Bharati.

(yiii) India"!; Institute of Science.

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 4 3 3

(ix) The Brahmo Samaj. (a;) The Arya Samaj.

Q. 13 and Q. 14 Military Wing Examination 1953 (for Admission to the National Defence Academy).

Q. 15. What is ? ;— starch, cellulose, linoleum, litmus, a legume, lamp

black.

Q. 16. In what professions are the following used and for what purpose ?

Stethoscope, palette, hypnosis, silver bromide.

Q. 17. What do you understand by :— (i) The Four Freedoms.

(ii) The Ten Commandments. (Hi) Fifty, Fifty. (iv) The Hundred Days. (v) Thousand and one Night.

(vi) One in a Thousand. (vii) Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundred.

(viii) Second String. (ix) The Five Year Plans, (a;) Self-determination.

(xi) Self Denying Ordinance. (xii) The Seven Gifts of the Spirit.

(xiii) Dry Rot. (xiv) Caesarean section.

Q xg. Name the ranks of the Indian Commissioned Officers (formerly known as King's Commissioned Officers)

the Land Forces in ascending order of seniority. If the order of a particular rank is wrong, no credit will

. be given for that rank.

(«) (&) <fi) (d)

(«) (/)


(?) (A) (0 U)

Q. 19. (a) State the approximate number of soldiers-in:—

(t) a platoon (it) a company

(iii) a battalion (iw) a brigade («) a division.

Q. 18 & 19 set in Military Wing Exam. 1953. Q. 20. Answer the following :— (1) What is the difference between the Braille and the:

Morse Alphabets ? (2) What is the Centre of a target called ? (3) What are sponges ? (4) What is the composition of gun powder ? (5) From what source is the mother of pearls obtained

and for what is it used ? (6) What is the difference between a leading article and

a leading question ? (7) What arc the Nobel Prizes ? (8) Was the Holy Roman Empire so called because i t

was being ruled by the Popes ? Q. 21. Give the number of:— (a) Pints in a gallon (b) Gallons in a bushel (c) Feet in a fathom (d) Miles in a league (e) Drams in an an ounce (/) Hundredweights in a ton \g) Watts in a kilowatt (ft) Kilometers in a mile (1) Acres in a square mile.

Q. 22. What are the following ? :—

^ ( ° ^ r S f T f ™ ' W t . G r a ° d National, (c) Inferiority Complex, (d) The Internationale, (e) Treasure Trove.

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 435

Q. 23. Who or what is : — .(a) A flying lemur (6) Flying Dutchman (c) A flying Fox {d) A fly wheel ( 0 Flying Bomb (/) The Yellow Peril (3) Yellow Hammer (/i) The Yellow Jack (0 The Yellow Press.

Q. 24. (a) Name the most important radio stations ia India.

(6) Give the name or names of :— (i) India's Premier Navigation Company (it) India's

Locomotive workshop near Asansol («») India's biggest fertilizer factory (>"i>) The burial place of Akbar («) The burial place of Jahangir (in) India's three well known Destroyers (vii) The head of India's delegation in 1952 to the U.N. to debate on India's complaint against the aperthied policy of Dr. Malan's government.

Q. 25. Of what is the following a part or distinction ? (0 A spectacle shaped marking on the upper surface of

the neck (it) A tale with blue, green and purple eyes > (tit) A pouch in the belly ; (tv) A tale which rattles as it moves (t>) stripes all over the body.

Q. 26. What are the principal sources of income and the main items of expenditure of

(a) The Government of India. (6) The Governments of the States, (c) Municipal Committees.

Q. 27. Name in the order of merit the new gallantry-awards instituted by the Government of India.

Q. 28. (a) In which countries are the following papers printed ?—

Pravda, The Daily Express, Al Misri, Izvestia, Dawn,. Globe, Star, Ashai Shimbun, The Times.


(b) In what manner can signals be given by means of flags of (i j truce (2) mourning (3) distress (4) quarantine (5) danger (6) Respect (7) challenge.

(c) A recent railway disaster was found to have been caused by the removal of fish plates. What could you guess by this ?

Q. 29. Write not more than five lines on any two of the following :—

(a) Why is there so much tension today between the U. S. A. and the U. S. S. R.

(6) What had been the matter at issue between Great Britain and Egypt as regards the Suez Canal ?

(c) Why are Iran dnd Iraq a danger zone in international affairs today.

Q. 30. (o) How did the Industrial Revolution change the distribution of population in England ?

(b) Who was Woodrow Wilson and what part did he play in the First World War ?

(c) Give the date of the foundation of the U. S. S. R. Name the two most outstanding leaders of ths U. S. S. R., since its establishment.

{d) What are the Four 'Freedoms' enunciated by President Roosevelt ?

(e) Why is Asoka regarded one of the greatest kings the vrorid has ever produced ?

(/) Why is Raja Ram Mohan Ray regarded as the father of Modern India ?

Indian Air Force (Air Force Academy) Exam. 1952.

ANSWERS TO

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

1. (i) A state which does not show preference to or leanings towards any particular religion or creed, but treats alike all the various communities inhabiting its territories, without any distinction as to caste, creed, colour, sex or race etc. and in which all its citizens have equal rights, in all respects is a secular state. The Republic of India is such a one*

(ii) A Republic is a form of political constitution in which the supreme power is exercised, not by any hereditary ruler but by rulers choosen by and from the whole nation, or by their representatives. India, France, the U. S. A. etc. are all republics.

(Hi) The ceremony now performed every year of planting trees started by Shri K. M. Munshi, when he was Government of India's Food Minister. This was done to make the people counscious of their duty not to destroy trees indiscriminately, but to increase the forest wealth of the country, to plant trees on bare roads to give shade and coolness, to save erosion of soil and all other objects for which forests are preserved and developed.

(iv) A Multipurpose project is a project designed on an extended and ambitious scale for irrigation, power generation, flood control, navigation, prevention of soil erosion, fish culture etc. etc. Such projects are being pushed up by the Government of India, on which she is spending crores upon crores of public money. The Damodar Valley Project, The Kosi Project, The Hirakud Dam Project, The Bhakra-Nangal Dam Project are all multipurpose projects.

?,. (i) Fundamental Rights of Citizenships are those rights which the constitution of a country grants to its

437


citizens, irrespective of their castes, creeds, colour or sex etc. e. g., rights to equality, liberty of espresssion and association, rights relating to religion, property, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies etc. These rights are an integral part of the Constitution of India.

(j'i) Prohibition. Laws making illegal the sale of intoxicating liquors which first originated in the U. S. A. In India the Congress government introduced it as an experiment in various provinces, though this meant loss of much revenue to the exchequer.

(t») Abolition of Zamindari. Under the Zamindari system one or more persons own a village or many villages. He does not cultivate the land himself but gets this done by tenants. He simply collects the rent and only acts as an intermediary between the Government and the cultivator. It has been held that originally the land belonged to the tenants who have been deprived of it by successive invaders who bestowed the lands on their favourites and their officers and others. The zamindar is only a parasite rack-renting the tenant and is mostly an absentee landlord living on the produce of his land which he has not produced by the sweat of his brow. In all justice the land should belong to the tenant who cultivates it end hence the necessity of the abolition of zamindari. Laws have been passed in different states to abolish the zamindari system in recent years, most specially since the attainment of independence. Most prominent are those of Bihar and U. P., where compensation will be paid to the zamindars in instalments spreading over a number of years and the lands are being redistributed among tenants and Bhoomidari rights are being conferred on them.

( v) The Hindu Code Bill is an attempt on the part of the Indian Parliament to codify the so many Hindu codes •prevailing in India on progressive lines which bear a very clear impress of Islam and Christianity and the progressive West on Hindu India. It introduces many alien features which are so very obnoxious to the concept of the present day Hindu Law. For example it seeks to give the daughter a claim to the property of her parents, the right of the wife

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (ANSWERS) 4 3 9

or husband to judicial separation, and marriage in the same gotra. If accepted and made law it is bound to change the very structure of Hindu society.

(t>) The Nehru-Liaquat Ali Pact is a treaty of bilateral guarantees for minorities and human right between India and Pakistan made in April 1950. According to this treaty the two countries agreed (1) to give protection to the minorities in their respective countries with regards to their persons, their properties and their religious worship (2) that the minorities in both the countries will be regarded as their citizens and as such will have all the privileges enjoyed by the majority communities (3) that atmosphere and conditions will be created in both the countries by which all rancour and feelings of ill will are removed for the minorities (5) That there will be appointed ministers by both the governments who would see to the implementation of agreements arrived at between the two countries.

(vi) Adult 'Franchise. Right given to every citizen of a country to vote in the general elections, be they of muni' cipalities, district boards, the country's legislatures etc. without any fetters put upon him or her as to possessing certain qualifications, e. g., those of property, education, belonging to any particular class or community etc Generally only age limits, soundness of mind or being not a habitual criminal are the restrictions imposed.

3. India's Constitution lays down certain principles, which though not enforceable in any of its courts are nevertheless to be regarded as fundamental in the governance of the country and are to be constantly kept in view when making laws. Some of the most important of them are the following :—

"That the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.

2. That there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

- 3. That childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.


4. That the State shall take steps to organize village panchavats and endow them with such powers and authority as maybe necessary to enable them to function as units of self government.

5. That the State shall make effective provisions for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want.

6. That the State shall endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for its citizens.

7. The State shall try to provide for free and compulsory education etc. etc."

(6) The following are Part A and Part B States.

I . 2 .

3-4-5-6. 7-8. 9-

10.

Part A States Andhra Assam Bihar Bombay Madhya Pradesh Madras Orissa Punjab Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

1. 2 .

3-4-5.

6. 7-8. 9-

Part B States Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Madhya Bharat Mysore Patiala and East Punjab States Union

Rajasthan Saurashtra Travancore-Cochin Vindhya Pradesh.

(c) Its Composition. The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice

of India as its head, and seven judges working under him.

Its functions.

1. The Supreme Court acts as a court of record and has all the powers to punish for contempt of itself.

2. It has original jurisdiction in any dispute— (a) between the Government of India and one or more

States (6) between the Government of India and any State or

States on one side and one or more other States on the other.

(c) or between two or more States


3. The Supreme Court can hear appeals with reference to any judgment decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal and other proceedings if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law with regard to the interpretation of the Constitution of India.

Where such a certificate has been refused to be granted the Supreme Court can grant a special leave to appeal from such judgment, decree, or final order. Thus it acts as the highest court of the country with powers to over-ride decisions of all courts of the country.

(d) The President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of—

(1) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament. (2) the elected members of Legislative Assemblies of

the States. Qualifications for this office are the following :— He must

(»') be a citizen of India (»i) Has completed the age of thirty five years.

(Hi) is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People.

(e) Hindi in Devnagri script with international form of Indian numerals has been made the official language of the Union.

If a substantial proportion of the population of a State desires the use of any language spoken by it to be recognized by the State, the President can direct that such language shall also be officially recognized throughout that State or any part of it, and for such purposes as he may specify. The Legislatures of the States have also been empowered to adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State for all or any of the official purposes of that state.

Thus whereas no handicap has been put on the regional languages, the Hindi language is to be encouraged as far the possible to become in course of time, the official language of the Union to serve as a unifying force and as the language of the country.


(/) The following are the leading industries of India. i. Cotton 2. Jute 3, Iron and Steel 4. Sugar 5.

Paper 6. Cement 7. Matches 8. Leather 9. Wool 10. Tea.

Cotton is India's largest national industry involving a capital investment of 100 crores of rupees. It gives employment directly or indirectly to 15 million persons in India. There are about 400 cotton mills located in different parts of India. The industry is localized at Bombay, Ahmedabad, Sholapur, Nagpur, Kanpur, Madras, Coimbatore, Madura and Delhi etc.

The Jute industry is a big one, but it is confined mainly to Calcutta It has seen much up and downs in recent years as much of the area under jute cultivation has gone to East Pakistan. However its position is steadily improving. The gigantic scale of this industry can be seen from the fact that in 1951-52 India exported jute goods to the value of Rs. 265*45 crores. It is localized mostly in Calcutta.

The Iron and Steel Industry is the 'key' industry because other industries are dependent on it. It gives •employment to more than 600,000 persons. There are 35 factories manufacturing iron and steel in India involving a capital ' investment of 30 crores. The Tata Iron and Steel Works at Jamshedpur is the largest unit in this industry and probably the biggest in Asia.

The Sugar Industry is second only to the Cotton Mill Industry in importance. It represents a capital investment of Rs. 30 crores and provides employment to 120,000 persons. The industry is localized in U. P. and Bihar.

The Paper Industry is among the big industries of India. There are at present 17 paper mills in India. They are widely distributed, but Calcutta is the main centre. Some other centres are, Lucknow, Bombay, Saharanpur," Dalmianagar, Jagadhari, Poona, Bhadravati in Mysore, Sirpur in Hyderabad etc.

Cement is a large scale and growing industry. Most important factories are located at Madras, Porbandar, Katni in M. P., Patiala and Rajasthan.


Tea is chiefly grown in Assam, in Niligiri Hills, Kangra Valley and Dhera Dun. It has a large home •demand and is extensively exported.

(g) The Indian Union is neither very rich nor very poor in her mineral wealth. Her greatest deficiency is in non-ferrous metals. The most important of minerals are :—

Iron ores, Coal, Manganese, Mica, Gypsum, Petroleum, Salt; etc. Other minerals which she has in abundance are .—

Abrasives, Bauxite, Beryl, Corundum, Magnesite, Monazite, Ilmenite, Refractory minerals, Titanium and Thorium. Other minerals have not been sufficiently •exploited.

4. (a) See answer to Q. 3 para d

{b) Part A states are former Governors' provinces and are governed by Governors appointed by the President of the Indian Union.

Part B states are former Indian states, which have been integrated and have the former princes as their •Rajpramukhs.

Part C states are small states governed by Lieut. "Governors or Chief Commissioners or they are directly under the Centre.

(c) Under special provisions relating to scheduled and other classes, the Constitution expressly lays down that •"Seats shall be reserved in the House of the People for

(a) the Scheduled castes. (6) the Scheduled tribes, except in the Tribal areas

of Assam, (c) the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomus districts

of Assam. The number of the seats in any state shall be in

proportion to their population to that of the whole of the state and this in turn to the proportion of the seats allotted to that state in the House of the People. ' Similar is the procedure to be followed in respect of the

Legislative Assembly of every Part A and part B state.


It is to be particularly borne in mind that no weightage has been given to the backward communities in the Constitution. They will have their seats only in proportion to the rest of the population of the state.

(d) If an amendment of the Constitution is sought for it can only be initiated by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of that House present and voting, it shall be presented to the President for his assent, and upon such assent being given to the Bill, the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the terms of the Bill.

(e) The following countries were signatories to the North Atlantic Treaty : —

U. S. A., Great Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, Holland, Italy Denmark, Norway, Luxumbourg, Iceland and Portugal.

The following countries were signatories to the Council of Europe : —

Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Eire, Luxumbourg and Norway.

5. (a) The National Flag has Saffron colour at the top, white in the centre and dark green at the bottom (all three horizontal), with Asoka's wheel in navy blue in the centre of the white band.

(I) (i) 2 Annas. (») 3 pice or 9 pies.

(Hi) 6 As. registration fee. (tv) Rate of money order commission :—

For every sum of Rs. 10 or fraction of that sum 2 annas.

6. (a) Dialectical Materialism : It is the philosophical basis of Marxism. The conception was first developed by Hegel, a German Philosopher, who saw history as the ieflection of a certain logical process in the development of certain ideas. Marx reversed his theory, denying the dominant role of ideas in history as claimed by Hegel and declared that matter preceded mind and the

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (ANSWtRS) 445

actual development in nature and history, takes the dialectical process i.e., it moves from thesis (statement) through antithesis (countcrstatement) to synthesis (joining of the two in high truths). Marx used this method of argument, also called Dialectical Materialism, as a method of social criticism and analysis. He propounded the theory of "historical materialism", according to which every phase of human society, while moved by material forces, develops in a direction opposite to the original i.e., producing within itself its own opposite. Thus capitalist society creates the proletarain class which is of necessity opposed to it and bound eventually to overthrow it.

(6) Aperthied is the term employed to denote the segregation of different races in South African Union under Dr. Malan's Government. The white people live aDd have their commercial establishments apart from those of coloured people. This apertheid policy has been carried to such extremes that one set of people cannot use cafes, compartments in trains and buses, and areas reserved for the other.

(c) Sarvodaya Samaj : A Gandhian fellowship on an international scale started after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. It is not an organisation, but a voluntary brotherhood of constructive workers who have faith in the Gandhian ideals of truth and non-violence. The central idea of the way of Sarvodaya life is its basic Creed, namely, insistance on the purity of means in the same way as of ends. The Samaj maintains a register of Sevaks, i.e. persons who believe in the Gandhian ideals of life and want to take part in realizing them. Khadi, Harijan uplift, service of the Adibasis, leprosy relief work and promotion of communal harmony form part of their activities.

Shanti Seva Dal (peace brigades) is its active organ engaged in restoring communal harmony. Another allied organisation is the Serva Seva Sangh, whose function is to bring about a federation of the vairous institutions engaged in Gandhiji's constructive work.

{d) Zionism : A Jewish movemeat aiming at the establishment in Palestine of a Jewish State with its capital

wartime inmc u n g s somcwnere »u COUQtnes

o f America MUOWWB i n s e J g h t points, l ne Aueust I4> I94I> " . declare that they seek. l h e r .

x. No aggrandisemenMer«tonut ^ w i s h e s rf t h e

2 Mo territorial c&angc

«5»"r.rffl. S-iJSiSi"*5*their °"m

and respect lor tnc ng forms o ^ v e r n m e n t ^ ^ ^ ^ r a w m a t e r i a l s by the-

Pe°P l eSio improve labour standards, social security and e 4 H o a d e T a S Q a ; p e a c e in which men may live out

« ^ * ^ r ? " * high seas a n ,

' ° c J n S W U T a T m l r ^ nations pending the 8 To d lsaJmJ*C

eraa

ngf "rmanent system of general

establishment of a Jidet m d p a i d a n d e n c o u r a g e all

r e f p r a ^ V U u - for lightening the burdenof

armaments. , „ ,„ . , t ;o n s Mr Churchill indicated

that * e Charter was to yvy a TO1 , w h e r c a s

?°U-aent Roo ev t wS safd J, have had a wider conception P ^ d £ « S I t also transpired in course of time that l t h ^ r t r was an informal document, perhaps merely at* ** ! of oninion, since it had never been signed, pre-S r to S submission to United States Senate.


The United Nations have subscribed to the principles of the charter.

7. (a) 26th January 1950. ('>) The Indian President is elected by members of an

electoral college consisting of: — (a) the elected members of both the Houses of Parlia

ment ; (6) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies

of the States (c) Five years. id) Fifteen years from the commencement of the

constitution. (e) Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. (/) Nine part A States and eight part B States. (g) A secular state is one which does not patronize any

one single religion or community to the exclusion of others and in which all its nationals without distinction of creed, colour or sex or community enjoy equal citizenship rights.

(h) Fundamental Rights are the basic rights e.g., rights to equality, liberty of expression and association, rights relating to religion, property ; also cultural and educational rights and rights to constitutional remedies that the constitution of a country guarantees to its citizens.

(t) Adult Franchise. The right to vote granted by the constitution of a country, without imposing any-restrictions of property or education or distinction of sex, colour or creed etc etc. Every adult citizen attaining a certain age has the right to vote for choosing the members of the country's legislatures or municipal or district committees etc. Only insane or criminals are debarred from this right.

(j) House of the People. It refers to the lower houst of Parliament of a country.

8. The United Nations Organization is an association of states pledged to maintain international peace and security. Its charter was drawn up at San Fransisco Conference in 1945. Its original members consisted of

' Britain and the Dominions, U. S. A., the U.S.S.R., France,

A$ JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

China and Allied States. More new states have been admitted in later years. It has a general Assembly representing all the member states which meets regularly once a year. The Organization has another body, the Security Council which consists of 5 permanent members (Britain, U. S. A., U. S. S. R., France and China) and six others elected for 2 years. It is this body which takes most momentous decisions and makes recommendations to parties to a dispute and may call on all members to take economic or military measures to enforce its decisions.

There are other bodies, such as the E. S. C. 0 . (t. e. the Economic and Social Council) which initiates studies of international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters, F. A. O. (the Food and Agricultural Organization) to look after world food and agricultural problems, and W. H. O., which compiles world's health statistics and helps backward countries in righting diseases etc.

9. (a) A blue book is a book containing Acts of Parliament, reports or papers, issued by order of Parliament and receives this name because it is usually enclosed in' a blue

COvei . ,

(b) Agony column is the portion of a newspaper dcvotea to advertisements of a secret or personal nature.

(c) A log book is the official record of the proceedings on board of a ship. . .

(d) Third Degree Methods. Extremely inhuman metnoas used by police to extort confession or information from a suspect so as to find out the perperators of a crime.

(e) Fourth Estate. Name applied to the press. Burke was the first to coin this phrase while pointing to rePor te*j[ in the press galleries as the fourth great power in the

(/) Stop Press. The last minute news entry in a

special space in a newspaper when it is just going to be printed, while the rest of the material has already been completed *, the printing press being stopped or k?p waiting for the purpose.


(g) A coup d' elat. A violent and sudden change of government usually by a military administration, as for example, that of Gen. Naguib in Egypt.

(A) Sea-dog. This term is usually applied for an old sailor, or a pirate ; also for the dog fish or the harbour seal.

(i) Habeas Corpus is a writ to a jailor to produce the body of one detained in prison, and to state the reason of such detention.

(j) Sine die means indefinitely ; without a day assigned. (k) Ship money. This refers to the tyrannical tax

imposed by Charles I on seaports, revived without authorization of Parliament.

(I) A blue flag with white rectangular centre, hoisted when a ship is about to sail.

(wi) A prize won by the fastest ship for crossing the oceans in record time, beating other ships in speed. The word is Blue Riband and not Blue Ribon as misprinted in the question.

10. (a) By-election. Election to a seat rendered vacant during the running term of an elected body. This might occur on resignation, death or any other subsequent disqualification of the member originally elected.

(6) Civil List. It is a peculiar feature of the British Constitution, and means the statement presented annually to Parliament showing the expenses of the sovereign's household. In India Civil List is a publication containing the names and other details of government officials in civil employ.

(c) Co-operative Credit is the loan given generally for productive purposes, such as buying cattle, implements, seeds, manures etc. to its members by a Co-operative society.

(d) Curfew Orders. Orders issued by a military authority to inhabitants of a locality to get within doors during certain hours, specially from evening to sunrise. The necessity of these orders arises when there is any sort of civil commotion so that there be no mischief done during this time under cover of darkness.

This thing originated in the time of William I of England when bells were ordered to be rung at eight

450. JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

o'clock each night in towns and villages of Britain, as a sign to the inhabitants to extinguish fire and go to bed. It originated in the fear of fire breaking out when most houses were built of timber. In India these orders were issued by military authorities when there were violent demonstrations against government or Hindu-Muslim riots.

(e) Psycho-Analysis. It is a method of investigation and psychotherapy whereby nervous diseases or mental ailments are traced to forgotten hidden concepts in the patient's mind and treated by bringing these to light.

(/) The Benelux Countries—Belgium, Neatherland and Luxembourg countries which entered a Customs Union in 1947 and were together so called.

(17) Neanderthal man. The typical representative of a supposed race of early near—human beings, named from some remains found near Neanderthal, Prussia, in 1856.

(/») The Damodar Valley Project. It is one of the most gigantic of multipurpose projects, comprising of the construction of eight dams on the Damodar and its tributaries and a barrage at Durgapur. Out of these eight dams one is at Maithon, another at Konar, at Bokaro and so on. When completed the project will provide perennial irrigation to nearly 10,26,000 acres of kharif and 300,000 acres of rabi crops in West Bengal. It will provide an all water route between Raniganj coalfields and Calcutta. It will also generate 274,000 kw. of power.

(t) The Western Union. Name given to the close association of western European countries. By the Treaty of Brussels signed in 1948 between France, Britain, Belgium Holland and Luxembourg, the nucleus of the Western Union was formed. It is far from a federation and is essentially a defensive alliance against the Russian group of states. Italy and West Germany have been taken into the Union after the Nine-Power Pact in Octbber, 1954.

(j) Utilitarianism. A system of ethics which maintains that utility—the greatest good of the greatest number — should be the guiding principle of the legislator. It wa first put by Bentham and its chief exponents were Joh Stuart Mill, James etc.

iY.ISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (ANSWERS) /,$!

11. («) (i) The Lok Sabha (t e. The Lower House or the House of the People (ft) The Raj Sabha (/.e. the Council of State or the Upper Hou^e).

(b) (i) The list of subjects with which the Union Government of India alone can deal. For example, Defencfr of India and every part thereof, including preparation for deftnce and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution.

(f i) The former rulers of states, who, as long as they live, have been guaranteed positions in their states or in a Union of States to act as constitutional heads like the Governors of Part 'B' States.

(c) The qualifications for the member of the Legislative Assembly of a State are the following :—

i. He must be a citizen of India. 2. He must not be less than twenty five years of

age. 3. Must possess such other qualifications as may

be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.

(d) The Vice-Prciident of India is elected by the members of both Houses of Parliament assembled at a joint meeting in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such election is by a secret ballot.

12. (0) Car (b) Boots and shoes (c) Rubber tyres, (d) Lenses, (e) Thermometers, (/) Sewing machine (g) Paints (/t) Chemicals (f) Film and photographic goods.

13. (a) Vatican. The palace of the Pope in Rome situated on the Vatican Hill.

(b) Textile. A woven fabric is called a textile, specially of wool, cotton, or mixtures of these materials. Silk and linen are usually excluded from this term.

. (c) Tripos. This is the final Honours Examination for the degree of B. A. at the Cambridge University. It was formerly used only for examination in mathematics, now

45* JUNIOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TESTS

also used for other subjects such as classics and modern languages.

(d) Hanger. A large shed erected for the purpose of housing airships.

(e) Jamboree. This term is applied by the Boy Scout's Association to their national or world rallies.

(/) The Papal Bull is an edict of the Pope, so called from a leather seal (In Latin called the bulla) attached to it.

G7) Quarantine is the forced abstinence from communication with the shore which ships are compelled to undergo when they arrive from some port where some infectious diseases are raging.

%$) Deciduous tree. Trees whose leaves fall in autumn. (i) Decree Nisi is a decree that becomes absolute unless

cause be shown to the contrary. It is specially granted in divorce cases.

(j) Red Tape. This term is applied sarcastically to the intricate system of routine in public and government offices. The term comes from the red tape used in public and specially government offices for tying up documents etc.

14. (») Dr. Montessori M. D.3 D. Litt.. F E.I S (it) Mr. Allan Octavian Hume.

{Hi) Sir Syyed Ahmed. (ttrt Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya. (») The followers of Ramakrishna Paramabansa.

(in) Gopal Krishna Gohale. (vii) Rabindra Nath Tagore.

(viii) Mr. Jamesetji Nusservanji Tata. (ix) Raja Ram Mohan Roy. (x) Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

15. Starch is a carbohydrate found in most plants, specially rice, cereals and potatoes. It is an energy producing, but not a body-building food.

Cellulose is the material of which cell-walls of all plants are made. It is this substance which gives strength to plants. Cotton fibres are nearly pure cellulose §


Linoleum consists of linseed oil, soldified by combination with oxygcD, on a foundation of jute canvas.

Litmus is a vegetable dye which in a neutral solution (i.e. one which contains neither acids nor alkalis) has a purple colour. Acids turn it red, and alkalis turn it blue.

ALe.gu.me. A pod as of a pea or bean, is called a legume. More generally, a seed vessel which splits in two halves having the seeds attached to the ventral suture only.

Lamp black. The black substance formed by the smoke of a lamp : the soot or amorphous carbon obtained by burning bodies rich in that substance, such as petroleum, resin, tar etc.

16. Sethoscope in the medical profession to listen to the action of the heart; pallete in painting for mixing colours; hypnosis to the hypnotiser for inducing sleep, silver bromide in photography as the sensitive material for taking a photo.

17. (i) The Four Freedoms. President Roosevelt defined the "four essential human freedoms" as (i) freedom of speech and expression (2) Freedom of every person to worship God in his own way (3) Freedom from want (4) Freedom from fear.

(n) The Ten Commandments are the laws given to Moses on tablets of stone at Mount Senai. They are also called the Decalogue.

(iii) Equal. (iv) The days between March 20, 1815, when Napoleon

reached the Tuekvies, after his escape from E\ba, and June 28, the date of second restoration of Louis XVIII are called the Hundred Days.

(v) The Arabian Nights is called the Thousand and one Nights.

(vi) Anything exceedingly rare, implying high degree of rarity or excellence.

(mi) Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundred. "In British history, a hundred is a division of a county. The Chiltern hundreds are Stock, Desborough and Burnam, in Buckinghamshire. At one time the chiltern i. e. the hills

http://ALe.gu.me


between Bedford and Hertford etc. were much frequented by robbers, so a steward was appointed by the Crown to put them down. The necessity has long since ceased, but the office remains. The phrase is thus used for any sinecure post."

(cit't) Another expedient for attaining the same object in view.

(ix) Five Year Plans. This refers to the system of planning in the U. S. S. R. and the Five Year Plan in our own country. In the U. S. S. R. the plans were drafted by the State Planning Commission, and were submitted for criticism to all factories, farms etc. and were then carried out.

In our country the Five Year Plan has been chalked out by the Planning Commission.

In the Plan the Commission has submitted, it has discussed exhaustively all questions of national policy bearing on reorganization of the system of agriculture, the food policy, development of rural cottage and small scale industries, the future organization and set up of industry, transport and industry, conservation of mineral resources, development of irrigation and power, the system of edu-

r S i l i r l ^ f ^ 1 0 ? °i S ° d a l Serv ices> l i k e health and rehabilitation of displaced persons, improvements in public administration and machinerv fnr *uL • c , at the Centre and in the S?at« an?™ w ^ ' 0 " ° P " " T u r n m m : « i L , e s a n d Pubhc Co-operation.

Ministers of States has been set un Shri R , , I , . T I XT A hat been <sneHaii« ~~~~- J ? ' . n ^ulzarilal Nanda Planning P % a p p o m t e d Minister in Charge of

(x) Self determination. The thrnrv ti,„* „ no matter how small or weak has thl ?• V Y% n a t l 0 n ' its o w n f o i m o f g o v e r n i e n t M d t o m , 8 h t t ? ^ U p ° ^ affairs. m a n d l 0 manage its own internal

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (ANSWERS) 455

(at) The Self Denying Ordinance. Name given to an Act passed by the Long Parliament in 1644, by which members bound themselves not to accept certain posts, particularly commands in the army. This name was also given to an arrangement made respecting British naval promotions and retirements in 1870.

(xii) Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Power or Fortitude, Knowledge, Righteousness, and Godly Fear.

(xiii) Dry Rot. A decay of timber caused by fungi "which reduces it to a dry brittle mass.

(xiv) Caeserean section or operation. Delivery of a child by cutting through the walls of abdomen and uterus of the mother, when the child cannot come out of the womb in the natural way. Caeier was believed to have been so delivered.

18. Junior Commissioned Ranki. (a) Jamadar (b) Subedar or Risaldsr. (c) Subedar Major Commissioned Ranks. (a) 2nd Lieutenant (/) Brigadier (b) Lieutenant (g) Major-General (c) Captain (h) Lieut-General (d) Major (t) General (e) Lieut. Colonel (j) Field Marshal

19. (a) Platoon : 60 men. (b) Company : 240 to 250 men. (c) Battalion : 1000 men at war strength. (d) Brigade : In infantry usually four battalions. (e) Division : 350 officers, 10,000 to 40,000 men.

20. 1. In the Braillie system the words are printed in relief for the blind, while in the Morse system they are in dots and dashes.

2. A Bull. 3. The sponges are a group of acquatic animals of

cellular structure, the outer coating of whose bodies is perforated to allow the entrance of water which provides the animal with food and oxygen. These sponges do not


swim freely but are always attached to some external object.

4: Gun powder is a mixture of saltpetre, sulphur and carbon.

5. The mother of pearls is a substance formed in layers against the inner side of the shell of the pearl oyster. It is produced from the outer tissue of the mollusc during the formation of the pearl within the tissue. It is used in the manufacture of buttons, knife handles, spectacles and inlay work.

6. A leading article is the leading editorial article in a newspaper, while a leading question is a question so put to a witness in a court, as to suggest the answer that is wished or expected.

7. The Nobel Prizes : Five Prizes founded by Alfred Nobel, a millionaire, who in his will left a sum of i£-million pounds for the prizes. They are awarded annually for the most deserving person in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. The prizes are open to men and women of all nationalities and the awards are made by learned bodies in Sweden and the Norwegian Storting.

8. No. The empire was founded by Charles the Great and ruled by his successors. It was a revival of the ancient Roman Empire of the West. At the time of its formation the Papal Church was beset by many enemies and Charle's support of the Pope was rewarded by this Imperial title.

21. (a) Eight pints make a gallon.

(b) Eight gallons make a bushel. (c) Six feet make a fathom. (d) Three statute English miles make a league. (e) A dram is iV'of an ounce, avoirdupois. (/) Twenty hundredweights make a ton. (g) 1000 watts make a kilowatt. (h) l mile=about 1.6 kilometers, (i) 640 acres=1 square mile.

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (ANSWERS) 457

22. (a) The grand Prix is an international horse race run annually in June at Longchamps, France. The course is r mile 7 furlongs.

(6) Grand National is a famous English steeplechase race run at Aintree near Liverpool during March or April. The couse is 4$ miles long containing 3 jumps.

(c) Inferiority Complex. An exaggerated feeling of inferiority to one's fellow beings of which the victim is unconscious.

(d) Internationale. The international Commnnist anthem.

(e) Treasure Trove. Coins or precious articles found in the ground,* whose owner cannot be discovered. If it remains unclaimed it becomes state property and the discoverer is rewarded.

23. (a) Flying lemur is a small insectivorous mammal. (b) Flying Dutchman. A legendary spectral ship,

supposed to be seen in stormy weather off the Cape of Good Hope, and considered ominous of ill-luck.

(c) A flying fox. It is a kind of fruit eating bat, with form like face.

(d) A fly wheel. A heavy wheel connected to an engine to control its speed and rotating when the engine is in motion.

(e) Flying Bomb. Also called the v-i bomb. It was a bomb carried in a small pilotless aircraft, moving by jet propulsion, first used against southern England by the Germans in the summer of 1944.

(/) The Yellow Peril. The danger that the yellow races may crush the white and over-run the world.

(9) Yellow Hammer. It is a bird belonging to the Bunting family. It is a song bird and so named because of its yellow colour.

(h) Yellow Jack. Also known as yellow fever, is an infectious fever mostly in tropical Africa, and other tropical lands. It is spread by germs carried by a mosquito whose bite causes the infection.


(«') The Yellow Press. Newspapers abounding in sensational articles, and prone to reckless exaggeration.

24. (a) Radio stations in India are at : Abmedabad, Allahabad, Amritsar, Aurangabad, Baroda, Bombay, Calicut, Cuttack, Delhi, Dharwar, Gauhati, Hyderabad, Jullundur, Lucknow, Madras, Mysore, Nagpur, Patna, Shillong, Trichnopoly, Trivandrum, Vijyawada.

(t>) (i) India's Premier Navigation Company is called the Scindia steam Navigation Company; (n) India's Locomotive Workshop near Assansol is the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works ; (tit) India's biggest fertilizer factory is the Sindri Fertilizer factory ; (iv) the burial place of Akbar is at Sikandra ; (v) that of Jahangir is at Lahore ; (vi) India's three well known destroyers are : "The Rana", "the Rajput", and "the Ranjit" ; (vii) the head of the Indian Delegation to the U. N. was Mrs. Vijyalaksmi Pandit.

25. (i) A cobra (ti) A peacock (HI) A kangaroo (iv) The rattlesnake (v) The zebra.

26. (a) The main sources of the income of the Government of India are i . Customs 2. The Central Excise 3. Corporation Tax. 4. Incometax 5. Currency and mint 6. Contributions of the Railways and Posts and Telegraphs.

The main items of expenditure are 1. The Defence services 2. Civil Administration 3. Civil works 4. Irrigation works. 5. Debt Services and 6. the new expenditure on Relief and Rehabilitation.

(/>) The sources of income of the States are: 1. Land Revenue 2. Water rates 3. Provincial or State Excise Duties 4. Forests 5 Stamps 6. Registration 7. Sales Tax 8. Share of the Income-tax and lastly miscellaneous taxes, like, urban immovable property tax, entertainment tax, agriculture income tax etc. which bring substantial amounts to them.

Items of state expenditure are the following :— 1. General Administration, like expenditure on police,

magistracy, law courts, jails, legislative assemblies etc.


2. Beneficient departments like Education, Public health, industries, agriculture, veterinary hospitals, co-operation etc. 3. Debt services, i. e. the payment of interest on the state Government's public debt. 4. Expenses incurred in collecting revenue by the various departments ot the government. 5. Civil works i. e expenditure like those on roads, buildings, canals and other public works.

(r) Sources of revenues of a municipality are 1. Octroi or terminal taxes 2. House tax 3 Fees and licenses 4. Income from municipal property 5. Income from commercial undertakings 6. Grants and 7. fines.

A municipal committee usually spends its income on 1 maintenance of fire brigades 2. Lightening of public streets 3. Construction and maintenance of public roads 4. Provision of primary education 5. Maintenance of hospitals and dispensaries 6. Maintaining birth and death rates 7. Maintenance of burial and cremation grounds. 8. Looking after the sanitation of the town 9. Regulation of dangerous trades etc. etc.

27. The four gallantry awards are 1. Param Vir Chakra 2. Maha Vir Chakra 3. Vir Chakra 4. Asoka Chakra.

28. Pravda in the U. S. S. R., The Daily Express in England, Izvestia in the U S S. R , Al Misri in Egypt. Dawn in Pakistan, Globe in Canada, Star in the U. S. A., Ashai Shimbun in Japan, The Times in England.

(b) 1. The flag of truce is a white flag 2. of mourning when it is dipped half mast 2 of distress when it is upside down or at half mast 4. The yellow flag is displayed by a ship in quarantine 5. Red flag is used as a danger signal 6. Dipping of the flag i. e. lowering it and then hoisting it is a mark of respect 7. When a challenge is given the red flag is hung out.

(c) It is a case of sabotage. 29. la) The tension between the two power blocks is

due to the fact that the great communist state of the U. S. S. R. has begun to dominate the world and therefore the U. S. A. as the champion of democracy and liberal


capitalism must balance the other great world powers on a global scale.

(6) The main difference between Egypt and England over the question of evacuation of the canal zone has been the availability of the canal base to British troops. Egypt insisted that the base should be available to the British troops only in case of a land attack on any Arab country. Britain insisted that an attack on Turkey should be included as a ground for the return of British troops to the zone or when the U. N. declares a global war, also, that the four thousand technicians left behind should be in military uniforms. Also, Britain wanted Egypt to join some defence arrangement, which Egypt would not.

(c) Because they have rich oilfields and unsteady governments. Who controls or influences them, is master of these rich oil deposits so essential for modern industry and warfare. The two opposing power-blocks would atonce try to occupy them in the event of a conflict between them.

30. (a) The Industrial Revolution converted England • from an agricultural to an Industrtal conntry. The many inventions led to the substitution of the factory system for_ domestic industry, and brought about a drift to and the concentration of population in the great cities of the North, mostly near coal and iron fields. Manchester, Birmingham, Sheffield and many other big cities which were mere hamlets and small towns before now grew into the big cities of today due to this Industrial Revolution.

(6) Woodrow Wilson was the President of the U.S.A. during the First World War. He strove to keep the U.S.A. neutral during the Great War, but the German U boat campaign forced him to declare war in 1917. In January, 1918 he issued his famous "Fourteen Points" as a basis for a just peace settlement. At this Peace Conference in Paris he secured the establishment of the League of Nations.

(r) The Union of Soviet Social Republics was formed in 1923. The two most outstanding leaders of the U. S. S. R. were Lenin and Stalin.

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (ANSWERS) 4 6 1 ..

id) The 'Four Freedoms' enunciated by President Rosevelt were :

1. Freedom to Worship God in one's own way 2. Freedom of Speech and Expression. 3. Freedom from want 4. Freedom from Fear.

(e) Asoka is regarded as one of the greatest kings of the world for the following reasons :—

1. He was one of the saintliest of kings that the world has produced. Unlike many an ambitious king before and after him, whom lust of power and hunger for land led to unnecessary butchery and domination of other people, Asoka stayed his hand from war after the Kalinga battle and devoted himself whole heartedly to service of man and beast putting the whole machinery of government to this task.

2. He turned Buddhism from a mere sect into a state religion.

3. He carried the message of peace and love througho u t his whole vast empire by personal example, by his edicts and the instructions he issued. Mankind has not witnessed in many all the succeeding centuries such a spectacle or such sustained efforts for such moral uplift or service of mankind on such a grand scale by a great monarch.

(/) Ram Mohan Roy has been truly regarded as the father of modern India on various grounds, most important •of which may be mentioned below :—

1. Ram Mohan Roy was a great pioneer of English education which is the foundation of modern system of education.

2. His reforming activity was constantly directed against the social abuses of Hindu society, notably the rigours of the caste system and the degrading position of women. He was thus the morning star of the various reform movements of our day. It was he who gave them the first impulse.


"In the field of Indian politics also, Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the prophet of the new age. He laid down the lines for political agitation in a constitutional manner which ultimately led to the birth of the Indian National Congress half a century later. His views on political problems are surprisingly modern, and in essential features represent the high water mark of Indian political thought of the nineteenth century.'' He is thus in every respect the pioneer and prophet of modern India.

A COMPANION VOLUME TO THE

Junior General Knowledge Tests JUNIOR BHARAT YEAR BOOK

1955 Price Rs. 2j- only

A book that will help a candidate appearing in any :ompetitivc examination to answer any question on India set in a paper on General Knowledge.

It covers quite thoroughly all the topics on which uestions can be set and have been set in previous years ifter every chapter relevant questions have been given >hich were actually set in the Joint Services Wing (for the N*ational Defence Academy), the Military Wing, Indian Air Force, Indian Administrative Services, Engineering Services, Survey of India and other examinations during she last seven or eight years, (mentioning the year in which i particular question was set) right upto 1954. This places n the hands of a student not only complete and most ipto date material on each and every topic on India but Iso serves to show him what questions have been set on ndia in various examinations from year to year, which he iust thoroughly master and memorize so that he is at ome with the subject when answering. •ontenti.

. The Constitution of Bharat, that is, India.

. Union and State Ministries, Speakers of Indian States Important Personages in India, Diplomatic Personell (Indian and Foreign) etc. etc.

Famous Personage in Indian History and Literature and foreigners connected with Indian history.

— (ii)

12.

13

4. Indians Abroad. 5. Integration of Indian States. 6. Political Parties in India. 7. India's Defence Forces. 8. India's Multipurpose Projects. 9. Means of Communications in India.

1 0 . The Community Projects. 11. India's Five Year Plan.

India's Irrigation systems and canals. India's Famous Monuments, Historical Buildings, Temples, Mosques and places of abiding interest and their location.

14. Places of Historical and other Interest in India. 15. Cities associated with Institutions and other Interest

(Historical, religious etc.). , > 16. India's Industries—Cottage, small scale and large

scale and their location. t

17. Indian minerals and agricultural production and their location. 1 '

18. Peoples and Races in India. 19. Masterpieces of Indian literature Past and Present

and their authorship. 20. India's Architecture and sculpture, musicians,' dancers

and painters. , \, 21. Languages of India and where they are spoken. " ^ 22. Well known subjects and events connected witl

Indian history. - * 23. Important dates in Indian History. 24. Well known and important battles in Indian history. 2s Education in the Indian Un;.on. / - ^ 26. Health Services in the Indian Union etc. etc-/ '

And a host of other topics, essential for Competitive Examinations.

This book was taken from the Library on the date Last stamped. A fine of I anna will be charged for each day the book is kept over time.

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