TROPICSヽ bl 17(1) Issued November 30,2007

Water utilization by local inhabitants responding toseasonal changes in water quality of river water in CentralKalilnantan,Indonesia

Akira HARAGUCH11,Yulintine】 互恥が ,Iinda W■ TLAND_4R12,Imar ARDIANOR2,YLRENFRIE2,TriS LMNA2,

Tri SEⅢUN12 alld Seplllliarna WEISmNA2

Tl■e Universiサ of Kttty■ shu,Ktals tlshu 808-0135,Japan2 Tllc Univcrsiサ

of Palangkarγ a,Palalngltartta,Central ICalimantan,Indonesia

Tel+81o)93-695-3291,F枢 :+81(0)93695-3383,3mall al.llgc@envktattu u ac」 p

A正3〔朔□ヽ 4Cr Acid suHhte soil is one of the most

serious regiOnal environmental problems after

destruction of the peat l群 er over ppnte‐ containing

sedil■ ent after agncullural land development and

deforestationo Surtlric acid discharged from acid

surate soil causes acidification of river water. In

pyrite distributing areas within the lower basin

of the Sebangau and Lhayan rivers in Central

Kalilnantan, the water of the mainstream of the

rivers as well as water discharged frOm canals

into the mainstrean■ in the rainy season show

much higher acidity and a higher cOncentration of

surate ions than in tl■ e dry season.The objecu、 ℃

of the present stuむ was t0 0btain ilformadon on

utilization of natural wattr from local inhabitants

in the basin 37itl■ water pollution including suluric

acid contalnination.ミヽ held interviews with

local inhabitants in sulfuric acid polluted areas

in Paduran and Pangkoh as 1/ell as areas around

sigi village concerning the sOurces of water

and evaluation of water quality in their habitat.

Inhabitanお around Sigi mOsuy depended on well

water both in the ralny and dry seasons,whereas

the sources of drinking water for inhabitants in

Paduran and PangkOh drお red sigl■ nc狙■7 betveen

dry and rainy seasOnso River water chellnistry

showed little difference beb″ een the dry season

and the ralw season in the Sigi area,wllereas n、 er

and canal wattr in the rail■ r SeasOn in Paduran and

PangkOh shOwed lo、 ver pH than in the dry season

due to a high cOncentration of sururic acid in the

ralry SeasOn.Accordin累、nVer alld canal water in

the rail理r SeasOn in polluted areas l″ as not available

as d五nking Or c00king n7ater and tl■ usthw a、 りided

using river water for drinking or coOking in the

rainv season.Although suⅡ L五c acid concentration

in river water both in PangkOh and Paduran were

higher in the rainy season tl■ an in the dry season,

people in PangkOh evduated tl■ at wttr in the raiw

season to be better than that in tl■ e dry season,

"hereas people in Paduran evaluattd that、Ma“r in

the dry season to be better than that in the rainy

season. Paduran people would evaluate water

quality by S042-conCentration,17hereas PangkOh

people would evaluate water quality by salt

concenぼation because of the lower concelltration of

S042。f wttr in PangkOh in the raiw season than

that in Padurano PangkOh people recognLed that

water contalninated w■th sulfu五c acid was much

preferable than water contalninated■ 7ith sea salt,

but they avoided using wa"r conセ 1lninated with

surunc acid in the rainv season.Plore tllan 70%

of the Paduran people answered tl■ at river、Ⅳater

presents a high五 sk fOr drinking and swilnlning,

whereas only ll%or less of the PangkOh peOple

knew about the risk of sulfuric acid for human

health.Tl■e Pangkoh people avoided using river

water contalninated with sulfuric acid,but the

knoM/1edge about sururic acid's effec“ on humanhealth was not suffciento Thus we concluded that

although selectiviサ of Water、 vas similar for the

local inhabitanⅢ 3 of the b″o、■1lages in polluted ttea,

awareness about the risks of sururic acid pollution

for human health proved to be quite different

betteen the麟o、■1lages.

Key words: acid sulfate soil, basin, canal, peat

swamp,1■ 口nte

INTRODUCr10NAcid sulfate soil as well as acid deposition accelerates

acidification of terrestrial and lilllnological ecosystems

and causes impacts on biological communities in such

88 Akra mGUCHI,Yulinine lハ 、Alち Lnda WllLANDA斑 ,Imar_ARD政い OヾR,YLIRENFRIE,TnS Lユ NA,TA SE口 ■電 Iヾand Sepmiarna WE“ルいOA

ecosystems(e.gWヽ 石erner et al.2001)Acid deposition

causes damage across very n‐lde areas around the ongin

of the pollution and is recognized as a source of global

pollution because pollutants move widely if they are

included in atlllospheric circulation kid produced in soil

causes acidincadon not onけ in SOil ecowstems but also

in ieshwater ecosys歓〕ins after discharging acid iom tlle

soil systems.Altllough the rate of nligration of acid u7ithin

soil and ieshwater ecosysteins is not as high as the rate

、、■tllin the atlllosphere,acid sulfate soil sometimes causes

acidincauon of freshwater ecosystems across very wide

areas(Haraguchi,2007).Acid sulfate soil appears in

many areas ranging frolll the tropics to the circumpol蹟

region,and hence acid polluuon by acid suttate soil can

be a global envlronmental problem.

Pyrite is distributed widely in sedilnents and

bedrocks around the world. One of the serious

environmental problems caused by pyrite oxidation is

tlle generation of acid mine drainage(mlD)from mine

site spoils AIlining operations produce large amounts of

waste tailings,、vhich are usually deposited in open― air

illnpoundments.S、ste tailings containing metal sulfates

such as ppte lead to the production Of acid rock drainage

、vhich contaminates the environment with heavy metals

and sulfuric acid.A/1any reports have described the

effects of sulfuric acid fronl mine wastes on vegetation

and ecows“ms(e.g Meyer et al 1999;Bachmann et al.

2001;Wヽbrner et a1 2001).

In former open― cut bro、vn coal inining areas dating

fronl the early 20th century,for example in The Lo、 ver

Lusatian lignite nlining district in Germany,there still

remain many open lllining casting lakes with high

concentrations of sulllric acid and extremew high acidiサ

⑩H=15-2.5;Bachmann et al.2001).Sulm五 c acid comes

frolll the llline spoils surrounding the lakes,and the

continuous supply of sutturic acid to tlle lake accelerates

the acidincation of the lake water.All advanced metllod

of open― cut rnining of bro、マn coal using a conveyer bridge

dump can prevent the pyrite oxidation by keeping the

stratigraphy of the Teruary strata to the greaた st degree

possible O「 iSOtZ対 and Obermann,2001)HOWO/et tlle

rehabilitation of vegetation afrer Open nlining in such

areas is diffcult because of the contarninadon、 vith pynte

of the topsoil.

Sulfuric acid contalnination in soil impairs the

groⅥ th of pl〔■lts rooted in the soil.PrOtons are exchanged

v/ith exchangeable base cations,and subsequently

the nutritional condition of the soil becomes poor

(MOnterrOso and Macias,1998;Balkenhol et al.2001).

Discharged alunlinum fl・onl acid contarnina“ d soil causes

loading of high concentrations of alunlinum and has a

consequent impact on freshwater communities.Acid

mine drdnage containing a hi」 l COncentrauon of su■ llric

acid causes aquifer pollution with a high groundwater

suFatt concenttauon,alow pH and enhanced heavy rnetal

contents,e.g。 ,Ni,Co,Cu,Pb,As or Zn fAndersen et al.

2001).

After destruction of the peat layer Over pyrite―

containing sedirnents after agricultural land development

or deforestation,pyrite is biologically oxidized by

atmospheric oxygen and sulfuric acid is produced

(Haragllchi et a1 2000).Sulu五 c acid discharged iom the

acid surate soil causes the acidiflcadon of the river water

Fronl a previous study on the river、 vater chenlistry of

the Sebangau and Kahayan in Central nlilnantan,we

have clarified that:(1)Sulftlric acid loading from acid

sulfate soil appeared fronl the river mouth up to 150

km upstream in both the rivers,(2)the water Of the

mainstreanl ofthe nvers as、 ven as wattr discharged iom

artiflcial canals into the mainstream in tlle rainy season

showed much higher acidiサ and a higher ratio of sulfate

ions tl■an in tlle dry season,(3)water diSCharged frOm

canals sho、ved lower pH compared to the mainstream

water of the rivers(Haraguchi et al.2007;Haraguchi,

2007).Inhabitants in the lower basin of the Sebangau and

Kahayan Rivers have to use sulfuric acid contaminated

、vater as their main water resource because of the lack

of water suppサ wstems in tllese areas.Water in rivers in

tllese polluted areas sometimes becomes highサ aCidiC

(pH<2.0)and the seasonal ttuctuation of water qualiサ

is extremeサ high.Highヶ aCidic water directly damages

the skin and the inucous inembrane(Flal■ llliger and

Maibach,2006).Heaw metJs or Alsolubilized by sulinc

acid causes toxlc symptoms、 vhen human take w‐ ater tllat

is contaminated宙lll to対c elements(0'Nelll,1998).

Allotller environmental problem in aquadc systelns

in the Centtal Kalimanね n area is rnercury contanlination.

Waterin Kallayan River upstteam iom Palangkaraya Ciサ

has tllrett of Hg contamination alld higll ttlrbidiサ due tO

tlle intens市e gold mining Жt市iw in tlle r市 er Callaka et

al.2007).

Tlle obiectiVe Of the present study was to obtain

information on the utilization of water from local

inhabitants in the basin of two rivers in Central

Kalimantan, Indonesia WVe specially noticed the

utilization of water from natural source by local

inhabitants w■ th response to seasonal changes in、 vater

qualitv such as observed in the lo、 ver basin of tlle rivers

in CentrJ Kalimantall(Haraguchi,2007)As a flrst step

in the imprOvement of water utilization conditions by

89WVater utllizauon and water chenlistry of nver in Centtal К&山mantan

local inhabitants in acid― polluted areas,、 ve tried to obtain

fundamental data on the present conditions of water

udlization by local inhabitants by holding interviews in

tlle poluted areas.

STUDY AREAWe held intervie、vs、vith local inhabitants in Sigi area

(inCluding villages Bahu Palawa,Bukit Liti,Petuk Liti,

Sigi,Bukit Rawi),Paduran area(village sebangau

Perumai)and Pangkoh area(village Pangkoh Sari)

concerning the sources of wattr and evaluation of、 vater

qualiw in their habitat(Fig l).Inter宙 ews were held

on 13 and 15 December 2005 in Sigi area, 14 December

2005 and 9 ⅣIarch 2006 in Paduran area,and 8 NIarch

2006 in Pangkoh area Number of households in Sigi

area,Sebangau Perumal and Pangkoh Sarl were 480,

206 and 123,respectively(T Tachibana,personal

collnlnunication)According to the chelllical analysis

of river and canal、 vater in Sigi,Paduran and Pangkoh,

differences in wa“ r chelllistry in Paduran and Pangkoh

110 E l15 E 120E

(areas Of ppte distributiol■ l were quite evident betteen

the dry season and the rainy season,3711ereas seasonal

differences in v/ater chenlistry in Sigi were not evident

except for higher elecuric cOnduct市 ity caused by higher

concentrations of base cations lTable l;Haraguchi et

al.2007)S eヽr chemistry in Paduran alld Pangkoh was

characterized by lower pH and higher EC in the rainy

season as compared to the dry season.Lo、 ver pH and

higher EC in the rainy season in Paduran and Pangkoh

accompanied higher concentrations of S042,and hence

it was evident tllat suluric acid contamination appeared

more cleany in tlle rainy season tllan in tlle dry season.

Higher Na+and Cl concentrations in the dry season

in Paduran and Pangkoh sho、 ved the inundation of sea

、vater because of tlle lower water table of tlle Sebangau

and Kallayan Rvers.

METHODSSヽ selected households randolllly in Sigi area(sample

number,n=52),Paduran(n=69)and Pangkoh(n=44),

11400E

Closed circles shoM/the study area.Bukit Rawi,Paduran area includes

4N

4S

11350E

Fig。 1.PIap showing the study area in Centl・ al Khlimantan,Indonesia.Sigi area includes Bahu Palawa,Bukit Liti,Petuk Liti,Sigi,Sebttu Perumai,al■ d PangkOh area includes Pangkoh Sad。

0

90 Akira HA碍 て ucHI,Yulinine LlttrAT,Lndaミ 、 LANDA日 ,Imar FhDIANOR,YIJRENFttE,TriS Lひ NA,Tri SEPHANI and Sepmiarna WELSLTも ヽ

ca ll%,33%and 36%of households in each study area,

respectively.Interviews consisted of three questions.

Question l asked about the kind of water that local

peoples usualサ useお r drinking,rinsing tlleir moutlls,

cooking,bathing and、 vashing clothes.ヽ 石ヽe also asked

tlle water ttpe(dVer wa縫 ちcallal wa“ ■lake watet well,

rain wate■ commercial RO water ou五 ned water by using

reverse osmosis membrane),ね p Watet spring waterl alld

treatlllents before using tlle water(no trea仕1lent,boiling,

■ltering,sedilnenting,or adding chenlical compounds).

We asked tlle wrater ttpe and treatlllent botll for tlle rainy

season cor eXample in Decemberl and dry season Cfor

example in」 uサ)Difference of the kind of water that

people use for each purpose beb″ een dry season and

rainy season was tested by marginal homogeneiサ test.

Question 2 asked about what differences the local

peoples nOuced in the r市 er wattr bebveen rainy and dry

seasons ヽヽ石e asked tllem about differences in taste,color

and smell,and、vhich they preferred beb″een rainy and

dry seasons、vhen they were conscious of differences in

river water qualiサ beb″een dry and rainy seasons.We

evaluated the ans、 ハ/ers using ive catego五 esi score l=very

bad,score 2=bad,score 3=fair,score 4=g00d,score

5=excellent.Difference bet、 veen dry season and rainy

season was tested by sign test.

QuestiOn 3 asked about the kno、 vledge of the effects

of water polluuon On human health Peoples v/ere asked

to ans、ver by choosing “true" or“ false" for each of the

fonowing Statements:

l We can drink river or canal wattr after boiling.

2 Swinllning in the r市 er is stt for the slcin

3.Fresh、vater flsh are safe for eating.

4.Tllrowing away rubbish in the river/canal will

pollute the environment

5.Tlle use of electric de宙 ces or chenlical substances

endangers flsh sustainabiliv

Statements l and 2 were the questions for the

evaluation of knowledge of the impact of polluted river

water on the human health.Tlle statement 3 was the

question for the evalualion Of kl■ o、vledge about ecological

accumulation of polutants,e.g.rnercury.Tlle statement

4 was the question for the evaluadon of consclousness

of local people of environmental protection of river

by avoiding contamination、 vith waste products.Tlle

statement 5 was the question for the kno、vledge on the

evaluation of impact of nater pollution on flsh production

that is the most important food resource for local

peoples.Generation of electric power by using fuels

as、vell as using chenlicals,eg.detergents,fertilizers

or insecticides,in the basin of river could contanlinate

chelllicals in river ecosystems and the consequent

decrease ofIIsh production in river

lf there were also other comments fron■ the local

people,we recorded tllem.

RESULR3 AND DISCUSS10NInhabitants around Sigi rnostly depended on well water

both in the rainy and dry seasons,、 vhereas sources of

drinking water for inhabitants in Paduran and Pangkoh

differed signincandy bebⅣ een dry and rainy seasons.Tlle

me of water used for each purpose was not sign■ cantly

different bethVeen seasons in the Sigi area,、 vhereas the

difference was significant in the Paduran and Pangkoh

areas(Fig.2).1/10re than 80%of the people in the Sigi

area used wen water lground w・ateう fOr drinking,rinsing

their rnouths,cooking,batlling and、 vashing clothes,both

in the rdny season and dry season.People in Sigi could

avoid using water fl・ om 10hめ″an River witll high ttlrbidiサ

due to intens市 e gold lllining in tlle upsieanl from Sigi

area lTanaka et a1 2007).Some peOple answered that

tlley avoid using r市 er v/ater because of the contanlination

Ⅵitll mercuryノ pヽersOn in Bahu Pala、 va said that wtter of

Kallayan Rver started to be turbid ca 10 years ago(ca.

1995)probabサ due tO g01d mining acti■ 7it kd宙サ Of gold

nlining in the basin would possible to affect the、vater

utilization in tlle Sigi area.Tlle onサ difference between

rainy season and dry season was that people using rain

water in the rainy season changed to use spring water

in tlle dry season.Tllis、 vas due to tlle lilnitation of rain

water or the disappearance of springs(submersion of

springs in wateう due tO tlle high water table of r市 ers or

lakes.

As for drinking water,cooking water and water

for rinsing their mouths,the main source for these

pu叩 oses in Pangkoh and Paduran were rain、 vater in the

rainy season,but the type of、 vater for these purposes

significantly changed to river,canal or well v/ater in

the dry season As for water for bathing and water for

washing clothes,the ratio of people that use rain、 vater

sign五 candy decreased in tlle dry season in tlle Paduran

and Pangkoh areas One reason for the lo、 ver ratio of

people、vho use rain water in the dry season could be

the insufficient supply of precipitated water Although

precipitation in the dry season v/as not so much as in

the rainy season,the water supply from precipitation

would be sufficient at least for drinking and cooking

、vater.A/1ean annual precipitation bet、 veen 1978 and

2000 in Palangkarwa Ciサ waS 3400 mm,and monthサ

precipitation shows a maximum in November(348.lmm)

Water uilizatlon and water chemistl y of r市 erin Central Kdimantan 91

(⇒ Drinking water (d)ヽlrattrお r bathing

Sigi

ralny season

dry SeasOn

ralny season

d理/season

rainy season

dry SeasOn

ralny season

d理′season

rainy season

dry SeasOn

rainy season

dry SeasOn

Padurala

Pangkoh

NS

NS

ralny season

d理ァseason

rainy season

dry season

ralny season

dry SeasOn

NS

***

⑭)｀Water fOr Ansing IIloutlls

0 20 40 60 80 100o)

(e)Water fOr washing clollles

ralny season

d=y season

ralny season

d4ァ season

ralny season

d理ァseason

20 40 60 80 100(%)

4020 60 80 100oめ

0 20 40 60 80

(C)C00king wtter

Sigi

rainy season

dry SeasOn

ralny season

dry SeasOn

ralny season

dcr SeasOn

0 20

囃 Ri■‐er wa∝ r

珈 Cand wattr

□ Lake wtter

■ Wel僣rounの Water

□ hin wttr

□ RO wtter

□ TT w/ater

「

Sp五 ng Water

10006)

NS

***

***

Pangkoh

60 80 1006る )40

Fig。 2.助 es of■・ater d■at local inhabitan“ use for each purpose.Difference betteen rainy season and dryseason were testtd by marginal hOmogeneiサ test hr each Siteo Sigll五 cance level of drference of eachpair are presented in the right side of bars,***:pく 0.001,**:pく 0.01, *:p<0。 05,NS:not slgnif■ cantp>0.05。

Sigi

Paduran

Pangkoh

Sigi

Padttran

Sigi

Paduran

Pangkoh Pangkoh

Padllran

92 よ ira HAu皓 ucHI,Yulintine tts,Lnda WLILANDARI,Imar AЮ IANOR,YllRENttE,TriS LIANA,Tn SEI「 IANI and Sepmialna WE“ルいOA

and a minimum in August(113.5mm;Hayasaka et al.

2003 and Usup et a1 2003).Montl■しprecipitation was less

tllan 200 mm from Juサ t00CtOber whereas it exceeded

300 mm fl・ om November to April,altllough ttucttlation

beb″een years was very large.Hence,precipitation in

the dry season could provide a sufflcient water source

試 least for d五 nking s、ten Considering the fact that tllw

used open wells as water pools in order to avoid water

shortages in tlle dry season in the Paduran and Pangkoh

areas,the water suppサ fl・Om precipit・ation including well

、vater、vould be suficient atleast for d五 nking and cOolKing

water S、ter qualiけ of open well depended on、 vith or

Ⅵ/ithout contanlination with sea water and/or sulfuric

acid(Haraguchi,unpublished datの 。Ratio of households

that used、 vell water depended on the number of open

wells、vithout contanlination with sea salts or sulfuric

acid、vitllin the area.Howevet the percentage of people

using river or canal water in the dry season was higher

tllan in the rdny season for all purposes in Paduran and

Pangkoh Ъ e significant shift by people to river and

canal、vater in the dry season would correspond to lower

contanlination lvlth sulilnc acid in tl■ e dry season.Tlley

prefer using river and canal waters because they were

easily available without any apparatus for collecting

water such as rain watet howevet tlley hardサ use riVer

or canal water in tlle rainy season.Tllis cleany showed

tllatlocal people in Paduran and Pangkoh avoided using

suttric acid contaminated r市 er water in the rainy season

especialサ fOr drinking and cooking

Tlle results measuring tlle differences in tendencies

in、vater utilization by local people in Paduran and

Pangkoh for d五 nking,rinsing the inouth and coolcing,ie.

wtter absol‐ bed direcuy into human bodies or wa“ r iust

talcen into tlle moutll tllen discarded immediateL were

higher signiicance level than the results for water for

washing dothes,i.e.wattr not direct157 absol・ bed by huma13

bodies(Fig 2).Some peOple in Paduran and Pangkoh

answered that they add sodium hydrOgen carbonate to

r市er and canal urater in tlle rainy season

ln QueStiOn 2,we evaluated ho、 v local people

distinguish、 vater qualiち″be柿een rainy and dry seasons

People were asked to evaluate water qualiけ caste,C01or

and smelll in dry season and rainy season using a scale of

fl‐om l to 5 points.If they could not deternline tlle value

by tllemselves,intervle、vers decided tlle response based

on the answer to the question Differences in scores

beb″ een rainy season and dry season were averaged and

tested by sign test.Positiv・ e values indicated that people

evaluattd water in tlle rdny season to be better than tll■

in the dry season Evaluation of inland water by local

people showed differences in tlle tllree sites lTable 2).

Scores in Pangkoh and Sigi showed signiflcant positive

values for color and smell,and score in Pan」【oh ShOWed

significant positive value for taste Scores in Pangkoh

、vere higher than scores in Sigi for each of the qualiサ

parameters.Tllis、 vould be due to the larger seasonal

lluctuation of river water chenlistry in Pangkoh than in

Sigi.Scores in Paduran,however,showed significant

negative values for taste and smell Funong the three

parameters,tlle scores for t・aste had much higher absolute

values for Paduran and Pangkoh.Higher absolute vdues

for taste parameter indicated that taste、 vas the most

distinct parameter evaluated by people.Higher negatⅣ e

scores in Paduran indicated that water contalllinated v/itll

suⅡunc acid in rainy season was not considered desirable

by the Paduran people.Although v/ater in Pangkoh

、vas highly polluted by sutturic acid,people in Pangkoh

evalu■ ed tllat water in tlle rainy season to be better tlla13

that in dry season.S042 conCentration of river water in

tlle raitt season was much higller tllan in tlle dry season

in Paduran and Pangkoh,、 vhereas Cl~concentration was

much lowerin tlle rainy season lTable l)Paduran people

v/ould evaluate water quality by S042 conCentration

and water、vith high concentration of S042、 vaS not

considered desirable Pangkoh people would evaluate

water qudiサ by Cl(Or Na+)concentration alld water witll

high concentration of salt was not considered desirable.

Lo、ver concentration of S042 。f、vater in Pangkoh in

the rainy season than that in Paduran could be one

reason that S042 conCentration was not the determining

parameter of water qualiサ by 10Cal people in Pangkoh

Tllis conttast would make tlle evaluration of water qualiサ

higher in the rainy season in Pangkoh.Pangkoh people

recognized that water contalllinated with sulfuric acid

was much preferめ le ttaste,smell a13d colorl tllan wtter

contanlinated M″ itll sea salt,but tlley avoided using、 vater

contanlinated、ハ/itll sulfuric acid in the rainy season.Tllus,

tendencies in water utiliサ and evaluadon of water by tlle

Pan」【Oh peOple showed contrastive results.It was qui“

interesing thatthere was a difference beb″ een evalu・ation

of water quality and、vater utility by local people in

Pangkoh Signiflcant posiave values for color and smell

by the Sigi people,ie.higher evaluation of river water

qualiサ in the rainy season tllan in tlle dry season,、 vould

be due to the higher ionic concenttation lTable l)and

suspended solids ofthe Kahayan Riverin tlle dry season.

Knou71edge concerning the risks of water pollution

for human health varied according to the v/ater qualiけ

of each site cPable 3)As lor the statements of“ we can

drink river or canal、vattr a■ er boiling'' and “s、viln■ling

Water uilizaion and water chemistry of nverin Cen廿 J Жhlimantall 93

Table l.A summary of chemical properties of river or canal water in Sigi area,Padurall area and Pangkoharea in Cel■tral Llimantan,Indonesiao Parヽ of the data appear in IIaraguchi et al.2007.

Stuけ 笛ea

Sigi area

(Sigi,Bukt hⅥl,Bahu Palawa,

Bukit■id,Pettlk Litil

Paduran area

lSebangau Perum盛 )

Pallgkoh a『 ea

lPangkOh Sari)

Iocadon

Season

middle basin of Kallayan

Dry Rainy

lo、ver basin of Sebangau

Dry Rainy

lo、ver basin of Kallayan

Dry Rainy

Date 10 SEP 2004 3 L71AR 2004 8 SEP 2004 9Ⅳ は 2004 9 SEP 2004 1l RIAR 2004

pH

EC(mS ll11)

NH4+llllmolcし り

Nが (mmolc Lう

r llllm。 lc Lぅ

Mξ+flllm01cし)

ca2+(mm01c L)

CI(mm01cし り

N02(mm01c Lり

N03~←1lm01c Lう

P043(mm01e L)

S042(mm01cしり

7.36

4.38

004

022

0.03

0.15

0.28

0.01

000

0.01

000

0.02

6.53

2.06

0.01

0.05

0.01

0.00

0.04

0.01

0.00

001

000

0.02

4.28

6.73

0.27

2.08

0.17

1.55

051

456

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.47

3.03

77.40

0.09

0.44

0.06

1.19

030

013

0.00

0.00

0.00

4.03

6.16

1940

090

206

010

016

0.04

1.06

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.28

3.27

44.10

0.05

0.50

0.04

061

0.89

0.45

000

0.00

0.00

2.69

Table 2.Differences in evaluation(rainy season― dry season)fOr thetas縫,color and smell of五 、er or canal watero Positive value

means that rail理 r seasOn is better than dry season,and、 ■ceversa.Difference beも ″een railly season and dry season was

tested by sign testo Signincance leveL***:pく 0.001,**:pく0.01,*:pく 0。05,NS:not signincant p>o.o5

Aごea Sigi〔 rea Paduran area Pangkoh area

contanlinated with sulfuric acid,

and then risk on skin could be

negligible.However,about 25%

of people in Sigi、 vere conscious

about tlle risk of water witll high

turbidity or contanlination with

mercury、 vhen tlley take tlle r市 er

wate■

As for the statement of“freshwater fish are safe for

taste

color

smeⅡ

0.07 NS

O.27*

0.30**

-0.47**

-0 15 NS

-0.23**

1.08***

0.51*

0.63***

in the river is safe for the skin'',more than 70%of the

Paduran people ans、vered that river、vater presented

a high risk for drinking and swimming,whereas onサ

11%or less of the Pangkoh people kne、 v about the risk

of sulfuric acid for human health Tlle Pangkoh people

avoided using r市 er water contalninated u7itll su■ unc acid,

but the knov71edge about sul■ lric acid's effects on human

health was not sufficient.Tl■ e ratio of households that

used nver or canal wattr for drinking or五 nsing lnouth in

Paduran were less tllan tllose in Pandく oh(Fig.2).TlliS

、vould reflect the higher risk consciousness of sulfuric

acid contanlination in Paduran lTable 3)About 25%of

people in Sigi were conscious about tlle risk of drinking

river watet、vhereas only 8%were conscious about the

risk of v/ater for skin.RIver water around Sigi was not

eating'',allnost all of the people

in Paduran,Pangkoh and Sigi

ans、vered that freshv/ater fish were safe for human.

Although ecological accumulation of sulfuric acid in

fresh、vater fishes is not evident,knowledge about

ecological accumulation of pollutants,e.g.Inercury.was

not recognized by the local people either in polluted or

non―polluted areas.Some people in Sigi knew the risk of

mercury contanlination in river watet and hence they

answered about the risk of IIlercury、 vhen they drink

river、vaten But such respondents did not kno、 v about

tlle accumulation of rnercury in fl‐ esh、vater flsh,so tlley

ansurered that freshwater ish、 vas safe.

As for the strateinents“ tllrowlng away rubbish in the

l・iver/canal lv11l pollute tlle en宙rOnmenぜ'and“ tlle use of

electric devices or chenlical substances endangers flsh

sustainability'',more than 80%of the people answered

94 Akra HARACUCHI,Yulinine l加 ハたrr,Lnda WuLANDAR,Imal_4RDIANOR,YllttNFRIE,TnS LRNA,Tri SEtt■ Tヾ I alld Sepmial na WVEISttNA

Table 3.Ratio of number Of persons answe五 ng‖true‖ or"false"to the statemenⅢ3 concerning water qualiけalld water udliサ of river.

Sttltements AreaAlls、ハ/er Of“true'(D

Allswer of No ans、ハ/er“

f・alse"0) (り

ヽヽ石e can drink river Or canal water after boiling.

Paduran

Pangkoh

Sigi

ワ′　　′υ　　（）

１

　

８

　

５

つ４

　

父

）

ワ′

73.9

11.4

25.0

43

00

00

師 irnnling in the r市er is safe for the shn

Paduran

Pangkoh

Sigi

ワ′　　つ４　　／４

１■　　９０　　（）

つ４　　ｏソ　　ｎ′

73.9

6.8

77

43

0.0

19

Freshwater ish are safe for eating.

Paduran

Pangkoh

Sigi

98.6

100.0

1000

14

00

00

00

00

0.0

Tllrowing away rubbish in tlle r市 er/canJ will pollute

the environment.

Paduran

Pangkoh

Sigi

∩）　　Ｏυ　　Ｑ０

∩）　

０´

　

Ｒ

）

４

　

６

　

４

ＱＯ　　ＱＯ　　（Ｕ

８

　

８

　

９

116

91

3.8

Tl■e use of electric devices or chenlical substances

endangers flsh sustainability

Paduran

Pangkoh

Sigi

92.8

81.8

94.2

1.4

9.1

1.9

5.8

9.1

3.8

that such kinds of human acavity Caused envirOnmental

pollution of river and the consequent impact on river

ecosystems.The importance of protecting river

environments by avoiding contanlination with waste

products or chenlicals was well recognized by local

peoples,probabサ due tO tlle en宙 ronmental education in

tlle pHrntty educa■on.But precise knov″ ledge concerning

the river environment(e.g.ecological accumulation

of heavy inetals)Was nOt sufficient.Environmental

education matched to the condidons of each village as

well as information about the risks of water pollution on

human health is quite necessary forlocal people.

κ KNOWLEDGMEtt Tlle autllors wish to tllallk

Di Suwido H.Limin of Tlle Un市 ersiサ of Palangkaraya

for support in the research in Central Kalilnantan,

Indonesia.Tlle authors also wish to thank 171n Untung

Darung in Tlle Un市 ersiサ of Palangkaraya,ル【■Khnsuke

Kohtake,A/1r KelJl ⅣIatsune,Ⅳ Ir.Yoshiunli ShinOhara,

D■ Tsutomu lyrobe of¶■e Un市ersiサ of Kitttushu,alld

D■ Taro Asada in Ⅵrater100 Un市ersiサ for Supporting our

fleld research Dr To、 va′rachibana in KObe University

kindly provided fundamental information on villages

in the Central Kalimantan.1■ lis、vork was financially

supported by the Core University Progranl of the JSPS,

the Sunlitomo Foundation for Envlronmental Research,

the Showa Shell Sekiyu Foundation for Promotion of

Environmental Resettch,tlle research proieCt ftlnd fl・ om

the Ministty of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and

Technology of」 apan(Nos. 16658031&16405039)and

tlle science and research fllnd from the Kitattushu ci壌

Pttt of chemical analysis was done at tlle lnsttumentation

Centet Tlle Un市 ersiサ of Kita埼″uShu.

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Recettd 18・

“

■2007

kcepted 3rd sep 2007