W Hebrew Primer - Forgotten Books

”WHEBREW PRIMER

R E AD I NG B OOCONTAINING ALL T H E

PRINCIPAL RULES INHEBREW GRAMMAR.

TOGE T H E R W IT H

A VOCABU LAR Y OF T H E BOOK OF GENESIS .

SOLOMON SE BAO .

THIRD ED ITION REVISED AND ENLARGED.

LONDON

PU BLISH E D BY TH E AU TH OR ,2,H E NE AGE LANE

,

B EV I S MA RK S .

TO BE BAD OF

P . VALLENTINE , 34, ALFR ED STR EET , BEDFOR D SQ U AR E ,

5631—187 1 .

LONDON

PR INTE D BY 8 . ME LDOLA, JOH N STR E E T ,

BEDFOR D R OW .

PRE FACE To TH E TH IRD EDITION.

T H E H E BRE W PRIMER AND R EADING Boox has passed through

two Editions . This fact the author considers is a slight proof

of its utility, and therefore submits a third E dition in which

will b e found the following additions .

T o TH E VERBS.— The conjugation of a verb with the accusa

tive pronouns ; sixteen addi tional E xercises , viz. three on the

regular verbs, two on each of the five classes of irregular

verbs,and three on the several classes of verbs combined ;

these it is hoped w ill more than compensate for the condensing

and changing some of the E xercises in the preceding edition.

To TH E VOCABU LARY.—The w ords expressing the numerals

,

the pronouns, adverbs,&c.

,which were only inserted in the

grammatical part, are now also inserted in the vocabulary .

The nouns are given as found in Genesis in addition to their

absolute form : thus D“,blood

,DQQ ’! ”35 brother

,”35; and the

parts of several of.the regular verbs if not conjugated like

1 9s are also added : thus w'

pg: from m which is the same

part as 7 1553?

209 44 80

iv PREFACE.

APPENDIX .—TO assist the student in the translation of the

book of Genesis from the Vocabulary, a tabular form is added

where the root and parts of the verbs of such as contain only

one or two radicalsare shewn,as in the verb i123? By referring

to 71? in the form, the root “211 w ill be found, and the part

7321} w ill b e explained .

Besides this Tabular form the Appendix contains examples

of the various classes of nouns, w ith their changes of vow el

points for the constructive form, plural number, &c.,which

is a novel feature in the book .

The author trusts that these additions,which have cost a

great amount of time and labour,will render the third

E dition of “ The H eb rew Primer and R eading Book more

useful than either the first or second.

TH E

HEBR EW PRIME R AND READING BOOK.

T H E LET TE R S.

There are twenty-two letters , of which, six have generally a

do t in the centre, five have two forms, and some resemble others .

T hey are all consonants , and their sounds, excepting three, cor

respond w ith those of the E nglish alphabet.

Tab le of the Letters w ith their corresp ond ing E nglish sounds .

FORM. SOU ND. FORM.

n 0 sound W i thout

a vowel po int

B or V

Samech S in so

H inmum GN in SIGN

P or F

CH German

Y in YE S

1 3 : CH orK T or s

2 TH E HEBR EW PRIME R .

EXERCISE .

Sound the following letters

n p s n e‘v s w

‘

s o z n a w

wa j m wvv o mu n q n

q

LETTERS HAVING DAGESH .

There are six letters which take a dot in the centre,dagesh, they are n 9 3

"1 3 3

° This dot changes the sound of

n5 3 3,thus

, 3 is sounded like I), 3 b ; 3,

ch, 3 h ; Bf,5 19 ;

ns, nt. Two only, 3 and 5, are changed according to the

Portuguese Jews .

FINAL LETTERS .

The letters 3; 5 J 73 3 when occurring at the end of words

assume a different form thus

as 13 or:‘

[D

LETTERS R E SE H R LINC EACH OTHER IN SHAPE.

The form of the following letters must b e particularly observed ,as their resemblance to each other may cause mistake.

By no an m N? rm“

17 3:

T H E LETTER w.

This letter has tw o sounds,that of sh when the dot is on the

right, thus 2? and of s,when on the left

,thus w.

AND READING BOOK. 3

ON TH E LETTERS 1: 1) 11°

The pronunciation of the above three letters must be carefullynoticed

,since they have no equivalent in the E nglish . T he

sound of the nmust b e produced from the bottom of the throat ;

grammarians generally give it the pronunciation of the ch in

the German w ord Nacht,or the Scotch w ord lo ch.

TheVis pronounced like gn in the w ord sign.

The 3 must b e sounded like ts in p its .

DIVISION OF LETTERS.The H ebre w alphabet is divided into five classes, according to

the organ o f speech used in the pronunciation of each letter,called gutturals, labials , palatals , linguals , and dentals .

y l'

l n b: pronounced from the throat,are called gutturals .

t] 73 l 3 lips, labials .

PD J palate, palatals.

h J(7 D 7 tongue , linguals.

w W l: D I teeth,

dentals .

EXERCISE .

mm x5 Wit/N mm was

nwmmmy NS {3‘ a “mmnvww

1sm 71 mm: as u DW ’ NL) nub

zn‘r‘vi our mm Immzn

In this exercise the pupil should repeat the sound of eachletter

,and say if its sound is ever changed ; what letter it resem

bles , and how many forms it has .

4 TH E HEBREW PR IMER

E xample—3 ch German

,changed by a dot into Is, it resembles

3 b, and has two forms, 3 at the beginning or middle

,and "I

at

the end.

VOW EL PO INTS .

The letters,b eing all consonants , have certain marks and points

w hich serve the purpose of vowels. There are ten principal

ones five have a long and five a short sound . One is placed in

the centre of the letter 1, one over it 1, and the others all under

the letters.

Name, Form,and P osition.

LONG VOW ELS . SHORT VOW ELS .Name . Form . Position. Name . Form. Position.

Kamets v ts Fatach N

T sarre x Segol (a: Q}

Chirick ~x Chirick N

Cholem ix Kamets chatoof ( v)or (n ) K5

Sho orek ix Kib buts ( a. x

Observe—T he 1 of the cholem is often om itted, and the dot

placed over the letter, thus 3 P“

1.

Sounds of the Vowel P oints.

-The points are not sounded alike by the Portuguese and Ger

man Jew s ; they differ in the three long vow els ( v ), and 1,and also in the short vow els, which the Portuguese Jew s soundlike their corresponding long ones, b ut in a quicker manner,

w hile the German Jew s give to the and short ( 1 )a

different sound from long ( v), and 1

AND R E ADING BOOK. 5

Sound of the Vowel P oints according to the Portuguesej ews.

v and like a in fan‘

.

and a like a in make.

and 7 like 6 in me .

l v and 7 like 0 in bone .

i and like u in rude .

Sound of the Vowel P oints according to theGermanj ew s .

v o in bone.

i in find . a in malce .

T and like a in me .

l ou in out . v o r v z o in bone.

d and a like u in rude .

L etters joined w ith P oints.

T o join the lette rs with points, sound the letter and then the

po int, thus Q uthe le tter D s tands as m,and the point so unds as

a infar , therefore the reading is md.

E xamples of L etters jo ined w ith P oints, w ith their E nglish

Sounds.

No te.—a with a mark over it, thus 5, denotes the a infar

a w ith no mark denotes the a in make.

Care must be taken to so und the short vowels quicker thanthe long ones.

Po rtuguese. German.

é b i

s gfi

E daLela

Q ma

6 T H E HEBREW PRIMER

The points under the follow ing letters are sounded alike in

both readings .

I 25 n cha D ta 1ya P

ks 9 pa 5 fa 71 ha

~1 ve 1Dse ”j re i }; tse Jge 3 b e Ize Jne . Short ( v )

3 bo t?lo a o p p mo p to gz

no 52 th

13 bu 1? du ru 1h tu T‘

zu w Pku

EXERCISE .

Letters joined with L ong Vowels .

H ebrew is read from right to left.

~

1 9 5 w ei n r nn o i n a b g g wT 7

m m u ua b b in u rww b m rwnm

m w ns wr w =n u an j h-I a s

EXERCISE .

L etters joined with Short Vowels.

Iw rw n n n b n u n i n o nn n n w

n ; nn n fi g w n a n o nn n nw7

I n r w i n q i u r n fi sT 7 F f 7 7

Letters w ithout Points .

A letter w ithout a point is read w ith the letter and point

before it.

E xample—D"! the 73 m having no point must b e j oined to the

”T,d which has the point, and the tw o together are read dd/m.

E xamples—"

N ged,1 13 gur, 5; Del, b en,

“I"? med.

AND READING BOOK. 7

EXE RCISE .

n; eaan innix: n; rein“ is his as 53

mmmm it! n; 1 1 31 a; 11 m_win win r e;

not; 15 hi: h i; D3 1; rain pin rpmat;Liiri

an or; i i:"i; r; anon mt: rimmg it; ti

l;

m; rig i n sis mg rip, qiy monme an apt:

pi “

; in 11 exp flip"VP up was air T 3 i s

113 an aim 313 his he he anBin Se) me”713

SYLLABLES.

Syllables are of two kinds,simple and compound. A simple

syllable is a consonant j oined with a vowel-point, thus Q Di d,

be .

A compound syllable consists of two consonants , both sounded ,and the first having a vow el-point ; thus I? din, 173 men.

W ords containing Simple Sy llables .

E xamples le -nu,imp ku -mu

,D iv shu-be

,” W sha - le

,

T it); ka -mo -cha.

EXERCISE.

arm in: was irrs nib; irm ~5

ship are: uni te/in Dist;inf»; iSu;

via an]? int?

ibip my is: if;ihs

8 TH E HE BR EW PRIMER

uni: inia h is in; inie‘ imjn inlaii

On the Sounds W W W 32U 3

3 at the beginning of a word is pronounced as u in rude .

E xample u—me,and not vu -me .

Tl at the end is pronounced as ach and not cha.

E xample—Iim ru-ach

,and not ru -cha.

v at the end is pronounced as si gn, and not gna.

E xample—Ill“: ya-do-agn.

W the dot show ing the sh and s serves for o to the

preceding letter, if such letter has no other vowel point.

E xample—W 3 the dot over the W serves for o as w ell as for

sh . The dot over W serves also as its own vowel,if w ithout

another vowel points, thus NJW the dot serves for o as well as for 8 .

Sometimes the W has two dots,thus W if it has no other

vow el point, the dot on the left is for the point and the

sound is sh .

E xample—1 3W sho-b ar b ut if it has another point, the dot

on the right is the point L. and the sound is s ; thus DWB bo -sam .

EXERCISE .

s‘

r the 175 n’

: he rib mm is : in

n'

w’

v was} ia'

e’

SILENT LETT ERS.

The letters InK have no SOImds in the following instances

AND READING BOOK . 9

N w ithout a vowel point.

73x32”, xi); N32 read without soundingthe N

71 w ithout a vow el point or dot in the centre .

E xample— ”PP, “jig ,

”WV,read w ithout sounding the n

1 when used for l or 4 to the preceding letter : as 433 1m“ read

w ithout sounding the l.

after ( a), and (T ), and between ( v )and 1 thus ”7E xample 31 3 , ”23 read w ithout sounding the

or ( 7 )befo re thus "7 or sounds as i . E xample

HS a-li .

l before thus ‘ l,as oi in voice. E xample

-ll” ho i.

4 before thus ”I,as u i in ruin. E xample gé

- ln- i.

EXERCISE .

On the Silent Letters 1 71 N’

N; N5 NEH tribal a; e‘s

’

w s q ; N5»; N3]? sin

flies on has w e Nit: an w e n o me

nh’

p men may,

an mtg; rig; rib; nzrnn newat;mm m

’

r ez’

anyn; mgm‘

rugs“

min aha, mgr?mgr i) m; inn-I mm in; irm ngi

-I minrun

ris ing: as N sii unis isnin ismmy umin mg inii snip in? itmin inst;

ring RN? 'iJ ~ use, a; m; n; nejs

1 0 T H E HEBREW PRIMER

W ords containing Compound Sy llables .

Observe , that if the consonant following the simple syllable be

a letter the sound of which is unheard,the syllable is simple and

not compound, as “73 n'

il’

EXERCISE .

wiiy ism 5s : miss flair train 573i; Sin; SN;

mgr) rials Iran way r ain nine Shir up

3m; ni-Iin T DD jig-

1 war; 373; NS Din: nrjrf

Sm fins Sim; min; am,my can-I ni

‘ae‘

m g win;“me any); are

‘

lib‘?

Compound Syllables continued.

A letter having two dots under it,thus ( z), called sheva, is

often joined to the simple syllable before it, which then becomes

a compound syllable .

E xample shim-ru,

”Q 3W shib-ta .

A simple syllable followed by dagesh in the middle of a w ord

also becomes a compound syllable, for the letter with dagesh

must b e read doubled.

E xample—“Viaas 10

,as

“

13 31 °

EXERCISE .

m s rehn aim“) app films ages

was an?mas mien airs

AND RE ADING BOOK. 1 1

EXERCISE .

W ords of Three Syllables .

cr-IS

'

I mete spi3 33’

n I33~I~

y 33mg min;7 7 7

njen'

s tem D’Lp’rj In st:

n~3i~ w ise DIIR n'

iit'jp

Y t"

qIINI-

I NIIn m3). pinsi n~7333

carry 09a nnsm rosin 3m; 3333 13333

3333“mi

; mm: regs 13m in

133233 ng‘zin Iin3w

‘

mes D’fijtl“t o:

ribs.

533 1 35m w as new name 1353-9

Before continuing the rules for reading, the following must

b e noticed

L—That the sheva (z) is sometimes sounded as e in op en,and

the letter under which it is placed is read with the followingsyllable .

E xample .

“ml? lo -meda

,and no lomed a .

2.-That a stroke

,marked thus called makkaph, is some

times placed be tween w ords to join them together.

E xample the tw o words are to b e read as one .

3.— That in every w ord not followed by makkaph the stress

of the voice must be either on the last syllable, or on the one

before the last if on the las t syllable , the word is said to have

the m ilrang accent and if on the one b efore the last, it is sa id

to have the milgnel accent.

1 2 T H E HE BREW PRIME R

In the bible the accent is shown by certain marks over or

under the letter,as {13 12 the mark A show s that the syllable P? is

to b e accented, and the w ord is milrang ; b ut in the w ord

the syllable N is to b e accented,and the w ord is milgnel.

4.- T hat a stroke

,thus ( I), called gangya or metheg, is

generally seen wi th the third point before the accent, or before

a sheva w hich is generally sounded .

E xample—‘Nfi, “1 3 17J Y . |Y

This stroke 1s equal to half of an accent .

EXERCISE .

main 3,33n-3y_ iI3

-l7s non

-N5 {Nan-mg i352

713W ns3 HNZIJ ? 7 J I Y 7 4 7

ll“ W 7 ? W ” W"

In.

7133 mmJ

'I ". A ! 1 ’

new 33me) 335 I33S3 33m,n~pi33 oi33.3

n ” r 4° “

i f

3333 WI?The Sheva ( z).

The sheva, as before mentioned,is sometimes sounded as e in

op en, and the letter under which it is placed must be read w iththe following syllable, as

‘ 23 béna,in which the 3 is read w ith

the l? and is sometimes silent, and the letter under which it is

placed must b e read w ith the syllable before it, as “ U N em-ru,

in which the D is read w ith the 3 °

The following rules w ill point out when the sheva is sounded

and when silent .

Always soundcd at the beginning of a w ord, and Silent at the

end of it.

E xample—DE“ véem, 3573 ma—laCh .

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1 4 TH E HEBR EW PRIME R

EXERCISE .

In this exercise all the words have the accent on the syllable

before the last.

113311113521: new

113513 3

E xception.

If the accent is moved from its regular position the sheva is

sounded .

E xample .—p1&:

1333 ; the word should have the accent

on the last syllable, b ut on account o f the following w ord

having the accent on the first le tter,that on the ”53 is moved

to the“

1 to prevent the two coming together, and the w ord is

ro -dé-fa,and not rod-fa .

EXERCISE.

In the following w ords, the former of the two has the accent

moved from its regular position.

D32: 1331: 13113 131313 wl 113313 33 13mg

2.—In the middle of a w ord the sheva is Silent after a short

vowel.

E xample .—'fi BDsif-ru .

EXERCISE .

3317732) 373135

13am

1331s 13131

AND READING BOOK. 1 5

Two Shevaim ( z) ( z).

Two Sh evaim cannot come at the beginning of a w ord ;when coming in the m iddle

,the first is silent, and the second

sounded .

E xample tesh-meru,“ D

imtel-medu.

W hen coming at the end both are silent.

E xample—T

512

3 yaft, 31W?! v a'

i -yeshb .

EXE RCISE.

apt?” “15° 12351493 W E E)

" MT ! ”

13353 M P 331 ” PW 133513:

EXERCISE.

On all the R ules of the Shem .

Observ . 1 . T hat as two shevaim cannot come together at the

beginning ofa w ord, the first is changed to a vow el-point, and the

second sheva is with some,read as silent ; w ith others , as sounded .

E xample the"I should have ( z), b ut to prevent tw o

shevaim coming together, it is changed to i,and some read

u -shémor,others , ush -mor .

2.— That when the sheva in the m iddle of a w ord might,

according to rule b e so unded, as w ell as silent read it as sounded .

E xample dab -bé’

ru,according to the rule o f dagesh ,

and no t dab -m,according to the rule of the short vowel.

11333311 13 1711. N31? 1331133 1351311 333

mar/ 11 13 1-11 pegs; 5s3ty

1,1313533 1133e

‘

m1

313111 131313 1351315 1331133 131131;

1 6 TH E HEBREW PR IME R

1119113 1 113

15113 131133313; 33133 11331911

,1333

11

31133 31553 ; 13311333 51315 1113

1 133

31133111, 3115141

111 13131133 131311 13111 13 133131

3131 311 W 11 111 11 3m.

"11113 53117

‘

13w’

11 133113 133235 1mm 3313121 111133

Semivowels or Compound Vowels

There are three short vow els ( r ), and sometimes joined

to the sheva ( z), thus (w ), ( r called compound vow els, or

sem i-vowels . These points are generally placed under the gut

turals 9 71 fl K to strengthen their sound,and are pronounced a

little quicker than when they are without the sheva .

E xample to b e read as tw o syllables , alo-heem,and

not three syllables a-lo -heem .

These points are sometimes seen under letters w hich are not

gutturals, and more particularly under the first of two of the

same letter.

E xample—3 13 11, 111331 ,

EXERCISE.

1113 11313? 3a 13313 D’léil 113 1315

131111513 1113133151111 3 1911 1313113

0. —0

131313115 1311 11111 13 11, 11213131: 1113111

33333 1333 11333Y

13533; 153 1: 131123 13 1315131“ 7 ; t

AND R E ADING BOOK. 1 7

Long and Short

As the long and the short ( r )have the same form,the follow

ing rules w ill point out the difference.

( v) is long, and pronounced as a in fa/r.

1 . U nder a letter with an accent, as 73 5, P3 7-AY

2 .—W ith or without an accent b efore the silent letters “ 1

E xample—mo?) x314 1

1

3.—Before a sheva that is sounded . E xample—133193

4 .—U nder a letter not followed by dagesh. E xample

—ll] ;

( v)is short, and pronounced as o

1 .—W hen without an accent it comes before a. letter having

dagesh as

2.—W hen without an accent, it comes b efore a silent sheva

,

as

3.—Before the last letter of a w ord w ithout a vowel point

(excepting N and n) the accent at the same time b eing on the

syllable before the las t. E xample—31931 1‘l J? “

4 .—W hen followed by makkaph ( excepting x and 11 be

before the E xamples.—*

3m1i

EXERCISE .

11131331135131 111313 3333 133

111-1 : 11 3: 111119 11311

11111

111 113 4 - 7

31111 1 31311 131 11 1333 1

3313113315 1313313

-5311-

311w 113131C

THE H EBR EW PR IMER

Long and Short Chin'

s/z.

The (7 )without 1 foll owing is also sometimes long and some

times short.

To distinguish one from the other the same rules will apply

as those just given for the long and short ( v), m'

z. long with an

accent. E xample—11539 9 3 before a sheva that is sounded, as

"til and under a letter not followed by dagesh, as TllDRD

short before a silent sheva,as 4103, and before a dagesh , as

"

In“

EXER CISE .

R ead the following words and say whether the is long or

short 2

1131133 1113111 1JW; 113331

111111.

DAGESH.

A dot in the centre of a letter, as before explained , is called

dagesh .

The letters“

1 13 n 71 do not admit of dagesh The dot

seen in n at the end o f w ords,is not called dagesh , but

Dagesh is of two kinds , single and double. It is single when

it comes in any of the lette rs 11 D 3“l J 3 at the beginning of

a w ord,or in the middle and end of a word after a Silent sheva.

E xample.131 735 03

,the 3 fl 3 have the single dagesh .- 1

r ’

It is double, when it comes in any letter in the middle of a

word after a vowel point.

E xample—3 1

,the dagesh in the 3 is double .

AND R EADING “

R OCK. 1 9

The Single dagesh (as stated page 2)Changes the sound of theletters 11 D D 3

,and the double dagesh, causes the letter to be

sounded twice , as dabber. The use of the double dagesh is

to supply a letter that is omitted as ll?“ for the 3 beingomi tted . It is however often seen after a short vowel, or a longaccented vowel to give the letter a better sound.

E xample 11 133}

EXERCISE .

R ead the following w ords,and point out what letters have

the single, and what the double dagesh .

3 113 3113113 11 1113 333 3131 3133 331333

1313 33313 3 13 1311: 33331 11133113 131113 33133 3

5133113 1311291? 131113 11311333 11333 133113 3 333

13133113 113513 13135 113333 1333 13353 113113311

31133313 11331113113333 333115 11331

1

,1333; 3333

13113313 113313 113113 1 31313 51333

z333113 35

11135313131:

11313 533 31

113133

Should any of the letters 71 D D"I J 3

, w hich take the single

dagesh, follow a silent letter, then the dagesh is omitted : thus

in the w ords ”35,the TI beginning the W ord should,

according to the rule,take the dot

,b ut it is omitted in conse

q uence of the w ord that precedes it ending in the letter

whi ch is silent.EXERCISE .

1133133 1251 3 13133 11111111 13 113 1113

1 1333 313113

20 TH E HEBR E W PRIME R

1333313 11113 13 33 1

3 313311133171 3333

11313 1113 31333 1111311 3 1133 1131 31 1153 113331

z3n113 1p113 331313333 3 11311 3 13113 13131

Observe—T o the rule just given, there are two principal

exceptions.

1 .— If the letters 1 n be sounded, or K

,follow a silent

sheva.

E xamples 31151313 1 131, 33 1

13 11331, the n in the

first example has the dagesh , because the having a mappik is

sounded the n in the 2nd example has the dagesh because thel is sounded ; and the D in the 3rd example has the dagesh

because the N of the first w ord follows a silent sheva.

2.—If the formerword is separated from the latter by a pause

accent.

E xample 11331, the a has the dagesh b ecause the accent

on the first w ord is a pause accent.

EXERCI SE.Say, why the latter w ord has the dagesh .

The accents marked on the w ords of this exercise are pause

accents.

11123 1 31 1153 11

1

11.1

3331313,

11135 353 1 1311 1153 11311 1353 111351513 131113 13 I 313113

13 331111 131391;

The single dagesh after a sheva is also omitted, if the vowel

before it is in the place of sheva.

E xample the point under the 3 should b e sheva, but

22 TH E H EBR EW PR IMER

2.—W hen ending in a letter that is sounded w ith a short

vowel before it,if such short vowel come either under a dageshed

letter or after a sheva. E xample z—Qfi l, “9 23°

EXE RCISE .

1333; 1133 1333 11313 313131 333

mm? 37292913

3a—W hen ending in a silent letter (not preceded by as

either belonging to the w ord or immediately joined to it.

E xamples

1313 1133 1333 351 3311Note—W hen added has no signification, or when it denotes

the o,the accent is milgnel and not milrang : as

or nigfit, eafrth, 71316 to the earth.

EXERCISE .

13331 1131 3 133311353 1

1111, 1333

4,—W hen having the following syllables added at the end.

13 3:

E xamples

333115 1133 111 333 33

EXERCISE .

1311533 11313511 13

1335 3311 111, 3313

13“

33113? 313333

5.—W hen having H added at the end w ith ( z) before it.

E xample z—fl

'

lf-i"?

EXERCISE.

AND mam as: 130051. 23

W ords have the Accent 03 the Syllable before the

last, M ilgh el.

1 .—W hen ending in a letter that is sounded

,after a Short

vowel,if such vowel does not come either under a letter w ith

dagesh or after a sheva.

E xamples—1 133111 323. 1115.

EXERCISE.

1333 313 351 35331 3111 3113 311131

13331

2.—W hen having the following syllab les added at the end

,

13 3 33 1111

7

and 1 after a vowel point.

33311 13113 3 113 13131111: 331133 11335A

‘

E xE R CIsE .

131333 33335 1111153 11333111133

3133 3113 1331311

1 13111313 3 11111 13

113113 1131553

W hen the former of two words has the accent milrang, and

the latter on the first letter, that on the former ismoved to prevent

two accents coming together, as P13 WT? (See page

TH E HEBREW PRIME R

EXERCISE.

1153311 311131311, 13

15313

321 35 13131,

W ords not read as they are written.

Two yods pointed thus 1 I, or 1113 pointed thus is read

Tm mn’pointed thus m?" is read D’tl

lmo ma is read as x13.

E xencrsn.

113;11311 1311111; 3151

1 3311 1; 31133

1 1313 11311315Division of the Letters.

W ords in their simple form consist of three letters, called

radical letters or the root .

Letters added to the root are called prefixes and affixes ; prefixes at the b eginning, a nd affixes at the end.

E xample

313515; 13353 3 5are radicals, the N is a prefix, and the 1 an affix.

The following eleven letters are used as prefixes and affixes

13 3 1 3 5 3 1 1 a

Four of these (W 53 N)are prefixes ; the othersmay be either

prefixes or affixes. These eleven letters may also b e radicals.

R oots

31 1 333‘

l’


Say what letters in the following words are radicals, what

prefixes and what aflixes

3133113 3133331 3311

11331 33m 313311t .

INTR ODU CTION TO TRANSLATION.

R emarks and E xercises on each of the Parts of Speech.

TH E AR T ICLE

The indefinite article a or an is understood, as 1 50 a book,

The definite article is expressed by the following prefix to

the noun .

followed by dagesh ; Q or 7} before"IVn“R .

E xample hing , the king ; ”Dmountain,mountain ; 1312cloud, 73951 the cloud.

E xnncrss .

Trans late the following words

3113 113133

day

Prefix the article to the following words 3

313 3535 35 31word stone heart 7lamp

31m7 7 “ 7 7 ,

26 TH E H E BRE W rem it

TH E NOU N.

Nouns have gender, numb er, and case

Gender.

There are two genders, masculine and feminine . The noun

is masc uline without the following affixes, and feminine with

them.

3 1 P1

_E xamples of feminine nouns glory, “93“m y

131321: youth, 3 15313 end.

E XE RCISE .

Say if the following nouns are masculine or feminine ?

711199. 3113 1313 3313

crown understanding house shame pit morning

353 1313113 353kingdom fat covenant milk beginning door

The following names are in the masculine gender, with or

without the affix .

Names only applied to males, as father, prince.

Names of nations,as Israel.

Names of rivers, as Jordan.

Names ofmountains, as H ermon.

Names of metals,as 331 gold.

The following names are in the feminine gender with or

without the affix

Names only applied to females, as 08 mother,

Names of countries and cities, as 1 4356 Assyria, H ebron~

Names of the doub lemembers of the b ody, as 113 car, 131! eye.

AND RE ADING BOOK. 27

Give the gender of the following

333 1 ”PD

Sinai

513foot H edekel

Namber.

There are three numbers singular, plural, and dual.

Dual is used in nouns that express anything double, as hands,

feet.

The singular has no aflixes the plural has D’ if the noun

is mas culine mor n“

if the noun is feminine.

E xample—fig? word

,singular ; words, plural UN

mother, singular ; 71173115 mothers, plural.

T he dual has DL—whether the noun is masculine or feminine.

E xample . lip , D’DB

'

W lips , dual ; 05” day, two

E XE RCISE .

Say whether the following nouns are in the singular, dual,or plural number, and ifmasculine or feminine ?

131111 19 D3 11, was

two years rmgs cities

walls

E XE RCISE .

Afiix the plural numb er to the following w ords'

Note.—In the exercises, letters in parenthesis denote thechange of points before putting the affix.

Name of a river.

28 TH E H E BRE W PRIME R

3313 ( 53) 333 (13) 313law b ook garment

(111) (111) 3111 (1131 3113

girl b oy

Observe.—In the above words ending in n

“

; the 1 7 must be

dropped b efore the plural is formed .

Affix the dual to the following nouns.

Note—The points are changed before putting the aflix, as

seen below the E nglish word.

1353,5111 33

"

133 11 :shdoor oe hand knee thigh

1353 33 333 331

Some nouns are found only in the singular as VP smnxmer ,

301 gold others only in the plural as youth ; others onlyin the dual as water.

Case.

Case is not made by any change in the noun, but is expressed

by certain words before the noun, or letters prefixed to it.

There are five cases : nominative, genitive, dative, accusative,

The nominative has no Sign.

The genitive is equivalent to the possessive, known by $10 of.

The dative is known by 515 to,or 5 to orfor.

The accusative is the objective after the verb, and known

by MS.

The ablative is known by 179 or 71?from, and by 3 in, with, by.


Absolute and Constructive Form of the Noun.

A noun coming by itself and not depending upon anothernoun,

is said to be in the absolute form . A noun joined to another,and

depending upon it, is said to b e in the constructive, as"GE

,word,

absolute,

33 11 a t word of the king ; is in the construc

tive form

T he constructive form is known in the following manner

Nouns of the singular number not ending in fl “

: orn“

, gene

rally change one or two of their points forthe constructive form,

as “I? a house, W W "11 13} the hou se of the man.

Nouns ending in n‘

, generally change into 71 and into

as 33? a shelter, 015W a shelter of p eace. Those ending In31 have no change, as, 11 357373 a kingdom ,

D’J-‘

ID 71251373 a, kingdom of pri ests .

Nouns in the plural masculine o r dual,drop the 73 and have

b efore the as 0 2? sons,

’3? sons of Israel, hands,

Dj tf”T the hands of man.

Nouns in the feminine plural ending in Til, have generally no

change as fi lm” walls,"

NZ? mm” the walls of the city.

Th e noun in the const ructive form does not take the article,as

“ The son of man”

is rendered by 033513 and not byD'

lx 130°

E XE RCISE .

Translate the following nouns

13 13113 11315

1333 3113

beginning earth judge people

D315 313513 3533 333man generations way

11113131: 3 3111 513 13111

our fathers help valour man

l ND RE ADING BOOK.31

E XE RCISE .

Put the first line of nouns in the cons tructive singular, and the

second in the constru ctive plural.

(33 ) 3333 311131 (331 3333 313 33g1 1

beauty salvation blessing joy trouble

( 1) 31 ( 131) 11

31 ( 115) 111: 1331) 3311 (31 13hand servant son

ADJE OTIVE S.

Adjectives are generally placed after the noun,as 113

,

"123 a

bad thing . They agree w ith the noun in having the article pre

fixed and in gender and number, as “Emi t? 72415 73 the great stone,3 1313 Emit: good men

, good women.

The gender and number of adjectives are known by the same

aflixes as the noun, namely, 17,for the feminine Singular, D

’

for the plural masculine, andmfor the plural feminine .

E XE RCISE .

Affix to the following adjectives the feminine singular and the

masculine and feminine plural.

(1 15131 ( 33113 313

small great evil good

Put the following adjectives in their proper form to agree

with the noun.

( 11 91131 3111 p13}; W 128. 1h .

great nations just men evil

53 13133 33 E 1 333 (11 51317

poor kine high the mountains the trials


Degrees of Comparison.

Degrees of comparison are f ormed by prefixes to the W ordfollowing the adjective.

D for the comparative, and 3 for superlative : as positive W323, young Comparative newWW }: gowngerthan I am ; superlative 71223 ” 11550 the gmmgest of the house.

E XE RCISE .

Translate the following w ords -a

5b: pupa any.) rig-

32;little gold 3 desirable honey

am am; 3933 fi rst;w omen ; lion ;

DH ): 331 Ding mm nits

they. and great strong he ; good

Nnmberst

Numbers are of two kinds, cardinal and ordinal ; Cardinal,as one , two , three ; ordinal, as first, second , third. Numbers

are expressed by w ords or letters ,"INSone, xone. Cardinal

numbers from one to ten have gender. The masculine have the

affix ”7 ,and the feminine have no afiix. One, two , and eight

are exceptions. One in the mascline is 7023, and in the feminine

”DIS two in the masculine is DEW, and in the feminine D313?

eight in the masculine is helm”; and in the feminine ”JlW .

T hese numbers have two forms, one called the ab solute , as

“W three, and the other the constructive, as ”62530 three.

AND RE ADING BOOK:

Cardr'

nalNambersfrom one till

Feminine.

mpg One

T wo

Three

3733s Four

Wm? Five

W ei

9329 Seven0

E ight

Nine

Ten

N ambersfrom one till ten inFeminin

mm:

me)

wep33s

manwe

we)

mime)

yen

e.

One

Two

Three

Four

Five

Six

Seven

E icrht

Nine

Ten

33'

ten in the AbsoluteForm.

Masculine.

3os as

our)

mate a

3233s a

rage

3mm; 4

3

”Rem‘w

33wrY T

the Constructive Form.

Masculine .

“

INN

we

nabs

hVB'

N

NWDH

new

“121W

nsew

32am

33wy

34 TH E H E BRE W PR IME R

The numbers from 1 1 to 1 9 are formed by placing the uni t

before the word ten,w ithout the conjunction 1 : as “PW

;three,

“

nagten,3mW 5?) thirteen.

For masculine, the masculine units of the absolute form are

placed before the w ord“

neg; and for feminine, the feminine units

mostly of the constructive form are placed before the w ord ”W 1!as w as fee first! fifteen men, we: mm.

rev /teen m m .

Cardinal Numbers from eleven to nineteen.

Feminine .

33mms

E leven

crewwTwelve

Thirteen

W ”2378

W ne'

er!

njwy.W W Sixte en

Seventeen W .7]i

33mgmine) E ighteen W 9, 3nHEW/Y. 372913 Nineteen W }?

The numbers from 20 to 90 are by

affixing D'“

to the word W l’ten, thus U ’W twenty , the other

tens by aflixing to the units,thus W512 three, DW thirty

the same form i s used for masculine and feminine . W hen the

AND READING BOOK. 35

units are j oined with the tens,the unit is sometimes placed

before and sometimes after the ten as W W ” 032W thirty-two

,

one} me’

oq fiflynwo .

Cardinal Numbers from twenty to ninety .

Twenty DW IWR1

:

Twenty-one D’Wm "

log N:

Twenty-two W W I our)

Twenty-three J

‘

D

Twenty-four

,cite. Dsjw‘ H ill “ 1

1

3

W 275?) 5Thirty-one

, &c. E lf/SW l WON N‘s

Forty wa s‘

D

mam-i‘

3

Sixty‘

D

Seventy mpg?) v

E ighty D’Jbt’)‘

5

Ninety anyw‘

n ‘

g

The numb ers 100 and upwards are expressed as follows

one hundred,

or I ND ( constructive form) two hundred

by firm“? whi ch is the dual form of and the others byplacing the feminine unit b eforemND whi ch is the plural formof ”59 : as fi lm? W5?) three hundred one thousand is expressedbyF152? two thousands by$ 556 whi ch i s the dual form of fl5§ the

others by placing the‘

masculine unit constructive beforethe plural of $157} as 1? t fl it/

[PW three thousand. T en thousand

86 TH E HEBREW PRIMER

is expressed by R331 or 71337,and twenty thousands by nm

’

xzn

the dual of

CardinalNumbers from one hundred and

One hundred nsz:‘

PTwo hundred runs):

‘

fi

Three hundred mam w

Four hundred mam pa ge 7 1

Five hundred nfixp w’

un "

1Six hundred nix}; w

’

w’

‘

D

Seven hundred mgr; ygzw

'

1E ight hundred mm; mbw

’

1]Nine hundred mm vein

‘

7’

One thousand at»;

Two thousand t hat»?

Three thousand D’DSN I'M/9”Four thousand D’D

‘Xj; 11 122118

Five thousand D rags: N WT)”Ten thousandD95

‘7N rfi

'

wyorx13",

Twenty thousand D’I‘

fi

Ordind l Numbers .

The ordinal numb ers from one to ten have gender, which is

thus formed first, has the regular affix in ”232510 ,feminine,

the others have affixed for the masculine and W ? for the femi

TH E HEBREW PRIMER

E xercise on theNumbersfrom ONE to TE N.

Translate the following numbers, and saywhether they are inthe ab solute or constructive form, and whether masculine or

feminine ?

meg we me any, up? mm.) avg

-ls new

Translate the following words

menne‘er;

o wn; oneonurj paw was n

‘

v

b ook man year day

meg: qr}0 meg var} 0 awn

-r o rm: 112329

lamb.

bird day

ruler) w e was ri1jn obi-l W

bull

mug} who were; heir} wp‘mmm) ‘

D’s'

E xercise on theN umbersfrom ELEVEN to TW E NTY.

Translate the following, and say if masculine or feminine :

anynest; mesawar} forme}; firs; fins

mop, W 0 anymbe’

wig/v new mm: m?

m nygzv mop lean


c an? ni‘rs his; rum aw? or aimwas

spoon


rim spa, dragoxen

musarr.nrr'

E xercise on the Numbers from TW E NTY to ONE HU NDRE D .

Give the numbers for the following words

own ways 0 warmour) n'pgws tar/Sr?‘ D’fdbm mgr? warn: was; b urr) oven

0 write o nward arms

Translate the followmg words

~ n~rfjp war/y D’Wbfl ms ‘z‘g we; infi rmpen

bo ard loops talent

drf'

r) nge’

nubrz’

: w’

nn w mlnrx’

i a vg-gs

year city

zn’n‘mfi ’

vnrf " P9.

king

E xercise on theNumbersfrom ONE HU NDRED and upwards.

webs nrz‘

rr‘

o

q‘gs mist; rim H im) who

“

w ins fi ts w e met» : fists,

mfrxz. moremiss prim nm

’

aw 0 “158 wrinmwas; q‘m

ates cube

us was “W ,

”is” "W

niyfi’mm.

”13W .

M W .

curtain cubits

40 TH E H E BRE W PRIMER


Spr; miss 1mm webs mw’

nisz; minr)shekel

‘ W are r‘

rr firms w ere 13 5573 fi rst!°

n~rhwe webs.h m») q s wig/3), films

horsemen sheep

zmrzmmiss var s WP?silver basins of

E xercise on the Ordinal Numbers .

Give the ordinal numb ers for the following words, and say if

masculine or feminine 2

” war? mete o w ” sir/r ” rte mar}

nrrrm mmrf 0 uri 2mmTranslate the following :

” than was o r sgm p c’

v prism,W'

Ll'

ltl

month

0 men fi rm 0ma wri te 0main r-m

’

nn

JOln

merit! 11 ” ?ean ephah

E xpress the following numbers in H eb rew . Those from 1 to

10 give in b oth forms and in both genders : thus 3,M , W

AND R E ADING BOOK . 41

absolute form masculine and feminine ; W ,“W constructive

masculine and feminine .

Those numbers, from 1 1 to 1 9, give in b oth genders thus 15,“

110 11 masculine ”70 9, W DTJ feminine. U nits added to

tw enty, and to the other tens, give in two forms one by placingthe unit before the ten

,and the other by the ten before

the unit : thus, 32, mrSw'

i our} or Burs

Note—Two or more numbers ab ove 1 9 connected together,have generally 1 affixed to each one following the first. (3 ex

presses the conjunction and,and is pointed in the following

manner - 1 generally, 4 before a sheva or before the letters

aa before ( 4 )3, before ( e), and 1hefore ( v z) as 20, burr,27mm rnr

’

127 we) Burr», firsts.

2,4,1 0

,1 5

,1 1

,1 2

,1 7 , 1 8, 26

,24

,30, 40, 90, 60,

100, 50, 1 80

, 1 62, 200, 1 098, 1 004,

396, 478, 763, 298, 400, 700, 900, 2000, 1 364, 3692, 4000,

E xpress the following by letters

2, 6, 4, 10, 1 9 , 1 6, 1 3, 1 2, 24, 39, 45, 53,

T ranslate the following ordinal and fractional numbers

2nd,3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th , 9 th , loth, 15th, one half, one third,

one fifth,one fourth, one eighth, 1 9th, 1 2th .

PR ONOU NS .

There are five kinds Of pronouns, personal, relative, possessive,


PER SONAL PR ONOU Ns.

Personal pronouns, like nouns, have gender, number, and case .

They have two genders, masculine and feminine, applied onlyto the second and third persons. Two numbers

,singular and

plural. Five cases, nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and

ablative.

The Nominative Case.

The nominative case is expressed by separate w ords, or by

prefixes and aflixes to a verb . If in the past tense, or in the

imperative mood, b y affixes. If in the future, partly by prefixes

alone,and partly by prefixes and affixes.

The nominative case by separate words

8 s .f. 3.e.m 2.s.f. 111.

umor urns wn ran as has us

we she orit, he or it, thouf . thou I I3.pl.f. s.pl.m. 2.pl .m. l .pl.

ass er t-3 nanoron runs or pas ans us

they they ye or you ye or you we

E XE RCISE .

Note—U se the present tense of the verb to be after the

pronoun when necessary.—E xample : 71735 thou, M1 2 holy ;

W ent thou a/rt hbly.

wan h e;0 am

th igh nunmails 0 3311 neg,

beautifu l, saw, good remember,

war-mxnus mgr-1p,wn on new 0 ms

true speaking,


h as o uronSs

'

rr‘

as wins: um omn 11m,

witnesses asking, b lessed

know .

I hear. You (m.)are righteous . They (m.)wise . She

cap-u organ

is bad. They ff .) give. You (m.) do W e are young.

mm mm: surly musThou (m.)art little. Thou (f )goest. H e visits . It (m.)

7

is long, It (f .) is large .

n‘g

'

fi ;

The nominative case as expressed by affixes to the past

Of a verb

DH 3) n D ”n

you (m.) we she or it (f ) thou (f .) thou (m.) I

l if“they you (f

Note—The nominative case of the third person singular mus

culine has no affix,but it is understood, as ”Q? he heard, “i? it

(m.)was .

E XE RCISE .

Verbs he kep t.

1 25,he visited.

Point out the pronouns in the following verb s, and translatethe pronoun and verb together.


v zn

we? may W imp;0m i ~ marf o

rig mm?7 “ 7

mar nmnr} 0 131 31 W ipe mam/r

Note—The words not in parenthesis are the roots those in

parenthesis denote the change of points before the nominative

is added .

You (m.) wrote. She approached W e took .

313; <e ) ring 11

I chose. They said. You (f ) asked.

(jug)an; (was)was (Saw) Ssrr‘

knew . Thou (m.)dwellest. Thou (f )sendest.

(91 1)V1 : (3e nfari

The nominative case as expressed by afiixes to the imperativemood of a verb .

n; q

you (f ) you (m.) thou (f)Note—The nominative case Of the second person mas culine

has no afiix as,

"1l loam thou.

E XE R CISE .

Verb s —’li!7 he burned.

3925he p owred.

W'

s? he clo thed.

Note—In this H eb rew exercise, and those following, where

the pronouns are expressed by prefixes or affixes to a verb , do

as directed in the preceding H ebrew exercise.

0

3151? same irfz‘p

0ngrfn‘;

” use 0


1111; we tr t r tr trOf us . Of her. of him. of thee f .) Of thee. ofme .

are Datr'

Dateof them (f ) Of them (m.) of you (f.) Of you, an

Note—This case is not found in b iblical H ebrew.

Dative Case.

The dative case is expressed by affixes to the letter‘7 to or

for or by affixes to the word to.

E xamples

o 1151s o 15 13511 15 1~5s o

1lg

o “as o 15to thee, (f ) to thee (m.) to me.

13 31514 o 11 15s 115to you (m.) to us. to her.

o nn‘a 13

1511 o

to them (f .) to them (m .) to you ( f.)

Note.-T he dative with 51s used to express the E nglish pos

sessive, as DD ’5 they are mine .

E XE RCISE

o 15 para o

1lp 11 115 115 o ha 1 31

H e swore To give H e brought Speak

o 115 o {as 1: 1r) 11515 as

H e will come Send R eturn H e

1

bamennr

‘m 1 1mg o o"7 3 111135 o 1161:Say Do

AND READING BOOK . 47

1111o my? 1131

W e waited It w as told H e gave

Take to me. Go out to them (m.) Listen to them (m.)

Come near to me. Build for me . E nough for him. H e will

l fi

for you (m.) It shall be for you. H e went to them.

Dv

n’n’ n

I will wait for them (f .) I lifted up to thee (m.)

51 11s mate;R ander the following pronouns in the dative as the possessive.

15 an 1151 o at-1 15 nn

The w ords expressing the possessive, must be placed first, asgim al

? and not15 41711 .

I am thine. The earth is mine. They shall b e his . It is

”JN rWNfl i’fl’ 8 371$ 1 7

hers . The kin is thine.

Accasative Case.

The accusative case is expressed by affixes to the sign Tm, or

by affixes to an active verb .

48 TH E H E BRE W PRIMER

E xamples

o nn’

s o 111 11 o or o

1 131:o 11111

her or it, (f ) him or it, (m. ) thee, (f .) thee, (m.)

o

me,

Dflnx 01'

DQN 131711: EDEN ”DR

them (m.) you (ff) you (m.) us,

1mm: or 11311them f.)

E XE RCISE .

111 1111 o 1113'

s 11 21o 1111: 11 151

o 111 11

I commanded H e blessed H e saw H e answeredo 13317117; 33113

onight 5315o 1311

'

s arr/ 11 nga'

s

H e loved H e ate DO

o 11 9 13)o

111 1: 1 135 11 111: N 17

,

H e forgot H e taught H e feared

Place it (m.) Take her. Keep them (m.) R ead it (f .)

we 1 1mH e killed him. They sent us. Break them (f ) Guard me .

1n‘7ri 1 1m

“

1 111;

To purify you

The accusative case expressed by afiixes to a verb

o 1.1 1.1 1 11 1 1 o 1: 1o ng 1

o ~1 ~

her or it,

him or it,

thee (f ) thee (m .) me,

o numo 1:o n:

them (f ) them (m .) you you (m.)


E XE RCISE .

Note l .-The verbs in this exercise are the same as those

given in the exercise on the nominative case .

2.—In this and in the follo ‘

w ing exercise the translation of

the nominative case,as w ell as that Of the accusative

,is omi tted .

o 1~11 1 31 ” smart o o 1.1 1 QE 11 31o

11nd :o 1n1 31s 1 1111 51 1 3111 1 1311

o 1311-11 31

”Japan nurse mars unaware

z 1111 13w‘

11 o n1 311 o n31 311o

111psy

Note—The numbers after the w ords denote which affix is to

be used when there are more than one thus,him is expressed

by five affixes,1,therefore show s that the first one, 5, is to be

used 2, that the second one,

1,is to b e used.

I left them (f ) They pursued me They caught l1 a.

( 1 . 3111,o (2. 51 1 ) 11 1

o teen)teenI Shall give it (m.) Thou hast proved us. I have made it f.)

5. 1119o (2.

imp nwy o

H elp me . I chose them (m.) H eal us .

( 9 W132) WIS1 ( 1 T 1 ! )”

1D? R QW)m ‘

I called thee (m H ear me. R ewarding us .

( 1 . S11o ( 2. var} Sn;

They (m .)will serve thee (f ) Thou (m .) hast taken me .

( 1 . 1 3117 )o (2. npfg)

I have supported him. She w ill seek it (f )( 2 DQD),

“

IQ? (3. W133 “ ) WP;

D


The Ablatz'

ve Case.

The ablative case is expressed by affixes to the letter 3 , signi

fying in, w ith, by, on, 50, (to. ; ~or by affixes to the letter73,sig

nifyingfrmn.

“3 ms in a; asin us, in her, in him

,in thee

,f in thee, m . in me .

ma rams or a; cmin them

,f in them ,m . in you ,f in you, on.

agar.) was alps as; up ;from her

,from him

, from thee,f . from thee

,m . from me,

Dfib 1373 13373 D313 037373 33730

from them,f . from them,m. from you,f from you, m. from us.

E XE RCISE .

supra arm inmy; a; was; an; eggyou shall b uy. It grew I put H e read

"4; nor: w as.

mThey trusted R emove

a; arm‘

s/t was man

They w ill rej oice You w ill diminish

rags rm' was

,w

‘

w'

w

H e shall b e cut off. Seeking

W rite in it, m. Pass by it, f: They shall live by them,m.

31713 fi’n'

Far

amup};H e took

0 4;


H e dw elt in them,m. She fled from me .

as: are;

T ru st in him . H e came from him.

men is ;

Go out from me. I fell from it.

w t he;

R E LAT IVE PRONOUNS.

The relative pronounswho , which, and that are expressed by the

word "l’éftf , and by the prefixes W and n the latter fl is generally

prefixed to the participle, and is pointed in the same manner as

the article : as , ll)? “W8 W.

“m the man who gave, W W W D‘WX’Q Q

the works which were done , Rm he who visits . T hese pro

nouns have no change for gender, number, or case .

E XE R CISE .

as: W 13 1353 aim “

W IN ngs‘yea

he formed. The man he made The work.

mun s in T M Bro: marge? we

gives . descends . As the dew . is joined. As a ci ty

titan w e its newT he wagons w e found. The money.

The first three relatives express by“

l,

fixing W and the las t by prefixing nTl

H e delighted in us .

rso

There is not in me.

delightest.nbzv

'

W'

s

he sent.

the second by pre


The voice which he heard. Sons who were b orn. A

vs? rm; at :which he gave. The man who w ill eat. The law which he

ID? 133elw e mjm

gave . The w ord which he spoke. The people that are left .

m; w e m on?! W ;

The men who transgress . Nations who reb el.

D’EV'

JNFI ewe/is mu D’Wfllb7 "

1 7

POSSE SSIVE PR CNOUNS.

Possessive pronouns are expressed by aflixcs to nouns.

The following are the affixes when the noun is singul

”D r..

”Q ’IT ’I Whis or its

,m . thy,f . thy, m .

3 is e; 1; e: u n

their,f, their, m. your,f. your, m . our her or its, f .

The following are the aflixes when the noun is plural

w_ 19_

her,

his , thy,f. thy, m .

Unl BDL

their,f . their,m. your,f . your, m .

E xample of a noun masculine w ith the possessive pronounsafiixed.

Singular.

a word, absolute .

"DH: word of, constructive .

l'lfl”! “93?

his w ord, thy word,j . thy word, m~ my word,

54 TH E H E BRE W PR IME R

pinup amiss wnfiaa w as

your w ounds, your w ounds,m. our wounds, her wounds,

praise amnizatheir w ounds,f their wounds , m.

E XE RCISE

w) rva

a song, a law , a house,

2m? we umja‘mj in my

;” ND

was are) aw, iam’

wn " WW iwa

was; warns-fin amp, arr-re ans

-M n

we) awn'

fi‘m raga

“

‘

qfn

'

m‘

m

Nata—The numbers denotewhich affix is to b e usedwhen thereare more than one ; where no number is marked use the first.

thy (m.)mother.

E xample— 2 73xmi q is the affix for thy, known by the 2.

My son. H is mother. H er daughter. Its (m .) nest.

(33) 13 (73 N) DR (H 3) 173 ( JP) IQ

Their (m .)hand . Our land . Thy (m.)stranger. Its (f )1 1 ms ) (as) as

pr oduce . Thy (f )voice . H is people . Thy (m .)

(manna)mean Sip (an) ap,maid . Its (m.)vessels . Its (f )pillars .

(mew) nnaa‘ (53> “ya mayTheir (m.)j ourneys. H is garments . Their (m .)burnt-offerings .

(yea)ya; E 1513)


H er inhabitants . Its (f .)blood.

(arr) aw (aspas,

T hy (f ) iniquity. H is tent.

(2 gig.

) fix; (2 53 s )Sns

DE MONSTRAT IVE PRONOUNS .

Demonstrative pronouns are expressed by separate words .

0 “Sn mtg fir m as:

this,f this

,m . this

, f.

zhs ° a$sthese or those com.

The personal pronoun 3 1” is often used as a demonstrative

pronoun : as Km” 01137597} that p lace, 071? D’DZ? in those days.

E XE RCISE .

Note— W hen the demonstrative is before the noun,express

the w ord is or ar e after the pronoun as,”I

'

m” mil this is the

law .

h iahfin n‘asgenerations

0 17571mg;

”W ED: m 0 an;I proved .

aimm warmm heis t; hair

day. w ord . w oman.

f arts when ”ma “ W i lt?M an Countries

D‘ W'

JSC'° s ~nn my; 4 : ah a

M en At time Generation


Note.—In the following exercise use “I, 71 14? to express this,

and 71535 to express these ; place the demonstrative after the

noun. and prefix the article b oth to the noun and pronoun as

as man his rims

This b oy. This child . These cities. These judgments .

an: 75' any, wager;

This girl. These laws. This commandment.

mfy: main

INTE RROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

0 ”Qo ”D o nn 0 On

.

W hat ? W ho ?

“9 is used before anN, and “73 before lln'

E XE RCISE .

as: rip: vs, mg: ansought profit

fills 9D 0

asins” rm

hath begotten have I done

algan n

iazi smh as -mg' v -: t : Iv

said

W hat did he answer him? W ho will contend with me?

an: w e

W hat have they seen?

is“

;

0

a? VD.

told

0 “mdid he speak .

fits -

as


W hat is thy name ? W hat did he say . W ho made thee

we was wasW hat shall we do.

new:

DISTRIBUT IVE AND l NDBrINIr E PR ONCU NS.

The following words express the above pronouns of the E nglish

language.

W ’i‘S each .

55 59 every, any, all, whole.

it? or the prefix 7? some of.

max other,another

, sing.

n'

nnx D’W ‘S others, plur.

each other.

“GS one .

"ms; Ni)

‘aflrjggtm; l’ii l

’

l‘fi none.

rigs; mafia at; such.

the one— the other,one another.

“ 131 many.

Note—All and every are sometimes expressed by the repeti

tion of the noun and some and each are frequently understood

and not expressed.

E XE RCISE .

0 m as m i j 23°

1e 5s; aunts amAnd called who toucheth . say

0

‘

mn W 's mm avg! ll? first;his sw ord. And they took people I w ill leave

rs0 ngfiy rs was}? as War/31

answereth. And they asked


H Q” nfifix DN 7173 N YDJU

he take . If Can b e foundwe; rs; an}

,

an Se a“

he setteth up he putteth

r‘yv, amine new Iran

upon him. thy honour And put of the hous e .

I w ill give to another, m .

H e put some of the blood.

ID?

None helpeth . W ho heard such,f . 3 . One shall say

any par) was “

and another shall call. W ho hath seen such, p .

w as we :

VE R BS .

Verbs have number, person,

mood,tense , participle, and form .

Number and Person.

Verbs have tw o numbers , Singular and plural , and three

persons in each number first, second , and third , expressed b y pre

fixes and affixes the former denoting the future,the latter the

past tense as explained in the cases of the pronouns.

M ood and Tense.

Verbs have three moods : indicative, imperative, and infini

tive two tenses, past and future the other moods and tenses

E ach shall give . All who hear.

0

pm anemiaThe one over against the other.

nmp‘a


found in the E nglish language are sometimes known b y con

junctions coming before the indicative.

To the infinitive the letters 0i? D 3 are often prefixed .

3

signifies in, a as,5 to , b from : as wipe: in visiting,map as

visiting, WlPQ‘? to visit

,TIDED from visiting.

The future tense is sometimes rendered as the past, and the

past sometimes as the future when '

I is prefixed to the verb as

was“ he will say .

“mainand he said,was he said ,

was? and he

will say .

Participles .

There are two participles : the present or active,and the

perfect or passive : as “7512? keeping ,1 173? kept, and may b e

declined w ith affixes like a noun,as unit), dzc. The participles

are frequently used w ith pronouns to express the present tense

as”3555I am learning or I learn

,s up

,fix I am called.

Intransitive verbs have no passive participle , and some have

neither active nor passive participle .

Form.

Form is the change a verb undergoes to express the various

modes of its action. An active verb has seven forms, three

active, three passrve, and one reflective the names of these

forms are

' S~yan “are $953 Bra or Sp

Evans ”was

E xplanation of each Form.

FIRST FORM 512? or 52.

Simply expresses the verb as"

W2? he visited.

60 T H E H E BRE W PRIME R

SE COND FORM fang,Is the passive of the 52 : as “29 3 he was visi ted .

T H IRD FORM

E xpresses the action with more power than the SRhe broke

,

"13W he shattered.

FOURTH FORM SE Es)

IS the passive of the 5115 as 73? he was shattered.

FIFTH FORM

Causes another to act : as'

lQ Ihe remembered, he caused

to remember

SIXTH FORM SY‘DCI,

Is the passive of the 53250”

DY? he was caused to remember.

SEVE NTH FORM 59 9 11 3,

H as a reflective signification as he sold,"1 30 11” he sold

himself. It Often signifies pretence or disg uise as pre

Observations on the Farms.

A verb that is intrans itive in the 52 becomes transitive in the5115 orwas as was p erished,

was he destroyed ,

(52)he stood, 3)he p laced .

Verbs in the are not always passive : as 112W.) he leaned

The sometimes expresses the action done frequently : as

333,he deceived, 333he frequently deceived ; and sometimes is

causative : as “QW he forgot, W W he caused to forget.

TH E H E BRE W PRIME R

Note 2.—In translating the verb WE? in each form , the general

signification is g ven,v iz .

,visited, was v isited, visited diligently,

&c. , but it mav here be Observed that in the $125 andi713? it is

generally rendered as numbered, and in the was numbered.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Past Tense.

SINGULAR .

image I visited

731 12? thou v isitedst, m .

1319? thou visitedst, f."112? he or it visited

she or it visited.

Future Tense.

SINGULAR.PLURAL.

wipes I shall visit"lips; we shall visit

w as thou shalt visit, 111 .“ Q?"you shall visit, 111 .

"125913 thou shalt visit, f. ngj ipenyou shall vi sit, f.

he or it shall visit “ Q?! they shall visit, In.

wipes she or it shall visit mwsppnthey shall visit,

‘

f.

IMPE RAT IVE MOOD.

SINGULAR . PLURAL.

HP? visit thou, m. “ Q5 visit you, 111 ;"IE? visit thou, f. ”nip? visit, you, f.

INFINITIVE Moon.

up; or wins to visit.

PART ICIPLE AcTIvE .

smcum s .

visiting , m . visit ing, m.

3 3255 or 113 1259 visiting, f. 1151 959 visiting, f.

PLURAL.

337 95we visited

you visited , m.

ln'

fl'

25 you visited , f.

they visited .

AND RE ADING BOOK.

PART ICIPLE PASSIVE .

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

“ups visited, m .

0“.n visited , m .

“ l ip? visited, f. n’

mps visited, f.

E XE RCISE .

Give the past tense of"

D! he remembered ; the infini tive and

imperative moods of he wrote, and the participles of 10?

he kep t.

Nata—In all the H ebrew exercises of the verbs analyse as

w ell as translate each word .

minis;° nnnn3 W JJD; “ man; must: ” lip?

wanna air wan: 0 ngs m new

man; magma m v'

” apes wipes wine’

s

I wrote . They kept. You remember. R emember ye (f )In remembering. I shall visit . You will visit. A s visiting .

Visit thou (m.) They w ill remember (f .) T hou shalt write .

From writing. R emembering (m. p l. ) W riting (f . p l.) R e

membered (f . sing .) Vis ited (f. p l.)

TH E NIPH GNAL FORM.

SIGN.

The pas t tense and participle have 3 prefixed, as

The imperative and infinitive have 71 prefixed, and the first

radical has dagesh , as “PEG.

The future tense has adagesh in the first radical, as “HQ?


If the first radical be 7 1’nnx,then the dagesh is omitted,

and the prefixes pointed with as new

E xample of the Niphgnal Form.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Past Tense.

SINGULAR .

”357 953 I was visited

thou wast v isited,

'

m.

thou w ast visited, f.

he was visited

she was visited

Future Tense.

SINGULAR.

I shall b e visited “E5? we shall b e visited

thou shalt b e visited,m . W 25 1?)you Shall b e visited, 111 .

”1 9551 thou shal t be visited,f. you shall b e vi sited

, f.“IE?! he shall be visited W F39

1they shall b e visited, 111 .

WPQB she shall b e visited they shall be visited, f.

IMPE R ATIvE MOOD.

SINGULAR . PLURAL .

be thou visited,In. be you visited, 111 .

be thou visited, f. b e you visited, f.

INFINITIVE M'

OOD.

”PRU to b e visited.

PARTICIPLE .

S INGU LAR . PLURAL.be ing visited, m . b eing visited, m.

“12? being visited, f. being visited, f.

PLURAL.

” 395? we w ere visitedamps; you w ere visited, In.

”Ll you w ere visited,f.

they w ere visited


E XE RCISE .

Give the future tense of “DE; the past tense of W0?) the“ T ,

imperative mood, the infinitive mood, and the participle of 3713.

rip pers my, 0 men harm“

P?”

maps; my; my fi re’

s warts

mass am en ism; m ar}:

It (f .)w as remembered . Being kept (m. Being visited

(f . They w ere kept. They (m.)shall be w ri tten. Be thou

(m.) remembered . Be you (f ) visited . W e w ere kept . It

(f )shall be written. They ( f.) will be visited . To b e re

membered. You (m )were kept.

T H E 5115 P IGNE L FORM.

SIGN.

A'

dagesh in the second radical throughout the whole form

as “PS. If the second radical be one of the letters fl vnn be,

w hich cannot take a dagesh , then the short vow el under the‘

first

radical is changed to a long vowel : as T1? The participles

have 0 prefixed .

E xample of the 595 P ignel Form.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Past Tense.

Visited diligently.

SINGULAR . PLURAL.$ 11 95 I 43795 w e

T47 95 thou , m . Dn'lRS you , 111 ,

R E E? thou, f. IBEQ B you , f.

”P? he or it, m. W e they

“325 she or it,f.

T H E H E BRE W PRIME R

Future Tense

Shall diligently vrs 1t.

S INGULAR .PLURAL.

"199 15 I we

thou ,m . you, m .

thou ,f. you , f.

he or it, m .“ P? they,m .

”F29 3? she or it, f.“3

7

1 99 13they, f.

IMPE RAT IVE MOOD.

Visit diligently.

SINGULAR .

PLU RAL .

“P9 thou ,In.

37 95 you ,In.

” 95 thou, f. you , f,

INFINITIVE MOOD.

“E25 to visit diligently.

PART ICIPLE ACT IVE .

‘ Jisiting diligently.

SINGULAR .

PLURAL.

U ’WPQDm .

may : mean f, fl'

fi pgn f.

PART ICIPLE PASSIvE .

Visited diligently.

E XE RCISE .

Give all the first persons of “32 he was short, he short

ened ; the second persons of “3? he broke, (59 5)he sha ttered ;

and the third persons of“

V9?he learned, (Li lla)he taught.


Translate

mush/s ma gs/n mater mums,mine) miss

-

gs mapsfi rst

“

" vat

I W ill shorten. T hey w ill shatter. You w ill teach . Teach

you (m.) T o Shatter. Shortening, p l.f Shorten thou, f

TH E PUGNAL FORM.

SIGN.

A dagesh in the second radical in all the form,like the

and under the first radical.

E xample of the 532?Pugnal Form.

INDICATIVE MOOD .

Past Tense.

W as diligently visited.

SENGU LAR . PLURAL.

I w e

thou. m. DEEP-5?you. 1 11FWD? thou, f. ”TIP?you, f.FP? he or it, m . me? theyn"lP? she or it

,f.

Future Tense.

Shall b e diligently visited.

SINGULAR.

"teas I a s ; w e

thou, m . VIPDTJyou ,m .

“was then. f. wa s}?you.“P9 : he or it

, In. “ P? ! they, m.

she or it,f.


INFINITIVE MOOD.

“P5 or “P? to be diligently visited .

PARTICIPLE .

Being diligently visited.

PLURAL .

E XE RCISE .

Give the plural of the past tense of the participle and

future of"IDS and the infinitive mood o f 732'

Translate

s ome were m at ‘ DB‘RR

“ new o ne:

” 11 73‘n flaps

W e w ere taught. They were Shattered . It (m )was short

ened. It (f )was taught. She w ill be Shattered. Being taught

(sing . fl) Being taught (pl. m .) To b e shortened.

TH E H IPH GNE L FORM.

SIGN.

The past tense, imperative and infinitive moods,have npre

fixed ; the future prefixes are pointed with the participle

active 79, the participle passive 79, or Q'


PAR TICIPLE ACTIVE .

Causing to visit.PLURAL.

D’TPD’Q m .

ii i-resinf,

PARTICIPLE PASSIVE .

Caused to visit.SINGULAR .

usem.

wa s? r.

E XE RCISE .

Give the first person, singular and plural, past and future

tense,of the verb 29317 he clothed the imperative mood, second

person, masculine and feminine singular of 322?he lay down

and the infinitive and participles of 32? he rode.

Translate

0 insert.

0 mm 0 nnwpsn rugv‘

s'yia webs

mums“

Misha W niwpsno nam us e}:

Cause thou (m .)to visit. H e shall cause to clothe . W e Shallcause to ride . Causing to visit (f ) To cause to lie down.

You (f )will cause to lie down.

TH E 5273? H OPH GNAL FORM.

SIGN.

The past tense, infinitive mood and participle have 7) or Qprefixed, the future prefixes pointed ( v) or ( a).

AND RE ADING BOOK.

E xample of the 5M ? H ophgnal Form.

INDICATIVE M OOD.

W as caused to visit.

SINGULAR.

I

thou, IILthou

,f.

“PP? he or it,In.

she or it, f.

Shall be caused to visit.

SINGULAR . PLURAL.

“29 15 I

“P93 thou, m . you, H i .

” PW ,“ thou ,

f. you, f.

7 P?)he or it,In .

“ P? they, In.

W EBshe or it,f. they, f.

INFINITIVE M OOD.

“P5? or"mi-Z)? to be caused to

PART ICIPLE .

Being caused to visit.

SINGULAR. PLURAL .

was In.m es-3 m .

mesaf.

PLURAL .

w e

you, H i .

you , f.

“ PP? they


E XE RCISE .

Give the second person singular and plural , masculine and

feminine,of the past tense of 33“ the third person, singularr

? )

and plural, masculine and feminine of use} ; and the infinitive

and participle of WQP.Translate

w as; 71933113 trims mar/n

W e will b e caused to ride . T o b e caused to ride . You (f )w ill b e caused to visit. She was caused to clothe . W e were

caused to lie down.

T H E H ITH PAGNE L FORM.

SIGN.

The past tense, imperative and infinitive moods have nupre

fixed,and the second radical has a dagesh (being formed from

the 595) the future tense has 71 after the prefix ; the participleDD

Observe—If the first radical b e W 3 DI, this form undergoes

some change if D, or 25, the n is placed after the first radical,as fo r warrant, asses formono if x

,the n is changed

into D,and if 7 into 7

,and both are placed after the first radical ,

as for pump, for ZPIUP'

E xample of the H ithpagnel Form.

INDICATIVE M OOD .

Past Tense.

Visited or inspected oneself (reflective).

AND RE ADING BOOK.

SINGULAR .

“ W EED? I

thou,m .

fl'

TPan-"l thou

,f.

7 17 9 1“ he or it , In .

she or it, f.

Shall visit, &c .

S INGULAR .

spans I"leans thou,

thou,f.

“P50”,he or it, m .

“P573“ she or it,f.

IMPE RAT IVE MOOD .

Visit or inspect thyself.

SINGULAR .

PLURAL.

“PEP? thou, m .

“ PEN? ye, In.

“ PPR“? thou, f. N JPPW Iye, f.

INFINIT IVE M OOD .

”P513?! to visit or inspect one’

s self.

PARTICIPLE ACTIVE .

Visiting or inspecting one’

s self.

SINGULAR .

PLURAL .

“P5 72"? In.

DE PPDD 11 1 .

W ant , meant: f. fungal-

gr; f,

73

PLURAL .

lJ'

IPPUP w e

DBTPPPD you, H i .

IM P-E3W you , f

“ PPDU they

PLURAL .

“PP“ ? w e

you, m .

nfl PQDDyou , f.

“ pant they,m .

nfl PPDP they, f.


E XE RCISE .

Give the participle of 1 79? he kep t the past tense of 1 279 he

sold and the infinitive and imperative of 1 73? he hid .

Translate :

wanes unison manna

3 D’WDDfiD ngjnav‘n WE ED)

To sell one’s self. H e kept himself. W e shall hide our

selves . She is keeping herself. You are selling yourselves.

NOTE S ON TH E R E GU LAR VE R BS.

l .—Kal. In the past tense the second radical is some

times pointed w ith and sometimes I. as to delight and‘m; to b e able .

2.—In the past tense second person sing. fem. and in the

participle Sing. mas. the third radical,if H orV

,is pointed w ith

as 0gu, GDP? The second radical of the participleis sometimes pointed W ith as ”PM.

3.—In the future tense and in the infinitive and impera tive

moods, the second radical has instead of J. as JPW S ; this

occurs if the second or third radical be h orDas

new;

4. nare sometimes added to verbs W ithout changing theirmeaning 31 to the future tense and imperative mood, to

the participle masculine singular, and 3 to the future : as W IPES

for t ags, nine for flier}, am forwe), P312“

. form ax.

5.—The prefixes of the future are pointed w ith or ( a)


before ”FINN,and the (z)of the first radical is changed to

( r 71 512 1171

6.—Niphal . The infinitive sometimes has 3 prefixed instead

of n,as sin?)

7 .— The J prefixed to the past tense is pointed w ith ( a)

before vnns, as

8.—Pignel. T he second radical paSt tense has sometimes

as for

9 .—H iphgnel. The second radical in the future tense is

sometimes pointed w ith instead of as for

1 0.—H ithpagnel. The D is sometimes omitted, and a dagesh

placed in the first rad ical, as for

I R R E GULAR VE R BS.

Verbs are irregular w hen their first radical is J, when any o f

the silent letters"I 71 N forms parts of their root

,and when the

second and third radical s are alike 3 if of the first class, they are

called defective,of the second quiescent, and of the third double

as,2922is defective, D

'iP quiescent, and 32? double.

E XE RCISE .

Say to W hat clas s the following verbs belong

w,has me in: up: Jaw

DE FE CTIVE VE R BS.

Defective verbs are principally known by having the J omit

ted and a dagesh in the letter following the prefix, in the future


of the Kal, in the past tense and participle of the Niphgnal, and

in all the H iphgnel and H Ophgnal : as Kal we: for rage,Niphgnal W} ? for H iphgnel W

350 for W ’EQ U , and H ophgnal

win fo r ”in; the J is also omitted in the imperative of the

PP, as W? for “ 43 ; and sometimes in the infinitive , the latterhaving 11 affixed

,as nit? the other parts of the verb are

regular and conjugated like WP?

E xample of a Defective Verb, W}? he approached.

It being presumed that the prefixes and affixes for the pro

nouns are thoroughly understood, the examples of the irregular

verbs are given W ithout the E nglish .

Future Tense

Imperative.

or me); av’

a is} ; v‘

s or

rare3 Past Tense

KAL.

Pas t Tense regul

v’

r trim rigs

me gs avg: mean

w e. we

Participles regular.

N IPH GNAL.

a ; aria: 131253;

was lake‘s;


Note l .—The 3 is retained if the second radical of the verb

b e ll 71 n S (which cannot take a dagesh), as YSJ’. from l

’lS J P73?”

from P”) from “ 73 3 from‘

v ’

2.—The infinitive of verbs having 1’ third radical is some

times pointed w ith as “Vi from

E XE RCISE .

Give it'll -2w ith the affixes 33 and in all the active forms,

viz . Kal,Pignel, and H iphgnel, and in the second and third

persons, future of all the passive forms viz . Niphgnal, Pugnal,

and H ophgnal ; give also 532 he delivered, with the pronounsI, thou ,

he, past tense of all the reg ular forms , and DP; he

a venged, with we, you ,they, of all the irregular form s.

Quiescent Verbs having Nfor their first R adical.

Verbs,w hose first radical is S , w hich , on account o f being a

guttural does not admit of a dagesh or a single sheva, have the

prefixes and the letter follow ing the prefixes, pointed differentlyfrom the regular verbs, in all forms except the Pignel, Pugnal,and H ithpagnel ; as Kal PEN”, Niphgnal PEN

” H iphgnel P’JN’

H ophgnal 52253.

E xample of a Quiescent Verb with N for itsfirst R adical.5215 he ate .

KAL .

Past Tense regular.

th an 53s: SashLas t J

pgx’

n Sash Future T enseng‘

gpx’

n rant mtgs'

n

Imperative PB S Infinitive and Participles reg ular.


NIPH GNAL .

3359215? time: w as : Past Tense

11153152 new7335

” 5353 Future Tense

“Assn 15mm

Imp erative.

ngvnxn 153m 153175111

nivgx; t rfigm nSDxJ am7 7

PIGNE L and PU GNAL regular.

H IPH GNE L.

1mm mirag e 513m m'

mm was; ”th an Past Tense

1512153 mam ne‘

p sp(”mm "W33 3“ 5‘ 3Nn {

7 338 Future Tensengbgsn 15mg; 71952513 151mm

Imp erative.

“95m” 15mg ” 1mm 593521

Infinitive.

51mParticip le Active.

11 15133 19 0 ‘5’DSD firm 5133 19

Particip le P assive.

11 15x 113 nvbngm nSnxn 5951;

H OPH GNAL .

as?“ Sgggn lat

n‘

p gg;113153153 Past Tense

ab gm 111535; nasy a


$5:“73239

532513 531515 Future Tense“ 522513 15a : 15mm

Infin itive.

525m

mum wa s 5959

H ITH PAGNE L regular throughout .

E XE RCISE .

Give 53“ w ith the prefixes J and F1 in the future of the regularforms

,and w ith the affixes 13 and DB in the past tense of the

Kal,Niphgnal , and H ophgnal ; and say what part of the verb

are the follow ing words‘m mn 153g: 13171533 Began

‘mén ‘mgaGive the verb “ENS he said, w ith the pronouns, I , she, it in

the past tense of the active causative form and 319 5 he gathered,

w ith thou (m ), and you (f ) in the imperative of the Pignel,

Niphgnal, and H ithpagnel.

Quiescent Verbs having Nfor their last R adical.

Verbs whose last radical is N have their second radicalpointeddifferently from the regular verbs, and the ti in most persons

without a point as 1mm:

E xample of a Quiescent Verb ibith “1for its last R adical.8379 he found.

anm w e we; mum rat s? Past Tense

113 19 user? enter?twp; R373”?

”SW B NYDB N15?“ Future TenseT Y

ngxppn 719x39 1; mans


“i f“? mm “3?

Infinitive and Participles regular, except in the third person

singular feminine of the active, thus new ,not nests .

NIPH GNAL.

wag; h ave;111mm; Pas t Tense

mm; 113x319; unsung 41x39 ;

Future and Imperative regular , except before the affix ”a as

future “QNE QB ; imperative Infinitive and participle

also regular.

P IGNE L.

ass ign again; xasn mam 13x31;11min; Past Tense

1x31; mam urge-31g

Future and Imperative regular, except before the afiix fl; as

Future “ENE’

Q N' Imperative Infini tive and Participle

PUGNAL.

new; nae -

gm use 11x 13q“mx Past Tense

were new.

nine

was m e see: are? me was Future T ense

mama age-rug figs-ma assign

Infini tive and Participle regular.

H IPH GNE L.

7&s K’mfll nxmn 0330 75 "1m Past T ense

310 37371 Inflmn Ennis?“ ”Kw?

wxnn wan: ’R * ‘5QB R ’ESQB 10 31398 Future Tense

01 2o ixl l’ft?! 31;m QN’SQ B 30 379?

G


Imp erative .

”3x39 ” lN’liDU

Infinitive and Participles regular.

H OPH GNAL .

use; 71 105793 J'

JNXKPQ11is Past Tense

were? em u w as

see; New we: w ere m e sees Future Tense“geese we: ”gees e w ere

agnn

Particip le .

11 1w 0 133193 muxun

H IT H PAGNE L

neg-319m seem manna nee-mm wanna Past Tense

manna w anna DDNXDW ansmna

Note l .—Verb s having the second letter of the root pointed

with retain the thus W K}? from N22) .2 .— Some verbs end in n in the infinitive mood

, as fromsin.

E XE RCISE .

Give N3? in the second person feminine plural of the futurein all the forms 5 in all the first persons of the reflective form

and in the infinitive and participle of all the passive forms.

Give also the verb N1 ? he crea ted, w ith the pronouns I , thouand she in the future of the Niphgnal and NP,

he called,

w ith the pronouns we and they, in the pas t tense o the Kal

and Niphgnal.


Quiescent Verbs having 71for their last radical.

Q uiescent verbs w ith 71 for their last radical have the F1

omitted or changed into 71 or in some parts of every form ;

omitted in the past tense third person plural, as $233, 453; in

the future and imperative before the affix aor 1 : as 4552,$91,"7313 4550 , 455 ,

”55, and in the participles (except in the

masculine singular), as I'

fifi,

3175, W 513,

It

is changed into 11 in the past tense third person feminine sin

gular, asfifl

‘PJ and into in the past tense first and

second persons singular and plural : as ”T il”,first person

singular, W592, W 5; first person plural, second

person singular,09 1559 , [ 171 153 second person plural, in the

future and imperative b efore the affix n}, as

imperative , ”215313, “Q‘E’l l future and also in the passive

participle of the Kal,as “53

° The n sometimes remains in

the infinitive, and sometimes is changed into 31 , as 1115; F153

E xaniple of a Quiescent Verb with a"! for its lastR adical.

n‘z; he reveal ed .

one; we note n‘

za eta at; Pas t Tense

11115;

is”? n‘nn 715? ”3m ”5335 Future Tense

eaters eaten

Imp erative.

his.

nba 1115;7

TH E H E BRE W PR IME R

Particip le Active.

11155 £3155 n§§ 1153

n’

m’n was; agaE; 115;

NIPH GNAL.

him 11 151;159: vita 015159;

“is! has has nine Future

have is» when bars

00when 45a: 15133 11533

“152: E 521

PIGNE L.

mafia; n‘g.) 11 153 Past Tense

153 thisn§gg fin? n§g131 a5ges,

Future Tenseng

~§gn a‘sgz ngg

‘

ggn 15m

nah; 1's: 1

‘se a};

R53 min 1155;

Particip le Acut e.

new stem this aim


H OPH GNAL.

“use “is? Tense

Detect

“is: "as "2913 has“its as:

Infinitive.

11353?

Particip le.

ntw “is

H ITH PAGNE L .

n~§gnn 13~f251jn when?! Past Tense

1131523133 autism s tem

team-1 n§gnn nfzgns Future Tense

a‘nnz arises beam mien;

”affirm a‘asnn tam nipgm

Infinitive.

nines 11153133

Particip le .

nitamu 13155131; n‘ggnn nfianp

Note l .—The future and imperative are sometimes shortened,

as for mfggzz, for man, 13 for nus

2.—Verbs ending in T! w ith mappik, are mostly conjugated

like regular verbs, as 7435- r ’

3.— T he second radical sometimes has instead of as

”T i? for "333.


E XE RCISE .

Give with the affixes 4, fit ,and i), in the past tense, and

with the prefixes and J in the future tense of every form .

Give also “25 he termed, w ith the pronouns I , thou and

you in the past tense of the active forms 711 9 he redeemed,

with thou (f.)and she in the future tense of the causative forms

and h is} he was idle, w ith thou and you (f.) in the impe

rative of the active forms .

Say to what part of the verb the following w ords belong

new 15m nun ms n‘n‘agn n‘nn

7 0

pm anus figs? 111-1e 1:11s nr

‘ggm

Quiescent Verbs having 1for their seco nd radical.

Q uiescent verb s with 1 for the second radical,have the l

omitted, the third radical doub led, and the prefixes differently

pointed from the regular verbs ; the l is omitted in the past tense

and active participle of the Kal,and in all the H iphgnel and

H ophgnal : asW W ,

02; the third radical is doubled in

the Pignel, P ugnal, and H ithpagnel, as

the prefixes of the future of the Kal, the prefix J (sign of the

Niphgnal), and all the prefixes of the H iphgnel and H ophgnal

are irregularly pointed : as DEW ,D’PU , DlPQ, 0302.

E xample of a QuiescentVerb having 1for its secondR adical.

mi) to rise .

0737912 mg mg or; Q Q Q BQ R Past Tense

mp, 1151799


nap; naps mp3 tmpm mpg DiPl$ Future T ense

nymph or nmipn map; nymph or

rump mmp snap mp

NIPH GNAL.

nip; rump; amp; 11mm; Past Tense

snip; 11,1w camp;DiP’. mil?“ Dip!” Ull’s‘} Future Tense

m ien snip: ngpipn amps

Imp erative.

snipe ”pip?! nipn

Infinitive.

men

PIGNE L.

new new sump some rennin Past Tense

sump mnnip nnnnfio

amp asap

Infin i tive.

nap

Par ticip le Active.

were met


caps new: w ith amps Future T ensengnnipn mnip~ mnipn amp:

ngnmp anpipvamp snip

13a

Particip le Active.

“fibers w ere wererearranges Ihunnve.

ninnipn mnpipp nnpipn

PUGNAL like PIGNE L b y substitutingamp, amps. for {3151n

H IPH GNE L.

“Q’PD mes naps

, nb vg imbue Past Tense

mm when nub eq

D’P’e‘ ”are 0 ‘

s“? are Future

w e; heaps men

Imperative.

ive.

DP!) and D'P‘ll

P articip le Active.

11313 1919

Megan nnpjn finger:


Particip le .

onset-1 nnpm

Y‘I’

H ITH PAGNE L.

Past Tense like the P IGNE L w ith T1“prefixed : as ”1 7375117

Pignel ; ”35 9a ?) H ithpagnel .

unipnn new name unison 01.

3.

1s Future Tense

momma anpipnt pgnnipnn annipnn npfipn;

Imperative and Infl itive.

nnjpnn

ninnfipnn muniprgn npnippn 01,51a

Note 1 .—Some verb s quiescent in 1 have in the third

1erson past tense and active participle, instead of ( v), as U nit),“D, W }? others have in all the past tense, as W 453 ,

2.—In some verb s the first radical in the future and infinitive

if Kal has“

1 instead of s,as n

‘

mz,

3.—W hen the future of the Kal or of the H iphgnel has 1 pre

«

fixed, the first radical has a different point, as DES for Dipfll,

Kal DE} ! for D‘ QZI, H iphgnel .

H OPH GNAL.

new: 13mm 7 90 12 1” Past tense

mnpjn nanmn” Em 09m 13l Future T ensemp1u ngngm 1mm

Infini tive.


4 .-Some verbs having 1 for the second radical are conjugated

reg ularly, as ”13, others having 71 for their last radical, are con

jugated like 71173. not like D113 as from “195.—The nof the H iphgnel is pointed if the first radical

be a guttural, as W h’lftl.

E XE RCISE .

Give cup in the past tense , w ith E1 and 717 , affixed in all

the forms where 1 is omitted ; w ith and 1131 where the last

radical is doubled, and in the future with the prefixes and J in

all the passive forms.

Give also 310; to return,with the pronouns I , she, and it

in the past tense of the active forms ; “ D, to dep art, with youand it (f ) in the future tense of the passive forms ; and 011 , toexalt, with thou (m.)and ye (f .)in the imperative mood of theactive forms .

Say in what form and in W hat part of each form are the

following

”791

75:

DD1‘

ID 3312? 11m7 '

nina mm 11113113: nip; tam-finer:

up

Quiescent Verbs having 1 for theirfirst R adical.

Q uiescent verbs with first radical have the omitted, or

changed into 1 ; omitted in the future and imperative (and some

times in the infinitive)of Kal 5 changed into 1 in the Niphgnal,H iphgnel and H ophgnal, as Kal 315315, Niphgnal 3 1W

.

“

H iphgnel ; and w as H ophgnal from at};


E xample of a Quiescent Verb with 1 for its first R adical.

he sat.

KAL .

Past tense regular.

angry aw: sun as}: ragga ne’

n mfg; Future Tense

nines aw“ mental?

“33W

325: has}


men nw’

n Tense

any}:

31W.

” Tense

“new

urge when

Infinitive.

31am

neg/“

11 margin nggen

PIGNE L and PUGNAL regular.

NIPH GNAL.

sage?) Past

1199291:

sgpig 31;n Zita -

13 Future

the»,

m ean

94 TH E HEBREW PRIME R

2 .—W hen l is prefixed to the future of the Kal, the second

radical takes ( v)instead of as 31W ? ! for

3.—W hen the infinitive is joined to the past or future tense,

it is regular, as EMS

4 .—Verbs

,whose prefixes in the Kal have as P22, Pé

’g,

have their prefixes in the H iphgnel pointed w ith followedby as P

'

WS , P’Q ’fi '

5.—l prefixed to the future of the H iphgnel, changes the

of the second radical into as for"V579 1.

6.—Some verb s in the H ithpagnel change the into 1

,as

nmnx from nj ;

7 .

—The verbs “112: and “22, 7132, “32, D3L ”3 “ 332, 33; are‘v ’

conjugated like defective verbs, from 332 , T’s: from 3 31

°

E XE RCISE .

Give S i?) in the first person, singular and plural , past tens eof all the regular forms ; in the second person masculine and

feminine plural, future tens e of all the irregular forms and in

the second person masculine imperative of the active forms.

Give als o 3351, he stood firmly, w ith the pronoun you (f ) in

the imperative mood of the causative form ; “Pl, he founded,w ith I

,we

, and they. in the past tense of the Kal, Niphgnal,

and H ophgnal ; and W 3: lie p ossessed, in the infinitive and par

ticiple of the Kal,Niphgnal, and H iphgnel.

Say to what part o f the verb the following words belong

nth W 1 r uin 3mm omv‘

an npum

arm-z tow n uni: pres wfi in

AND RE ADING BOOK .

Verbs having the second and th ird R adicals alike.

Verbs, whose second and third radi cals are alike , have the

third radical omitted and a dagesh in the second radical (when

having a point)in all parts of the Kal, except the participles ;and in all the Niphgnal, H iphgnel, and H ophgnal ; as Kal

39 , Niph .393, H iph . H Oph . from 3

- 9 the prefixes

pointed irregularly in the future of the Kal,m the past

tense and participle of the Niphgnal, and in all the H iphgnel

and H ophgnal, as Kal 21503, Niph. DDQ, H iph.301, H oph . Dor

E xample ofa Verb having the second and third radicals alike.

33? he surrounded .

KAL .

inning nine use no nine also miss Past T ense

we who3b; abs 3U :

”Db l-J fibril 3b$ Future Tense

arson ans; amp} !

Imperative.

ant: nab

nineor at:


NIPH GNAL .

was; use 39 ; M ap; one; w ho: Past Tense

my; mil-ac: canine;

3C?“ 3 973 Future Tense

firm not w as


man: was; use; as;

PIGNE L.

main name w e again imamangio 3133359 organic

union nium 2193013 name w as Future Tense s

mm on angina regimen union

Imp erative.

m ic mafia

Paxrticip le Active.

master; rigging:

Pamtic ip le Passive.

magnet; m ains; nggiop

PUGNAL lik e P IGNE L substituting for

m e,ng

’

ios for aims

H IPH GNE L .

saga non razor; uison miner: Past Tense

asp” mason unison

up; 3973 3 9:”39 13 31973 N35 Future Tense

“3s we: mean


man’

s 1313315101: s tunner: unmet;

Note. l .—Some verbs having the second and third radicals

alike, are conjugated regularly in the past tense of the Kal,

and in all the Pignel and H ithpagnel : as“ HQ , TIQ , Kal from

71? 9217 , Pignel fromBER 3 5551373, H ithpagnel from SE?

2.— 1 prefixed to the future of Kal or H iphgnel, changes

the point of the first radi cal,as Kal 3113 ”

,H iphgnel

3.—In the future of the Niphgnal, the dagesh in the first

radical is sometimes omitted , and the prefixes have as

4.— The first radical in the Niphgnal has sometimes or

instead of as can from Dee , mmfrom 079 1'

5.— In the H iphgnel, the first radical has sometimes

instead of ( u ), as no; for 330

E XE RCISE .

Give 33? w ith the prefixes 3 and 11,st,in all the forms

where the third radical is omitted, and w ith 712- 71 and

where it is retained .

Give 553 he rolled,w ith the pronouns they and you (f . in

the past tense of the H iphgnel form he p raised, (regularlyconjugated), W ith we and she, in the future tense of the reflective

form and"VIP he measur ed

,in the infinitive

,and imperative,

of the Niphgnal, Pignel, and H ithpagnel.

Say in what form,and in what part of each form,

are the

following


11493 1mm 7 731 131mm 111m ; 13pm

rub; at: Sam 3D; 19mm

In addition to the seven classes of irregular verbs, of whichexamples have been given, there are some containing two irre

gular letters in their root, as Kg?he lifted, m9?he stretched ,

he consented, he ca st, N1 : he feared, as; he went ou t, “13 to

come. Some belonging to tw o roots : as T5171 (H iphgnel) from751 ; (H ithpagnel) from And others having one or

two o f their radicals doubled, viz . first and second in verbs

quiescent in n: as 121219 7373 from are he erred first and thirdin verbs quiescent in l second radical : as from 5m to shake ;

and the first in verbs that have the second and third radicals

alike : as from SP? he rolled. There are also a few con

taining four letters : as ”3001 3 ” from

Principal Parts of a few Verbs having two irregular Letters .

3 first radical,and x third : as N2)?he lifted, conjugated like

wasand rs;Note.

— ln the follow ing verbs the form, or part of any form,

omitted,denotes that such is not at all

,or b ut very seldom,

used.

Past tense ”UNIS/2; future imp .

x2l ; inf. N W ; and 731W ?

part. act .N2)! fem .

11w part. pass .N W?

NIPH GNAL.

Past tense ”17w 3fut. KW ”? imp . and inf. part ,N15 }

P IGNE L .

Past tense W NW ) : future NQ QS imp. and inf. Kim 3 parts .

swan s ienn


H IPH GNE L .

Past tense W NW?) future wilds: 5imp . and inf. Nh’fl '

H OPH GNAL .

Past tense inswn inf. men

H I'PH PAGNE L.

Past tense ”DNWQUU future NW QUN imp . and inf. NW QTJU ;

part. NW T"?

3 first radical and 71 third as 7105 he stretched, conjugated

like was; and minKAL .

Past tense ”PM fut .71m}, 133 ; imp. inf. h im ; part.

new,

vie ;NIPH GNAL.

Past tense ”T9 ? future ”DH ; imp .N33” Inf. Tllb éfl , part.

H IPH GNE L .

Past tense“D’Ezfin; fut. ages , 138 ; imp .

DD ; inf. ninn

part. “197?

first radical, third he cast, like and “53

KAL.

Past tense future ”T R imp.m’ inf. “

O

W.“313

mi»

NIPH GNAL.

FutureH IPH GNE L.

Past tense. mi l” ; future mm; imp .mm ; inf. “Hm;

mira

first radical,R third : x3: hefeared.

KAL .

Past tense ”11x7 1 future NTS ; imp .Ni l ; inf. NH

3; part. xl i


E XE RCISE .

Give “33 he smote,in the future and imperative of the

H iphgnel“13, he sprinkled, in the future of the Kal ; he

was clean, in the past tense of the Niphgnal ; ”3 : he praised,

in the infinitive mood, and future tense of the H iphgnel ;”2:

he grieved, in the past tense of the H iphgnel ; and m) to

ref use, in the future of the H iphgnel.

Say what form,and what part of each form are the follow ing

s inn ns’

w straw has min ton nan

mien mix as; men 13mg; s ir/g R T E

man; has; naninsnn nssin mm

was mi-iin 11179; in m in m sunits}!

TE E VE R B W ITH AFFIXE S .

An active verb in the Kal,Pignel, and H iphgnel forms has

certain letters or syllables affixed to each of its persons to

express the accusative case of the pronouns ( see page

thus 7 9? he visited, $32? he visited me, 3'

n he visited the e,In.

T o the first person there are eight affixes , viz.v; thee, m .

,

H thee, f.,l or in him or it, D or “7 her or it

,f.,09

, you ,m.

,

i? you ,f.,Dthem

,m .

, l them,f. T o the second person six affixes

,

v iz . me,i or in him or it, Q or her or it

,43 a s

,D them

,m. ,

I them,f,and to the third person ten affixes : me, 3! thee, m .

d thee,f.,l or inhim or it, Ci or ”7 her or it, 43 i ts

,a; you , m .

,

I? you , f.

,D them

,m .

, l them,f.

T he reflective pronouns are expressed by the H ithpagnel

form of the verb , and not by afi xes. The afiixes necessitate

a change in the po ints of the ve rb, as will be seen from the

following example given of the Kal form of the verb .


KA I. FORM or TH E VE BB WE? W ITH Armxns.

Nata—W hen the pronoun is given w ithout the verb, afiix

it to the word w ith which the preceding pronoun is j oined.

Thus D‘FWQ 5 implies the same as ”71395 D‘ Fl'

lQE'

Past Tense.

I visited masI visited thee

,m. $51 25

I visited thee,f. TRUE?

I visited him ”W W ?

I visited her

I visited you, In.

I visited you, f. 791 1-37 93

I visited them,111 .

I visited them,f. PETE?!

ln-ippZ

9301 139 g 131 9?thou visitedst

,

IBIPB 55 1 95

VI D u n 1 ”Ma-[Pg

thou visitedst, f.

.

l-

JP'B a-‘PP

sJ-

IPD 712:

he visited

we inj ppor figs

1 0399 i?

any»QJn g rap“?

she visited

31133953 inn-

[pa0 ?

13131 99 33 DD


lD I; DDa"a,fllJWPD 3 QJ

‘

IPQwe visited

you visited

they visited.

1Dd) a inthou ,

In.

1D i) .‘

J1,ii

ithou, f.

aflfib’.

”J‘

IPB’ he or it

cur-s.

ripen117959

1 super; 1: DD‘

YPDFI

13s» iis a ”in:

1; w as fli ps:

1 1: 11 a m

111-1951

1 a:

Future Tense.

106 TH E H E BRE W P RIME R

113919

11 1319 zei-ipis

m.

11 1-

1919 131-1919 1131319

uni-11319 13

1711191zji

'

1pzia xi i-1919f

air-111 919 iiniwpia q

fni'

ipia

arm-1919 urn

-117151

11101-11719 nwniwpia

Note 1 .— The affixes of the Pignel and H iphgnel forms are

similar to those of the Kal,as T57 99 , TDWREQU,

2 .— In the future tense

,if the person does not end in a

silent letter,the affix 43 is often used to express him or it

,and

n; her or a as more than w ilt keep him or a,ughazhe will

take her or it.

3.-The affix of the infinitive is sometimes used as a poss essive

pronoun, and the infinitive taken as a noun,as

’791Pmy rising ,

my sitting ; and sometimes as a personal pronoun,and

the infinitive rendered in the indicative , as 31793173} when thou

rises t up .

4 .—The affixes of the passive participle are like those of the

active participle as 7 4132, il'

i ’gD, ”APB:


E XE RCISE .

Give w ith afiixes

T he verb 3D? he kep t, in the third person singular, masculine

and feminine of the future tense of the Kal.

T he verb 7 79?he learned (Pigmel he taught)in the third pers.

plur . of the past tense of the Pignel. with each affix .)he rode

,in the second person singular masculine of the

future of the H iphgnel. w ith each affix.)F9 12 he gathered, in the third person masculine plural future

tense of the Pignel. (W ife: with each affix .)i703he rewarded, in the masculine singular of the active parti

ciple of Kal.“

131 he remembered,in the infinitive mood of the Kal.

vie he satisfied, in the second person masculine sing. of the

imperative H iphgnel. with each affix . )30 9 he wrote, in the second per son mas culine sing. past tense

of the Kal form.

Analyse and translate

sum

mar-pr,ennui can; lax-13113

as tral 115m 117m? innev

‘

i

aims imam-

1 unis-11 user

ill-web insistent ur

ine:


R ender into H ebrew

She w ill remember thee (f ) I remembered him. R ememb er

thou (m .)him. W hen I remember,inf. w ith They remem

bered us . I w ill reward him. W e w ill reward you (f ) Thou

(f )w ilt cause me to ride. They (m.)will cause him to ride.

W hen thou learnest. They taught thee (m .) They taught

them (m .) Thou (m.)wilt teach him . They rewarded us . You,

(m.) w ill reward him. W e rewarded them (m .) You (f )will

reward him. My writing (inf) W rite thou (m.)them .

GENER AL E XE R CISE S ON TH E VE R BS.

E xercises on R egular Verbs.

EXERCISE I .

Analyse the following words,and translate them according

to the signification given below the exercise,as 31175329131, which

is in the Kal, translate you will hear ,and V723? which is in the

Pignel, translate he w ill swmmon.

Nola—The letters 3 and nare sometimes affixed to verbs

w ithout having any signification, as for {19 7225111 for

m’

e’

Sun: 15m mat/ans

mar) use 115221 use)

mm mm ; rang

WDD’ an: m gr

try-app amp 3a

1 10 TH E HEBREW PRIMER

him . H e was heard . She caused to h ear. o H e heard. Theyheard . Approach thou (m.) I approached. I shall approach .

She dwelt. W e dwelt. Dwell thou (m .) H e will dwell.

EXERCISE III.

Give in all the forms used in E xercise I . , the first and

second person singular past tense of 57 3 the second and- r )

third person masculine singular future tense of 1 9 13 the third- ar

person masculine plural future tense of D? the second person

- 7 ’masculine singular past tense of 1 37 the infinitive of 719 25;

and the participle active feminine plural of

EXERCISE IV.

Give the same part as the w ord given in all the forms used in

E xercise I . thus, if “ 1 31 b e the w ord given, then”731 9 1: and

imammust also b e given, both forms being used in E xercise I . ;

if TDD’

b e the w ord , then give 7 9 9 3,“

lag ! and W ED"

may; ngwfzm at?) par) new

m y war) war) tamer) tartan

EXERCISE V.

Ora the P oints .

\Vrite the points of the first and second radical in the fol

low ing parts of the verb

A s present participle Kal,first radical second

Participle passive masculine singular Kal. Infinitive mood

Pignel and Pugnal. Second person feminine singular imperative

Kal and Pigmel. Third person masculine Singular past Kal,

Pignel, Pugnal,and H iphgnel. Second person feminine plur.

past Kal,P ignel, and H ophgnal . First person plural future

AND RE ADING BOOK. 1 1 1

tense Kal, Niphgnal, and H iphgnel. Second person plural

fem . future Kal, Niphgnal, and Pignel.

W rite the points of the following prefixes

The S and 71 of the future tense of every form. The n of

the Niphgnal. ,The 71 of the past tense and impera tive of the

H iphgnel. The J of the Niphgnal. The D of the participle of

the Pignel, H iphgnel, and H ithpagnel .

Directions for Translating E xercise VI .

1 .—W hen l and

,is prefixed to the past tense, translate the

tense as future ; and when prefixed to the future, translate it

as the pas t : as BQEPD‘ and thou shalt p ass , and they sowed .

2.—Translate the participle as the present tense : as

"B ED

3. before the participle use as the relative pronoun, as

1mm he who sows, those who sow .

4.— 3 prefixed to the infinitive translate when, as ” 37 3 when

I speak.

The signification of any form not given, denotes that the

form is to be rendered regularly, as"1792?destroyed the Niph

gnal form,not being given mus t b e was destroyed .

EXE RCISE VI .

wrap; man-5; has-53

,

m: raga

Ira mx s ap;r nssp nisj sp

o mega-Hap

um ms na ran” in put Saar/ 1

mat/fans ” 1D the“

we;

n; 1311 31 1 waft-

3 apps was: ns origami


” man was rm; d ang-Bx WB

‘

ID was,nag-ta "

anyr im canyaw“ raga has an

mtg-

ts; ns nnymo wn-r an nynrjs 75s

was stabs } mama wart-m‘

hri'

tz amomens; new; o nyx

-weir E tna waiter q‘mgj

wen) are” nus rim-

1s want: me eras-m

ring nun an ” as s in an;” new

sh amaze) aninn s‘a wannya rash mg;

5s any, man SS 0 on: war} nan rue}

W 3 ” m aus W hen ‘ Dfljlf l sum wu‘ns

aim rn-mrz

'

m ‘ T VJ when} were}

W mm mm? mm. vans E's-sr

W e in mug)

Vocabulary of the E xercise.

"fly? K . and Pi . gathered W E house of

NS sign of the accusative case ”1731 together”15 brother299? Pi. soughtmtg) peace"

Qhand

soul‘

in’i thing

1 1 4 TH E HEBREW PRIME R

ch in W 3?! “ van was an,

arm "It-1D

7155‘

nnnms umm unit-r

r

35mm n‘ysn t

rim Shins when thi s

mp), opp than

am as; man'

s cyst: an; 535 Sam

we? tion 4c my;

Signification of each form of the Verbs in the E xercise.

H i . declared or told . H o . passive .

009 N . and H it. repented . Pi. comforted. Pu . pass . of Pi.

529 K . fell. Kal future has . H it. threw himself down.

H i . caused to fall .

N. was saved,was delivered. H i. saved, delivered. H it.

stripped himself.

K . and Pi. avenged. N. and H o . was avenged . H it .

revenged himself. Kal fut. Imp . and inf. Dip? ‘

K . withered . Pi. despised . Kal fut .

‘m s

‘19 2K . and H i. dropped.

K. planted . Kal infin. ml)?

Directions for Translating E xercise II .

l .—Let is to b e expressed by the future tense : as let me

approach W W ,let him approach

2 .— H ave

,had

,did

,express by the past tense : as I have, I

had app roa ched, or I did approach,”E lf/

332

°

3 .—The present tense express by the active participle and

the personal pronoun as they approach or they are approaching

D'W JIJ DI

.

“t

AND READING BOOK. 1 1 5

4.—The present tense preceded b y the relative who

,which

,

tha t, express by the present participle w ith the prefix 73 fol

lowed by dagesh as who falls

5.—The infin. express b y

i? or

t2 before a letter b eginning

w ith sheva : as to deliver tofall(51235

EXERCISE II .

They declared. H e w ill declare . T o declare. Let us tell .

Let him tell. Declare ye (m .) H e declares . H e shall repent

( H it ) I repented (N To comfort. Comfort ye (m.) H e shall

comfort me. She w ill comfort me. She will comfort. Avenge

then, m. (K ) Avenging m . sing . (K .) H e shall be avenged ( H a )T o be avenged (N ) R evenging himself. It (m .)will w ither. H e

despises . Dropping, f . p lur . (K .) They, m . shal l drop (H i )W ho plant (m. p lur. ) Planted (f . p lnr .) Thou (f ) shalt

plant them Thou (f )didst plant. Thou, m. shalt plant. I have

planted thee (f ) T hey had planted . She fell . They have

fallen. T hey (m.) are falling. W ho fall (m . p lwr.) H e

caused to fall. H e shall cause to fall . I w ill cause to fall.

They (m .) cause to fall. Thou (m .) shalt b e saved . To

save . H e has delivered him . H e delivers . Save thou (m .)To deliver them. T hey did deliver. You (m) shall be

delivered.

EXERCISE III.

Give the past tense of H iphgnel and H ophgnal ; the

future tense ofi793Kal and H iphgnel ; the infinitive mood of

up; Kal and Niphgnal ; the imperative of $3; Niphgnal and

H iphgnel and the participle active of 532Kal.

1 1 6 TH E HEBREW PRIMER

EXERCISE IV.

Give the same part as the w ord given in all forms used in

E xercise I .

Sim nmn DD} ? wan man

t han Siam wen want; when

EXERCISE V.

Translate the follow ing sentences, observing the directions

of E xercise VI . on the regular verbs, page 1 1 1 .

mg ‘ D’jtl; yai nginn wean was mutt

sir an 0 w eb : win his pun W it!

1451 ue‘a chem mass ns quas i

minw’

nn5s 0

37331 quit rum A gain

mm w’

r-i as can rues; amnion iiias

"

in; Seen mus e; was 0 1322men sh “

41331

til? youo mpn pm 0 mm are;

0 :qE nigma 0 mm: W ig}!

r ungs cw : ” mphrun Baum ms rims

r nypb my 0 007-97 8 By

any 5; 0 ism nnmfinam 0 Iran mx yogi:

ems St?) maven mac

‘s new o ne;


E xercises on Quiescent Verbs having Tl for their last

R adical.

EXERCISE I .

Analyse the follow ing w ords, and translate each form accord

ing to its signification given below the E xercise .

hogan ruin ism H us mes run as

was urns ms mm mg;“was arms but;

up; up; mics is is” awn rims

map, up ngp nip nip rep; nup tipmy man my nhen arts; when

mgr-

tag m? nine my men some me

runs; mm min

79 13 is the shortened form of “PE”? 13 of nil-3, 1? Of 3332,F1?! of “13592; ”13159? is the same form as “01 513, and at” ? as

fi ’j g .

Signification of each Form of the Verbs in the E xercise.

”3? K. and H i. turned. Pi. cleared away.

711? Pi. commanded . Pu . passive .

”12N . w as j oined . Pi. hoped for, expected .

7199 K . bought . N . pass ive .

N. was separated . H i. separated.

“135 K . and N. was enticed . Pi. enticed , H i. made large.

7 339 K . redeemed . N. passiv‘

e.

AND READ ING BOOK. 1 1 9


l .—W hen and precedes the future tense, render the future

by the past and prefix1, (4 before n73 as and I w ill buy

“W 992, and thou shalt redeem DE PT

2.—W hen and

'

precedes the past, render the past by the

future,and prefix 1 followed by dagesh (3, before N) : as and

they turned, and I bought E mil3.—The present, past, or future tense preceded by when

translate by the infinitive mood ( the infinitive in “ i not in n)w ith the prefix ( 3)before a letter having a sheva : as when

h e buys , when he bought, when he sha ll buy, 511 i ; when thou

buyest,when thou boughtest, when thou shalt buy, things, when

4.—Slwuld and would render by the future tense : as he

should or would redeem

EXER CISE II.

I commanded. They commanded . She shall command.

C ommand thou , (m .) She shall be commanded . Let her

command . Let me turn (K .) And I turned ( H i ) And they Shall

turn (K ) W hen he turne d (H i ) T o turn (K. ) They have

turned ( H i ) And they w ill clear away. I cleared away.

W ho turn (K. ) (m . p l.) 1 Shall expect. I have hoped for.

And he expected (short future .) They (m.) shall be j oined .

They w ere bought. I had bought. They ( f.) are buying.

W hen they shall b uy. W ho buy (m . p l.) And She bought.

And she shall buy. T hey (f )shall be bo ught. W hen thou

(m.) wilt buy. She should b uy. I w ould b uy. H e should

redeem. I have redeemed them . W hen I redeem. Let us

1 20 T H E HEBREW PRIMER

redeem . R edeem thou (m .) And she shall b e redeemed . Thou

(m.)wouldst redeem . I had redeemed . And I redeemed . H e will

entice . They (m .) w ill entice thee (m ) T hou (m.) shalt

entice. It (m ) shall be enticed, (K .)

EXERCISE III .

Give the f uture tense of m} Pignel and Pugnal forms the

past tense of “2? Kal and Pignel ferms the infinitive of

rueKal and Niphgnal ; and the imperative of n‘zsNiphgnal

and H iphgnel.

EXERCISE IV.

Give the same part as the w ord given in all forms used inE xercise I .

up rues men us ma; min was our.

TH E-J” u‘

m ms

EXERCISE V.

T ranslate the following sentences,ob serving the directions of

E xercise VI . on the R egular Verbs, page 1 1 1 .

(ans man sh uh run: o wn: us

many c hair " in; rigour: was ; neg:

o nes-m mam minim, Dunn

‘ I‘

n mym: ivnzi men ”213 n?! ”is

with issao nnynn awn ° hs jrgzus Dayna

i371 ; we pt-ih when ruin ” nit ns owner)

1 22 TH E HEBRE W PRIMER

7m a inserts min-m D71 7: mas

air/h Dinar) Jar-i 7397

-

113 171 13

mir ror: urns main man mgr)

up; ups supp a part nnfipnn

no; run up was an an;

nan n‘

nn nnginnn inn; we

Signification of eachform of the Verbs in the E xercise.

D),EmK . was high, was exalted. Pi. raised

,exalted . Pu .

pass. of Pi H i. offered,raised. H o . pass. of H i . H it . exalted

himself.

H , i“ K . and H i. judged.

K returned . Pi . restored . H i. led back,brought

back,restored. H o . pass . of H i.

02, W PK. rose. Pi. built up. H i. raised up, established.

H o . pass . of H i. H it . raised himself.1 40 K . departed, turned . H i removed . H o . pass. of H i.

379,ND K . melted . Pi. caused to melt. N . and H it. was

melted.

Directionsfor Trnslating E xercise II .

In addition to the directions given in E xercises, pages 1 1 4,1 1 9 , observe the follow ingl .—Surely, certainly, indeed, render by th e infinitive (the

infinitive to be before the verb given, and in the same form as


the verb) thus, I will certa inly return. I will return,w ould be

the future of the Kal,and the infinitive of the Kal is

therefore the rendering is films TM,in the same manner,

I will surely restore,must b e rendered by T h

is

2.—The participle preceded b y from translate b y the infini

tive w ith the prefix t? followed by dagesh, or by 79,if th e

following letter cannot take a dagesh as from returning 34W ,

fl own remov ing W’DU’Q

'

3.— The 5 Of the infinitive Kal Of verbs Of this class is

pointed w ith ( v), as to retwrn 34W?

EXERCISE II .

Thou (m .)shalt b e exalted (K .) You (m . )Shall Offer. They

Offered . And thou didst raise (Pi ) H e w ill raise (Pi )H e has raised (H i ) R aising, m . s . (Pi ) From rai sing (H i )I had raised (H i ) R aise thou

,m. s . (H i) H e shall exalt

himself It (f ) shall b e high . H e will surely return. I

w ill restore (Pi ) I w ill restore ( H i ) It (m.) was restored

(H o .) H e w ill surely bring b ack. Bringing back (f.

W ho bring back R eturned (f. R estore thoum. 8 . ( H i ) H e w ill indeed establish . H e established . Thouw ilt surely establish . From establishing. W e rose . Let

him rme . From ris ing . And they rose . H e will raise him

self. I will build up. Thou w ilt build up. Let us rise .

T o rise . T o melt. They w ere melted (Niph.) And they shalldepart . To depart . Turn ye (m. s .) I have removed .

R emove thou (m . s .) It (m .) was removed Ye shall surelyturn. TO turn.

124 TH E HEBREW PRIME R

EXERCISE III .

Give Emin the past tense Pignel and H iphgnel 3 1m in the

future tense Kal and H iphgnel ; in the imperative Kal

and H iphgnel and MD in the future tense Kal and Pignel.

EXERCISE IV

Give the same part as the word given in all forms used

in E xercise I .

Rattan win any) ngg‘

s‘ may Ems

amp, mp1 apt: 33mm

EXER CISE V.

Translate the follow ing sentences, observing the directions

given in E xercise VI . on the R egular Verbs, page 1 1 1 .

Note— The infinitive j oined to another part of the verb ,render by the adverb surely, certainly, or indeed, as mm013 1

will surelyflee.

me our: wan; can 52 ‘ 5Nj'

w’ W as an;

0 WQ'

IE U nan Dam mu g-

gam; 03929 w ags

O m an mm; mm ~ nj yy5 arms was ; nu

mag“

? mmnn h is sh D’sz'

h srn Innamu when m: mm my

~ 3~is us

‘? w as:

~ =1nis miss-n wuss ms;


NSbrother, plu. w ith aff. II“N

chariot“Ea-flit? to the tentDW / K . and H i. to pu t, place,make

,appoint, set ( imp .

H i. Shortened form for

W e). re

71? mouth w ith affixes)mic?table0 11335before themDlP’Q place

over thee

E xercises on Verbs Quiescent in flfirst R adical.

EXERCISE I.

Analyse the following w ords, and translate each form accord


tan-mm cam-min m tam-fin T m m ix

um um mm w ar w m ar mar

are»: 3s m) are as; mm m e‘

lm

1 0m “

39113 as; me) rain has}, name”

wag? ww w

’

wan W ain as)? R's-IQ : mm?

m yams was new Main tamer-fin W ‘ fi’

rug-

[u my, an:yj

'

fi’ vj'wjn

P72}: right handW551 head1317) name

$ 33 in the dungeon

w ordw

’

Kal and H i. to sing ( imp .

H i.w’

for w’

n)W ? songfl’power w ith affixes)

praise

Wm to spy out

my»; a place of rest

AND READ ING BOOK. 1 27

S ignification of each Farm of the Verbs in the E xercise.

T ] : K . w ent down. H i. caused to go down,brought down.

H o . pass. of H i. Kal inf. with affixes”F131

, 1mmK . N . was inhabited . H i . caused to dw ell.

Kal inf. with affixes "fl Emmi}

“Q : K. and Pi. founded . Ni. and H o . was founded . Kal

fut .

"79 3; inf.

‘

llD’ Pi. past“

10"

all : K. inherited . N . became poor. H i. drove out. Kal

fut .w

‘

r x. Inf. with affixes W 1

,

”I :K. knew . N . pass . of K . H i . made known . H it. made

himself known. Kal fut. imp . 9 1 ; inf. inf.

w ith affixes ”13131 , N . fut. 9 1 1W H i . past Q’Tm ; imp .

min; fut. vvw

’

m H it. fut. rams


In addition to the directions given in the N0 . II . E xercises,

pages 1 1 4, 1 1 9 , 1 22, observe the following

1 .—The verbs in the E xercise preceded by when, translate

by the infinitive w ith the prefix 3, 3. before a letter having a

sheva as when I sit ”133230

33

2 .—Interrogation is expressed by prefixing to the verb 3

( 73 before a letter beginning w ith a sheva,or before VH nx) as

shalt thou know ? did you know ? DEW “ shall I go ?

insa

EXERCISE II .

Note — T he infinitives used to express certainly, are

after the form and not


I w ent down. I W ill bring down. Go down, m. s . W ilt

thou go down ? Cause thou (f ) to go down ? Shall he go

down ? H e w ill bring down . W e indeed w ent down.

I caused to dw ell. Let her dwell. W e certainly sat. H e

had dwelt . W ho dwell, m . pl. And they shall b e inhabited .

And I sat. W ill he sit? I caused thee, (m .)to dwell W hen

he Sits . W hen w e sat. H as b e caused to sit? Causing to

dwell,772. p l. L et him dwell. W il t thou (f .)dwell ? I Shall

become poor . And he w ill inherit. Thou (m .)hast driven out.

T o drive out. H e w ill inherit. Shall w e inherit ? And I

w ill drive them (m .)out. Thou (m.)hast founded (K .) They

(m .) shall found (Pi .) It (f.) shall b e founded (N .) It

(m .)w as founded (H o . ) H e founded (Pi .) Thou (m.)shaltcertainly know . I knew thee (m .) H e knew him . Did you (fl)know ? I knew them (m . ) They knew them (m ) Shall I know ?

I was known. Shall it (m .)b e known’

.l I made known. To

make known. They (m .)know thee (m.) They (m)know him.

M ake ye I w illmake myselfknown. W hen I know

EXERCISE III.

Give the second person masculine singular past tense, and

the third person feminine plural future tense of"W and

in Kal and H iphgnel the second person feminine Singular

future tense, and the second person masculine singular imper.

mood of 19 1 " in Kal and H iphgnel ; the third person plural

past tense of"ID: in Kal

, Pignel , and H ophgnal ; and the

imperative mood of in Kal, Niphgnal, and H iphgnel.

EXERCISE IV.

Give the same part as the w ord given in all forms used in

E xercise I .

1 30 TH E H EBREW PRIMER

Vocabulary of

"1912servant.WW ?man

73. son

7113 troub le (film; plur.)

H i. saved . Ni. was saved1 ? enemy

11529532 the souls ofneedy

31menemy

311795for the sake ofml? the name of"I: hand, 2? from"1123 first-b ornH5: K. and H i . b egat. Ni . and

Pu. was born11 ; daughter plur.) year, plur.

before W 315? a remainder"l? mountain 3n1Jacob

alone

E xercises on Verbs having the Second and Third R adicals

alike.

EXERCISE IAnalyse the following w ords, and translate each form accord'


the E xercise.

“2: H i. punished, reproved,decided . H o . was punished .

H it. pleaded (the 5

ing 73‘ l is not to be

translatedD35? the rod of

,w ith

019915 plu . of W’N

pain, 3 with

Pi} betwixt

mg} both of us

01? wi th

DM Zstrong"1D: H i . left. Ni. was left

$ 315 one

"113 hai l

Flat? of them

ninth the names of

AND as sume BOOK. 1 31 ~

was; i553; w e v iew w e in mm

Sham 9571s 55min S‘gqi ii i 53; 53:

an; manic Dian spin Ham-v iSSin ii

‘z‘ms

Hag n‘gi‘m 55mm its

S ignification of each Form of the Verbs in the E xercise.

7 1 2? Kal and Pi. measured. N . pass . of K. H i t. stretched

himself. K. past .

"ND “ WD' K . fut. w ith 1

,1 19i} Pi. fut.

1 7 2 15 or"fi lDR '

55; K. and H i. rolled . N. pass . of K .his; is the same

5pm . as use K . third plur . pas t tense i

553 H i. fut. w ith 1,P i

Pi. praised. Pu . pass . H it. b oasted . (The forms“

in

the E xerci ses are regular like

329 K. and H i. covered .

550 K . raised up. H it. exalted himself. H it. Wino-“J5172 Kal was swift, was light, w as despised. Pi. cursed .

N. was light, w as despised. Pu . pass . of Pi. H i. despised,made light. H it. was shaken. Pi. and Pu. regular

like “9?

EXER CISE II.

Translate the following w ords according to the directions

given in the preceding No . II . E xercises.


And they Shallmeasure (K .) H e measured K .) They (m.)shall measure (Pi .) T hou (m .)shalt measure (K .) And

he measured (K.) I w ill measure (Pi.) It (m .) w ill b e

measured . And they shall roll (K .) I rolled . And he rolled H i.)They (m.) shall praise thee (m.) They did boast. H e shall

b e praised . Praise thou ( f.) Let it (f )praise. They (m. p l.)are praising. They (m .) Shall b oast. And they (m .)covered

(K.) She w ill cover ( H i .) W ho cover (m sing . )K. Let it

(f )cover (H i.) And they (m.)raised up. E xalting themselves

(m .p l.) They were swift. Thou (m.)wast despised (N ) They

(m.) shall b e light (N ) H e shall b e cursed . And She cursed .

They (m.) curse. M ake thou (m.) light. H e will despise .

And they Shall be swift.

EXERCISE III.

Give 55; in the imperative of the Kal.

“I? in the future of the Pignel.

55? in the past tense of the Pignel and H ithpagnel.399 in the participle active of the Kal.

And 55? in the participle of the H ithpagnel.

EXERCISE IV.

Give the same part as the word given in all forms used inE xercise I .

55m $57" Ban this iSb attrition it?!

Tums“mini int-Jr; is-H

1 34 TH E HE BREW PR IMER

Vocabulary of

m K . sheared, shaved . K .

fut. w ith 1,INK-i flock

“

153151 the firstling of

WNW head

135K . and H i. protected

them,59 not to be

71? K . and N. plundered. K.

plur. past W3

55? spoilD793 K . and N . was silent.

P i . made silent

735 stone in, ;3 like

we: soul

inhabitant

”Sthe isle

58 not

D791K . devised, designed. K.

plur. fut.ml;

the wicked

ms righteous , 5against the“W IS? as

my?took , inf. nns'z

not; K . was warm

H it. warmed himself. K .

fut. with l, DW I,

the E xercise.

m5“, saw

“ N fire

12'

s flesh , const. form“

1103

i fs: childfleece of

“

we: lamb7 112 the young (obj. ofthe verb)

favoured. H it . implored

God

the old of the verb)us, the is not to

b e translatedD‘ BB the palm of the hands

P1211 K. engraved, decreed.

Pi . ruledD’Jffi rulers

P1} (with)justice"39 h: foundation

DP? N . melted . H i.

faint

53°

F! wax,3,like

”9 mountain1737313 under him

325heartm5brotheran? N. was desolate . H i.

laid waste. H it. was aston

ishod


Vocabulary E xercise continued.

Il’g Z ion

”11? his dwelling place heavens512at

“1321 forest

W 329 sanctuary righteous onesinK. and Pi. rejoiced, man: salvationH i. caused to rejoice “2Q5S w idow

”L3 daughter Df

E xercises on the several Classes of Verbs combined.

EXERCISE I.

Give the second person masculine singular past and future

tense Kal of in,yo; nne run was and sip ; the first‘ 1 ” 1 7 7 “

r , “

1 ,

person singular past and future tense Niphgnal of I‘D,2591,

mg, and “22 the second person masculine

plural past and future tense Pignol of sunse t-153 and an:7 7 , “ Y ,

the infini tive mood and the present participle masculine sinId

gular H iphgnel ofas , use, 7152, an andms”

l l ”

EXE RCISE II.

Name the class of verb , and part of the verb , expressed byeach of the following w ords : thus firs tqui escent in n infin.

Kal.

Note 1 .—Q uiesce. f erb s having afor the third radical, have

the same form in the third person plural past tense Kal as

those quiescent in 1 Second radi cal ; the accent, however,distinguishes one from the other. If the w ord belongs to a


quiescent verb in n, the accent is on the second letter, and if

to a quiescent verb in 1, the accent is on the first letter : thus

they took cap tive, from W 3?) 43W? they returned, from 3M7 7 ,

2 ,—Q uiescent verbs in 1 second radical have the same form

in the third person feminine singular past tense Kal,as in the

present participle feminine ; the accent also here denotes the

difference. If the accent be on the first letter, the w ord is in

the past tense , and if on the Second,the w ord is in the

feminine singular of the participle : thus HQ’

P, past, W Q P,

participle.

in,

is“

; iviwin wan nap, nap, min

“ was

nah nix? (at ) hip: minim new, ems-l

win xi i-155 may run amt: inihpg any;

in m; pihp, min Vii ; JQ Q rim new.

mm min awn; nan DR m ill i533

niv’

a‘; and; moan nigh s ing

”it; h is) .

train D’sb ib in?) lav: any we: Diana

an; nmv’

il mist Sula ran van ran in;

Rival: insnn i‘

l‘l’ than as ; mgr; we

EXER CISE III .

R ender the following into H ebrew.

Note 1 .—W hen verbs quiescent in 1 second radical have the

accusative pronouns afiixed, the future prefixes of the Kal

and H iphgnel have ( z) instead o f ( v) the prefix n of the

H iphgnel has instead of.

and the Q of the participle


Sanctify yourselves (m.) It (m.)shall be left. Those which are”31

left. Thou wilt judge me. They did shut. Number

(p art.Ni.) (H i.) 1 1?“lg?

thou (f ) Trust ye (m.) To make them reach . Tho u (m.)mg; (H i).

shalt cause to inherit. I raised. H e raises thee (m .) It (m.)573; (regular) 0 17 (H i.) (H i .)

shall b e known. Let me go out. Given (an. p l.) W e will

K'

S’

fear. I lifted up. To praise. I b rought out. Possess thouN3: st); m; (H i.) m:

(m.) And I will teach thee . To try thee (m.) W e shall say .

n); (H i .) up ; (Pi.) was

You called (m . s .) It (m .)was said. R ise thou (m.) carlyo

To give light. They will range . To give . From trying.

six (H i.) nir} (PL) 113; (Pi .)

I was called . H e will Surely say. H e looks . She shall

D33(R i.)

slay. H e shall slay thee . I w ill surely b lot out. T o

h is (Pi.) mu (H i ) my; (inf. inn)

Cover. W hen thou didst cover. W hen he did cover.

new .) (Pi .) (Pi.)

Knead thou (f ) Cause us to return. Thou shalt exalt me.

v’

iS nmPi .)You will bri

‘

ng.

s in(H i.)


ADVE R BS, PR E POSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS,AND INTE R JE CTIONS.

The ab ove parts of speech are expressed by w ords generallycalled particles, a few

, principally denoting prepositions ,declinable with affixes like nouns

,the rest are indeclinab le.

ADVE E Bs.

515-7,any, as here, hither rs then

at?there sincethence "

Ill until

up? there, thitheras

,mm nan hither and

here, there , yonder

thence , farther, onwards71

'

s“

in, mm fi ght: hither or

thitheram,my, nga “

riguntil here

argue, 11 1-i t? w ithin

ran withoutn§rn, 5mmab ove

belowWimSbackward, behindnews, where ?

135, “35whither ?

W’SQ whence ?

Q ’JQS, formerlyDH not yet, before that

ngg 1 31, n'

a 1 33, man“

InhithertoD'Di’iv, ever

"Inmy, wt for ever

721, DEW ,

"W 1 DEW ? for ever

and everW ’DE‘ always, continually1 59 whilst, again, yet, more1 31?5; as longat?” by dayDl’nto -day

1 97? to -morrow517311 27; yesterday

“

121? already, long sinceO W 512313, OW the day

before yesterday, heretoforems‘gs henceforth


ADVERBS continued.

has w,379 W

,”379 an till

"Ll ?alone

when ? how long 38 , P"! only

”21 0 much ” 1 02, 7 73 ! together‘

Uj i' more 0129 , h im once15127? lit tle 5379329 twice

M”? 5 12? little by little, as usual

gradually”51x perhaps

tom: almost,soon 3795, wherefore ? why

_

?

TN? very, exceedingly how many ? how often ?“QQ, 19 80 , thus ”Q

’ii , W it hOW ?

in; thus s igh, pas in vain05m,

was.wetruly, certainly is well”523, 53 , 5g , N5, rs not suddenly

DQ N not, besides N ’DDlPerectly, securely

” 3, VS,flip

,1 32, are found with affixes like a noun as

Dix whe re are they ? are not 1 , Bi ll, while they, W 7 17 until thou

T'Q‘? thee alone.

E xE R CISE .

Translate the following words and sentences

rm mm nb 720 0 n

'

: he‘s

rm 1 2 mu may wins ~ nfi>yb“w P“ 5s I? mm 0 was 0 wot;

Note—In the H ebrew E xercise upon this part of speech ,and also upon those following, the translation only of words but

seldom found in former exercises will b e given, and those onlyin their simple form ( the verbs are rendered in their proper

1 42 TH E H EBREW PRIMER

Always. Daily. W hilst. As long. H enceforth. Formerly.

For ever and ever. To -morrow . Yesterday. Very. Truly.

Not. Again. Once . Perhaps. H ow. Often. Suddenly.

A lready .

H ere stand . Do not approach. W hence comest thou ?

ring as ;

They w ill return hither. Once in the year. Since thou hast

w e}; 2

spoken. W hen w ilt thou comfort me ? They will preserveme

was some "gm ?

continually. And I led you securely. W hich thou knowest

333273

not heretofore. And sanctify them to -day and to morrow .

2 2 ” 3997471(a)

By day the sun shall not strike thee. Then my enemies

2 true

w ill turn backwards . They had almost consumed me. I will

ante; 0453

will not speak well.

2 l'

lB'

l’

PRE POSITIONS.

f5§,

to,towards, at 152, 512upon, against, on, above,

1 7912, M}, Di! w ith by, over, on account of

333, we, P? from,out of 53mnear, at, by


PRE POSIT IONS continued .

LAD

, before,over between

against, opposite to 5593, 31205, ”Bf? on ac

count ofbefore 232"according to

“ ES , 1 03 after ragga, ”53 without,except

“DB under, instead of, for 2154? besides,except

The prepositions was, use , use, ash,"is,

“a, 422,“ Q B

,are declinable like a noun in the plural number : thus

TVup on me, upon thee before me, DD’2? .5before them

‘

(QQ Z ms, DI}, and like a noun in the singular

number,and l

'Q like a noun in b oth numbers : as “232w ith me,

l731?with him ”l w ith me, HHS with thee,

‘

mx with him ; b i n,

before thee, before them ; Q”? between me, 33

93 between thee

,

between you . 511? and 172? have already been declined

among the cases of the pronouns ; the former denotingthe dative

,and the latter the ablative case,

Prepositions are also expressed by the letters D5D 3 prefixed,and by the letter

3 affixed .

3 in, with, by, on, up on, over, among , at, against, an accountof : aswe in the city,mien. by thefield , 13s; with a stone

,mix;

against an enemy, 103 on a mount

,0123 amongst a p eop le.

3 according to,ab out, as according to the word of,

5 to,for, of : as to the man, ”M?for his brother,

23 from, out of, on account of as W 379 from the house of,

n to : as nrqs zo ae ground .


Translate the following

mm ” 355.

”me we he

was. as my, t o ° n5u ~

3

nunbn 7 3: 0 mama Brag St: N ;pri est altar place H e came

rms hni nhxn nun-m T IN 0 “

1322 1e

door H e put

new, i7 13 am sweat: rag; my 113353H e did hand . he struck E gypt . gone

run an on r-ln nBu m y, 7113s i141 ;

W itness the poor of

was 0 n‘gsg mm or?

“

magpu nguujn arr;

Spoke oak . R aised

as; tins manage,a; trans mints may

stand W ill come

was"

15 ”

a t has n'

wv flex res;Go Abide

father the ends of

m: ngw’

fi)to sit.


sometimes as it?“ Emil D has “

7 followed b y dagesh , asa r t )

Sm, before 1 vnns it has as a‘z

'

wr

W hen the prefixes‘7 D 3 precede the article they take the

point of the 71, and the nitself is omitted , as for Hanna.

A ccording to al l I did. Falling by the w ay. I t shall be

may, when rm rmn

against us . H e alighted at the place. H e struck him w ith

935 DlPQ angn

a stone. I walked in the field. A. Psalm of thanksgiving.

mafia me wimp min

W e spoke to the king. Buy for us a little food. They

man are 53'

s

wandered in the w ilderness. Deliver from the sword my soul.

um n‘gnn nan res:

H e rules over the nations. On account of the greatness of

Sofia on; in

her iniquity.

ngig

CONJUNCT IONS .

ON if,or

an; if057m, but

,nevertheless

”3 either, or

I; 52 therefore , whereforeQ for, because, that, if

"iris that, if

as

unless

lest

than, no?that2192, ill: because


Conjunctions are also expressed by the prefixes 1 , D, and 29

°

l-signifying and, bu t, if, that, or, lest, although, therefore, (Q C.

3 as as T V? as a city.

w’

( instead ofwas) tha t t rnzarz'

that the days .

lb ? has the affixes of a noun : as film? as I 1 173; as thou,W HO? as be

,$ 13 ? as ska as we, DDlCJ as you ,

Dv

'

lllDB ( 68

they.

E xE R CISE .

113795 u ps ; 39 wins pf; ” us age 13 53;be angry. say. hated .

nest; par) WWR Jpn navy fin-r

hast rejected. heard. days may increase

“ gin; m; as pun mm ” swan ant)the re is none mayest know . believed .

m3 is as DDS we wanna antes 53sbrother. father Is there ? guilty

E xpress by W ords the conjunctions in the follow ing exercise

acco rding to their order : thu s, the first if express by08, the

second by the first because by Q ,the second by 3 1211, and

so on.

If you w ill say. If w e had been sold . If thou buyest. If

m an mamyo u w ill obey. Because she was afraid. Because you

when nail;

would b elieve. That I should go . That every man

DEN

1 48 TH E H E BRE W PRIMER

and woman. That you may remember. That they may keep.

rig/“ l mam RM

Lest you will be consumed .

men

INTE RJE CT IONS .

43513 ,mmzisgm,fixw oe ! alas ! m5, m5; ah ! oh r

n‘y‘zo far from it ! God forbid ! t he tax-150 that r- 7

‘ a,as ,was I pray m.

net come !“57 , “31“ behold lo RDhere

E XE RCISE .

wags newmm map ino n 035 an

bought. seed .

"5m: was ~3 15 as m‘

u unis rimlord . give.

waiw'

my a5 43m in an; fin H aj ; mystubborn. way. were directed

Kg"

!

heal:

Behold ! I have set before thee . 0 that ! there w ere

3 s o; wet w“

a sword inmy hand . W oe unto them who say Behold I send !

nan fi g; 2 nuns; [ 1529Do not

,I pray ! put upon us sin. 0 that ! it w ould b e as

5s 2 nan mar; 2 w

thy w ord. Come let us go down.

nan:

1 50 T H E HEBREW PR IME R

T he dative is sometimes used for the genitive as al l“? ”in"?a Psalm of thanksgiving ; when fill? or W }, precedes the dative

the verb to have is expressed 15 he had,

W3. we have.

The dative is often used in the same sense w ithout these

w ords : n‘

u; wav'

19554 and Laban had two daughters .

The accusative,like the objective of the E nglish, follows

active verb s : i053“? “ it will! and he made the table , it some

times also follows a passive verb : as me}? “5 the land

sha ll be divided and is occasionally used in the sense of the

ablative : as w e mx ”13x33 when [ had depar ted from ti t city,fix being used for it?‘

Three or more nouns signifying different things, are all but

the last in the constru ctive form :"051” in?) the dwellers ,

of the houses of clay .

W hen tw o nouns come together, and the first is in the con

structive form,the second is often used as an adjective to the

firs t : asI? ” valiant men.

Adjectives and participles are frequently put in the construc

tive form : as 35 ”at?! upright in heart, TD they tha t go

down to the p it.

The absolute and constru ctive forms are occasionally used for

one another l3 ”Cl” they who trust in him, for 3 D’

Dln

inf D’l -‘

Q rows of stone, for 125 “p;

W hen a noun in the constructive form is followed by the samenoun in the plural number, o r by one of the names of God,the superlative degree is expressed : as the highest

heavens 5x very high mountains .

Nouns repeated denote : distribution,increase , diversity, and

emphasis : as 1 2 1! every drove,11

.

1“ t many p its ,

new,“Q

’QSa great and sma ll ephah,”2? ”5? my son, my son.


Nouns are often repeated after numeral adjectives expressing

different degrees : as an? newmw’

metre/"

i net? use one

hundred and thirty-seven years .

Nouns are used as adverbs, some w ith , and some w ithout,the

prefixes Di? 3 as hastily, safely.

ADJE CT IVE S POSITION—AGRE E ME NT W IT H NOU NS—DE GRE E S

or COMPARISON,E TC .

Adjectives, as stated in page 31 , are generally placed after

nouns,and agree w ith them in gender, number, and sometimes

case as 510 a good thing , O’Jlb good things. W hen

they are placed before nouns the verb to be is understood : as

fi gs; aim the land (is)good.

A noun,which in E nglish is neuter, must sometimes b e sup

plied after a feminine adjective as lll‘

f‘

Z a tongue

tha t speaketh great (things).

A sing ular adjective is sometimes j oined to a plural noun

as T Q BW D thy judgments are right.

W hen an adjective or participle qualifies two or more nouns

of different genders, it is generally put in the plural numb er and

masculine gender : as mm],

“110 1, Abraham and Sarah

were old it sometimes,however, has the same gender and num

b er as the noun which is nearest to it as ”9133 W PD‘.”58 my

anger and my wrath sha ll be p oured ou t.

The comparative degree is often expressed b y ”If” precedingthe adjective , and the superlative by 1 e following it, or by the

repetition of the adj ective : as P’T—i "ml” more just, 7373 310

o r 510 filmvery good.

1 52 TH E H E BRE W PRIME R

Adjectives are often used as nouns as"in?! the way of

the righteous (men).

PE RSONAL PRONOUNS TH E VE RB OMITTE D—E xPR E sSED BY

A RE PE TITION OF TH E NOUN—TH E PR ONOUNs D“ R ift—TH E

DATIVE AND AOCU SAT IVE CASE , E TC .

W hen personal pronouns are placed in a sentence w ithout

any verb , the verb to be is understood : as as W e I (am)holy, we n

’

ix it (is)a sign.

A noun is sometimes repeated instead of using a pronoun : as

near: h is ni'

wrénevi-t! ne.: asmy}; and the children

of Israel shall keep the sabbath to observe the sabbath ; the

noun her} is repeated instead of lnlN it.

him and D? are sometimes used in the sense of the verb to be

as W U W 395 W 135 the land of E gyp t is before thee.

Personal pronouns in the dative case,w ithout having any

signification, frequently follow verbs : as abide.

The accusative case of the pronoun is Often omitted as

“F231 and he took (it)from their hand.

A personal pronoun is often introduced in a sentence in

addition to the noun it represents , and also w ith a verb, althoughthe verb includes the pronoun : as Ni” 03 and Abel

also brought (he), 71335 thou shalt sp eak.

W hen pronouns are affixed to intransitive verb s, some prepo

sitiou must b e supplied between the verb and the pronoun :

as dial it shall dwell (with) thee.

TH E R E LATIVE PRONOUN — OMISSION—ITS CASE S—FOLLOW EDBY D?

The relative pronoun WW is often omitted as N5

in a land (that) is not theirs.

1 54 T H E H E BRE W PRIME R

omitted and the verb to be is understood : as 7"this is the

thing.new ns

’

r this is the woman.

“I, is Often used as an adverb of time or place : as an}? ”I

now so many years, 43? 43? tarry herefor us.

The interrogative pronoun “72, “79, ”79 is sometimes rendered

b y why or how "7S why dost thou cry to me 2 4357 179

how goodly. W ith the prefixes 3 , it has various signifi

cations as wherefore, wherein ; m9? how much how

often ? “7917 why ? whatfor 2The interrogative ”3 placed after the thing or person Inquired

about,is rendered by whose as ”3 713 whose daughter

"3 followed bymt,thus expresses a w ish : as W

.

“7 3371 173 would tha t we had died by the hand of the Lord.

VE RBS —AGRE EME NT W ITH TH E IR NOMINAT IVE S— TH E IR MOODS

AND T E NSE S, PART ICIPLE S,E TC .

Verbs generally agree w ith their nominative case in gender,

number, and person : as V7 ” and the servant ran,7 1

nipna t his and the men of the p la ce asked,we 0pm amd she

7 7“

arose.

Note—There are several exceptions to this rule, principally

w ith the verb as N51.and women were notfound ;

EN?) plural feminine, singular masculine : fl‘n m"and

there were men ; 13’l plural masculine, and N'

N SIngular

masculine.

A noun of multitude in the singular may have a verb either

in the Singular or plural as 011? N” ) and the peop le saw ,

011? W T ?! and the peop lefeared.


A verb in the plural number, having two or more nominatives

of different genders, is frequently put in the masculine gender ;b ut if the verb is singular, then it agrees w ith the nearest

nominative : as 4717-2: DEPTH” ? their sons and daughters

shall die, WEDN‘ : m3 ?” thy father and mother shall rejoice.

W hen tw o or more nominatives in the singular number

precede the verb,the verb is generally in the plural ; but if

they follow the verb,the verb is then put in the singular

as 972 mm ”WmAnd M oses,Aaron

,and E a r ascended,

5mm! 33111 and Laban and Bethuel answered .1511 plural,

11111 sing.

A verb preceded b y”5? every, may b e either singular or

plural : as 4502? 3" every one willing-hearted brought,

519 3 everything tha t sha ll fall 5 the former verb in the

plural, the latter in the singular.

W hen a verb is in the third person, w ithout any subject,the

pronoun some one, or it, may b e supplied : as 332 i? 53! there

fore some one called,flbgw 35733? 7 5"and it was told to king

The indicative mood,either w ith or w ithout conjunctions

before it, may b e used as the potential or subjunctive mood of

the E nglish as “ T , may they be, 33 1 2 712725tha t they may mul

tip ly, men 19 lest thou lift up .

T he infinitive mood very frequently expresses the sense of

some other part of the verb : as w3k when he sent me

( as the past),‘

lSCl going on and sounding (as the participle). Connected w ith some other part of the same verb

,it

expresses emphasis : as N’

i QD it sha ll certainly be found .

The infinitive is sometimes used as an adverb or a noun as

3D? well,

thy going ou t.

W hen a verb in the infinitive follows a finite verb, the former

1 56 TH E H E BRE W PR IME R

is used as the principal verb, and the latter as an adverb : as

rim?mar; thou hastfound quickly. su e used as adverb .

The past tense may be used as the imperfect, perfect, or

pluperfect tense of the E nglish language , according to the sign

fication of the context : as ”312? I visited, I have visited, or I

had visited.

The past is sometimes used in the sense of the present, chieflywhen preceded by 777312; and in that of the future when 1 is

prefixed to it, and frequently W ithout the 1 : as you

know,

manthey are now created, new?! aud you-

slumsanctify, 953 he will swa llow up death.

The future is used in the sense of the past tense when the

continuance or frequency of an action is expressed alsowhen 1 is prefixed to it, or W precedes it as ” DD 39 so it

was a lways, and theyfled, then he separ ated. And

in the sense of the past or present when preceded b y 0139 : as

”7932DIP? before it grew ,D

'

lDD Dost thou not yet know

The future preceded by the negative adverb 535 or hisis used

as the imperative : as “7935” SN do no t say,715“ N

i? do not go ;

w ithout the negative it is frequently used as the imperative as

W t"?fear. The first and third persons of the imperative are

supplied by the same persons of the future as let me go,

“Pmlet him say.

Participles, as stated in page 59 , are often used w ith the per

sonal pronouns to express the present tense as DE 1 go.

The present participle sometimes expresses the sense of the

past or future tense : as man came out,D’pp ”371 behold I will

establish.

are sometimes used as the present tense w ithout

having any pronoun expressed 5 in such a case a pronoun of the

1 58 T H E H E BRE W PRIME R

prefixed, w ith their signification not,

115133? be

cause not ; 33313, 333 besides ,DU there ; 0373 thence ; R5 not ;

N53 w ithout ; 1’1m3, 1’1T1 w ithout ;“

1131! now from now

D273 little ; 1531133 almost ;”333,

153 no t, w ithout ; 153? becausenot ; 136 not ; 1

1 17519 , 1133

:w ithout ; 3

1333, 1313333 formerly ; 51?

upon ; 3121? from upon ; C111, 71 15 w ith ; 11 5519, away from ;fi lm under ; 7173 737? from under ; 3313 near ; from near ;

over against corresponding w ith ; 3 935) in the presenceof ; aw ay from ; 7135 over against ; 11353 for ; 331 unto ;"1123 around ; 113 between ; P373 from betw een round

about ;1323313,

” 11933 except .

M any prepositions are follow ed by the dative case : as

18913 from under the firmament ; l3W0

133 3 13? round

abou t the tabernacle .

C1 53 3 are often used for one another : as Hi? go in

p eace, instead of 2315293 they are also sometimes omitted ; as71333 the house of Pharaoh, for 133333 11 133 in the house of

3 or 3 prefixed to a verb in the infinitive mood is generallyrendered by when. and the verb is considered as finite as N3 3

when he came,

when he ended.

W hen two or more w ords expressing adverbs, propositions, or

conjunctions follow one another,they are sometimes rendered

separately, b ut for the most part together as one w ord ; as w illb e seen from the follow ing : as as

"W

"fifths,

"19 until

,

“

11?

very quickly WNQS

“

Ill very much ;17133 "

19 till no t ; 33“ 3DV,“1193 IV

"becau se ; 310 13 1119735 tha t

, 11 15 because not ; 713

DJp N even ; 1331 115 besides , a lso ,

’3,

918 how mu ch more, how much

less ; 33 although ; DN1 1153 excep t ; 310 35 towards ; 1

13

among ;”j nt't 5s behind ° was 5s thereto ° rum-n5s under rmp be:

outward ; 3“ within ; m. excep t ;313m511 although ;

AND READING BOOK . 1 59

I3512therefore DN ‘ 3 although, excep : T3(79

‘

3 because 13 ”T N

A lphabetical L ist of the Prefixes and Afi xes.

PRE FIXE S .

N 1, future tense , as 3

.

1733N I shall learn .

3 In, wi th, by, on, &c . , as3323 in the city ; superlative degree

of comparison, as 33: thefairest of w omen changes the

sense of the infinitive : as N53 to come,N33 when he came.

3 definite article : as 335? the fire ; vocative case, as 0

generation ! relative pronoun, as who goeth ; interrogation,as is there peace passive and causative forms of the verb

,

as to be visited ; 3’

P33 he caused to v isit. reflective

form of the verb,as 332313? he sold himself.

l and,but

,&c . , as

W331. and a man,UN‘ bu t if , changes the

sense of the tenses, as and I will say, 33m! and I said .

”he or it (future), as he or it shall keep .

3 according to, ab ou t, as , &c . ,as 333 according to all , 3 33123

a bout twenty, as a way changes the sense of the infinitive,

m‘m to end,nun; when he ended.

3 to , for, of, in order to,as to a father, W NW f or the

head , W331? of the month, in order to hear.

Dfrom,out of , on account (f, as Y3§Q from the land

,11330 out

of the house, ”311723 on account of afl iction ; comparative degree

as more desirab le than gold ; some, as 030 some ofthe blood ; participle, as

“

rs‘zp teaching .

3 passive form of the verb, as he was kep t we (future)as 3lP3?we shall visit.

99 relative pronoun, conjunction as 3313 tha t descendeth,that (conj .) the days.

l

1 60 TH E HEBRE W PRIMER

h (future)she 0 1‘ it, (future)as 393313 thou shalt learn,

3PN“ she or it shall visit.

AFFIXE S .

fl feminine gender, as 310 W’N a good man, 13350 3?Na good

woman ; to, as 33113? to E gyp t ; his , as1333N his tent ; her or

its as her house, 3’3533N its (f.) young ; her or it,

(accusative)as 3323he took her or it she (past), as “ 33? she

visited ; sometimes no signification, as or hear ; in

him or a his or its as mine: he will keep him or a,

mass his or its (m.) light. up their or them as 09 :e

their eyes,ma trix: who made them ; is their (f.)or them as

maintheir ( f.)children,mug s after them (f.)

1 his or its as 5733nhis or its (m .)p lace him or it

as I have formed him or it ; they (past), as 337331 theystood you imperative, as seek you (m .) h i feminine

plural, as V) evil ( sing ),my! (plural).

my, me, as”W 3 my house, of those hatingme thou

imperative, as Op en thou ; constructive form plural, as

"133. words of ; sometimes no signification, as 3M “or

sitting.D"

.masculine plural, as LOP, little (sing ) 13332 (plun)

0“ dual, as hands .

3,713 or

”3 thy, thee, as 333 thy son, thy hand, thy

life, 33.3 !NI will remember thee,

1334333 : they will bless thee,

9 1‘s wp on time : a; yaw <m or you (an). as new gowr land.

023333 they will help you ; 1? your (f. ) or you your

(f.)father, DENwith you (f )D,"3 their as 0933 their vine

,their grap es ; them

as UN?) to bear them,339 3 it covered them.


E xnncrss .

Give the prefixes that express the following z—prepositions,conjunctions, personal and relative pronouns , the degrees of

compari son, the form of the verb,and the participle.

Give the signification of the follow ing afixes

B?! an as n;“

m u

Give the affixes for the following —the plural number mas ~

culine and feminine,the constructive form

,the dual

,and the

accusative pronouns thee, you ,me

,and her .

E xpress you (m. )future, they (f.)future, and you (f .)future.

Say W hat letters are added to the root in the followingnouns

mm; mb'

un omzu 0mm vnzg‘znr;

znjvgn my tiny tn‘msn pm

Tofind out the R oot.

R eject the prefixes and affixes, and the three remaining letters

are the root : thus you w ill remember reject the prefix 33,and the affix m as being the second person plural feminine of

the verb,and the letters

‘

1 D t which remain, are the root

3n‘7W730 thy domini on ; reject the prefix D and affix 13, as forming

the noun, the affix 3 for the possessive pronoun, and the le tters3W 73 are the root.

Give the root of the follow ing w ords

0 amps?! w afers0

12355 wp‘

mr "31pm

“ sash ma ven; mum W W

AND RE ADING BOOK.

0magma mus-v

a rson ashram nmzrs

7 7 7

If after rejecting the prefixes and affixes only two letters

remain, supply either 3

,J or at the b eginning, 1 in the middle,

at the end, or the same letter as the second : examples, ”EN

1 shall take, from not) ; us 1 sha ll descend,from 1 33; as: he will

hurt,from ‘133

”33232 I arose, from DlP $11 they ascended, from“31? ”Himy strength, from ill?7 7 7

The following rules will in most cases show what letter is to

b e supplied

l st.—If a. dagesh b e in the first of the two radicals, 3 must b e

supplied at the beginning : as WW”. from W139, ranfrom The

following two letters 733 v3? 1 P3 rm! f l ? D? rimmp are exceptions to this rule for although there is a dagesh in the first, 5

must b e supplied before ”Pand 1m, and before the rest : as ”Pf.

from np

'

b amp; from rub, use from an 18 » from as; war: from- 7 , “

T , T

rs; piss from as; m ay: from u s, harmfrom “32

°

2nd.—If a dagesh b e in the second radi cal, the same letter as

the second must be supplied as from 3175

3rd.—If neither have a dagesh , and the prefixes have 1 or

i,or if 3come between the prefix and the radical, must b e

supplied at the beginning : as 3Wl3 from 3W2, W3,” from W 3,3pm from 30’ from V3?-

7 ’

4th .—If or h i ( infinitive) follow the second

,3 may be some

times supplied at the end as F331, 11552 from “32°

5th.—If only one letter remain, 3 must b e supplied at the

beginning and '3 at the end : as 331 from 333


E XE RCISE S on IRRE GULAR Boo'rs .

E XE RCISE I .

Give the root of the‘

following w ords

may: wnzgs wmran 2 amp),« nrjwjn wanna

0mm m in mint-l m ay,wan um;

when anpcyn”

111 was humanismmm nu

‘

ts o ar-

1mm ” mm who

won 4 153; 0 a fl y‘m run wan m

’

nfifin

mash] ° ni335 W anna 0

5159E XE RCISE II .

Give the root of the following words

Nate— This exercise contains only words which have their last

radical 3,or the middle radical i omitted ; and their roots can

only b e ascertained by comparing their forms w ith the different

parts of“33 and mP’

tja ;0my a unt mum plant;

in;

on;0 avg: nigh ruab rims

” at; Mariam: 0mm was : ” mm min-{b31pm mun uni

-if? ” Janina our: 0 Sb;

nnzm 13mg manifest: m i 0 mm;~ n~rjnn

now was was ~ nmm 0 5 9mmo nus?

arm ‘

n’

nn 4 ] :a~ <infin h is; 3m:

tr i m


° Do .

‘7p

{ up was 0 55 o ur0 59 ~ So

yn"an we) war) 0 5W 0 e 0 0

11Note l .

—Some of the ab ove letters may belong also to roots

the last radical of which is n b ut the exercise does not contain

any such w ords.

2nd.—Some words containing two letters mayb elong to three

roots, thus the letters 53 may b e either from or 543,these can only b e obtained by practice.

3rd.—There are a few roots which are considered by some

grammarians to have as their second radical,and by others to

have 4 thus‘

HD or W”? to change .

ACCE NTS.

A ccents are used : 1 st.—T o regulate the sense of w ords,by

shewing whether they are to b e connected w ith, or separated

from,other words .

2nd. T o point out the syllable upon which the voice must

rest : as they are of two kinds, conjunctive and dis

junctive .

The following is a table of the names, form, and position of

the accents .

Note—The R is given to denote the form and position.

The C . denotes that the accent is conjunctive if not marked

it is disjunctive thus NP,“ is conjunctive, being marked

FoBMp

S. NAME S NAM E S

c . a"11s

0 . s in? 1; m;s “15?mp.

apjz'

mm.alpinwere)

Sm; was

am) R E ADING BOOK. 1 67

xm s mm

5: Dash a. was as“

arithmeti c .

are new; a

as s‘zasa S:

c . g x

s a

C . a; t;

s was «on 8:

s mamas was a

as aw a

8: run?mmmm is

a; piano pins air: 5:

The principal pause or disjunctive ac cents are ( sf)P40? 5130 ,

(if) have, (60223 1 , (a)fine as ,51's as ; th e (h‘ ) and (if)

being the longest.

The pause ac cents, particularly P409 5150 and ”37,1 ,

chs nge the

point of the w ord to which they are j oined : thus I}?fo r Ti l ;for 33130 1}

W hen a word has the same accent upon two separate syllables,the stress of the voice is upon the former syllable, as U Q WD b ut

w hen the accents are different, the s tress is upon the latter

syllable : thus flfi‘ Dm

The ac cents N, N, x, it (KU Q Q ), and 34, do not serve

to show the stress : thus ”371195, this w ord is not read with the

stress upon the syllable”D, b ut on the syllable “E

168 TH E HE BREW PRIME R

The following do not receive the accent

A letter having a sheva,a letter having a vowel point in the

place of sheva (to prevent tw o ( z)coming together), and a letter

followed by TI when used for a preposition, or when it ( the n)has no signification.

Additional R ules for the Position of the A ccent.

Note —A s the follow ing rules w ould b e unintelligible with

out a know ledge of the verbs,they are introduced here instead

of being continued at page 24 .

Verb s,the second radical of which has a vowel point, take the

accent on the second radical,unless an accusative pronoun is

affixed : thus wa s , 131, max;Participles, except in the feminine singular ending in n

“ have

their accents milrang as “9 12 ,nag} ; “123 9.

The follow ing class of verbs, having their accent miln in

the future tense,change it to milgnel w hen 1 (which changes the

future into the past)is prefixed tothem : viz . quiescent verbs,

having N o r for their first radi cal, 1 for their second,or nfor

their third ; also verbs having their second and third radicals

alike : thus mass has“, win. $3511, ap'

n w noise, mb:”9 1,

or nail, fast D31, 3301, 3 9 2?

Verbs,having their accent milgnel in the first and second

persons past tense, change it to milrang when 1, (which changes

the past into the future) is prefixed to them : thus W OW,

”

PPR/ i

ER R , {W ET

W hen any point of a word is changed by a pause , the accent

w ill b e on the point changed : thus i122"! changed from

It has been stated (page 23) that when the forme r of two

w ords has the accent milrang, and the latter is accented on the

1 70 TH E HEBREW PRIME R

R

a father,const. and 38

,

w ith affixes 035, plur.nizs

to consent,Until-1

” BR mighty5ss H it. to mourn

mourning$212: mourning52mb ut

,indeed

a stone

P3 15N . to wrestle, inf. lPUNfiB

7 6 a mis t

a lord,a mas ter

,the Lord

DW§man

DHI‘S red

379125ground, earth, “ 72 735

aim s red

T fi’ma mantle

am: or to love,3 9 435:

73358 lovein k} to pitch a tent

,

53s tent, nas his tent“4 o r

13‘

l but, nevertheless

{IN strength , affliction

fi x H i. to press in

flat to become light, H i. to give

“fix lightnix a sign,

fl lnk

ms to consent "U

"5then

13'

s ear, "3t num ~ mm to

give ear

”5. brother,const .

’U § ; w ith

affixes W ES, ”DE: plur.D’U ‘f

,

w ith affixes "3 3 , ” 7375“

10 155, const.“me: In.

fi lm

(pause IWW ?) f. , one, first,

some one,the same

few,the same

"15 reed“

1511 15 backwardrims sister, p ins

”335to seize, N . to b e seized or

entangled, to get possession

”mt?possessionW738 other

,another, T finN

wings,mans

7 733 ”.

DFS after, b ehind, W W W

behind him,arm s

7 9 15 K . and Pi. to delay

l? ” fix afterwards

1.

11 z behind, hindermost

nuns end

backwards”8 island ,

"N

where ?nip

’5 whence

l ist an enemy, H‘D‘R

enmity

W here ?“B’Nwhere artthou?

AND RE ADING BOOK.

T8 how ?

S’x a ram,D’E’QS

nits a b ind

”ENS terror

ill-ti , l’iti not, no

w rr none’BJ’N I am no t; fiJ

’l‘Q nggtx

59 “ whereW ’l’fl man, husband, male, each,

or one to anothermm?film one to another9713231? W”? one from anotherENS strong, strength7115 only, but, surely

’

5355 to eat, to devour ; inf.

w ith affixwas,59

'

s orwas foodsurely

55 God, power523,

J»; to ,

‘

unto, in, by, intoat

, before ; "213, We“7133

49155towards

abs} oathoak

these,those

ate; God ; pl. archesGod, gods,

0 17 7

1 71

nests a widow

widowhood

”35135a duke

T2135a thousandDiff a mother

,”3m

if, no t, or, indeed

”ENS a maid servant,mDN

nit const. mans“71935 a cubit”Q R people, nation

indeedDQP§ or {3n indeed

”35 N . to be verified . H i. to

believe, PEN”

Y’Q E‘ to b e strong,or Speech

:

"11315 to say,

“b x? sayingW ’QI

’

Syesternight“DPS truth , innsnnnpx sackN35 0 ! I pray71235whitheri f we

43025 we

”25, pause U N I

“PBS shipsI

wear, pl. of 29’s ; const. ms

,

rags

nos mischief1 1035a prisoner


to gather, to take away,

to put, ab ?”

to bind,to harness, “Bx”

N . to b e bound,W5 nose

,nostril

,face, anger,

’BN; dual 07

535, W e“

ilN also,indeed

”3 HS althoughr19 g to bake ; HER a bakerice: or s ins then

,now

Di x to vanish

P9 35 H it . to refrain oneself,

was ashes5Yt~5 to reserve

W ith, near, ”SYN with me

731117 321, a w indow

13211 8 fem .

,mas four ;

f i t/v,vars f. ,

"fer, In

fourteen ; 03221 6 fortya cofiin

W 155 cursed

“TN manner, path”731 53 a company“fi x or

”

M a lion

3135to lengthen

r s length, new

earth , land, ground,to the land

7 155to curseWk fire

W ilt , const.not; woman, wife,

female ,”F3?“

cluster of grapes

5m; a grove{Dz/ tsguilt

ores adj. guilty, new“103 Pi . to call one happy,

vat-iris

“mi relative pro .,who , which,

that,

713"WAS in which ,

ism s are}; in whose land ,"Ms? in w hose midst,

55 WW& to whom,to which ,

which he has, or which he

had, wasW AS before whom ;$ 33 WW upon which

“if/23 conj . that, when, so that,because, since

oth er nee-refs where

mtg/inW AS whence

flN‘

flN sign of the accusative ,”TIN me ,

i lDlN thee

nxms w ith,by ;

”Bx w ith

me,

"

TBS w ith thee

us as before

mt thou, f.


“filmw ithin, whilst331 W 3 whilst he

a master

W 7? confederate33 0 archers5313 “3433 married” 123 cattle”33 profit333 N . to be restrained

9 123 N. to b e broken up ; Pi .

cleave“32123 a valley

morning393 cattle, herd, ox or oxen3393 w ithin, W ithin it

within her

Pi. to seek

corn$03 to create

am; fat,man;

a covenant

K. and Pi. to bless ; H i. to

cause to kneel down, N. and

H it. to bless oneself, to be

blessed. H i . fut

“333 a blessing, const. “333

knee,

333 H i . to ripen

iv}! flesh“3 a daughter, b ranch ; “33,

11333, const.71333

amaamongst, in the midst of;angina in the midst of us

,

fan; a"in; Pi . to dividean; a piece, “ 133

5m to redeem

strong, mightyam

,high, tram

543 3 b order

”33; a cup,

T 2; a master, a lord

mag ; a hill, n‘

wnn const n’

wgsfig ; to prevail

mistress,

”13333

“I; good fortune1 1 5to attack"m; troop511 3great, the elder”I; a kid,

51 5 to b e great, to grow

to make great

body”35 a nation,1713to expire

“ 3 to soj ourn

AND READING BOOK.

”f lat 1 13 a young lion71; to shear51? to rob

575a young bird“ 5 a piece, DW I?I'

m? bd ly3? sinew

N. to be revealed ; H it. to

b e uncoveredn‘z; Pi . to shave

,n5r

53 a heap923K . and H i. to roll H it.

attack05 also, moreover, even; 0333 5.both—and

H i. to cause to sip

K . to reward, to render,N. to b e weaned$795a camel,I! a garden3 33to steal“

1123,to rebuke

,3323!

713? vine7l’n brimstone

a stranger

1335 strongI“) threshing-floor

2913 Pi. to dri ve out

Bit/15rain

1 75

1

”33 report,P3”I to cleave, to overtake.

H i. to overtake, P37 1

333, K . and Pi . to speak

333, a word, thing ; 1 3? 512onaccount of

”33 honeyor fish

”33 to multiply133 com

mitt? "mandrakesD3 K. and H i. to rule

, to judge"ll"a generation, plur.

poorP5”! to p ursue hotly

dooro f; blood, i73 3 , mmmm"! likeness”313knowledgeP3

"

! to overdriveI3"! thin

thistlesway, j ourney, ‘ Zfl

"?

W3“,to seek

N25“, H i . to cause to

forth, to shoot forth,

NW"

! grass


38 ? also ?7113‘l art thou

come !

him he,it ; Nina this, that

mg to b e , imp.7117?

DH ?“ parents

w ithout, outwards

N’U,xl f‘ she, it ; R

‘

tlfi , NW !

that“Z? to b e, to exist, to become 751 a child

*5mg; 1 had ;“

17 up“

) he had

W ” is there ? W273, have

you 2

Nb ?”x55? no t ( interrogative)back , away

0555 here

newthis, that

33? K . and H it . to go , to walk

717317 , they, (m .)multitude

behold

it"they,f.

“33 behold,"Jan (pause

behold I 333 , 3373

they, these

3 3” hither, here

33 7} to turn,to overthrow

inf. w ith affix ”39 3

333-“

Doverthrow

3” mountain ; theirmoun

tain

l great

to kill

7110 to conceive,

PDT) far off

Il‘ j fil conception,

5D?) to deceive

mmrmto delay

my,a w olf

mi: this, f. , fit this, m.

1 31 to give"131 a gift

”31 to sacrifice

”37 a sacrifice, W 733?

531 to dwell

3731 gold ; const .3”

Tl?! olive

to rememb er H i. to make

mention of

"131male

D791 to devise

the best part

mgr, perspiration$19 7, to b e troubled

“PM. err

131 to b e old ; adj. old, elder

713m, mm}, or {El o ld ageM

‘ 1 78 TH E HEBREW PRIME R

“Q ? to w ant, to diminish,heat

BLT a father-in my }:

nsm butter to b e pleased w ith

WEED to digcostly3 735 anger

T1172?)mother-in- la'w

“3739 compassion, pi t yC790 to b e heated

DQ D violence

7 7313 bitumen

mortar

3337} an ass

29730 Pi . to give the fifth

P i. to search”

I’D an arrow ,

D’

Srj

to d ivide

3k"? a village , pl .DW STJ, nm

'

su

Pl'

l a law , portion, Di?“a? a law

to dry

33h drought

33” sword, 713W ”

“330 dry land

r

to tremble,‘

T'm

m .,five ;

fl i t/P wonf. , rim fear

1322795 m.,fifteen ; 039

73 73.

to kindle , to b e angry ;

fifty ;m .

,11 ’t f. , 317 FW D thou an angry

3 33 131 0 scribes

w‘

n

’

nthe fifth uh white bread

m3?) bottlein” w inter

1 epr0ach ,

to embalm W I“ H i . to b e silent,t: 17 11 71

D'DJB. embalming W W ?) ploughing

T 3? his trained U'

Ll'

l engraver

DWDto think, to devise

mgrace“335 or darkness

mgr; gratuitously"

TWO to w ithhold

W } t o b e gracious . H it. to Pic}? to long for

implore mercym3 fear, 03W ?

“DE? mercy,Tm“ fear

men

AND R E ADING BOOK.

an.

” or “ 9 9 h Signet

IU D H it. to intermarry

IU D son- in-law,

ngtg to kill

17t executioner

to dip

11 1323; a ring, ifl Q Q Q

cleanmt: H it.

“

15 29-3 to clean oneselfND goodIND

goodness, the good, the

bestno t; Pi. to shoot ; part. Pi.

const.“T E? a castle

dew

NE)? to b e spottedl< n Pi. to defile

to hide

118? to load , imp .

7113 children, family, 099cut; no t yet, before3111? to tear to pieces . Pu.

WED pass .

“15? preythat which is torn

1 79

5s ; H i. to undertake“

1520 a river03: Pi. to marryW ill to be dry, inf. nwn

v

nets: dry land

Ill; sorrow1223: labour, const.

"1: hand, h l

‘l: portions, times

nz; H i. to prais e

171 ; to know . H it . to make

oneself known33 : to give imp.

3 ? or

Dl’ day, plur.CPD: days, cons t.

’9 ’ days, a year ; E l”

birth-day

fur a dove“03to unite

V'

lfjl together"NJ; only one

,

50: N . to wait

DD; to conceive

to b e good. H i. to do

good, to do right ;15i t? ! it

may be w ell with me 3and it plea sed

3 wine,ll ”

H i . to de cide,appoint,

reprove . N. to be judge d,convinced , or vindicated

1 80 T H E HEBREW PRIME R

55: K . and H o . to be able,

to prevail75: K. and H i. to beget, to

bear N. and Pu . to b e borne1 5! a child, on} ,

a girl"v

.51 one born

75: to goD: sea, w est,D‘Dl mules

Pt): right side, right hand

VP : H i. to turn to the l ight ;fut. ”Q

’D’Sl

P2: H i. to suckle, P

’l ’n

HP: K . and H i. to continue, to

add ; used as the adverbs

more, again

"mg i? ! because719 : const. 719 : m ”i t const.

f.,beautiful

” 92future H iph . of “715 shall

enlarge

x13: to go out,to rise . H i. to

bring out

33: H i. to set up, to place, to

leave

my” couch, W 133P3: to pour7 3: to form.

1 l-i’fl

imaginationnae

!

gathering

W : to become dislocated

VP; to awake, fut. YD?!

N” to fear,NT S fut.

fear

"

Q : to go down. H i. to bringdown

,to let down

771 : to cast. H i. to directOil: moon

a“; loin, thighnan; border, ing

-v

greenness

to possess, to succeed in

possession. N . to become

poorW ”

or 2" is, are,was

,w ere

,

at»? age; you act, W 7.

735073 thou sendest, ’5 W I

there is to me, I have ,43? W }. w e have

SW: to dw ell, to sit , to remain.

H i. to settle

WW W"salvation

W : to sleep, fut.

7 73: N. to be left. H i. to excel1 71 ” excellency

D

315 ; to feel pain

films; when, as, since

to b e heavy or dim.

to b e honourable


V1 ? to stoopto cut off ” 1 31 717 3 to

make a covenant,

a lamb , out»?

fiWD to become fat

or 31 3113 coat, W P? ml“?

a stately coat,“1 3133 const.

plur.fi lm?

Ni) no

H R? to b e w eary

”text? at my ease

DR?people, Emmi<5

nf? heart, 035, my?alone, VD? he alone,

D335, 123335or 7123 35

Wall? or W I35 garment

N2}? 3. lion

”131573?notI}?to make bricks

132or white

m 5 brick , can?

poplar

wg?K . to put on. H i. to clothe

“ Q ? to b e exhausted

13715flame

s omeNil? not

“if?N. to b e joined

135an almond tree

unless

lls K . and H i. to lodge , to

25-15to knead

ff? moist

on?bread, 51305

t i? to sharpen

or night

flQ? come

therefore“725? W hy

fin‘

g to them

to whom,whose

for the sake of,in order

that"1212?before, T1135before thee

for, in front of, Opposite

or?H i. to feed”9? according to

” fill? a flame

before, 0.9L) before me,

was?hp}? to take . Pu . and H o . to

b e taken. Pu .“7325,

0 937 K . and Pi. to gather

ns j phtowards , over against

11W?tongue, 11 13l

D

one hundred , plur.“N79 ,

dual two hundred


wis p very aim; wis p,

"nan“

vis t a exceedinglyfip ixl? any thingwisp light, 11mm;"511? since

778 2? whencei795 ? food

a knife

NSC? from,

”133 73, mm?5437? flood"10m? choice

wi thin

a tower”131 93 precious giftsum pilgrimage,

"IU D

Pi . to deliver

727? a shield

a w ilderness

31W ? why i

“79, m9 , 17 79 what ? how ?ns§up beyond“I"? Pi . to hasten“7173 dowry510 K . to circumcise. N.

circumcise,to be circumcised

birth,descendants

”ill” appointed time, a festivalmy: fear, Damn:0

DWVD a dwelling-

place

mmto die. H i. to put to death 5373t

m7? (cons t. death “ 110

an altar

”373 from hence

ll”? food :

“D? to blot o ut

FW D w ithout

P93”? a law -

giver”T7379 vision”it"? sustenance of life

”9D? a camp7 737? o r njw morrow”JWHD thought‘ lW U’Q laying bare

a b ed

a staff

ill-39 ? treasure

savoury meat

H i. to cause to rain

the best0” (c onst,

’t3 )water

l”? kind or species, lJ‘Ds after

its kind

nurse

mart: milch”0372 covering

to sell

a sword

to fill, to be full, to b e

fulfilled . N. to be full or

filled . Pi. to fill

at»: full

1 84 T H E H E BRE W PRIMER

”

115579 an angel, a messenger

w ork, property

"11 573 besides

a multitude

Ill

/“73 an inn

Ego N . to escape

an interpreter

1 7 73 a king, 00 573 ; const .

"35 “

to I eign , inf. 1157? or

55? Pi to declare

NW PPD above , upwards”395? from before

71227197; or 11357979 kingdomL‘L’Q D above, upon

n 2730 o r 1? ! n dominion

no from ,out of

,some

from me, W 373

any; opposite , over against

713? to count

731379, ngunrest

nor; a present,”T3027?

nub times

to w ithhold

NPR? same as a nurse

CD a tribute

$79 73 a j ourney, plur. w ith affix

”at:

mourning

provender z

"157973 number

“Q WD a ford

since I am

D’JTIZQ dainties

0 1279 a little , few

03779 bow els

ITVD spring ,const .

“ 133W?

5ua from o ff,

above ,“m

W in:from

,from us

“Elma cavebusiness , w ork , de ed

“

less; a tenth part

W e”? on account Of,from the

face o f

N37; to find, to happen to . N .

to b e foundnil 11 33 0 a pillar

unleavened bread

a commandment

a little thingE gypt,

“PT! ” to E gypt

‘ 1 30 an E gyptian

mm; a place , n’

impu

a staff, a stick ,.‘

QQ ? possession, purchase

mm cattle , purchase"ID bitter

M OD look ,appearance

M U D vision


fl”) to flee“

11 3 to vow

W 7 },a vow

309K . and Pi . to lead away

Pi. to feed . B it . to lead on

fut. nsnlnx

7 9 2a riverN J to rest. H i. to leave, to

place

DU to flee

m} : terrible” I? pottage"P” the separated one

U 73 an ornament for the ear or

nose,W ill?

as; K. and H i. to lead

a valley or brook35m inheritanceD”) N. to b e comforted, to

repent, to comfort oneself.

Pi . to comfort . H it. to com

fort oneself‘

lDl'l? desirable

WT} ; Pi . to divineW 133a serpent

to spread, to extend,to

pitch, to incline,to turn.

H i. to hold out

W 9? to plant

W292to allow

l”? posterity

min: spice"DJ grandchild,”Q ; H i. to smite , to kill

59 ; H it. to conspire”22 H i. to recognise . H it. to

make oneself strange"12? strange

” 33 or a stranger

71 9 ; Pi. to try

WP; H i. to pour out

HQ ? a drink offeringto j ourney, to depart

172vagabond0’t youth, mgr:

a shoeDR?to b e pleasant

7 123 a youth , lad or boy

a damsel

to breathe

a giant

to fal l,to alight. H i. to

cause to fall. H it. to attack

l’QQ to b e scatteredW ill? soul, life, mind

struggles

3 132N . to stand . H i . to place,to erect

,to se t up . H o . to

be erected

a flower

a pillar

53; N . to be saved . H i. to

deliver,to take away

AND RE ADING BOOK.

392150 appoint ; imp .

”3 93, female"li’? speckled7199 N . to be clear”

T2? clear, innocent

il'

E? innocency'

DE? H o . to b e avengedNW; to lift up, to lift, to bear,to spare, to forgive

”

259 NW”

he will accept of me

rig); H i. to deceiveDWJ H i. to chase aw ay

JWJ H i. to overtake, to reach”W2Pi. to cause to forgetN’W Q a princeD‘ W; const .

”WQ, plur . of “WN,

w omen,w ives,

”W3

W .

) to bite”W W? soul, const.

DDWJ

PW ? to kiss, to obey . P i. to kiss

3132 to give , to put, to set,to

allow,to consider

,to grant .

N . to b e given

“ND a measure

339 to surround . N . to sur

round,to turn away

o r nlD’DD round about

a t hicket531? to bear

1 87

serve future

servant,

730 to close1 50 a secretND 3. horse”

MDK, to depart, to turn in.

H i. to remove,to draw off

11 40 a garment

“mo to traffic“Nb a merchant

,D’WHD

”2° a booth531? H i. t o act foolishly

N . to b e shut

a basket, £360 ,”50

D513 a ladder7150 flour1129? to supportInfi ll? blindness

to reviv e, to strengthen ;imp .

47 129

"E D to mournnot; to destroy“

lab to number. Pi. to tell

7 9 ? a bookD‘ WD an officernap Pi . to stop"m0 N . to b e b id

, to b e absent

ll

to till, to

“

ni p;7313, a slave or

D’T‘Q Q ,"139


” d i v,servants

”3 132 serv ice"1311 to pass . H i. to cause to

pass , to remove . K . fut.

Margo H i. fu t. “Q ?!

on the opposite side”192 w rath“ JV

,9. H ebrew

“3? cakerunga heifer

a wagon"W until

,unto, before , Ox

"Ill,

W'

s"

w,as

"has n, a: n,

until ;"ll! until here,

since,hitherto 53 “Vyon

der,‘

lixD ‘

19 exceedingly ;05W 7 12for ever

"

W. a w itness"IVbooty

a w itness

”21 1! pleasure

77V, herd , flock,drove

,D’TIX},

53’n lentiles

33N organamH i. to protest“

ill? yet, again,whilst

,awhile

,

still, besides

, win, any,W W W plur .

i31 1?

DEW for ever, old, everlastingill! iniquity541? to be w ith young

‘ lll’Pi. to fly

all? fow l“fill skin

,

”I a goat, Di ”.

72 o r 712power, pow erful312to leave

1 713. helper, help“9 2 K. and H i . to be fee l le.

Inf. H i. TH EE"?

0711 bird of prey

NZ eye , w ell, const. I

‘ ll ” i f.

U ’J'Y, T il ,”Til

i112 faint

7 3?a city, wi ll732a young ass

,CH IP,

CD’S! naked, D‘ Q T V

“92 to trouble531, upon, concerning, over ,by, towards, on account of

,

besides,against, because , to ,

at,with

,

‘52, T”,

n'

mx 512on account Of"23 51! because no t

“

13? 51! on account of

ID 53! therefore’B 51? accord ing to

(71! before

51? yoke,‘

mv

3172 to go up, to arise . H i. to

cause to go up, to bring or

carry up, to offer

‘

1 90‘

TH E H E BRE W PRIMER

W212H i. to enrich, t hey”

“WVriches“fragPi. to give a titheginwvs

DW WSZ twenty

m] . time”333! now

7 471 11 a he -

goat

P132 H i. to remove,7 71 17

,to implore , fut. fut.

N .“02“

D

to entreat, to alight, to

meet

7 3? carcase,W }? to meet

mouth , opening , command,

edge, const. w ith affixes

’5,ii”?

flb here

315 to be faint

TiaK . and N . to b e scattered .

H i . to scatter‘

1 15 H i. to break

i f? to b e strong“El? fear

in? wantonness

W'

gé‘ a concubinexi)? N . to b e w onderful

355N. to b e divided

W,Jf?5 same as WQP‘ E concubine

a fugitive

fltgLB or 71055 escape , deli

v erance

Pi . to expect. H it . to pray

”223 to turn. Pi . to clear

I? lest

presence

,.face , surface ,

person ; wads‘ JB we W

.

before , towards

0 1153N . to b e troubled

DH!) time D323 ?) this time ,

now D’Q QB times 03??l

twice713? to open

53 9 Pi . to peel

11 153 5 streaks

a w ound, ”Q3"?

W359 to press,“

128-K . to visit, to charge . H i.

to appoint

fries deposit

VP? an overseer

”E? to open, ”E? !"l? a bullock , a heifer

x1 5: 9. w ild ass

"ll ? to separate

“1? to b e fruitful. H i. to make

fruitful

mg a cow ,ring

mg to b ud, part f.“ 73 1 5

"l? fruit, l’WD

AND RE ADING BOOK. 1 9 1

i’l ‘; to burst forth , to increase,to spread abroad

breach

P3? to break

a horsemanh is fruitful, part . ofms

H i . to strip

W )? tra nsgression,11 5 a piece , a morselm)? to open. N . to b e opened .

Pi. to ungird”135 door, Opening, entrance

,

“ 13 135 0 to the entrancea string

573? N . to w restle

1 73? to interpret,

inns inte rpretation

3

IN? flock, flocksN2”; host, army7215to gather73 side

,“3 3

”1 ? o r provision

PW }! just, righteous

P1 35 to b e just . H it. PRDSD to

justify oneself“ET-15 righteousnes s

a w indow

noon1 x13 neck, new

7 43 to huntmy Pi. to command

,to charge

P0? to laugh . Pi. to mock , to

sport"

W5 venison , hunting ; E” &

7 33 a cunning hunter,‘

l’S’

he ate of his venison

shadow715? H i . to cause to prosper,

prosperous

CPS image , firm

a rib

Vt“; to halt, sax

to grow . H i . ”D3"W 733”

“793 growth

bracelet033 to be withered“ if? to shoot upW ill! a veil7 3235 the younger one

the younger, youth

PB to cry, pizsgg

rigs to w atchmiss north

,northward

sis? bird"I? an enemy

fins a bundlem)! distress"l

l-f balm

1 13 to b e dis tressed ; ll?

and he was distressed

19 2 T H E H E BRE W

P

a buri al-place

to gather“

132 to bury . N . and Pu. to b e

buried”3 1? a burial place , 57 3 i),W ] ? to b ow

D’

TP, east, east w indD

'

TP, east, east o f

“ (PT R crown o f the headw'

lP,Pi. to sanctifyan assembly

“JP N. to b e joined . P i. to

wait fo r

sh? vo ice , fame

DWP to rise,to arise

,to be con

firmed . H i. to establish , to

raise,to m ouse

he igh t, “Brit?

W P to b e weary‘

flP tho rn

flip a roof,‘

rriip“

1b ? to b e unworthy,”13k

HQ ]? or 113i? little , young,"liQ '

P smoke"

ff? summer

929 to b e diminished . N. to

b e despised . Pi. to curse

a curseW 9? meal

handfuls

PRIME R

i? a room,

s paPi . to be jealous of, W ai l

7139 to purchase, to obtain, to

possess7121? a stalk

HQP possession

79 end ; YD}? at the end, after

NSE end ”SP7? some

"V312 harvest

“SQ to b e angry

cold

to call{Q R to befall

K . and H i. to approach , to

draw near

inward part ; DTP; in the

midst, among, w ithin

to befall. H i. to cause t o

happen11W ? near

”39 cold

DP horn,we to tear, to rend,

to b e cruel. Pi. and H i.

to make d ifficult or hardWe”

? adj. f. hardW lé

'

i? to bind ; part .W e"? strong ;

partie . Pu .nfi tfip’? strong

nig'l? a b ow ,

”fills"?

mm? an archer


"intender, D

’Q'

j

to ride, H i .

a chariot

rider

W 527 or W431 substance, goods

792"to gather, to acquire

m?) Pi . to deceive

I“,evil

,b ad, sad, the evil ;

$9113 V3 displeasing123. a friend, associate, the

other

if“ b adness3121 to be famished

or 321, famine

“into feed“if“ a shepherd, feeding“111 shepherdess

N D,evil, w ickedness

VIZ) to b e evil, to b e hurtful ;

H i. to do evil

to heal

x5?“ a healer, a physician

“37, to b e pleased

ill“ ,w ill

, pleasure

"f? ! H it . to struggle

91 onlyP1 poor, thin, nip}

empty

p'p

‘

l firmament, const . IZ'E’,

we? wicked

” ( W to draw

as? H it. to b e amazed ;

53s t?grave, pit55? to ask

“

RS? N . to remain

W 1 32”.

remainder

712? to take captive

a week

“1343? an oath

will? a tribe or sceptre

“53W ear of corn, plur .13’a

var?const . p33} f. , const.

m . ,seven ; “W

f.,$t m .

,seventeen ;

seventy m .

,

f seventh

932) N . to swear. H i. to cause

to swear

sevenfold"at? to break

“31? to b uy or sell corn. H i . to

sell corn

”21W.

corn,food, 012?

to rest,to cease,

mm?”

“39? Sabbath rest

"

kw.

breast“it”? the Almighty

mrf’

to b light

AND RE ADING BOOK.

Dill”.

onyx3475 to return. H i. to bringback, to requite

, to restore,

to draw back . H o . to

restored31W

.

adv . again

54W.

to bruise“

1529 an ox

"NW

.

3. wall

NW ; K. and H i. to place,put, to set

71132} H it. to b ow down,to

worshipnor} to kill

T M.

morningN . to b e corrupt. Pi . to

waste,to destroy. H i.

destroy, 7102} pas t Pi.W 4; a song

to lie downnag} to forget79 ? to abate53? to become childless . Pi. to

make childless,i532) lost

their youngH i. to rise early,

shoulder, a portion,I} ? to dwell. H i. to place,war): fut. H i.

"

D? to become drunk,

"IQ ?!

Dis? peace, welfare , w ell ;35 ates,

is he well ?

”kW to send, to send forth,to

put forth, to lay. Pi. to send,

to send away , to accompany.

Pu . to be sent awayWWW a ruler

35W H i. to cast,fut 15W! or

3’ispoil

05W Pi . to reward05W complete, peaceable,

W5W const. WWW,

“

WWW f. , ”WS?”

const. h W 5W m ., three

”11W 225? f.,wig/ i; net? m . ,

thirteen D’W5’W thirtyease) m.

,new f. , third ;

mete), newthird“729W, DW thereor?name, r

eef, we ; pl. nine}"

W WN. to b e destroyedDZTQW heaven07

2 W N . to be desolate

in? adj. fat, f. mgr-pr?a W f.

,“273W const. ”253Wm .

,

eight ; ni t/ 1.2new It. nab ?

”W2 m eighteen ; D’QWWeighty ; W WW m . ,

n’J’pW f.,

eighth


VOW tidings , report W

VQ W to hear, to understand, to

hearken. N. to b e heard.

K . fut. VDWZ, inf. nine),

VlDW ; part. f. “Q’QW lQ’QW

2nd per. plur . f. imp .

"10W to keep, to observe . N .

to take heed

sun

TW tooth , dual traw’

3 JW 8. year, plur.D’JW , “W or

nine, n’

np’

; dual njngr}

713W N. to repeat itself

r‘QW sleep,W OW

“JW scarlet

D’QW const.,

”JW m . ,W NW

const . W W f., two ;D’FlW

f.,

D‘ JW m.,twelve ;

fi t? m . ,N’

JW f. , D’TQW plur. ,

second ; “N W both of us,

Dear) both of vou,new

both of them,nus) a second

time, again

“11W to look at favorably

112W N . to support oneself, to

rest

we} a gate ;“ W a

hundred fold”353W 3. handmaid, a female

servantDEQW to judge

W WW a judge

ilB’Q W an adder

ilEJW to shed

35W pleasantness

our? almonds

nRW H i. to cause to drink ,to

w ater, to give drink

5EW to w eigh

HEW H i. to 100k , nag:7 12W to deceive“PW a drinking trough ; plur.

const .fl inEW

“

NW to creep, to increase or

bring forth abundantly

YTW creeping thingrug} Pi. to serve, mm

W fine linen

WW f. , “WW const .riWW m .

,

six ; may. w'

w'

f. , are are

m . ,sixteen ; D’WW sixty

‘ WW m . ,W WW f. , sixth

nnw’

to drink

“SW dignity, forgiveness

93W abundance

nn’

e ful l

”WW 9. field, const. 713W73W lamb”W to meditate


npzaK. and N . to finish,

come to an end

manan oven,a furnace

NE! a whale“103to wander1 513 to sew

W513to catch, to handle

”EBto pitch a

a deep sleep

npaw'

na desire”WIS! const. ”Wmf. , ”18“QWB m.

,nine ; n

f. , “WV, 32W]?m . ,

D’IJW E ninety


APPE NDIX.

A TabularFown shewing the R oots and parts ofmost of the

Verbs, found in Genesis, which contain only one or two

R adical Letters.

E xample—Thus “93—3 is the sign of the H iphgnel form,

the second person feminine imperative, D is the only radical.Immediately following the D is which is the root. and

among the parts will be found“

WU imperative H iphgnel.

BWfl,—foflowmg 71W,which are the radicals, will be seen

”73W the root, and “W1! future tense Kal.

Note L—The parts given are chiefly those not conjugated

according to the examples given of the various classes of verbsin the Grammar thus W ’WQ from “W2will not be found withW

,it b eing the same part, as from “53, whi ch is the

example in the Grammar of a verb quiescent in 73.

2.-The irregular parts of the verbs containing three letters

are also given. E xample ”W110 fut. Kal,from the root “W2,

which is different from fut. Kal of

3.—Verb s with silent following the prefixes will not be

found in the list, as such is radical : thus it’

ei, zw‘

from is’

: is

omitted, the verb containing all the three radicals W, and I.

200 TH E H EBREW PRIMER

N

aX’S’l fut. H i.

“

jRN fut . K .

$a inf. H i.

h is) in'

w fut» K.

3

s in ms ; as ; me; x; ns zpast K

sins ng ing7 114313

fut.

N3 inf. minor ngga mi; m1; inf. with 113 .

s ; no. manf. pas . msnnpast H i . rnis 'ga| T T

PaSt W ith as . N’Jg sunfut. meg-mfut . with

aff ma mesa such

m gm3 pl. f. past H o .

1331 fut. K.

sinfut. K .

1

133]fut. K . 11 1335 inf

n‘gnn

fut. K . l at p ., or past N 3rd

”1 153 inf. K . with afi‘

.

139

1 fut. K.

1139 part. N .

7 7

7 7

337 i? fut . K. with 35 .

202

3

TH E H EBREW PRIMER

firm fut. K.

mgr; iron; inf. K. fut. Pi. with afi'

.

an; 9mor 13 past 3rd m. K. my ; 3rd f.9m

W 1 mm fut rm imp . plur.

d

mar-

ll; inf . Pi .

unfi t-mpast H i. with afi

'

. mmfiinf. H i.

550 Sun past H i . 5m mhmminf. with aff. a npast H 0 .

only aha inf. K .

DH ” mm 717

32371” fut- .C

”2111 V1”, fut. K .

pn”gm past K. with afi

'

. fut. with afl'

.

my; rm fut. K .

am am fut. K.

to

7m) iO’l 7 9” fut. H i.

fig; am pm H i mm mm,Past

with afi'

. 3391 fut. 36333 um fut . with afi'

. maninf. nmnpartl m .

AND READ ING BOOK. 203

m ; nnn‘

m‘

part f. N . my ru infut. H i.

5h: 59m Sign fut. H 0 .

715; $3331 fut. Pi. i5rmfut. Pu .

an; rp mfut. Pi . 13mm fut. H it.

n-Q $1371 fut. K .

“

19; wanpast H i. with aff nanfat w as

fut. with afi‘

.

335” fut. K.

15: 753 151-4 fut. K . mb inf.

nm‘; ”33153 inf. with afi

'

. n-i‘p

‘

a part. fem .

fut. H i. W Sin inf. with afi'

. inf. H 0.

i n"

its or ”in? is“ i ts». ”95; or his .

fut. K . if? or ng‘? imp . sing. 335pl. m5inf.

pl) i

i? past . K . p55inf. f?“ ”5

‘

s fut. H i.

imp .

D

my; nan mtg?! fut. N .

5173 Sm fut. K7 7

w'

ejfr; W igs ] maxim amt fut. K. with as .

204

ND

T H E H EBREW PRIME R

mi: ”rap no nap Ant: past K .

mm mm finial?fut no m .

7 7 “ 7 7

m; 113131fut . K . or fut . H i . ant

-12331 fut .

with afi‘

. imamimp .

no; up ; past K . with afi . angryH i . past with aft.

an; we): past Pi .

1139 van; 13132or 711313; cam 331120“ Plus )

past K. jinn: mm mam past with aff

D

no: not: ash qp‘iam fa t H i.

who m ayfut . K . “Dil final fut . H i .

imp . HDU inf.

V

513; 11552 part. i . pl.

rin fut. K.t fut, K ,

in}, imp . K. riSy, mtg), inf n‘wn nn

‘yga

past H i. $335 4052 1 fut. with eff. 3059731

imp . with aft.

7193! my: 13mfut. K .

206 TH E H EBREW PRIMER

1331 fut. Pi .

£12” fut . K.

fut. K.

W391 fut. K.

W331 fut. K.

D’PJ‘ past . N.

"NE

“

1pm fut . N .

ripsor nuns fut. K.

n]? or ”UP.

imp . mil-j? inf.

inf. with eff. 11pmrut. H O .

Dip D911 {39131 mpg} fut. K.

fut. H i.‘

with eff.

up; umfut . H O .

ngpfut. K. fut. with eff.

379: ppm fut. K.

riping]

? past K.

”TP. iww past. with aff. 313

part . f. plur.

rug/P mpg?3 f. past K .

fut.

nnii g inf. H i . with aff.

Dfi


my, ii i-tins inf . H i.

mm 7mm?pest K . m5? 3 pest with eff.

mm m ma mm fut. rim imp .

new rim,im nim‘a mm: mis fit; inf.

m'

xw imam inf . with eff. nigh part. i plur.

nth part . with eff. mm; mm?) past N .

h is? mayfut . mgr; past H i. i x fut.

with eff. imnn fut. H it.

331 3 plur. pest K .

ngj n'r mm fut . K . m imp

inf. H i.333

-m fut. with eff.

an m past K . 3331 W 1 13! fut. H i.

i1 7 1 NW fut. K ma imp .

1m $ 113 fut. H i.

1 3; mas rm: “

PM fut. K .

rm imp . v im fut. H i. inj gin imp .

rm H j ’i fut. H i.

rm mm f. K . nryw H i . fut. with eff.

rim iyj imp . K . nipj‘; inf.


m 3h“

37131 int . K.

371 ; 333-

113fut . H i .

fa“

! past K .

min i } fut. H i . with eff.

mm 0n 1 2 per. K. fut. with aff.

Pm P131 fut . H i. D’P

’Wp part.

“ Y ‘

w'

w; w'

fi’ or rah “ fut . K . anw’

wS

nw'

fut . K . any)imp . with n add ed

j Q’

jj’j fut . H i.

nw’

from 3M figure/i ; mm“

; nw‘

fi 322131 fut. K .

nit») new inf ma} 33Winf. with

awl-ii past with aff. 3p§1 fut. H i.

aw mtg) inw‘

past K. n’

mw’

part. f. plur.

me} nag? mnnwm l et per. sing.

inf-twinsra pers mnnw’

n l st .p1nr. mav}

mnmw’

n air-mm 3rd pers . p1ur. m .

,mnnw'

m

3rd pers . plur. fem . eech part is in the H it. fut. mmnynly

199°

113? 33231 fut. K.

arty-m

inf.

—0

v.

15“fut . K .


yn ppm fut. K . 1911 ” past H i .

an arr“min fut H i .

7

CH ANGES OF VOW E L POINTS.

NOUNS and adjectives undergo certain changes in their points

on account of the constructive form , the plural number, and

the possessive affixes,as w ill b e seen from the follow ing ex

amples.

The parts given in the examples are the absolute and con

structive forms,and the possessive affix for the first person,

each in the singular and plural : as sing. ab s .733 const.

"13"poss. afiix ; plur. ab s ; const. ; poss.

afiix the other possessive affixes will be found by observingthe follow ing

l .— In the singular DD, and I; are added to the constructive

form : as const. ,031 31 the other affixes are like

the 1 st person, thus ”22 ,“33"

2.- In theplural having D

". Or dual DST ; 03 , 13 , D”, in are

added to the constructive : as const. ; TQ’E Q

’Q,

Dawn-"i {n

ip } ; 03335, the other affixes to the

absolute ; as ab s.

"1211 , W TQ ’E,3.

-W hen - the plural ends -in fl l all the affixes are formed

from the const. : as W9 } , “W ED-"J “W E ! const. ; ”WW W

EXAMPLES"133 a word .

7 7

mm “ an arm was art was,


The second ( v) remains if the third letter is K : as N1)?

const. N4?

( 1 have the same changes as ( 7 t ); 3g}; héafrt

,335 const.

Q ? if follows the the remains , figm

pw a neighbour

unw‘

use) new use) we) pr;Some retain the as BBQ , const.

392°

a prince

“ m "m m u: "I’JJ wan w ;

i75152? peace a 7m; blessed

i and ( i only change the into (z); as aw const.”31 f, const .

7i spina star

”an: ”QDlB U’JQiB my

Some change ( 7 )into followed by dagesh as Davis‘

‘1 new a judge

”19l ”flaw.

D’Db lw ”DDlW 195i?

Before fl, 03, and ID. the is changed : as anew.


an; a.writing

ma; ma w as”an? an: an:

(”T (5 (i mostly remain the same as WNW

const . ,51 529 ; arm w

’

m ,wins

5m,San; const. , { mas

A short vowel before dagesh .

mighty

wine “ (was m ine wine wine was

The point before dagesh as in TD; ( or a v before 7 ) is not

changed as [PK/fig, 01 9 ,

"LED a book

”WED was mgr; wen was we;a a0

If the‘

third letter b e a guttural, the second will haveas ”379 , “379 ,

Nata—In nouns having ( 0. or the points b efore0? and if? singular are like those of the first person : as

sn ap ; who,

a month

new “fff”

w win Win

third letter b e a guttural, the second will

fix and 3231 are exceptions.


n nj'

w a field

anth em ? iii-fr; or H r; n’

m'

rf“ is mic; mi?

The TI is dropped except in the const. and third person sing ,

as “11W ,inflw'

PH a statute,fromPP}?

’

P as was no so PU P'

“

an am mm sin rn rn

UVor D2 people, from Dgy”L313! ”99. W 739.

”W .

UV. 09.

sometimes is changed to ( T), as ”315 °

T hese examples b eing derived from verbs having the second

and third radicals alike,have dagesh in the second letter ;

Monosyllables not derived from such verb s have no dagesh,they sometimes retain their point, and sometimes change into

as"W

"W const. ” 31 ; lg, 13 const. 313,

FE MININE NouNs .

nt

a garment

misfits ni‘mw p istes was fess

Any other short vowel followed by (z)is like ”i25 9?

new.raw

AND READ ING BOOK. 215

n nj'ma blessing

7 7 '

min-ts hm: ninja mm mmf

'

l’ .

Nata—The following pomts b efore it”

generally have no

change.

l (the l unaccented)and i a short vowel and a sheva,and a short vowel before dagesh as

mam/W nvjw” mini: me; rim;

NEDa booth,from "

13?

who mag man ”man nae nan

n nfiflx a letter

mis s rims mass w as mas mix

71 7; (n. if added to a guttural)which denotes the feminine,has a dagesh in the singular, when the pronouns are affixed ;this 11 is omitted in the plural.

n preceded by 4 or thus W 7 , has no change in thesingular in the plural feminine it is changed into (sounded)as math , 5mass, h i

inan

IR R EGU LAR NOU NS.

father ; const. us ; a “ ”335 ; plur.films ; const.

n'

izzg, mint:

n$ b rother ; const. ”1125; "313 , $ 735, or image; plur.mpg

cons t. "m; "N Tm} , affix ms inns .

"3’ 1 s“


fi lms sister ; const. film ;”Difl§ ; plur. with affixes ”Bib s

,

13mm mains: aginfins wh imsW man ; plur. IN

T/ 2&5 const. W m,

fl lé’t‘S woman ; const. var/ s, 18W N

°

plur. D’W J const.

9g}; 1 99 3.

n’3 ~house ; const.W 3 ,

”V3 ; plur. const .”33 °

3; 5011 3 const .

”33 1133"31333 133 °

W plur D’Jg ; m 733 ; Q ?

31 3 a, daughter ”13 const. niJQ° fall?

” 3 a kid plur . const. fit"?Ul’ day ; plur. const. dual D’Dl’ with afixes ”52°

D’p water ; const . ”9 or ”9 29 ;

iii! eye ; const . I’ll ; W it; dual n

’lz const. 9 312; ”N:

T ! a young ass ; with affix t'h ’l? plur.

Dwell .

“W a city,"Pl! plur. const. "1 11

°

715 mouth ; const.’5 with sfiix ’5, T 5, ”5 or in’B

we and fire

fruit ; const. "l? TWA M B or

1115 or

Wk“) head plur .

OWN“ const.”W

.

ox ; plur.D’Wé

'

hi? lamb const. nié’ ; with affix l’ii‘) or

E XE RCISE .

Give the w ords marked s. in the constructive form, and

with each possessive affix in the singular ; those marked p l.

in the absolute and constructive forms,and with each pos

sessive affix in the plural ; and the others b oth in the singular

and plural .

flesh, 8 8. 515073 ruler,88 . 5!n proverb .

is; old, p l, wisp, holy, p l. rawhireling . juntahair, . has

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