,:-a- t' „.••••,y^^'y u- ' "•:• a. : "^Z •W!>v...

.,]P< •••

^yiil'€

:>:/'

;f*si. I'

• . V • • • • *

<; /i'i^.

1

. • ; • • • • - f c - ' S • ' • . ' ' • ' • • • • • • ?'•••' • • •

^^^

#

^ , qfsj i^ ^r§>^ ." f?

». 1$ . > ^

^11 ^ o - .<\5>..\.-...S..^., 5?^^ ?fo VZ:...>Q..3..v«<'..

COLLOQUIAL PERSIAN

Uniform with this volume

COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQULAi

COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL

COLLOQUIAL COLLOQUIAL

FRENCH OERMAS ITALIAN JArA>.'F.SE

ARABIC

PERSLA.N SPANISH CinXKSE KXGLISH n i N D U S T A N I IIUXGARIAX MALAY RUSSIAN RUMANIAN

London Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner

& Co. Ltd.

COLLOQUIAL PERSIAN

By

L. P. ELWELL-SUTTON B.A. Eons. Arabic

LONDON

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD. BROADWAY HOUSE: 68-74 CARTER LANE, E.G.

Firet published 1941 RepritUed September 1943 Seprinted January 1946

>/A

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD., HERTFORD

CONTENTS PAGB

PREPAOE vii

INTRODUCTION viii

T H E PERSO-ARABIC ALPHABET . . . 1

PRONUNCIATION. 2

LE8S0K

I. NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, SIMPLE SENTENCE CON­

STRUCTION 9

II . PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, INTERROGATIVES,

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS . . . . 1 5

I I I . T H E VERB, STEMS, SIMPLE TENSES, VERBAL

SENTENCES . 2 3

IV. PARTICIPLES, AUXILIARIES, IRREGULAR VERBS,

ADVERBS 30

V, AUXILIARIES, IMPERSONAL AND CAUSATIVE

VERBS, SUMMARY OP TENSES . . . ~ 39

y i . COMPOUND VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS . . . 46

VII. SUBORDINATE SENTENCES . . . . 51

VIII. NUMERALS 58

IX. TIME, DATE, MEASURES, ETC. . . . 64

X. WORD FORMATION : (a) PERSLAN . . . 70

XI . WORD FORMATION : (6) ARABIC . . . 75

XII . GREETINGS, OATHS, HONORIFICS, POLITE

PHRASES, ETC. 82

VI CONTENTS

CONVERSATIONS

Travelling Sightseeing . Shopping Domestic Office . An Investigation At Work In Camp

VOCABULARIES

A. English-Persian Military, Naval and Air . Technical Professions and Trades, etc. Commercial, Office, etc. . Political and Administrative Domestic Clothes Plants and Flowers Animals, Birds, Fish and Insects Parts of Body-Proper Names General

B. Persiarir-English

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREFACE

1 T is only in recent years that Western eyes have begun to look vdth close attention at the extensive (though not

thickly populated) country of Iran. Though for many it is still the country of Haji Baba, of Persian carpets and Persian cats, yet there is a growing realization among careful students of foreign affairs that the new Iran is a portent of some significance in the IVIiddle East of to-day. In part this is due to its strategic importance, in part to its importance as an oil-producer, but more, perhaps, than anything, to the new outlook Avith which its whole social system is per­meated. This new outlook, outwardly so strange to the East, and yet in reaUty derived firom something fundamental in the Iranian character, affects every aspect of Iranian life— their pohtios, their economic system, their culture, their language.

This manual is intended primarily for those whose interest lies in learning to speak the language, and who lack either the time or the ambition to master the apparently bewildering script. It will, however, be useful also for those who intend to go on to the written language. It is designed to cover the language of the common people and no more; polished speech can, indeed, only be acquired after a study both of Persian literature and of the Arabic language.

My special thanks are due to Dr. J. Heyworth-Dunne and Dr. Bernard Lewis for advice and suggestions, and to my wife, who patiently undertook many of the more arduous duties involved.

INTRODUCTION

npHE book is divided into three parts. The Grammatical section is intended to take the student through all the

elementary grammar that he will require for colloquial purposes. He should work through these lessons in turn, the exercises of which are designed to provide practice in the subject matter of each. The Conversations, on the other hand, are classified under such topics as travelling, domestic, etc.; they are intended to improve the student's command of vocabulary and colloquial expressions. Full Vocabularies are also provided with the aid of which the student will be able to make up his own sentences or to carry on conversations with native speakers.

Two points are to be noticed. The exercises and conversa­tions have not been literally translated, but an equivalent colloquial English version has been given. The student will find it useful to study the different modes of expression used in Persian and in English.

The system of transcription has been devised to combine, as far as is possible, accuracy, simplicity, and consistency. It does not correspond at all closely with the Arabic alphabet, and therefore probably will not please the scientifically minded ; but it is felt that any elaborate system of diacritical points and signs would be not only confusing but quite unnecessary for the purpose for which this book is designed.

THE PERSO-ARABIC ALPHABET

1. The following table gives the Arabic letters used in written Persian and the transcription used in this book. In the third column is given, for comparison, the standard transcription as used in St. Clair Tisdall's Persian Conversation Grammar.

I _ >

<li

>1>

z. £

c c J

j

p t

s

J ch

h

] * d

z-

P t

s

j ch

h

kh

d

z

Consonants

J

j

J

w

L T

w J' i .

u t t

r

z

^

s

^ s

z

t

z )

^

r

z

z

s

sh

s

? t

z

(

gll

Fozrefo

- i f

O g& cT k

^ g

J 1

f »^ 0 a

J V

. h

^ y

f

q k

g 1

m

n

V

h

y

— a

— e > — 0

a

i

u

*1 d

l l . a

1

eh

a

i

j l u C$-e

B

U

ai

au

2 PRONUNCIATION ) r

PRONUNCIATION

2. Persian contains the following twenty-two consona sounds:—

(i) Pronounced very much as their English equivalents, care being taken to articulate them fully :

b, f, j , m, p, z. s—always as in " sit", never as in ** as ". n—generally nasahzed before g and k. Before b and p it-

becomes m. h—^must always be pronoimced, e.g. nohsad " nine

hundred ", djahr " town ". z^ 1—" s " in " pleasure ", or French j in " je ". ^ '—as in " wi^ ". ^ ^—as in " cheese ".

(ii) The following differ shghtly from their English equiva­lents :—

d, t—^rather softer than in Enghsh. 1— must be enunciated very clearly, as in " leaf", even at

the end of a word. The Enghsh tendency to " swallow " it (hall, bowl, real) must be avoided.

r—must be trilled; it is always pronounced, e.g. charm " leather ", not cham.

k, g— have their Enghsh equivalents before a, o, 6, u (see para. 3); before a, e, e, i they are " palatahzed ", that is articulated much further forward in the mouth, the §ffect being as if a very short y-sound came between consonant arid vowel, e.g. kyetab " book ", but kag^ez " paper ". This rule,

* The underlining indicates that these two letters are to be pronounced as one sound ; it is only used in zh, ^ , cb, gh, Wi. It should be noted that these letters may occur together as separate sounds, in which case they are not Tinderlined, e.g. eshajj^ = Isaac, chizha = things (pronounced es-h&gh, chiz-h&).

PRONUNCIATION 3

also appUes when they, come at the end of a word, e.g. dd^akky ' 'mattress", sagy "dog" . ^ N,B.—" g " is always hard, as in garden , never as in

" ^y-ilearly articulated; at the end of a word it sometimes turns into an i- or e- sound. T - h a s a tendency towards w; at the end of a word it

sometimes turns into an 6- or u- sound.

(iii) The following do not occur in EngUsh : -th 1 is used to represent the Scott-h and Ge^an^^^^^^^^

" c l " It must never be pronounced as k on the other ', '4.^ ^ frpnift of •* h " must also be avoided,

hand the opposite extreme ot n m ^^warded"

f . 7 t r ^ t r : K L t - \ " m ' " W a g e n > > . This sound r ana oi iu« .. „ ^ ^ occasionally,

•' """^ r : : l Z t S a ^ t ^ S - m U n g of the Axabic especaUy »*,«"« « ° ^ ^ 7 ^ 4 i , t te throat) may be preserved sound a k P"^°"^^ „^^,. Examples: tajfesirortaqsu

^l^'sT-Doubled c o ^ t s r.^^ - l " ^ ? ' "^ P ' ° ° ° " " " ' separately; of. book-case.

„ T7 7o Tt is impossible to represent the Persian vowels

adequately in ^ ^ P ^ ; , * a w o k e n languages, they S S a « ; f r o S T a l e ^ t dialect, and even from speaker to

speaker.

1 See note Ion page 2. d^ced by using the voice (the'vocal a " Voiced " consonants are proQ ^ ^ ^ p^j^^^^ ^^th. etc.);

chords) as weU as the organs of spcecM^g.^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ con^pondmg thus for example d, b. z are "unvoiced" consonants.

4: PRONUNCIATION

a—about half-way between the English vowels " a " in " ca t" and '* u " in " cut", with slight tendency towards

6 '* in " n e t " ; all these extremes must be avoided. It retains this sound even when followed by r, h, etc.

a—very nearly as the " a " in "wash", but with a tendency towards " a " in " father ". In the Isfahan dialect it is nearer " au " in *' Maud ". Before -n it generally becomes u.

e'(& in terminations)—roughly as " e " in " net ", or French " 6 " in " p6re ", but with a slight tendency towards " i " in " s i t " (especially before " y " ) .

6—varies from the diphthong " a i " in " maid " to the French " h " in " bl^ ", but generally has a slight diphthongal tendency—e«.

i—as " e e " in "sweet", but without the Englisli diphthongal tendency.

0—lies somewhere between the French " o " in " pomme " and " 00 " in " foot", but nearer the former. ^ d—varies from the diphthong " ow " in " bowl " to a pure " o " as in the French " mot "—generally " 6" ". It frequently stands for " av " or the Arabic diphthong " aw " (" ow " as in " now ").

u—"oo" as in " roo t" or French " o u " as in " cou ". ,. '^"^'T^* ^ ^ ° ^ ^ ^6 noted that the above vowels are all djstmct in sound, as opposed to length. Each of them may be either short or long, but this distinction has no effect on the sound (and does not in any way correspond to the distinction in the Arabic alphabet). The.only rule worth remembering 18 that vowels foUowed by two consonants at the end of a word or syUable are lengthened, e.g. hast = " there i s" , goft == he said ", seft = " hard ", m'st = " is not", etc. in the Isfahan dialect this tendency to " di-awl" these vowels IS very marked. " 6 " and " e " are also generally

PRONUNCUTION 5

This lengthening is not marked in the book, as it would, merely create confusion; it can only be picked up with any degree of accuracy by hearing the spoken word, and does not affect the meaning or construction. This, of course, is also the case in English.

Another point to be noticed is that the sound is not affected, as in English, by any following consonant, such as r, h, y, etc. The contrast is shown in the English " charm" and the Persian charm " leather ".

(4) The apostrophe ' is used, to represent the two Arabic consonants ^ (hamza) and p ('ain), as these are not distinguished

in Persian. Between two vowels it does not more than separate them, e.g. sa'at "hour", "watch ". Between a vowel and a consonant it indicates a slight slurring of the vowel, e.g. ta'mir " repair " = ta*mir, fe'lan " actually " = fe^lan, raje' "concerning" = raje«, ^or'an "Koran" = ghor^an. At the beginning of a word it is not pronounced, and is therefore not shown. Following a consonant at the end of a word it is hardly pronounced, but has the effect of lengthening the preceding vowel in accordance with the two-consonant rule given above (para. 3); e.g. rob' " quarter " = rob. It is useful to remember that in Arabic the two sounds which this apostrophe represents are regarded as consonants.

Occasionally it is found in purely Persian words, usually between a word and a suffix, e.g. pa'in = " below ".

It must be reaUzed that the printed word can only give an idea of the pronunciation of the sounds of Persian ; neither consonants nor vowels correspond exactly to any English sound. Correct pronunciation can only be achieved by listening carefully to native speakers, and imitating or even mimicking their speech.

PRONUNCIATION

ACCENT AND PITCH

(5) Generally speaking the accent in Persian is on tlie last syllable of the word (with the exception of certain grammatical suffixes^ such as the pronominal suffixes—see para. 14). It may also occur earlier in the word for the purpose of emphasis, e.g. kard = " he did ", 'nakard = " he did not do " (see para. 26). Frequently there is a secondary accent on one of the preceding syllables, e.g. a^az"ldia'ne = " kitchen ".

The most characteristic quality of Persian, however, is the pitch or tone of voice, and it is neglect of this that makes the efforts of most Enghshmen ludicrous to an Iranian. It is impossible to represent it satisfactorily on paper even with an elaborate system of diacritical points and signs ; it must be learnt by ear. In this connection a systematic and careful study of the Persian Linguaphone Records would be useful.

DIALECTAL PECULIARITIES

(6) There are numerous dialects in Persian, some of which have been adequately studied. The beginniner, however, would be extremely unwise to attempt to cover aU these; and he will find that the language spoken by the fairly educated classes will be intelligible in most parts. The chief differences are in the pronunciation of the vowels ; the spread of educa­tion has meant an increasing standardization in the Vocabulary used. There are, however, certain peculiarities used by all classes when speaking to workmen, servants, etc., and even among themselves ; some of these are noted here, and others will be met with in the course of the book.

t , ^ , y, V tend to disappear when they come between two vowels, e.g. a^a "Mr.'" becomes a, miyayad "he is commg ", miyad, miravad " he is going ", mirad, im^ahio^ " we wish ", miWiim, etc. (see paras. 25. 27^.

PRONUNCIATION 7

a before -n (and frequently before -m) becomes u. This is, in fact, the normal pronmiciation, and will frequently be used in the exercises without any special explanation. In the vocabularies -an will always be written, but it may be understood that either pronunciation may be used.

EUPHONY

(7) It frequently happens that the grammatical construction brings together two vowels. In such cases it is usual to insert a " y " for purposes of euphony, though before or after " i it is not always required (especially in careful speech).

The examples are of two kinds :—

tt: »

(a) When a word ending in a vowel has a suffix beginning with a vowel.

(i) The Plural ending -an (para. 9), e.g. a^ayan. (ii) The Indefinite ending -i (para. 10), e.g. Hian^-i or

l^aneyi. (iii) The Ezafe -e- (para. 11), e.g. l^ane-ye-bozorg (but not

after -e-, see (6) below). (iv) The Pronominal Suffixes (para. 14), e.g. Mianeyam

(but y is often omitted in this case, and contraction takes place, e.g. l^anesh for Idianeye^).

(v) The Present Tense of " budan " (para. 34), e.g. raffce-y-am, rafte-im, or rafte-y-im.

(vi) The Verbal Terminations added to the Present Stem (paras. 25,29), e.g. miguyam, migu-id, or miguyid, ayande, etc.

(6) When a prefix ending in a vowel is placed before a word beginning with a vowel.

(i) The Ezafe (para. 11), which is never followed by y, e.g. dolat-e-iran.

8 PRONUNCIATION

(ii) The Verbal Prefixes mi- and be- (paras. 24, 25), e.g. mi-avaram, miyavaram, or miyaram (coll.), beyayand or beyand (coll.).

(iii) The Negative Prefix na- (para. 26), e.g. nayayad or nayad.

LESSON I

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. SIMPLE SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

CASE AND GENDER

(8) THERE are no case inflections in Persian. There is no distinction of gender, words wWcli are naturally

feminine being treated for grammatical purposes exactly as other nouns (e.g. madar= "mother", do^tar = "daughter", " girl ", l^ahar = " sister ", etc.).

N.B.—^In certain words and phrases borrowed from Arabic, the Arabic feminine ending -ah is found, which in Persian becomes -6 or -at, e.g. vasile = " means ", forsat = " oppor­tunity ". Arabic" adjectives qualifying such nouns should strictly speaking take this feminine ending; but in ordinary conversation it is frequently omitted. The Arabic element in Persian is discussed more fully in Lessons X and XI (paras. 70-6).

NUMBER '

(9) (i) The ordinary Plural ending is -ha (in colloquial often -a); e.g. ketabha = " books ".

(ii) Occasionally the ending -an (coll. -un) is used for persons, e.g. ag^ayan (pi. of a^a) = " gentlemen " ; this is the correct use, but is not always observed in colloquial.

(iii) Arabic words very often have the Arabic "Broken" Plural, which consists of an internal change in the form of the word, e.g. diart " condition ", ^arayet " conditions " ; l&zem, lazeme " necessary ", lavazem " necessaries " ; serr " secret", asrar "secrets" (see para. 72).

9

10 LESSON I

(iv) The Arabic Feminine Plural ending -at is sometimes found not only with Arabic words (especially those ending in -e or -at), e.g. amaliyat ** operations ", but also with Persian words, e.g. deh " village ", dehat; miv^ " fruit ", mivejat (note the insertion of - j- after -e, the regular practice with Persian words).

N.B.—^Plurals of inanimate objects generally take singular verbs (see para. 28).

ARTICLES

(10) There is no article, either definite or indefinite ; the latter is, however, frequently indicated by the suf&x -i (unaccented); ketabi = " a book ". In colloquial this is generally strengthened by the use of yek, yey "one" , and in this case the -i may even be dropped or attached to yek; yek ketabi, yek ketab, yeki ketab. Notice the use of yek lAord^ " a mouthful" and yek ^ a d r i " a quantity " in the sense of "some, a little" ; yek lAord^ ab = "a little water ".

N.B. (1).—This -i is also often used with nouns qualified by the Indefinite Adjectives (para. 21).

N.B. (2).—This ending is not to be confused with the Relative ending, e.g. esfahani = " of Isfahan" (which is denved from Arabic), or with the Qualitative ending, e.g. mardi " manliness " from mard " man " (para. 69).

THE EZAFE

(11) A second word may be linked to a noun by the Ezafe construction, which consists in the insertion of the particle -e- (-ye- after a vowel) between the two words; it has the following uses:—

LESSON I 11

(i) Possessive (two nouns): ketab-e-bach6 = " the child's book " ; pesar-e-reza = " the son of Reza " (notice also hosen-e-reza = ** Hosain (son) of Reza "). In colloquial the word mal " property " is generally inserted as well, e.g. ketab mal-e-bach6.

(ii) Apposition : hosen-e-nagh^a^ = " Hosain the painter ".

(iii) Descriptive:—

(a) Nouns : rah-e-esfahan = " the road to Isfahan ". Many compound nouns are formed from two nouns without

the insertion of the Ezafe, e.g. liab-gah = " bedroom" (sleep-place), ruz-name = " newspaper " (day-letter) (see para. 68).

(6) Adjectives follow the noun they govern, and are linked to it by the Ezaf6 ; l^ane-ye-bozorg = " the big house ". But after an indefinite noun the Ezafe is omitted, e.g. bach^-i-kuchek, yek bache kuchek = " a small child ".

N.B.—^In certain cases the adjective precedes the noun, e.g. pir-e-mard = " the old man ".

They are not inflected in the Plural (unless used as nouns), e.g. lAaneha-ye-bozorg = " big houses ", but bozorgan = " great ones ". The Ezafe construction can never be split, though several nouns and/or adjectives may be linked together by it, e.g. doWitar-e-bozorg-e-ahmad = " Ahmad's eldest (lit. big) daughter " ; dolat-e-shahandiahi-ye-iran = " the Imperial Government of I ran" ; ra'is-e-bank-e-melli = " the manager of the National Bank ".

N.B.—^For other uses (Prepositions, Infinitives, and Verbal Nouns) see paras. 19 and 37.

This Ezaf^ link is a very close one, and can never be separated.

12 LESSON I

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

(12) The Comparative is formed by the addition of the suffix -tar, e.g. bozorgtar = " bigger", kuchektar = " smaller ". " Than " is translated by az (lit. from).

The correct form of the Superlative has the suffix -tarin ; bozorgtarin = " the biggest" ; bozorgtarin-e-otomobilha = " the biggest of the cars ". A commoner colloquial construc­tion is the Comparative with az hame "than all", e.g. bozorgtar az hamd.

"Very," etc., is expressed as in such phrases as the following:—

l^eli boland = very hng besyar jAob = very good harch6zudtar = as quickly as possible (Ut. ivhatever {is)

qwicker).

Certain words have special forms for the Comparative and Superlative, e.g. lAob, behtar, behtarin = " good, better, oesv .

CONSTRUCTION OP SIMPLE SENTENCES

(13) The order of the simple sentence is: Subject, Predicate, Verb, eg. hasan hSzer ast = "Hasan is present". The verb

08 (descnbed more fully in para. 30) has two forms in the Present Tense, as foUows (3rd Pers.): ast (in col-bqmal -^), and hast ^ " exists ", " there is " ; e.g. bache ku^ek-^ = the child is small" ; ab hast = " therels water .

The negative particle is na-, prefixed to the verb; before « t and hast it gives tie form nist, e.g. hSzer nist = " he IS not present ; nuv6 nist = " there is no fruit".

v e r T w " K t . ' ' ^ x . ^ ? " P ' "* ' g'^^'^Uy l"'ve a singular verb, e.g. ketabha l i a hast = " there are many books ".

LESSON I 13

Questions may be indicated (if there is no Interrogative Pronoun—see para. 20) by the tone of voice alone, the word-order being kept; in correct speech the particle aya may be inserted at the beginning of the sentence, without any other change. Common conversational uses are :—

(i) The addition of ya na ( = " o r not"—accent on na) at the end of the sentence.

(ii) The negating of the verb. Neither of these is nearly as strong as the EngUsh usage,

and may be used even in pohte conversation.

EXERCISE I

(1) yek ketab kuchek (2) ketab-e-kuchek (3) ketab kuchek ast (4) ^ahr bozorg-6 (5) miv6-ye-ldiob (6) ra'is-e-bank hazer ast 1

(7) Wier, ag^a, hazer nist (8) pedar-e-ahmad

nag^g^a^-d (9) manzel-e-pesar-e-reza

boland ast (10) ket§,b mal-e-eshag^ ast (11) otomobil hazer-e (12) esfahan diahr-e-bozorg-& (13) fe'lan ab nist (14) ab I^eli lazem ast (15) tag^sir-e-hosen ast (16) n a ^ ^ a ^ hazer ast

See note^ on page 2.

A small book The small hook The book is small The town is large Good fruit Is the bank manager

present P No sir, he is not Ahmad's father is a painter

The home of Beza's son is taU

The book is Eshaa's : The car is ready Isfahan is a big city

: Actually, there is no water : Water is very necessary : It is Husain's fault : The painter is here

U LESSON I

(17) zud Mzer aat = He is early (18) yek ^adii miv6 hast = There is some fruit (19) rah ^eli boland ast = The road is very long (20) reza az hosen kuchektar = Beza is smaller than Husain

ast (21) ^ahi-e-tehian bozorg- = The city of Tehran is the

tarin-e-^ahrha-ye-iran ast largest o! the cities oi Iran (or:.. azham^-ye-^ahrha-ye-iran bozorgtar . .)

(22) ab l^arab ast = The water is bad (23) ab-e-liob hast = There is good water (24) postl^S,ne hast ya na ? = Is there a post office P (25) bale, a^a, postliane hast = Yes, sir, there is (26) pe(Jar-e-bach& ^ayeb ast = The child's father is absent

LESSON II

PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, INTERROGATIVES, INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

(14) (i) Separate. SiTigular.

1. man = / 2. to = you 3. u (literary) = he, she,

in 1* an J (coU.) (*LiteraUy"tliis", "

(ii) Suffixes. Singular.

1. -am = my, me 2. -at = your, you 3. -(e)^ = his, him

Plural. ma =we ^oma = you

, it idian = they anha* (col.)'

that", " those ".)

Plural. -aman = our, us -atan = your, you -edi§,n = their, them

N.B.—^to and -at are used in speaking to intimate friends, children, servants, workmen, etc.; in other cases ^oma and -atan are used for the singular as well as the plural.

(15) The Separate forms are used :—

(a) To introduce any sentence in. which a pronoun or a reference to a pronoun occurs. Thus they may be used as—

(i) the grammatical subject of a sentence : in tanbal-e =heis lazy

(U) the logical subject (usually linking with a pronominal suffix later in the sentence):

to manzelat in ast ? = (you) is this your house ? 15

16 LESSON II

This use is rather colloquial, and not as a rule found in correct speech, in which the pronouns are replaced by honorifics (see para. 79).

In both the above cases they may be omitted altogether.. (6) Linked to a noun by the Ezaf e to indicate the possessive

case, e.g. ketab-e-man = " my book ". This, however, is rather emphatic, and usually the suffix forms are used (with­out Ezafe).

(16) As indicated in the table, the Suffixes are used— (a) in the possessive construction (ketabe^ = "his book " ) ; (6) as the objects of verbs and prepositions (see para. 28). They are attached to the word (noun, verb, preposition,

etc.) with which they are linked and are unaccented. They are used much more widely in colloquial than in correct speech. When the noun is qualified by an adjective, the pronoun follows the latter, e.g. ketab-e-taze-ye-man = ** my new book ".

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

(17) Especially in colloquial, the separate forms given above are often replaced by the Reflexive Pronoun l^od "self" with a pronominal suffix: liodam = " myself, I " ; manzel mai-e-liodam = " my (own) house " : l^ode^ hazer-^ = " he (himself) is present".

^od should always refer to the speaker or to the subject of the sentence. In this way it may be either Possessive or the Subject or Object of a verb.

DEMONSTRATIVES

(18) in = this &n, un = that

LESSON II 17

Wten used as adjectives, the demonstratives are unchanged in the plural: an bache = " that child", in ^aneh& = " these houses". When, however, they are used as pronouns, they take the plural ending -hk ; inhS, = ** these (men, things) ", anha = " those, they " ( = i^an).

They are frequently found compounded with other words, e.g. hamin, -an = " the same " (ham = " even, also " ) ; chonin, -an = " such " (chun = " like " ) ; inja, anjd = " here, there " (j^ = " place "), etc.

PREPOSITIONS

(19) The prepositions, all of which precede the noun they govern, fall into two groups, those without Ezafd, and those with EzafS.

(i) Without Ezdfk

az =from ba = with be = to, with tu = in (coll.-

with —also Ezafe)

bi ta joz dar bar

= without = as far as = except = in = {on—in c

az is often compounded with prepositions of group (ii): p i^ az, ^abl az = " before (time) " ; g^er az = " other than, besides ".

be has a great many idiomatic uses, and is frequently used in compounds with other prepositions, e.g. ta be = " as far as, until " ; be-joz ( = " except"); be-^er az, etc.

bar is rarely used by itself, but is commonly prefixed to such prepositions as sar, ru (see next group); it is also found in the compound proposition bana bar = " according to " ; bana bar in = " accordingly, therefore ".

18 LESSON n

(ii) With Ezdf^.

A few of these are true prepositions; others are nouns. The remainder are adverbs, e.g.:—

PREPOSITIONS

bedun = toithout bara-(ye) =for bar(-e) (coll.)

NOUNS

ru, bar ru sar, bar sar ja, beja avaz

= on = on, at the top of

h' instead of

jehat, be-jehat, az iehat , .

i: T. 1- T- T- r = because of sabab,'be-sabab, •'

az sabab babat taraf, be-taraf be-janeb be-vasiI6 be-v^set^

= concerning = in the direction of = by the side of, beside

h by means of

ADVERBS

birun = outside daMiel = inside bal& = ahove pa'in = below, at the foot of zir = beneath

LESSON II 19

= near, in the presence of, in the possession of, chez pahlu

nazd, nazdik jolo (we-) ] = in front of, p i^ J before {place)

^ r", \ = behind a^ao ) -meyan = in the midst of, between ben = between

Most of these prepositions may be preceded by az, dar, ta etc., with their appropriate meanings, e.g.:—

az birun =from outside dar meyan = in between ta pa'in = as far as the foot of be-jol6 = to the front of

All prepositions may be followed by the separate forms of the pronouns (with or without Ezaf6 as appropriate), but'in colloquial it is more usual to use the pronominal suffixes; e.g. aze^ = " from him ", betun = " to you " (pi.), t u ^ = " in i t " , ag^abat = " behind you " (sing.), etc. For the first persons, however, man and ma are used in preference to the suffixes.

p i ^ and pahlu are often used in place of the verb " to have ", e.g. ketdb pi^-e-man ast = " I have the book " ; nan pahluye^ (pahludi) nist = " he has no bread ".

INTERROGATTVES

(20) These words may generally be used either as pronouns, or adjectivally in close connection with a noun or pronoun.

20 LESSON II

They are usually placed as near as possible to the verb, or verb and qualifying word.

kodam ? M? ch6? Chechia 1 chi? ch6t6r che jur(^) che gune chand ?

chera ? ke? take? koja ? 1 ku? J

= which ? — who ?

= what ?

= what kind of ? how f

= how much, how many ? (followed by the noun in the Singular.)

= why ? = when ? = till when ? how long ?

• = where f

INDEFINITE PBONOUNS

(21) kas, kasi h i ^ hichkas har 1 hamS J harkas tamam-e-digar

= smneone = none (verb takes na-)

= no one (verb takes na-) = aU, every, each, any (N.B.—

hame^ all of it, everything.) = everyone = all, the whole of = other, another, more

chand (sing.) \ chand ta (pi.) i = some chandin j chandin az 1 , b^'ziaz j-^omeof

LESSON II 21

kam =j&w, little kami yek kami

yekdigar = one another

1= a few, a little

When these are used as adjectives, the following noun generally takes the indefinite suffix -i (see para. 10).

EXERCISE II

(1) manzelatun koja-st ?— = Where is your house P— manzelam birun-e-^ahr-^ My house is outside the

town (2) ch6 tor hastid ?—man = How are you P—I am very

^eli nal^o^am ill (3) hasan chera hazer nist ?— = Why is Hasan not here P—

dar bazar-^ He is in the bazaar (4) dar zamestan barf l^eli = In winter there is much snow

hast (5) a^a-ye-hakim tu man- = Is the doctor in the house P

zel-e ?—Mier, a^a, ^ o d e ^ ^ No, sir, he (himself) is not hazer nist present

(6) adipazbirunast?—naldier, = Is the cook out P—No, sir, ag^a, ham inja-st he is just here

(7) an ^aldis ki-^ ?—baradar- = Who is that man P—It is e-^6fer-e the driver's brother

(8) in chiz chi-e ?—chizi nist = What is this thing P—It is nothing

(9) ch6 l^abar-e 1—in ch^ = What is the news, what chiz-e ? has happened P—What

(thing) is this P (10) miv6-ye-ldiob tu b^zar = Is there good fruit in the

hast y& na 1 bazaar P

22 LESSON 11

(11) kodam az inhi ^ofer-6 ? = Which o! these is the driver P (12) Jiichkas hazer nist = No one is present (13) ch^ chiz ru-ye-miz ast ?—= What is on the table P—It

nun ast is biead (14) in kag^ez bar-e ^oma-st = This letter is for you (15) mS^n-e-ma koja-st 1— = Where is our car P—It is on

d§,liel-e-rah (sar-e-rah) -e. the road (16) velayatat ku ?—vela- = Where is your home P—My

yatam esfaban-^ home is Isfahan

LESSON III

. THE VERB, STEMS, SIMPLE TENSES, VERBAL SENTENCES

(22) THE Infinitive of all Persian Verbs ends in -tan (after l i , f, s, ^ ) , -dan (after n, r, or a vowel), or -idan. From the Infinitive are formed (directly or indirectly) the two stems on which the tense system is built up.

(a) By cutting off the termination -an, the Past Stem is formed, e.g. ko^tan " to kill", ko^t ; mandan " to remain ", mand ; davidan " to run ", david; Wiaridan " to buy ", Miarid; didan " to see ", did.

The Past Stem is always regular. (6) By cutting off the terminations -tan, -dan, or -idan

(as the case may be), the Present Stem is formed; e.g. ko^tan, k o ^ ; mandan, man; l^aridan, Hbar.

In many common verbs this stem is formed irregularly, and must be learned from the vocabulary; e.g. kardan " to do ", kon; didan, bin; raftan " to go ", rav; amadan " to come ", a ; da^tan " to have ", dar (see para. 31).

Once these two stems have been obtained, the conjugation of the verb is quite regular.

N.B.—^The original root of the verb is the Present Stem. To this was added the termination -dan to form the Infinitive. For phonetic reasons, however, this ending could only be used after a stem ending in r, n, or a vowel. In the case of stems ending in other consonants (and frequently even in cases with r, n, and vowels) one of the following methods was adopted:—

(i) i was inserted before -dan, e.g. dav-, davidan; liar, ^aridan. This is very common with roots formed from Arabic

23

24 LESSON III

words, and from nouns, jadjectives, etc. (even when euphony does not demand it). (But note that certain other verbs also end in -idan, e.g. didan).

(ii) After f, ^ (s, 1 ), -dan became -tan, e.g. ekaf—-^ekaftan " to split", ko^—^ko^tan.

N.B.—^Roots ending in these consonants are comparatively rare, -s and - ^ not being found at all; but in the Irregular Verbs—(iii)—^many Infinitives have them as the result of phonetic change.

(iii) A change was made in the final consonant (and frequently in the vowels) of the stem. These are the Irregular Verbs; a list of the common ones will be found in para. 31, together with a note on the phonetic changes that take place.

(23) The following Personal endings are used with these stems:—

Singular. 1. -am 2. -i 3. - (Past)

-ad (Pres.)

Plural. 1. -im 2. -id 3. -and

(24) From the PAST STEM are formed the Past and Imperfect Tenses.

(i) The Past Tense is formed by the addition of the personal endings:—

^aridam = / bought lAaridim = we bought ^aridi =y(m bought Hiaridid = you bought ^arid = he (she) bought kharidand = they bought

(ii) By prefixing mi- to the Past Tense, the Imperfect Tense is formed, e.g.:—

milAaridam = I was buying mi^aridi = you were buying, etc.

LESSON III 25

(iii) From the Past Stem is also formed the Past Participle (see para. 29).

(25) From the PRESENT STEM are formed the Imperative, and the Subjmictive, and Present Tenses.

(i) The Imperative consists (in the 2nd Person Sing.) of the simple stem, and (in the 2nd Pers. Plur.) of the stem with -id, e.g.:—

Wiar ! = buy I Hbarid! =buy ! (pi.) Except, however, in the case of most compomid verbs (see Lesson VI), the particle be- (bo- before a syllable with o or u) is prefixed, e.g.:—

beMiar! bel^arid! bokon \=do! bokonid \=do! (pi.)

but negah kon! = " hok ! " (from negah kardan) (ii) The Subjunctive is formed by the addition of the

Personal Endings to the Present Stem ; as in the Imperative, the prefix be- (bo-) is generally added in the case of simple verbs. It may be used by itself (" let him buy "), or in subordi­nate sentences (" that he may buy "), etc. (see paras. 44-7).

belAaram = let me buy bel^arim = let us buy bel^ari = may you buy bel^arid =7myyoubuy beWiarad = let him buy bel^arand = let them buy

(iii) The Present Tense is formed by prefixing mi- to the Subjunctive (without be-), e.g.:—

mi^aram = I buy miHbarim = we buy mi^ari = you buy miliarid = you buy milAarad = he {she, it) buys mil^arand = tJiey buy

This tense is also frequently used with a Future meaning, (iv) From the Present Stem are also formed the Present

Participles and the Verbal Noun (see para. 29). (26) The Negative of all these tenses is formed by prefixing

26 LESSON III

the Negative particle na- (accented); be- is then dropped (but not mi-), e.g.:—

nal^aridam = / did woi buy nakhar = do not buy ! naldiarad = let Mm not buy

we do not buy namiliarim = - ive are not buying

ice will 7Wt buy N.B.—^The verb da^tan " to have " does not take mi-

or be-, even when used by itself; daram = " I have ", etc. The Subjunctive is expressed by the Perfect Subjunctive— dadite baaham (see para. 34).

(27) In colloquial speech contraction takes place in the tenses formed from the Present Stem, when that stem ends in h, V, or a vowel (after which y is normally inserted— see para. 7); thus from raftan :—

miravam becomes miram

miravi nun miravad „ mirad miravim ,, minm miravid „ mirid miravand „ mirand, etc.

Similarly from amadan {d)— beyayam becomes beyam beyayid „ beyid, etc.

from l^astan (Idiah)— miMbaham becomes mildiam, etc.

from goftan (gu)— miguyam becomes migam ") -^ m i i u ^ „ miiim p * * t^at these g's miguyand „ migand, etc. a^^o* Palatalized.

LESSON III 27

from dadan (deh)— mideham becomes midam midehid „ midid, etc.

Note also that the regular Present Stem of avardan— avar—becomes ar, e.g.:—

miyavaram becomes miyaram miyavarid ' „ miyarid, etc.

Thus the rule may be summarized :— V, h, and y may be omitted, and in that case—

(i) i absorbs the preceding vowel.

(ii) a absorbs all vowels except a, by which it is itself absorbed.

In certain two-syllable stems, the first vowel is often dropped after be-, mi-, and na-; e.g. bogzar (for bogozar) = " place ! " ; migzaram (for migozaram) = " I will place " (from goza^tan, stem gozar).

CONSTRUCTION OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

(28) The regular order of a sentence is— Subject—^Extension of Predicate—Object—^Word closely

qualifying verb—Verb ; but this order may be changed for emphasis.

The Object of the Verb may be indicated by placing the particle -ra after it (only, however, when it is definite). The Object may be a single noun, a noun with adjectives, or even a phrase with a Verbal Noun, Infinitive, etc. In all these cases the -ra is placed at the end of the phrase, and not necessarily immediately after the noun.

In colloquial it becomes -o or -a, or very often is omitted altogether.

28 LESSON III

n6karam dar mizlAan^ = my servant prepared supper ^am-ra hazer kard in the dining room

^6fer-e-madiin-e-ra'is-e-koll .= 7 saw the driver of the General ra dar bazar didam Manager's car in the bazaar

When the object is a pronoun, -ra must (in correct speech) be suffixed to the separate forms ; but in colloquial it is more usual to attach the pronominal suffixes direct to the verb, e.g. didame^ = " I saw >n'm " (instead of ura didam).

Many verbs are used with prepositions instead of having direct objects ; these must be learnt by practice. Some may have either, e.g. goftame^ or be^ goftam = " I said to him " ; be-manzelam raftam = " I went to my house", raftam manzel = " I went home ".

The Plural of the Verb is normally only used for rational or living beings (see para. 13).

EXERCISE III

(1) dar ^ahr kasi-r§, nadidi ? = Didn't you see anyone in the town P

(2) bal6, a^a, hassan-e-^6fer- = Yes, sir, I saw Hassan the ra didam driver

(3) anja ch6 kar mikard ? = What was he domg there P (4) che midanam, a^a ? man = How should I know, sir P I

naporsidam didn't ask (5) besyar ]Aob ! bord, bedi = Very well! go and say to

bogu "har che zudtar beya!" liim ««Come as quickly as possible "

(6) man tdz^ az esfahan = I have just come from amadam; dar in ^ahr Isfahan ; is there a good mehmankhan^-ye-^ob hast hotel in this town P ya na ?

LESSON III 29

(7) bale a^a, dar lieyaban-e- = Yes, sir, there is a good one paUavi yeki l^ob hast in Pahlavi Street

(8) ba do ro^e bord, anja = Go by droshky, you vrill zudtar mirasid arrive there sooner

(9) emruz yek giini ard = To-day I want one sack of mildiaham, yek ^u t i sabzi flour, one tin of vegetables va yek paket chay and one packet of tea

(10) in 4rd geran asfc. bal6, = This flour is dear. Yes, Mianom, g^emate^ zeyad madam, its price has diod gone up

(11) mive-ye-l^ob darid ? = Have you some good fruit P bal^, Idianom, in sibha bad Yes, madam, these apples nist, vali an l^arbuzebS, are not bad, but those behtarin-e-mive ast melons are the best of

fruit (12) 14.eli Wiob, yek ldiarbiiz6 = Very well, give me one melon

va yek kHo sib bedeh and one kilo of apples

LESSON I V

PARTICIPLES, AUXILIARIES, IRREGULAR VERBS, ADVERBS

(29) THE following are commonly used :—

Past: formed from the Past Stem by the addition of the termination -e, e.g. karde " done ", raft^ " gone ", ko^te " killed ", Miaride " bought ".

Present: (a) Agent: formed by adding -and6 to the Present Stem, e.g. konand^ " doing ", " doer ".

(6) Action: formed by adding -an to the Present Stem, e.g. ravan " going ".

When used as nouns, these Particles may take the Plural ending -an (-gan after -e). .

The Past Participle (beside its uses as noun or adjective) is used in the formation of the compound tenses of the verb (see para. 34).

The Present Participles are used both by themselves, e.g. namayand^ = " representative " (from namudan—^namS, " to show " ) ; and in the formation of compound nouns, e.g. kar-konande = " employee ".

The Gerundive (expressing future or necessary action) is formed by adding -i to the Infinitive, e.g. raftani = " about to go " ; ko^tani = " fit to be killed ".

The Verbal Noun (expressing the action of the verb) is formed by adding -e^ to the Present Stem, e.g. :—

^ a h e ^ = " wish " (from Hiastan—l^ah = " to wish "). ku^e^ = " effort" (from kuMan—kush = " to try ").

30

LESSON IV - 31

AUXILIARIES

(30) The following verbs, besides having their normal meaning, are also used as auxiliaries in the formation of compoimd tenses:—

budan (ba^) = to be ^odan (^av) = to become l^astan (lilh) = to wish

These are conjugated regularly in accordance with the stems given, with the exception of budan which, in addition to a Present Tense formed regularly from ba^, has the following:—

Singular. Plural. 1. am 1. im ) 2. i 2. id j- without mi-3. ast, -6 3. and J

This form is used with adjectives, and also as the auxihary. The meaning of the regular form (miba^am, etc.), is rather

indefinite, and almost equals the Subjunctive (may be). budan also has the following Present Tense, used by

itself, and having rather the meaning of " exists, there is " :— Siiigular. Plural, 1. hastam 1. hastim 2. hasti 2. hastid 3. hast 3. hastand

(again without mi-)

With na- it becomes nistam, etc., the form also used for the negative of am, i, ast, etc.

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (see para. 22)

(31) amadan—a = cmne amukhtan—S,muz == learn

32 LESSON IV

amilAtan—&miz afzudan—afza andalditan—and&z bastan—^band bayestan—^ba bordan—bar budan—^ba^ dS,dan—deb da^tan—dar danestan—dan didan—^bin ferestadan—^ferest fereftan— ferib farmudan— farma fomWitan— forush

isatan—gozar goz&^tan—gozar ga^tan (gardidan)—gard

(Sometimes used instead of ^ gereftan—gir goftan—gu istadan— ist jostan— ju kardan—^kon kaftan—^kar Uiastan—^l^ah lAastan—l^iz kuftan—^kub mordan—mir neahaatan—^nediin namudan—^nama nave^tan—navis neb&dan— neh

= rmx = increase = throw = bind, close, fasten = ought (impers.) = carry, take away = be = give = have = know (o thing—" savoir ") = see = send = deceive = command = sell = pass by = put, place, leave = become, turn

diodan as auxiliaries.) = take = say = stand = seek = do = sow, plant = wish = rise = strike = die = sit = show = write = lay down

LESSON IV 33

oftadan—oft politan—^paz paziroftan—pazir pardal^tan—pardaz raftan—^rav rilAtan—liz saj^tan—saz sepordan—separ sulditaii—8UZ ^ayestan—^a ^ustan—^u

(coll. ^ur) ^ekastan—^ekan diomordan—diomar ^enalitan—^enas diodan—^av rfianidan—^anav tavanestan—tavan yaftan—^yab zadan— zan

=fall = cook = accept = pay =go = pour = make = entrust = bum = befitting (impers.) = wash

= break = COU7lt

= know {a person—" coimaitre ") = become = hear = be able =find = strike

N.B.—^For those interested in the phonetic aspect, it may be noted that the following changes take place.

(i) Modification of stem

Pres. Stem

(a) -ai (6) -b (c) -nd

-rd id) -h

:—

Past Stem

becomes -u -f -s -^

>, -s

— regular formatioa also found.

34 LESSON rv

Pres. Stem Past Stem (e) -n^ becomes

-in (/) -r^

-r (9) -s^

-s (h) - ^ 1 (i) -V

-av

-8 2

-i -r2

-lA

-f

-u (bov) = budan.

- 1 * 2

N.B.—^av = diodan ; (j) -z becomes

(ii) Besides tbe regular ending -idan, the following may be used after consonants or vowels :—

-adan, -estan, -(o, e)ftan,2 the last two often with contraction after a vowel.

(iii) The following verbs have different stems for Present and Past:—

bin —did badi—bud a —amad deh —dad liiz—^liast kon —kard zan — zad

ADVERBS

(32) Many nouns of time, place, and manner (with or without qualifying adjective or noun) may be used as adverbs without change, e.g.:—

ruz(i) = by day ruz-e-ta'til = Jioliday ^ab • = at night sobh = in the morning, to-morrow

* See Note \ p. 33. * = vowel change may also take place.

LESSON IV 35

farda sobh = to-morrow morning farda sobh zud = early to-morrow morning zohr = at noon asr = late afternoon mah "I A IX ^ (month , - ^ -e-ayande =next\ , X harte V ^,s 7 ^ 1 i^'eek A, -e-gozaaite = last

yek daf' = cmce W-e-rast , ^ a p j _ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ dast-e-ra8t,chap j ^ ' y ' ^ inja = here anja = <^e harja, tame ja = everywhere intor, antor ^ injiir(6), anjur(6) > = f ws, zw iAis (tJiat) way ingun^, angune j

Most adjectives may be used as adverbs without change, e.g. :—

rast 1 sahih J- = rigid, true dorostj rast = straight (ahead) zud = quick dir = late digar = other, mffre Wieli =jniuch, many zcyad = too much

(33) Other adverbs proper, besides those given in the Ust of prepositions (para. 19), are as follows :—

(a) Time emruz = to-day farda = to-morrow diruz = yesterday didhab = last night

36 LESSON IV

pasfarda = the day after to-morrow

hami^^ = always hala = now miheyane = monthly parsal = last year hanuz = still koniin = at present

pariruz = the day be­fore yester­day

hichva^t, hargez = never al'an = presently saleyan^ = yearly emsal = this year hanuz na = not yet ta konun =upto now

N.B.—chand niz pidi (^abl) = some days ago chand ruz ba'd = some days after (ta) chand mz digar =for a few days more^ in a few

days

(6) Manner, etc.

hamr&h = together (also as pre­position)

ba-ham = together {united) tanha = alone

baa ham

pas

= enough = even _ [then

\in that case

ahest^, ^ ast^ y

yavadij high hichi niz ham albatt^

= shwly

na. =notat all

= (dso

= certainly

Many Arabic adverbs (generally ending in -an) are used in Persian; a few conmion ones are;—

ag^allan tab'an 8&beghan mova

= at least g^dleban = generally = naturally ta^iban = nearly =formerly aliiran = lately

n = temporarily fe'lan = actually

LESSON IV 8T

aslan ^originally ba'd-ez-zohr =w<^q/itemoon belha^ig^6 = in truth, fact belalier^ = at last

EXERCISE IV

1) sal-e-goza^U koja manzel = Where did you live during da^tid ? the past year P

2) ta hal4 dar esfahan = Until now I stayed in mandam, vali yek mah p i^ Isfahan, but one month be-tehran amadam ago I came to Tehran

3) o chand v a ^ t digar inja = And how long will you stay mimanid ? here P

4) yek manzel-e-taz6 liari- = I have bought a new house ; dam; yek sal bi^tar mima- I will stay here a year or nam more

5) in kar cbera zudtai h&zer = Why has this work not been na^od ? finished sooner P

6) a^a, ta diniz fag^at yek = TiU yesterday, sir, I was by nafar budam, vali emmz ms^elf, but to-day a yek rafi^i mal-e-man amad companion of mine came

7) lAeli Wiob, badiad; laken = Very well, that may be ; but hala ku^e^ bokon now make an effort

8) yek farra^i inja befereat; = Send a messenger here ; I kar-e-fori daram have some urgent work

9) dar bal, ag^a, farra^i hich = At the moment, sir, we have nadarim no messenger

10) ke hizer mi^avad ? = When will he be ready P 11) namidanam, a^a, vali = I don't know, sir, but I wUl

bar ch^ zudtar miferestam send Tiim as soon as possible

(12) anj3, ben^inid ag^a; = Sit down there ; now tell bala begid—dar rah ch^ me, what did you see on chiz didid ? the road P

38 LESSON lY

(13) a^&, dar po^t-e-m&diin = Sir, I was asleep in the back Wiabidam ; ^izi nadidam of the car ; I saw nothing

(14) hami^e donig^ migid; = You always tell lies ; the rah lieli god darad—che tor road has many holes— khabidid 1 how could you sleep P

LESSON V

AUXILIAEIES, IMPEESONAL AND CAUSATIVE VERBS, SUMMARY OF TENSES

(34) THE Auxiliaries mentioned in the last lesson are used with parts of the verb to form the compound tenses.

(i) " hvdan" is used after the Past Participle to form the various tenses of the Perfect (of both transitive and intransitive verbs).

Perfect: karde am =•/ have done. Pluperfect: karde budam = / liad done. Perfect Subjunctive : karde ba^am = I may, would have

done.

(ii) " Tchdstan " (in the Present Tense vdthout mi-) is used before the Past Stem to express the Future (when it is necessary to make it definite ; normally the Present Tense may be used with Future meaning).

khaham kard = I will do

(iii) " shodan" is used in all its tenses with the Past Participle to form the Passive.

ko^t^ ^od = he was hilled ko^te midiod = he was being killed ko^te ^6 = be hilled ! ko^t^ ^avad = let him be hilled kodite mi^avad = he is being hilled kodite ^ode ast = he has been hilled kodite ^ode bud = he had been hilled kodite diode bashad = he will {may) have been hilled ko^t^ liahad ^od = Jie will be hilled

30

40 LESSON V

N.B.—{a) " budan " never has a Passive meaning. (6) The negative particle " na-" is prefixed to :—

(i) The Past Participle, e.g. :—

nakarde am = / have not done

(ii) ^astan, e.g.:—

naliaham kard = / will not do

(iii) the relevant part of " ^odan" (in accordance with (i) and (ii)).

ko^t^ na^od = he was not killed ko^t^ na^od^ ast = he has not been killed ko^t% na^ahad ^od = he will not be killed

(c) "l^astan" is, of course, also used in its ordinary meaning of " to'wish ". In this case the Present is conjugated regularly with mi-, and it also has all the other tenses of the verb (it may thus be found compounded with itself, e.g.—

liaham li^ast = I will wish).

With this meaning it is followed by the Subjunctive (see para. 44), and may also have the meaning of " to be about to" , e .g . : -

11A . 1 {I wished to go knastam beravam = { r i [1 was about to go

{d) In colloquial the use of the Perfect is very common, and frequently the auxiliary is dropped if the meaning is clear without it.

(e) " ga^tan" and " gardidan" are sometimes used instead of " ^odan " in the Passive. All three may, of course, be used in their ordinary meaning of " to become ", with all the various tenses.

LESSON V 41

IMPERSONAL VERBS

(35) (i) The impersonal Verb " bayestan" (root " ba") is used only in the 3rd Person Singular of the Past and Present Tenses (without mi-) to express " ought, must".

(a) When the Subject is expressed, it is placed (sometimes followed by -ra) in front of bayestan, which is followed by the verb in the Subjunctive, hasan bayad (bad) nan beyarad = Hasan must bring some bread

.^\ ,' pazer b a ^ = you must be ready

The Past Tense (which is less common) must be followed by the Perfect Subjunctive, e.g.:— ^oma bayest zudtar amade = you ought to have come more

b a ^ d quicJdy

(6) But when the subject is not expressed, or is indefinite (that is, when the obligation is general), " bayestan" is followed by the Past Stem, e.g.:— harkas bayad esfahan raft = everyone ought to go to Isfahan

N.B.—^The use of the Past Stem does not mean that the meaning is past.

(ii) " ^ayestan" (root " dia ") is rarely used except in the 3rd Person Singular of the Present Tense—^ayad (^ad)— in which form it has become little more than an adverb meaning " perhaps " ; it does not affect the construction of the sentence.

(iii) " tavanestan " (root " tavan ") = " to be able "— is used personally when the subject is expressed, and is then followed by the Subjunctive :— namitavanam (namitunam) farsi = / cannot read Persian

bekhanam

42 LESSON V

When, however, the meaning is general (as with " bayestan " above), it is used impersonally with the Past Stem ; in such cases it usually does not have the Personal ending :— in kar-ra (hichkas) namitavan = one cannot {no one can) do

kard this work N.B.—^The usual contraction of -tavan- is -tun-.

CAUSATIVE VERBS

(36) These are generally formed by the addition of -an to the Present Stem, the Infinitive fending being either -dan or -idan, e.g.:—

rasidan = to arrive rasan(i)dan = to bring {to make to arrive).

Sometimes there is contraction, e.g.:— raftan (rav) = to go

randan (for ravandan) = to drive {to make to go).

Occasionally the Causative sense is given by lengthening the vowel of the stem, e.g.:—

goza^tan = to place from goza^tan = to pass.

SUMMARY OF TENSES

(37) Past: completed action in the past; raft = " he went" ; sometimes also in the present or future, e.g. hala raft = " he has just gone " ; hazer diod = " it is ready " ; harkoja raft = " Wherever he goes ".

Imperfect: continuous action in the past; miraft = " he was.going, he used to go ".

Imperative : conmiand ; boro = " go! "

Subjunctive: (a) by itself, in a jussive sense ; beravad = " let him go ".

^ LESSON V 43

(6) In various subordinate sentences (of which two examples have been given above—see paras. 34, 35, 44r-7).

Present: generally in a continuous sense ; miravad =** he is going, he goes " ; but also in a future sense : " he will go."

Perfect: action which, or the effect of which, is still con­tinuing ; rafte ast = " he has gone " (as opposed to " he went").

Pluperfect: the Perfect in a past time-reference ; raft^ bud = " he had gone ".

Perfect Subjunctive: past action in subordinate clauses where the Subjunctive is required.

Future: a definitely future action; lAahad raft = " he will go ".

OTHER PARTS OP THE VERB

Infinitive: generally used as a noun " the act of . . . " ) ; ab-e-Wiordan = *- drinking water " ; ^ordan-e-ab = " the drinking of water ".

Participles: Past—one [used as adjective, adverb, or Present—^twoj noun.

Gerundive: necessary, suitable, or future action; ** about to, fit to, etc."

Verbal Noun: the action of the verb in the abstract.

N.B.—^The object of an Infinitive or a Verbal Noun follows it, and is linked to it by the Ezaf .'

EXERCISE V

(1) farda sobh zud be-tehran = To-morrow I will go to Idiaham raft Tehran

42 LESSON V

When, however, the meaning is general (as with " bayestan " above), it is used impersonally with the Past Stem; in such cases it usually does not have the Personal ending :— in k&r-ra (hichkas) namitavan = one cannot {no one can) do

kard this work N.B.—The usual contraction of -tavan- is -tun-.

CAUSATIVE VERBS

(36) These are generally fonned by the addition of -an to the Present Stem, the Infinitive fending being either -dan or -idan, e.g.:—

rasidan = to arrive ra8an(i)dan = to bring {to make to arrive).

Sometimes there is contraction, e.g.:— raftan (rav) = to go

randan (for ravandan) = to drive {to make to go).

Occasionally the Causative sense is given by lengthening the vowel of the stem, e.g.:—

goza^tan = to place from goza^tan = to pass.

SUMMARY OP TENSES

(37) Past: completed action in the past; raft = " he went" ; sometimes also in the present or future, e.g. hala raft = " he has just gone " ; hazer diod = " it is ready " ; harkoja raft = " Vrherever he goes ".

Imperfect: continuous action in the past; miraft = " he was going, he used to go ".

Imperative : command ; boro = " go! "

Subjunctive: (a) by itself, in a jussive sense; beravad = " let him go ".

« LESSON V 43

(6) In various subordinate sentences (of which two examples have been given above—see paras. 34, 35, 44r-7).

Present: generally in a continuous sense ; miravad = " he is going, he goes " ; but also in a future sense : "he will go."

Perfect: action which, or the effect of which, is still con­tinuing ; rafte ast = " he has gone " (as opposed to " he went").

Pluperfect: the Perfect in a past time-reference ; raft^ bud = " he had gone ".

Perfect Subjunctive: past action in subordinate clauses where the Subjunctive is required.

Future : a definitely future action; liahad raft = " he will go ".

OTHER PARTS OP THE VERB

Infinitive: generally used as a noun " the act of . . . " ) ; ab-e-^ordan = *- drinking water " ; ^ordan-e-ab = " the drinking of water ".

Participles : Past—one I used as adjective, adverb, or Present—^twoj noun.

Gerundive : necessary, suitable, or future action; " about to, fit to, etc."

Verbal Noun: the action of the verb in the abstract.

N.B.—^The object of an Infinitive or a Verbal Noun follows it, and is linked to it by the Ezaf6.

EXERCISE V

(1) farda sobh zud be-tehran = To-morrow I will go to khaham raft Tehran

44 LESSON V

(2) besyar Wiob, a feS,; ba = Very well, sir ; by which kodam rah miliahid road do you wish to go ? beravid 1

(3) rah-e-^om berim; az = Let OS go by the Qum road ; rah-e-ka^an saftar ast it is smoother than the

Eashan road (4) dar ^om masjed-e- = In Qum you will see their

^a.^ang-e-anja ^abid did beautiful mosque (5) masjed-e-g^om g^adiang- = The Qum mosque is beautiful

' ^, amma amaratha-ye-taz6- but the new buildings of ye-tehran behtar-e Tehran are better

(6) rast migid ; vali Idiarejiha = You are right; but foreign-am&ratba-ye-kobne bami^^ era always see the old mibinand buildings

(7) bogu reza, " ^am-ra = Tell Reza to get supper zudtar bazer bokon"; ready earlier; is it mi^ad ya nami^ad 1 possible P

(8) ^ayad momken ast, a^a ; = Perhaps it is possible, sir ; laken emiuz I^eli kar darad but he has a lot of work

to-day (9) eb nist; bayad bar cbe = Never mind ; he must get

zudtar bazer konad it ready as soon as possible

(10) bfil in rah mitavan raft ? = Can one go by this road P (11) ba lari ayad momken-6; = By lorry it may be possible ;

vali ba ma^un-e-^oma but you cannot go in your namitavanid beravid car

(12) bala chand sal dar iran = I have been driving in Iran ma^in mirandam, mesl-e-in for several years, and I rab bargez nadide am have never seen a road

like this (13) diruz kojS, raffed budid 1 = Where had you gone

inj& ^edmat - e - oma yesterday P I came here

LESSON V 46

dmadd am, ndkarat&n goft to call on you, and yoni " birun raft^ " seivani said you had gone

oat (14) mota'assef am; yek = I am sorry ; I was rathei

liord6 na l io^ budam, az ill, through eating bad sabab-e-^ordan-e-gu^t-e- meat liarab

(15) anbacbekarmikonand? = What are those people doing?

(16) bar-e-foru^ tan-e-asba- = They have come to sell their beshan amad^ and goods

LESSON VI

COMPOUND VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS • • •

(38) ONE of the most characteristic features of Persian is its use of compound verbs, that is to say, verbs which are formed by using a noun, verbal noun, adverb, adjective, preposition, etc., with a common verb having some such meaning as " to do, make, become ", etc. Some of these have straightforward meanings, but many have idiomatic uses, and these are among the commonest in ordinary speech.

(39) Verbs comjxmnded

baz didan = kardan = goftan = amadan =

bar da^tan = ga^tan = ^§,stan (Wuz) =

birun kardan = dar kardan =

amadan = ' avardan =

gereftan = forud amadan = pa'in kardan = p i^ amadan = va istadan =

daahtan =

Examples

with prepositions or adverbs :—

to inspect to open to repeat to come bach to pick up to return to rise to throw out, drive out, dismiss to draw in to come in (dar), out (az) to bring in (dar), out (az) to break out (war) to land (plane) to lower to come forward, happen to wait to appoint

46

LESSON VI 47

(40) Verbs compounded with adjectives.

tang kardan = ^ o l boland liarab bidar lo^ t lazem daditan domg^ goftan rast „ l^arab ^odan moltafet „ sevar

tighten loosen raise, erect spoil, damage waTcen strip. require ' lie tell the truth he spoilt understand (polite) he mounted

(41) Verhs compounded with a noun, especially a verbal noun. This is the most usual way of forming a verb from an Arabic noun. Often the noun is preceded by a preposition,

faramu^ peda negah ku^e^ sabr vel ta yad gir gaman ne^an foh^ ejaze negah hal dust

kardan

avardan amadan bordan dadan

dashtan

=forget =Jind, = look ai, watch — exert one's self, try = wait = let go, put down =fold up = remember, call to mind = he available, procurable = imagine, suppose = show = abuse = allow — stop •= he in good health = hvc

48 LESSON VI

yad gereffcan = learn . zahmat ka^dan = take trouble • sigari „ = smoke a cigarette tul „ = last, take time tasvir „ = draw (a picture) sarma Jordan = catch cold, zalim „ =be wounded, bruised zamin „ = hit, fall on, the ground ^ a b raftan = go to sleep az yad „ = forget eltefat namudan = show kindness, pay attention joft gtodan = be joined, united {of two) harf zadan = speak ate^ „ = light (fire)

The following points are to be noticed:— (i) The prefixes mi-, be-, and na-, and the auxiliary Idiastan

are inserted between the verb and its compounded word, e.g. ku^eA mikonam = " I am exerting myself", be-, however, is very often omitted, especially in subordinate sentences, and always after the preposition " bar ", e.g. bar Idiiz = " rise ". In this and in a few other cases, in which the preposition has become very closely Unked with the verb, " l^astan" is placed before it, e.g. liahad bar Wiast = "he shall rise".

(ii) These verbs are treated for grammatical purposes just as though they were simple verbs, that is to say, if they are transitive the direct object may take the suflBx -ra, and so on. If a pronominal suffix is used (in colloquial) it is suffixed to the compounded word, e.g. birune^ kon = " throw it out", t M kon = " fold it up ".

(iii) Groups (6) and (c) are especially used when in English we use causative verbs, e.g. " to loosen ", " waken ", etc.

LESSON VI 49

(iv) kardan is by far the commonest of these verbs, and in colloquial is often used when the correct verb would be one of the others.

Conjunctions.—(For those used with Subordinate Sentences see paras. 43-52.)

(42) va, o = and ham = also, and ham (va) ham = both and ya, va ya = or ya ya = either or amma 1 _ i, laken I

]• = neither nor na va na

I =neit

EXERCISE VI

(1) fdrsi bated-id, a^a ? = Do you know Persian P . (2) bale, ag^a, kami yad = Tes, I have learnt a little,

gereftam, vali l^ob harf bat I do not speak it well namizanam

(3) eb nadarad, dar chand mah = Never mind, in a few months digar l^ob amul^te ba^id you will have learnt it well

(4) inja sabr konid; chand = Wait here ; I shall be back da^g^e digar bar migardam in a few minutes

(5) a^a, injS. sard ast; dbayad == It is cold here, sir ; I may sarma mikboram catch cold

(6) lieli liob, daliel-e-=? Very well, wait in the tca-chay^ane va ist; anja shop ; it is warm there garm ast

(7) a^a-ye-doktor, saram = Doctor, my head aches l^eli dard mikonad; yek badly; I need some Idiorde dava lazem daram medicine

50 LESSON VI

(8) in habbe-ra bo^or, lialat= Take this pill, you will soon zud bebtar mishad be better

(9) ma l^eli^tond nayamadim? = Have we not come quickly P diniz barakat kardim, emruz We left yesterday, and raside im arrived to-day

(10) ba m a ^ n safar karde id = Have you travelled by road ya ba rab-e-aban ? or by train P .

(11) ba rab-e-ahan amadim ; = We came by train ; it is not geran nist, va az ma^n expensive, and it is much l^eli zudtar miravad quicker than by car

(12) mitavanid pelao dorost = Can you make pilau P I am bokonid; pelao-e-irani very fond of Iranian pilau j^eli dust daram

(13) bal^, ag^a, balad am ; = Yes, sir, I can ; I can also bam mitunam kabab cook kabobs. Would you bepazam. mel darid % like some P

(14) ^oma pi^ az in kojS, kar = Before this where did you mikardid ? work P

(15) dar karliane-ye-in = I was a fitter in the work-^erkat mikanik budam shop of this company

(16) cbera eW raj ^odid % = Why were you discharged P (17) I^odam este'fa kardam, = I resigned and went home

raftam velayat

LESSON VII

SUBORDINATE SENTENCES

INDIRECT STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS, ETC.

(43) THE particle ke " that " is generally inserted after the main verb, the statement or question following in its original form, e.g.:—

goft k^ na^ta hazer ast = he said that breakfast was ready

porsid kena^ta hazer ast ya na = ^ asked if breakfast was ready

aze^ porsid ke rah-e-esfahan= he asked where the road to koja-st IsfaJian was

WISHES AND COMMANDS ^

(44) The subordinate verb is placed in the Subjunctive, the clause often being introduced by k^. milAaham bevelayatam bera- = / want to go to my native

vam (correct), mil^am place beram velayat (colloquial)

be^ amr farmud (ke) sabr = he ordered him to wait konad

CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES

(45) These clauses are introduced by inserting some such eicpression as in^adr = " this amount", ant6r= " that manner", in the main clause, followed by k^ with the Present or Past (for definite consequences) or Subjunctive (for indefinite consequences).

61

02 LESSON VII

intfir ^ekftyat kard k6 el^aj = he complaiTied so much that ^od he was discharged

in tanab an^adr mohkam nist = this rope is not strong enough kh in bar bekadiad to pull this load

FiNATi (PURPOSE) CLAUSES

(46) The Subjunctive, usually introduced by tS, = " so that", " in order that" ; (ke may also be used, or the con­junction may be omitted altogether).

b& ma^in safar kard ta zudtar = he travelled by car in order berasad to arrive sooner

raftam manzel kolaham = I went home to get my Jiat begiram

RESULT

(47) t& also indicates the result of an action, with the mean­ing " until", " with the result that "•, in which case it takes the Past tense (even when in English we use the Present or Future).

ba ma^in safar kard ta be- = he travelled by car until he esfahan rasid reached Isfahan

ku^edh kard ta kare^ sar-e- = he exerted himself so thai his va^ t lialas bud work was ready in time

inja va ist ti bar ga^tam = wait here till I come hack

RELATIVE CLAUSES

(48) (i) The only true relative clauses are those in which the antecedent is one of the demonstrative or indefinite pro­nouns in, dn, etc. These are followed by the pronoun ch^ ==" which".

LESSON VII 53

anch6 migid rast-^ = whai you say is true harche badiad = whatever {however) it may be chonanche farmudid, hava-ye- = as you said, the weather

emriiz hich Idiob nist to-day is not at all good ba vojud-e-anche be^ goftand, = in spite of what they said to

tasmim kard tanha safar Am, he decided to travel bokonad alone

(ii) However, most Relative Clauses consist of a complete sentence placed in apposition to the main sentence. The connection is shown by having in it a pronomi or pronominal suflSx linking back to the antecedent in the main sentence (though this pronoun may be omitted when it is the direct subject or object of the subordinate verb).

When the antecedent is a definite noun, it takes the suffix -i (unaccented), and the conjunction ke is placed before the subordinate clause; but if tiie antecedent is indefinite, both these are omitted.

The following examples illustrate the various usages :—

chand nafar karger didam | = / saw some workmen {who rah-ra ta'mir mikardand were) repairing the road

yek ^ofer didam | m a ^ n e ^ = / saw a driver whose car had dar rah kharab diod^ bud broken down on the road

asbabha-i-ra | k^ | Idiarid- = I sent the tools which I bought am(e^) | be-karlian6 fere- to the workshop stadam

farra^ | kh | k&^ez-ra be^ = where has the office boy gone dadam | koja raft ? to whom I gave the letter ?

After the Personal Pronouns -i is omitted, but k& is retained.

^oma k6 h&zer budid hadesd- = did not you who were present r& nadidid ? see the accident f

54 ' LESSON VII

N.B.—kfe does not mean " who" or " which", but " that" ; the above sentences therefore read literally :—

workmen | they were a driver | his car had the tools I that 11 bought them the office boy | that | I gave to him

you I that I you were present

(49) This Eelative construction has many extended uses, which the following examples illustrate :—

va^t i ke amadid birun budam = when you came I was outside anja-i ke .raftid hich kasi = (there) where you went, did

nadidid ? you see no one ? Of. dar mo^e'i k^ . . . . = at the moment when . . . .

luzi ke = on the day when az ruzi kh inja amadam, ta = since (from the day thai)

hala hich ^a r i nadidam I came here (till now), I have not seen a donkey

har va^ t karat lialas ^od^ = when(ever) (as soon as) your (ast), manzel boro work is finished, go hmne

har ja (har koja) mirid, chizha- = wherever you go, you (will) ye-^arib mibinid see strange thirds

An important use is the construction of a subordinate sentence introduced by a preposition or prepositional phrase ; the latter is followed by in or S-n with ke ( = " the fact that"), e.g. :—

hk in k^ hava lAob nist, farda = although (in spite of the mi^am harakat bokonam fact that) the weather is not

good, I wish to leave to­morrow

ba'd az an ke raft6 ast, nazmiy^ = after he had go7ie the police amad^ ast came

LESSON VII 55

az sabab-e-an ke mohemmat = because of {the fact that) the vared na^odd, sarbazha ammunition had not arrived, taslim ^odand the soldiers surrendered The following (and similar) uses of ke are closely related to

the above:— h§,la ke be-tehran rasidim, yek = now that we have arrived at

mehmanliane peda konid Tehran, find a hotel ba'd, ke rafte ,bud, -palto^ = afterwards, when he Jiad gone,

peda ^ode bud his overcoat was found hala chand ruz ast {kh) post = the post has not come for

na-y-amad^ ast several days

CAUSAL CLAUSES

(50) In addition to the Relative construction (as exemplified above), the following special causal conjunctions are used :—

zira(ke), chim(ke), both with similar meanings. N.B.—chun (without k^) also means when,

zira-ke dioferam n a ^ o ^ bud, = because my driver was ill, liodam m§,diin-ra mirandam I was driving the car myself

chun-ke milAastam ^ahr = because I wanted to go to beram, ^og^Iam l^alaa the town, I did not finish nakardam my work

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

(51) The Conditional particle is agar, ar "if". The different constructions are best shown by the following

examples ; it will be seen that the Past, Perfect, or Pluperfect is generally used in the Protasis (the " if " clause), even when it is future in meaning.

Future

agar anjS. raftid, pedaram = if you go there, you unll see ^ahid did my foilier

66 LESSON VII

agar AnjA raftid, pedaram = if you were to go there, you didid loould see my father

Present

agar hazerl ^ j - j i • \ = if you are ready, then let us go

agar pul da^tam, lebas-e-taze =ifl had some money, I would mi^aridam buy some new clothes

Past

agar ma^m-ra dorost karde = if he has repaired the car, ast, pas momken ast harakat then we can start konim

agar intor e^tebali nakarde = if he had not made this bud, in Mdese va^e' na^ode mistake, this accident would bud not have happened

(52) Concessive Clauses are constructed similarly, the conjunction beiug agarche " altbougb ". Tlie main clause usually begins with amma " but ".

agarche sarbazha l^aste bu- = although the soldiers were dand, amma t^va^g^of tired, they did not halt nakaidand

"if not" is expressed by agama or va ella (Ar.), the following main clause being generally introduced by "pas" .

EXERCISE Vn

(1) boro bogu hasan-e-^6fer = Go and tell Hasan the driver ma^ine^ zud inja beyarad to bring his car here

quickly (2) a^a, mel darid be^ahr = Do you wish to go to the

beravid ? town, sir P

LESSON ^ni 57

(3) bal^, miliam chand asbab- = Yes, I want to buy a few e-lazeme beWiaram necessary articles

(4) ejaz6 midebid, man = Will you permit me to come bamrabatan beyayam 1 with you P

(5) befarma-id, a ^ a ; = Please do, sir ; sit beside me pabluyam ben^n

(6) emiuz mil^abam be-^ahr- = To-day I wish to go to the e-eafaban beravam, chunks town of Isfahan, because masajede^ banuz nadid^ am I have not yet seen its

mosques (7) agar kargerfin sar-e-vag^t = K the workmen do not come

nayamade and, &nba bayad in time, they must be eliLraj bediavand discharged

(8) ba^ad, a^a, vali l i abe^ = Very well, sir, but I request mikonam yek forsat digar you to give them one more bedian bedebid chance

(9) kag^ez-ba-i-ra kk emruz = I will take the letters which sobb vared odand mibaraqi came this morning

(10) dar Miosus-e-an ba ra'is- = I have to see the head of the e-edare kar daram department in connection

with them (11) va^tik^ karat I^alas = When your work is finished,

ehod, be-man l^abar bedeb tell me (12) g^abl az an ke sar-e-kar = Before you go to work, come

rajptid, pi^-e-man beyayid and see me (13) omid ast farda bava = I hope the weather will be

behtar ^od ; ghaleban dar better to-morrow ; it is bebar mesl-e-in nist not usually like this in

spring (14) agar feki kardam ke intor = If I had known that it would

badiad, hichvag^t inja be like this, I would never nayamadam have come here

LESSON VIII

NUIVEERALS

irdinal Numerals

yek, yey d6 sd chah^r, char panj

haft hasht noh dah yazdah,-deh davazdah,-deh sizdah, -deh sinzdah, -deh chahardah, -deh chardah, -deh panzdah, -deh ^anzdah, -deh hevdah, -deh hijdah, -deh hizhdah, -deh hezhdah, -deh > nuzdah, -deh bist bist-o-yek

5 are as follows

= one = two = three =four =five = six = seven = eight — nine =:ten = eleven = twelve

\ = thirteen

\ = fourteen

=fifteen = sixteen = seventeen

V = eighteen

= nineteen = twenty = twenty-one

58

bist-o-do etc.

si chehel panjah ^ast haftM haditad navad sad yeksad davist sisad chahirsad charsad pdnsad ^e^sad haftsad ha^tsad nohsad hazar yek hazar do hazar

etc. melyun

LESSON VIII

= Uveniy-two etc.

= thirty =forty =filty = sixty = seventy = eigJUy = ninety = hundred = one hundred = two hundred = three hundred

I =four hundred

=five hundred = six hundred = seven hundred = eight hundred = nine hwndred = thousand = one thousand = two thousand

etc. = million

59

(54) (o) Certain peculiarities must be noticed :—

The alternative pronunciations in the " tens ". The change that takes place when the units are combined

with -dah and -sad, especially the spelling sisad for " three hundred " (not to be taken for " thirty hundred ", which of course would be s6 hazar).

60 LESSON VIII

The various alternative forms, which are very commoii in colloquial.

(6) The Cardinals are not inflected, though when they are used as nouns—

yek may take the indefinite ending -i: yeki (in colloquial often even when qualifying a noun).

sad, hazar may take the plural endings -ha and -an.

(c) Compound Numerals are formed by linking them together with the conjunction o " and ", the largest numeral coming first, e.g.:—

1940 = hazar o nohsad o chehel 37,288 = si o haft hazar o davist o haditad o ha^t

(d) The Cardinals are followed by the noun in the Singular, without change.

se ketab = three books chehel tofang = forty guns

(55) Frequently a noun is inserted after the numeral (with some such meaning as " unit", " individual ", etc.). In colloquial the usual one is ta " fold ", " unit", which has become so closely linked to the numeral as to be part of it, even when there is no following noun (it is also used with chand, when it means " how many " ) ; e.g. char ta bil = " four spades " ; chand ta guni darid ?—sinzdah ta = " how many sacks have you ?—thirteen ". ta is not used after yek, the form yeki being used instead.

This use of ta with a noun k not considered very elegant, and should be avoided when speaking with educated people, especially when the numeral refers to persons. For the latter nafar " person " may be used: yek nafar amniye = " an * amniye' guard (country police) " ; panj nafar sarbaz = *' five soldiers ". Other similar nouns are also found, but

LESSON Vin 61

Chey are survivals from an older, more florid style, and their use in general is discouraged in modern correct speech.

N.B.—The Ezaf^ is not inserted after these nouns (nor generally after a noun inserted between a numeral and another noun, e.g. yek shi^e ab = " a glass of water " ) ; they are regarded as indefinite (see paras. 10, 11).

ORDINAL NUMERALS

(56) The Ordinals are formed by adding the suffix -om to the end of the Cardinal, whether this be a simple or a compound numeral; e.g. chaharom = " fourth " ; bist-o-nohom = " twenty-ninth ". The following forms, however, must be carefully noted :— ^

first = awal (Arabic; the regular form is used, however, when it occurs in a compound numeral, e.g. si-o-yekom = " thirty-first").

second = dovvom third = sewom thirtieth = siyom

awal is often used as an adverb with the meaning " first, firstly ". The others are not used thus, their place being taken by the Arabic forms, of which the following are worthy of note :—

saneyan = secondly salesan = thirdly

FRACTIONS

(57) The Persian forms of the fractions are rarely used (they are formed by adding the ending -ak to the cardinal form). The exception J}0 this is nim = ** half '*, which \B perhaps more commo^^t^^N^e Arabic form.

•" • ' ' — ' ^^^/K

. .s,

62 LESSON VIII

The Arabic forms are :— nesf = half l^oms = fifth somn = eighth sols = third sods = sixth tos' = nirdh rob' = quarter sob' = seventh o ^ = tenth

They are used as nouns with the cardinals:— do sols = two-thirds se rob' = three-quarters

All the fractions except nim are followed by the Ezafe when the following noun is definite ; thus nesf-e-^ab = " half of the night" (also "midnight"); but nim sa'at = "half an hour ", rob' sa'at = " a quarter of an hour ".

OTHER NUMERAL FORMS

(58) " times" is expressed by daf'e, bar, martabe, e.g. " twice " = do daf'e, " four times " =chahar martabe. do martabe and do bare also mean " again ". These forms may be used for multipUcation, or dar or ta as follows:—

" three times four is twelve " = se daf'e chahar davazdah mi^avad, or ah dar chahar . . ., or ah chahar ta. . . .

" one by one," " two by two," etc., are expressed by repeating the Cardinal: yek yek, do ta do ta, etc. Compare also ah chahar (ta) = " three or four ".

EXERCISE VIII

(1) chahar nafar karger lazem = I require four labourers to daram, in chador-r& put up this tent bezanand

(2) az an davazdah nafar k^ = Of those twelve men that we awal daditim, hala fa^at had at first, only three are se nafar mandand left

(3) ba^iyedban che tor = What has become of the shodand ? rest of them P

LESSON V m 63

(4) kar-rS, mel nada^tand, = They did not like the work» faftand shahr and went to the town

(5) panjah ta bil, sizdah ta = Send fifty spades, thirteen palang o s ta tabar harche picks and three axes as zudtar beferestid quickly as possible

(6) dar rah be- si ta lari bi§^tar = On the road I passed more goza^tam than thirty lorries

(7) ^ayad g^fised-e-^az = Perhaps they were bound for budand Shiraz

(8) j^abar da^t^-im kk = We have news that the do^iman davist ta sarbaz enemy has sent 200 taraf-e-^ahr ferestad^ ast soldiers in the direction

of the town (9) ra'is-e-gomrok liabar = The Chief Customs Officer

midehad ke dar gomrok sad informs us that 100 cases ta sandug^ chay v&red of tea have arrived in the ^odand Customs

(10) omidvaraminjasechaliar = I hope you will stay here ruz digar nmnanid three or four more days

(11) lieli mel da^tam, vali = I should very much like to, mota'assefan^ maj bur-am but unfortunately I am harakat bokonam, chunks do obliged to go, as I must be ruz digar b&yad dar dbadan in Abadan in two days' be^avam time

(12) chand vag^t ast dar iran = How long have you been in hastid ? Iran P

(13) fa^at B mah pish inja = I came here only three amad^ am months ago

(14) pas l^eli Jdiob f arsi yad = Then you have learnt Persian gereftid very weU

(15) kher, a^a, dar London = No, I studied in London for ^ 6 ^ mah dars kardam six months

LESSON IX

It is four o'clock

It is half-past four

It is a quarter to four

TIME, DATE, MEASUKES, ETC.

(59) THE Time of Day is expressed as follows :— What is the time ? = sa'at chand ast ? (lit. how much

is the hour ?) = sa'at-e-chahar ast (lit. the hour of

four) ~ sa'at-e-chahar o nim ast (lit. the

hour of four ard a half) = sa'at-e-chahar rob' kam ast (lit.

the hour of four quarter less) It is five minutes past four = sa'at-e-chahar o panj da^gjbfe

ast (lit. the hour of four and five minutes)

N.B.—" at what time will he come ? " = sa'at-e-^and miy&yad ? or ch6 va^ t miyayad 1 (60) second = saniye fortnight = do haft^, panzdah ruz

month — mah year = sal century = |^am

minute = dag^i^6 hour = sa'at day =iuz week = hafte

(61) The Months of the Iranian solar in use in Iran are :—

farvardin = 31 days ordibehe^t = ^1 days

lamsi) year now

^ordad tir mordad shahiivar

= 31 days = 31 days = 31 days = 31 days

mehr = 30 days aban = 30 days azor = 30 days d§ = 30 days bahman = 30 days esfand = 29 days

64

LESSON IX 65

N.B.—esfand has 30 days in a leap-year (s&l-e-kabise). Leap-years occur every four years, except that every eighth leap-year comes after an interval of five years (that is to say, a cycle of eight leap-years takes 33 years instead of 32). The year 1317, which began on 21st March, 1938, was a leap-year (ending on 21st March, 1939), and was the 33rd (last) year of a leap-year cycle. The 1st Farvardin, 1319, was 22nd March, 1940.

N.B.—The above month names (especially the short ones) are usually followed by the word mah, e.g. tir-mah, de-mah, etc.

The usual forms of the European months are derived from the French.

The Arabic (Moslem) months are not now much used in Iran.

Dates are shown by placing the Ordinals in front of the month with Ezaf6, e.g. Tir 14th =chahardahom-e-tirm§,h.

(62) The Days of the Week are

(ruz-e-) jom'e ) ^ambS ) yek^amb^ ) do^ambe ) se^ambe

= Friday = Saturday = Sunday = Monday = Tuesday

)chahar^amb^ = Wednesday ) panj^ambe = Thursday •

N.B.—Friday (jom'6), which is the first day of the week, is a holiday.

ANNUAL HOLIDAYS

(63) id-e-n6ruz (1st Farvardin): New Year's Day. sizdah-e-id-e-noruz (13th Farvardin).

66 LESSON IX

tavallod-e-val§,hazrat-e-liomayua (4th Aban): Birthday of the Crown Prince.

kudeta (3rd Esfand): Coup d'&lat of 1299. moliid-e-^ahan^ahi (24th Esfand): Birthday of H.I.M.

the Shah.

The following Moslem festivals (whose dates vary from year to year according to the Moslem calendar ) are among those generally observed :—

Birthday of the Prophet. Death of the Prophet. Martyrdom of Ali (g^atl-e-emam ali). Id-e-fetr. Id-e-azha. Martyrdom of Husain (g^atl-e-emam hosen) (10th and

n t h of Moharram). Martyrdom of Hasan (g^atl-e-emam hasan).

The Seasons are :—

zamest§,n = winter tabestan = summer behar = spring pa'iz = autumn

(64) Age may be expressed in one of the following ways :

how old are you ? = -

chand sal darid ? {how many years have you . )»

sennatan chand ast ? [how much is your age ?)

, ^ . 7, f bist sal daram lamtweniy years old = - , • ^ A, .

(sennam bist sal ast

1 The Moslem year is lunar (g^aamari) (354 days), and these festivala therefore occur about eleven days earlier each year.

LESSON IX 67

MEASURES

(65) The Metric system is ojfficially used in Iran, but certain older measures have survived in colloquial use.

Length

gere = 2-5 in. approx.

g^adam = pace = 8 gere = 20 in. approx.

I = ell = 2 g^adam = 1 metre approx.

farsalA = 6,000 gaz = 3 ^ 3 | miles

Weight

sir = ^ lb. approx. charak = 10 sir = 1§ lb. approx. .

,« I = maund of Tabriz = 4 charak = 6J lb. approx.

mann-e-shah= maund of Isfahan = 2 batmann. lAarvar = donkey-load = 100 batmann = 670 lb.

COINAGE

(66) The ofl&cial currency is as follows :— 100 dinar = 1 reyal (one rial) 100 reyal = 1 pahlavi

The following terms, however, which have survived from before the time of the present regime, are also commonly used.

eh&hi = 5 dinar ^ ran = 1 reyal tuman = 10 reyal

The official rate of exchange is normally about 80 reyal to £1.

68 LESSON IX

The following notes and coins are in use :— Eiiglish

Equivalmts. £ s. d. Coins.

5 dinSj 50 dinar

Notes. 5 reyal

10 reyal 20 reyal 50 reyal

100 reyal 200 reyal 500 reyM

1,000 reyal

1 2 5

12 5

10 5

12 10

n 3 6 0 6 0 0 0 0

Other obsolete coins are still found in circulation (ranging from 1 dinar upwards). Some of these are in an older currency, in which there were 1,000 dinar to the i^ran.

EXERCISE IX (1) fard^ sobh sa'at-e-ha^t o = Breakfast is to be ready at

rob' na^ta hazer bl^ad a quartei past eight to­morrow momiiig

(2) g^etar bist o panj dag^gji^ = The train has arrived twenty-dir amade ast five minutes late

(3) kudeta sewom-e- = The coup d'etat took place eafandm§.h sal-e-hazar o on 3rd Esfand, 1299 davist o navad o noh vag^e' dbod

(4) hivdahom-e-demah sal-e- = On 17th Dey, 1814, the hazar o sisad o chahardah wearing of the ^eil was pu^dan-e-chador dar ir&n abolished in Iran mamnu' g]] od

LESSON IX 69

(5) ruz-e-sediamb6 tarMedi = What is the date on chi-6 ? Tuesday P

(6) gaman mikonam = I think it is the 14th chahardahom-e-ordibelie^t Ordibehesht ast

(7) veladatat ke bud ? = When were you bom P (8) fe'Ian namidanam, ag ia, = Actually I do not know, but

vali dar ^enasnameyam sal- my identity certificate says e-hazar o davist o navad o 1294 c^ah&r nav^ te

(9) pas sennat bist o panj sal = Then you are 26 years old ast

(10) ak t§, zar' parcb^-ye-sabz = I want three yards of green miMiabam cloth

(11) In parchd mM-e-zhapan = This cloth is Japanese ; it is ast; g^emate^ yek zar' four and a half rials the chahar g^an o nim ast yard

(12) do kil6 ^eker lazem = I require two kilos of sugar, daram, nim kilo chay o s half a kilo of tea and three-rob' kilo g^abv^ quarters of a kilo of

coffee (13) ^eker yek Idlo do g^ran = Sugar is 2 rials the kilo, tea

ast, ch&y yek kilo punzdah 15 rials, and coffee 20 rials g^an-6, j^abv^ yek Idlo bist g^ran-6

(14) pas tamame^ chahar = Then the total is 4 rials + g^ran o haft g^an o nim o 7 | rials + 15 rials, which punzdah g rS,n- , k^ bist o makes 26^ rials ^ e ^ g^ran o nim mi^ad

LESSON X

WORD FORMATION

(a) PERSIAN

(67) THE formation of verbs has already been discussed in paras. 22, 31, 38-41.

Tbe question of noun and adjective formation is not one whicb need be studied, in great detail by the beginner; at the same time some knowledge of its peculiarities will be found to be very helpful.

There are two main types of compound noun or adjective :—

(68) (a) Those formed from two words placed together with or without a linking letter.

Examples are:— Two Nouns

ru2n§,me = newspaper mizlian^ = dining-room teleg^af^in^ = telegraph office j^abgah = bedroom

Noun and Adjective

badbu = evil-smelling l io^bu = ^eet-smeUii^ ^aharp§, = quadruped marizl^ane = hospital

Preposition and Noun

bifahm = stupid pishldiedmat = builer

Verbal Stem and Noun ru^om&r istgah

= diary = station

a ^ a z band^alvar

70

= cook = braces

LESSON X 71

hokmr^n = governor rangzan = painter g^stliforu^ = carpet seller

bandjurab = sock-suspenders s&'atsaz = watchmaker dastka^ = ghve

Two Verbal Stems goftogu = conversation jostoju = search amadoraft = traffic, coming and going

(69) (6) Those formed &om a word with a prefix or suffix. Examples:—

na- , = withmtt, un-nadln = ignorant n&pak = dirty nal^o^ = ill

{a) Nouns -bani -kar [ Occupation -ger )

Prefixes bam- = together, equal bamrab = companion bamvari = evenness bamvatan = compatriot

-ar -an -dan a Verbal Noun

Container

-estan Place of.

-1 Abstract Nomi

-eah Verbal Noun

Abstract

-ak Diminutive

Suffixes

( bag^b&n \ a t e ^ a r I abanger f raftar I gereftfi,r

g^alamd^n golest§,n diahrestan bimarestan

[ mardi 1 lAobi / &muze^ I ku^e^ J garma

sarmi inak cbarak

j ina] t cha

: gardener •fire watchman • blacksmith • behaviour - prisoner •- pen-case • rose garden •• county -- Jiospital = manliness = goodness = learning -effort = heat = cold = this -- quarter {weight)

72 LESSON X

-ch^ Diminufcive darich^ = window , . /(Turkish)— tofangchi = watchman

"^^ I Occupation tayyarechi = airman (The suffix -chi is disliked by educated speakers.) (6) Adjectives

-mand dolatmand = wealthy -var omidvar = hopeful -ane divan^ = mad -i (Relative ending) irani = Iranian

^, / lAatarnak = dangerous 1 g^azabnak = aiigry

t ^irin = sweet

pasin = last, latest pa'in = low, at the foot of

. / harruz^ = daily 1 domahe = tivo-monthly

There are many others which the student will recognize for himself. Many apparent suffixes are really verbal stems, used as in para. 68, e.g. -saz, -zan, -ran, etc.

THE ARABIC ELEMENT IN PERSIAN

(70) Arabic grammar and syntax has not affected the structure of Persian to any great extent. But its influence on Persian vocabulary has been enormous, and though efforts are being made officially to eliminate Arabic words, it is unlikely that any marked impression will be made on everyday speech (any more than that it has been possible to eliminate Latin from English).

It will be necessary first of all to consider the peculiar method of word formation in Arabic (a method characteristic of all the Semitic languages). In the Indo-European languages (such as English and Persian) words are built up (by means

LESSON X 73

of suffixes, phonetic changes, etc.), from roots which may at one time have existed as words, but which have only in rare cases actually survived, and are of no practical value so far as the study of grammar is concerned.

The Arabic root is exactly the opposite; it is purely theoretical (as will be seen, it consists entirely of consonants), but it is of the greatest grammatical importance. Once the

"root is known, a whole series of words (with fairly well-defined shades of meaning) may be formed from it according to precise " mathematical" formulae.

The majority of Arabic words are formed from triliteral (three consonant) roots (though some are formed from four). To these three (or four) consonants are added various vowels and consonants (or one of them may be doubled). Thus the word ketab " book " is formed from the root k-t-b, which has the basic meaning of " writing " ; forsat" opportunity " from f-r-s ; lazem " necessary " from 1-z-m, etc. When one of the consonants is v, y, or ', contraction may take place,* and the root is not then always readily distinguishable ; l)ut as such contraction is according to regular rules, it does not really present any difficulty (e.g. banna " mason " for bannay, from root b-n-y ; sa'at " hour " for sava'at, from root s-v-').

Many Arabic words used in Persian are formed according to formulae which have no special importance, and such words may be learned purely as vocabulary. But there are certain forms which the student will find it useful to remember. These will be discussed in the next lesson.

EXERCISE X

(1) har vag^t farrM mal-e- = When the messenger from postl^&n^ amad, in the post-office comes> give ka^ezha-r& be^ bedeh him these letters

74 LESSON X

(2) aj^a, yek gjiaiiforii^ hazer = Sir, a carpet seller is here ast, ^aliha o gelimha o with some beautiful car-pardeha-ye-g^a^ang darad pets, geleems and curtains

(3) be^ bogu, emruz kar = Tell him, to-day I am busy, daram, namitavanam c ^ i I cannot buy anything bel^aiam

(4) ^ayad, agar farda amad, = Perhaps if he comes to-vag^t l^aham da^ t ; morrow I shall have time ; mibinam I will see

(5) diruz az edare-ye- = Yesterday I asked for a este^dam yek ahanger blacksmith from the ^astam, amma hanuz Labour OfEice, but he has nayamad^ not yet come

(6) ^elimo^elastartizanli§,- = It is very difficult for us to i& peda bokonim find artisans

(7) a^a-ye-sar-amal6, sfe nafar = Foreman, take three labour-karger begir, va an luleha ers and carry those pipes be-karHbanfe bebar to the workshop

(8) bedb goffcam be-mariz- = I told ^im to go to the I^an^ bold, g^abul nakard hospital, but he refused

(9) dar mog^e'-i kk ruznam^ = At the moment when I vSz kardam, telfon zang opened the newspaper, the zad6 telephone rang

(10) c^and nafar a t e ^ a r dar = How many fire watchmen tasfiyeliane darand ? have they in the refinery P

(11) namidanam, vali ya§^in'=I do not know, but I am dftram har vag^t o har koja sure that whenever and ate^ z&dhy zud ped& mi^ad wherever a fire may break

out, it will soon be dis-disoovered

LESSON XI

WORD FOBMATION

(6) ARABIC

(71) IN describing the various forms, the three consonants f-s-I will be used to indicate the three root consonants; any letters in addition to these are part of the particular " formula". Thus the word forsat would be said to be of the form foslat; it must be understood that the formulee themselves have not necessarily any meaning.

N.B.—^The three " token " consonants used by Arab and Iranian grammarians are f-'-l, but the second of these is obviously not suitable for English students. However, it may be found that native teachers will use them.

NOUN FORMS

(72) (a) fassAl is used commonly for trades and occupa­tions, e.g.:—

nag^g^a^ (n-g^-^) = pairiter bagii^al (b-g -1) = grocer najjar (ii-j-r) = carpenter banna (b-n-y) = builder, mason farradb (f-r-^) = messenger

(6) Nouns of Place and Time have the prefix ma-, e.g.:— manzel (n-z-1) = house madras^ (d-r-s) = school martab^ (r-t-b) = time

(c) Nouns of Instrument have the prefix me-, e.g.:— meftah (f-t-h) = key

75

76 LESSON XI

{d) By far the most important group of noun formulce, however, is the so-called Broken Plural. The majority of Arabic Plurals are formed, not by the addition of a termina­tion, but by an internal change in the word, that is, by the use of another formula. Unfortunately there is very little connection (in most cases) between the formula used for the singular noun and that used for its plural; it cannot even be said that certain formulae are -reserved for use as plurals. The correct use of the Arabic Broken Plural must, therefore, be largely a matter of learning vocabidary ; however, some of the commoner forms are given below as a guide.

(a) fosul:— hadd liiuit (h-d-d) hodud amr affair ('-m-r) omur

(b) afsal :— vag^t time (v-gji-t) o^at (for avg^at) ^aWis person (^-Ui-s) ashldias saheb owner (s-h-b) ashab '

Certain plurals of this form are used with a singular meaning in Persian, e.g.:—

arbab (r-b-b) master (Sing, rabb = Lord (God)) anbar (n-b-r) store (Sing, nibr (Ar.) = barn) asbab (s-b-b) tool (Sing, sabab = cause, means)

(c) fosala (esp. from the singular form fasil):— amir prince, commander ('-m-r) omara ra'is chief, head (r-'-s) ro'asa ^a'er poet (^-'-r) ^o'ara

{d) fasayel, favasel, favasil, maf^sel, mafasil (and similar forms for words with four root letters), e.g. :—

l&zem6 necessary (1-z-m) lavazem dbart condition (di-r-t) ^arayet

LESSON XI 77

masjed mosque (s-j-d) masajed g^anun laio (g^-n-n) g^avanin dokkan shop (d-k-k-n) dakakin

There are, of course, many other forms which must be learnt as they are met. It should be noted that all these forms are regarded in Arabic as feminine singular, and there­fore when they are qualified by an Arabic adjective, the latter should take the Arabic feminine ending -^ (see para. 8). This rule is not always observed except in careful speech.

In imeducated colloquial the Persian plural is often used even when an Arabic plural is required.

VERBAL FORMS

(73) From any given root a large number of different forms of the verb may be formed, each with different shades of meaning connected with the original one. The total number of forms possible is fifteen, but only nine of these are common, and no one root even has all of these. Each form, of course, has a full complement of tenses, participles, and so on, but the only parts in common use in Persian are Verbal Nouns and Participles,

(a) The former are especially common in the compound verbs. For those formed from the First Form no rule can be given ; examples are : g^atl (gfe-t-1) = " killing " ; fohdb (f-h-dh) = " abuse " ; diekayat (^-k-y) = " complaint".

However, from the other forms (the so-called Derived Forms) the Verbal Nouns are regular, and are formed as follows:—

II. tafsil, e.g. ta'til ('-t-1) = holiday III. mofasal^, e.g. molahaze (l-h-z) = aitention IV. efsal, e.g. eWiraj (1^-r-j) = expulsmi V. tafassol, e.g. taaavvor (s-v-r) = imagination

78 LESSON XI

VI. tafasol, VII. enfesal,

VIII. eftesal, IX. Rare X. estefsal,

e.g. ta'arof ('-r-f) = offer e.g. enhesar (h-s-r) = monopoly e.g. e^tebah (di-b-h) = mistahe

e.g. este'mal ('-m-1) = use

Present. Past.

(6) Similarly two Participles (Present and Past) may be formed from' each form, as follows :—

Example. Root. j dia'er poet di-'-r Ima^mul conscripted ^-m-1 mofatte^ inspector f-t-^ mo'aven assistant '-v-n m o ^ e l difficult di-k-1 mota^akker iJuinkjul ^-k-r motahareb belligerent h-r-b monfajar exploded f-j-r moltafet attentive 1-f-t

I. fasel

II. mofassel III. mofasel IV. mofsel

. V. motafassel •VI. motafasel VII. monfasel

VIII. moftasel IX. Rare X. mostafsel

mafsul

.al

.al

.al

.al

.al

.al

.al

al mostaj^dem employee ^-d-m

In all but the First Form, the only difference between Present and Past is the vowel-change in the last syllable.

When the last two root letters are the same, or when one of the letters is v or y, certain changes (by contraction) may take place ; the rules for these need not be learnt, but a few illustrations will be useful.

VERBAL NOUNS

efsal t-y-' eta'at (for etya'(at)) = obedience d-y-' eda (for edya') = payment

eftesal v-k-' etteka (for evteka') = support estefsal '-f-v este'fa (for este'fav) = resignation

LESSON XI 79

Participles

mafsul v-l-d molud (for mavlud) = birth mofeel d-v-r modir (for modver) = director

n-di-' monahi (for mon^e') = chrk monfasal h-1-1 monliall (for moiihalal) = demobilized mostafsal r-v-h mostarah (for mostarvali) = W.C.

NUMERAL FORMS

(74) These have already been mentioned in paras. 56, 57. It will be seen that all the fractions are of the form fosl, and the Arabic Ordinals of the form fasel.

ARABIC TERMINATIONS

(75) Most of the Arabic case-endings have been lost; a few, however, are of importance.

(a) The Feminine ending -atmi. The case-ending -un (in Arabic) is normally dropped, and the ending then becomes -a, except before a vowel, when the t reappears. In Persian, however, the ending either becomes -e, in which case the t is lost altogether, or -at, in which case the t is always retained.

(b) The Dual ending -en (for two). It is found in such words as valeden = " parents ". (Sing, valed.)

(c) The " Sound " Plural ending -In (Masc), -at (Fem.), found especially with Arabic participles, e.g. mohandesin (h-n-d-s) = " engineers, surveyors ". (Sing, mohandes.)

(d) The Accusative Singular ending -an, used adverbially, e.g. ta^riban = ** nearly " (see para. 33).

(76) A few Arabic expressions are used in their entirety without change, e.g.:—

80 LESSON XI

ya'ni = that is to say (lit. it means) beUia^^6 = actually (lit. in the truth) fog^alad^ ' = eoctra (lit. above the custom) salam alekom = (Moslem greeting—lit. peace ujpon you) ba'd-ez-zohr = afternoon (lit. after the noon) benalmelal-i = international (lit. between tJie nations +

Relative eliding)

EXERCISE XI

(1) in kot va an ebalvar be- = Take this coat and those l^ayyat bebarid, yek lAord6 tiouseis to the tailor, they par6 ^od^ are a little torn

(2) momken ast masajed-e- = Is it possible for me to visit iran zeyarat bokonam ? the mosques of Iran P

(3) masajed-e-esfahan-ra bara- = They have opened the ye-zeyarat vaz kardand mosques o£ Isfahan for

visiting (4) ^o^latan najjar bud, = You were employed as a

hog^ug^ chand gereftid ? carpenter, what were your wages P

(5) dar esfahan dokkan-e- =>= In Isfahan I had a private ^ a l ^ i da^tam, har ruz shop and I made about 6 tag^ban panj tuman tumans daily gereftam

(6) va^t i kS pi^-e-dierkat = When I worked for the kii kardam, mavajebam company, my wages were ruze bist ^ a n bud 20 rials a day

(7) vozara-ye-mokbtai-e- = The ambassadors of the kadivarha-ye-donya hazer nations of the world were budand present

(8) emruz id-e-g^atl-e-emam- = To-day it is the festival of hosen ast .t^'25^*'>: the murder of Hosain

vS

LESSON XI 81

(9) forul^tan-e-sigari dar iran = The sale of cigarettes in Iran zir-e-dast-e-enhesari ast is in the hands of a

monopoly (10) az in manzelha kodam = Which of these booses do

mel darid ? yon prefer P (11) el^teyar nadaram, ag^a ; = I have no choice, sir ;

bar kodam befarma-id whichever you order (12) ta'ajjob mikonam in = I am surprised'that no one

eshtebah hichkas nadide has seen this mistake

LESSON XII

(77) GREETINGS, OATHS, HONORIFICS, POLITE PHRASES, ETC.

salam alekom = Peace be upon you (Moslem greeting)

alekom-os-salam = Upon you be peace (Answer) ^adzi (Modem greeting) ahval-e-^arif (ch^ tor ast ?) = How are you ? al-hamdo-lellah az eltefatr = Praise be to God far your

e-^oma kindness ^oda hafez(-e-^oma) = Good-bye (familiar) marhamat zeyad = Good-bye (formal) morakhldiasam ? (said by visitor when leaving) sobli(-e-^oma) be-lier = Good morning ^ab(-e-^oma) be-lAer = Good night ^ad ba^ (greeting at New Year, etc.) zand6 ba^ = Long live . . . ! Viva I salamati = Good health !

(78) OATHS AND INTERJECTIONS

be-IAoda g^asam \ jan-e-^oma [ Oaths of " Conviction " jan-e-man, -e-Wiodam J yallah = Hurry up ! etc. bal L b a ^ | aferin " - = Bravo ! Well done! b&rakallah J

82

LESSON XII 83

Terms of abuse

pedar sag pedar sulAte pedarat na-mard haramzad^ en^allah ] = If it please God (surprise; lit. ma^allah / What God mils) besmellah = In the name of God ! (said before

meals or before imdertaking any project)

al-hamdo-lellah = Praise to God ! (thankfulness)

HONORIPICS AND TiTLES

(79) The lavish use of honorifics and titles which was characteristic of the older Persian language is rapidly dying out, partly through contact with Western ideas, and partly as the result of direct encouragement by the educational authorities. There are, however, various expressions and turns of phrase which the student will do well to learn, as-without them his speech will appear uneducated and boorish.

As a rule the Personal Pronouns are not used by speakers of each other in polite conversations between equals, or in addressing a superior. The following expressions may be used for the 2nd Person:—

jenab-e-ali ] sarkar-e-aliv rather formal hazrat-e-ali) g^orban(-e-t6, -e-^oma) familiar

The usual substitute for the 1st Person is band6, literally ** bound ", i.e. " slave, servant".

84 LESSON X n

Tenns of affection are numerous, examples being :—

.^ J r = soul of your father jan-e-pedarj - '' janam = my soul, etc.

(80) Terms of Respect: in speaking to a man, the word agl a " Mr.", " sir " is used; to a woman, lAanom. " Ladies and Gentlemen " = a^ayan va Hianomlia.

The word a^a is prefixed to all titles except those of high rank, e.g. ag^a-ye-doktor, ag^a-ye-hokumat " Governor ", etc. For ojficers of the lower ranks, the correct title is sarkar, for those of higher ranks, timsar. Ministers and persons of similar status are addressed as jenab, followed by the appropriate title. The word jenab, however, is generally used whenever addressing a superior, whatever his rank, e.g. jenab-e-ra'is. The Royal Family are addressed as follows :

H'.I.M. tJie Shah = pi^ah-e-a'lahazrat-e-homayun-e-^ahan^ahi

H.I.M. the Queen = pi^ah-e-olyahazrat maleke-ye-iran

The Crown Prince = p i ^ a h - e - valahazrat - e - homa-yunivali'ahd-e-iran

Other sons of tJie Shah = valahazrat ( + name) Other dai^hters of the Shah = olyahazrat ( + name)

POLITS PHRASES

(81) It is common, in poUte conversation, to substitute for the auxiliary part of the compound verb, especially for kardan, the verb farmudan (ht. conmiand). Thus for ejaz6 dadan is said ejaz6 farmudan, for mel daditan— mel farmudan, for molahaz6 kardan—molahazS farmudan, etc. There are numerous other examples.

LESSON XII 85

The word farmudan is also used by itself with the meaning of " say " ; che farmudid = " what did you say ? "

Examples of other polite periphrases are as follows :—

moltafet diodid ? = Do you understand ? f 6t diod = He has passed away bi zahmat, befarma-id = Please mamnun, -am, -e-^oma, = Thank you

mota^akker beba^shid = Excuse me mamnun, cha^m, et&'at = Very weU, certainly

mikonam (by a servant) chera! albatte = Certainly, of course jdieli j^ob, besyar lAob = Very weU Icheli zahmat dadam (said by = / have given you much trouble

a visitor when leaving) jAeH lAoA amadid; az = You have been very welcome

zeyarat - e - oma lAeli lAo^vag^t diodam, va hich zahmat nabud

kef-e-shoma, mel-e-shoma = As you wish fekr-e-dioma = As you think

(ta^rif \ darand Vr = Is Mr. Emami presffnt ?

hastand? J jdier, a^a, t a^ i f nadarand, = No, sir, he is not here, he has

ta^rif bordand gone away farda t a^ i f miyavarand = He wiU conie to-morrow

arz kardan is used to introduce statements, etc., as the following examples show :—

arz mikonam (be-li^edmat-e- = I would like to say that . . . dioma) ke . . .

che farmudid ? = What did you say ?

86 LESSON XII

arz nakardam = / did, not speak chS arz konam 1 = What shaU I say ?

band^chS midanam ? = How sJioidd I know ? mota'assef-am = I am sorry lAahe^ myconam = I request eb nadarad (nist) = It doesn't matter ^eli 6g^ate§t tallA ^od = He was very angary, upset

"* / Will you he so kind as to . . . marhamat befarma-id = ] Will you do me the pleasure

y o f , , .

EXERCISE XII

1) jenab-e-arbabat ta^rif = Is youi master at home P darand ?

2) bal6, ag^a, ta^rif darand; = Yes, sir, he is here ; please befarma-id ta be^ liabar come in while I inform bedam him

3) salam alekom a ^ a ; che = Greetings ! How are you P tor hastid 1

4) al-hamdo-lellah az eltefat- = Thank you for asking, e-jenab-e-ali, emraz halam to-day I feel quite well l^ob dbod

5) yek l^orde chay mel = Would you like a little tea P mifarma-id 1

6) dar ^ahrche ^abar-e1 = What is the news in the townP

7) bande do hafte rolisat = I took two weeks' leave, I gereffcam, diruz fag^at bar only returned yesterday ga^tam

8) Khahe^mand am zud pidi- = I hope you will come and e-band6 ta^irif beyarid visit me soon

LESSON X n 87

(9) l^eli mota^akker-e-sarkar- = Thank you very much ; I e-ali hastam; en^allah do hope I shall come in two ah ruz digar miyayam or three days

(10) jan-e-^oma, a^a, hala se = I assure yon it is three mah ast hichkas zeyarat-e- months since anyone man nayamade ast visited me

(11) hala ejaze midid, = Now I most leave yon moraldikhas mi^am ?

(12) marhamat zeyad ag^a; = GkM)d-bye ; I hope you will en^allah zud bar gaf^tid soon be back

CONVERSATIONS

TRAVELLING

ag^a, mel daram be-esfahan = I want to go to Isfahan ; beravam; che tor midbad ? how can it be done P

mikhabid be-taksi beravid ya = Do you want to go by taxi be-^araban ? * or by charabanc P

keraye-e-taksi chand-e ? = What is the hire of a taxi P emmz ba'd az zobr yek Uksi = A taxi is going this afternoon

barakat mikonad, t u^ ja in which there is room bast

keraye-e-yek ja baftad o panj = The hire of one seat is 75 reyal ast rials

amma namitavanam emruz = But I cannot start to-day barakat konam

pas, agar yek taksi tamam = Then, if you want a whole lazem darid, keraye^ sisad taxi to yourself, the hire reyal mi^ad will be 300 rials.

farda ^araban nist ? = Isn't there a charabanc to­morrow P

chera, ^arabanbast; keraye-e- = Yes, there is a charabanc ; yek ja fa^at bist reyal ast. the cost of one seat is only vali rabat nist 20 rials. But it is not

comfortable eb nadarad; yek ja dal^ele^ = Never mind ; reserve one

bar-e-man negah darid seat in it for me besyar ^ob , a ^ a ; farda = Very well, sir ; it will start

sa'at-e-nob barakat Miabad to-morrow at nine o'clock kard

90 CONVEKSATIONS

sat-e-rdh On the road j^-ye-man koja-at ? diruz = Where is my place P I

neg&he^ da^tam reserved it yesterday in ast, §.g] &; asasiyetan koja- = This is it, sir; where is your

at ? luggage P ^eli sangin ast, a ^ a ; ^ayad = It is very heavy ; perhaps

nami^ad it canH be managed en^allah \K peda mi^ad = I think there will be room dbarabanchS vag^t miravad ? = What time does the chara-

-banc go P al'sln harakat mikonad, ag^a. = It is going directly. Sir a^a-ye-^6fer, mel ddram yek = Driver, I want to go to sleep

^orde bel^abam; va^ti for a little ; when we have kd jS-i rasidim, bi zahmat arrived somewhere, please bidaram bokonid wake me

an masjed-e-glta^angi k^ = That beautiful mosque which taraf-e-rast mibinid masjed- you see on the right is the e-g^om ast mosque of Qum

hala ke sar-e-in kuh amadim, = Now that we have come to mitunid ^ahr-e-esfahan-r^ the top of this hill, you pa'inbebinid can see the town of

Isfahan below a^a, behtarin-e-mehm^n- = Which is the best hotel P

l^ane kodam-e ? in doro^k^ begirid; s^hebe^ =»- Take this droshky ; its

pi^-e-yek mehman^an^-ye- owner will take you to a l^ob dboma-r§, mibarad good hotel

SIGHTSEEING

a^a, emruz mel daram = To-day I want to see the masajed-e-esfahan bebinam mosques of Isfahan

lieli lAob aj^a; yek doro^6 = Very well, sir ; get a droshky

CONVERSATIONS 91

begirid, k^ ^oma-ra be to take yon to the Maidan-mMan-e-^ah bebarad . e- Shah

an masjed-e-bozorg esme^ = What is the name of that cbi-e ? big mosque

in masjed-e-sbab esme^-^; = That is called the ISIasjed-e-mel darid bend tu ? Shah ; would you like to

go inside P zinate^ abi o sabz o zard = Its * blue and green and

l^eli g^a^ang-^ yellow decoration is very beautiful

ball, ag^a; migand zir-e-dast- = Yes, sir ; they say it was e-^ah abbas salute ^od built in the time of Shah

Abbas dast-e-rast yek amarat bast, = On the right is a building

esme^ all g^apu-st called the " Ali Ghapu " anjachechiz vag^e' ^od ? = What happened there P migand ruz-e-id ^ab l iode^ = They say that on festivals • ba omaraye^ o vozarayesfe the Shah sat there with anja ne^ast his princes and ministers

un bab-e-bozorg mal-e-chi-6 ? = What is that big gate there P un m^I-e-bazar-e-bozorg ast = That belongs to the great

bazaar ball, az in blzar I^abar = Yes, I have heard of this

das^tam; ^el i mil daram bazaar ; I should very zeyarat konam much like to visit it

tule^ namidanamcbl g^adi-l; = I don't know how long it is ; bame^ zir-e-yek bam-l it is all under one roof

inja bazar-e-masgeran-l, va az = Here is the bazaar of the an taraf najjarba peda coppersmiths, and over mikonid there you will find the

carpenters pas bar san'at ja-ye-Miode^ = Then each trade has its

darad own place

92 CONVERSATIONS .

m^l darid yek diizi beWiarid ? = Would you like to buy some-nog^r^ hast ya tala, ya thing P There is silver or ^ayad na^h^e dust darid ? gold, or perhaps you like

painting P lielimamnun-e-^omahastam, = Thank you very much, but

vali ermraz pulain nayavar- I have not brought any dam; en^allah farda bar money to-day ; perhaps I migardam will come baok to-morrow

SHOPPING

8obh-e-^om§, be-lier, S^a; = Good morning, sir ; what che lazem darid 1 would you like P

awal namak o cbay o ard = First I should like some salt mikhaham and tea and flour

be-farma-id, a^a, hazer dbod = Here you are, sir, it is ready inchay mal-e-koja-st ? = Where is this tea from P mal-e-hendostan ast; ^ema- = It is from India ; the price

t e ^ Idieli boland ^od, az has gone up a lot, on sabab-e-maliyat account of the tax

do ta nan-e-taze ham bedebid = Also give me two new loaves janab-e-ali liodetan mibari- = Will you take them yourself

de^ ya beferestam ? or shall I send them P bi zahmat beferestid, cbun ke = Please send them, as I have

ma^un-e-man hazer nada- not got my car ram

g^assabi koja hast ? = Where is there a butcher P az an taraf tadirif bebarid, = Go in that direction,. sir,

a^a, dar ^eyaban-e-^ah there is one in Shah Street yeki hast

3,^&, ta^rifbeyaridtu; chand = Come inside, sir; I have ta asbab-e-g^arib daram, some unusual things to mildiaham be-hazrat-e-ali show you neshan bedeham

CONVERSATIONS 93

ch6 chiz darid, ag^a ? mel = What have you got P I don't nadaramchizi beWiaram want to buy anything

§,g a, in ^al i mal-e-kaMn-^; = This carpet, sir, is from namibinidchetor barik-6 ? Eashan ; do you see how

fine it is P in hame^ az abri^am salute = It is made entirely o£ silk

^od chizi g^arib ast, ag^a ; vali = It is wonderful; but I think

gaman mikonam g^ematesb ite price is too much zeyad-6

eb nadarad, a^a ; bar che = It doesn't matter, sir ; what-befanna-id, g^emate^ bar- ever you say, I will make e-^oma dorost mikonam its price all rilght for you

momken ast yek chizi arzantar = Can you show me anything az in ne^an bedid ? cheaper than this P

cha^m, ag^a; in paroheha = Very good, sir ; please look molahaz^ be-farma-id at these pieces of cloth

in^b^ tor dorost mikonand ? = How do they make this P in kar-e-l^osusi-ye-esfahan = This is special Isfahan work ;

ast; na^g^a^i ba daat it is hand-drawn and tasvir mikonad o range^ painted by an artist mizanad

g^emate^ bar yek dab tmnan = The price is 100 rials each ast

ma^allab i bi^tar az panj = What! I will not give more tmnan namideham than 50 rials

ag^a, ^odam noh tuman = Sir, I gave 90 rials myself ; dadam, vali eb nadarad, but never mind, I will haft tmnan g^abul mikonam accept 70

lieli lAob, do ta migiram, = All right, I wiU take two, davazdah tmnan mideham and give you 120 rials.

besyar ]^ob agha ; marhamat = Very well su:; good-bye zey&d

94 CONVERSATIONS

DOMESTIC

ag^a, chayatan hazer ast = Sir, your tea is ready sa'at chand-d 1 chera sar-e- = What is the time P Why

vag^t naydvardid ? haven't you brought it in time?

ag^a,tag^sir-e-^odamnabud; = Sir, it is not my fault; just mog^e'i ke ab polite ^od, when the water had boiled ketri oftad^ ast o hamedh the kettle was upset and ru-ye-zamin ril^t^ ^od it was' all spilt on the

ground reza, vag^ti k6 nadita ^alas = Reza, when breakfast is

^od, beyid pi^-e-man, o finished, come to me and fehrest mal-e-bazar mi^- I will read you the anam shopping list

c h a ^ , l^anom; hesab mal- = Very well, madam ; shall I e-haft^-ye-goza^t^ ham give you last week's bedeham ? account as weU P

in ch6 ^adr zeyad ^od ! = This has gone up a lot; sababe^chi-6 ? why is that P

che midanam, ^anom ? dar = How should I know, b3,zar ham^ chiz g^emate^ madam ? Everything has zeyad ^od gone up in the bazaar

hala zud' berid bazar, yek = Now go at once to the morg^ beyarid, o bar ch^ bazaar, and bring a sabzi-ye-^ob gir miyad chicken and whatever

good vegetables are to be had

em^ab mehman darim, bayad = This evening we have guests; hame chiz pak o g^a^ang everything must be clean ba^ad ^jjfl oj^g

bal6, Mianom; al'dn be-d^az = Yes, madam ; I will tell the khabarmidam. chand nafar cook at once. How many mehm&n ta^rif miyarand ? guests will there be P

CONVERSATIONS 95

en^allalicliahar nafar miyand = Four people are coming agar ^anom liast,chand ta gol = K there are ladies, I vdll get

az ba^b§,n migiram, o miz- some flowers from the ra tamyiz mikonam gardener, and decorate the

table an golha-ye-taz^-i-ra ke = Has the gardener planted

arbabatan avarde, hanuz jihose new flowers which bag^ban ka^t6 ya na ? your master bought P

bale, lAanom, emruz sobb tu = Yes, madam, I saw him this bag^ didame^, untaraf-e- morning in the garden ; chaman ka^te ^od they are planted on the

far side of the lawn un farra^ chh cbiz darad ? = What is the matter with the

chera seda mikonad ? house-boy P Why is he shouting P

^anom, ba a^paz da'va = He is fighting with the cook ; mikonad ; namidanamchi-^ I don't know what is the

matter pas be^ begid beyad tu, kaie^ = Then tell him to come in

bokonad; ru-ye-in miz l^ak and do his work ; there is ^eli hast a lot of dust on this table

ag^a, cbizi mSl darid ? = Would you like anything, sirP

bale, yek ^ i^6 ab-e-j6 beyarid = Yes, bring me a glass of beer

IN THE OFFICE

to, fana^, ghalam o ^osbk- = Boy, where have you put my ken mal-e-man koja pen and blotting-paper P gozaM 1

g^alam tu Idbane-ye-miz-e- = The pen is in the drawer of tahrir ast, a ^ a ; ! ^ o ^ - the desk ; I will bring kon-e-taze al'an miyaram some clean blotting-paper

immediately

96 CONVERSATIONS

hala be-ag^a-ye-aram salam = Now go and call Mr. Aram bedeh

ag^a-ye-aram, diruz ^a t t i = Mr. Aram, yesterday I sent be-ra'is-e-^ahrabani ferest- a letter to the Chief of adam; sevade^ hazer darid Police ; have you got a ya na ? copy of it here P

mag^ud-e-janab-e-ali kodam- = Which one do you mean, e? sir?

an k6 nave^tame^, raje' be- = The one I wrote about the mas'al^-ye-nezam-e-vazdf^; question of conscription ; yad darid ? do you remember P

bale, ag^a, dar daftar goza^- = Yes, sir, I filed i t ; I will tam; barche zudtar pedash find it and bring it as mikonam o miyaram quickly as possible

an ma^in-navis-i k^ taze = How is the work of that amad^ ast kare^ cbe tor typist who has recently ast ? come ?

bad nist, dgl^^; vali tajrebe = She is not bad, but she has nadarad had no experience

gaman mikonam fag^at se mab = I think she has only learnt yad gerefte ast for three months

ag^a, cband nafar amadand, = Sir, there are some people migand arize darand here who say they have

apphcations besyar l iob ; yek liorde sabr = Very well; let them wait a

konand, al'an yek yeki little, and presently I will mibinam see them one by one

l^ob, ^oma cbe kar darid ? = Now, what is your business P &g a, man najjar bastam, dar = Sir, I am a carpenter who

esfaban dokkan da^tam; had a shop in TsfahftT ; ba'd ^anidam in ^erkat I heard that this company najjIrbS, l&zem da^t o wanted carpenters, so I ^madam came

CONVERSATIONS 97

haU najjarta ^^li lazem = We do not need many nadarim; dokkanatan chera . carpenters jnst now ; why forul^tid ? did you sell your shop P

ag^a naforul^tam; be-dast-e- = I didn't sell it; I handed it yek rafig^ mal-e-man dadam • over to a friend of mine

pas inja mavajebatan ruze = Well, your wages here will punzdah g^an mi^ad, be 15 Rls. a day, not biditar na more

ag^a, man najjar-e-ldiob = Sir, I am a good carpenter ; hastam; agar bi^tar az an if I can't get more than nagereftam, be-velayatam that, I will go home bar gaditam

^oma che miWud 1 = What do you want P janab-e-ra'is, bar kari badiad = Sir, give me any work there

bedeb; band^ f ag^ is ; I am poor and have hastam, zan o bac^^ daram a wife and child

karat chi-^? = What is your occupation P a^a, be-Wioda ^asam, hich = Sir, I have no trade; if

kari balad nistam; kar-e- there is work for a hammal agar bast, bedcb labourer, give it me

Ajsr INVESTIGATION

^abed-e-in badese Id bud ? = Who witnessed this accident P

man bazer budam, ag^a; 8ar-= I was present, sir ; I was on e-rab budam, o ma^in-ra the road, and saw the car didam

liob, esmatan cbi-e, koja kar = All right, what is your name mikonid 1 and where do you work P

esmam ^olam reza pesar- = JiSy name is Gholam Reza, e-g^olam bosen ast, dar son of Qholam Hosain, karl^an^-ye-^erkat mikan- and I am a fitter in the ik bastam Company's workshop

98 CONVERSATIONS

pas, raje' be-in hades^, ch6 = Now what happened about ^od ? this accident P

a^a, sut zad6 bud, band6 = The whistle had gone, I karam ^alas kardam, finished my work and was ^ased-e-manzelam budam on my way home

manzelatan fe'lan koja-st 1 = Where is your house actually?

sar-e-kuh ast, a|^a, un taraf-e- = It is at the top oi the hill, medan sir, on the other side of

the plain mo^e'i ke az an pichi gaditam = Just when I had turned the

k^ mo^£Lbel-e-edare-ye- comer opposite the ^erkat ast, yek ma^in company's office, I saw a didam l^eli tund miyamad car coming very fast

^ofere^ ^enaUitid ? = Did you recognize its driver P lAer, a^a, l^eyal mikonam = No, sir ; I don't think he

mal-e-inja nabud was from here nagaban yek nafar meyim-e- = Suddenly I saw a man in the

rab didam; ^ena^tame^, middle of the road. I monsbi mal-e-^erkat bud , recognized tiim as a

company clerk m a ^ - r a nadid ? = Didn't he see the car P fekx mikonam nadidedb; dar = I don't think he did ; he

meyan-e-iab garde^ mikard was walking in the middle of the road

m a ^ n zud amad^ o be^ zade = The car came quickly and struck him

ba'd chfe kard 1 = What did it do then P hich tava^^of nakard, zud = It did not stop at all, but

barakat kard o raft moved off quickly and disappeared

^om& ^odatan ^h kit = What did you yourself do P kardid?

CONVERSATIONS 99

mon^i-ra didam dastedt = I saw that the clerk had hurt zakhm l^ord^, amma zeyad his hand, but it was not nabud serions

yek azhan mal-e-^ahrabani = A policeman came 'al(mg, amade ast, be^ l^abar and I told him what had dadam, ch& va^e ' ^od happened

a^a-ye-bazar, dioma an = Mr. Hazar, you are the mon^-ye-^erkat bastid; company's clerk; will be-ma begid ke in ma^in you explain to us how che tor ast betan zade this car struck you P

namidanam, a ^ a ; bich nadi- = I don't know, sir ; I saw dam ta ma^in amade ast nothing till the car came

ma'lum ^od tag^sir-e-an = It is obviously the fault of ^6feri-st, ke bicbkas that driver whom nobody na^enal^te^ recognized

AT WORK

cband nafar karger bazer = How many workmen are ^odand ? here P

fa^at bist o panj ta amadand; = Only twenty-five have come ; un' 8 ta digar sar-e-vag^t those other three have not narasidand arrived in time

l^ob, in luleba ru-ye-lari = All right, put these pipes on bogzarid the lorry

^oma cb^ kar mikonid ? = What are you doing P Do bar-e yek lul^ ba^t nafar you need eight men for lazem ast ? • one pipe P

ag^a-ye-dbofer, in lari ta sar-e- = Driver, take this lorry to the kub bebarid. dab nafar top of the hill. Ten men bamrab berand go with it

to ch^ kar mikoni ? = What are you doing P Wialafam chi-e ? bich chizi = What is wrong P I have

nakardam done nothing

100 CONVERSATIONS

rast migid, &^a, amma inja = Yon are right, but here you lazem ast ya kar bokonid y^ must work or go bend

liabar dar! radd ^6 ! un lul^ = Look out! Get out of the . miyoftad! . way! That pipe is falling ! anja ch^ bazi mikonid ? an = What are you playing at P

lul^ ^dyad be-kasi zad^ That pipe might have hit badiad someone

un 8& ta safhe-ye-ahan-i k6 = Where are thsoe three iron diraz az ambar ferestadand plates which came from koja hastand ? the store yesterday P

al'an miyarim ft^; reza =.We will bring them at once, ^oli, hasan all, beyid zud sir ; Beza . Gholi and komakbedid Hasan Ali, come quickly

and help bolande^ kon, bolande^ kon ! = Lift it up, lift it up ! Can it

mi^ad ya nami^ad "i be done or not P ali jan, ^oma az bame-ye- = Ali Jan, you are the laziest

kargeran taTib altar-id; cbera of all the men ; why don't karatan namikonid ? you do your work P

di& migid, ag^a ? zur nist; = What are you saying, sir P agar mel nadaram kar There is no compulsion ; bokonam, namikonam if I don't wish to work,

I won't besyar Hiob; mel-e-^oma-st. = Very well; as you like.

eliraj diodid, boro edar6 You are dischai^ed ; go pulatun begirid to the office and get your

money ag^a, pidi-e-^abrabani = I shall complain to the

^ekayat mikonam police kef-e-ldiodatan. vali mesl-e- = Just as you wish. But we

d om& inja lazem nadarim don't want men like you here

CONVERSATIONS 101

IN CAMP

ag^a-ye-sar-amale, inja se ta = Foreman, pitch three tents chador bezanid ; az an taraf here ; four are wanted chahar ta lazem ast over there

besyar Wiob ag^a. ja'far o = Very good, sir. Ja'far and karim, zud bcrid az lari haffc Karim, go quickly and ta chador ba chubha^ o bring seven tents from the mijdihadk beyarid lorry with poles and pegs

fi^a, ma do nafar hastim; ch^ = Sir, we are only two ; how tor mishad haft ta chador can we bring seven tents ? beyarim 1

eb nadarad, do nafar az = Never mind, take two of lafi^hatan ham bebarid your companions as weD

vagjitike cliadorha khob zadid, = When you have pitched the har yek dore^ yek jub tents properly, dig a trench bekanid round each one

bale, a^a . all akbar, beya in = Yes, sic. AU Akbar, come chub boland kon, ba^iyetan and hold this pole up, mil^ha-ra tu zamin bokubid while the rest of you

hammer in the pegs in chador mal-e-ambar ast. = This is the store tent. Bring

asbabha-i ke tu un lari-ye- those goods in the other digar peda midbad beyarid o lorry and put them in it t u ^ bezanid

ag^a, in boMiari tu lari bud, = Sir, this stove was in the hala shekast^ died, bar-e- lorry and has got broken. ^amchekarmikonim? What shall we do for

supper P a^a , har ch6 ga^tim, bilha = Sir, however much we have

peda nakardim searched, we have not found the spades

aseman lieli gereft^ ast; fekr = The sky is very cloudy ; I mikonam al'an barun miyad think it will rain directly

102 CONVERSATIONS

pasberidzudchadorMbezamd.= Then go and pitch the tents chera inja va istadid 1 quickly. Why are you

standing here P ag^a, ma se nafar hastim, = Sir, we three don't know

asbabaman namidanim koja where our kit has gone ; raft. ^ayad az ^ahr perhaps we left it in the nayavardim - town

janab-e-ra'is, delam Mbeli tang = Sir, I am feeling very ill ; ^od ; bi zahmat yek liord^ please give me a little dava bedid medicine

hala hametan berid beliabid; = Now all of you go to sleep, farda sobb sa'at-e-bafb bar- and he ready for work at e-kar bazer b a ^ d seven in the morning

a^a, ^am hazer ^od 1 = Supper is ready, sir. alhamdo-lellab ! be-^oda = Thank goodness ! Good

gbasam, in gu^t ch& tor heavens, what has ^od ? happened to this meat P

agfea, chl midanam ? boliari = How should I know, sir P nabud, chand ta mili a te^ There was no stove, so I zadam va antor dorost made a fire of some pegs kardam and cooked it like that

fardU sobh mel daram sevari = To-morrowmominglwantto bokonam; asbam-ra ba zin ride; have my horse ready 0 yera^ hazer konid with saddle and harness

ag^&, yek azhan amade ast, = Sir, a policeman has come migad inja ejazfe nist who says we are not ^adorha bezanim, lazem ast allowed to pitch tents, hame cMz jam' konim o here, and we must pack l>erim everything up and go

ag^a-ye-azhan, farda sobh zud = Constable, we are moving harakat mikonim; ejaz6 early to-morrow morning; namidid em^ab inja won't you let us stay here bemanim ? to-night P

one of tliem is

VOCABULARIES * New words not yet in general use. n. Noun. V. Verb, a. Adjective.

When alternative meanings are given, generally Persian and tlie other Arabic.

The verbs in brackets are those usually used with the words in question, as described in Paras. 40 to 41.

In the Persian-English vocabulary the stem of the irregular yerbs is given in brackets.

None of the vocabularies include words already listed in the lessons, e.g. in Lesson VIII.

A. ENGLISH-PERSIAN 1. MILITARY, NAVAL, AND Am

about turn I = berast gard ! anchorage adjutant = mo'ayyen, anti-aircraft

ajudan armament aerodrome = medan-e-tay- armed forces

yarfe, forud-gah* armistice

aeroplane = tayyar6, balun (colloq.), hava- arms pema* port /

bomber = ye-bomb- present andaz sling /

fighter = ye-diekari slope / air force = niru-ye-hava-i under air raid = torktazi-ye- armour-plate

hava-i armoured airship = jahaz-e-hava-i armourer allowance = f6^alad6 army

travelling = kharj-e-aafar ambush = kamingah army corps ammunition = mohemmat arrest ancJior = langar arsenal

to cast anchor = andal^tan

= langargah = zedd-havapema-i = aslehfe, taslihat = artedi,* niru-ye-

nezami = motarak6-ye-

jang = aslehd = hamayol fang! = pidi fang! = band fang! = dudi fang! = taht-as-selah = 8afh6-yo-ahan = zarrfe-pudi = asleh^-saz = Bepah, g^orfiun,

la^kar = kordarm^ = habs, jol6giri = zarrad Uianfe,

ll^url^ane

103

104 VOCABULARIES

artillery attack attention I

auxiliary badge barge barracks barricade base battalion battle {naval) battle-cruiser bayonet belligerent blockade blockhouse bomb bombardment brigade bullet cartridge cavcUry command {order)

company compass conscription

{liable for ) convoy court-jnartidl

crew cruiser

armoured

demobilize demobilization deploy desert deserter destroyer dinghy disembark

displacement 23,000 Uma —

tupldianfe hamal&

: bazer bach! lAabar dar I

: komaki : ne^an, ne§^an6 : karaji : aarbaz-ldianfe •• sangar, sadd : nog^t^-ye-etteka : gerdan : nabard* : nabardnav : samez^ : motabareb ' mobasare : sangar, gjial'fe : bomb : bombaran : tip •• golul6 •• fa^ang •• jdioshiin-e-sevari • farman, farman-

dehi gerdan

• ^otbnema • nezam-e-vazif6 ' ma^mul •• b a d r a g ^ ^ : mahkam^ (dad-

ga,h)-e-nezami : amal4, ja^u : razmnav* : zarrfe-nav,*

kuras^ : monhall kardan : enbelal = saflF k a r d a n = ferar kardan = ferari = nav-Aekan* = ^a ' e j^ , karaji = peyad6 ^odan

(kardan) = zarfiyat = be-zar-fiyat-e-

bi8t-o-s6-hazar ton

division dredger drum dynamite embargo embark

engagement engine {plane.

etc.) equipment escort espionage evacuation explode

eyes right {left)

field-day fire {shot) flag

flank fleet

flotiHa

fortification

fortress frontier fuselage garrison gas gas mask G.O.C.

grenade guard

guard room

gun {ehot) gun {artillery) gunboat gunner

= In^kar = Bhankadi* = tabl = dinamit = tdghif = scvar rfiodan

(kardan) = razm* = m6t6r

= sazobarg = badra^6 = jasusi = takhlij'6 = monfajar shodan

(kardan), tarki-dan

/ = nazar be-raat (chap)!

= ruz-e-san = tir andaWatan = bern^.

parcham* = pahlu = bahriy^.

navcgan* = navgoruh ( = 2 -

3 dasti), navtip ( = 2-3 navgorufa)

= sangar, sadd. g^al'^

= sangar, g^al'S = sarhadd, marz* = fuzolazh, tan6* = saWilu, padegan* = gaz ^^ . = mask-e-zedd-gaz s= sar-ladikar.

sepahsalar = naranjak s= padegan, pasdar.

^aravol, post = pasgah, ^ara-

volkh&n6 = tofang = tup = tupdar, kfinunyir = tupshi

VOCABULAKIES 105

ffunpoioder hall! icebreaker infantry

information ) intelUijeiice / irregular (troops] hed land (plane) land forces machine-gun magazine map mast military service

mine (naval) minesweeper mobilization motor boat

motorized forces

mounted nautical naval forces navy noncombatant oar oarsman officer

order parachute patrol

pilot (air)

platoon post (military) prisoner prohibited (area]

pursue puifee Q.M.

= barut = i s t ! = ynkh-d\ekan = g^oshim-o-

poyad6 — pf.f,pln'A.fi — C U l A ^ t u CfcU

= kharej az safif = tuh(-e-ka§liti) = forud araadan = niru-ye-zamjni = tup-e-mosalsal = fa^angdan = naghshfe = dagal = khcdmat zir-e-

parcham = min = min-jam'-kon = basij = l an^ , gha'cgi,

karaji = niru-ye-

m6t6riz6 = Bev&r6 = darya-i, bahri = niru-ye-darya-i = navegan, bahriy6 = gher nezami = paru = paruzan = afsar,

sahebmansab (see separate list for ranks)

= farman = chetr = gaditi, julAfe.

pas* = Idialban.*

tayyarechi = rasad, foj = post = gereftiir = mamnu'(-al-

vorud) = donbal kardan = papich = k&i'pai'daz

rank (line) (se7iiority)

recruitment refugee

regiment reserve revolver rifle right (left) tuni! rower roiclock sailing boat sailor section

sentry

sheU ship

fishing merchant passenger steam warship

shot sight sink siren skiff sloop

soldier

= saflf = rotb6, darajfe = sarbazgiri = mohajer, pena-

hand6 = hang = zakhir6 ^ tapanchfe = tofang = rast (chap) gard! = paruzan = parugir = koru = malavan, bahri = dast^ (naval =

2 ships), juldi& = negahban,*

kashikchi = golul^, naranjak = k a ^ t i , jahaz = o-mahi-gir

- = e-tcjarati - = e-mosaferi

= e-bokhari = nav, navch6

kashti-ye-jangi = t ir = did = gjiargji kardan = sut = karaji, ^ a ' e g h = paygcrd,*

eksploratur = sarbaz

squadron (naval) = bakhsli.* eskadr stand at ease! stem stock (gun) submarine

tail (plane) take off (plane) tank target torpedo

boat

tube

= rahat b a ^ ! = donbal = j^andaj]^ = zir-darya-i, taht-

al-bahri = donbai6 = parvaz dadan = tank = hadaf = e^da r ,* torpil = cjhdar-afkan,*

torpiliir = ezhdar-andaz,*

laus-torpil

106 VOCABULARIES

trench truce tug turret uTtder-carriage unit

= WiandasJi = solh = kashidfe-karaji = borj = arrad6 = Tahed

unmounted volley volunteer watch {patrol) wing

= rfialik = davtalab = ga^ti, p8.3 = bal

MILITAIIY, ETC., BANKS

Army (arte^) • •

sarbaz private afisar-e-joz' N.C.O. goruhban-6& (earjuMi^)

L/Corporal goruhban-dd Corporal

„ -yek Sergeant 03tovar-d6 Sgt.-Major

„ -yek R.S.M.

afsar-e-ar^ad Com-missioned Officer

setvan-B^ (na'eb) 2nd Lieutenant

setvan-dd Lieutenant »» "ycK „

sarvan (soltan) Captain sargerd (yavar) Major 8arEang-d6 Lieut.-Col.

„ -yek Colonel Bartip General sepahbod Fieli-Marshal sepahaalar O.O.C.

Navy (navegan)

n&vi rating

— samavi

mehnavi-d6 -yek

nav-ostovar-do „ „ -yek

—

navban-sfe Sub-Lieut. .

„ -d6 Lieutenant » -yek „

navsarvab Lt.-Com. nakhoda-sfe Commander

„ -d6 Captain „ -yek

daryadar Vice-Adm. daryaban Admiral daryasalar Admiral of

the Fleet

Police (diahrabani)

3asban (aahan) constable

— Bar-pa8ban-8&

„ „ -d6 » ,. -yek

— —

pay var officer

ra8adb&n-s&

„ -d6 -yek

sarbahr yavar pasyar-d6

„ -yek sarpas

— ^ahrdar

2. TEOHNIOAL, ETC.

alcohol aluminium apparatus automatic automobile

drive driving

axe battery bicycle binoculars bit

alkol aluminyum dastgah Wiodkar madiin, otomobil

randan rani

tabar b&tri d6-charl^6 durbin dahan6

brass bridge bridle building camera canvas carburetteur

carriage (rail­way)

cement chain

=s berenj = pol, jesr =: afsar = amarat :K aksnam^ = chetri = Bukhtamfi,*

karburatur == vagon

3S sim&n = zanjir

VOCABULARIES 107

charabanc chemistry chimney chisd cltUch cog

construction copper corrugated craft (trade) drill drilling rig droshky

driver

= diarS.bfi.n, otobua = ^ i m i = d u d k a ^ = csken^ = klach. chang* = konger6.

dandan6 = sakhteman = mas = m6ji = san'at = matt&

-= making = doro^kfe = chi

electric light bulb = &mpul.

electricity zmployee

employer enamel er^giT^e {cars, etc. engineer {civil) factory funnel fuse {electric) gear

gimlet girder girth groundsheet gold hammer handle harness horn

blow \ soundJ

horse-shoe iron ladder lamp lead lever locomotive lorry

cherag3i-e-barg^

= bar j^ = karkon,

moatakhdom = arbab, karfarma = mina

) = m6t6r = mohandes = k&rldian^ = f&if = fyuz = charkh-e-

dandan& = matt6 = tir(-e-ahan) = tang = chetri = tala = chakodi = dast^, dastgir^ = setam, yera j^ = bugi

= zadan

= na'l = ahan = peUfe = cherag^ = Borb = ahram = lokomotiv = lari

private lorry commercial —

machine

mallet mathematics mine {mineral) mineral (adj.) motor car

private motor car

taxi motor cycle mould mudguard nail needle omnibus oil

asphalt \ bitumen J crude die^el fuel grease kerosene

= ye-eJialdifi = yo-takai = making, m&^in-

e-alat = mijdiku(b) =! reyaz = ma'dan, kan* = ma'dani = mashin, otomo-

bU = e-diaWisi

= e-taksi = motorsiklet = g^ab, g^aleb = gelgir = mikh =*: suzan = ^a raban , otobus = naft

= asfalt

= naft-e-seyah = nafb-e-dizel = naft-e-seyah = griB = naft-e-safid

liquid paraffin = parafin-e-maye' hibricaiing oi paraffin wax petrol petroleum turpentine

vaseline oilfields pedal per cent percentage photograph

take photo­graph

photography

physics pickaxe pipe pliers prong

= rdg^an = mum-e-ma'dani = bonzin = naft = torbantin-e-

ma'dani = vazlin = ma'aden-e-naft = ja-pa, pa-i = dar sad = sadi = aks

_ r gereftan \ bar da^ ta t i

= aks bardari. aksgiri

= fizik = kolang = lul6 = dam-pahan aa BJMl

108 VOCABULARIES

pump (oil, toater, etc.)

puncture radio rail poinia railway

receiver refinery

reins rubber saddle 8ack{ing) saw screw scretodriver silver siren smoke spade spike spring spurs square -stable station steam steel stirrup telescope telegraph

= telemb^

= panchar = radyd = suzan c= rah-e-ahan,

Idiatt-e-ahan = da8tgah-e-rady6 = tasfiyfe-khanfe,

p a l c ^ a h = zcmam = lastik = zin =.gum = arri = picli = ughar

= But = dud = ba = sikh = fcner = mehmiz w morabba' = tavil6 = istgah = boldiar = pulad =B rek&b = durbiu = telejjiraf

(kardan)

tekgrapk office tdephone ient

pitch tent strike

terU peg tin trairi training transmitter

transport

triangular tyre valve (tyre) valve {wireless) wagon {railway) water-channel vxive

shortwave long

wheel whistle wick wire toireless wireless station

workman workshop

khgnfe telfon (kardan) chador

zadan pa'in kar­

dan miWi ^ u t i gjhetar tajrebfe p08t-e-fere-

stand^ nagjhliyfe,

barkadii : mosallas : tayr, lastik : valv : lamp : vagon : ghanat : m6j : o-kutah : e-boland : charkh : SUt = fetUfe : sim = bi-sim, radyd = istgah-e-bi-sim,

post-e-radyO - karger, amal& : k&rk!ian&

3. PKOFESSIONS, TEADES, ETC.

apprentice artist artizan

baker barber blacksmith bookseller bricklayer butcher candidate carpenter carpet seller

^agerd na^^Jia^ artizan, afsar-

mand* Wiabbaz, nanpaz salmdni abanger ketab-foruA

•• banna

davtalab najjar Siiali.foru^

chauffeur clotliseller

cobbler confectioner

coppersmith craftsman doctor driver firetoalchman fishmonger fitter

^6fer : bazzaz, parchfe-

foni^ kaiTfi^,kaf|^-duz ^ann&d, ^irini-

forudi raasgor san'atgir

: hakim, doktor : rfl6fer : atc^kar : mahi-foru^ : mik&nik

VOCABULARIES 109

gardener grocer ironmonger lavnderer mason mechanic messenger muleteer painter

peasant

accounts agenctj assistant bank bill blotting paper calendar

capital carbon

certificate circular class (in traifi.

^c.) clerk commerce

company limited com­

pany contract

copy

cupboard date debt department

head of dept. desk diary

dictionary

= bag^bdn = bagh^a l = ahan-forudi = rakht-shg = banna = raikanik = farradi = charvadar = n a j ^ ^ a ^

rangzan = fallahi

4. COMMERCIAL

= hcsab = kargozari = mo'aven = bank = hesab = khoshk-kon = tag^vim, niz-

diomar* = sarmayS = karbon, barger-

dan* = tasdigji, gavahi* = bakhshnamfe = daraj6

= mon^ i , mirza = tejarat, bazar-

gani* = diorkat = diorkat-e-

schami = kontrat, gjierar-

dad* = Bovad, ru-

n a v c ^ t = dulab, ganj6 = tariWi = vam,* gjl'i rz = edar^, dio'bfe = ra'ifl-e-edar6 = miz-o-tahrir = taj^vim, ruz-

diomar* = g^amus, farhan-

gestan

plumber porter sweeper syce tailor watchmaker watchman wine merchant wireman workman

OFFICE, ETC.

director document drawer eitiployvient

envelope goods gratis hand over hire i7idustry t7»i-insurance letter licence loading note loan

manager general

memJber memorandum

news agency note

note book notice number occupation office boy parcel pen pencil pledge

= sorbkar = hamm&I = jarukar = sayea = khayyafc = sa'atsaz = tofangchi = arak-foru^ = s im-ka^ = karger, amalfe

(pi. amalejat)

= modir = nkvak = khan6 = estejdidam.

kargazini* = paket = kala = majjana = tahvil kardan = korayS = eana'at = morakkab = bim6 = kagfcez, khatt = javaz, parvan6* = bamamfe = gharz (kardan,

"• dadan) . = ra'is = ra'is-e-koll = ozv, karmand* = dast-U^att, yfid-

dasht = khabargozari = Wiatt, dast-

Idiatt = daftar = e'lan, agahi* = nomrfe, ^omar& = kar, ^og^l , pidi& = farradi = bast^ = gjialam = rnadad, ^ a l a m = rahn (gozaditan)

110 VOCABULARIES

printing ' printing works

profit programme

receipt {docu­ment)

recommeTicUition record register representative salary

seal sealing wax secretarial

chap • Idianfe

naf bamam^,

pr6gram : g^abz, rasid*

: pi^nehad : sabeg^fe, pidiini* : daftar : namayand^ : mavajeb,

: mobr : lak-e-mohr : dabirkhand

secretary security signature stamp {seal) stamp (postage) statistics stores telegram telephone

operator tender typist urgent iQoges

year book

dabir rabn (goza^tan) emz& mohr

: tambr [ amar : anbar, ambar : telegraf

: telefonclii •• p i^Li i ehad •• ma^un-naTis : fori : mavajeb,ma'a^

mozd, hoghugii : salnema

agriculture

ambassador anthem application acquittal

attache birth certificate

boy scout break out (war) budget chargh d'affaires

club committee \ conference} consul

-general vice-consul

consulate conviction

council counsel (leg.) counseOM-

county

5. POLITICAL AND ADMINISTHATIVE

fallahat, ka^avarzi*

safir-e-kabir sonid arizfe, dadkhast* ma'afiyat,

baklishudegi* atadife, vabastd* varag^fe-ye-veladat, zaychfe* pi^-abang dar gereftan budj6

: dabir, kardar, diazhedafer

bashgah

= anjoman = konsul = sar-konsul = konsulyar = konsul-khanfe = mahkumiyat,

elzam = anjoman = vakil = mosta^fir,

rayzan* = ^ahrestan (Iran

court

credentials crisis cross-examina­

tion

customs defendant democracy department deputy dispensary

dictatorship document Duce economic education

embassy evidence

fatherland finger-print Filhrer government

is divided into 49 E^ahrestan)

mahkam^, dadgah*

ostovamam& bobran este^ih&d (kar-

dan), gavab-khahi*

gomrok modda'a-al€h demukrasi sho'b^, edclr^ vakil

" davajdi&nfe, daruldianfe*

: dektaturi nam^, varagjife

: pidiva •• eg^tesadi • tarbiyat, parva-

reah, farbang, ma'aref

: sefarat ^ehadat,

gavahi* : vatan : mohr-e-ango^t : pi^va = ddlat

VOCAEULARIES 111

governor

of province of county of munici­

pality • of rural

district headman {village hospital hotel

identity book

imperial Independence inspection inspector

internatio7ial judge king law leader learning legation licence local magistrate mail mediation minister pleni­

potentiary ministry ministry of

commerce ministry of

education ministry of

finance ministry of

foreign affairs ministry of

industry ministry of

interior ministry of

justice ministry of post t

= hokumat, hokmran

= ostandar = farmdndar = bajdididar

= dehdar

= kadWioda = marizkhan^ = mehmankhanfe.

mosaferkhimfe = 8ejell(-e-ahval),

dionasnam^* = diahandiahi = esteg^ilal = t a f t i^ , bazrasi* = mofattedi.

bazras* = ben-al-melal-i = g^azi, dadras* = p a d ^ a h = gjianun = pidiva = a m u z e ^ ta'lim = Befarat = javaz, parvanfe* = mahalli = g^azi, dadras = post = meyanjigiri = vazlr-e-mokhtar

= vez&rat = vezarat-e-bazar-

gani* (tejarat) = e-farhang*

(ma'aref) = e-dara-i*

(maliyfe) = e-kharej6

= e-pidi6 va honar* (sana'at)

= . e-kaahvar* (daWielfe)

= e-dadgas-tari* (adliyl)

»,«= e-post 0

telegraphs and telephones

ministry of roads

ministry of war monopoly municipal

municipality nation national nationality nationals neutrality office official (a.) official (n.) pact passenger passport

permit plaintiff police {town)

police dept.

policeinan police station political politics port post post office prime minister prince prison prisoner province

queen republic residence permi rural district school semi-official speech student

teleghraf o telfon

= e-rah

= e-jang = enhesar = ^ahrdari ,*

baladiy^ = bakbah = d61at, k a ^ v a r = melli = tabe'iyat = atba' = bitarafi = edarfe = rasmi = ma'mur = pSman, ta'ahhod = mosafer = pasp6rt, gozar-

nam6 = javaz, parvanfe* = modda'i = ghahrab&ni,*

nazmiy6 = edarfe-ye-koll-e-

^ahraban i = azlian, pasb&n* = kalantari = seyasi = seyasat = bandar = post = postldian^ = noWiostvazir = ehahzad^ = zandan, habs = zandani, habsi = ostan (Iran is

divided into 10 ostans)

= malek^ = jomhur

I z= javaz-e-ej^amat B= dehestan = madras^ = nimrasmi = solAanrani = ^age rd

112 VOCABULAKIES

svltan taxation teacher tourist traveller treaty

bag bath bazaar bedclothes bedroom beef blanket boa

boiling water bottle bowl bread breakfast broom butler butter candle carpet chair cheese cloth coal coffee comb confectionery cook cook-{to)

cooking pot cup curtain dish ' dining-room dough eiderdoton face-cream fat firewood

= Boltan = maliy&t = mo'allom = jnhangard = mosafer = pcniann&m6,

ta'ahhodnam^

trial

tribe union united visa witness

6. DOMESTIC

= kif, kis6 = hammam = b&zar = rakht-e-khab = khabgah = gusht-e-gav = patu = juAidan, j u ^

kardan = ab-e-ju^ = botri, ehi^fe = kasb, jam = nan = n a ^ t a = jaru = pi^-ldiedmat = kar& = diam' = gjiali = sandali, Bekomli = panir = parch6 = zegh&l = g^ahvi = shanfe = shirini = ashpaz = pojditan, dorost

kardan = dik = fenjan = paridfe = zarf = mizldian^ = khamir = lahaf = khamir = rGfi^an = hizam

flour food fork fry frying-pmi gravy hair-brush honey house hov^e-boy ice iron {flat) j ^ kettle key kitchen knife lavatory linen loaf sugar lunch match mattress meat milk mustard mutton oven pepper pillow pillow-case plate pork powder purse razor "^ razor blade j room rug

= mahkamS, dadrasi*

= il = cttebad = mottahed = viza, ravadid* = ^ahcd , gavah*

= ard = khorak(i) = changal = sorkh kardan = tav6 = ab-o-gu^t = mahut = asal = manzcl, Idi&nfe = fa r ra^ = yakli = atu = kuz6 = ketri = kelid, meftah = aahpazkhanfe = kard = mostarah = katan = ^ a n d = nahar = kebrit = dos^akk = g u ^ t = diir = }<^erdal = gu^t-e-gusfand = bokhari = felfel = ba l e^ = rubaledi = bedighab = gusht-e-khenzir = pudr = kis6

= tigji

= o t a ^ , lA&n6

VOCABULARIES 113

salt eaucepan saucer scent servant sew shave sheet nhop silh soap spoon stove sugar suitcase

xpron blouse boot braces button clothea coat collar cummerbwnd dress dressing-gown fashion fur fur-coat

gloves handkerchief hat nightdress overall

overcoat

alfalfa jalmonds apple apricot barley bean

= namak = dikch6 = na'lbaki = etr = n6kar = duUitan (duz) = tarafihidan = ^ a m a d , lafaf = dokkan = ab r i^am = sabun = ^ a d i o g ^ = bolvhari = Bheker = kif

supper table table-cloth tea teapot toilet toothbrush toothpaste towel tray vinegar water pot water vessel window wool

7. CLOTHES

= pi^d&man = pirahan = putin = band-^alvar = dokm6 = lebas, rakht = kot = yag^6 = kamarband = lebas = lebas-e-^ab = mod = khaz = p&lt6-e-pust,

zhaket-e-pust = d a s t - k a ^ = dastmal = kolah = pirahan-e-kh&b = shalvar-e-kar.

lebaa-e-kar = paltfi

8. PLAI

= alaf = badam = sib = zardalu-= j6 = lubya

pocket pyjamas scarf shawl shirt shoe (Iranian) shoe (European] shoe-lace skirt socks sock-suspenders spectacles stockings stud suit

tie trousers

umbrella veil waistcoat

fT L I F E

bedroot cabbage cauliflower chaff cherry cotton

= ^ a m t= raiz = rumiz = fihay = ^ u r i = tartib = mesvak = khamir-e-dandan = h616 = eim = sark^ = kiiz& = hob = panjarfe, darifibfe = padyn

= jib = lebas-e-khab = dastmal = shal = pirahan = giv6 = kafd^ = bandkaf§^ = daman = jurab = bandjurab = cnak = jiirab(-e-boland) = dokmfe, gol = dast-e-lebas

= kravat = dialv&r, panta-

lun = chetri = chador = j a l i ^ 6

= chog^ondar = kalam = kalamgol = kah = alubalu, gilas = pemb6

114 VOGABULAHIES

daU fig flower fruit grapes grass greengage greens hay leaf lemon lettuce marrow melon

mulberry mushroom nut onion

Idionna anjir gol

: mive : angur : sabz^, alaf = guj6 : sabzi : kah = barg = limu = kahu = kadu = hendovanfe,

kharbuzfe = tut = gjiarch = jdz, fondog^ = peyaz

orangi

peach pear plum pomegranate potato quince radish raisin rice rose straw tree turnip vegetables walnut wheat

»= nftranj, portog^al

= holu = golabi = alu = anar = sib-e-zamini = beh = torbch& = kej^mech = berenj = gol = hasir = darakht = dial^am = sabzi = gerdu = gandam

9. ANIMALS, Bmos, FISH AND INSECTS

ass bear bee bird bvffcdo calf camel cat centipede chicken crow dog donkey dove duck elephant fish fiy flea fox gazette goal goose grouse hare hoopoe

Miar khere zanbur morg i gavmish gusal^ ^otor ghorbi sadpa morgh kolaji^ sag Idiar kabutar morgjiabi fil mahi magas kik rubah g^azal boz g^az khorua kfaargueh hadhad

horse hyena jackal lamb leopard lion lizard locust mosquito mouse mule nightingale ox pig pigeon quadruped rabbit rat scorpion sheep snake sparrow tiger vulture vmlf

= aab = kaftar = ^ag^&l = barr& = palang = Ehir = bozmajife, ™*'' = malal^ = pa§h6 = muri = fiiiater = bolbol = gav = Wienzlr = kabutar = chaharp& = Miargu^

= agjirab = gusfand = mfir = gonje^k = babar = kargas = gorg

VOCABULAKIES 115

10. PARTS OF THE BODY

ankle arm back blood body bone breast cheek chest chin ear dbow tye eyebrow eyelash eydid face finger fingernail foot gums hair hand head heart heel

Africa America Asia Austria Balkan

Peninsula Belgium British Empire

Bulgaria China Egypt England

English France Germany Greece

= £^uzak = bazu = po^t = khon = tan = ostokhan = Bm6 = gun6 = sin6 = £han6 = gudi = aranj = chashm = abru = mozhfe = pelk = surat, ru => ango^t = nakhon = pa = lessd = mu = dast = sar = del 3= pa^n6

11. PBOP]

(i)Cot

= efri^fi = amrika = asya = otri^ = jazir-o-balk&n

= belzjiik = emperaturi-ye-

britanya = bolg^arostan = chin = mesr = onglost&n = englis 3E feranB6 = almanyfi = yun&n

hip jaw kidney knee leg lip liver lung mouth neck

nose pulse rib shoulder skin stomach thigh throat thumb toe tongue tooth vein waist wrist

ER NAMES

intries

Hungary India Iran

Persian {lan­guage only)

Iraq Irish Free State

Italy Japan Mongolia Norway Palestine Persian Qvlf Poland Sotnania

= gard6 = fakk = gholv6 = zaau = sajfe = lab s= jagar, kabad = riy6 = dahan = gardan,

ono{^ = bini, demag^ = nabz = dand^, zol' = d d ^ = puat = diekam = ran = golu = ghast = angodit(-e-pa) = zaban = dandan = varid = kamar = moch

= maj&rest&n = hendustan = iran = farai

= e r a ^ = d61at-e-az&d-e

irland = itaiy& = 2^&pan = mogjiul = nurzh = falastin = Wielij-e-f&rB = lahestan = rumani

116 VOCABULARIES

Ruaeia Scotland Spcdn Sweden Switzerland Syria Turkey

= ru8y& = eskatland = espanya = 8u'id = su'is = surya = torkiyi

U.8.A.

V.S.S.R.

6tazuni; kadi-varha-ye-mottnhed-e-ararika

ettehad-e-jamahir-e-Bhuravi

(ii) Common Personal Names

Male

abbfis ahmad ali aziz bagjier baran da'ud ebrabim elyaa eshas^ esmd'il faridun feruz gudaiz g^asem g^olam hasan hosSn isa ja'far j a m ^ d karim kazem

lAam khosrd loftj) mahdi mcnuchehr mohammad mo'men mortezfi moslem mostafa muBfi, naaer parviz rahim reza rostam sa]em selim sayyed sohrab soleman

abdolaziz abdolboscn abdolkarim abdorrahim abolg^asem abdollah farajoUah fathallah habiboUah nasroUah ^okroUab yadollah

all akbar „ as^ar

„ bosen „ jan „ reza

cheragji ali £^olam abbas

„ ali „ hoadn

g^olam moham­mad

„ reza hasan all

„ figjia „ ^ol i

hosen all _ „ fijioli jan mohammad khod&da<^ khoda karim lotfali mohammad

fiiioli f, reza ,. tag^i

reza j^ioli safar all sayyed ali

„ hasan „ hosen „ moham*

mad

ajditar efifat fatem& ^adis& ina

jamil6 latifi nader^ parvin

Female

puran purandolit ruhiy6 saba

Bctari turan zenab zinat

VOCABULARIES 117

a, an absent able, be above abuse accident accept

accordance with in

account of, on

acqttainted with advantage affair after ajter^wards) afternoon afternoon {late) again

age agree air all

alone also allow always amount and angry answer anyone anywJiere arrive

around article aik ask (quedion) ask for

athletics altenlion

pay aUention autumn

12. GENERAL

= yek, yeki = gchaycb = tuvanestan = bala = fohdi (dfidan) = liades^ = g^abul kardan.

paziroftaa = bana bar, mota-

be{^-e-= az jehat-e-,

bAbat-o-= balad = fayedfe = amr {pi. omur) = ba'd az, pas az = pas, ba'd = ba'd-ez-zohr = nsr = d6barfe, ddmar-

tab& = senn = gjierar dadan = hava = tamam, koU, bar.

ham6 = tnnba = ham, niz = ejazft dadan = bami^6 = gbadr, andaz^ = va, 0 = ^ a z a b n a k = javab (dadan) = harkas = harja = rasidan, vared

^ o d a n = d6r-e-s asbab = poraidan = Bo'iil kardan = talab kardan,

khaheah kardan = varzesh = cltofat = namiidan = pa'iz

bad ball be bear (child) beautiful because

because of

become

beer before

begin behalf of, on behaviour behind bell below belt beside between big bind birth{day)

bitter black blue book borrow bottle box boy brackish break bring

bring about back

into out of

brother broum

•• bad, kharab : tup : budan :zadan : {^asbang : zira(k&),

chun(kfe) = {^«}sabab-e.

: ^odan, ga^tan, gardidan

: ab-e-j6 g3iabl(az),

pidi(az) : ^oru' kardan ; az taraf-e-: raftar a^ab , po^t

: zang ; pa'in, zir : band be-janeb-o-meyan-6-, ben bozorg bastan vel&dat, mdlud,

tavallod t a i a scyah abi ket&b fijiarz kardan botri, ^ ^ 6 sandug^ pesar shur fbckastan &vardan, rasani-

dan be-kar avardan pas avardan, baz

fivardan dar avardan be-dar avardan az baradar ^ahv6-i, khaki,

sorldi (reddish brown)

118 VOCABULAEIES

bruise bruised, be bum but

buy coil

calm carry aivay case, in any caught, be cause century certain certainly change

. cheap chess chief child cigarette {smoke cinema clean dear away cloth cloudy coffee shop cold

catch cold collect collide colour come come (polite) come back

come into come out of comfort{able) command companion compatriot compelled complaint

= zaldim = zakhm Wiordan = sukhtan = amma, vali.

laken = Idiaridan = khandan, seda

kardan = aram = bordan = dar ham& hal = gir kardan = sabab = g^am = yagfein' (da^tan) = albatt^ = ta^iyir dadan.

badal kardan. avaz kardan

= arzan = ^a t ran j = ra'is {pi. ro'asa) = bach6 = sigari (kadiidan) = sinema = pak (kardan) = radd kardan = parchfe = gereffcfe = cfaahvfekfaan6 = 6ard(a), sarma

(n.) = sarma Hiordan = jam' kardan = bar ham zadan = rang = amadan = tashrif avardan = baz amadan, bar

g a ^ t a n = dar amadan be-= dar fimadan az = rahat = farmudan = hamrah, r a f i ^ = hamvatan = majbur = ^ekaya t

(kardan)

complde compulsion concerning

condition {stale) condition {tertn)

conduct comer

correct count

court create crimson crooked crovm cry

cultivation curse custom daily damage

dance

danger dangerous daughter day

after to-morrow

before yesterday

dead dear deceive decide decoration degree demand desert (n.) desert {v.) desire

die

= tamam = zur = rajo' be-, dar

m6zu'-e-= hal, pi. ahval = diart, pi. ^ara-

yot = raftar = picfe {turning);

gu^i {angle) s= sahih = Ehomordan,

hesab kardan = medan = afaridan = ^ermez = kaj = taj = aeyab, scda

(kardan) = zera'at = foh^ dadan = I5iia'ed6 = harruz6, ruz6 — khosarat {n.),

kharab kardan («.)

= ra{pi8 (».), r a^ -sidan {v.)

— Idhatar = Whatamak = dokhtar = ruz = pasfardU

= parimz

= mord = aziz = feroftan = taamim kardan = zinat = daraj6 = talab kardan = beyaban = ferar kardan = Wiaatan {v.),

Wiahe^ (n.) = mordaa

VOCABULARIES 119

die {pa^a arcay) differeiice difficult dig direction dirty discharge disinfectant ditch division do door down drag draw

picture =

drink

drive drunk dry dust duty each earth

east (n.) eat effect effects, personal effort

empty enemy enough entire entrust erect

escape even evening evenness every everyone everywhere eviUsmelling

fdt ehodan eWitelaf, fargji modikel, sakht kandan taraf, dast kasif, napak eWiraj (kardan) dava khandagjl G^esmat kardan dar pa'in k a r d a n k a r d a n tasvir kaehi-

dan Wiordan, adiami-

dan, (n.) ma^-rub

randan mast kho^k Itliak vaziffe, taklif bar zamin; {soil)

kbak sharg^, khavar khordan natijfe asbdb, asasiyS kuehc^ tokhm(-e-morfih) kbali dolman bas tamam sepordan boland kardan

(«.) ferar kardan ham {adv.) ^ a b bamvari bar barka8,bam&kas barja, bara^ j& badbu

examination take examina­

tion except excessive exchange

excuse exert one^s self

exhibition expel expensive expulsion extinguish {light extra fact, in

fall behind

family far

as far as fast fasten father fault

, be at

fear festival few fevered, be field fight

\ find

finish

finished fire

set fire to firm flee floor fold

= emteban = dadan

= joz, seva-ye = zoyad = badal, avaz

(kardan) • = ozr(kardan) = kudiedi kardan,

ku^idan = namayedi = eldtraj kardan = geran = ekhraj = Idiamu^ kardan = foghaladfe = belhag^igjift.

fe'lan = oftadan = a^ab oftadan = ayal = dur = ta(be-) = zud, tond = bastan = pedar = eb,ldialaf,tagh8ir = Wialaf kardan,

ta^sir da^-tan, eb da^tan

= tarsidan = id = kam = tab kardan = zera'at = jang, da'va,

mojadal6 = peda kardan,

yaftan = Idialass (tam&m)

kardan = khalaa = a t e^ = zadan = mobkam = forar kardan = zamin 3= t& (kardan,

zadan)

120 VOCABULAKIES

for forbidden foreign forget

be forgotten formerly free fresh friend from front, in furniture gamble

game garden

rose garden gale

• gather

gentleman get

get up give glance

glass go

(polite) back

out God good grarU green greetings, send grey ground gulf gun hard

(difficult) have he head

(chief)

= bara-ye, bar-e- 1 > = mamnu

:= khareii = faramush. kar-

dan = (az)yad raftan = Babej^an = azad =: taz& = dust, sadig^ = az = jol6, p i ^ = asaaiyb = g^omar kar-

dan = bazi = b a ^ = golestan = bab = jam' kardan.

jam' avardan = a^& = setandan, essun-

dan (coll.) = boland ^hodan = dadan = nazar (andaldi-

tan) = ^i^& = raftan = ta^rif bordan = baz raftan, bar

ga^tan = birun raftan = Mioda, allah = Wiob, jdiodi, nik = bakhahidan = sabz = Balam dadan = nog3irfe-i = zamin = Hielij = tofang = soft = saldit = da^tan = u,in, an = ear = ra'is

health

be in good health

hear heart, by

learn by heart heai heaven heavy help here high hill hole holiday honourable hope hopeful hot liour house how?

how many ? hungry hurU hurt (intr.)

(tr.)

husband I idea if ill

be ill i7nagine

in increase

inform be informed

information inspect

instead of

= sehbat, tandorosti

= hal da^tan

= dianidan = ba hefz = hefz kardan = garma = &seman = sangin, koloft = komak (dadan) = inja = boland, ali = kuh = Burakh; (pit) god = ta'til = diarif = omld = vfir = garm = B&'at = manzel, 1dian& = ch6 tor (gun6,

iur(6)) = chand (ta) = gorosni = yickar (kardan) = dard kardan = zaldtm kardan,

^ekastan = §h6har = man »= fekr = agar = naldio^, mariz = h&\ nadaditan = Wieyal kardan,

tasavvor kardan

= dar, daldiel, tu = afzudan, ezaf^

kardan = khabar dadan = Wiabar da^tan = ettola'at = baz didan,*

tafti^ kardan = avaz-e-,bada]-e-

beja-ye-

VOCABULARIES 121

intelligence intetrupt

investigate island joke journey just as keep kHU kind (a.) kind (n.)

kindle kindness

kit know (person) knoio (thing) Koran lady lame lane language last (v.) last (a.) last, at lastly

laie

latest laugh lawn lay doxon lazy learn

lea^, at leather left lend lesson let go letter (alphabet)

(correspon­dence)

lie (tell)

= fahm = gjiat' kardan

(namudan) = rasidcgi kardan = jazirfe = di61dii (kardan) = aafar (kardan) = chonanchfe = negah kardan = koditan = mehraban = gunfe, jur(6),

tfir = atedi zadan = eltefat, mehra-

bani = asbab = dienakhtan = danestan = ^or'an = khanom, banu = lang = kuclife = zaban = tul ka^idan = aWior, pasin = belakherd = akhiran, aldier-e-

kar = dir; (delayed)

mo'attal; (dead) marhum

= pasin = Wiandidan = chaman ^ nehadan = tanbal = amukhtan, yfi,d

gereftan = a^allan = charm = chap = gharz dadan = dars = vol kardan = harf = ka^ez , khatt

= dorug^ (goftan)

life light (fire) like (similar) like (v.)

limit liquid list listen literate, be Hale ,

load lock (v.) long look at loose lose

be lost love lower

mad make man

manager manliness manure many marry master meaning meatM measure medicine memento method midday middle midst of, in the miTid minute mistake

Mr. Mrs. mix Mohammadan

= zandegani = a t e ^ zadan = meal = mfil daditan.

dust dashtan = hadd = maye' = febrest = g u ^ dadan = sevad daditan = kuchek, (few)

kam = bar = ghofl kardan = boland = negah kardan = shol (kardan) = gom kardan = gom ^odan = dust da^tan = pa'in bordan,

pa'in kardan = div&n6 t= sakhtan = mard, adam.

eliakhs, nafar = ra'is = mardi = kud, kut = besyar, khali = arusi kardan = arbab = ma'na, ma'ni = vaailfe, vaset6 = vazn = dav& = yadkar = tarz = zohr = vaeat = mcyan-e-= yad = dag^ig^6 = c^tebah

(kardan) = a^a = khanom s= amikhtan = moslem

122 VOCABULARIES

Mohammadan-iem

money numth monthly moon more morning Moslem mosque mostly mother mount

be mounted mountain mouthful move much mud murder naked name naturally near nearly necessary (a.)

(n.) necessaries necessary, be

never

new news

hear news newspaper nice night

last night no no, none noon no one north notice (v.) now

up to now

nunJ>er

:= eslam

= pul

= eyanfe = m&h = bi^tar = Bobh = moslem = masjed

madar sevar kardan

^odan kuh

: Hiordfe harakat kardan besyar, Idieli gel

•• g ^ a t l

:l0]^t : esm, n&m : tab'an : Dazd, nazdik : ta^riban : lazem : lazem6 : lavazem , : b&yestan

{impers.) : hichvagit,

hargez : jadid, taz^, nd : Idiabar : kfaabar da^tan : ruzn&m& : g^a^ang : ^ab : di^ab : na, naldier. kher : hich = zohr = hichkas = ^amS.1 = molahaz^ kardan = hala, al'an = t& konun, t& be-

hal noinr^

obey — object (n.) = obliged = observe = obtain =

obtainable, be =

occur = offer = old =

one only open -opium opportunity opposite

or orange {cohur) order other other than

one another outside owner pain

suffer pain painful, be paint pair paper parents pass pass {mountain) patience • pay

perhaps permission

get permission permit person

personal

eta'at kardan mag^snd majbur molahaz^ kardan setandan, essun-

dan (coll.) gir amadan,

bedast amadan = va^e ' ^odan = ta'arof kardan = kohn^, g^adim

(things); pir (people)

= ru, bar ru, sar, bar sar

= yek = fa^at, joz = baz, vaz(kardan) = teryak = forsat (daditan) = mo^ahe\{place),

zedd {anti-) = ya = naranji = farmudan = digar, akhar = gjier az = yekdigar = birun, ld\are) = saheb = dard = d&Atan = dard kardan = rang (zadan) = jofb =* kag^ez = vfi,led6n = goza^tan = tang = sabr = pardaMitan, eda

kardan = ^ayad = ejaz6, ezn = gereftan = ejazd (GZD)dadan = f^aldis, nafar,

kas

VOCABULAEIES 123

piU pink place (v.)

(n.) plain plant play (v.)

(n.) please (v.) pole poor -position possible pour prefer prepare presence of, in

the present

be present {polite)

price prisoner private problem prohibited promise property pull

• pure purple purpose put on {clothes) putout quarrel

quick quiet rain raise rank rattle read ready really

receive

= habbft = mikhak = gozuditan = ja, makan = medan = kaftan = bazi kardan = namaye^ = pasandidan = chub, chukh = fag^ir = vaz'iyat = momken = rikhtnn = mel da^tan = dorost kardan = pahla

= h&zer = tadirif daditan

= gjifimat = dastgir = flhaldisi = mas'al^ = mamnu' = 8^61 (dadan) = mal = k a r d a n = khalea = arj^avani = mag^aud = pudaidan = birun kardan = da'va (jang.

mojadal6) kardan

= zud,tond = &ram = baran = boland kardan = daraj^ = takan kardan = Mi&ndan = hazer Bz belhac^ifi^^,

fe'lan = paziroftan,

S^&bul kardan

recognize = reckon -red -regard to, icith -

regvlaiion remain remainder remember

{recall) remove repair

repeat reply reqtiest

make a request require reserve resigruUion respect of, in respects, pay restaurarU

result return

ride right (n.)

(a.)

{direction) ring rise river road

high road roof room rope rough round rule run

run away same

= ^enal^tan = hesab kardan = sorldi = dar ldi03Ufl-e-.

dar mfieu'-e-= giia'ed6 = mandan = bajj^iy6 = yad da^tan = yad avardan = radd kardan = dorost kardan,

ta'mir kardan = baz goftan s= javab (dadan) = talab kardan,

]diahe^ kardan = Idiahe^ kardan = lazem da^tan = negah da^tan = este'fa = dar UioauB-e-= salam dadan = lug^anti,

rest6ran, meh-manldianfe

= natijfe m= bar ga^tan, b&z

raftan (ama-dan)

i= sevar kardan = hagh^ (dSAtan) = dorost, sahih,

r&st = rast = zang zadan = bar kh&stan = rud (Hianfe) = rah = jadd6 = bam = otagji, ^&n6 c= tanab = zebr = Serd =» riia ede c= davidan c= fer4r kardan = hamin^ ham&n

124 VOCABULARIES

sand say second {time) secret section see seed seek self seU send

for for (jpohte)

sense service set out shame sheU {egg, etc.) short shout

show

shut (v.) (a.)

side at the side of

silent since sincere sister sit skill skilled skilled in sky sleep (n.)

go to sleep slow slowly small small change

smell smile smooth snow

= ^ n = goftan = saniyfe = serr := ^ e s m a t = didan = t o ^ m = jostan = Wiod = forulthtan = ferestadan = talabidan = salam dadan = fahm = ^ e d m a t , vaziffe = harakat kardan = Khejalat = pust = kutah = seyah, sedS.

(kardan) = ne^an dadan.

namudan = baatan = band = janeb = be-janeb-e,

pahlu-ye-= Idiamush = chun = khales = ^ a h a r = neribastan = honar = honarmand = balad = aseman = Wiab; {v.)

khabidan = Wiab raftan = kond = ahest^, y a v a ^ = kuchek = pul-e-)^ord6,

pul-e-seyah = bu = Idiandidan = saf (kardan) = barf

soft someone son sorry sort soul sound (n.) sound {horn) south speak spectacle

spite of, in split spoil spring

{toaler) square {in toion] stage stain stairs stand star start state statue status steps stick still (adv.) still (a.) stone straight strait strange stream street strike string strip strong

stuck, be stupid

subject successful such suddenly

= n a m = folanahaldia = pcsar = mota'aasef = jur(fe), gunfe, t6r = jan = seda = b i i ^ zadan = jonub = harf zadan = tama^ia, namfi-

ycdi = b& vojud-e-, ba = ^ekaftan = Wiarab kardan = {season) behar = chashmfe = mcdan = darajd = lak = peU6 = istadan = setarfe = harakat kardan = hal = mojassam^ = vaz'iyat = peU6 = chub = hanuz = aram = sang = dorost, raat = tang& = g^arib = jub = Idieyaban = kuftan,~ zadan = risman = lokht kardan = ghavi, mobkam

{firm) = gir kardan = n&dan, bifahm.

n&fahm = mdzu' = kamyab — chonin, ol on&n = n&gah&n

VOCABULARIES 125

summer sun suppose

surprise be surprised

sweet sweet smelling swim

switch off (light) =

swiich on {light) = 'system = take = take away =

plajce = tima =

tear (up) = teashop = temporarily = term = thankful \ _ thank you j ~ that (demoustr.) = tJuU (conj.) = that is {to say) = theatre =

theft then = there = these = they thick = thief thin -thing -think =

thirsty = this = this year = tJiose = thought z throw -throw oui tight

tabestan aftab kheyal kardan,

gaman bordan ajab, ta 'ajjob ta'ajjob kardan shirin khodibu ^ e n a kardan,

dast-e-^ena d a ^ t a n

Wi&mu^ kar­dan

r d ^ a n kardan tarz gereftan bordan vaghe' shodan tul kadiidan par6 kaidan chaykhanfe movagjig^atan diart mamnun, mota-

Ebakker an k6 ya'ni toyatr, nama-

yeshgaU ; dozdi -: pas : anja : inha : i ^ a n = koloft = dozd = bank = chiz = fekr kardan,

gaman bordan = tedin6 = in, inak = emsal = &nha = fekr, gam&n = andakhtan = birun kardan = tang

time

tired to to-day together to-morrow to-night too much tools toum traffic

travel trouble

take — make —

true truth

in

try

turn {rourid)

tunst under understand

unemployed unfortiinately unit united, be {of

two) until

valley value village visit voice voyage wait

= bar, barfe, daf'fe, martab^, vag^t

= IdiastA = be = emroz = hamrah, babam = farda, sobh = e n i ^ a b = zeyad = asbab = ^ a h r = nafifeliyfe,

amadoraft = safar (kardan) ' = zahmat = k a r d a n = zeyad kardan = rast, sahih = ba^ig^l (da^ tan)

rasti = belha^ig^6,

fe'lan = k u d i e ^ kardan,

ku^ idan , sa'y kardan

= gardidan, g a ^ t a n

= pichidan = zir = fahmidan, mol-

tafet ^ o d a n = bikar = mota'E = ta , vahed = joft ^ o d a n

= t a = este'mS.!, este-

fad6 (kardan), f&yed6 {value)

= tang = fayed6 = deh, ab&di = zeyfirat = s6't, fi.vaz = Bafar (kardan) = sabr kardan, va

istadan, negah

126 VOCABULARIES

waken ivalk, go for a wall want warm warmth wash watch (v.) watch (n.) water we wear toeary weather week weight west (n.) wet what whatever wlien where which while toho why

bid&r kardan gardc^ kardan divar Miastan garm

: ganii& ^ustan negah kardan sa'at fib ma pu^idan Idiastd hava hafti vazn g^arb, baklitar tar ch&. chi haro fe ke koja, ku kodam safid ki fiherfi

wife wind tpind (v.) wine winter wish (v.) wish (n.) with witTiout woman wood word

work world wound wounded, be write year

— ly last

yellow yes yesterday yet you

tnz ayal, zan = bad = pichidan = ^arab = zamestfin = khastan = Idiahe^ = ba, be = bi, bedun = zan = chub, chuld^ = harf, lo^iat,

sokhan, vazhe* = kar, dio^l = jahan, donya = zakhm = zakhm khordao = nave^tan = sal = ey&nh = parsal = zard = arr6 = diruz = hanuz = td, ^oma

VOCABULAEIES 127

B. PERSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

ag^allan agjirab ajab ak3 akfairan alaf al'dn albatt^ amaI6 (pi.

amalejat) amaljyat amarat amir {pi. omara

SLmniyh amr {pi. omur) anbar andaWitan

(andaz) aragji

arb&b ariz6

arrt arr6 arte^ arusi arz arzan asasiy^ asb asbab

asr avaz

ay&l aziz-ab abadi &bi abru adam fiftab fiftabi S^&

= at least = scorpion = stirprise = photograph = lastly = alfalfa, grass = now = certainly = workman

= operations = buildirig = prince, com­

mander = country police = affair = store = throw

= drink distilled from date-palm

= master, employer = petition, applica­

tion = saw — yes = armed forces = wedding = petition = cheap = furniture = horse = tool, kit, article,

perso7Uil effects = late afternoon = instead of ;

change ~ family, wife = dear = water = inhabited place = blue = eyebrow = man = Bun = ewer {for toUet) = Mr., gentleman

ahan ahest^ akhar aldier alat all aUah alu amadan amikhtan (ainiz amukhtan

(amuz) aram ard asoman adipaz a t c ^ avardan avaz dzod bach& bad badal bajdl^al bahri bakhsh

baldidiidan balad

band bandar {pi.

banader) band6

banna baradar barf barg bargji

baa bastan (band) bast^ bab bad ba(jj}

= iron = slowly = other = last s= tools = high = Qod = plum = come

\ = mix = learn

= quiet, stiU = flour = sky, heaven = cook = fire = bring = wice, song = free = child = bad = exchange = grocer = naval, nautical = municipality ;

squadron = grant = skiUed in.

acqtiainted with = shut; belt = port

= slave {polite for " / " )

= builder, mason = brother = snow = leaf = lightning.

electricity = enough = bind, fasten = parcel = gate = ioind = garden

128 VOCABULARIES

bagfeiy^ bahain bala bale^ bar b&r, barfe baran baz

didan kardan

bazar b&zi behar berenj berenj beayar befh^ab beyaban ben-al-melal-i berag^ bidar bU birun bi^tar bokfaar bokhari boland bolbol bordan (bar) borj botri bozorg bu b u ^ chakodi chaman changal chap charldi charm chashm chaahmfe oljador ch&p chay ol^erag^ olietri

fihiz

= remainder = together = above = pillow = load = time = rain = back, open = inspect = open = bazaar = game = spring (season) = rice = brass = many, much = plate = desert = international = flag = awake = spade = outside ~ more = steam = stove, oven = long, tall = nightingcde = carry (away) = tower, castle = bottle = big = smell = horn = Jiammer ~ laum = fork = Uft = wheel = lecUher = eye = spring (water) ~ tent = printing = tea = lamp = canvas, ground.

sheet, umbrella = thing

chub,chukh daf'6 daftar

da^ifiilfe, (pi. daghayegll)

dahan^ dahan dandan dand& dar daraj^ daraklit dard darichfe dars dast dast^

dastgah dastkadi dastm&l dava da'va davidan dadan (deh) dakhel danestan (dan) da^tan (dar)

(bar) deh del deni&{| didan (bin) dik dir diruz didiab divan& divar doWian dokhtar dokkan (pi.

dakakin) dokm6 donbal donyli doro^kd

= voood = /»me, moment = register, note­

book, file = minute

= bit = numth = tooth = rib = in ; door = degree, stage = tree = pain = window — lesson = hand = handle ; section

(mil.) — apparatus = glove = handkerchief = medicine = fight, gtiarrel = run = give =s iTiside = know — have = take (photograph) = village = heart = nose = see = pot — late = yesterday = last night = mad = waU = smoke = daughter = shop

= button = tot7 = world =• turn-wheeled

horse-carriage

VOCABULARIES 129

dorost dorugji dodhman dozd

= right, correct = lie = enemy -= thief [nation

dolat (pi. doval) = govemmeTU, d6r ddshakk dad dagjn dukhtan (duz) dulab durbin d a ^ dust eda edari egjiamat eghtesad ejaz6 ekfaraj eWitelaf eWitey&r e'lan eltefat emam emarnz&d6 emruz emsal em^ab emtehan emza esm eate'fa estcfadi estekhdam este'mal editebah eta'at etteka ettela'tit ezn ezhdar

eb fag^at faghir fahm

fahmidan

= round (prep.) = mattress = smoke = sour milk = sew = cupboard = telescope = shoulder c= fricTid = payment = officp = residence = eamomics = permission = expulsion = difference = choice = notice = attention = religious leader = shrine = to-day = this year = to-night = examination = signature == name = rest Tio/Km = use = employment = ««e = mistake — obedience = support = information = permission «= mythical dragon.

torpedo = fault = onZt/ = poor = aeTisc, under­

standing = UTulerstand

fallahat faramu^ farda fargh farman farmudan

(farma) farra^ fadiang fayed6 fehrest fekr fo'Ian felfel fener fenjan forar ferestadan

(ferest) fetilfe fil f o h ^ folan forsat fortikhtan

(foru^) f6ghalad6 fori fot ^odan gaman gandam gardidan gartn garma ga^tan (gard)

bar gaz gah (as sufjpjc) gav gavmi^ gel gcUm geran gerd gereftan (gir) gir amadan

kardan giv^ goftan (gu)

= agriculture = forgetting = to-morrow = difference = order = ccvimand (v.)

= messenger = cartridge = use, advantage = list = thought = 171 fact, actually «= pepper = spring {metal) = cup = flight, escape = send

= wick = elfi.phant = abuse = so and so = opportunity = sdl

= extra = urgent = pass away = idea = ichcat = turn, become = hot = heat = turn, become = return = kind of nougat = place = ox = buffalo = mxid = ux)ven rug = expensive = round (a.) = take = be available = 6c stuck = Iranian shoe = say

130 VOCABULARIES

gol^ golabi golulfe gom gornrok gorosnfe gozaghtan

(gozar) gozaditan

(gozar) g6d gun& gun^ gurii gusfand g u ^ g u ^ S gurfit gli:( bul ghabz yhadim ghadr ghahvfe ghalam ghal'e ^ a n a t ghand gliarb g l i a r ^ gharib gharz ghasain ghassab g h a ^ a n g ghat' ghatl ghavi l^azabndk ghazal gjia'edd ghali ghamus ghanun (pi.

ghavanin) glip.rch gliased

g h a d i o ^ ghater

= rose, flower = pear = bullet = lost =z cualoma = hungry = pass

= place

= hole = sort, kind = cheek = sack(ing) = sheep = ear = comer = meat = acceptance = receipt = old (things) = amount = coffee = pen, pencil = castle, fort = channel = loaf sugar = west = drouming = strange =: loan = oath = butcher = pretty, nice = cutting = murder = strong = angry = gazelle = rule, custom = carpet = dictionary = law

= mvahroom = bmmd for, aimed

at = spoon = mule

^ a y e b ^ a z gherar ^ e r m e z ^ e s r a a t g^etar giiemat ghif ^ o f l ghomar ghorbfe ghotb gh61 ^ u r i ghuti habs liadaf(2)Z. ahda hadd (pi. hodii hadhad haftfe h a g h ^ (pi.

hoghugh) hakim hamayel haminal hammam hamrah

harakat haram harf hasir hava havaperaa bades6 hafez hal (pt. ahval) hazer hefz hendovanfe bcsab hizam hob

hokumat honar h616 id

= absent = goose = agreement = crimson = division, section = train = price = funnel = lock = gambling = cat = axis, pole = promise = teapot = till = prison

f) = target, aim d) = liinit

= hoopoe = week = right, due

= doctor = sloping = porter = bath = together; com­

panion = movement = unlawful = toord, letter = straw = air, weather = aeroplane

. = accident = keeper = condition, state = present, ready = preservation = melon = reckoning = firewood = vessel for storing

and cooling water

= government = skill = towel = festival

VOCABULARIES 131

a istadan (ist) istgdh jadid jahan jahaz jam' jang javab javaz jaziri {pi.

jazayor) ja jadd^ jan janeb jam jasus jehat jesr jib joft jonub jostan (ju) joz jfi jab juldife iur(6) jorab ju^idan kabab

= tribe = slarid = station = new = world = ship = collection = fight, war = answer = licence = island

= place = high road = soul = side = broom = spij = side, direction = bridge = pocket = pair = south = seek = eaxept = barley = ditch = section {mil.) = kind, sort = sock = boil = roasted cubes of

meat kabir (pi. kebfir) = great kadWiodfi, kafdi kaj kalantari kamar kandan kardan kar6 kas kaaif kadiidan kadivar k&ghez k&h k&myab

= village headman = shoe = crooked = police station = toaist = dig = do = butter = person = dirty = draw = nation = paper = chaff = successful

kar kard kaftan (kar) kebrit keUd kerayfe ketab kotri kef kif kisd kohn^ kolah koU koloft kond konger^ konun koditan kuchfe kuchek kud kuftan (kub) kuh kuriiidan kutah kuz6 Idiabar {pi.

aldibar) Idialaf Idialaa Wjamir Idiandag^ Idiandidan Hiar jdiarab kharidan kharj Idiaat^ Idiatar khatt Wiayy&t Miab Miabidan khahar Wiak Ididles Wiali khamuah

= work = knife = plant = match = key = hire = book = keUle = manner = suitcase = purse = old {things) = hat = all, whole = thick = slow = cog = at present = kill = fane = smaU = manure = strike = mountain = try = short = water pot = riews

= fault = finished = paste = trench = smile = ass = bad = buy = expenses = tired = danger = line =• tailor = sleep (n.) = sleep (v.) = sister = earth, diist = pure, sincere = empty = silent

132 VOCABULARIES

khaodan ^anfe (pi.

khanejat) Idianom Idiarei Idiastan (Idiah) hfaaatan (Wliz) I^edmat IdiejaJat l^elij khes&rat Mieyaban Mieyll Ither khob Hiod Wioda hhon khorak khordan lAordfe khorma kfaosuB Idiodi khoshk lafaf lahaf lang langar ]a^£ar lazem lebas loMit lu£^aut6 lul6 ma'aref ma'adb madad ma'dan {pi.

ma'aden) madrase magas maj^sud majbur mak&n makinfe

mala^i mamnu'

= call, read = house (esp. as

suffix) = Mrs., lady = outside = wish = rise = service = shame = gulf = damage = street = idea =• no; well = good = self = Ood = blood = food = eat = mouthful = date = concern, affair = good = dry = sheet = quilt = lame = anchor = army, division = necessary = clothes = Tiaked = restaurant = pipe — edvjcation = wages = pencil = mine

= school ^fly =s object = compelled = place = machi7ie, drilWig

rig =• locust = prohibited

mamnun ma'mur ma'ni manzel mard marhamat marhum

mariz martabft mas'al^

masjed {pi. masajed)

mast mast

ma^mul m a ^ r u b mavajeb madar mah mahi mal maliyat mandan mar ma^ in maye' meftah mehman mehraban melli mesl medan mel mildi mirza miv6 {pi.

mivejat) miz mo'allom mo'attal mo'aven modir mofattedi mofijiabel mohandes {pi.

mohandesin)

= thankful = official (n.) = meaning = house = man = respect = respected, late

{dead) = ill = time, momsnt = question,

problem = mosque

= drunk = thickened sour

milk = conscripted = drink = vmges = mother = month ; moon = fish = property, money = taxation = remain = snake = motor, car = liquid = key = guest = kind, gentle = national = like, similar = plain, open space = preference = nail, peg = clerk = fruit

= table = teacher = late, delayed = assistant = director = inspector = opposite = engineer.

surveyor

VOCABULARIES 133

mohkam mohr mojadalfe mokhtar molahaz^

moltafet momkcn mon^i morakkab morakhkhas

mord mordan (mir) morgji mosalsal mosafer mostaldidem mostarab mo^kel mota'assef motashakker motabegh

movagjig^at mozd m6j m61ud mOzu' mu mum mu^ nafar naft nagjighfidi nag idife najjar na'l namak namudan

(nama) Harm nave^tan

(navis) nazar nazmiyfe nagaban nam nam^

= strong 1 = seal, stamp = quarrel = chosen = notice, atten­

tion = attentive = possible = clerk = ink = on leave, dis­

missed = dead = die = bird, chicken — linked = traveller • = employee ~ xo.c. = difficult = sorry = thankful = in accordance

with = temporary = wages = loave = birth = subject = hair = wax = mouse = person = oil = painter = plan, drawing = carpenter = horse-shoe = salt = show

= soft = write

= glance = police = suddenly = name = document

nan n a ^ t a nav negah nehar nesf ne^as tan

(nediin) nedian nczam nim niru niz

nog^t6 nomrd nd n6kar oftadan omid onogh ostoldian ostovaa

o t a j ^ ozr ozv (pi. a'z&) pablu panir panjarfe parcham pardakhtan

(pardaz) pardfe pariniz

pasaudidan pasin

patu paziroftan

(pazir) pa pa'in

pa'iz pak paket palto

bread breakfast ship look lunch half

• sit

• showing •• organization • half •• force •• also •• silver : point •- number •• new

•• servani •-faU •- hope •- neck

- bone : cylinder, glass

cup - room - excuse - member -flank - cheese - window --flag --pay

= curtain = day before

yesterday = please (v.) = latest, last = mosquito = blanket = accept

= foot = down, at the fool

of = auiumn = clean = envelope = overcoat

134 VOCABULAEIES

parchfe •pkrh parsal paru pas pedar pelao

peUfe pembfe pesar peyaz peda pich pichidan pir pirahan piehkhedmat polditan pol porsidan post

po^t

pal pnlad pust piistin pudiidan putin radd rafi{j^ raftan (rav) raftar rag^s rahn ra'is {pi. ro'asa raMit rang rasidan rasidegi rasmi rah rahat raje' r&ndan

= doth = tear = last year = oar = guard = father = dish of rice.

vegetables, chopped meat, etc.

= ladder, steps = cotton = son, boy = onion = discovery = screw, turning = twist, wind = old (person) = shirt = butler — cook = bridge = ask = mail; post,

guard = back ; behind.

after = money =^teet = skin, shdl

• = fur cloak = put on, wear = boot = returning = companion = go = behaviour = dance = pledge = chief = clothes = colour, paint = arrive = investigation = official = road = comfort{able) — concerning = drive

rast

rekab rikhtan (riz) risman rotbfe r6^an

rfidian ru nid (Idianfe) ruz ruznam& sabab (pi.

asbab) sabr sabz sadd sadig^ safar safiF (pi. sofuf) safir (pi. sofara] safh^

safid sag sahih saldit salam salmani san'at sana'at sandali sandug^ (pi.

sanadi^) sang sangin sar sarbaz sard sardab

sarhadd sarkar earma sa'y sa'at

= right (true), right (direction). straight

= stirrup = pour = string = rank, degree = fat, lubricating

oil = light = face; on = river = day = newspaper = cause

= patience = green = barrier = friend = journey = rank, line = ambassador = sheet (paper,

metal) = white = dog = true, correct = hard, difficult = peace = barber = craft = industry = chair = box

— stone = heavy = head = soldier = cold (a.) = underground

room used in summer

= frontier = master (in titles) = cold (n.) = attempt = hour, watch

VOCABULARIES las

saf s a ^ • saheb (pi.

aehab) sakhtan (saz) sal saa sayes Befarat eeft seham sejell sekomli senn sepah sepordim (separ) serr {pi. asrfir) setandan 6et&r6 sevad sevar seyah soyah Beyasat sib sigari 8im sin6 so'al sobh Boldian sorkh Bdt suWitan (suz) surat suraWi But Buzan ehab ^ h r ibahrab&ni diaUis {pi.

arfikhas)'^ Valvar ^ a m ' ihamad ^ a m a l

former smooth leg owner

make year inspection {milit.) syce embassy hard share seal, certificate chair age army entrust secret obtain star writing, copy mouiUed black scream, shout politics apple cigarette wire chest, breast question morning word red voice bum

•face •• hole •• whistle, siren •• needle •• nigfit, evening • town -police - person

- trousers - candle - sheet = north = sand

dtianidan (dianav)

diarab ^ a r g ^ ^a r i f diart {pL

diarayet) ^ a s t ^ a d dia'er {pi.

dio'ara) ^agerd diahed {pi.

^ohada) ^ a m diehadat ^ e k a m ^ekas tan

(^ekan) diekar diekaj'at dieker ^ e n a ahenakfatan

(^enas) ^ e r k a t ^ i r ^ i r diirin 6hish& Bho'b6 diogjil diol diomar6 Bbomordan

(§liomS.r) dioru' rfiotor di6har Bh6khi ^ u r diustan (shu) ta'ajjob ta'arof t ab tab 'an tabestan taftidi t a ^ r i b a n

= hear

= wine = east = noble = condition, term

= thumb =happy = poet

[appreiUice = student. = witness

= supper = evidence = stomach = break

= hunt = complaint = sugar = sunmmirtg = know, recognize

= company = lion = milk = sweet = glass = class, department = loork, occupation = loose = numher = count

= beginning = camel = husband = joke = brackish = rvash = surprise coffer = fever = luUurally = summer = inspection = iiearly

136 VOCABULARIES

tag^ir taghyir tahrir tahvil tajreW

takan taklif talab taUdi tamam tama^a tambr ta'mir tamyiz

tan tanab tanbal tang

tar taraf {pi. atraf) tara^idan tarsidan tartib tarz tasawor tasdig^ tasfiyfe taslim tasmim tasvir taahrif ta'tU tavallod tavanostan

(tavan) tavil6 tayyari ta t&riJA taz6 tcjarat telembS teryak te^n6 tir tofang

= fault = change = writing = transference = training.

experience = rattle = duty = request, demand = bitter — entire, complete = sightseeing = postage stamp = repair = arrangement.

decoration = body = rope = lazy = narrow ; girth ;

pass, valley = wet — side, direction = shave = fear = toilet = method = imagination = certificate = refining = surrender = decision = drawing = honour = holiday = birth = be able

= stable = aeroplane = fold, unit = date = new, fresh = commerce = pump = opium = thirsty = bar : arrow, shot = gun

tojAm tond tor tul tup vafiit {pi. 6g^at vakil

varag^6 varzeA vasat vasilfe {pi.

vasayel) vatan vazif6 vazir {pi.

vozara) vaz'iyat vazn va istadan vag^o' vahed valed vared vaset6 {pi.

vasayet) vel kardan veladat velayat

vojud ya^ iu yakh yava^ yad yaftan (yab) yar zaban

zadan (zan) zahmat zakhm zamestan zamin zan zanbur zand&n zand6 zandegani

= seed, egg = swift = kind, sort = length = baU, gun = time = deputy,

sergeant = document = athletics = middle = means

= fatherland = duty = minister

= position, status = weight, measure = wait = falling = unit = parent = arriving = means

= let go, put down = birth = country, pro­

vince = finding = certain = ice = slowly = mind = find = friend = tongue ; lan­

guage = strike = trouble = bruise, wound = unrOer = ground, earth = woman = bee = prison = alive = life

VOCABULARIES 137

zang zaujir zard zarf zarfiyat zarr6 zadan (za) zebr zedd ze^al zemam

bell cJuiin yellow dish capacity armour hear {child) rough anti-coal

zera'at zeyad

zeySrat zin zinat zohr zud zur zurldi&nfe

: cuUivation, field •• too much,

excessive •• visit •• saddle : decoration : noon •• quick, early •- compulsion •• public gymnasium

and boxing ring

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(a) BACKGROUND

Sir PERCY SYKES. A History of Persia (3rd edition, 2 vols, 1930). The standard history.

E. G. BROWNE. Literary History of Persia {i vols., 1924). Covers the whole ground of Iranian literature.

R. LEVY. Persian Literature (in the " "World's Manuals " series). A useful handbook.

B. A. DONALDSON. The Wild Rue (1938). An interesting study . of Iranian folklore.

G. H. EBTEHAJ. Guidebooh on Iran (Tehran, 1935). Full of information.

L. LOCKHART. Fanious Cities of Iran {1939). Interesting accounts

of the chief Iranian cities.

W. v . EMANUEL. The Wild Asses (1939). Light but observant

account of a student party's visit to Iran.

EREYA STARK. The Valleys of the Assassins. Travels in the

more primitive parts.

^I- C. COOPER. Grass (1925). Picturesque account of the Bakhtiyari nomads.

J- W. WILLIAMSON. In a Persian Oilfield (1927). Description of the operations of the A.I.O.C.

The relevant chapters in :— H- A. R. GiBB (editor). Whither Islam ? (1932). RUTH W . WOODSMALL. Moslem Women Enter a New World (1936).

(6) LANGUAGE

V« ST. CLAIR TISDALL. Modern Persian Conversation Grammar. In the Otto-Gaspey-Sauer series.

^ALEMANN and SHUKOVSKY. Persische Grammatik (Berlin, 1889).

139

-^^\^SS ^n^S HG3C This book was taken from the Library on the

date Last stiynped. A fine of 10 PalSfe will be \ charged for each day the book is kept over time*

35 MAY 89 'jdcjCQ^^m iA

43\.55 L&3C

W@-2Jw©*-^ M- » ©*J 1^

i S ^

4 MW ao ' ^

• • * .

>0 % <>^^C^> Cx

%

1 - L W A R j ^