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LS3S07 1 4 - ^ 4 " 1 4*C23 Joseph Moses, 1894-*^PS4 Greek papyri lights on Je^vish history ... by Joseph M.

Both. New York, 1924.3 p . l.,S 8p . 2 1 - .

Thesis (ph. d.)—New York university, 1923. G r a d u a t e S C h O O l» Bibliography : p. [57h-58.

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GREEK PAPYRI LIGHTS ON JEW ISH HISTORY

• \ ' SUBMITTEDIN PABTTAL FULFILLMENT

OP THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OP DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY AT

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

BY -

' • - JOSEPH M, ROTH

NEW YORK 1 9 2 4

GREEK PAPYRI LIGHTS ON JEW ISH HISTORY

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

JOSEPH M. ROTHMl

N E W Y O R K 1 9 2 4

LX)3'=îô7. Q?I i Z 3

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY WASHIN&TONSIHlAREGOlLEaE

LIBRARYWé'H^.'UlS

ITBD RT

O U T X r a E

I. Bird’s-eye view of the Jewish Diaspora noting its causes, extent and in f lu e n c e ............................................ 1— 10

II. Transcript of 26 Greek Papyri with introduction and translation . . ..................................................................11— 46

III. Explanation of Papyri that are either too fragmentaryor have been in a c c e s s ib le ....................... ....................... 47—49

IV. Appreciation of the inforniation contained in them as relating to the political, economic , and social life ofthe J e w s ................................. .............................................. 50— 55

[ ] lacuna in original[[ ]] erasure by author( ) addition (changed by editor)( ( ) ) erasure by editor( ) filling out of abbreviations

L IS T OF EGY PTIAN MONTHSAug. 29 — Sept. 27Sept. 28 — Oct. 27

^A&vq Oct. 28 — Nov. 26X oiax Nov. 27 — Dec. 26Tv^i Dec. 27 — Jan. 25MexsiQ Jan. 26 — Feb. 24^ajuevfo'd' Feb. 25 — March26^aQfxov'&i March27 — April 25Haxcbv April 26 — May 25Ilavvi May 26 — June 24^Eneifp June 25 — July 24MeaoQiq July 25 — Aug. 23ETtayôfievai ‘ f/.êçai Aug. 24 — Aug. 28

PART INumerous sources attest to the fact that the Jewish Dia­

spora began early in the life of Israel, and long before the dawn of Christianity covered the entire Mediterranean basin. How a people emanating from so small a country as Judea could be found in all cities is remarkable and must have been the result of various combining circumstances. Nor were the Jews even in the remotest part of the ancient world apart and separate from the motherland. On the contrary, they were more or less connected with Palestine which served as the center of gravity of Judaism, and at the same time maintained close relations with the Gentile world about them.

Various are the causes which brought about so rapid a spread of this people. F irst and foremost were forced depor­tations to which the Israelites were frequently subjected to in their career. Equally important were voluntary settlements going back as early as the 6 ^ century B. C. E., and reaching their greatest momentum during the Hellenistic period. Jewish slaves ransomed by their co-religionists who usually remained in the place where they attained freedom, constituted another reason. Furthermore, it must also he kept in mind tha t the Jew was rarely entirely absorbed by his surroundings as other nations af antiquity were apt to be. Add to these powerful factors, the vigorous and successful propaganda carried on by the Jews, and the vast extent and influence of the Diaspora become more and more convincing.

Forced deportations occurred as early as 721 B. C. E. when the Assyrian Shalmaneser, after subjugating the kingdom of Israel, in accordance with his policy settled the ten tribes in Mesopotamia, Media, and Babylonia (Kings EE, 18. 9—11 ; Jos. Ant. IX, 14.1). Their descendants never returned. Although, as to how much influence this deportation had, is a matter of conjecture, as the religion of Israel was still in a flux, never­theless, the large number of Jews in these sections a t a later

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY WASHiNËÎÛN mUE C8LLE&E

LIBRARY

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period necessitates us to adopt the view th a t they did wield an influence by at least breaking the ground for the future propaganda.

Psammetichus II (594—589) in his expedition against Aethiopia had Jews with him, whom after the conflict he settled in Egypt (Aristeas ed. Windl. par. 35). The Chaldeans in 586 conquered Judah and deported many to the valley of the Euphrates (Kings II, 25 .8—12; Jos. Ant. X, 8.5). Of these only a small number returned (Ezra H, 64 ; Jos. Ant. XI, 5 .2) to their ancestral home when Cyrus granted them the privilege of so doing. The rest remained there and flourished.

In the Persian W ar c. 350 B. C. E., when the Phoenicians rose against Artaxerxes Ochus, the Jews participating in this struggle for political enfranchisement were defeated and de­ported to Hyrcania on the Caspian (cf. Eusebius Chron. ed. Schoene I I p. 112 "Ochus partem aliquam de Romanis Judaeis- que cepit et habitare fecit in Hyrcania iuxta mare cazbium*).

Furthermore, aware of the fact th a t the Jews could be depended upon to keep their oaths, the rulers often transported and settled them in garrisons for military purposes. Aristeas (1) mentions tha t Ptolemy I Lagi (305—285) settled 100,000 Jews in Egypt and of them 30,000 in fortresses to be used as gar- rissons. Josephus also, citing Agatharchides of Cnidus, says tha t Ptolemy I Lagi appeared in 320 before Jerusalem and by deception seized the city on the Sabbath, taking along many captives from Jerusalem and Judea and settled them in Egypt (2).

Antiochus the Great (223—187) transported to Phrygia and Lydia where a sedition had occured, 2,000 Jewish families from Mesopotamia (Jos. Ant. XII, 3.4) and settled them as planters and tax gatherers so as to form a nucleus which he could trust.

(1) ed. Wendl. 12-13 sv oaq) nai tzq ô ç ôéxa juvQidôaç èa Tfjç Tcbv ^ovôaicov eîç Atyvjzxov fien^yayev d y ' d>v <baei xgeiçfivQiàôaç TcadonXiaaç àvÔQÔôv èxXe>cxœv sîg xrjv %(OQav xaxcoxiaev èv xoïç q>QovQioiç.

(2) Ant. XII, 1. 1 ô àh HxoXe/iatoç noXXovg aîxfiodcoxovg Xa^œv, ànô XE xfjg ÔQSiv^g ’lovôaiaç xai xcôv negî xà "îeQOOoXvf^a xÔTtœv xai xrjg ÈajuageCxidog xal xœv èv xcb o q e i xw FaQi^eiv xaxcoxiaev ânavxag sîg AiyvTVtov àyay(bv.

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Josephus (Ant. XIV, 7.1) mentions such a military garrison of Jews a t Pelusium in Egypt about 65 B. C. E. Even Pompey when he returned to Rome, took hundreds of Jewish prisoners with him.

Under Tiberius (19 C. E.), 4,000 Jews were expelled from Rome to wage war in the unhealthy clime of Sardinia and the rest expelled under threat of enslavement (cf. Tac. An. II, 85 "'Actum et de sacris Aegyptiis ludaicisque pellendis, factumque patrum consultum, ut quattuor milia libertini generis ea super­stitions infecta, quid idonea aetas, in insulam Sardiniam vehe- rentur, coercendis illic latrociniis et, si ob gravitatem caeli interissent, vile damnum ; ceteri cederent Italia, nisi certam ante diem profanes ritus exuissent”; Suet. Tiberius 36, 'ex tem as caerimonias Aegyptios Judaicosque ritus compescuit, coactis qui superstitions ea tenebantur religiosas vestas cum instrumento omni comburere ludaeorum iuventutem per speeiem sacramenti in provincias gravioris caeli distribuit reHquos gentis eiusdem vel similia sectantes urbe summovit sub poena perpetuae servi- tntis nisi obtempérassent ”). I t is also a weU known fact th a t a t the end of the Jewish W ar in 70 C. E., the slave markets of the world were glutted with Jewish slaves. Similar was the case in the insurrection of 115 as weU as in th a t of 135 G. E.

The most famous of these military colonies existed in Elephantine, as disclosed by the recent Aramaic papyri discovered there. This small island situated a t the last cataract and almost at the last navigable point of the Nile, is the natural boundary of Egypt, and therefore was probably early settled for military purposes. Here existed a flourishing Jewish community long before the conquest of Cambyses. They lived an independent religious life, had a temple built to Yahu (’in*’) and for over 100 years meal offerings, incense and burnt offerings graced this shrine which had its own priests until the 14^ year of Darius, 410 B. C. E., during a revolt, i t was destroyed a t the instigation of the Egyptian priests. As far as can be gleaned from the papyri, the altar was rebuilt and the sacrifices restored in accord­ance with the precepts of Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Their language was Aramaean with Hebraisms. Though many of their names were biblical e. g., Hoshea, Haggai, Zadok and

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Zephaniah, some are non-Jewish. Great laxity Is displayed in their religion ; some appeared to have worshiped also the heathen divinities. Some of the correspondence preserved, is that which passed between the priests of Elephantine and Jerusalem.

Voluntary settlements, both before and during the Hellenic period, are perhaps a more important agency than even forced deportations. Inner conditions may have directly been the cause of emigration. Palestine, the natural highway connecting Syria and Egypt, lay exposed. I t was constantly the scene of conflict, between the powers on either side tha t attempted to get the upper hand. Consequently there was a constant exodus to Egypt and Asia to escape this danger. The opportunities th a t trade in the neighboring countries offered, were not lost sight of by them, with the result tha t Lsia Minor and all the important seacoast and trading cities of the Mediterranean had large Jewish populations. Furthermore, nothing was more favorable to the reigning powers than a constant shifting of the population as thus they could consolidate their empire. As a special inducement, citizen­ship was often immediately granted and the Jews taking advantage of these and similar privileges, emigrated in large numbers and helped build up such important centers as Alexandria and Antioch.

Such voluntary settlement existed as early as the 6 ^ centuryB. C. E. in Egypt (Jer. 24,8; 26, 22-23) at Migdol, Tahpanhes near Pelusium in lower Egypt, Noph (Memphis) a t the southern end of the Delta, and a t Pathros, upper Egypt (Jer. 44,1 ) for many Judeans after 586 in spite of Jeremiah’s entreaty emigrated to Egypt to escape destruction by Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. 42-44). That these Jews should have gone so far is not to be marvelled at, for they must have gone to their brethren settled by Psam­metichus I I as previously mentioned. The Aramaic papyri dis­covered at Elephantine have proven such settlements. After a large number were forcibly settled in Egypt by Ptolemy I Lagi, in 320, many followed voluntarily (1). Later, unter Ptolemy VI

(1) Jos. Ant. citing Agatharchides of Cnidus (XII, 1. 1) ovx oUyoi ôè xal xcbv aXXcav lovôaicov sxovaioiç étg x^v Æ yvnxov Tiageysvovxo, xi]s xe àgexTjç xcôv xô tic o v afnovç y.ai xfjç rov Ilxokefiaiov cpiXoxiuiag noooyaXov iiévrig.

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Philometer c. 160, Onias, the son of the high priest with many followers left Palestine and in the nomos Heliopolis founded Leontopolis and a rival temple (cf. Jos. Ant. X III, 3.23) where­in daily sacrifices were performed till Vespasian abolished it.

The many thousands of Jewish prisoners captured in wai', especially during the third and second centuries B. C. and sold as slaves in the different parts of the world, did not lose their identity. In accordance with Jewish principles, they were usual­ly ransomed by their co-religionists and settled in the places where they acquired freedom. Among the inscriptions of Delphi is one such case where four minas were paid for the ransom of such a slave (Collitz, Griech. Dialekt. Insch. II, 2029), Philo, Leg. ad Caium 23 states that the Jewish community a t Rome was derived from released prisioners of war, claiming a t the same time tha t freedom was conferred upon them by Augustus.

Also in contradistinction to other peoples of antiquity, the Jews had an innate faculty of maintaining an independent ex­istence away from their own country in the midst of strange surroundings ; for their creed was not limited to a place but to a book. They were conscious af the superiority of their belief over tha t of the pagans and ostensibly showed tlieir contempt for the heathen cults by subscribing to no syncretism such as the others were accustomed to. Consequently they rarely lost any adherents and being imbued with a firm religious consciousness, the duty of rearing children was considered important.

In addition, one of the most potent agencies in the spread of the Diaspora was the extensive religious propaganda carried on by the Jews. Proselytes embraced Judaism by the thousands (cf. Acts. II, 9-11). As a result, the Jews in the provinces ran into countless myriads (Jos. Ant. XI, 5.2 ; XV, 2 .2 ; XV, 3.1).

As to how numerous Jews must have been in Egypt can be inferred from Manetho’s history attacking the Jews, written during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247) (cf. Jos.C. A. I, 26-27). Such a polemic must be the result of the friction with and the reaction to a large number of Jews. Inscriptions dating back as far as Ptolemy I I I Euergetes (247-221) have

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been unearthed in which synagogues are mentioned. (1) That during this same period, the Septuagint version was produced also is direct evidence of the correctness of the contention that Egypt with Alexandria as its central point was thickly populated with Jews, who having forgotten Hebrew still had attachment enough to their faith and traditions to study the Scriptures and derive inspiration from them.

Special privileges having been granted, the Jews took part with Alexander the Great in the founding pf Alexandria and according to Josephus (B. J. II, 18. 7 & C. A. II, 4) enjoyed equal rights with the Hellenes, a fact not borne out by papyri. Of this city in the time of Philo, the Jews occupied two of the five sections (2 ) special quarters having been assigned to them so as to enable them to lead their own pure life. Later no such strict separation was observed for they had synagogues in all parts of the city (cf. Philo Leg. ad Caium 20). Josephus citing Hecateus (C. A. 1,22) says th a t the Jews went to Egypt even after Alexander’s death (3). Philo (in Flaccum 6 ) states th a t there were 1,000,00 Jews in Egypt extending from Katabathmos of Libyae to the border of Aethiopia and rov nqbg Ai^vrjv xara^a'&juov f^sxQl tiûv ôgicov Ai^tomaç and therefore in his time yet there must still have existed the Jewish colony a t Elephantine whose existence Aramaic papyri discoveries have brought to light. Josephus (Ant. XI, 8 .6 end & XII, 1) mentions that Alexander the Great settled also Samaritans in the Thebais in Egypt (8 ). Tombular inscriptions

(1) Of. W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae; II, 726 synagogue at Schedia, Ptolemy III Euergetes ; I, 96 synagogue at Athribis, Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205-181; also I, 110 same time and place; I, 129 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 146-116; II, 742 synagogue at Alexandria c. 102.

(2) Cf. Philo in Flaccum 8 névre fjtovgai rrjç noÂecoç eiaiv . . . rovroyv ôvo ^lovôàtxai Myovrai ôtà t o nXeiarovç lovôaiovg èv xavxaiç xarotxéiv. Oîxovai ôè xai èv xatç àkXaiç ovx ôXiyoi anogadeg.

(3) ovx ôXiyai ôè ical fiexà xbv AXe^dvôgov Qâvaxov eig A iyvn- xov naî ^oivixfjv fieteaxTqaav ôià xijv èv 2vgia axàoiv.

(4) xovg ôè xov 2!ava^aXXéiov axgaxicbxag èxéXeuaev ^eoûai eig Aïyvjtxov, èxeï yàg avxdîg ôeôasiv xX^govg yrjg ô xdi fiet* ôXiyov £7Zoir]asv èv xfj Srj^aiôi qjgovgsïv xrjv xœgav avxoïg ngoaxd^ag.

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in Alexandria and other parts of Egypt go back to the third century B. C. E.

As early as the middle of the third century the Jewish Author of the Oracula Sibillina III, 271, speaking of Jews makes the Sibyl utter that all the lands and sea are full of them (1). A somewhat later corroboration is contained in the apocryphal book of Macc. I-XV, 16-24 that in 139/138 B. C. E. the Roman senate sent a dispatch to the kings of Egypt, Syria, Pergamus, Cappadocia and Parthia as well as to many provinces, cities and isles of the Mediterranean sea urging them to favor the Jews. Since the purpose of this circular letter was to protect, many Jews must have existed in these places.

Strabo (c 85 B. C. E.) cited by Josephus when speaking of Jews claims th a t they had already come into every city and that there was hardly a place in the world which had not accepted this race and been conquered by them. (Cf. Ant. XIV, 7.2) (2). Josephus speaks likewise that no part of the civilized world is to be found which does not contain this people (3).

Philo (in Flaccum 7) states that Jews had settled every-where both on the isles as well as on the continents of Asia and Europe and had established places of worship (4).

Schuerer as well as Juster in their histories have a large list of cities wherein they prove either from internal or external evidence that Jews had lived there. Hundreds of towns either mentioned by earlier authorities and contemporaries or on which excavations have thrown considerable light are enumerated. Among the other impor­tant cities whose population was largely Jewish, were the following :

(1) Uàoa ÔB yaia aé^ev xaX Jiàaa OâXaaaa.(2) eîç Tiâaav tiÔXiv ijôr] :rcaQsXriXé&ei xaî xônov ova ëori gqôccog

svQeiv xrjç oîxovfxévr}ç bg ov nagaôéÔEXxat xovxo xo qwXov juï}Ô èniicga- xsïxai vji’ amov.

(3) B. J. II, 16. 4 o v yàg ë o x i v èm xr jg o ÎH O v ju évr jg àrjfiog ô ju ij ixdîgav ‘ juexégav è'xoiv.

B. J. VII, 8. 3 ro yàg ^lovôaicov ysvog noXh fièv xaxà nSaav xr}v oîteovfiévrjv nagêanagzai xoïg èmywgtoLg.

(4) lovôaiovg yàg %(bga fiia âià jzoXv àv&gcûniav ov TIgalxiag svexa xàg JiXeioxag xai e^ôaijuoveaxdxag xciw èv Evga>7in xai "Aaiq xaxâ xe vijaovç xaî rjneigovg èxvé/iovxaij ixr^xgdnoXiv /àÈv x^ v legônoXiv Tjyovfxevoh î'ôgvxai o xov vyfioxov 'd-eov veàig àyiog.

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Nehardea (NésQÔa) and Nisibis the centers of cities near the Euphrates mentioned in I I Kings XVII, 6 and XVIII, 11 and very probably the descendants^ of those deported by the Assyrians and Chaldeans. Syria was very largely Jewish and especially its capital Antioch (cf. Jos. B. J . VII, 3.3) (1). Again Josephus (B. J. II, 20.2) mentions tha t 10,000 Jews were killed in Damascus in the reign of Nero, a number which he increases to 18,000 inB. J. VII, 8 . 7. Philo (Leg. ad Caium 33) claims th a t there were many Jews in Asia (Asia Minor) and Syria (2). Josephus (C. A. I, 22) states th a t Klearchus, a disciple of Aristotle, met a cultured Jew in Asia (c 348-345) who "EXhfjviJcog fjv ov xfj ôtaXéxzcp fiovov àXXà ■Kox Tfj y}vxfi> Cicero 62/61 Pro Flacco 28 mentions tha t a t the order of Flaccus Jewish moneys destined for Jerusalem were confiscated in Apamea, Laodicea, Adramyttium, and Per- gamum. If the amount taken be enumerated then a t the rate of one didrachma each, there must have been 45,000 males and perhaps a total Jewish population of about 180,000 in Asia Minor in 62 B. C. E. Philo (Leg. ad Caium 86 ) says th a t Jerusalem is not the capital of Judea but of most lands because of the colonists which it sent out a t all opportunities to the neighboring lands ; Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Pamphilia, Cilicia, Bithynia, Pontus, Europe, Thessaly, Beotia, Macedonia, Aetolia, Argos, Corinth and the Peloponesus; not the mainlands alone but even the isles — Eubea, Cyprus and Crete — all have Jewish settlers. The Acts of the Apostles H, 9-11 mention Jews from all parts of the ancient world. Many of the cities had their own Jewish courts as Sardes (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.17). In some cities as Ephesus, Jews who were citizens were exempted from military service (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.19). By decrees of the Romans, in various cities Jews were granted religious freedom as well as permission to send their yearly contributions to Jerusalem; Sardes (Jos.

(1 ) To yàq Tovôaiœv yévoç tzoXv fxèv xazà nâaqv xijv oîxovfxévtjv jiaQÉanaQxai xoïg èmxcogioig Ttléïaxov ôè xfj 2vQiq xaxà xrjv ysix- viaatv àvafxefuyfiêvov, è^aighcog d'ê m xrjg ’Avxioxeiag t z o à v ôtà xo xijg TzoXecog fisys'&oç,

(2) Tovôàtoi y.aû’ êxàaxrjv TtôXiv eial najunXeiûëtg lAaïag xe real ZvQiag.

r

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Ant. XVI, 6 . 6) ; Ephesus (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.11-12) ; Tralles (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.21) ; Halicarnassus (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.23). All these cities had a t least one synagogue; larger centers, such as Alexan­dria, had several. (Cf. Acts X III, 14; XIV, 1.)

In Rome, there was little love for this people. In 139 the praetor, Hispalus, expelled them charging them with attempting to foist the worship of Jupiter Sabagios on the Romans (Val. Max. I, 32 cf. Reinach Textes p. 259). Julius Caesar when pro­hibiting the foreign collegia after Pharsalia, made an exception in the case of the Jews (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.8). Augustus also was well disposed towards them. However, under Tiberius they were expelled (Tac. An. II, 85). Claudius forbade Jewish gatherings (Dio Cassius 60.6; Acts XVIII, 2; Suet. Claudius 25). However, the Jewish community flourished and their proselytizing must have been very successful as hinted at by Rome’s literary men (1).

Under the Seleucids and Lagids the Jews fared weU, the rights of citizenship and positions of trust being frequently bestowed upon them. On the whole, however, the attitude to­wards the Jews was unfriendly due to their racial and religious peculiarities as well as to their undisguised contempt of heathen cults. Economic rivalry contributed towards their unpopularity for they were engaged in all occupations bein^ mostly craftsmen and small merchants. Many were also corn and tax collectors as early as the second century B. C. E. (2). As a result of this

(1) Horace, Sat. I, 4 .18 ; 1, 5. 97. Juvenal, Sat. XIV, 180 seq.;XIV, 96 seq.; III. 10 seq. & 296; VI, 156 & 542. Persius, Sat. V, 179.Martial, Epig. VII, 30; XI, 94. Ovid, Ars Amatcria I, 55 seq. & 413 seq. Seneca, cited by Augustine De Civ. Dei VI, 10 “Cum in­terim usque eo sceleratissimae gentis consuetude valet ut per omnes iam terras reeepta sit; victi victoribus leges dederunt”.

(2) Cf. Griechische Ostraka aus Âgypten und Nubien. The fol­lowing Ostraka have Jewish names: 802-804 Antonios Malchaios; Simon 728, 1511, 1513, 337, 339, 840, 718; Joseph 721, 729; Sambathaios 1507; Sambataios 1508; Sambas 1508, 1504, 1351, 1354; also 334, 758, 1231, 1350, 1359 appear to be Jewish names. All these were tax collectors, the most famous of them being Antonios Malchaios who was the tax collector in Syene during Trajan’s reign 107-115 since the “fluminis custodiam” was entrusted to him.

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friction many polemics were written against the Jews. The most famous of these writers are Apollonius, the teacher of Cicero, Damocrites, Apion against whom Josephus has written, Manetho, the Egyptian historian whom Philo refuted and Nicarchus (cf. Eeinach Textes p. 122). In many cities Jews were expelled but due to Roman interference the expulsion edict could not be carried out (Jos. Ant. XIV, 10.8). In the time of Trajan dui-ing the uprising of 115, the Jews were butchered in Meso­potamia, Gyrene and Cyprus. In the la tter place, the Jews massacred all Greeks and were consequently forbidden to reside on the island (Dio Cassius 68.32). At Alexandria there was first a silent rivalry in polemics which during Caligula’s, Nero’s and Trajan’s rules burst out in bloodshed.

During the Roman supremacy, Jews were granted special privileges. They could not be expelled from localities where they were legally established except by the edict of the Em­peror. In their section of the town they could erect houses of worship (Jos. B, J. II, 18.7 & Ant. XIV, 7.2). Each community had its synagogue, or if needed several. They could observe the Sabbath, their holidays, dietary laws and the right of circumcission. When all these were forbidden by Hadrian, the revolt of 133 broke out. Exemption was also given them from Emperor worship, a privilege menaced by Caligula whose op­portune death saved the Jews from annihilation as he had made up his mind to force them to do homage to his statue. Indeed, not even effigies did the Jews have on coins minted by them during the Roman supremacy (Jos. Ant. XVIII, 3.1). This privilege was not taken away till the time of Hadrian. They were em­powered also to form autonomous organizations, administrative, financial and judicial. At Alexandria they had their own as­sembly, magistrates and courts and could settle their own affairs. They levied taxes, the didrachma ( / shekel) which after 70 was converted into the "fiscus Judaicus” which was abolished i only by Julian but until then diverted to the treasury of Jupiter Capitolinus at Rome (Jos. B. J. VII, 6 .6 & Dio Cassius 66 . 7).

PART n1. AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO MILITARY SETTLERS

AT PHEBECHIS

Hib. Pap. 1 .96 Grenfell & Hunt.Lit.: S chu er er , Gesch. d. jüd. Volkes vol. Ill, 4 p. 44.

This papyrus found a t Kibeh nemos Herakleopolis dated the 26^ year of Ptolemy Philadelphus I I (259 B. C. E.) is an agreement in duplicate between two military settlers at Phe- bechis, at least one of whom is a Jew, for the settlement of a dispute between them the nature of which is not specihed. Each of the two parties withdraws his claims against the other. Though both copies are imperfectly preserved it can be fairly well reconstructed due to the fact that the duplicate is exactly similar to the copy given below. The fact th a t Andronicus as well as his opponent are said to belong to the encyovfjg proves them to be military settlers indicating that a Jewish settlement must have existed here as early as 300 B. C. E.

^[^aaiXevovrog IlroXe/Liaiov xov IlxoXefiaiov x\al xov vlov IIxo^s- fiai\ov\ exovg extov xal eixooxov \èq> tsQscog . . . ’AXe^a\yÔQOv xal Oemv "‘AÔEK<p\(iû\v xavf]<p6gov Agaivoijg q}ika — ov . . . fitfvog A\üoxqov ijLi rov %co(r[ov] avyygaip^ ajzoazaatov ^[Avdgo-vixov xov . . . xfjg E7iiyovfj\g xal AkE^avdgov xov Avôgovixov Yov- daiov juETcà ® [ . . . xd>v ZooiXov ÔExavi\xov. ofioXoyovaiv biaXEXvo^ai nghg àXXfjXovg nâv — ®[ra xà eyxXijfiaxa nsgl <5v EVExâkEoav àXXij- Aov]ç xœy ênavco %goy(ov, fifj «[|é]o[Ta)] èk Avôgov[x(Oi EJt* AXÉ^avôgov /xr]ô* AXsiàvôgcoi e\ti Avôgôvixov jurjâ' àXXcot v[jï]è^ «VTft>v Em<pE[g\ovxâg [xt sylxXrjfia TtagEV — fir}ÔEfjiiat jzEgèfiri'&Evog xcôv 7igoyeyo]v6xcov avxotg àXXijXovg ^\tXrifiàx<ûv é'cog

[ëiovg Exxov xai sïxoaxov xaî fÂ.ï}vog Avaxgoif] ^à[v] ôk sTiéX'&fjt >7rd[r]epoç . . . Eg . . . èm xov exe — [goy fj r’ Eq>oàog xcôi sm-

ROTH. 2

— 12 —

noQEvofiêvcoi àxvQoç . . .]r* eot[co i]xtscaaro [6' o èntJioQev6fjiev[o]ç œt Idv] ^^[êjték'&rji . . . 57 <7v]y[7p]a9? tjôe }cv[Qia eotay navxaypv ov B.V èm — <pÉQrjTat . . . ^d]^TV0 [e?] Nixôfiio[g %aÀxcÔ£vç Aiovv- aôdcûQoç Kgaifxvl — . . .] ovtoi t ô j v Z[coilovj Z t q u x c o v . . .]

xkeovç '‘E q v — [0QiTi]ç . . . co]ii]ç xrjç èmyov\fjç TceixovQyôç . . .] X0 [ . . ] . . . v ç ^ ® [ . . . ] A k o ^ M q o v ^oia>x[ioç xrjg èmyovfjg X]ei[xovQ]y6g

[. . . avyyQaq>oq)vhx$ AiovvaôôtoQog].In the 26^ year of the reign of Ptolemy, the son of Ptolemy

and his son Ptolemy . . . being priest of Alexander and of the gods Adelphi, the Canephorus of Arsinoe Philadelphus . . . being in the month Dystrus a t Phebeehis in the Koite district. Con­tract of renunciation between Andronicus of the Epigone and Alexander son of Andronicus Jew w i th . . . of Zoilus troop decurion. They agree th a t they have settled all the claims which they made against each other in former times; and Andronicus has no right to proceed against Alexander, nor Alexander against Andronicus, nor any other party on their | behalf bring any claim or any pretext with respect to any of the claims which they made against each other up to the 26* year aud the month of Dystrus. If either of the two parties proceejd against each other, both the act of agression shall be invalid for the person making it and the aggressor shall forfeit to the injured party a fine of . . . This contract is valid wheres­oever it be produced . . . The witnesses are Nicobius, Chalcidian, Dionysodorus, Crommian. . . all of Zoilus troop, Straton son of . . . des, Erythrian . . . of the Epigone public servant, . . . son of Dioxander, Boiotian of the Epigone public servant . . . The keeper of the contract is Dionysodorus.

2. EXTRACT OF A WILLPiiNDERS, Petrie Papyri, vol. Ill, 7.Lit.: Schuerer, Gesch. des jûd. Volkes vol. Ill, 4 p. 44.

The following extract is from a papyrus dated in the tenth year of the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes III (238/237 B. C. E.) coming from the Nomos Arsinoe. I t is the will of Philon, son of Herakleides, who after assigning all his property and posses-

— 13 —

sions to his wife and daughter mentions tha t Apollonios, a foreigner, called Jonathan in the Syrian, owes him 150 drachmae. The Jonathan referred to here must doubtless be a Jew.

Efxavxov y^vvaixi EiQT^vfji ’AoxXrjmàôov KvQrjvaiai [xal rfji sjuavr]ov BvyazQÎ A'^juoi xfji Elg^vrjç xal xà \v7iaQxovxa o(Qfji]axa OyXvxa HaQ'&éviov Mvgivrjv ëQoévixa[ ..................................] t o xal v7ioyQd<pr}V x^v ëvôrjfioaiœi ^Atioàà^^[(üviov? . . .] TtaQSTitôfjjuov ôç xal SvQiaxl ’Icova^àç [xaXstxai ô(p£i]kovxâ fxoi àgyvQiov h Qv dXkcoi ôè ov&evl ovûèv [xaxaXeùxco è]mxQÔ7tovç ôè aÎQOvjaai fiaadéa üxoXfAaTov

I leave all my possessions to my wife, Eirene, daughter of Asclypiades of Cyrene, and to Demo, my daughter, by Eirene together with my slaves Parthenion and Myrine females . . males, and according to the bill in the public registry, Apollonios, a foreigner, who is also called in the Syrian language, Jonathan, who owes me 150 drachmae in silver; and I leave nothing to anyone e lse . . .

3. CLASSIFICATION OF JEWS AND HELLENESP. P e t r i , 1 Introd. p. 43 ed. Mahaffy.Lit.: S c h u e r e r , Gesch. d . jûd. Volkes vol. Ill, 4 p . 4 4 . M it t b is -

WiLCKEN, Papyniskunde vol. I no. 55.In the village of Psenuris in the third century B. C. E. the

inhabitants according to this papyrus were divided into two classes, Jews and Hellenes. Although the first lines are frag­mentary this classification is quite clear. The text deals with an increase of tax of similar amount — one half drachmae for each slave whether in possession of HeHrae or Jew. Of great significance is the fact th a t this is an official record in which such distinetkat between the residents of this Fayum town has been made as early as 300 B. C. E. For a later record, cf. Tebt. Pap. 11—566. In a census return of the village Samaria 131/2C. E. a üxolefiaïoç calls himself a Hellene xœv ëv Agoi(vohtxi)

EU.'^vœv, desiring perhaps to separate himself thereby from the heavy Semitic population of the town.

2 *

— 14 —

'"Aa}chj7tiaô[t]teatt

eacûai (?) Ttagaygaq) êvotxovv(?) èv yfevvgei navro (?)

rà à7Zoôôx(e)ia zijç xcojutjç nagà tœ v ’lovôaicov xai xcôv '"JEXki vœv êxàatov aœ/uarog (^/utôgaxfzov) xal xovxo Xoyeveiai ôià Ai\ovvo\iov xov èmoxdxov

To Asklypiades . . . those who have lived in Psenuris . . . into the treasury of the village from the Jews and the Hellenes for each slave (half a drachmae), and this is collected by Dio­nysius the prefect.

4. CONTRACT OF A LEASE 223 OR 122 B. C. E.Magdola P. no. 3.Lit.: WiLCKEN, Archiv IV S. 48. B. C. H. XXVI (1902)

pp. 104-7.Theodotes, Gaddaios and Phanias contract from Demetrius

a piece of ground for a period of two years. Evidently the latter did not fulfill the conditions of the contract as the follow­ing complaint indicates. In the complaint are quotations from the original lease showing the obligations and the guaranties which Demetrius assumed. I t is dated in the 25 ^ jqqj. of Ptolemy Euergetes. While i t is not specifically stated tha t the lessees are Jews, still from the names it is quite clear. An attempt has been made by Theodore Reinach to read Onias instead of Phanias as being a more common Jewish name than Phanias.

^Baadel IIxoXe[xaia>i Osôôoxog, Faddalog ^aviag,A à ixo v fi^a vjzo Arjfxrjxgiov xivog Mio&co— ^aag yag jueTv xov Nixiov xXrjgov xal uioxXijmàôov, fxgiaxovxagovgcov) ovg exovaiv Tiegi xrbfiyv ^HgaxXéav, xijg Oefua— ®tou fisgiSog sîg (etrj) |8, gy' cot ag$i xijg jma^cbascog 6 anogog 6 ev xwt ex (exei) Etg 5 gix (ètog) Excpogiov xrp> (àgovgav) Exaa— *rr]v (jivgov) (àgxa^œv) y, xo ÔEvxEgov ( e x o ç ) (n v Q O v ) (àgxa^œv) y L , xaî xijg avyygatpijç xijg

— 15 —

(uo&(basœç ôiayoQsvovoijç' àxivôvvov ® nkr v à^QÔ%ov xal xaza- ^QÔx(yv, ^ ôvvaTt] anaQfjvai ëwç Xoia% i, rrjv ôè jut] dvvarrjv anaQïjvai ecoç i ® t o v Xoiax, naQala§ovxa(^ç) AfjjLii TQiov xal àU-ovg xoivovç avÔQaç y, ' /urjv ôs jzaQaXafx^avôvtoiv AvjixTqxQiov onoaç naQaôei^(û}iev avxS>i rr]v firj ôvvaTV]v anaQrlvai, ov nQOoéaxYpttv

^ovXô— (ÀEyoç oiaQaovvyQatpEÏv, rà ôè oQia fifieiv à naQéôei^ev ècp" oïç avvye(^sy')yQdfifieôa ov ^e^aiov. Aeôjus'&d aov, ^^aatXev, TtQoard^ai Aio<pdvrji rô>i arQazrjycôc ygâtpai MsXsdyga x&t hua\ta)^'qi x(bfiriç Boy^âatov ànoa — ^xëiXai xbv ArjfirjXQiov £[ ]i Aiocpdvvjv xbv axgaxi]ybv xaî, èàv èvôsi^cojus'ôa xà ôtà rijç èvxsv^e — coç ôvxa àXYidxj, ènavayxdoai avxbv xo ôixaiov ^fieïv vnoaxéïv. Tovxov ôè yevofxévov, ^^êaâfie&a xov ôtxaiov xsxevxôreg. E^vxst.

Verso. C'Exovg) xe, Acbiov xg, Xoiax ly.0eôôoxog, raôÔaïoç, 0avtaç ngbç ArjfirjxQiov Jteçl fjtio'&côaecog xX' QOV.

Theodotes, Gaddaios and Phanias, greetings to the king, Ptolemy. We have been wronged by a certain Demetrius for he has leased to us the estate of Nikios and Asklepiades (who have 30 aroura) which they have in the village of Heraklea of the district Themistos, for two years upon the condition that the sowing in 25^ year begin the lease (and run to the harvest of) the 26* year, the tax being 8 artabes of wheat for each aroura (the first year) and 3Va artabes of wheat for the second year; the contract of this lease stating, "without risk except in the case of a drought, or inundation” ; "land which can be sown till Choiac 10” ; "but that which could not be sown till the 10* of Choiac” ; "Demetrius and three other suitable men having been taken”. But we having taken Demetrius so that we may show him that which cannot be sown, he escaped us, wishing to violate the conditions of the lease. He does not confirm the conditions which he indicated to us and upon which we made the contract. We request you, 0 ! King to order Dio- phanes the strategus to write to Meleagra the epistates (the prefect) of the village Boubastos to send Demetrius to Diophanes the strategus and if what we have pointed out by means of the petition be true compel him to promise us justice. When

— 16 — il

this shall have happened, we will have acquired justice. | Farewell.

Verso. — The 25* year, Loios 26, Choiak 13. Theodotes, ^ Gaddaios, and Phanias versus Demetrius concerning the lease g of a plot (of ground).

5. NON-PAYMENT OF WAGE DUE TO A BARBER 222 B. G. £. |

Magdola P. no. 15.Lit.: B.C. H. XXVI (1902) pp.. 121-122.

From w hat is left of this very incomplete fragment of a | papyrus we glean the fact tha t a barber, Parates, of Arabic 1

' origin claims his salary from one of his clients, named Malichos. I t has been pointed out th a t this is a Semitic name. However, despite the fact tha t a t least one prominent Jew in the time of Trajan called, Antonins Malchaios (cf. Gr.Ost.,Wilcken no. 302 to 30% has a similar name there is no special reason why we should assume that this Malchaios despite his Semitic name is a. Jew. I t m dated in the first year of Ptolemy Philopater.

^acdeZ Ilokefjiaicoi [JDTagctTîye Agatp, xovqevç . . . Aàt\xoviJiai ijTib MaXiypv x o v .......................XB'&eQaTiEvxoiç avByxhqxcoç.......................[ÀEVOV 7ZQÔÇ fie xal xov ? . . .. g tro) [............. ] . [.

verso^JExovç a roQsiiaiov xrf Tv^i Uagâxriç, '“Agay; xovgevg,TtQÔç MâXiypv Jtegl fiia&ov.

Parates, an Arabian barber, greetings to king Ptolemy. 1 1 have been wronged by Malichos . . . having blamelessly served | . . . towards me and Malichos? . . .

Verso — In the first year, Gorpiaios 28, Tubi 12; Parates, | an Arabian barber, versus Malichos concerning wages.

— 17 —

6 . COMPLAINT AGAINST A JEWISH THIEFMagdola Pap. 35, edd. Jouguet & Lefebvre. New edition with

photograph by Th, Reinach, Melanges Nicole p. 451 sqq.Lit.; Mitteis-W ilcken, Papyruskunde. Vol.I no. 56. Schdbker,

Gesch. d, jùd. Volkes vol. Ill, 4 p. 44.

Dated in the time of Ptolemy IV (217 B. C. E.), this papyrus found in the Fayum, nomos Arsinoe, is valuable for the history of the Jewish Diaspora of this period through the mention of a synagogue in this town and also mention of its Hazzan. Al­though a large part of i t is missing the following facts are clear :

A certain Dorotheos stole a dress from a woman living in the Fayum town ’Ale^âvÔQov v^aog. Very likely he must have been a Jew since he hurried to the synagogue after the theft. The dress is left to the care of the sexton Nikomachus until a decision should be rendered as to the disposition of it. ' In the meantime she appeals to the king for the return of the dress or its value and for the punishment of the culprit. Beinach has pointed out th a t the accuser is probably not a Jewess.

\PaaiKeX UtoXsfMiioii xaiqeiv . . . xm\v èv xfjt AXe^dvdQov inqami AôiHOVfjtai VTto \AœQO'&éov . , . og xaxoixet x^v oi\^xriv xcàfitjv. xov yag e (Irove), <hg aï jtgoaoôoi 0a/iASvà>\^^ ®[. . . .] x^t ovvegC&wi fiov TiQoavoriaag îfiàxiôv fxov ^{a^iov ^ . . . .] ai)xo ejrtwy.Ala&avofiêvrjg â’è/xov xaxe[. .]. ®[. . . . to îfÂ^dxiov èv r^e Jtgoaevx^t xibv ^lovôalcov êmka— °[. . . .Jttovç. ^Enaiagayivexat àk AijCekfitg, {êxaxovTdgovgog) ’[ . . . . tÔ îfj.d]xiov N ixofiâxœ i xœt vaxôgcoi êcog xgîascoç ®[. . . .]. . Aéo/uai ofvv aov, §aai)i£v ngoaxd^ai Aioq>âvei axgaxrjymi ygây^ai AnoXXoviiovi tm t £7tt\axdxu à n o m ^ a t xov Amgô- ésov xaï N i— ^^\x6(Àaxov xov vdxogov xofuCovxa xo îfî\dxiov èjî' ambv xac, èav d ygâcpoi àXij&rj, ^^[ênavayxâaai avxohg ànoôovvai fioi To t/A.\dxiov il xrjv xefii]v, Tiegl ôè xijg gaiôiovgyiag ^‘[AtOfpdvrjv xov oxgaxTfjyov ôiayvcbvai. . . .] Tovxov yàg yevofxevov eaoixa\t\ ôià c£j ^aaiXe[v^ xov ôixaiov xetevxvTa. Evx\y\x^^'

To the king Ptolemy, greeting . . . from those in Alexandrou Nesos. I have been wronged by Dorotheos . . . who lives in the same village. For in the fifth year, when the solemn processions in the month of Phamenoth . . . with my fellow worker, having

— 18 —■

set his mind upon my garment worth? drachmae . . . having it he was gone. And when I saw it tha t he ran away? . . hiding? the garment in the synagogue of the Jews . . . Lezelmis (who tills 100 iugera of soil) intervenes . . . giving? the garment to Nikomachus the temple keeper until the tria l . . . I ask of j you indeed, O ! King, to order Diophanes, the governor, to write ^ to Appollonios, the prefect, to send to him Dorotheos and Niko­machus, the sexton, who is holding the garment and if th a t which |I write be true, to compel them to return to me the garment, | or its price and th a t Diophanes, the governor, take cognizance I of this neglect . . . When this will be done I will then have [ | obtained my desserts from you, O! King. Farewell.

7. A LETTER CONCERNING A DISHONEST JEWISH HORSE DEALER

British Mus. pap. 189: pap. Gren. 1 .43.Lit.: Th. R e in a c h , Rev. d. Etud. juiv. 37, p. 219. W ilc ken ,

Zum Alex Antis p. 789 sq.Judging from the writing this papyrus coming from the

Thebais cannot be la ter than the second century B. C. E. Although the exact meaning of the letter cannot be fully seen since the deciding verbs in lines 4 and 6 are incomplete, probably the following are the facts in the case. Hermokrates who evidently lived in a different place than his brother Menon and frequently was wont to make purchases for him (cf. 1.11 seq. where Menon in the P. S. asks his brother to buy some purple dye) had bought a mare for him from a Jew. W ithout mentioning the name of the la tter he had notified his brother to this effect. W hen the seller did not deliver the mare Menon writes the following letter to his brother since the Jew being unknown to him he could not turn to him.

^\M\év(ov 'Eg/j.OTCQarei ràiàekqjœi yaiQeiv. \ E l\ è'QQcoaat sqqco- juE'&a ôè seal avxol xal ^’AtpQodioia xal fj ‘&vyair}Q xai r\naidioxT] xal ^ ^dvyaxrjQ avrijg. ’Eygayjag ^[/luv d<]d xo [. . . .]- ''[x^évai fjfûv xrpf ïjitiov xa jzag' lovSaiov ®[. . • .]o^ai amrjv ov 1 TO bvofxa àyvovfÀ,{£v). [A]oTOÔ ôè fxrjôi’ nnoôeôœxoxog fjfûv

F — 19 —

it I ainov /^rjôè tijv jtogeiav aîrtîjç èm— ^ôeôeoxÔTOç, èygayjafzsv aoi,1 ojiiûç ovv etô^[fç| ^^”Egg\(oaô\. ^KaXcoç avv noiriaetg àyogâaaç

dis I efioi re noQ(p[yQaç^ ^\a\xariÎQaç àvo xal '‘Acpgodiaku ôvo.îDt I Verso. ‘Egfzoxgâzet.of I

I Menon to his brother Hermokrates greeting. If you are well I am well as well as my folks, A’phrodisia and her daughter

ich I well as the little girl and her daughter. You have writtenI to me on account of the fact th a t . . . for me a mare from a

' Jew whose name I do not know. He having neither given tome the mare nor described its gait ?, I wrote you that you mayknow. Be well.

You will do well, if you wül buy for me and for Aphrodisia two staters of purple dye each.

Verso — (addressed) to Hermokrates.

iceive

8. NOTICE OF TAX COLLECTORS

Fayum Towns and their Papyri, Grenfell, Hunt & Hogarth no. 14 p. 106.

the 1 Two collectors one of whom is called Simon (very likely a the B request the men to whom the following is addressed to

pay extra four silver drachmae as a crown tax. Since it is atlv B dated in the 46* year of Ptolemy it must refer to the reign of

i Euergetes II. (124 B. C. E.)

^Etficov xal UtoÀB/ixaîoç oî TtgoaxsxtQio— '^fiévoi Jigaxxogeg xov àvane(p(avr}— ^fiévov Nofitjvico axs<pâvov ^ ikéa ^ Tgvq)œvoç yaigeiv. ngoaôiaygmpiç ^âgyvgtov ôga%juàç xéaoagag, \à

®€TOVS- /fg Tvjdf A"‘Uto^sfiaioç Uaooxgàxov avvaxsTico.

Simon and Ptolemaeus the appointed collectors of the crown tax decreed for Numerius to Phileas, so of Tryphon, greeting. You are required to pay in addition four di'achmae, total 4. The 46* year, Tubi 30, I, Ptolemaeus, son of Pasocrates, jointly acknowledge the receipt.

theiigh

ight a of the

itter ould

>gio- al ??

i[f]y

— 20 —

9. A CONTRACT BETWEEN POTTERSUnpublished Berlin Pap. 11641.Lit. : ScHUBABT, Einfûhrung in die Papyruskunde S. 330 & 507.

Probably a product of the first century B. C. E., this papyrus contains in very poor Greek an agreement as to the share which a certain Jew, Sabbataios and his son, Dosas, were to have In a pottery.

^^a^^axaXoç " Q q o v xal 6 xovxov vîoç Aœaâxoç ^xega/xEvac xœv and ZvQCûv x(bfi7}ç ’‘lov— ^àatoi IlevxeaovxoJi xaî x d îç xovxov vldig ^NeqjsQÔyç xal Nsx^avovnig ^ô/jioXoyovjuev ovvixexéxofiev v/ûv®Tou vnaQxovxoç Ilaovxi 2a^^axaiov nsQÏ "‘NsiXov nohv xega/nêcog ànb Tv^i xe ^xov L êcoç MeooQtj X xov avxov L ^xaxà xb ëm- | ^àXXov [xoi fÀ.éQoç d xal v Î o v fiov xà a{vxô) ô xov xstdgxav,^^xbôe <pÔQov èxxeioojusv xotvrji exaaxoç ^^xaxà xb [xégog èàv ôé XI yêvxjxai ^Xd^og âqpeXiat xoivrj xal ôiaïQéxovg, jurjÔk ^*è^éaxai flfiïv xaxaXmeTv xb xega/usTov ^^juéxgi xov 7iQox(€ifiévov) L fÀT/ôè ë^éaxat v/ûv ^^èy^aXeïv fifiâg èxxbg xov xsQUfxéœg fir\Jioicbfxev xa-dà yéyQoavxai, èxxei— ^ aofXEV sig xb ^aaiXixbv xi{fiijv\ g fi, xj ôè fûo'&coaig ^^ fjÔ E xvgiat E o x œ nàvxrji. sygayjEV v tx e q “®awra)v XaïQTjfiœv KaXXixQd{xovg) àiiœ^sig ôià xb ^^<pdaxiv avxovg fii) eîÔévai ygdfifiaxa Tv^i x e

^^2a^aiô(jùv Nixœvog /xagxvQob ^*Nix6ÔQOfiog 0iXbinov juagxvQ&i Substitute the following corrections:

I-zdcoa^ç 2-xEQafjLEÏg NsqjEQcbxiNEx&avovm 6 - 7-%gga-/ZEiov 8 - L = ëtovç S- Q = 10- probably xal ô vîôg juov xôI I - x b v ô è 13- â}q> éXsiat eoxco x o i v t j x a l à ô ia ïQ s x o g 16- XEQ a/ÂEtov

18- xi{/j,T]v) [ÔQaxfiOLç)fÀ. 19- xvgia 21- ^daxstv 24- fxagxvQÔ).Sabbataios, the son of Horus, and Dosas, the son of the

former, potters' from the people of the village of the Syrians (being) Jews, greet Pentesouchos and his sons, Nephercs and Nechthanoupis. We agree to hold in common the pottery be­longing to Paous, son of Sabbataios, near Neilopolis, from Tubi 25^ of the 7* year until Mesore 30* of this same year (and) in accordance with the share tha t falls to me — and that of my son we will each of us in accordance with his share

— 21 —

pay the tax in common. And if any loss or gain result let it be common and undivided; nor shall it be possible for us to leave the pottery during the above mentioned year, nor shall it be possible for you to cast us out of the pottery. If we do not act in accordance with th a t written (herein) we will pay into the royal treasury 40 drachmae and let this contract be valid everywhere. I, Chairemon, the son of Kallikrates, have written it in behalf of them having been appointed because they said that they did not know (the art of) writing. The 7 yearTubi 25th.

I, Sabaidon, the son of Nikon, am a witness:I, Nikodromos, the son of Philippos, am a witness.

10. AGREEMENT ABOUT A LEGACY

B. G. TJ. IV 1151 ed. Schubart.

Dated in the 17^ year of Augustus (13 B. C. E.) the papyrus is interesting in tha t i t conclusively shows that there was a Jewish court a t Alexandria. Schubart is surprised that Alexander who together with his brother Theodoras have been mentioned in a previous papyrus as Macedonians should have come to a Jewish court as he does not believe them to be Jews. Josephus, however, (Ant. XIV, 7.2) mentions tha t a t the very founding of Alexandiia, Jews were given the priviledge of calling themselves Macedonians.

IlQcoTâQxcûi ^Tiaçà Aiovvaiag zi]{g) ^àgiatcovog /zszà hvqîov rov rvjg firjrQo{g) [adsXq^ov !<4ya]— ^Mvov xov ^tX<ozov xal 7r(açà) ^AXe dvÔQOv xov Ntixoàruxov. [IIsqI xœv] ôieaxaiÀév{(ov) awxcoQsî fj Aiovvaia EiXr]{g}svai) naçà xov AXe^dvô{QOv) ôià %(6fgôg) \oYxov\ ^àqyvgiov h q àsi àqyvQiov v- g d>v àiaxéiaxev avtfj ô /biexi XXaxà)g

xov mS^dvÔQOV[ [ . . . ] ] ’ âôeXipog 0e6ôa>Qo(g) xa-&‘ fjv êûsxo dia'&i/]x{ijv) ôià xov xœv ^lovàaiœv ^àgxFÎov, xal fxi^xe Aïowaiav hteX{evaea-&ai) iirix àiXXov) [v]7rè[e] aî){x‘ g) h it xov iAXéç{avÔQCov) ^tzsqI àiv à7iêaxr}x(e) ÔQaxfj[cûv] êxaxov^ /j,efi[s^Qixévac, ôe adxcp Xôyov xœv Xom{œr)

H e Sç . . . %gd(yo$') fjL vaç it; ànb [.] xov èvE{cnânoç) ^ ixri(vbç]àroxovg

0aQfÂ,(ov t) xov iC L Kaia{aQoç), âç xal xoiJ.taaixé[vrj) [[am côaetv]] |. . . oiOEiv ènï xavxa xariôrj{. . .) xal ëxt t^(v) [ [ . . . . ( )]] |àaqjâXeiav, èàv ôe ôieX-&ôvxoç xov xqovov ônoôiôtoai ô ""Aké^av- | 6go(ç) ràç ^^rov àQyv{Qiov) h g tiqox ( ) xE(pa{laio.) a'^ô(v) Tavxaç\ avv ^ijuioXia) xal xov vnEQ7iEaôv{xoç) ^®; g<î(rov) xovç xatà xb | ygai/x/x-a) xôx{ovç) /S H rrjg nQ{â ECOç) yeivo{fiévriç) [t>/ Aiovvai^ |

èx XE avxov ^AlE^âvÔQo(v) xal êx xcbv vnaQx[ôvxcov) avxcp nâvx[(ûv) xa'&d\nEQ êy ôixriç^ xal firj èniq}éQE(iv) niaxEiç ^ (^àx'bgovg EÏvat) | ^.^{lov/iEv) L fC Kaioagog ^agpXov'&i) ^^AXé^avôgog Nixoôxjfjiov |

âÔ£^<pàg (ArjzQOçAiovvaia Agiaxcovog ^^xv{giog) A ya’&éivog Oi/lcôxov âia'&i]x{ij)

ânb h ç- L g ôtà %eigbg, ^*xàg Àoinàg h g scog Msaogr] C tovEÎaiôvxog it] L Kataagog ^^àxoxovg.

To the Protarchos from Dionysia, daughter of Ariston, with her guardian Agathinos, son of Philotos, her maternal uncle, and from Alexander, son of Nikodemos. Concerning the division, Dionysia agrees to have received from Alexander in person of household goods one hundred dr. of silver and six dr. of (articles) from silver, of tha t which Theodoros, the brother of Alexander, dying willed to her and in accordance with the will which he made in the court of the Jews; and that neither Dionysia nor anyone in behalf of her should make any claims against Alexander about the 100 dr. for which she had given a receipt, and had divided for him; as far as the other matters were concerned the 100 dr. which (he owed?).into a period of 17 months from the present month of Pharmouthi of the 17* year of the Em­peror, and which she having received without in te re st. . . safety, but if the time shall have passed and Alexander not have paid then (he shall pay) the capital, these 100 dr. of silver plus one half, and for the time overdue in accordance with the legal rate 2 dr., the case being in favor of Dionysia a t the expense of Alexander and from all his property just as if (this decision were) from a court and he should not bring any arguments or (claims tha t i t is invalid). We have recorded this in the 17^ year of the Emperor, Pharmouthi 17.

às)

■vl\m i

Ilov i

4v)x o v

rithde,ion,L Of !les)1er,adeoneiderhadnedromEm-:ety,[>aidone

égalensesion

23 —

Alexander, son of Nikodemos, Dionysia, daughter of Ariston, her guardian Agathinos, son of Philotos, her maternal unde — a will — 6 dr. & 100 dr. (paid) in person; the remaining 100 dr. due on Mesore 7 of the coming 18* year of Caesar without interest.

11, PETITION OF AN ALEXANDRIAN JEW TO THE PREFECTB. G. U. IV, 1140, ed. W. Schubart.Lit.: S c h u b a r t , Arch. V, 118 seq.; W i l c k e n , Antis, p. 787.

ScH U ER ER , Gesch. d . j ù d . Volkes v o l . 111,4, 718. M i t t e i s - W iL C K E N , Papyruskunde v o l . I no. 58.

Although this papyrus due to erasures and corrections is almost undecipherable, still it is valuable for the mooted question as to whether the Jew had citizenship in Alexandria. In this petition to the prefect C. Turranius, the petitioner is by mistake called "‘AKe^avÔQéoiç and then by erasure '‘lovàaiov xœv àno Ale^avÔQs{iag). I t is a clear evidence th a t in the year 5 or 4 B. C. E. there was a legal distinction between Alexandrian citizens and Jews who belonged to the inhabitants of Alexandria since ol ànb Ale^avÔQeiaç includes residents of the city not be­longing to AXe^avàQEÏç. The contrast between citizens and mere residents is further brought out when the father of the petitioner is called ’ àXs^avÔQevç, i. e. he had acquired citizenship personally. Judging from the fact that the son is called "‘lovàaiov xœv ànb Aks^avÔQEtaç he must have been bom before his father acquired citizenship. The text is too broken to be interpreted and after the 13th line is hardly worth reproducing due to its fragmentary character.

^lovàaiov xœv ànb AkE^avÔQe{iaç) ^la iœ i TvQQaviœi ^naqà ‘EXévov xo{v) Tgvç^covoiç) l\AÀE^avÔQEœç]]

fiéyiare'jETye ucov [[jgéArtoTfi]], àbv êx naxQoç AlEiavÔQÉ{œç) [[%«(]] ôtaxQEirpaç

èvxav&a xbv nâvxa %q ô v o v [ZExahi^cbv ô ôvvaxbv xal x(pnaxQÏ ® x[^ç] àQEaxovoYjç natÔEiag, xtvôvvEvœ ’ ov fJLÔvov xijç lôiaç naxQiôoç axEQrj'&fj— àU.à xal e îç x o v . . . svoiat'xov ^ e iv

years OïM Evfx^éfirjxs yàg ^Qqov ^^ôrjixôaïov oîxovofxov . . . xv^ ^^xq . .n o

X1JÇ a î u a ç s v E x a . . . . a i x b v ^ ’~ n a x £ Q a ( x o v e y e i v n g b ç x b v n â x g i o v

yv/xvdaïov èri 6s xa i ax^ifia . . . fiiova v x o v . . x t x o v a v r j Q n a x œ . . . y^E iQ iaaç . . .

— 24 —

To the Emperor Gaius; from Helenas the son of Truphon, a Jew of the inhabitants of Alexandria. 01 Great Ruler, being of an Alexandrian father and having spent here all the time | and having obtained in accordance with the power of my father I a suitable education, I am in danger not alone of being deprived of my own native land but also into . . . (the rest is too frag-1 mentary).

12. ANTI-SEMITIC PRIVATE LETTERB. G. U. IV, 1079, ed. Viereck.Lit.: WiLCKBN, Zum Alex. Antisemit. p. 791; M itteis-W ilckbn, |

Papyruskunde vol. I no. 60.

Dated the first year of the reign of Claudius (41 C. E.) this papyrus although its origin is unknown throws some light on the history of anti-semitism. I t is the earliest known source wherein distrust is expressed against a Jewish money lender (11., 24-26). Sarapion the w riter is seen from B. G. U. 1078 the style and script of which are similar to B. G. Ü. 1079, to be a wholesale merchant e/jjzoqos. W e know (cf. Jos. Ant. 19, 278 seq.) th a t in January 41 a violent uprising was incited by the Jews against the Greeks. The warning here "to beware of the Jews" seems to be a t a time when Herakleides is in great need of funds. Sarapion advises him rather to beg mercy of PtoUarion, his creditor, than turn to the Jew.

^ZaQanimv ‘HQaxXetÔf] t c û ' (jLsxéQcp %a{tQeiv). ""EnefMpd aoi ^aXlaç àvo EmmoXâç Nrjôvfzoïf fiiav, ôtà ^Kgoviov juaxaiQO- <pÔQoy fxiav. Xomov oihv eXa— nagà rov^Aga^oç xrjv ^ëmaroX^v xal àvé— ^yvcov xal êXvszrj&fjv lAxoXov'&et de U toXX— ^^agtcovt nàaav âygav. ra— ôvvaxai ae svXvx— Tidiaat Xéye aë)xâ> à— ^ XXo êyà>, àXXo nâvxeç ^^ëyà) Ttatddgiv sÎ[àL nagà ^^xâXavxov aoi jiéngaxa

ç7o[pT]td fioi. ovx oïôa ^^xtjLi[. .~\fixQO>v. oxo . . ^^noXXovç ôaviaxâç eyo— fjy îva àvaaxarcù— sQcoxa avxb

“fiégav. xd^o. ôvva— ^hai as sXefjaat èàv dbg àv Jidvrsç xal av ^Xê— oardv âno xcbv' ‘l o v M â X X o v àxoXov&œ

aîrxcô ôvvrj (ptXiaaai avxeS iôe, ôvvaxai Ôtà AïoôcoQOv vno- ygatprjvai ^ xd^Xa (rj^ ôià ^^xxjç yvvatxbg xov fjysp,— ^^ovog iètv rd Jtap(d) aaxov noi— ^^arjç ovx si fieynxog ^^Aajtd^ov AfoScogov

f i . .àiovKaii

— 25 —

1 fi..aXoyv ^ 'EQQa>{po). "‘Aand^ov "AQjioxQoxtjlv] '*a Ti^egiov KXav- I àiov KaioaQo\ç\ 2^s^a(crov) rsQiAavmov AvxonQd\i:oQOi^ fjLY}v6\ç\I KaiaaQsiov Ta.

Sarapion to my Herakleides, greeting. I sent you two other letters, one by the hand of Nedymus, the other by the hand of Cronins, the sword-bearer. Finally then I received from Arabos the letter and read i t and was grieved. Cling to

I PtoUarion constantly; perhaps he can set you free. Say to him ’I am not like anyone else, I am a lad. W ith the exception of a talent I have made you to pay my burden. I do not know . . . we have many creditors — do not drive us out’. Ask him

; daily perhaps he can have mercy on you; if not, do you, like aU, beware of the Jews. Rather cling to him (PtoUarion) and so you may become his friend. Notice tha t the document can be signed either by Diodorus or by the wife of the ruler. If you manage your own affairs, you are not to be blamed. Greet Diodorus with the others. Good-bye. Greet Harpocrates.

The first year of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Emperor, the eleventh of the Caesarean month (August 4, 41 C. E.).

13. EXTRACT FROM A TAX LIST OF ARSINOE 72/73 C. E.P. Rain. ed. C. Wessely, Stud. z. Pal. und Pap. I, S. 9-11 ;

IV, S. 71.Lit. : E. ScHDERER, Gesch. d. jüd. Volkes vol. Ill, 4; S. 46 f.

This is an extract from the report of the àfzqjpÔQdxrjç of the section of the city A7toU.coviov naQSfi^oXfjç in Arsinoe. I t includes the ànatr^ai/tiov (demand) for the collection of ^lovàaCwov TÉXeofxa the Jewish tax of the mentioned year which is revised from last year’s list — owoipiofiévov. In this list which includes only children and women we see from 1. 205 th a t the head tax per person for both sexes ranging from 3 to 60 years of age amounted to 8 drachmae and 2 obols. The men were included in a separate list no longer extant.

‘HQaxXeidov \â\fi\^oàâQxo\v ^A7toXXoi)[viov) IIaQE{ji§oXrjç) a7iavi':qai}i\ov\ !Z[ov5a«xoî5 TeXêa\fmxoç xov {nêiMitzav) [etovç]

AvToxffdroffos Kaia[aQ^og [Ovsajt^aaiavov Æe^amov a[v]voy}iafiévov [tt^oç to (réra^rov) (Iroç)].

^SoTiv rà Tû>[v] "‘l{ovdai<ov^à\yaXafi^{avopiévoùv)\ ôià 7iQ(o%{éQ(ov) Àôycov xeX\ei(ov àvÔQCov e yvvai]x(c0v) xekeioi{v) g,S v vjtegiexrjç) 5[. . . . .] xal èmx£XQifx{év7j) xâ>i (xsxàQXù>) (êret) h œ v v{&\ (fAa), \à<p\i]k{i§) {xsxgasxrfç)

{xexaQxœ) («:«{ {/lia), (yivexai) ôv6(juaxa) xai ôià 7iQoaygà{ç?ov) àlvaÀajujS{av6/ievoe)] èx xijç ysvo/ué(vi]ç) | è7iixQi6[eo3ç 7ie<pri\y^6\x£ç élvac sîg x6{xéxaQxov) (eroç) (T eere??) àno (êvaévcûv) [(^evré^tp)] (Iree)

^tXiaxoç [UxoXXâx^og xo{v] 0iXiaxov /irj{xQoç) "‘Egmxiov &r}X{eiai) IJQoyxovg [2e]^[o)ro(ç)] xo{v) IIxoX{sfiaiov) [xr){ Qbç) Aœaagiov [ytvovxai) ^ {yivovxai) là,S v xeXei(o{v) [dv6(gô)y) s à(priX{ixoç)'\ ixexQasxovç) {néfjuvit^) (êree) aQQe{yog) a yvvaix{œv) x£\Xei<ov g àq)riX[ixoç)] (TrerreTov?) {nêfmxcp) (erft) OïjX{siag) a (xexgaexovç) ôfj,{oicog) a [ ] yivevai xà yt{dvxa) ôvô(fiaxa) tô7tQoayt{v€xai) e% ro {néfiTttov)] (âroç) [Av]xoxQdxoQog

KaiaaQOç Ovean\aaiavov Ze^aaxov^ àno àq)r]X{ixœv) [êvaêvcov] {xQixcp) (ëiei)

eig ôè xo (nefmxov) {ëtog) {tqisxcôv) [e]v lovôaixo xeXéajbi[axi) àva- XajLi^a[vofiévcov)

àQQé{vwv) Z€vê[r]g] 0 soÔ(6qo{v) xo(v)IIxoXs}iaio[v) fxriixgbg) ^iXovxog èmx{exQifiêvog) (xexaQtO)) (exei) (ôiexi^g) (yiVExai) a

yivs{rai) ôv6/j,(axa) le,(o[r] x[€X{sUov) àvôigôbv) e à(prjX{ixog)] (xexgaexovg) (néjunxo)}

(èxei) aggs[vog) a {{xgiexovç) {néfjmxcp) (eret) ag]ge(yog) a yvvaixi&v) xsX(€icov) g [àç>ijX{ixog) (nevxexovg) {néfurtcg) &\7jX{dag) a {xsxgastovg)

ôjLt{oCcog) a (yivExai) xà n{âvxa) te dtv

^^‘ âvâgcbv xe\Xei\(ov ovxcov èv ô/uoX{6yq>) Xaoyigatpîa) ovô(fjtaxa) e xai x{à Xo)m(à) ôvô{uaxà) i

S v xb %((%%' oy^go).182b Yw\cûx{eg) xé\X\ei\ai

TQvq>ai\ya . .]o:7TaTOç ro(i;) KaXrjxog f4,i]{xgbg) Acoaagiov

— 27 —

ànb \ynEQ\[etwv) (èzcbv) ènixienQifiévfj) xôbi a{tn:^) [xetaQ- xq)) {ëcei) {êxâtv) v'&

\^I]axov^ov xo{v) ^Iaxov§{ov) ixrj\^QOç) 2afi^o{vxoç) yv{vT]) 2i(Â(ü{voç) (ètœv)

0dovç [ .] e [ . . . ] o u /xr]{xQoç) TlxoXXovxoç yv(vr]) 0eoô(b{QOv) {èi&v) x 2afi^{a\d\lç 2'\a^ivov /j,r](xQoç) "HQaiôo{ç) yv{vrj) €h]yévo{vç) {ixœv) it}2 '. . [ .................. ]ou fir](xQÔç) 0evôovx(og) yv{vr}) 2a/Lifi(a)'9{aiov?)

{ètcûv) ([.]^E[qu>xiov.............. . ]c o v o (ç ) fxt]{xQbç) E{rtêQnij{ç) yv{vrj) IIto?.Xâx{oç)

{êxwv) x ^[(yiyvovxai) ç]

à<pqk{txeç) aQQsiysç) (xsxQasxriç) {né/xnrq>) (ëiei)\^d ia \xoç JlxokXâxoç ro(u) 0diaxov /u,rj{xQoç) 'JEg[a)z](ou

ô{vo/m) a [ ( r ^ ts T ^ ç ) ] {nsjj.nxq)) {ëtet) ôfioi{ayç)

[ S s lv ^ ç 0eoôcÔQo{v) xo{v) Hxok{efiaiov) fÂ.i]{xQdç) ^fAovro(ç) {yivexai) a

[Gij]À{siai) {nsvrex^ç) (népmxcp) {êxet)[i7 (o]ft> T oûç OeoôcÙQOv /xr}(xQoç) 0dovxoç

{yivexai) a ' ®®[{m^aer^ç) (nêjumq>) (ct«)] ô/xot(coç)

U q c ù x o v ç 2ifio3Vo{ç) To{v) IIxoX{efxaiov) fjLrj[xQbç) Acoaagiov iyivexai) a

{yivExai) ôv6{fiaxa) i j ^ e r d t ] c 5 v o v x c o v e v ôfioXyoyqi) Xaoy{Qacpiq) ôvo{juâxcov) e

{ytvexai) a" ngôxietxai) bvô{fAaxa) le \àvà [ôgaxfiàç) rj {ôico^oXov)] {dgaxfiai) gxe vnkg ànagx(vjç) (ôgaxfiod) le (ytvovxai) (àgaxiMl) QfJt

[Tb îa(ov) xazax]excb{QtaTat) §(aatlixcg) yg[aiJifxaxEX)ôi(à) ^Afiovxico (..) yg{afjijmxÉcog) (ëzovg) (néfinrov) Oveanaaiavov fJtri(vbç) F e q -

fjL(avixtov) XThe report of Herakleides, the amphodraches (Strafienrevier-

meister) of Apollonlos Paremhole. The demand of the Jewish tax for the 5**» year, 72/73, of the Emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus, being an abstract according to the statement of the 4'^ year 71/72. The number of Jews taken up by previous accounts are 5 adult males, and 6 adult females of whom one is over age

ROTH. 3

and was adjudged so being 59 years old in 71/72; one minor i girl 4 years old having been one year old in 70/71 — alto- j gether 12 names.

And those taken up through a transcript of the preceding epikrisis appeared to be 3 years old in 71/72 being one year old in 69/70.

Males-Philiskos, son of PtoUas, grandson of Philiskos; mother | Erotion.

Eemales-Protous, daughter of Simon, son of Ptolemaios; mother Dosarion. Sum 2 total 14.

Of these, adult men 5; 1 minor male who in 72/73 was 4 years old.

Adult females 6; 1 minor female who in 72/73 was 5 years old.Similarly one 4 year old one; all the names total 14.In addition there is in the 5* year (72/73) of the Emperor

Caesar Vespasian Augustus, of minors who in 70/71 were one year old and therefore in 72/73, 3 years old, enrolled in the Jewish tax, of males-Seuthes, son of Theodoros, grandson of Ptolemaios, mother Philos, found to be 2 years old in the epi­krisis of 71/72, total names 15.

Of these adult males 5 ; 1 minor male who in 72/73 is 4 years old.

One minor male who in 72/73 is 3 years old.Adult females 6; 1 female minor who in 72/73 is 5 years

old; likewise one 4 years old, total 15.Of these 5 adult males being of those in the list as liable |

to a head-tax and the rest of the names — 10. IOf these according to individuals: |Adult females: Truphaina, daughter o f . . . spas, granddaughter I

of Kales, mother Dosarion, of those who are over age having been adjudged in 71/72 to be 59 years old, (now) 61.

Dosarion, daughter of Jacob, son of Jacob, mother, Sambus the wife of Simon 22 years old.

Philous, daughter of . . . , mother, PtoUus, wife of Theodoros 20 years old.

Sambathis, daughter of Sabinus, mother. Serais, wife of Thegenes 18 years old.

— 29 —

S . . . daughter of . . mother, Theudus, wife of Sambath? 1? years old.

Erotion, daughter of . . .on, mother, Euterpe, wife of PtoUas 22 years old.

Total 6.Minor males 4 years old in 72/73.

Philiskos, son of PtoUas, grandson of Philiskos, mother Erotion, 1 name.Similarly those three years old in 72/73.

Seuthes, son of Theodoros, grandson of Ptolemaios, mother Philus, equals 1.Females 5 years old in 72/73.

Protous, daughter of Theodoros, mother PhUus, equals 1. Similarly those 4 years in 72/73.

Protous, daughter of Simon, son of Ptolemaios, mother Do­sarion, equals 1.

Total names 10.Plus 5 names of men in the list of those liable to a head-tax.

Sum as above 15 names.At 8 drachmae and 2 obols each, equals 125 drachmae. For firstlings 15 drachmae, total 140 drachmae.A simUar copy has been deposited in the registry with the

royal scribe the scribe Amoution in the 5* year (72/73) of Vespasian on the 20** of Germanikios (Pachon).

14. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF A RECEIPT 77 C. E.Ox. Pap. II no. 276.

This is an acknowledgment of a receipt addressed by three steersmen on a cargo boat, one of whom is a Jew ( . . . . ) son of Jacob through a soldier of the second legion who was evidently the supercargo, to the sitologi (com coUectors) of a viUage. The receipt doubtless relates to a cargo of com which was being conveyed to Alexandria. For a similar receipt, cf. Brit. Mus. Pap. no. 256 recto.

\ . . .X{)nX{ ) ^''Etovç ÔEitâ\zov Avro>tQ]âroQoç KalaaQOç 'Hyueo- naaiav[ov, Eefiaazdjv [xrjvbç He^aazov rj 2e^{amfW èv ’0[^vQvyx(o^v

— 30 —

jiôXei xijç €h}^aiôoç. ^ô/j.oXoyovo\i.. ’lateov^ov xal HxoX— ®A5g Nixo~ orgazov x\aX . . .](ov Tgv<p<ûvoç xv— "^^egv^zac tc[2]o«>[v] vavXcoai/zov, êxdze— ^Qos eveç àt ènaiXoov KXavôiov KéXsgoç ^argazubtov Xeyecbvoç ôevzégaç êxazov— Bga^igiov, 0g i^ i "HgaxXi^ov zcp ^^ovv âXXoiç aizoXôyoïç ôrj/j,oatov Orjaav —^^gov xxbfxrjç Aegixevôtbv z^ç àvoy zonag— nagiXrjqjévai avzcôv zàç èma— ^^[z]aX€{aaça\vz^oTç vnb zov zov vofiov azgazri— ^^yov KXavô\iov] HgaxXeltojv

imazoX^ç yQa<pe(ar]\ç tiTto . . .] Magiov Ov[i]vôixog *’toû em- t[ .............] ®Tov[. . . . .] ..........

. . . . In the tenth year of the emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus the month of August, the 8*^ of August in the city ofthe Oxyrunchites of the Thebais. W e s son of Jacob, andPtoUas, son of Nikostratos, and , . .on, son of Truphon, steersmen of a cargo boat, each of us through a soldier who was sailing along — Klaudius Keler, the centurion of the second legion concede to Phribs, the son of Herakleos, together with other sitologi (corn coUectors) of the public granary of the viUage of Dermeithes of the northern district, to have received from them the (Artabae) commanded to them by Klaudius son of Herakleios strategus of the nome in accordance with the letter written by . . . Marios Vindix, of the . . .

15. PRIVATE LETTER FROM FAYUMFayum Towns and Their Papyri, Grenfell, Hunt & Hogarth,

no. 123.Lit.: SoHUEBER, Gesch. d. jud. Volkes, III, 4 p. 48. Th. Reinach,

Rev. d. etud. juiv. vol. 42 (1901) p. 4 sq .

The date of this letter is about 100 C. E. Harpocration among other things writes to his brother Sabinus th a t a certain Jew Theophilus has sworn to him th a t he was forced in as a cultivator of the domain lands and asks to be freed since he wishes to go to Sabinus. Evidently his decision is sudden and Harpocration wants to warn his brother about this man.

^‘AgTtoxgazicoco §sXXr}vcoi ^üa^eivcût zcbi à— ôeX<pâ>i jaigeiv. xai èx— aot êygayja ôià ^Mâoàoivoç zov aov y — ^vdovai oe OéXcov d— h i ôtà zo htrjgsâo'^ai ^ovx fjàvvrj'drjv xazeX— xm

—- 31 —

côç sxcûi fifxÉQaç oXiyaç ^^èàv ôoafj ooi néfitpai ànoxoov^laâxoç xal ^^TtagaXd^œfJiev xo èXâàio— kvnov èàv ôâ^f] aot ^^êXiîXvâev yàg Tev<pi— ®Aoç ’lovôàtog Xéyœv ^\o\xi iç yeatg-yiav ^^xal §ovXofA.ai ngoç 2 a ^é t— ^^vov djreMe?[v] . ovtc yàg ei-—

àyàfiEvoç ^^iva à n o X v ^ àXXà at—^^gyviôi[]cûç eigrix^v fifilv ^^o^fAEgov. yv(oaofJtat yag ^*ei àXi^êœç Xéyi. ^^ëggœaao. àanâ^av '^hovç àôeXç)ohç Avxov '’xa[l . . .] '^\Më\xeiQ tyS.

Verso ànôàoç ^eXXi^vcg Ha^eivcoi

Harpocration to his brother Bellenns, greeting. I wrote you yesterday through your (servant) Mardon, wishing you to know that since having been molested I was unable to come down and that I am here a few days ; if i t seems right to you, send the receipt ? of Isas and let us receive from him the rest of the (olive) oil, if you agree. Now Theophilus, the Jew, has come saying, "I have been forced into agriculture” ( i . e. as a culti­vator) and I wish to go to Sabinus. (At the time when) com­pelled he indeed did not ask me that he be freed, but suddenly has asked me today. I shall find out whether he speaks truly Be gone (good-bye). Greet my brothers, Lukus and Mecheir.

Addressed — deliver to Bellenus Sabinus.

16. OATH OF A JEW FROM THE FAYUMB. G. Ü. IV, 1068 ed. Viereck.Lit.: W i l c k e n , Arch., IV, 561 seq.; M i t t e i s - W i l c k e n , Papyrusk.

no. 62; S c h ü b b e r , Gesch. d. Jüd. Volkes vol. Ill, 4 p. 47 seq.The writer indicates to the royal scribe the death of his

son Joseph who had been a minor àtp^XiB and therefore had not been included in the last census; these occurred a t 14 year intervals. Although the papyrus does not specifically mention that he is a Jew the names occurring here strongly indicate it. Of special interest is this document to the Jewish Diaspora because the Jew who announces the death of his son confirms his statement with an oath. I t is dated 101 C. E.

!fot5c6[pq> ^aa^X[ix(b) ygaixfia\x{EÙi\ ^Agat{voixov) 0Efita(xov) jUgp/[d(oç)] ^Tiagà ScoxéXovg xov " Imai Tiov ^xov Oeo^vâxog firjxgog

’Egoniov ^àno sccbju,ij[ç ^A\7ioXX(oviâ.ôoç, ®'Ov?dff fiov ^Imarjnoç able'^SâoQaç à(pfjki$ [xriTCfa xara—^X-rj ag sîg Xaoyga(piav bxeXsv— The

Tv^i firjvl xov èvea— ' tcottog retâgtov exovg Tgaiavov ^^KcUaagoç m diff ] t [ o ] v xvgiov. Aïo à^icô rayerai avxov èv xoïg xexeX{sin'r]x6ai]M ^^Tœi xco/uLoyga{jüifjiat£T), E t heX{evx7jae), àvaygaipàju{£vov) ,%sigo{yga(piag) ngoaq3(o[veiv) <hg «a^(^xet) ^' (^Exovg) ô AvroxgâroQoçM KaCaagog Négova ^^Tgaiav\ov\ Ee^aaxov Eegfxavtxov ^"^Mexslg (g# , ,^^EmréXtjç Yco—^'^o'ffiov d Tigcoye— ^^ygajuévog â>fi— ^^vvco M vto- 0 xgâro— ^^ga Kaiaa[jga Négova] ^^Tgatav[ov] Ee^a[ox6v] . . . Æ

To Isidorus, the royal scribe, of the legal class of Arsinoe. ÉFrom Soteles, son of Joseph, the son of Theomnes, of the mother J ^Erotion of the village of Apollonias. ‘My son Joseph of the# mother Sarah being a minor, not yet having passed into the® census died in the month of Tubi of the beginning of the 4* y ^ ^# E n e of the Emperor Trajan. Therefore I req.uest tha t he be placedP among the dead.’ j

To the clerk of the village. ‘If he died, writing his own| signature, let him declare as i t is fitting.’ The .4 year of Em-i peror Caesar Nerva Trajan Augustus Germanicus. Mecheir 16. |

Soteles, the son of Joseph, the one mentioned before, ‘I swear! by the Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan Augustus . . I

17. ACCOUNTS OF THE WATER COMMISSIONERS IN AN EGYPTIAN TOWN

Pap. British Museum vol.Ill no. 1177 p. 183,11.57-61. Kenyon.

This papyrus, dated 113 C. E. is from an unnamed metro­polis of middle Egypt, perhaps Arsinoe or Hermopolis. I t gives the accounts of the commissioners of the water works covering the last three months of the sixteenth and first two months of the seventeenth year of Trajan. The rate, 128 drachmae month for lÀgxovxœv "I[ov]àaimv ngooevxvs is very high, about double the amount charged the others. Since the rate charged them is so much higher the question arises as to whether or not the Jews used water for ritual purposes. The Jews are mentioned here as natives of Thebes and, therefore, it is prob-

— 1

18.

rec(antitoemiActI Ppla;inad\toforpreancthe

— 33 —

I able that the papyrus is an account coming from Hermopolis. I The mention in line 60 of a svxeCov indicates a place of worship I different but belonging to the ngoaevxv-

’Aqxovtcov "‘l{ov\àai(ov TZQoaevxîjç OrjPaCcov jj.7)VLaicp < qxv} llIaxM v < Qx[r]\ Ilavv l < QXfj ^Ensl<p < Qxrj Msaogi} < Qxrj iC l I 0à)^ < QXt) <^aS)(pi < QXÎ] I < rp[^r)\I svxsiov ôfioicûç Jlaxàtv < Qxrj U avvl < Qxrj '‘Ejzeiçi < gxtj Meaoorj < gx-qI (C L ^aocxpi < gxq / <

Of the leaders of the synagogue of the Theban Jews 128 drachmae per month ; Pachon — 128 dr., Pauni — 128 dr., Epeiph — 128 dr., Mesore — 128 dr., the 16^ year — Thoth — 128 dr. and Phaophi — 128 dr. total 768 dr.

Of the chapel likewise Pachon — 128 dr., Pauni — 128 dr., Epeiph — 128 dr., Mesore — 128 dr., in the 16^ year — Thoth

128 dr. and Paophi — 128 dr. total 768 dr.

ownBm-j16

?eai

you.itro- ives

ring IS of le a bout rged )r or

are )rob

18. AUDIENCE BY TRAJAN TO RIVAL GREEK AND JEWISH ALEXANDRIANS

Ox. pap. X no. 1242.Lit.; ScHüBART, Einfûhrung in die Papyruskunde S. 330.

Although written early in the third century, the facts recounted in the following papyrus are part of the Alexandrian anti-semitic and national literature. We are hereby introduced to an audience granted by Trajan to rival Greek and Jewish emissaries. I t is closely related to the Paulus and Antoninus Acts (cf. P. Paris no. 68 and British Mus. I p. 229 and B. G. Ü. I p. 341 which is a recension of the foregoing). The chief part played in these is by Paulus and Theon. These names recur in this papyrus and Paulus is described here as the voluntary advocate of the Alexandrians. Nevertheless P. Paris 68 refers to an occasion different from the one herein mentioned. In the former, reference is made to the Dacian war I, 13; to the prefect Lupus I, 5 & IV, 3 ; hostilities in Egypt nôlsfiog II, 3-6; and the Jewish king I, 5-7. The date must be, therefore, after the Jewish outbreak which began in Egypt and Cyrene in 115

— 34 —

C. E. Wilcken, though at first (Hermes XXVII p. 464 sq.) J ’lâxov thought tha t these proceedings took place before Trajan at ivjreo Antioch, later adopted the view of Th. Eeinach that the emperor | ^®|:ovr must have been Hadrian.

In Ox. no. 1242, the emperor, Trajan, is expressly mentioned ? the scene is a t Rome to which Trajan did not return after) his departure to the east in 114 C. E. Hence the proceedings | here are prior to those in P. Paris 68. I t is not a t all sur-i prising tha t the personnel of these papyri is the same as they must have been sent within a few years of each other. As to what circumstances prompted the present mission, is not clear.I t is evident, however, (cf. 11. 35-37) from the emperor’s language, th a t the hostility towards the Alexandrian Jews had become very vigorous. In the Greek mission eleven members are enumerated whereas in the Jewish only seven. They arrived at Rome in early Spring. Hermaiscus (11. 44-45) not previously mentioned must have been mentioned but is now missing fromj the papyrus since the beginning of column 1 is missing. I

The fourth column which is too fragmentary to be repro-j duced mentions the emperor, Claudius, referring thus probably to an earlier Alexandrian mission of which a partial account is preserved in B. G. U. 511 and P. Cairo 10, 448. That this manuscript must have been w ritten with bias may be seen from the portent at the end of column 111 where perspiration bui’sts forth from the bust of the idol. Wilcken holds, and this correctly so, th a t the basis of this literature are the authentic official records.

COLUMN 1n [. . . .]a .[.Aiovvaiog ô èv *TioXXa7ç è\7ziTQ6\naïg ysv\o\fievog xai ^^aXovioç '‘Iov{Xi\og SaXovLog Teifiayêvrjg, ^JlàatcoQ yv/ivaaîaçxog, ’lovXm ^aviaç 0iX6^evoç à\n\oÔBÔeiyfiévog yvfivaaiaQ — 2<oximvyv/Àvaaiagxog, 0écov, ^làqjrjvôôcoQog IlavXog Tvgiog x& yévei

av’&aïQExog avv^yogog -ÔTièg "AXeiav—^ ôgéeov, xavxa fia&ôvxei ol ’lovôaiov ^^xai avxà xov làiov ëd^ovg Ttgo tgCCov— ^Hai stgéafieiÇ) Xeigoxovovvxai ôè ZifÀCùv, ^^FXavxcov ©svôrjg, '‘Oviag, KéXcoVi

x a i X: ô Æ wdgaôè n^AXsii

Kalat

A[X]eovx

àXXà

lor .“ ÛJC XvTtO ^lovt ôdât T i i K aîi 48 o

jzâXi

î}vTgasîgè<pe'i

— 35 -

s q .)J ’/d;KOUiit— xai IlœnarQog "‘Avxioxsvg t(» yévsi ^^ovyijyoQog I a t # vneg ’lovôalcùv. àvâyov— /lev ovv Tf\g noketog exaaroi ^aaxd— erorp ^^Covxeg xovg lôiovç '&£Ovg, ’J le iavS ge ig . . .

COLUMN II ] e [ ] T([----- ].®®[...] f a . . [ ------] . [ . . .]d o )[.. .]avv[...]

21 . o[.]f[.]v . [ ..] /x€Taôtâcoa[i] xoïg avv[ . .] avxag Ad[yajy,xal Àyiavxog xov %ef//6yof ôgju,iCovx[ai eZ]g xi]v TcbfJirjv, e/ia'&ev Ô Aingxgà— ‘*-H(og oxt ndg[etai\ ngéa^eig ’‘lovôa iœ v xal AXe^av— ^^ôgéœv xa[l e]rd^avxo xriv xdtgav xe àfxcpoxégcov ^^àxovaexat. [^] ôè nXcoxëîva ànavxâ xovg o vvx h )— '^hixoii\ç\ 7i[ag\ay€véa'&ai xaxà "‘M e^avôgéwv xal '^xoïg ’Iovô[a]ioiç ^ o ij^ a a t . xal Ttgœxoi eiae '&ôv— 2®t€ç oe ‘lovôaèoi àoTtd^ovxae xov Avxoxgd— ^^xoga Tgaiavov, ô ôè Kaiaag evfievéaxaxa a v— ' xovg ^oJc[do]aTo xa l avxôg, ijÔî] ngo- nejiiafié— ^^vog vno [x]^g IlXcûxetvrjg. fiet" àxohç eîaég— '^\ovxai A[X\E^avôgécov ngéo^eig xa l àand— ^ l ovxe t[o]v .4^ro%gdzoga, d ôè ovx êacrjvxij— ^^aaxo àX)i \eX\rcev A«fi c&Ç à^etot xvy—^^Xàvovr[eç] rov xaigeiv, xoiavxa %<zAejzd xoX— fjii^aavxe\ç\ Tovôaloig; àXXà Jtogevea&ai xal . . .

COLUMN mI f f I:...................] n ........... ]o v 'Jovâ[ai........... ] . [ . . . .]^ a [ .. . ] .

®[...........] . iÀele{i\^g xo '&aveïv xaxaq>go[v‘ja]ag xov d'avdxov [ . . . . ]^^œoxe xàfxol aMddcog ànoxgeivôfxevog. ‘Eg/uataxog shc[ev] *^AXXàXvxovpæ&a ôxi xo avvéÔQtov aov èjiXija&f] xcôv[ ] ^^àvoaitovTovôaiiov. K aiaag ébiev ’'/de ôevxegôv aoi ^*Xéyco, Egfxataxe, a i ” '&âôcoç ànoxgeivtj nenov&à>g xco ^^aeavxov yévei. ‘JEgfjiatoxog ébtev Ti av-&dô(og àsioxgi— ^%o/uai,. /xéyiaxe Aixoxgdxcog ; ôiôaiôv fis. KaTaag shtsv ^’ ' Ozi xo avvéôgiov fiov Tovôaiœv èTioixjaag. TSgfiataxog

Ovxovv %aXe7tôv ëaxi xb ovofia xcôv lovôaicûv; &(pi— ^ Xsig o iv ndXi xoïg aeavxov or}-&sTv xal fi^ xoïg àvoaC— ®®otç Tovôaioig avvrjyogeïv. xavxa Xéyovxog ""Egfiaiaxov ^ xov Eaganiôog Tigoxofii] î;v è^âaxaCov ol n gsa— '^ eig aiipviôiov l'âgcoaev, éeaadfievog ôè Tgaiavbg à7ied‘avfiaa\è\v, xal fie&‘ ôXiyoy avvôgofial èyêvov— ® to siç [x^]v ‘Pcbfitfv xgavya i xe navjtXry&elg ë^s^o— °®djvr[o xaï\ 7td[v]xeg ëifevyav sîg xà iiprjXà fiégr] xcôv X6— ®®y(oy . . .

COLUMN IV too fragmentary

— 36 —

COLUMN I Dionysius who had held several procuratorships, Salvias IJulius Salvius, Timagenes, Pastor gymnasiarch, Julius PhaniasJ Philoxenus, gymnasiarch-elect, Sotion gymnasiarch, Theon,! Athenodorus, Paulus, a Tyrian by birth, voluntary advocate fo i| the Alexandrinians. On learning this, the Jews also selected g envoys on behalf of their own race, their nominees being Simon,! Glaucon, Theudas, Onias, Colon, Jacob and Sopater, by birth of| Antioch, advocate for the Jews. Thereupon they started from the city each party taking its own gods, the Alexandrinians | (a bust of Saraphis, the J e w s . . .? )

COLUMN II and at the end of the winter they landed at Rome. TheEmperor learned th a t envoys of the Jews and Alexandrians had arrived, and appointed a place for hearing them both; and Plotina approached all the senators so tha t they might appear against the Alexandrians and assist the Jews. The Jews were the first to enter and greeted the emperor Trajan who greeted them very affably in his turn, having been already won over by Plotina. The Alexandrian envoys next entered and greeted the Emperor who did not return this salute, but said, "Do you give me greeting like men deserving to receive one, when you are guilty of such outrages to the Jews? Be gone and . . . . ”

COLUMN I II* Evidently you are studying how to die, being so con­temptuous of death as to answer me insolently.” Hermaiscus said, "We are distressed that your council chamber has been filled with godless Jew s”. The Emperor said, "See, I tell you a second time, Hermaiscus you are answering me insolently in reliance upon your b irth”. Hermaiscus said, "W hat insolent answer am I making mightiest Emperor? Explain to me”. The Emperor said, "Because you describe my council as dominated by Jews”. Hermaiscus, "So the name of the Jews is irksome to you? You ought then to turn around and help your own people and not to defend the godless Jew s”. While Hermaiscus

COLUMN IV

— 37 —

said this, perspiration suddenly broke out on the bust of Sarapis vins8 ^hich the envoys carried, and Trajan seeing it marvelled; and jigg B presently there were tumnits in Eome and many shouts were eon'9 raised and all fled to the high parts of the hills.for

etedp non,! h of|Tomiansli 19- A LETTER FROM THE TIME OF THE JEWISH WAR

IN TRAJAN’S REIGN

Papyri Giessen no. 24, ed. Kornemann.Lit.: Mio?TEis-WiLOEBiir, Papyruskunde vol. I no. 15.

Coming from upper Egypt, this papyrus belongs to the correspondence of ApoUonios strategus of Heptakomia. I t is known that he held this office during the last year of Trajan’s and the beginning of the reign of Hadrian, just a t the time that the Jewish war raged in the country. From other sources it is established th a t the little Heraidus mentioned here lived at this time with his grandmother, Eudaimonis, hence we may safely conclude th a t Eudaimonis, mother of ApoUonios is the writer of the following epistle, the beginning of which is missing. In it there is reference to the great terror that the Jewish revolt had caused. This ApoUonios is the same as the one mentioned in Pap. Giessen no. 41.

^[. . . .] . o [ . . . . z]côv ÛEâ>v “[ov]v ■&eX6vx(ov xai fiaXtata^xov avtxT xov ‘Egjuov ov jun *oe onxriacoai(^ai^. Tà d’ d l— ®Aà sQQCOoo juot avv XOÎÇ adlg ’Aana^exae vfiâç ‘Hga— '‘làovg 17àjidaxavxoç — ^ydxrjg Enei (p i .

Verso AnoXXœvicüi,

. . . . . the gods wishing it, and especially the invincible Hermes they wiU never cook you. As for the other things be weU for my sake together with aU yours. Your unenchantable daughter, Heraidus, greets you. Epeiph 6 . On the other side (addressed) to ApoUonios.

Theiansandpearvereetedeveretedyouyou

con­sens l)een you 7 in dent The ated lome own sens

— 38 —

20. NEWS OF A JEWISH VICTORYPap. Bremen, 40, ed. by U. Wilcken.Lit.: Pap. Gies. I p. 47; W ilc k e n , Antis, pp. 794-5. Meeibis-

W ilc k e n , Papyruskunde vol. I no. 16.This report leads us into the Jewish war showing the Jews

having the upper hand. The last hope of their opponents lay in the people of the outlying districts. These, however, aie beaten in the conflict. As a last resort, the writer expresses hope in the report tha t another legion was coming to Memphis, Perhaps this refers to the approach of Marcius Turbo. The papyrus was found in Egypt and refers to the Jewish wai under the reign of Trajan.

^M ia êhciç xal Xotni] Ttgoa— ^ôoxia fj ncbv asto zov vo/iov^-^jucov à&Q(bcov xmfi\rj\zœv zovg àvooiovç®. . . fir), dy" za &a[yr]«z ® vvv è^é^T). Tfj yàg avv— " ^aXovte;ol f)fiê\z\eQo\i\ f)zz[^’\— xal noXXol \a\vzôùv avvex67i\r)aax .................... *^. . . e t . . . . ^^zotys ^* -dovz . . .

fiezsXâ^ofiev v ^®drt aXXr) Ae[y]ect)v . o . — ^eA-dovoa iMéfi[<p]iv zfj x§ nQoaôôxifiôg eaziv.

There was one hope and anticipation left, tha t of the villagers from our district being united against the ungodly Jews . . . . from whom the opposition has now sprung. Having engaged in conflict with them, our men were defeated and manyof them had been cut dow n we have received. . .another of the legions which came, the 22**», is expectedin Memphis.

21. A VICTORY OVER THE JEWSPap. Gies. 27, ed. Kornemann.Lit.: M it t e i s - W i lc k e n , Papyruskunde vol. I no. 17.

The date of this papyrus must be either the end of the reign of Trajan or the beginning of tha t of Hadrian, mentioning a victory of Government troops in Egypt over the Jews, it, Aphrodisios begs Herakleios, the superintendent of Apollonius, strategus of Hermopolites for a more detailed news of the victory. He has heard of it from people who have travelled together with a slave of Appollonios. Aphrodisios desires closer

— 39 —

information from Herakleios so as to celebrate a feast and pay his TOWS to the gods. The ApoUonios mentioned here is the one who was the strategus during the Jewish uprising in 115 C. E.

^"A<pQOÔeia\î\oç *HQaxXsicoi rcbi (pdrdrq) ^MexéXafiov7ra[ ]a rtvojv ànb l^ iœ voç o^fie— * q o v èX-^ovrcû^yl avvoôoi7ioQ7]xéva[t] T«v[t] nai— '*baQici> xov h v q ' i o v AnoXXcoviov ànb Méfitpe— ®o)ç [ ]g%o-

r, are| awayyeXi^ovxi xà xr\g veixrjg ’ ahxov naî nqononijg ov evexaên[i]e^ôeç ngog ®ae enefiy;a iva xb aoq^aXsg sniyvcb xal axe<pa— ^vTjcpogiav a^co xal xoTg &eo7g xag otpsiXofié,— anovbàg ànobcô. KaXcbg ovv noiriaeig ^^xeifiimTaxE xâ^iaxâ juoi bi]Xcl>aag. IIa[i]ôâ—

■gia bvo a[n]b Avaoecog i jv é x ^ xcô bEano\rri^ ^ ® [ « 5 v t o ] fi\£\vèmiv XExgaETEç, xb bs xgiEztj (sic) xal ngog .............xyjg XEifirjgàgyvgiov .............]m aoi iv[a] ^g ^®[. . . . ""Eggcoa&at oe gv%o/fafreifii(6xatE ’ 5

Verso ‘HgaxXEicg ènixgôn(p AnoXXcovtov.Aphrodeisios to Herakleios his devoted fiiend, greeting. I

have heard from some coming today from Ibion th a t they tra- veUed together with a certain slave of ApoUonios, who had come from Memphis and had reported news of the victory and of its progress. Therefore I have purposely sent to you so that I may know exactly the true facts and hold a celebration with festive wreaths and offer the necessary libations to the gods. You WÜ1 do well, if you will prove to me the facts as quickly as possible.

Two slaves were brought from Auseos to the master, one is four years of age and the other three a n d . . . . I pray that you be weU — 4.

Verso — to Herakleios, Epitropos of ApoUonios.

22. STRATEGUS’ REQUEST FOR FURLOUGH AFTER THE JEWISH WAR

Pap. Giessen no. 41, ed. P. Meyer.Lit.: M i t t e i s - W i l c k e n , Papyruskunde vol. I no. 18.

Dated in the beginning of the reign of Hadrian and coming from Heptakomia, the papyrus shows the request of the strategus ApoUonios of Heptakomia to the prefect asking for 60 days’

— 40 —

furlough in order to attend to his estates. The first reques^ough, ] had evidently hot been granted as a copy of i t is here include& t seem As a motive for the furlough ApoUonios claims th a t his esta te^o atte in the viUages as weU as in the metropolis of HermopoliteS . . . to had suffered both by the neglect due to his absence and th#mander devastation caused by the ‘godless Jews*. Undoubtedly we haT^Augusti here an official document in which Jews are designated A;‘godless’ throwing light on other papyri (cf. Paris Pap. col. VI, 14; & Bremen Pap. no. 40) in which the same appelatioi is applied to Jews.

COLUMN IM a g ria X i rcoi] xQ ariazco t‘ ye/uôvi ^ [ ’A:;toÀXcôvioç OTQartjyôsj

A jioX XcoroyiloX yrov ® [V^Trtaxcojutag] xa ige iv . ^ [*Hi? yéyQa<pd aot^y£/uài]v XTÔQIE, nEQÏ TiOfiEmov E— \nim oXfjç xo àvxiyQacpov [[ojolj ^vTiéta^a tV’ èàv aov xfji xv— ôô$r]i, avyxcoQrjarjlç^ fiot fifJÀQO{ é 'iQicovxa [ejtç xr}v \ôiÔQ-&(oaiv xâ>v ^^erégcojv vvv fxâXiaxa, ôn oio/zai ev . . na\xE7tEiyEiv. ’’EgQCoadai oe evxofm i, ^fjyefjiàiv «v[gi]t

[('Exovç) AbxoxqâxoQoç KaiaaQoç Tgaiavov ‘A d]giavov 2!e^aax[o}X[o]Cax ^^["Pa/ijuicoi M a g xiâ X t x œ i\ xQ axio \x \œ i ïiy\Efji6vi\Xcàvioç axgaxrjyôç An6\XXcovo7zoXixov E [m :a x w ju la ç %a((ge(v)] . .'^y[s]iuà}v [xvgiE , . . . ] *^.....................a n a ^ x a • • •

:omia ( Martial

havingaccord*cheerfo

F] confise; nome from 1 Appok

COLUMN II> [ . . . ] a w x Q ^ o a a ^ a i o v y à g fiô v o v v - ~ ^ n o xijç /a a xg â ç ànoôiqfi'm^

xà ^juére[pa] ®5ro[vr]œ;raoiv à/iEXrjêévxa T vy x \à v e i\ , ^âXX[à naga xrjv xcôv àvoaicov [ ïo v ]— ^ôa(co[v ejçjodov o%edov 7cd[v]T[a ooa] ®è%[( èv XE ra îjç x é f i a i ç xo v \^Egju.o7zo]— W to[o x]a l êvxrj[i fji7i\rgo7i6X£\i..* y E v \p ix E v a x 'j r jv n à g * è / x o v à v d \X r i y ) i v \ ® s j i i ^ f j x s t È m v s v a a v x o ç o[v]y jg

{ p o v ^ T r j \ i \ d e ^ o e g f x o v , / / e r à x o v d « o ^ ^ Æ o [ a « ] ^ ^ x a x à r o ô v v a x o v

tfjçx à '^ /u é r e g a ô v v y — ^ ^ [ a o ] f i a i B V '& v fj,6 xE g o v T tg o a é g x s o '& a i ^ ^ [ x ^ t a]xQa-

x iq y \ ia ç \ EJZijUEXstai.

COLUMN IApoUonios the strategus of Apollonopolites of the Heptakomia (sends) gr eetings to Eammios Martial most excellent commander. Since I have w ritten to you O! noble commander about a fur*

was St

of the Jewisl only J promii papyri the n forfeit

— 41 —

Jlough, I have substituted (here) a copy of the letter so th a t if * t seem good to your honor th a t you agree to grant me 60 days ^ 0 attend to my (estates], now particularly since I believe in I . . . to press on hard. I wish you to be well O ! noble com-

lander. In the year of the emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus, (month of) Choiak the second.

ApoUonios the strategus of ApoUonopolites of the Hepta- |komia (sends) greetings to the most excellent commander, Rammios

dartial. . . noble commander . . . once . ? -----COLUMN II

L to have been engaged; not alone because of my long(absence abroad have my (estates) been entirely ruined, but also from the assault of the ‘godless’ Jews about all th a t I have in

villages of Hermopolites and in the metropolis . . . having

ibeen produced there, demands recovery at my hands. You having agreed to this request that my (estates) be settled in accordance with my ability, I will be able to return more cheerfully to the management of my office.

23. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY OF JEWS IN THE NOME HERAKLEOPOLIS

Ox. pap. IX. 1189.From the part of this letter that is preserved, we see that

confiscation of the property of the Jews in the Herakleopolitan nome must have taken place about 116 C. E. The letter is from the strategus of the neighboring Herakleopolite nome to Appolonius, strategus of the Oxyrhynchite nome and refers to a yqaipri or schedule of property which belonged to Jews. I t is known from Ox. pap. 74 and 97 tha t a certain Appolonius was strategus in 116 C. E. This fact coupled with the writing of the papyrus shows th a t it belongs to the period of the great Jewish outbreak which occurred in the previous year and ended only after the accession of Hadrian. That the Jews took a prominent part in this uprising is seen from several preceding papyri. Confiscation after the insurrection was quelled was the natural consequence and probably some of the property forfeited is tha t which is referred to in this.

— 4.2 —

flÔ^’AtcvÀioç UœXicùv argan^yog ^"HQaxXeoTtoXhov AnoXXcovicp azga. Tijycoe ’OivQvyxeà[o]v tpiXxâxœi %a/g6(y. ^èmaxoXàç àvoMygaipa " fjv fzèv aol ijv ôe Za^eiv<ÿ ^axgaxrjy^ KvvoTtoXsnov *Jt«g yga<p^ç xœv roïç [’I]ovôai— vJxaQ^àvxxov x[aî avxrjv] yqa(prjv ev TtOLrjaeig ^ofiiaàfjievog xai r^v ' juèv aol wvovfievi^ nota—' o%rby xi]v 6è sîg rbv K vvo—' noXEtrvjv ôta:n:efÂ,rpâiue[vog ..

Verso ’AnoXXcovto) o tQ a{zriy0) ""O ivgvyxlsixov].

no. 44 (44* of a series made into a roll in the bureau of th strategus).

Aquilius Polion strategus of the Herakleopolite nome his dearest Apollonius, strategus, of the Oxyrhynchite nomi greeting. You will kindly receive two letters which I haviwritten, one to you and one to Sabinus strategus of the Cyno polite nome, about a list of property which belonged to Jews, with the list itself. You will do well to keep the lette coming to you aud forward the other to the Cynopolite nome

Verso — to Apollonius, strategus of the Oxyrhynchite nome

Tivgov) y

<ov Kata ^Tqaiavt

•xbfirjg 1IQOXijUSVi

<ijg àvà,VQOV•ijg àvà [fxev . .

To on of I

24. APPLICATION FOR A LEASEOx. Pap. Ill no. 500 and Ox. V p. 314.

This is an application addressed to the strategus of thAthribite nome by several persons who wished to lease jointlj for one year probably some domain land offering a higher re: than tha t paid by the previous lessees. I t is dated 130 C. E The papyrus has been gummed on to a series of documents aii ^®Thos is numbered a t the top 13.

lyaxgazt]y<p A&ge/Se[cxov] ®[jrag]d l?gov IPispojSdai iloi

>i\al ^[Nex\(peQcag Qaiaovxog jca\i . .]e- ®[. . . .] X7sx[ ]g xotw v X[o]t[7iâ>v] ®[. . . .]w r[ .] }ie<pa..[.......... ] ’[............... ] ®[. . . ......................... .] “[......................... ] " T .....................•]<>«[................^ d[7r* ’’I\ovàat(û\y\ étQ7}[iJÏ\évaiv teal ^^‘EXXigvœv à[xX]i]Qovo/jngx<û TtEQÏ ^^Teràtpov àr}fioai{ag) yrjg àvà {tivqov) (àQxà^aç) /3 ^^{àgovQai

xal vnsQ EJu\p^éfmxoç ^Hcbv oXcov [nvQov) {àgxâ^ag) e xaî xeÿ y [e ]— ^^vaQac(yoiv) rov Qxbaxov (Liî/AC/côtov) drjjuooiag ^’’yijg àn

roura < iü mes •om th

-ugustu We

'haisous

f publi le add 'senarsi heat, î

We

rJv V (n

43

» OTQÜ-

ÎV O f i i

' ®7reg

vfiévji voç

of thi

)me nonu

E hav Cyno

to thi ) lettè \ nome

:v(Jov) y {àgovQav) a, âc, xaî —^^ao/iev s$ àXli]ksyyvrjç eig'>\ôrî\fi6aiov ëy vëœv [ys]vr]iuâtcov ^^tov a^(TOv) le {stovg) 546gta-

> KaiaaQ[6\ç ^^zov xvqlov. ^^(ëtovg) te A vtoxqoxoqoç Kaiaaqog ^Tqatavov AÔQiavov JSs^aarov ^^^aiôtpi e.

'^^Q]qoç y^evojbtoi’&àroç xaî Nexqpegcôç ^^[0\aiaovTog datb (Ofirjç Sivexêoiexv ^hov Scoazov àjirjkanov fiefiea— ^ êco/LiB&a tag

iQ O x i f i e v a ç àgovQag ^^eîxoai zétaQT[o]v tisqI Tetâtpov ôf]jiio— ®®[maç rjç àvà jzvQOv] agrâ^ag ôvo xaî èm'&sfiazo]ç zœv oÀcovtvgov ^^[âgzà^aç n é v r e xaï\ negl Wevagai^aig ^^[àv]/zoaiaç ojuo\icog ijç àvà nvQo\y\ ^^{agza^ag xgsïg àgovgav fii\av xaî /uexgrjao—[fiev................... ]. evcog .............

To Hierax, strategus of Athribite nome from Horns, the on of Psenobasthis and Nekpheros, son of Thaisous, and . . . .nd the r e s t from the Jews mentioned and of the Greekswithout heirs (we wish to lease) 2 0 ^ 4 arourae of public land lear Tetaphon at 2 artabae of wheat for each aroura, and for

addition upon the whole land 5 artabae of wheat, and near 2 nome )senajslesis in the eastern part of the Thostian district 1

roura of public land a t 3 artabae of wheat which rent we ill measure upon our mutual security into the public granary com the new crop of this same 15^ year of Hadrian Caesar

of t i l Lord. The 15*** year of the emperor, Caesar Trajan Hadrian jointlj tt^stus. Phaophi 5.

We, Horns, son of Psenomoithas and Nekpheros, son of 'haisous of the village of Sinekthoieku in the eastern part of

nts aii Thostian district, have leased the aforementioned 20 arourae f public land near Tetaphon at 2 artabae of wheat and for tie addition upon the whole land 5 artabae of wheat near 'senarsiesis 1 aroura likewise of public land at 3 artabae of heat, and we will measure . . .

25. DECLARATION OF AN OATHOx. Pap. I, 100.Lit. : Schûrer, Gesch. d. jùd. Volkes, vol. Ill, 4 p. 45.

We have here the declaration of an oath dated 133 C. E. Idressed to the agoranomi by M. Antonins Dins announcing the

ROTH. 4

Ve It from

— 44 —

sale of four plots of ground in the Cretan and Jewish sectio&lear in of Oxyrhynchus to three parties jointly, Adrastus son of Chaere raged i mon, Tanahateus also called Althaeus, and Dionysos son c i price Horns with his two brothers for 2200 drachmae. They declare jnarant the land to be free from mortgage. The Jewish quarter of thi joever. city is mentioned in an earlier papyrus (Ox. Pap. 335). \ugusti

^ToTg àyoQavâfiotç Mâgicoç ’Avrcbvioç A e ï o ç xai d>g axQaxrjyrjaag ’AXs^avÔQsiag vecoteÔQog rov fteyàÀov Haganido; ofivvco xov ‘Pœ/iaïoig e&ifiov ô q x o v JZSTtQaxévai Aôgâaxœ A[at juovoç rov AÔQàaxov, xal Tava^axeicp tq> adi Ak&aiEi ^^0d(ox£Qag ’ÛQiyêvov àox^g, Tcal Aiovvaicp xcp Tial Ilanovrm 26. PE /btrjxQog Taaonayatog HÉQxaxog à d ^0$vQvy%(ov TtàXewg àq)^\Xm xov TzaxQog " Q q [ o] v jurjxQog Tayjovxog [ovv àôeX(poî(ôvai xo[i\vâ}g îaov, ànb xwv vjtaQxôvxcov fi\pY bti àfxfpààoi K q t j x ix o v xal Povôaixrjg komœv yjeikcov rô— ^eixovg xéaaaQo; œv ^ rojio&eoia xai to jcax’ àvepLov ôià xrjg xaraygaiprjg ôeÔT Xwta eJvai xe èjuov xaî /À'ijxs ^Ttoxéto'&ai firjôe êrégoig èirjkXoxQiœa'&ai xmi juirjôêva x q ô t io v , ànéxBiv ôé ue xtjv xeifirjv àgyvQiov ôgaxfiàç ôuy permit XstXiaç ôiaxoaCaç, xal §epamaeiv Tiâov} ^s^aicôaei xal siagé^ea Ephebi xa'&aQovg à\no S\ ia— naai jg xaî Jiavxôg odxivoaovv âXXm (hovg) tC Avr[oxQdxoQOç] KaiaaQog Tqaiavov ‘AÔQiavov SE^aaxol ^aQixov&i ly.

Mdgxog Avxcoviog djucojuloxa] xov ô q x o v

Verso — #ag/r(ov^f) ty, êd>v{rjvxai'"AÔQaaxog xaî à[X]Xog7t{aQà)MdQH0\i

To the surveyors of the market : Marcus Antonins Dins ani as I am known having held the office of strategus of Alexandria the temple keeper of the great Sarapis. I swear by the oatl usual to the Romans th a t I have sold to Adrastus, son Chaeremon the son of Adrastus, and to Tanahateus also callei Althaeus of the mother Philotera Origenos she being a citizen, to Dionysos also called Papontos of the mother Taarpaesis Perta: from the city of the Oxyrhynchians, he being a minor of ths father called Horns and the mother Tapsois together with hi two brothers equally in common, four plots of remaining ban ground from that which belongs to me in the Cretan and Jewisl sections. Of this the description and boundaries have been madi

Pc

Horion out frc

H nome i proposi was to taming scale, of the agaius townsi to the that it Hermc

mv 6 I Pcopia

— 45 —

sectioüÿslear in the property registration list. I t is mine and not mort- Chaere ?aged nor alienated in any manner to others. I have received

price of 2200 drachmae in silver and I confirm with all leclaie^naranties to render it free from all claims and all else what-

of thi soever. The 16*** year of the emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian (Augustus — (month of) Pharmouthi the 13***.

Marcus Antonins swore the oath.Verso Pharmouthi the 13***, Adrastus and another bought

t from Marcus.QâniàQ(,X\ai\Qil ?[oç] ^

PETITION TO THE EMPERORS SEVERUS AND CARACALLÂ 2 00-202 C. E.

ïôel<pdîf ijLitpôôoi éaaaga; sôifÀcoze

& ae x m i

uàç ÔK

vv allot 's^aarov

Màgxm

)ius ani zandria :he oatt

son 010 callei tizen, h s Pert&j r of thi with hi LUg baR1 Jewisl en madi

Ox. Pap., vol. IV, 705, Grenfell a. Hunt.Lit.: WiLOKBN, Antla. (Abh. d.Sâch. Ges. d. Wiss. 1909 p. 792);

M i t t e i s - W i l c k b n , Papyruskunde, vol. I no. 153 ; S o h d e b e r , Gesch. d. jüd. Volkes, vol. III, 4 p. 44.

Petition addressed to the emperors Severus and Caracalla to permit an endowment for the support of annual contests of Ephebi at Oxyrhynchus; A prominent Alexandrian, Aurelius Horion makes the request. His plans, as far as can be made out from the papyrus are as follows:

Horion had made certain benefactions in the Oxyrhynchite nome which he desired should be permanently maintained. He proposed to devote in the form of a loan a large sunT which was to be invested and the accrued interest expended on main­taining annual contests of Ephebi a t Oxyrhynchus upon a large scale. As a support for his petition, he reminds the emperors of the help rendered by the Oxyrhynchites in the Jewish war against the Jews claiming that even to the present time his townsmen celebrate the day of victory by annual festivals. As to the Jewish war referred to here, Grenfell & Hunt suggest that it is the revolt in the reign of Trajan and Hadrian. Wilcken, Hermes 1919 p. l l l s e q ., supports this.

*'*®a[........................xdi aX[. . . . .]Zeovév 6 [X\6yoç c/*è t[ . . A]av^d[yet] jrp[d<?e]oT[t] ôe a'vxoTç xal r) ngog Tœpiatovç euv[ot]— te xal niatig xal q)dia f\v èveôet^avto xal

— 46 —

®«arà xov szqoç Eiovôaiovç tioXe/jlov — ^^aavteç x a ixal vvv rrjv x&v ëmvsixicov ^^fjfxégav êxdaxov Irovç TiavrjyvQiCovzaii

èxsifiriaaxe jusv ovv xaî vjaeig avrovç èmàtj— fiiqa\av\tsç xœ ë'dvei jiQCOTOtç fiexà JlrjXov— ^^oidnag jnexaôâvxsg xrjg eig x6 ô[ix]aaxi^Qio\i vficd\v ^^eiaoôov. Tvcogi'Cei àè xi]v 7iôX\iv\ xal o Xa/uzgoxa—Aatxog £7Û xk xoig xaXXia\x6\ig xal èXe[v&€gco]— ^Haxovg ëxovaaxovg èvoixo[vv]x[aç xa \t jr[ ] ènieixEaxâxovg. Aiàrovxo xavxr}v] ^Hijv nôhv r}'&éXr]aa jurjôsfiiSç èvdesaxégav (?) ^ c5[»fifietégoùv xa ta lin e \lv .............] ^^xgril^âfxriv xal xovg V7iva[x\.^^ovx [£jA[a]TToy lAxxixcov jLivgi[cov bi^i x c p . .av ]—*’ràg- ôavd Ceo&ai x£ xal 9wA[daae]o^at xa-d^à ^^rcov Jtgoxégcov Sgiaxai, xô di] avvayâjMvov *^x[6]xov £ig sJza'âXa ècp’ëj^cùv xStv na(av—®®t[o]?[ç] xax ëtog àycovtovfiévmv èq) olg xal oî A v —® [e]v[otç vvv àyœviCowe, xal àiico x£X£v\aai vfiâg\ ^^xa\i x'\avx\a\ xà xQi ind Dion

[>raefect : Flaeeinn). if the in lis accus cf. Isidor dermes 5 1897, p.î ogy v nàntisemii

The

/uiaxa /iijÔ£vl ê^£Xv\a\i £Îg aX— fiYidhv] 7ce\q \ io7i0v.

. . . there is in addition to these also the good disposition loyalty and friendship which they have shown when they fought as allies in the war against the Jews and even now they cel& hrate the day of the victory each year. Indeed, you yourselve when you visited the nation have honored them granting then to enter your judgment seat first after the Pelusiots. Also the most noble Laetus (Q. Maecius Laetus, the prefect, of Oxyr hynchus), testifies that the city has in addition to the best also the frdfest and most seemly inhabitants. Therefore, he wished . t Tto leave this city inferior to none of o u r s not less thai „10,000 Attic drachmae . . . to give this out a t interest and tha it be protected as in the case of previous (bequests) i t has ^6®^paeJect defined; and that they spend the accrued interest for the contest of the Ephebi (grown up youths) among them and that they will yearly contend among them as the people of Antinoe are now contesting. I deem it right that yon order tha t it be possible for no one to divert this money to any other (purpose),

A V€

îentury C licle in 3 letters lei well pres she princ

account,associath

The epis ;o be pi as going given ce nysius a certain (

It «1 mai S'&VCi

iew[i•^V

T& [l

thej e ar( it be

PART inA very imperfectly preserved papyrus written in the third

sentury C. E. is Ox. Pap. VIII, 1089. I t is an Alexandrian chro­nicle in 3 columns of which the first and third have only a few Letters left. Column two, especially the upper portion, is fairly

jtag well preserved. I t contains a narrative of events in which y[o(; bhe principal speakers are Flaccus on one hand, and Isidorus xei md Dionysius on the other. The former is very propably the

nraefect L. Avillius Flaccus, the subject of Philo’s diatribe (in itioul Isidorus must be the Alexandrian gymnasiarch, one

)f the instigators of Flaccus to oppress the Jews, subsequently Ills accuser and finally as seen from the papyri himself a victim

lelve th(D the )xp

[cf. Isidorus and Lampon acts B. G.U. II, 511, Cairo Papyri 10,448; Eermes XXX, 1895, S. 481, Wilcken ; Rev. d. Etud. Juiv. XXXIV, 1897, p. 296, Th. Reinach; E. v, Dobschetz, Am. Journal of Theo­logy V m , 1904, p. 732 seq, ; Wilcken, Zum Alexandrinischen intisemitismus) being condemned to death by Claudius,

ishe^ The situation indicated by the papyrus is not clear and our knowledge from Philo is too limited. According to the latter’s account, Isidorus became estranged from Flaccus after close association with him. He tried to stir up hatred against the praefeet, and by bribery caused a demonstration against his

1 e friend at the Gymnasium. After arrest, some of theseconfessed as being agents of Isidorus, who then fled. However, the fall of Flaccus, shortly afterwards, enabled him to return. The episode in this papyrus, as far as can be made out, seems to be prior to the exposure of Isidorus. Flaccus is represented as going to the Serapium (Alexandrian Temple) having previously given certain secret instructions. Isidorus accompanied by Dio­nysius and a woman, Aphrodisia, enter and are accosted by a certain Geraios (old man) who prostrates himself before Isidorus

— 48 —

and begs him not to insist on making his w ay into the present of Flaccus. Dionysius, however, declines to be deterred, Flacci who seems to have been concealed, now approaches and con verses with Isidorus. Here the facts become obscure since th papyrus is too mutilated. Towards the end there is a paymen of 5 talents. From the narrative, i t appears th a t Dionysius wai in danger and th a t Flaccus was setting a trap for him.

This papyrus is undoubtedly part of the national Alexandria literature. I t may be, however, of th a t species of national literature which was anti-semitie in character (cf. Isidorus ani Lampon Acts; Paulus and Antoninus Acts; and Appianos Act collected by Wilcken in Antis., and also treated by E. v. Doh Schütz in Am. Journal of Theology VUE, 1904).

Among a collection of court decisions of the reign of Ptolemj in , Euergetes in the nomos Arsinoe, Flinder Petrie P. IQ, No. g. 1 ,12-13, there is an accusation of a Jew against a Jewess (1) The expression ëmyov^ç shows him to be a military s not of the first generation. His ancestor settled there in th time of Ptolemy I I Philadelphus (285-247) probably.

Tebt. Pap. ed. Grenfell, H unt & Smyly no. 86 ,11 .18 & 29. Mention is made of Ttgoaevx^ 'lovSatcov and also the expression legà nagàôeiaoç is used of this synagogue. Schürer, Gesch. d. jM Volkes in , 4 p. 45, says tha t this in Egyptian means tempfe property, suggesting th a t the land perhaps did not belong to the Jewish community, but was merely rented by them. This, however, is very unlikely. The papyrus comes from the second century B. C. E.

Ox. P. n , 335, contains a notice from Theon, son of Sara- pion, to register the sale of the sixth part of a house in the Jewish section of Oxyrynchus êsz à/u(pôôov "‘Iovôâ{£)x{ov) bought by Nixaia ^d[^a \v(p Wov^iov zcov à7i '0 (i?gi;y%(oy) JidA(eo)s) ^Iov{d]aitov, belonged to the Jews. Also, cf. Ox. 1 ,100 = 25 where

(1) . . A(ûGvd\ËOç "HQ\axkEiai ^ a \tà t o ] evxXrjfia zoôe Aù)[oi. lov "lovôaToç xrjg êTityov^g ‘HçaxXeiai A ïo . . xov "lovàmaiTtam ri ôb ôixT] aol yQafpriaexai èv xœi Scxaax^Qicoi xœc orii xov ei . . . rov xrjg . . lovôattc^g.

the Jewis dfJi(pôôov .

O x.î of barren ev o r[ç] fi made of

Ox. ] by the s; is so fra the lines is clear, a man a half sist two you paid by The dut in Genti the rela

idriai tiona s an( I Act . Dob

H ,ess (1) settlei in th«

— 49 —

isenc® the Jewish and Cretian sections of the city are mentioned sti laccD dfx^ôôov Kgfjrixov xal '‘lovôaïx^ç. I t is dated c. 85 C. E.

COD Ox. P. IV, 707 dated 136 C. E. on the recto makes mention;e thi of barren soil in which Jews have made ditches? Wd{ol) ron(oi} mOD & <>r[ç] xeZZai sju7z(oioijju£vat?) î>no rœv ’lovdaicov. Mention is also

made of t Ô 7 i{ o i ) iegauxoLOx. P. IX, 1205 C. E. 291 describes the ransom of captives

by the synagogue of Oxyrynchus (manumissio inter amicos). I t is so fragmentary having so large a gap a t the beginning of the lines th a t the details are obscure although the general sense is clear. The manumittors, residents of Oxyrynchus, were either a man and his half sister, acting with a curator or perhaps two half sisters. The persons freed were a middle aged woman with two young children, one of whom is Jacob. The ransom was paid by the synagogue and amounted to 14 talents of silver. The duty to free slaves of Jewish origin who happened to be in Gentile ownership, devolved on the Jewish community in case the relatives were unable to do so (cf. Talmud Baba Bathra 8 ).

d. jiid tempfe >ng 1

Thi second

Sara- in theDOUghtd{s(og]where

dtxa^'

PART IVSince in no other country outside of Egypt are clima

and soil so favorable for the preservation of buried papyri, knowledge gleaned from these documents must, of course, limited to Egypt and especially to the section in which earthed; Though necessarily narrowed, in their scope, they neve theless serve the valuable purpose of checking up the statement! of ancient historians furnishing us first hand information eitha in corroboration or in denial of their contentions, conti silent testimonials bearing on the political, social and econoi aspects of the period covered by them.

Of the political fortunes of the Jews, the papyri cont a store of information in showing us th a t;

1. In some places they were military settlers.2. They occupied special sections of the city by themselve3. They were officially designated as Jews and often

àvôaïoi.4. At Alexandria all Jews did not have citizenship.5. They were subject to special taxes.The agreement between the military settlers in 1 (Hibel|

P . I, 96) in the third century B. C. E. gives concrete evidenc th a t the rulers employed Jews to guard their military pos (cf. Aristeas ed. Wendl. 12-13; Jos. Ant. XII, 3 .4 ; XIV, 7.1)| Furthermore, i t also substantiates the Aramaic Papyri discovere a t Elephantine and Assuan (1) which show such a colony tô| have flourished there in the sixth century. Still another papj of the third century where the expression rrjç htiyovijg is use designating them as military settlers of a t least the second|

(1) Drei Aramaische Papyruskunden aùs Elephantine (Ab-g handlungen der Berliner Akademie 1907).

Aramaische Urkunden zur Geschichte der Juden im VI.V. Jahrhundert V. C. 1908.

Aramaic Pap. discovered at Assuam — Sayce and Cowley, London 1906.

p.are climat papyri,

E course, which m

they never Î statement! lation eithi

containinj id economil

?yri contaii

themselves nd often gi

iship.

in 1 (Hibel 3te evidena ilitary postï

XIV, 7.1) :i discovered a colony to fcher papyrus ov^ç is

the second

lantine (Ab-

im VI.

and Cowley,

— 51 —

generation, is Flinders Pet. Pap. I l l, 21, in which a certain Dositheos 7ovôaïoç rtjs emyovijg makes an accusation against a Jewess.

The classification of Jews officially as apart from the Hellenes as early as 300 B. C. E. is significant (cf. 3 Pet. Pap. I I. 43). We know from Josephus (B. J. II, 18.7 & C. A. n , 4),

that Alexander the Great in the founding of Alexandria con­ferred upon the Jews the privilege of calling themselves Mace­donians. Probably the fact tha t a section of the city was granted to the Jews in many localities, may have led to this sharp distinction, despite the fact that they may have had citizenship. In Alexandria, Philo (in Flaccum 8) says that special quarters were assigned to Jews so th a t they might lead their own pure life in accordance with their laws. In Ox. P.

■, 335 the Jewish quarter is mentioned in the sale of one sixth of a house èn àfiq>ôàov '‘Iovdâ<(i)>c(ov) also in 25 (Ox. 1 ,100) 133 C. E. a plot of ground in the Jewish section of Oxyrhynchus is sold.

The apeUation àvôaïoi (Jos. C. A. II, 6.65) given the Jews in official documents 22 (P. Gies. 41); 18 (Ox. P. X, 1242); Paris papyrus 68 col. VI, 14; and Brem. P. 40 is not surprising when it is seen in its proper light. To the pagan world which was accustomed to reverence the gods of its neighbors as well as its own, the Jew who appeared to them to worship merely the empty sky and who not only refused to syncretise, but even went so far as to despise their gods and abhor their worship, was an utter unbeliever.

According to the claim of Josephus (B. J . II, 18.7 & C. A. II. 4) who states that Jews obtained equal rights with the Hellenes in the founding of Alexandria, we are to assume that the Jews had citizenship there. Perhaps the very fact th a t special quarters were assigned to them (Philo in Flaccum 8 ) as w ell, as that there were Jewish sections in other towns, would go to show that they did not obtain this privilege en masse. That individual Jews were citizens, there is no doubt. In 11 (B. G. U. IV, 1140) a Jewish petitioner to the prefect c. 5 B. C. E. is by mistake designated, first, as "‘AXe^avÔQécoç and then by erasure

— 52 —

corrected to ^lovôaiov rœv àno "‘Ake^avÔQEiag a Jew of the il habitants of Alexandria. The father of the petitioner is a "’AXe^avdqevg and therefore must have acquired citizenship afte the birth of his son.

From a tax list of Arsinoe 72/73 C. E., we see that tl Jews had to pay a special tax lovdai>cov rsXea/xa 13 (Pap. Kali both sexes from 3 to 60 a t the rate of 8 dr. and 2 obols. WiH what rigor and injustice this was collected is evident from th fact that one of the women, Truphaina, who has been prove to be over age, being 61 years old, and therefore automatical) exempt from the tax, is nevertheless included in this list. Ftod the papyrus we also learn tha t the tax for firstlings was pai that year — designated as anaQxn. There is some doubt to what this tax was for i t could hardly have been the fis( ludaicus which was obligatory on males only above the age 20 in place of the previous one half Shekel sent to Jemsaleii before the destruction of the temple in 70 (cf. Jos. Ant. IV, 4.4 and also Philo de Praemiis Sacerdotum).

These papyri also enable us to get an insight into daily social and economic life of the Jew. We have alreadj seen that in his private life, he lived apart among his om people. But in his transactions, he mingled with his neighhoii engaging in all crafts and trades.

They were tax collectors (cf. 8 = Fay. Towns and their Pap XIV), Simon, a Jew, is together with Ptolemaius, a tax collector That the position of publican must have been lucrative, know, for it was given only to those who guaranteed the monej in advance. Among the Ostraka collected by Wilcken from Egypt and Nubia, many Jews are found to have been tai collectors, the most famous of them being Antonios Malchaios These Ostraka date from the second century B. C. E. to second century C. E. B. G. U. I l l, 715, in a yQa(prj avtoXioycoy of 101/2 A. D. contains sevqfal Jewish names "‘Marjg ô xa xev<piXog, *Iaâ>cig, A^ga/xiotg, . .) '‘laxovfiov.

Merchants are also to be found among them. In 9 = Unpl B. P. 11641, Sabbatalos and his son Dosas are shareholders a pottery both combined having one half interest in it. 7 — P|

the ilîrlip aft«

that tt ip. Bain s. Wi(i from th 1 prove naticall] it Froi ivas pai doubt he fisca e î erusaleii IV, 4. 4

into : alreadj his ow

leighhoK

heir Pap collector tive, w le monej :en frci Deen tai [alchaios ]. to thi ToX{6yœv\ 7? o

= Unph| olders i • 7 = P . |

— 53 —

Gren. 1.43 cites a case of a Jew who has sold a horse but fails to deliver it.

Laborers as weU as artisans are to be found cf. Archiv fiir Papyrusforschung I, 173 yscogyol fua'&œi yd^aQoç, ‘Payeaopàak leâ^, Narav^âaX. Also 14 — Ox. P. H, 276 of three steersmen on a cargo boat at least one is a Jew. Ox. P. I, 43 verso 1.13 ^laxdy^ '‘A%iXUwg probably a Jew is mentioned as one of the six guards of the Sarapion.

Farmers and lessees are also frequently met with of. P. London II p. 10 "‘laaxig Haju^aTog; 15 — Fay. Towns & Pap. 123 in which a Jew, Theophilus, is forced to cultivate the domain land; 4 = Magd. Pap. 3, shows u^ three Jews, Theodotes, Gad- daios and Phanias, leasing a piece of ground for two years; 24 = Ox. Pap. I ll, 500, a field which previously had been leased to Jews is rented out now at a higher rate to the new lessees.

Being thus engaged in various crafts, differences must have arisen and to these a few papyri bear evidence; 7 = Pap. Gren­fell I, 43 as explained above; 6 = Magd. P . 35, a certain Doro- theos, very likely a Jew, steals a garment and deposits i t in the synagogue with the sexton who takes charge of it until a final disposition of it shall have been made by the court; 5 = Magd. P. 15, one named Malchaios, not necessarily a Jew, has not paid his barber for services; 12 = B. G. Ü. IV, 1079, an anti-semitic letter written in 41 C. E. by a wholesale merchant Sarapion warning his friend, Herakleides, who is in financial straits rather to await mercy a t the hands of his creditor than to go to the Jews. He warns him to beware of them c&c ar ndvreg, xai av fiXéTce aarov ànb tc5v "lovôaicùv.

In 10 = B. G. U. IV, 1151, we see tha t some Jews, at least, were wont to make wills and this in a Jewish court where they settled their own affairs. Such, a t least, is the case in this papyrus coming from Alexandria where the Jews had autonomy. Also in 2 = FI. Pet. Pap. I l l, 7, a Jew, Jonathan, is mentioned in a will as owing the testator money.

Synagogues are mentioned in 6 == Magd. 35, dated 217 B.C.E. where Dorotheos deposits a stolen garment as cited previously. Further in 17 = B. M. P. I l l , 1177 p. 18; 11.57—61, 113 C. E.,

— 54 —

in a report of the water commissioners of a certain Egyptia town the amount that the synagogue has to pay for water fo|fcula and a period of six months is stated. The expression d>xeh less of t which probably means a chapel is used here. Tebt. Pap. 86 Emperors 1.18 mentions a synagogue nQoasvxrj '‘lovàaitov Ox. P. IX, 1205 bhe whob 291 C. E. describes the ransoming by the synagogue of Oxyi hynchus of Jewish captives. There must have been some, i doubt, who did drift away from Judaism, or were at least veij the edict lax, cf. 16 = B. G-. Ü. IV, 1068, a Jew taking an oath by Caesai Fewish u to affirm his statement tha t his son died as a minor. An ob towards 1 servant Pharisee would not have done this, but then there wen rest of t

which tur

Claudiusn. P

of the A1 he will s

m .proeeedin

the Sadducees who were more liberal in their belief.The papyri have an important bearing on the history c

the period concerning anti-semitic outburts in Alexandria, whole literature has sprung up on this subject (1), I have, there fore, thought it advisable to leave it out as it has been so wd gymnasia treated by the others. However, the martyr acts, as they an Jews exc called, are of such historical value tha t they cannot be passed over unnoticed.

I. Isidores & Lampon Acts before Claudius in Rome 4 J-54 ( 1

Isidores, the gymnasiarch, of Alexandria and Lampon both know: from Philo’s Embassy to Caligula, come to accuse the Jewisi King Agrippa, whether I or II, is not certain. In the first two columns Isidoros and his companion are the accusers; in the third, they are the accused and are sentenced to death hy Claudius. These proceedings fill out and substantiate Philo’s Embassy to Caligula which he made in behalf of his people, for under the governor Flaccus in Alexandria, the mobs com­mitted outrages against Jews. They knew Caligula’s love oi self-deification and therefore concieved the idea of setting np images in the synagogues. W hat horrors followed, Philo de­scribed and gave us the cause why he undertook the mission

(1) Cf. Wilcken, Antis.; Bludau, Juden und Judenverfolgungen in Alexandrian; E. von Dobschûtz 1. c.

(2) Cf. B. G. U. II, 511 col. I & II & P. Cairo 10448 col. HI, ed. Th. Reinach; R. E. J, XXXI, 161 seq.; XXXIV, 296 seq.; Wilcken, Hermes XXX, 481 seq., also Antis; E. von Dobschûtz 1. c.

and Lam Afte

he Rom Trajan v rose up.

and the Egypt, c piece of this wai here cor Sehubart[eiHOOTOV

Hadrianferring

{!)' Reinach, p. 218 se

(2) Hermes

Egyptiai water

. Pap. IX,of Oxyi

some, m least by. An Ob' ihere

‘ foe v x B h less

8Ê ,1205

t vei] ' Caesai

history indria. ive, there en so } they be passd

wd

Î 41-54(2) oth known he Jewish Î first two rs; in the death

ite Philo’s kis people; mobs con* s love setting Dp Philo dè-

he mission

olgungen ii

col. Ill, ed. ; Wilcken,

55 —

rhich turned out unsuccessfully. The opportune death of Cali- ula and the milder policy of Claudius relieved the gilm tense-

of the situation. The different attitude of these two Emperors is noticable. Caligula treated the philosopher and he whole Embassy with contempt, whereas in these papyri Claudius clearly favors them.

II- Paulus Antoninus Acts before Hadrian (1). Theon reads he edict of Lupus, the Governor of Egypt in the time of the ewish uprising (115-117) to justify the Alexandrian hostility

towards the Jews as being commanded by the Governor. The est of the proceedings are not clear; apparently Paulus, one

of the Alexandrians was condemned to death for he says tha t he wiU speak the tru th as he must die tomorrow.

III. Appianos Acts before Commodus at Rome (2). The proceedings here end with the execution of the Alexandrian gymnasiarch Appianos. No reference a t all is made here to

an Tews except tha t mention is made of the execution of Isidorus and Lampon who are probably the ones executed by Claudius.

After the fall of Jerusalem the hatred of the Jews towards bhe Romans brought about the uprising in 115-117. When Trajan was in the far east, the Jews in Egypt, Cyprus, Cyrene, rose up. Dio Cassius 68.32 describes the bitterness of this struggle. Several papyri attest to the war of extermination aud the fierceness with which it was conducted, at least, in Egypt; cf. 19-23. B. G. U. I l l , 889,22 seq. mentions that a certain piece of ground in 151 C. E. was still a waste as a result of this war in 117, cf. also Hermes 1919, Wilcken S. l l l f . who here corrects himself after having reexamined the papyrus which Sehubart has misread. Wilcken reads à n o «8 x o v ^ a8 = à n b

[eIx o o t o v ) ( e r o v f ) x o v x [ a l ) a { ë t o v ç ) 20* year of Trajan & 1* of Hadrian thus enabling him to date this with certainly as re­ferring to the insurrection of 115-117.

(1) Cf. P. Pap. 68 & Load. P. 1,43 ; Wilcken, Hermes XXVII, 464 seq.; Reinach, Th., R. E. J. XXVII, 70 seq. also XXX, 481 seq., Textes p. 218seq ; R. E. J. vol. XXXVII p. 2 IS; B.G.Ü. 341 & Wilcken, Antis.

(2) Wilcken, Antis; Reinach, R. E. J. XXXVR, 224 seq.; Mitteis, Hermes XXXIV, 88 seq.

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