Hebrew-Only Exegesis: A Philological Approach to Jesus' Use of the Hebrew Bible

This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | copy 2014 Koninklijke Brill NV

The Language Environment of First Century Judaea

Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels

Volume Two

Edited by

Randall Buth and R Steven Notley

LEIDEN | BOSTON


Contents

Introduction Language Issues Are Important for Gospel Studiesemspemsp1

Randall Buth

Sociolinguistic Issues in a Trilingual Frameworkemspemsp7

1 The Origins of the ldquoExclusive Aramaic Modelrdquo in the Nineteenth Century Methodological Fallacies and Subtle Motivesemspemsp9

Guido Baltes

2 The Use of Hebrew and Aramaic in Epigraphic Sources of the New Testament Eraemspemsp35

Guido Baltes

3 Hebraisti in Ancient Texts Does Ἑβραϊστί Ever Mean ldquoAramaicrdquoemspemsp66Randall Buth and Chad Pierce

4 The Linguistic Ethos of the Galilee in the First Century CEemspemsp110Marc Turnage

5 Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesusrsquo Language Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authorsemspemsp182

Serge Ruzer

Literary Issues in a Trilingual Frameworkemspemsp207

6 Hebrew Aramaic and the Difffering Phenomena of Targum and Translation in the Second Temple Period and Post-Second Temple Periodemspemsp209

Daniel A Machiela

7 Distinguishing Hebrew from Aramaic in Semitized Greek Texts with an Application for the Gospels and Pseudepigraphaemspemsp247

Randall Buth

vi contents


8 Non-Septuagintal Hebraisms in the Third Gospel An Inconvenient Truthemspemsp320

R Steven Notley

Reading Gospel Texts in a Trilingual Frameworkemspemsp347

9 Hebrew-Only Exegesis A Philological Approach to Jesusrsquo Use of the Hebrew Bibleemspemsp349

R Steven Notley and Jefffrey P Garcia

10 Jesusrsquo Petrosndashpetra Wordplay (Matthew 1618) Is It Greek Aramaic or Hebrewemspemsp375

David N Bivin

11 The Riddle of Jesusrsquo Cry from the Cross The Meaning of ηλι ηλι λαμα σαβαχθανι (Matthew 2746) and the Literary Function of ελωι ελωι λειμα σαβαχθανι (Mark 1534)emspemsp395

Randall Buth

Index of Ancient Sourcesemspemsp423 Subject Index emspemsp448

copy koninklijke brill nv leiden 2014ensp|enspdoi 1011639789004264410_011


Hebrew-Only Exegesis A Philological Approach to Jesusrsquo Use of the Hebrew Bible

R Steven Notley and Jefffrey P Garciacutea

The purpose of this study is to examine the interpretive techniques demon-strated in fĳive Synoptic pericopae and the manner in which they reflect the fĳirst-century ce linguistic milieu In part the impetus for such a study is because the Synoptic Gospels are a distinct source for Jewish methods of exe-gesis in late antiquity1 Scholarly focus of late has been on comparisons between Qumranic exegesis and the interpretive style preserved in the Gospels2 though more recent trends indicate that attention is now turning to Rabbinic exegesis and the Gospels3 While the literature of Israelrsquos Sages was initially codifĳied

For Salustiana ldquoCaridadrdquo Arroyo (1916ndash2012) whose daily handwritten lists of biblical verses were my fĳirst introductions to biblical texts Para mi abuela con amor profundo

1 See J W Doeve Jewish Hermeneutics in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts (Assen Van Gorcum 1953) S Ruzer Mapping the New Testament Early Christian Writings as a Witness for Early

Jewish Biblical Exegesis (Jewish and Christian Perspective Series 13 Leiden Brill 2007) Ruzer notes regarding the New Testament more broadly ldquoIf the Second Temple Jewish genesis of nascent Christianitymdashmeaning also its polemical stance vis-agrave-vis other Jewish groupsmdashis taken seriously it should be expected that its preoccupation with exegesis would reflect either approvingly or polemically both exegetical traditions current in rival circles and those of broader circulation The New Testament lsquoconversation with Scripturersquo may thus be seen as bearing witness at least in some instances to those broader tendenciesrdquo Also E E Ellis ldquoBib-lical Interpretation in the New Testament Churchrdquo in Mikra Text Translation Reading and

Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity (ed M J Mulder CRINT 21 Philadelphia Fortress 2004) 653ndash90

2 See for instance Stephen Hultgren ldquo4Q521 and Lukersquos Magnifĳicat and Benedictusrdquo 119ndash32 and Lutz Doering ldquoMarriage and Creation in Mark 10 and CD 4ndash5rdquo 133ndash64 in Echoes from the

Caves Qumran and the New Testament (ed F Garciacutea-Martiacutenez STJD 85 Leiden Brill 2009) L H Schifffman ldquoBiblical Exegesis in the Passion narratives and the Dead Sea Scrollsrdquo 117ndash30 in Biblical Interpretation in Judaism and Christianity (ed I Kalimi and P Haas New York TampT Clark International 2006) See also H W Basser The Mind Behind the Gospels A Commentary

to Matthew 1ndash14 (Brighton Mass Academic Studies Press 2009)3 Most recently The New Testament and Rabbinic Judaism (ed R Bieringer et al JSJSup 136

Leiden Brill 2010) esp sections ldquoHalakhahrdquo and ldquoMidrashrdquo See also R S Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Herme neutical Method in the Nazareth Synagoguerdquo in Early Christian Literature and

Intertextuality Vol 2 Exegetical Studies (ed C A Evans and H D Zacharias London TampT Clark International 2009) 46ndash59

350 notley and garciacutea


early in the third century ce numerous studies have shown that when engaged critically exegetical techniques that existed prior to the destruction of the Temple (70 ce) are discernible4 To the second of our two proposals viz the manner in which these interpretive techniques reflect the fĳirst-century ce linguistic milieu scant attention has been given to the opportunity such meth-ods affford us in ascertaining contemporaneous language usage

Before continuing some consideration is warranted concerning the linguis-tic landscape of fĳirst-century Judea and the manner by which exegetical ten-dencies reflect it First the textual evidence retrieved from the caves of Qumran attests more broadly to a tri-lingual landscape Hebrew Aramaic and Greek 5 In fact all of the documents that have been attributed to the Qumran commu-nity were penned in Hebrew especially those documents that were central to the Yahadrsquos communal theological and eschatological thought (eg 1QS 1QSandashb CD 1QM 1QHandashf) Moreover while debates regarding the nature of Qumran Hebrew continue one thing is clear the language of the Hebrew scrolls reflects both literary6 (in some cases ideological7) and spoken elements8 Along with the colloquial Hebrew attested in the Bar-Kokhba docu ments it is

4 Cf D Instone-Brewer Techniques and Assumptions in Jewish Exegesis before 70 CE (TSAJ 30 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 1992) Instone-Brewer has also attempted to elucidate the tradi-tions of the rabbis that were extant before the destruction of the Temple in Traditions of

the Rabbis in the Era of the New Testament Vol 1 Prayer and Agriculture Vol 2a Feasts and

SabbathsndashPassover and Atonement (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 2004ndash11) See also A Baumgar-ten ldquoRabbinic Literature as a Source for the History of Second Temple Sectarianismrdquo DSD 2

(1995) 14ndash57 5 Shmuel Safrai ldquoSpoken and Literary Languages in the Time of Jesusrdquo in Jesusrsquo Last Week (ed

R Steven Notley Marc Turnage and Brian Becker Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels 1 Leiden Brill 2006) 225ndash44 repr Jerusalem Perspective 30 31 (1991) see also httpwwwjerusalemperspectivecom2551 C Rabin ldquoHebrew and Aramaic in the First Centuryrdquo in The Jewish People in the First Century (ed S Safrai and M Stern 2 vols CRINT Assen Van Gorcum 1976) 21007ndash39 See also R Buth ldquoLanguage Use in the First Century Spoken Hebrew in a Trilingual Society in the Time of Jesusrdquo JOTT 54 (1992) 298ndash312

6 G Rendsburg ldquoQumran Hebrew (with a Trial Cut [1QS])rdquo in The Dead Sea Scrolls at 60

Scholarly Contributions of New York University Faculty and Alumni (ed L H Schifffman and S Tzoref STJD 89 Leiden Brill 2010) 217ndash46

7 W M Schniedewind ldquoLinguistic Ideology in Qumran Hebrewrdquo in Diggers at the Well Proceed-

ings for a Third International Symposium in the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Ben Sira

(ed T Muraoka and J F Elwolde Leiden Brill 2000) 245ndash55 idem ldquoQumran Hebrew as an Antilanguagerdquo JBL 118 no 2 (1999) 235ndash52

8 T Muraoka ldquoHebrewrdquo in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (ed L H Schifffman and J C VanderKam 2 vols New York and London Oxford University Press 2000) 1 340ndash45 (344)

351Hebrew-only Exegesis


now accepted that in the New Testament era Hebrew was still utilized for oral communication9

Second it is routinely assumed but rarely explicitly stated that the ancients most often utilized the Hebrew Bible for matters of interpre tation The terse-ness of biblical narratives and linguistic nuances of the Hebrew language inspired the exegetical traditions which appear in various translations (eg the lxx Targumim) as well as the Dead Sea re-workings of the Pentateuch10mdashin addition to the wealth of exegetical materials that appear elsewhere in Second Temple period texts11

The fĳive Synoptic narratives that will be examined heremdashldquoJesusrsquo Preaching in the Nazareth Synagoguerdquo (Luke 418ndash19) ldquoJesusrsquo Witness Concerning Johnrdquo (Luke 727 Matt 1110) ldquoAnd You Shall Lovethinspthinspthinsprdquo (Luke 1025ndash37) ldquoThe Cleansing of the Templerdquo (Luke 1945ndash46 Mark 1111ndash17 Matt 2112ndash13) ldquoJesus and Caiaphasrdquo (Luke 2266ndash71)mdashpreserve rabbinic exegetical techniques that appear for the

9 Cf Safrai ldquoSpoken and Literary Languagesrdquo Buth ldquoLanguage Userdquo Joshua M Grintz ldquoHebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Templerdquo JBL

79 (1960) 32ndash47 Yonathan Breuer ldquoAramaic in Late Antiquityrdquo in The Cambridge History

of Judaism Vol 4 The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period (ed S Katz Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2006) 457ndash58 notes ldquoScholars had been of the opinion that after the return of the Babylonian exiles Hebrew no longer served as a spoken language On this account Hebrew retained its status as a holy tongue and was used in prayer and in Torah study and for this reason the Mishnah and contemporary Tannaitic literature was com-posed in Hebrew but in everyday life Aramaic alone was spoken Today this view is no

longer accepted the scholarly consensus now being that Hebrew speech survived in all walks

of life at least until the end of the tannaitic period (the beginning of the third century CE)rdquo (authorsrsquo emphasis)

10 E Tov and S W Crawford Qumran Cave 4 VIII Parabiblical Texts Part I (ed H Attridge et al DJD 13 Oxford Clarendon 1994) S W Crawford Rewriting Scripture in Second Tem-

ple Times (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 2009) 39ndash59 M Bernstein ldquoPentateuchal Interpreta-tion at Qumranrdquo in The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years A Comprehensive Assessment (ed P W Flint and J C VanderKam 2 vols Leiden Brill 1989ndash99) 1 128ndash59

11 It should be noted however that in terms of the New Testament (for Josephus see Instone-Brewer Techniques and Assumptions 184) the majority of scholars have argued that the lxx was the authorsrsquo primary source While it is expected that authors in the Diaspora utilized the Greek version of the Scriptures there is little reason to presume that within the confĳines of the land of Israel matters were the same For all intents and pur-poses it appears that Second Temple exegetical traditions developed out a reading of the Hebrew text Furthermore as several articles in the present volume indicate it appears that the Evangelistsrsquo sources originated from an environment of both spoken and literary Hebrew



fĳirst time in written record12 The earliest iteration of these exegetical meth-ods (ie middoth) is fĳirst attributed to Hillel (a Jewish sage who flourished in the fĳirst century bce) and appears for the fĳirst time in the Tosefta (t Sanh 711)13mdasha supplement to the Mishnah which has been shown to be an amal-gam of pre-mishnaic mishnaic and later Rabbinic traditions Yet already in the Gospel of Matthew there is evidence of at least one of them וחומר קל (a minori ad maius14) εἰ δὲ τὸν χόρτον τοῦ ἀγροῦ σήμερον ὄντα καὶ αὔριον εἰς κλίβανον βαλλόμενον ὁ θεὸς οὕτως ἀμφιέννυσιν οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὑμᾶς ὀλιγόπιστοι (ldquoBut if God so clothes the grass of the fĳield which today is alive and tomor-row is thrown into the oven will he not much more clothe you O ones of little faithrdquo Matt 630)15 In the passage the comparison of Godrsquos care for the grass in light of its impermanence with the more important concern for humanity reflects the transition from minori (קל) to maius (חומר)

Certain middoth especially those that are found in pre-70 ce texts were conveyed orally and likely intended to be utilized in teaching contexts (eg bet midrash) The employment of these exegetical techniques reflects the man-ner in which a sage might readily interpret Scripture in the process of teach-ing or in regular conversation Coupled with the acknowledgment of spoken Hebrew in the fĳirst century we suggest that these exemplify a fluid develop-ment of interpretive techniques (middoth) that were derived out of a speak-ing environment rather than a literaryscribal one Therefore the fact that the Synoptic Gospels preserve stories with contemporaneous methods of exegesis and that most of these accounts portray a setting where Jesus is teaching it indicates not only the language of exegesis (ie Hebrew) but also the primary language of discourse With that in mind we turn our attention now to an examination of the selected Gospel narratives

12 Cf S Safrai ldquoThe Naming of John the Baptistrdquo Jerusalem Perspective 20 (May 1989) 1ndash2 see also httpwwwjerusalemperspectivecom2342

וכתוב 13 אב ובנין (3) שוה וגזרה (2) וחומר קל (1) בתירה זקני לפני הלל דרש מידות שבע אחד (4) ובנין אב ושני כתובים (5) וכלל ופרט (6) וכלל וכיוצא בו ממקום (7) אחר דבר הלמדSee also H L Strack and Guumlnter Stemberger Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash

(trans M Bockmuehl Minneapolis Fortress Press 1992) 19ndash2314 An argument from a minor to major premise If the minor premise stands then the major

more complicated and weightier premise logically follows 15 Gale argues that this middah is utilized in Matt 121ndash8 in A M Gale Redefĳining Ancient

Borders The Jewish Scribal Framework of Matthewrsquos Gospel (London TampT Clark Interna-tional 2005) 133ndash38



1 Jesusrsquo Preaching at the Synagogue in Nazareth (Luke 418ndash19)16

Apart from preserving an illustration of Jesusrsquo exegetical technique Luke 418ndash19 also presents the oldest report of the Jewish custom to read a portion of the Prophets (haftarah) after the reading of the Torah (see also Acts 1315) Outside the New Testament the earliest reference to such a practice appears in the Mishnah codifĳied at the beginning of the third century ce

m Meg 42

ביום טוב חמשה ביום הכיפורים ששה בשבת שבעה אין פוחתים מהן אבל מוסי־פים עליהם ומפטירים בנביא

On a festival day [the Torah is read] by fĳive [readers] on the Day of Atonement by six and on the Sabbath by seven They may not subtract from them but they may add to them and they close with a reading from

the Prophets (authorsrsquo emphasis)

Luke does not record Jesus reading from the Torah Yet according to Safrai the Evangelistrsquos description that ldquohe stood to readrdquo (καὶ ἀνέστη ἀναγνῶναι)17 indicates Jesus also read from the Torah one does not stand to read from the prophets18 Furthermore the Lukan depiction bears a striking similarity

16 We consider here only Lukersquos account since the parallels in Mark (61ndash66) and Matt (1353ndash58) do not preserve Jesusrsquo use of Scripture Portions of what follows appear in R S Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Hermeneutical Method in the Nazareth Synagoguerdquo in Early Chris-

tianity and Intertextuality Vol 2 Exegetical Studies (ed C A Evans and H D Zacharias LNTS 392 London Continuum 2009) 46ndash59

17 This description has no parallel in Matt or Mark Mark states ldquoAnd when the Sabbath came he began to teach in the synagoguethinspthinspthinsprdquo (καὶ γενομένου σαββάτου ἤρξατο διδάσκειν ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇthinspthinspthinsp) Matthew expands upon on the Markan account ldquoThen he came to his homeland and began to teach them in their synagoguerdquo (καὶ ἐλθὼν εἰς τὴν πατρίδα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ αὐτῶν) This is yet another instance where Luke in dis-tinction from the other Gospels preserves language from his source(s) that inform(s) us of a decidedly Jewish custom

18 S Safrai ldquoSynagogue and Sabbathrdquo Jerusalem Perspective 23 (NovemberndashDecember 1989) 8ndash10 see also httpwwwjerusalemperspectivecom2424 Safrai also recognized that Lukersquos report about Jesus reading alone is in accord with other ancient witnesses (eg

m Sot 77ndash8 m Yoma 71 Josephus Ant 4209 Philo Prob 81ndash82) The pre-70 practice allowed for one reader of Torah not seven readers as became the common custom shortly after the destruction of the Temple See S Safrai ldquoSynagoguerdquo in Safrai and Stern eds The

Jewish People in the First Century Vol 2 929ndash30 D Bivin ldquoOne Torah Reader Not Sevenrdquo



to the high priestrsquos reading from the Torah described in mYoma 71 וכהן גדול And the high priest rises and receives [the Torah] andldquo) עומד ומקבל וקורא עומדreads [it] standingrdquo) The Lukan omission of Jesusrsquo reading from the Torah may be because the Evangelist assumed that it was not necessary to detail what was already understood viz that Jesus stood to read from the Torah fĳirst and only then read from the book of Isaiah (ie the haftarah)19

Beyond the biblical passages themselves there are indications that the Lukan narrative has drawn from sources that were shaped within a Hebrew language environment20 For example after reading from the Torah Jesus is reportedly given ldquothe book of the prophet Isaiahrdquo (βιβλίον τοῦ προφήτου Ἠσαΐου Luke 417)21 This phrase is a simple and often overlooked indication that the Lukan narrative reflects Post-biblical Hebrew idioms The Greek βιβλίον or its Hebrew equivalent ספר is never used as a descriptive term for the prophetic work in either the Hebrew Bible or Greek Jewish literature from the Second Common wealth The few examples that we do have where Isaiah is referred to as a ספר (ie book) come from Qumran and on each occasion the phrase is the Hebrew ספר ישעיה הנביא (cf 4QFlorilegium [4Q174] f1 2i15 4QMiscellaneous Rules [4Q265] f13 4Q285 71 see also 4Q176 f1 24)

Lukersquos report of Jesusrsquo citation from Isa 611ndash2 clearly does not follow the Hebrew Bible The common scholarly assumption that Luke has drawn his biblical passages from the lxx obscures the exegetical ingenuity inherent in the account Further the reportrsquos preservation of non-Septuagintal Hebraisms belies the simplistic explanation that the variants upon the Masoretic tradi-tion resulted from the Evangelistrsquos dependence on the lxx Instead it suggests

Jerusalem Perspective 52 (JulyndashSeptember 1997) 16ndash17 see also httpwwwjerusalemperspectivecom2787

19 Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Hermeneutical Methodrdquo 4720 Ibid 4921 Evidence from the Cairo Genizah suggests that the haftarah readings during the Second

Temple period were not set and that readings within the triennial cycle may have dif-fered from community to community Often the connection between the Torah reading and the prophetic portion was due to common themes or wording cf Michael Fishbane Haftarot the traditional Hebrew text with the new JPS translation ( JPS Bible Commentary Philadelphia Jewish Publication Society) xxiv Furthermore it is likely that the reading of the prophetic portion was at the discretion of the reader (cf Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Her-meneutical Methodrdquo 50) As the Mishnah states מדלגים בנביא ואין מדלגים בתורה (ldquoThey skip [from place to place] in the prophetic [readings] but do not skip in the Torah [read-ings]rdquo m Meg 44) In Luke it seems that Jesus is the one who chooses where to read in Isaiah If so it likely possessed a thematic or verbal connection to the Torah portion that he just read



that Luke had access to source(s) other than our canonical Mark and Matthew and that these were ldquomarked with stark Hebraismsrdquo22

Jesusrsquo deviation from Isa 611ndash2 is threefold (1) the omission of Isa 612b ldquoto bind the broken-heartedrdquo (לחבש לנשברי־לב) (2) the omission of Isa 612b ldquoAnd the day of vengeance of our Godrdquo (לאלהינו נקם the insertion of Isa (3) (ויום 586 ldquoand let the oppressed go freerdquo (ושלח רצוצים חפשים) It is Jesusrsquo insertion of Isa 586 which particularly concerns us here because it sheds light on his exegetical method

Fitzmyer assumed that the addition of Isa 586 was a consequence of the appearance of ἄφεσις (ie release) in the lxxrsquos version of both Isaianic pas-sages23 While Fitzmyer has rightly recognized that the combination of these two passages is based on verbal analogies his assumption regarding the use of the Greek Bible is less sure The Greek term ἄφεσις appears frequently in the Septuagint (50 times) A comparison of the Hebrew and Greek texts reveals that ἄφεσις translates eleven diffferent Hebrew words24 Indeed in our passages it translates two entirely diffferent Hebrew words (Isa 586 חפשים Isa 611 דרור)

It is important to remember that we have no record of any sage from the land of Israel in the period whose exegesis is based on any version of the Bible other than the Hebrew Scriptures Nevertheless it comes as little surprise that scant attention has been given to a rare Hebrew verbal link between the two Isaianic passages There are only two places in the entirety of the Hebrew Bible where the phrase רצון ליהוה (ie the Lordrsquos favor) occurs Isa 612 and 585 pre-cisely the contexts from which Jesus drew his reading in our pericope So the Lukan narrative provides an example of Jesusrsquo adept use of gezerah shavah a

22 Joseph Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke introduction translation and note (AB 28ndash28a 2 vols New York Doubleday Publishers 1981ndash1985) 1531 Luke makes no men-tion of the use of Targum contra Fitzmyerrsquos assumption that Jews did not readily compre-hend Hebrew and therefore needed an Aramaic translation to understand the Scriptures The evidence from Qumran suggests that during the Second Temple period Targums were in limited use (eg 11QtgJob 4Q156 Targum to Lev 16) and we have no record of their use in the land of Israel until the Usha Period (140 ce) The change likely resulted from developments following the Bar Kokhba revolt (132ndash135 ce) Many Jews previously liv-ing in Judea emigrated to the Diaspora while there was an influx of Jews from Babylonia The population shift brought with it a new need for the Targumim See A F Rainey R S Notley The Sacred Bridge Cartarsquos Atlas of the Biblical World (Jerusalem Carta 2006) 398 R Buth ldquoAramaic Targumim Qumranrdquo in Dictionary of New Testament Background (ed C A Evans and S E Porter Downers Grove Ill InterVarsity Press 2000) 91ndash93

23 Fitzmyer 53324 Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Hermeneutical Methodrdquo 52 For example see Exod 182 ἄφεσιν αὐτῆς

for שלוחיה and Exod 2311 ἄφεσιν ποιήσεις for תשמטנה



hermeneutical approach fĳirst associated with Hillel the Elder and described to be one of his seven exegetical rules (cf t Sanh 711 rsquoAbot R Nat A 37)25 It is a midrashic verbal analogy of sorts by which two unrelated verses are combined because of a similar word or phrase26mdashalthough it seems that the early form of the technique may have required exact verbal analogy such as we witness with Jesus in Nazareth27

The rare appearance of this Hebrew phrase coupled with the fact that the verbal link disappears in the Aramaic Targumim and lxx of Isaiah28 indicates that Jesus is here pictured dependent on a Hebrew version of these texts Consequently if Jesus did employ a Hebrew text it suggests not only his knowl-edge and use of Hebrew but that also of his listeners in the synagogue who readily understood the signifĳicance of his creative reading and were imme-diately provoked by his ldquowords of gracerdquo (τοῖς λόγοις τῆς χάριτος)29 In a longer treatment of this passage Notley has argued that if we rightly understand the method by which Jesus joins these texts it must afffect our understanding of what he is saying through his exegesis30 It was not Jesus per se or a messi-anic claim that was rejected in Nazareth Instead it was the message he deliv-ered through his ingenuity that challenged his hearersrsquo assumptions regarding the nature of the hoped-for redemption In this regard the disappointment of those in the synagogue at Nazareth was not dissimilar to that of John the Baptist while imprisoned by Herod Antipas (see Matt 113) In any event for the purposes of our present study what is important is our recognition that the episode is dependent upon Jesusrsquo creative exegesis of the Hebrew Scriptures

25 While it is unlikely that Hillel invented these seven rules they were in use during his time (early fĳirst century ce) As Strack has noted the introduction ldquoof the rules into Pharisaic exegesisrdquo is commonly associated with y Pes 633a H L Strack and G Stemberger Intro-

duction to the Talmud and Midrash (trans and ed M Bockmuehl Minneapolis Fortress Press 1992) 17

26 See A Yadin Scripture as Logos Rabbi Ishmael and the Origins of Midrash (Philadel-phia University of Pennsylvania Press 2004) 82ndash83 and Instone-Brewerrsquos discussion of gezerah shavah I and II in Techniques and Assumptions 17ndash18

27 Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Hermeneutical Methodrdquo 5228 Isa 585 612 lxx δεκτήν ἐνιαυτὸν κυρίου δεκτόν Ps Yon שנת רעוא דרעינא 29 See J Jeremias New Testament Theology (London SCM 1971) 206ndash730 See Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Hermeneutical Method in the Nazareth Synagogue 57ndash59rdquo



2 Jesusrsquo Witness Concerning John (Matthew 1110 Luke 727)31

Jesusrsquo statement regarding John the Baptist as reported in Luke 727 and its Synoptic parallel in Matt 1110 reflects the contemporary hope for an escha-tological prophet who would precede the advent of the Messiah ldquoBehold I send my messenger before thy face32 who shall prepare thy way before theerdquo Scholarship has acknowledged wording from the Hebrew Bible in the content of the testimony33 but few have recognized the creative exegesis inherent in Jesusrsquo witness

His testimony is taken in part from Mal 31

Mal 31

הנני שלח מלאכי ופנה־דרך לפני

Behold I am sending my messenger and he will clear the way before methinspthinspthinspthinsp

Yet similar language is heard earlier

Exod 2320

הנה אנכי שלח מלאך לפניך לשמרך בדרך

Behold I am sending a messenger before you to preserve you on the waythinspthinspthinspthinsp

31 Portions herein appear in a study on the enigmatic statement in Matt 1112 R S Notley ldquoThe Kingdom Forcefully Advancesrdquo in The Interpretation of Scripture in Early Judaism

and Christianity Studies in Language and Tradition (ed C A Evans Shefffĳield Shefffĳield Academic 2000) 279ndash311

32 ldquoThy facerdquo = ldquobeforerdquo33 Cf W F Albright and C S Mann Matthew (AB 26 New York Doubleday 1971) 136

R H Gundry Matthew A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1982) 207ndash8 J P Meier A Marginal Jew Rethinking the Historical Jesus vol 2 (ABRL New York Doubleday 1994) 140ndash41 J A T Robinson ldquoElijah John and Jesus An Essay in Detectionrdquo NTS 4 (1957ndash58) 253ndash81 R T France Jesus and the Old Testament (Vancouver BC Regent College Publishing 2000) 242ndash43 E M Boring ldquoLukerdquo in The

New Interpreterrsquos Bible (ed Leander E Keck Nashville Abingdon 1995) 8268



The appearance of the shared words highlighted in the verses is collocated only in these two verses34 Accordingly the Evangelists attest to the fusion of the individual passages into a single citation For the most part the saying follows Exod 2310 but the addition of τὸν ἄγγελόν μου (מלאכי) is a linguistic indicator that we are here also dealing with wording taken from Mal 31 It is true that the SP and lxx of Exod 2320 preserve a variant ldquomy messengerrdquo (מלאכי τὸν ἄγγελόν μου) rather than the mtrsquos מלאך Yet it is possible that the Septuagint in fact witnesses to a non-extant Hebrew version Similar Hebrew variants were discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls which shed light on the difffer-ences between the lxx and mtrsquos versions particularly those of Jeremiah and Ezekiel35 While no such Judean text exists of Exod 2320 the SP concurs with the lxxrsquos variant Moreover there are indications elsewhere that Jesus may have been familiar with non-Masoretic textual traditions (see below)

In the Second Temple period Mal 31 and Exod 2320 were part of a com-plex of traditions regarding the eschatological prophet who was expected to appear to announce the messianic age36 The anticipation for this fĳigure fĳinds expression in The Community Rule (1QS) 910ndash1137

ומכול עצת התורה לוא יצאו ללכת בכול שרירות לבם ונשפטו במשפטים הרשוניםאשר החלו אנשי היחד לתיסר בם עד בוא נביא ומשיחי אהרון וישראל

They should not deviate from any of the counsels of the Law to walk in the stubbornness of their heart They should govern themselves in the former judgments which the men of the Community began to be instructed in them until there come the Prophet and the Messiahs of Aaron and Israel

Biblical support for this fĳigure is preserved in the citation of Deut 1818ndash19 found in 4QTestimonia (4Q175 15ndash8)38

34 It should be noted that הנני is essentially an inflected form of אנכי or (Exod 2320) הנה הנה אני

35 See E Tov Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (2d rev ed Minneapolis Fortress Assen Royal Van Gorcum 2001) 319ndash26 333

36 See Notley ldquoThe Kingdomrdquo 290ndash9637 See also 1QS 11ndash3 38 A P Jassen has argued that both the 1QS text and 4Q175 are the fĳirst texts to present ldquothe

concept of the prophet as a precursor to the Messiah(s)rdquo in Mediating the Divine Proph-

ecy and Revelation in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Judaism (STJD 68 Leiden Brill 2007) 174



נבי אקים לאהםה מקרב אחיהםה כמוכה ונתתי דברי בפיהו וידבר אליהםה את כול אשר אצונו והיה האיש אשר לוא ישמע אל דברי אשר ידבר הנבי בשמי אנוכי

אדרוש מעמו

I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their own people I will put my words in his mouth and he shall speak to them everything that I command Anyone who does not heed the words that the prophet shall speak in my name I myself will hold accountable

The role of the eschatological prophet envisioned by the Qumran Congregation and other Second Temple literature is frequently one of a legislator who will mediate divine law39 Therefore it should not surprise us to fĳind expectations for this prophet couched in Deuteronomic language When facing a dilemma regarding stones from the Templersquos altar that were defĳiled by Antiochus IV Epi-phanes Judah the Hasmonean decided that they should not be removed until ldquothere should come a prophetrdquo (μέχρι τοῦ παραγενηθῆναι προφήτην) that would show the people what to do with them (1 Macc 442ndash46)mdashperhaps an allusion to Deut 3410

Later the author of 1 Maccabees employed similar language to describe the selection of Simon as leader and high priest ldquoAnd the Jews and their priests decided that Simon should be their leader and high priest forever until a

faithful prophet should ariserdquo (ἕως τοῦ ἀναστῆναι προφήτην πιστόν 1 Macc 1441) Such language borrows images of a faithful (נאמן Num 127) and ideal prophet-like-Moses (ולא־קם נביא עוד בישראל כמשה Deut 3410) It seems that a similar description perhaps of Moses40 is gathered from disparate biblical passages in 1QFestival Prayers (1Q34bis f3 28) where the lawgiver is called a ldquofaithful shepherdrdquo (רועה נאמן = Exod 31 Num 127) and if the reconstruction is correct a ldquohumble manrdquo (איש עני = Num 123) Thus the emphasis on the prophetrsquos par-ticipation in legal matters especially in Qumran literature indicates that the eschatological prophet was envisioned to be a prophet-like-Moses41

39 Ibid 175 40 The reconstruction of מש[ה in col 2 l 8 was suggested to Notley by David Flusser in pri-

vate conversation 41 The Jewish expectation for a Deuteronomic ldquoprophet-like-Mosesrdquo is witnessed else-

where in the New Testament where we hear about ldquoa prophet risingrdquo At Nain the peo-ple respond to the healing of the widowrsquos son ldquoA great prophet has arisen among usrdquo

(ὅτι προφήτης μέγας ἠγέρθη ἐν ἡμῖν Luke 716) Furthermore scholarship has recognized that the three answers to Jesusrsquo question ldquoWho do the crowds say that I amrdquo are in fact three variations on the same answermdashldquoJohn the Baptist but others say Elijah and others that one of the old prophets has arisenrdquo (οἱ δὲ ἀποκριθέντες εἶπανmiddot Ἰωάννην τὸν βαπτιστήν ἄλλοι



The identity of the prophet of the End of Days is not limited to one like Moses Malachi 323 identifĳies this prophet with Elijah

הנה אנכי שלח לכם את אליה הנביא לפני בוא יום יהוה הגדול והנורא

Behold I am going to send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord

The earliest post-biblical reference to Elijah in this role is heard in the Wisdom

of Ben Sira 4810

ὁ καταγραφεὶς ἐν ἐλεγμοῖς εἰς καιροὺςκοπάσαι ὀργὴν πρὸ θυμοῦἐπιστρέψαι καρδίαν πατρὸς πρὸς υἱὸνκαὶ καταστῆσαι φυλὰς Ιακωβ

You [Elijah] who are ready at the appointed time it is written to calm the wrath of God before it breaks out in fury to turn the heart of the father to the son and to restore the tribes of Jacob

The close association of the two fĳigures is clearly expressed in the joint appear-ance of Moses and Elijah in Mal 44ndash542

ומשפטים חקים על־כל־ישראל בחרב אותו צויתי אשר עבדי משה תורת זכרו הנה אנכי שלח לכם את אליה הנביא לפני בוא יום יהוה הגדול והנורא

Remember the law of Moses My servant my statutes and ordinances which I gave him in Horeb Behold I am going to send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes

Typically the Synoptic tradition draws upon the contemporary expecta-tions for Elijah redivivus ldquoIf you are willing to accept it he is Elijah who is to comerdquo (Matt 114) Yet the further acclamation ldquoThere has arisen no one

δὲ Ἠλίαν ἄλλοι δὲ ὅτι προφήτης τις τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη Luke 919 emphasis added)rdquo Jesus speaks of his death in prophetic terms ldquoI must go on my way today and tomorrow and the day following for it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalemrdquo (Luke 1333 cf 424) Nonetheless the Gospels never record that Jesus identifĳied himself with the eschatological prophet He consistently indicates that this role belongs to the Baptist

42 Compare Luke 933 and par Rev 113ndash6



born of women43 greater than Johnrdquo (Matt 1111 Luke 728) bears allusions to the Deuteronomic traditions concerning Moses ldquoAnd there has not arisen

a prophet since in Israel like Mosesrdquo (כמשה בישראל עוד נביא Deut ולא־קם 3410)44 Furthermore the Markan description of the Galilean crowds shortly after the Baptistrsquos execution ldquothey were like sheep without a shepherdrdquo (Mark 634 cf Matt 936) is drawn from Num 2717 In the biblical passage Moses is concerned about who will lead the people after his death and he asks the Lord to appoint someone so that the people will not be ldquolike sheep without a shepherdrdquo (רעה אין־להם אשר The recent news of Johnrsquos death in Mark (כצאן (617ndash29) prior to our saying suggests that some in the crowd were Johnrsquos followers45 The Evangelistrsquos literary characterization of the Baptist reflects the opinion maintained by some regarding him namely that he was considered to be a prophet-like-Moses46

The Synoptic tradition therefore presents both Jewish opinions regarding the contemporary expectations for the eschatological prophet Jesusrsquo midrashic testimony concerning John essentially melds Exod 2330 and Mal 31 to fuse the wording and at the same time the opinions identifĳied with those verses to afffĳirm the Baptistrsquos signifĳicance Scholarship has generally overlooked the inge-nious method by which Jesus communicates this blended identifĳication again employing gezerah shavah47 The language that pairs our passages together is the shared verbal cluster ([הנני] הנה שלח 48מלאך דרך The dominical (לפני saying is thus not simply a conceptual allusion but a deft exegetical fusion of two passages from the Hebrew Scriptures that intimates the Baptistrsquos prophetic signifĳicance It betrays an accomplished familiarity with the Hebrew Bible49mdashbeyond what is generally assumed to be that of the Evangelists themselvesmdashas

43 Moses is referred to as ldquoone born of a womanrdquo in an early Jewish tradition See L Ginzberg The Legends of the Jews (7 vols Philadelphia Jewish Publication Society 1968) 3112

44 Notley ldquoThe Kingdomrdquo 288ndash8945 Rainey and Notley The Sacred Bridge 35146 It should also come as no surprise that both Moses and Elijah appear during Jesusrsquo trans-

fĳiguration (Matt 171ndash8 Mark 92ndash8) to inform him of his ldquoexodusrdquo (Luke 928ndash36) 47 Notley ldquoJesusrsquo Jewish Hermeneutical Methodrdquo 5248 The Samaritan Pentateuch reads מלאכי49 It is clear that Jesusrsquo exegesis when compared to rabbinic exegesis derives from the

Hebrew text Apart from the abundance of studies that have convincingly argued for Hebrew continuing as a living language during the fĳirst century (see above) on every occasion it is assumed that the exegesis of the sages was based on the Hebrew text and not a text in translation The same would be true of Jesusrsquo exegesis especially when one considers the detailed knowledge of the Hebrew Bible one would have to attain in order to pair together passages that share such precise language



well as an understanding of the sophisticated hermeneutical methods utilized by the Sages of Israel in late antiquity

3 And You Shall Lovethinspthinspthinspthinsp(Luke 1025ndash37)

This pericope appears in each of the three Synoptic Gospels (Matt 2234ndash40 Mark 1228ndash34 Luke 1025ndash28) Owing to the constraints on the scope of the present study there are some important tangential questions ranging from the diffferences in the Synoptic tradition to manuscript variants50 that wemdashlike the priest and Levitemdashmust pass by Instead we want to draw attention to two points that are particularly germane The fĳirst concerns the place of our episode within the landscape of emerging Second Temple Judaism while the second is specifĳic to Lukersquos account the citation of the biblical passages within the larger structure of his narrative These two points are related and when considered together can bring fruitful results

The exchange between Jesus and the νομικὸς in Luke 10 serves as a window to developing socio-religious ideas that belonged to what Flusser called ldquoa new sensitivity within Judaismrdquo51 These advances emerged in the wake of the tragic events of the Antiochan persecutions in the second century bce Difffering from the earlier prophetic charge of Godrsquos judgment upon a sinful nation dur-ing the Assyrian and Babylonian assaults the martyrs in the Hasmonean con-flict were not accused of being unfaithful On the contrary they were executed because they refused to accede to Antiochusrsquo demands that they transgress the divine commandments

Difffĳicult questions of theodicy were thrust upon the nation In their hour of peril where was God to defend the righteous when they sufffered for righteous-ness sake Was he powerless to deliver them Or was he himself somehow complicit in the injustices of their sufffering The cry of a generation is heard in the words of Taxo

See my sons behold the second punishment has befallen the people cruel impure going beyond all bounds of mercymdasheven exceeding the

50 W D Davies and Dale C Allison A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel

according to Saint Matthew (International Critical Commentary 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash1997) 3242 Fitzmyer 880 K J Thomas ldquoLiturgical Citations in the Synop-ticsrdquo NTS 22 (1975ndash76) 205ndash14

51 D Flusser ldquoA New Sensitivity in Judaism and the Christian Messagerdquo HThR 61 (1968) 107ndash27



former one For which nation or which province or which people who have all done many crimes against the Lord have sufffered such evils as have covered us (T Moses 92ndash3)

Of course the problem of evil is an old and intractable one and we shall make no attempt at it here Instead our narrow interest is the creative approaches that emerged from this troubling time Antigonus of Socho (175 bce) questioned the old simplistic model of reward and punishment reflected in the Old Testament presentation according to which service assumed just compensationmdashnamely that God only blesses the righteous and punishes the wicked ldquoDo not serve your master with thought of reward but serve him with no thought of reward And let the fear of Heaven be upon yourdquo (m lsquoAbot 13)

The stark reality that the wicked continued to live their lives seem ingly unpunished necessitated new solutions Nickelsburg noted that it is just during this time that we fĳind major developments concerning the notion of resurrection52 To wit if just recompense could not be found in this world it was certain to be found in the next Moreover rather than the easy superfĳicial conjecture that delay in divine judgment upon the wicked possibly indicated Godrsquos impotence or injustice a deeper more profound reflection concluded that the momentary escape of the wicked in fact demonstrated a sublime undeserved divine mercy The ripples from this new thinking were widespread The theme of unmerited benevolence is even heard at the center of Jesusrsquo parable of the Workers in the Vineyard (Matt 201ndash16) in which the landlord answers the complaints by some regarding his largesse ldquoDo you begrudge me my generosityrdquo In the new calculus of divine mercy the last will be fĳirst and the fĳirst last

Similar perceptions of divine mercy granted to the undeserving surface in rabbinic Judaism ldquoGreater is the day of rainfall than the day of resurrection For the latter benefĳits only the pious whereas the former benefĳits the righ-teous and sinners alikerdquo (b Tarsquoanit 7a) The antiquity of Rabbi Abahursquos senti-ment is afffĳirmed by Jesusrsquo statement ldquoFor he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good and sends rain on the just and on the unjustrdquo (Matt 545) The relevance of these developments on our pericope is two-fold fĳirst is the elevation of love over fear (of recompense) as the right impetus in the ser-vice of God The charge to love God was exemplifĳied by the biblical command found in Deut 65 ואהבת את יהוה אלהיך בכל־לבבך ובכל־נפשך ובכל־מאדך Equally important the new emphasis upon divine mercy called for altruistic love on

52 G W E Nickelsburg Resurrection Immortality and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Juda-

ism (Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press 1972)



the part of those who bore Godrsquos image Jesusrsquo statement about rainfall and the unmeasured benevolence of the Creator was intended to be a model for the faithful ldquoBe merciful even as your Father is mercifulrdquo (Luke 636 cf Matt 548)

Expressions of altruistic love became the highest demonstration of Judaism in the Second Temple period This second charge was likewise epitomized in a single passage from Lev 1918 ואהבת לרעך כמוך אני יהוה Rabbi Akiba deemed the verse to be ldquothe great precept in the Lawrdquo (y Ned 94 Gen Rab 94) an estimation not distant from the question of the νομικὸς in Matt 2236 James likewise calls it ldquothe royal lawrdquo (Jas 28) and Paul asserted ldquoFor the whole law is fulfĳilled in one word lsquoYou shall love your neighbor as yourself rsquothinsprdquo (Gal 514 cf Rom 139)

By the New Testament period there were already indications that the com-parative pronoun כמוך should be understood to refer to the subject that is ldquoYou shall love your neighbor who is like yourdquo rather than the predicate ldquoYou shall love your neighbor as you love yourselfthinsprdquo

רבי חנינא סגן הכהנים אומר דבר שכל העולם כולו תלוי בו נאמר עליו מהר סיני אם שונא חבירך שמעשיו רעים כמעשיך אני ה דיין להפרע מאותו האיש ואם אוהב

את חבירך שמעשיו כשרים כמעשיך אני ה נאמן ומרחם עליך53

Rabbi Hanina the Prefect of the Priests (1st c ce) says An oath from Mount Sinai has been sworn on this saying (ldquoLove your neighbor as your-selfrdquo) upon which the whole world depends If you hate your fellow man whose deeds are evil like yours I the Lord am judge to punish that same man and if you love your neighbor whose deeds are proper like you own I the Lord am faithful and merciful towards you (rsquoAbot R Nathan Ver B Chap 26 empasis added)

This interpretation recognized universal human frailty which necessitates divine mercy for all and precludes harsh judgment a man against his neigh-bor ldquoJudge not and you will not be judged condemn not and you will not be condemned forgive and you will be forgivenrdquo (Luke 637) This intricate trian-gulation of God the individual and his neighbor is closely identifĳied with the teaching of Jesus but in fact it advances upon the conclusions of the preceding generations Already in Ben Sira (175 bce) we hear a similar triangulation

53 Solomon Schechter Avoth de-Rabbi Nathan Solomon Schechter Edition with references to

parallels in the two versions and to the addenda in the Schechter edition (New York Jerusa-lem Jewish Theological Seminary if America 1997) 53



ἄφες ἀδίκημα τῷ πλησίον σουκαὶ τότε δεηθέντος σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου λυθήσονται

ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπῳ συντηρεῖ ὀργήνκαὶ παρὰ κυρίου ζητεῖ ἴασιν

ἐπ᾿ ἄνθρωπον ὅμοιον αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔχει ἔλεοςκαὶ περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτοῦ δεῖται

Forgive your neighbor the wrong he has doneand then your sins will be pardoned when you pray

Does anyone harbor anger against anotherand expect healing from the Lord

If one has no mercy toward another like himselfcan he then seek pardon for his own sins (Sir 282ndash4)

Likewise the combination of Deut 65 and Lev 1918 is not original with the New Testament54 It is heard in Jub 202 7 364ndash8 T Iss 52 T Dan 53 Philo Spec Laws 263 Sib Or 8480ndash82 The Jewish portion of the Didache which comprised the treatise of the Two Ways presents the Double Commandment together with the familiar variant of the Golden Rule ldquoThe Way of Life is this lsquoFirst thou shalt love the God who made theersquo second lsquothy neighbor as thyself rsquo and whatsoever thou wouldst not have done to thyself do not thou to anotherrdquo (Did 12)55

In our consideration of the high ideals that are conveyed in the Double Commandment we should not overlook the mundane individual literary com-ponents that make up the conceptual complex The unifying thread for the exegetical combination of our two verses is not merely a conceptual interplay but a verbal analogy Deuteronomy 65 and Lev 1918 are two of the three occa-sions in the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures in which a command begins 56ואהבת

Recognition of the exegetical ingenuity inherent in the combination is important to appreciate fully the literary structure of the remainder of our pericope We noted that the biblical citations are two of the three occasions in the Hebrew Scriptures in which a command begins ואהבת The third appears

54 S Ruzer ldquoThe Double Love Preceptrdquo in Notley Turnage and Becker eds Jesusrsquo Last Week 81ndash106

55 H van de Sandt and D Flusser The Didache Its Jewish Sources and its Place in Early Juda-

ism and Christianity (crint 35 Minneapolis Fortress Press 2002) 156ndash5856 A fourth occasion occurs in Deut 1111 but it is a verbatim repetition of the command to

love ldquothe Lord your Godrdquo heard in Deut 65



in Lev 1934 regarding the foreigner ואהבת לו כמוך Is it possible that what we possess in the story of the merciful Samaritan which was intended to answer the question ldquoWho is my neighborrdquo is a narrative midrash upon the remaining biblical command to love It was intended to communicate to the νομικός that the obligation to love extends beyond onersquos community to include the stranger even one whose community was at enmity with his own It can hardly be a coincidence that the central character of the story belonged to a people who according to the historical reports were hostile towards the Jews of Roman Judea57

What might be the objections to such a reading To our knowledge no other Jewish sage exploited the triple commandment to love Yet as Flusser observed ldquoJesus went further and broke the last fetters still restricting the ancient Jewish commandment to love onersquos neighborrdquo58 His is the only voice among his contemporaries who challenged his hearers ldquoLove your enemies and pray for those who persecute yourdquo (Matt 544) It seems apt that such a unique breathtaking advance should be undergirded with a novel exegesis of the Hebrew Scriptures If so once again we witness a report preserved by Luke that is both inde pendent of his Synoptic counterparts and structured upon an ingenious exegesis of the Hebrew text that contributes to our understanding of Jesusrsquo full engagement with emerging Jewish thought in his day

4 The Cleansing of the Temple (Matthew 2112ndash13 Mark 1111ndash17 Luke 1945ndash46)

The so-called ldquoCleansing of the Templerdquo pericope records yet another example of Jesusrsquo exegetical genius Lukersquos version (1945ndash46) is the shortest version depicting Jesusrsquo entry into the Temple courts and his verbal assault upon the sellers with an elliptical quotation taken from Isaiah and Jeremiah On the other hand Matthew and Mark portray Jesus driving out those selling and buying turning over the tables of the money changers and the chairs of those selling doves Mark is further distinguished in two important ways (1) Jesusrsquo attempt to stop other worshippers from entering the Temple courts ldquoAnd he did not

57 R T Anderson ldquoSamaritansrdquo in ABD 594358 Flusser Jesus (Jerusalem Magnes Press 2000) 88



permit that anyone carry a vessel through the Templerdquo (1116) and (2) his more complete Isaianic quotation adding ldquofor all nationsrdquo (πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν 1117)59

A thorough treatment of the Synoptic tradition in this pericope is beyond the scope of the present study but some items are worthy of note All four accounts (from Luke to MarkMatthew60 to John) exhibit an increasing escala-tion in tension and violence which fĳinds its culmination in Johnrsquos description ldquoAnd he made a whip from ropesrdquo (καὶ ποιήσας φραγέλλιον ἐκ σχοινίων 215)61

However the force of Jesusrsquo message lies in his exegesis not his physical handling of the merchants in the Temple62 The quotation from Isaiah ldquoMy house will be a house of prayerrdquo (567) and Jeremiah ldquoa den of robbersrdquo (711) sent a forceful rebuke to the Temple authorities who were responsible for and profĳited from these activities63 As is often the case in rabbinic citations it is the immediate literary context of the biblical quotes (and not necessarily the words utteredwritten) that in fact contain the message Markrsquos expanded mention of ldquofor all nationsrdquo diverts the readerrsquos attention from the intended purpose of the citation64 Jesusrsquo rebuke was not concerned with the nations at all but with the sinful behavior of those entrusted with the sanctity of the Temple As such the words from Isa 567 were intended to direct the hearers to the opening exhortation from Isa 56

59 Matthew and Lukersquos minor agreement that is the terse quotation of Isaiah and Jeremiah bears striking similarities to the manner in which Scripture is quoted within rabbinic literature

60 Matthew reflects elements from both Mark and Luke Matthewrsquos use of the aorist (ἐξέβαλεν) rather than Markrsquos aorist + infĳinitive (ἤρξατο ἐκβάλλειν) describes Jesusrsquo action as a completed act (cf D Flusser and R S Notley The Sage from Galilee [Grand Rapids Eerdmans 2007] 132 n 44) On the other hand Matthewrsquos scriptural quotation parallels Luke and not Markrsquos fuller quotation

61 R S Notley ldquoAnti-Jewish Tendencies in the Synoptic Gospelsrdquo Jerusalem Perspective 51 (AprilndashJune 1996) 25ndash26 see also httpwwwjerusalemperspectivecom2773

62 The Greek verb ἐκβάλλειν need not suggest violence See H G Liddell and R Scott Greekndash

English Lexicon with a Revised Supplement (Oxford Clarendon 1996) 50163 Pace E P Sanders Jesus and Judaism (Philadelphia Fortress Press 1985) 6664 See for example V Taylor The Gospel According to St Mark (New York St Martinrsquos 1957)

463ndash64 ldquoThe quotation has an eschatological colouring cf συνάξω ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν συναγωγήν in Isa lvi8 also Psa Sol xvii30f where it is said that the expected Son of David will cleanse (καθαρεῖ) Jerusalem and nations will come from the ends of the earth to see his gloryrdquo



Thus says the Lord ldquoKeep justice and do righteousness for soon my sal-vation will come and my deliverance be revealedrdquo

כה אמר יהוה שמרו משפט ועשו צדקה כי־קרובה ישועתי לבוא וצדקתי להגלות

The fĳirst-century idiomatic reading65 of לעשות צדקה would have been under-stood as a call to care for the poor the widow the orphan which is also heard in the context of Jeremiahrsquos warning ldquoif you do not oppress the alien the father-less or the widowrdquo (Jer 76) Isaiahrsquos call to righteous behavior with the promise of salvation stands like an antithetical mirror image to Jeremiahrsquos stark warn-ing of divine judgment if the prophetic call is not heeded In particular Jer-emiahrsquos message was directed to the leaders of the Temple if they continued to abuse their position and profĳit at the expense of the vulnerable (74ndash7)

Jeremiahrsquos warning hearkened back to the episode at Shiloh (Jer 712) and the battle at Aphek reported in 1 Sam 4 As a result of that conflict the Philistines captured the Ark of the Covenant (v 11)mdashthough the problems at Shiloh found their genesis in the sons of Eli the priest Hophni and Phineas themselves priests Both of them are described as ldquowickedrdquo (lit sons of wicked-ness) and ldquoignorant of the Lordrdquo (1 ובני עלי בני בליעל לא ידעו את־יהוה Sam 212 also see v 34) With the loss of the Ark from Shiloh and the death of his sons Eli also perished The situation was poignantly underscored by the naming of Elirsquos newborn grandson Ichabod ldquowithout gloryrdquo (אי־כבוד [Οὐαὶ βαρχαβωθ lxx from אי בר־כבוד]) The name signalled that the glory of God had departed from Israel (1 Sam 421) The inter-textual background to Jesusrsquo message was intended to utilize both the religious and moral context of Jer 7 as well as Jeremiahrsquos reference to the punishment upon the priests in the episode at Shiloh

Frankovic advanced the notion that this is another example of gezerah

shavah66 but the connectives in Jesusrsquo exegesis are not readily apparent

Isa 567

My house will be called a house of prayer

ביתי בית־תפלה יקרא

65 For the post-biblical sense of צדקה see R Posner ldquoCharityrdquo in Encyclopedia Judaica (eds M Berenbaum and F Skolnik 2d ed Detroit Macmillan 2007) 4569ndash70

66 Joseph Frankovic ldquoThe Intertextual-Rhetorical Background to Luke 1946rdquo 9ndash10 (unpub-lished study)



Jer 711

This house has become a den of robbers

המערת פרצים היה הבית הזה

As he observed the noun בית may have played a role in Jesusrsquo combination of texts67 If later rabbinic exegetical method is allowed the inflected ביתי and would have been a close enough parallel to connect the two verses68 הבית הזהFurthermore the antithetical Temple themes in the prophetic passages could have provided the necessary link to connect these two passages

Yet another closer linguistic correspondence may lie at the heart of Jesusrsquo exegesis It has long been noted by scholarship that the lxx text of Jeremiah difffers at signifĳicant points from the Masoretic text known to us today The prophetic work is one of the biblical books that appears to have two literary strata that is to say that the lxx and mt difffer so greatly that the lxx is likely utilizing a diffferent base text69 The discoveries of 4QJerbd have confĳirmed that the diffferences in the lxxrsquos Jeremiah are in fact due to a variant Hebrew base text While Jer 711 is not attested among the scrolls the lxx which deviates from the mt in one important place in our passage seems to indicate that the translator was working with a slightly variant base text

a den of thievesthinspthinspthinspthinspthis housethinspthinspthinsp thinspthinspthinspthinspהמערת פרציםthinspthinspthinspthinspהבית הזה (mt)thinspthinspthinspthinspa den of thievesthinspthinspthinspthinspmy house σπήλαιον λῃστῶν ὁ οἶκός μουthinspthinspthinspthinsp(lxx)

The rendering ὁ οἶκός μου (ie ldquomy houserdquo) does not correspond to the mtrsquos הזה הזה Elsewhere the Greek rendering of (rdquoie ldquothis house) הבית is הבית ὁ οἶκος οὗτος (eg 1 Kgs 827) Nevertheless given that the variant is not due to the issues of vocalization orthography or exegesis the Hebrew base text used for the lxxrsquos Jeremiah seems to have read ביתי which corresponds to ὁ οἶκός μου and complements the wording in Isa 567

67 Ibid 968 Frankovic (ibid 9ndash10) cites the Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael tractate Neziqin as just one

example of this later form of gezerah shavah Cf Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael Critical Edition

on the Basis of Manuscripts and Early Editions with English Translation Introduction and

Notes (trans and ed J Z Lauterbach 3 vols Philadelphia Jewish Publication Society 1935) 33ndash4

69 Tov Textual Criticism of the Hebrew 313ndash26



Therefore Jesusrsquo exegetical wit may have been based on the inflected ביתי that occurs in Isaiah and the Hebrew text behind the lxx of Jeremiah It betrays a deft handling perhaps even memorization of Scripture70 While one must acknowledge the possibility that Jesusrsquo quotation of both prophetic pas-sages was initiated by the simple appearance of the term house it is the closer connective ביתי which better serves as a verbal linchpin and indicates the lan-guage in which the connection was made Once again the Gospels indicate that Jesus was at home in the Hebrew Bible and the exegetical method of his contemporaries Drawing together these two disparate passages with a close verbal tie sent a poignant rebuke to the Temple authorities71

The meaning and target of Jesusrsquo scriptural rebuke was not lost (Mark 1118 Luke 1947) It is this event that crystallized the lethal opposition by the Temple authorities According to Luke this is the fĳirst mention of their plot to do away with Jesus Though some scholars have questioned whether the priests were the objects of Jesusrsquo protest72 such a contention is strengthened by a similar rabbinic critique referring to the priests as both ldquobuyersrdquo and ldquosellersrdquo in Sifre73

אמרו חנויות חנו שלש שנים קודם לארץ ישר שהיו מוציאין פירותיהן מידי לוקחמעשרות שהיו דורשין לומ עשר תעשר ואכלת ולא מוכר תבואת זרעך ולא לוקח

The Sages said The (produce) stores for the children of Hanan (ie Annas) were destroyed three years before the land of Israel because they failed

70 Frankovic ldquoThe Intertextual-Rhetorical Background to Luke 1946rdquo 10 71 Such criticisms are not strange Second Temple period literature reflects a similar senti-

ment against the Temple and the abuses of its authorities (eg Mal 16ndash14 1 En 8973ndash74 T Levi 145ndash8 Pss Sol 21ndash3 84ndash10 cf G Nickelsburg and M Stone Faith and Piety in Early

Judaism Texts and Documents [Philadelphia Trinity Press International 1991]) It is well known that Qumran sectarians were hostile critics of the priests in Jerusalem Moreover the Mishnah records R Simeon b Gamalielrsquos anger against the inflated prices of doves ldquoOnce in Jerusalem a pair of doves cost a golden denar Rabban Simeon b Gamaliel said By this Temple I will not sufffer the night to pass by before they cost but a [silver] denarsrdquo מעשה שעמדו קינים בירושלים בדינר זהב אמ ר שמעון בן גמליא המעון הזה לא אלין הלילה)בדינרים שיהוא m Ker 17) Evans speculates that R Simeon believed that price of עד doves had been inflated by 20 times Targum Pseudo-Jonathan likewise preserved criti-cisms against the fĳirst-century priests referring to them as ldquothievesrdquo ldquorobbers of moneyrdquo and ldquorobbers of wealthrdquo See Craig A Evans ldquoJesusrsquo Action in the Templerdquo CBQ 51 (1993) 237ndash70 and R Buth and B Kvasnica ldquoTemple Authorities and Tithe-Evasionrdquo in Notley Turnage and Becker eds Jesusrsquo Last Week 53ndash80 (65ndash73)

72 Sanders Jesus and Judaism 66ndash67 73 See Rainey and Notley The Sacred Bridge 364 The use of ldquobuyers and sellersrdquo by Matthew

(2112) and Mark (1115) is based on an earlier hendiadys



to set aside tithes from their produce for they interpreted you shall surely

tithethinspthinspthinspthinspand you shall surely eat (Deut 1422ndash3) as excluding the seller 74(לוקח) and the produce of your seed (v 22) as excluding the buyer (מוכר)

Jesusrsquo challenge was a biblically contextualized critique derived from a skillful merging of texts that was immediately understood by those learned in Scrip-ture namely the priests of whom criticisms regarding their secrecy and fĳinan-cial misconduct have been preserved in the Talmud (b Pes 57a) It likewise indicates that Jesus assumed those present would be readily conversant in the Hebrew Scriptures in order to grasp his exegetical rhetoric In light of their immediate response and subsequent actions he was not mistaken

5 Jesus and Caiaphas (Matthew 2659ndash65 Mark 1455ndash63 Luke 2266ndash71)

Finally the questioning of Jesus before the Temple leaders is a poignant exam-ple of the thrust and parry of scriptural exchange that undergirds this tragic narrative75 According to Matthew the questions by Caiaphas stem from an accusation by two witnesses ldquoThis fellow said I am able to destroy the temple of God and to build it in three daysrdquo (Matt 2661) Their testimony is likely a conflation of two separate statements The fĳirst is drawn from Jesusrsquo warn-ing about Jerusalemrsquos future76 The second expresses the Jewish expectations for the Messiahrsquos role in the building of the Temple which is already heard in Zech 612 ldquoThus says the Lord of hosts lsquoBehold the man whose name is the Branch for he shall grow up in his place and he shall build the temple of the Lordrsquordquo Use of the moniker the Branch is heard elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible to describe the hoped-for descendant of David ldquoIn those days and at that time I will cause a righteous Branch to spring forth for David and he shall execute justice and righteousness in the landrdquo (Jer 3315 cf 235) The Qumran scrolls preserve evidence that this title remained in use to express the hope for a royal Messiah called the Branch of David (eg 4Q161 f8 1017 4Q174 f1 2i12 11Q14 f1i13)

74 L Finkelstein Sifre of Deuteronomy (New York and Jerusalem Jewish Theological Semi-nary of America 1993) 165 See also R Hammer Sifre A Tannaitic Commentary on the

Book of Deuteronomy (New Haven Yale University Press 1986) 152 75 See M Turnagersquos thorough treatment of this episode in ldquoJesus and Caiaphas An Intertextual-

Literary Evaluationrdquo in Notley Turnage and Becker eds Jesusrsquo Last Week 139ndash6876 See C A Evans ldquoPredictions of the Destruction of the Herodian Temple in the Pseudepig-

rapha Qumran Scrolls and Related Textsrdquo JSP 10 (1992) 94



Indeed it was the expectations related to this second scriptural component that gave rise to the central question of the inquiry ldquoIf you are the Christ tell usrdquo (Luke 2267) Matthew and Mark present variations on this interrogation Both follow the question whether Jesus thought himself to be ldquothe Christrdquo with an appended epithet Matthewrsquos ldquothe son of Godrdquo and Markrsquos ldquothe son of the Blessedrdquo77 On the other hand Matthew and Luke preserve a minor agreement with the identifĳication of Jesus as ldquothe son of Godrdquo The meaning of the epithet is to be found in the Lordrsquos promise to the scion of David ldquoI will be his father and he will be my sonrdquo (2 Sam 714) and later echoed in the royal enthronement hymn of Ps 27 ldquoYou are my son today I have become your fatherrdquo These verses are repeated in various Christian testimonia (John 149 Heb 15 Rev 217)78 Of added signifĳicance in 4Q174 (the Florilegium) 2 Sam 714 is interpreted with Isa 111 (a verse which we have stated has particular relevance to the interrogation) ldquo[I will be] his father and he shall be my son (2 Sam 714) He is the Branch of Davidthinspthinspthinsprdquo (4Q174 f1 2i11)79

As we noted Luke does include the title ldquoson of Godrdquo but he structures the exchange diffferently Rather than the conflated expressions that appear in his Synoptic counterparts Luke reports that Jesus is fĳirst asked simply ldquoIf you are the Christ tell usrdquo (Luke 2267) In his response he advances ldquoBut from now on the son of man shall be seated at the right hand of powerrdquo80 (ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καθήμενος ἐκ δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως Luke 2269) His answer to Caiaphasrsquo question is an allusion to Ps 1101 ldquoAn utterance of the Lord to my lord Sit at my right handthinspthinspthinsprdquo (נאם יהוה לאדני שב לימיניthinspthinspthinspthinsp) Jesusrsquo mention of the ldquoson of manrdquo at the Lordrsquos right hand may also suggest a reference to Ps 8017 (mt 8018) ldquoBut let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand the son of man whom thou hast made strong for thyselfrdquo81 His periphrastic reference to God by ldquoPowerrdquo (δύναμις = גבורה) is likely drawn from Isa 96 (mt 95) where an anticipated son is called ldquoWonderful Counselor Mighty Godrdquo (פלא יועץ אל A discovery among the Dead Sea Scrolls assists us now to understand (גבורhow these lines were read in the fĳirst century We hear in 1QHa 1111 about the

77 For Markrsquos periphrastic title see m Ber 73 ר ישמעא אומ ברכו את ייי המבורך78 See C H Dodd According to the Scriptures The Substructure of New Testament Theology

(London Nisbet 1957) 28ndash6079 D Flusser ldquoTwo Notes on the Midrash on 2 Sam VIIrdquo in Judaism and the Origins of Chris-

tianity [hereafter JOC] (Jerusalem Magnes 1988) 93ndash9880 The addition of τοῦ Θεοῦ is the Evangelistrsquos attempt to clarify what is meant by τῆς

δυνάμεως81 P Kobelski Melchizedek and Melchirešarsquo (CBQMS 10 Washington Catholic Biblical Asso-

ciation of America 1981) 136 n 21 Flusser ldquoAt the Right Hand of Powerrdquo in JOC 304



anticipated birth of ldquoa Wonderful Counselor with his Powerrdquo (פלא יועץ עם גבו־ clearly an allusion to Isa 96 but with wording similar to Luke 2269 and (רתוreading גבורה to be a hypostatic circumlocution for God82

These biblical verses belong to a midrashic complex that describes the appointment of a human fĳigure who will execute divine judgment Flusser commented ldquoThe one like a man who sits upon the throne of Godrsquos glory the sublime eschatological judge is the highest conception of the Redeemer ever developed by ancient Judaismrdquo83 In the context Jesusrsquo response is perhaps the clearest afffĳirmation of his sublime self-awareness

Nevertheless our primary interest here is the use of the Hebrew Scriptures to underpin the rhetorical exchange between Jesusrsquo answer and Caiaphasrsquo sec-ond question The high priestmdasha Sadduceemdashhad little interest in a conversa-tion about the judge of the End of Days His concerns were more immediate or if you will political (cf Luke 232) What were Jesusrsquo earthly intentions It appears that Caiaphas was familiar with the redemptive scriptural complex from which Jesus drew his answer He may have also recognized Jesusrsquo deft hint to Isa 96 with the elliptical mention of גבור In any event the chief priestrsquos second question borrowed language from another passage which belonged to the same complex

He pressed ldquoAre you the Son of God thenrdquo a biblical allusion to Ps 27 which is exegetically related to Ps 110 but possessing a stronger identifĳication to the national hopes for a royal messiah Flusser has already brought atten-tion to the verbal link between Pss 110 and 284 The term ילדתיך in Ps 1103 is an identical consonantal correspondent to Ps 27 (ילדתיך) and these are the only two places in the Hebrew Bible where the consonantal form appears In addi-tion the consonantal yod would not normally be used for the end of the sin-gular noun whether with a shva or with a pausal form segol The yod points to the fĳirst person verb Later the Masoretes attempted to demythologize Ps 11085 which was used by Christian for their claims about Jesus (eg Heb 620 717 1 Clem 362ndash3) Thus the Masoretic tradition vocalizes the term to read nomi-nally ldquoyour childhoodrdquo (ילדתיך) However both the lxx (γεγέννηκά σε) and the Vulgate (genui te) indicate that there existed pre-Masoretic circles who read

82 Flusser ldquoAt the Right Hand of Powerrdquo in JOC 303ndash30483 Flusser and Notley The Sage from Galilee 11584 D Flusser ldquoMelchizedek and the Son of Manrdquo in JOC 19285 The human fĳigure in Ps 1105 (אדני) who sits at the Lordrsquos right hand was clearly intended

to be identical with אדני introduced in 1101 but the Masoretes have vocalized the term to identify him with Yhwh (אדני) By so doing they removed the role of a human fĳigure in the execution of divine judgment



the term as a verb + sufffĳix ldquoI have begotten yourdquo (ילדתיך) with the same sense as Ps 27

The antiquity and Jewish provenance of this reading is attested by a Jewish legend As is well known some ancient interpreters identifĳied the human redeemer in Ps 1101 to be none other than Melchizedek himself reading Ps 1104 ldquoYou are a priest forever according to my words O Melchizedekrdquo86 The identifĳication of the human fĳigure in Ps 1101 to be Melchizedek combined with the reading of ילדתיך in Ps 1103 doubtless is the genesis for the Jewish legend concerning the miraculous conception of Melchizedek reported in 2 En 71ndash72

So we witness once again that the method and meaning of Jesusrsquo use of Scripture attests to his intimate familiarity with the contours of the Hebrew Bible He was not alone Those around him understood him well These fĳive pericopae have provided fresh light on the interpretive methodology of Jesus and his language of discourse It is clear that his exegesis was not based on a Greek or Aramaic translation but upon the Hebrew Bible While such an assessment might be met with a jaundiced eye by those who claim Jesus knew only Aramaic (or Greek) it is important to repeat that our conclusion accords with what we know of Jesusrsquo contemporaries We have no record of any fĳirst-century Jewish sagemdashparticularly among those who lived and taught in the land of Israelmdashwhose exegesis is founded upon any version of the Bible other than the Hebrew Scriptures

The exegetical style attested in these passages betrays a sophisticated knowl-edge of the Scripturesmdashon par with Israelrsquos Sages Equally important their content is not divorced from the emerging world of Jewish thought during the Second Temple periodmdashquite the contrary The scriptural interpretation pre-serves evidence concerning both the expectations for a messianic forerunner in the fĳigures of Moses and Elijah as well as the developing ideas of Jewish humanism that surfaced in consequence of the national crisis in the second century bce The value of taking into account the original language of the discoursemdashHebrewmdashcan hardly be overstated in understanding the sense and purpose of the biblical allusions that undergird these ideas Indeed our aim throughout this modest study has been to demonstrate the importance of the Hebrew language and a thorough knowledge of the contours of emerging Jewish thought in order to grasp better both the method and meaning of Jesusrsquo exegesis of the Hebrew Scriptures

86 Reading על־דברתי as mt על־דברתי and with a pronominal yod ldquoaccording to my wordrdquo This is certainly the understanding of the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews who at 73 attributes an eternal priesthood to Melchizedek Only in Ps 110 is the king of Salem associated with such an honor

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 BGR 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072006e0065002000740069006c0020006100740020006f007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072002c0020006400650072002000620065006400730074002000650067006e006500720020007300690067002000740069006c00200073006b00e60072006d007600690073006e0069006e0067002c00200065002d006d00610069006c0020006f006700200069006e007400650072006e00650074002e0020004400650020006f007000720065007400740065006400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50062006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c006500720020004100630072006f006200610074002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002egt DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003b103c103bf03c503c303af03b103c303b7002003c303c403b703bd002003bf03b803cc03bd03b7002c002003b303b903b100200065002d006d00610069006c002c002003ba03b103b9002003b303b903b1002003c403bf0020039403b903b1002d03b403af03ba03c403c503bf002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB 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 HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH ltFEFF004e006100750064006f006b0069007400650020016100690075006f007300200070006100720061006d006500740072007500730020006e006f0072011700640061006d00690020006b0075007200740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b00750072006900650020006c0061006200690061007500730069006100690020007000720069007400610069006b00790074006900200072006f006400790074006900200065006b00720061006e0065002c00200065006c002e002000700061016100740075006900200061007200200069006e007400650072006e0065007400750069002e0020002000530075006b0075007200740069002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400610069002000670061006c006900200062016b007400690020006100740069006400610072006f006d00690020004100630072006f006200610074002000690072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610072002000760117006c00650073006e0117006d00690073002000760065007200730069006a006f006d00690073002egt LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL ltFEFF0055007300740061007700690065006e0069006100200064006f002000740077006f0072007a0065006e0069006100200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400f300770020005000440046002000700072007a0065007a006e00610063007a006f006e00790063006800200064006f002000770079015b0077006900650074006c0061006e006900610020006e006100200065006b00720061006e00690065002c0020007700790073007901420061006e0069006100200070006f0063007a0074010500200065006c0065006b00740072006f006e00690063007a006e01050020006f00720061007a00200064006c006100200069006e007400650072006e006500740075002e002000200044006f006b0075006d0065006e0074007900200050004400460020006d006f017c006e00610020006f007400770069006500720061010700200077002000700072006f006700720061006d006900650020004100630072006f00620061007400200069002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000690020006e006f00770073007a0079006d002egt PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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Contents

Introduction Language Issues Are Important for Gospel Studiesemspemsp1

Randall Buth

Sociolinguistic Issues in a Trilingual Frameworkemspemsp7

1 The Origins of the ldquoExclusive Aramaic Modelrdquo in the Nineteenth Century Methodological Fallacies and Subtle Motivesemspemsp9

Guido Baltes

2 The Use of Hebrew and Aramaic in Epigraphic Sources of the New Testament Eraemspemsp35

Guido Baltes

3 Hebraisti in Ancient Texts Does Ἑβραϊστί Ever Mean ldquoAramaicrdquoemspemsp66Randall Buth and Chad Pierce

4 The Linguistic Ethos of the Galilee in the First Century CEemspemsp110Marc Turnage

5 Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesusrsquo Language Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authorsemspemsp182

Serge Ruzer

Literary Issues in a Trilingual Frameworkemspemsp207

6 Hebrew Aramaic and the Difffering Phenomena of Targum and Translation in the Second Temple Period and Post-Second Temple Periodemspemsp209

Daniel A Machiela

7 Distinguishing Hebrew from Aramaic in Semitized Greek Texts with an Application for the Gospels and Pseudepigraphaemspemsp247

Randall Buth

vi contents



R Steven Notley





David N Bivin


Randall Buth

























































m Meg 42









































Mal 31




Exod 2320























אדרוש מעמו















of Ben Sira 4810

























































































Isa 567







Jer 711


























































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FRA 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ltFEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05EA05E605D505D205EA002005DE05E105DA002C002005D305D505D005E8002005D005DC05E705D805E805D505E005D9002005D505D405D005D905E005D805E805E005D8002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002Egt HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Brill Webready 2v1) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] ConvertColors NoConversion DestinationProfileName (None) DestinationProfileSelector WorkingCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks true IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles true MarksOffset 6 MarksWeight 0250000 MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector WorkingCMYK PageMarksFile RomanDefault PreserveEditing false UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ltlt AllowImageBreaks true AllowTableBreaks true ExpandPage false HonorBaseURL true HonorRolloverEffect false IgnoreHTMLPageBreaks false IncludeHeaderFooter false MarginOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] MetadataAuthor () MetadataKeywords () MetadataSubject () MetadataTitle () MetricPageSize [ 0 0 ] MetricUnit inch MobileCompatible 0 Namespace [ (Adobe) (GoLive) (80) ] OpenZoomToHTMLFontSize false PageOrientation Portrait RemoveBackground false ShrinkContent true TreatColorsAs MainMonitorColors UseEmbeddedProfiles false UseHTMLTitleAsMetadata true gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [600 600] PageSize [453543 680315]gtgt setpagedevice

vi contents



R Steven Notley





David N Bivin


Randall Buth

























































m Meg 42









































Mal 31




Exod 2320























אדרוש מעמו















of Ben Sira 4810

























































































Isa 567







Jer 711


















































































































m Meg 42









































Mal 31




Exod 2320























אדרוש מעמו















of Ben Sira 4810

























































































Isa 567







Jer 711

























































































Mal 31




Exod 2320























אדרוש מעמו















of Ben Sira 4810

























































































Isa 567







Jer 711










































































אדרוש מעמו















of Ben Sira 4810

























































































Isa 567







Jer 711

































































of Ben Sira 4810

























































































Isa 567







Jer 711











































































































































Isa 567







Jer 711





























































Jer 711



























































Hebrew-Only Exegesis: A Philological Approach to Jesus' Use of the Hebrew Bible

Documents

Transcript of Hebrew-Only Exegesis: A Philological Approach to Jesus' Use of the Hebrew Bible