Venetian Contribution to the Mapping of the Peloponnese at

the End of the 17th

century.

The first part of the present paper deals with the study of the cartographic history of the

Peloponnese from 1477 until 1690 when the Venetians became masters of the peninsula.

It examines any eventual attempts made by the latter to acquire a cartographical and

topographical knowledge of the territory under their domination during the period

between the 15th

and 17th

centuries. The second part focuses on two important maps of

the Peloponnese dating from the beginning of the second period of Venetian rule and

connects them with two descriptions of the peninsula by Antonio Pacifico dating from

1700 and 1704. Finally, it presents one more unknown printed map of Greece, which is

also connected with Pacifico.

In the research carried out, so far, concerning the mapping of the Peloponnese1, we had

classified the cartographic material in three main categories. The first comprised the

historical maps of the 15th

and 16th

centuries, starting from 1477, the year of the first

publication of the Cosmographia2 of Claudius Ptolemaeus in Bologna

3. These maps were

based on the coordinates of the Ptolemaic prototype of the Ancient Geography, as it was

revived in the 13th

and 14th

century under the title of Geographike Hyphegesis and as they

were redrawn by the Byzantine scholars (Maximos Planoudes, Nikephoros Gregoras)4.

The second part comprised the older historical maps the outlines of which differ from

those of the Ptolemaic prototype. They are fairly close to the actual shape because they

follow the tradition of the portolan charts on which with the aid of the compass, is drawn

1 Stella [Chrysochoou] Stavridis, “Η χαρτογράφηση της Λακωνίας από τα βυζαντινά χειρόγραφα του 13

ου

έως τον 19ο αιώνα”, Πρακτικά Συμποσίου Μάνη, Μαρτυρίες για το χώρο και την κοινωνία. Περιηγητές και

επιστημονικές αποστολές (15ος

-19ος

αι.), 39-53, Αthens 1996. 2 C. Ptolemaeus, “(Ελλάς) Tabula X”, Cosmographia, (cat. no. 1798, 47.5 X 34.5 εκ.), Α. Vadius, Bologna

1477; See, Ε. Finopoulos, L. Navari, Η Ελλάδα του Πτολεμαίου. Εκδόσεις χαρτών της «Γεωγραφίας», 1477-

1730. Συγκριτική μελέτη, 21-22, Αthens 1990. 3 The numbering of the maps is based on the second edition of Christos Zacharakis, A Catalogue of Printed

Maps of Greece 1477-1800, Αthens 1992. 4 L. Βagrow, “The Origin of Ptolemy's Geographia“, Geografiska Annaler 27, 318-387, Stockholm 1945;

O.A.W. Dilke, Greek and Roman Maps, London 1985; O.A.W. Dilke, “The Culmination of Greek

Cartography in Ptolemy”, “Cartography in the Byzantine Empire”, The History of Cartography,

Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (eds. J.B. Harley και D.

Woodward), vol. 1, 177-200, 258-275, Chicago 1987; A. Diller, “The Greek Codices of Palla Strozzi and

Guarino Veronese”, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 24, 313-321, London 1961; A.

Diller, “The Oldest Manuscripts of Ptolemaic Maps”, Transactions of the American Philological

Association 71 (1940) 62-67; J. Fischer, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographiae, Codex Urbinas Graecus 82, 2

vols in 4 parts, Leiden 1932; A. Grafton, (editor), Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance

Culture, Washington 1993; S. Cougeas, “Analecta Planudea”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 18, 115-118, 1909;

K. Muller, “Rapports sur les Manuscrits de la Géographie de Ptolémée", Archives des Missions

Scientifiques et Littéraires, 2eme série, 4, 279-298, Paris 1867; Stella [Chrysochoou] Stavridis, “Η

Γεωγραφική Υφήγησις του Κλαυδίου Πτολεμαίου και τα Βυζαντινά Χειρόγραφα του 13ου και 14ου

αιώνος”, Χαρτογραφική Επιστημονική Εταιρία Ελλάδας (ΧΕΕΕ), Proceedings of the First National

Conference of Cartography, 295-305, Thessaloniki 1995; Stella [Chrysochoou] Stavridis, “Νεώτερα

στοιχεία από την Έρευνα των Πτολεμαϊκών Χειρογράφων”, ΧΕΕΕ, Proceedings of the Second National

Conference of Cartography, 257-261, Thessaloniki 1996.

2

the outline of the coasts but not the interior of a country5. The first map that differentiates

itself and follows this tradition is that of the Piemontese cartographer Giacomo Castaldi

or Gastaldi in the Italian translation of the Ptolemaic Geography of 15486. Some years

later, around 1570, Gastaldi further improved the outlines of his maps, basing himself

on the maps of Gianfrancesco Camocio7, the outlines of which were also improved,

following those of the portolan charts. Moreover, Camocio’s map is a geophysical one on

which several contemporary place-names are marked in the interior of the peninsula. The

last two characteristics differentiate Camocio’s map and lead us to suspect the existence

of an unknown cartographic prototype connected with the most Serene Republic of

Venice, which always used cartography and topography as a main instrument of

knowledge of the territories in its possession. The island of Crete, which remained in

Venetian hands for almost 400 years (1211-1669), provided the best example of this8.

The third category comprised the maps that used as their model the map of the

Peloponnese produced by the Flemish cartographer Gerard Mercator9 from 1590 on.

Research so far has not led to the discovery of the manuscript prototypes on which the

great Flemish map-maker based his representation. However, comparing his map of the

Peloponnese by Camocio we have found several common features, which convince us

that the latter is one of the cartographic sources of Mercator10

. Perhaps the most

characteristic feature, beyond the similar outline and the many identical toponyms, is the

attribution to the southern part of Laconia of the name Sacania. The subject of Sacania

we shall discuss in detail in the course of our study. What particularly differentiates the

map of Mercator’s is the great number of rivers and tributaries, which do not exist in the

maps of Camocio and Gastaldi. The question, therefore, as to Mercator’s second

cartographic source remains open.

Studying the various maps of the Peloponnese –both those that represent the peninsula on

its own and those that show it as a part of the general map of Greece– we have formed a

5 Τ. Campbell, “Portolan Charts from the late thirteenth century to 1500”, The History of Cartography,

Cartography, ibid., 371-463. 6 G. Castaldi or Gastaldi, “Tabula Europae X”, (cat. no 1839, 17.5X13.5 cm.) G.P. Pedrezano, N. Bascarini,

Cosmographia, Venice 1548; See, Finopoulos Νavari, ibid., 49-50. R.V., Τοοley, Maps and map-makers,

7, 20, 21, 98, 100, 112, 118, 121, 125, London 1970; For Castaldi’s biography see, Dizionario biografico

degli Italiani, vol. 52, 529-532, Rome 1999. 7 G. Castaldi, “Descrittione della geografia moderna di tutta la Graecia […] Opera di M. Gia.

mo Castaldi

Cosmografo, in Venetia l’anno 1566. In Venetia apresso Cio. Fr.co

Camotio”. (cat. no 562, 68X48.5 cm.),

Tavole modernae di Geografia, Venice c.1570; Τοοley, ibid., 19, 20, 38, 50, 86, 92, 98, 112, 126. Τhis

reference to Camotio is very important. If we compare his map of the Peloponnese (G.F. Camocio, “Morea

peninsula e provincia principale de la Grecia posta su il mare […]”, Isole famose, porti, forteze e terre

maritime sottoposte alla Serenissima Republica di Venetia, (cat. no 503, 20Χ15 cm.) with the map of

Castaldi, is obvious that Castaldi copies him. See, pp. 50, 54, 229 of Zacharakis catalogue. 8 Stella A. Chrysochoou, “Η χαρτογράφηση της Κρήτης από τα Βυζαντινά χειρόγραφα της Πτολεμαϊκής

Γεωγραφίας έως τους έντυπους χάρτες του 18ου

αιώνα”, Κρητολογικά Γράμματα, 15/16, 51-72, Rethymno

1999-2000. 9 G. Mercator, “Morea/olim Peloponnesus ”, Atlas sive cosmographicae meditations […], (cat. no 1449,

46.5X36 cm.), Amsterdam 1590-1633; Τοοley, ibid., 31-32. The maps of Greece appear in the second part

of the Atlas after 1590. 10

G.F. Camocio, “Morea peninsula et provincia principale de la Grecia anticamente nominata Lacedemonia

[…]”, Tavole moderne di geografia, (cat. no 536, 41Χ28 cm.).

3

data base, which we have named “Morea D/B” and which we present here. Our source is

the Corpus Illustratum, that is the second part of the catalogue of Christos Zacharakis

(pp. 179-458). This base may be broadened, but for the moment it serves as a very good

auxiliary tool. Most of the maps were classed in five main categories.

Category One follows the Ptolemaic prototype, Category Two follows that of Castaldi,

Category Three that of Mercator. Category Four, which comprises quite a large number

of maps –a fact that is remarkable and worth stressing- follows no known cartographic

prototype, while Category Five follows the outlines of the French cartographer Jean-

Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville, who brought about considerable improvements to the

outline of the Peloponnese without even having visited Greece in order to carry out a

survey on the spot. He himself reveals that his sources were Strabo and Pausanias, as well

as contemporary travelers such as George Wheler, Pitton de Tournefort and Francis

Vernon. He also mentions other sources that he found very valuable in producing his

map, such as, Le Portulan grec, a Portulan vénitien de Paolo Gerardo, deux cartes

particulières et manuscrites, levées par un navigateur françois très-habile (M. Verguin),

une carte manuscrite de Monsieur le Marquis d’Àntin11

.

Not included in any category are approximately 20 maps, most of which follow unknown

prototypes12

.

The first column numbering 1 to 59, represents the number of the maps.

In the following columns, in each of the categories are listed in alphabetical order, the

name of the cartographer and the number given to each map in the Zacharakis catalogue.

The maps are 206 in all.

Morea D. B.

Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E

Ptolemy Castaldi Μercator Unknown D'Anville

1 AA Vander 3 Bertelli 197 Blaeu 245 AA Vander 1 D'Anville 85

2 Apian 104 Bordone 284 Blaeu 246 AA Vander 21 D'Anville 91

3 Bertelli 226 Botero 447 Allardt 84 AA Vander 41 Bonne 279

4 Bochard 266 Camocio 510 Baudrand 131 Blaeu 250 Bonne 282

5 Boiseau 274 Camocio 536 Baudrand 133 Blair 261 Casini 560

6 Bunting 501 Cantelli 544 Bertius 232 Back 109 Chabert 591

7 Cluverius 634 Cantelli 546 Bertius 233 Bellin 163 Choiseul-Gouf. 607

8 Forlani 1030 Castaldi 562 Blaeu 245 Bellin 165 Choiseul-Gouf. 608

9 Hondius 1091 Fer de 999 Blaeu 246 Bossuet 446 Conder 664

10 Honter 1092 Licinius 1365 Bucelini 498 Bouttats 458 Kitchin 1196

11 Honter 1095 Nelli 1603 Camocio 526 Cantelli 541 Lodge 1375

12 Honter 1098 Ortelius 1610 Celarius 575 Chiquet 605 Poirson 1777

11 J.B.B. d’Anville, Analyse de la carte intitulée de la Grèce et l’Archipel, 11-22, Paris 1757; J.M.

Wagstaff, Stella Chrysochoou-Stavridis, “Two unpublished maps of the Morea from the second Venetian

period”, Πρακτικά Ε΄ Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Πελοποννησιακών Σπουδών, vol. 4, 299, Αthens 1998; Τοοley,

ibid., 43, 99, 100, 101, 104, 107, 114, 123. 12

Worthy of special mention is map no 1926 (L.S. de la Rochette, “Greece, Archipelago and part of

Anadoli […]”, General Atlas, London 1791), because it is the only known printed map of the Peloponnese

until 1800 to copy the two large Venetian topographical maps of 1707. See, Wagstaff, Chrysochoou-

Stavridis, ibid., 291-293.

4

13 Hornius 1103 Ortelius 1626 Celarius 582 Coronelli 672 Vaugondy 1904

14 Jansonius 1132 Ortelius 1626 Chatelain 598 Coronelli 681 Vaugondy 1906

15 Jolain 2510 Ortelius 1626 Chatelain 599 Dankerts 870 Vaugondy 1911

16 Le Roy 1344 Ortelius 1626 Chatelain 603 Dapper 872 Trusler 2310

17 Luchinus 1387 Ortelius 1631 Cluet 625 Deslisle 908

18 Munster 1579 Pacifico 1636 Cluverius 627 Deslisle 924

19 Munster 1580 Porchacchi 1779 Cluverius 629 Deslisle 931

20 Munster 1581 Ptolemaeus 1822 Coronelli 675 Doncker 938

21 Munster 1582 Ptolemaeus 1830 Dankerts 868 Fer de 994

22 Ortelius 1615 Ptolemaeus 1842 Dapper 872 Fer de 998

23 Ortelius 1616 Ptolemaeus 1847 Dudley 958 Feuille de la 1026

24 Ortelius 1624 Rosaccio 1933 Homann 1082 Gibson 1038

25 Ortelius 1625 Sanson 2071 Lasor 1227 Halma 1063

26 Petri 1683 Sanson 2072 Laurenberg 1275 Homann 1080

27 Ptolemaeus 1798 Sanson 2074 Mallet 1401 Homann Heres 1086

28 Ptolemaeus 1802 Sanson 2075 Mallet 1404 Jaillot 1117

29 Ptolemaeus 1805 Sanson 2080 Mercator 1447 Janvier 1146

30 Ptolemaeus 1808 Sanson 2084 Mercator 1449 Lat de 1271

31 Ptolemaeus 1815 Sanson 2113 Mercator 1453 Le Rouge 1343

32 Ptolemaeus 1818 Schenk 2132 Mercator 1457 Morden 1550

33 Ptolemaeus 1825 Mercator 1469 Muller 1574

34 Ptolemaeus 1826 Mercator 1471 Nolin 1605

35 Ptolemaeus 1834 Mercator 1476 Ottens 1633

36 Ptolemaeus 1837 Mercator 1482 Peteers 1668

37 Ptolemaeus 1839 Merian 1512 Prerot 1691

38 Ptolemaeus 1844 Morden 1555 Price 1797

39 Ptolemaeus 1850 Mortier 1571 Salmon 2050

40 Ptolemaeus 1853 Muller 1576 Senex 2171

41 Ptolemaeus 1860 Ptolemaeus 1856 Seuter 2180

42 Ptolemaeus 1867 Ptolemaeus 1864 Thirion 2297

43 Ptolemaeus 1870 Quad 1872 Val du 2313

44 Rosaccio 1959 Randolph 1879 Val du 2316

45 Salamanga 2036 Randolph 1880 Vallemont 2344

46 Solinus 2189 Sanson 2076

47 Solinus 2192 Sanson 2087

48 Speed 2243 Seller 2165

49 Speed 2244 Senex 2170

50 Vavassore 2348 Seuter 2177

51 Seuter 2181

52 Seuter 2185

53 Vischer 2350

54 Vischer 2356

55 Weigel 2363

56 Weigel 2369

57 Wit de 2384

58 Wit de 2387

59 Zatta 2401

60

5

The second category, that of the Gastaldi version is the one followed, as regards the

outlines by the two maps of Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola, which represent the ancient

and contemporary Peloponnese and is dated from 168513

and 168614

respectively.

However, we do not know the manuscript from which these two maps derive. The

recording of several contemporary place-names in map no 544, constitutes still another

strong indication of the Venetian presence in the Peloponnese, principally from the 14th

to the 16th

century.

The first map is dedicated to the, Excellentissimo Principi Dño/ D. GREGORIO

BONCOMPAGNO15

[…]. The inscription in the cartouche reads: PELOPONNESUS Ad

Antiquor mentem & præ/ cipuè Pausanice, Strabonis, ac/ Ptolemæi descripta, inq; Suas/

octo partes diuisa/ a Iacobo Cantellio Vineolen. It comprises the following eight

provinces known from the ancient geography: CORINTHIA, SICYONIA, ARGOLIS,

ARCADIA, LACONIA, MESSENIA, ELIS, ACHAIA PROPRIA. Τhe toponyms are the

ancient Greek ones.

The second map [ILL. 1] dedicated to: All Ill:mo

Si:re

/ Conte Riniero Marescotti/

Senatore di Bologna/ […], is inscribed as follows: LA MOREA/ Ridotta dall Esemplare

Antico/ nella moderna diuisione delle sue Quattro Parti principa/ li da Giacomo Cantelli

da Vignola/ con l’aggiunta di nuoue notizie/ ricauate dagl’Itinerary e Relationi/ dei piu

accreditati Autori/ e data in luce dale sue stãpe/ l’anno 1685. da Gio: Giaco:de Rossi/ In

Roma alla Pac/ con Priuil. Del S.P./ e ricorretta con nuoue/ notitie l’anno 1686. It

comprises the following four provinces: SACANIA, ΤZACONIA ò BRAZZO di MAINA,

CLARENZA, BELVEDERΕ. This division goes back to older times, to the period between

the 14th

and 16th

centuries and is linked to the Frankish princess of the Morea and to

Venice. The place names of the map are the contemporary ones.

The first province occupies the regions of the Argolid and Corinth. The second comprises

all the Arcadia and Laconia. The third province embraces the southern part of Elis and

Messenia, while the fourth one the northern part of Elis and all of Achaia.

The appellation SACANIA, as we find it in the sources16

, is attributed to the Venetians.

Widely used are the names ΤZACONIA17

and CLARENZA18

. As for BELVEDERΕ it is the

13

G. Cantelli da Vignola, “Peloponnesus […]”, (cat. no 546, 55X43 cm.), Mercurio Geografico, G.G.

Rossi, Rome 1692. 14

G. Cantelli da Vignola, “La Morea […]”, (cat. no 544, 55X43 εκ.), Mercurio Geografico, G.G. Rossi,

Roma 1692. Tooley, ibid., 21, 122. The two maps were known in 1692, as they appeared in the Mercurio

Geografico. We do not know, however, where else they had been used with the inscribed dates 1685 and

1686. R.W. Shirley, The mapping of the World, 481, London 1987; See, [Chrysochoou] Stavridis, “Η

χαρτογράφηση της Λακωνίας ”, ibid, 39-53. 15

For his biography see, Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, vol. 11, 693-694, Rome 1969. 16

A. Bon, La Morée Franque, 306, Paris 1969 ; Α.Μ. Μalliaris, Alessandro Pini: Ανέκδοτη περιγραφή της

Πελοποννήσου (1703), 54, Venice 1997. In Pini’s descriptionwe read the following: Li moderni geografi,

che non son statti sopra luogo, una nuova provincia, e la chiamano Saccania, e la fanno estendere i

termini, parte nella Laconia, parte nell’Argiva, e parte nella Romania, non osservando che in nessum degli

antichi geografi vi si trovi questa provincia, ma che Zacconia o Zaccogna è corrotto da Laconia, et ch’ è

un membro di quella provincia. Antonio Pacifico interprets the name in the first edition of his description

of the Peloponnese; See, D.P.A. Pacifico, Breve/ Descrizzione/ Corografica/ del/ Peloponneso/ o’/ Morea,/

con l’Οrigine de primi habitanti, Serie de Prencipi, Titolo d/i ciascheduna Provincia, Possessori di quelle,

Natura de Paesi,/ Costumi de Popoli, Principio, e fine d’ogni loro avveni/ mento, con suoi testi latini, con/

Geroglifici, Imprese, Medaglie, & Armi genti/ litie d’ogni Provincia, estratta dal Volume/ di D.

Pier’Antonio Pacifico/ Pievan della Chiesa Parochiale di Santa Maria di Cervarese/ Venice 1700. On

page 35, proving the breadth of his cartographic knowledge, he notes the following: […] la chiama

6

name given by Antonio Pacifico for Messenia and Elis, while Antoine Bon says that the

Venetians thus called the southern part of Elis19

. He also very rightly locates it in the

maps of the Peloponnese by Gaspar Bouttats, Nicholas De Fer, Johannes Blaeu and

Peyrounin /Sanson20

.

As, during these centuries, cartographers and publishers copied one another, we

encounter many and interesting variants in a series of maps that follow the Mercatorian

prototype but which, at the same time, retain the four divisions connected with Venice

and the period of the Frankish principalities of the Morea.

Another very interesting map is that of M. Quad21

, on which the outline of the

Peloponnese faithfully follows that of the Mercatorian prototype. The cartouche contain

the following inscription: GRAECIAE/ VNIVERSAE/ SECVNDVM/ HODIERNVM/

SITVM NEO/ TERICA DE/ SCRIPTIO./ Jacobo Castaldo Pe/ demontano Auctore. The

place-names too, seem to be based on Mercatoric map. On the other hand, the inscription

on the title page is identical with that of the ‘modern’ map of Greece by Abraham

Ortelius22

. We know that, in this most important edition, which appeared in 1570,

Ortelius combines all the existing cartographic data. The most characteristic example is

that of Crete, which is represented independently, both in the ancient Ptolemaic form and

in its ‘modern’ one23

. The same, more or less, might be said concerning the Peloponnese,

despite the fact that, in this case the peninsula is not drawn independently, as is Crete, but

constitutes part of the general map of Greece. Thus, one of Ortelius’ maps copies the map

Romania Minor, aut Romania Morea, e cosi oggi s’appella, altri cò gl’Atlanti l’appellarono Sacania, ma

non è questa ma bensi, le spiaggie sino ai Monti dal fiume Inaco, sino al C. S. Angelo di Laconia, detta non

Saccania ma Tzacagnà. Onde la Provincia di Romania è cosi oggi chiamata, e viene cognominato anco

Napoli di Romania […]. 17

Bon, ibid., 126, 130, 132, 498-499. 18

See, Pacifico, ibid., 108-123, Corografia della Prouincia, ò Ducado di Chiarenza Olim Achaia. In this

description of Pacifico the region of Gastouni (Gastugna) belongs tο Belvedere. Chiarenza or Clarentia

embraces Patras, Kalavryta, Aigeialeia and Sikyonia. For Clarenza see also, Bon, ibid, 320-325. In page

324 he notes, […] toute la région nord-ouest du Péloponnèse soit appelée par les Vénitiens le ducato di

Chiarenza. 19

Bon, ibid., 328, 407; Pacifico, ibid., 77, [Il terreno di questa Prouincia è si delitioso, che meritamente da

latini fù chiamato Beluedere nel tempo che vi habitarono Veneti, e Collegati]; See also page 98,

Descrizzione Corografica della Prouincia d’Elea, parte di Belvedere. 20

Bon, ibid., 328; See also the catalogue Zacharakis, ibid., Bouttats, G., “Morea […]”, Antwerp c. 1690,

(cat. no. 458, 26Χ14.5 cm.); Fer, N., de, “Péloponnèse […]”, Atlas ou recueil des cartes géographiques,

Paris 1705-1715, (cat. no. 999, 65Χ45 cm.); Τοοley, ibid., 42, 45, 90, 99, 101, 114, 130; Sanson

N.,/Peyrounin, “La Morée […]”, Atlas nouveau, Paris 1681, 1689, 1691, 1692, (cat. no. 2072, 84 Χ 56

cm.); Τοοley, ibid., 41. 21

Μ. Quad, “Graecia […]”, Europae totius orbis Terrarum, Geographisch Handtbuch, (αρ. κατ. 1872, 30

X 27 εκ.), I. Bussemacher, Cologne 1592, 1593, 1594, 1596; Τοοley, ibid., 26; Gerard Mercator, Ο

Φιλόσοφος του Κόσμου. Πολίτης της Αναγέννησης στο Ντούισμπουργκ, (Catalogue of the Exhibition.

Αrchaeological Museum, Rethymnon 22/9/1991-3/11/1991, Αrchaeological Museum, Αthens 18/11/1991-

19/1/1992), 70-71, Αthens 1991. 22

A. Ortelius, “Graecia […]”, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, (cat. no, 1610, 51X37 εκ.), 1570-1612; Τοοley,

ibid., 21, 27, 29, 30, 31, 39, 50, 51, 87, 92, 98, 100, 101, 107, 108, 112, 113, 118, 121, 126. 23

Chrysochoou, “Η χαρτογράφηση της Κρήτης”, 51-72; L.A., Bagrow, Ortelii Catalogus Cartographorum,

Berlin 1928-1930 (Dr. A. Petermanns Mitteilungen, Erganzungsheft 199 και 210); R.W. Karrow,

Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and their Maps, 18, Chicago 1993.

7

of Greece produced by Nikolaos Sophianos of Corfu24

, which follows the Ptolemaic

prototype, while the other follows the map of Castaldi25

, based on the outlines of the

portolan charts.

One might, therefore, justifiably ask whether Castaldi was in possession of some other

map, which might have served as the prototype for Mercator and Quad. Unless we

suppose that Quad, having in his hands both Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum and

Mercator’s Αtlas simply made use of the cartouche of the map of Ortelius. In the

catalogue of the Archivio di Stato in Venice is listed a manuscript dated 1513 containing

a description of the Peloponnese, which has unfortunately been lost26

. This manuscript

also contained a map. Because of the very early date, we are not able to say whether this

map was based on old historical prototypes or was the first attempt made by the

Venetians to draw a topographical map of the Peloponnese. In the case of Crete we know

that the first topographical map of the island was produced in 153827

.

Careful scrutiny of the four other historical maps of the Peloponnese produced in the 17th

century, reveals that although the Flemish and German cartographers, followed the

Mercatorian outlines, then nonetheless retained the four provinces we have seen in the

map of Cantelli da Vignola, exactly as did the cartographers mentioned by Α. Bon28

. The

historical maps in question are: Nicolaus Visscher, Peloponnesus hodie Morea […] (cat.

no 2356, dimensions 56.5 Χ 46.5 cm.), the oldest edition of which dates from 1634; that

of Justus Danckerts, Peloponnesus hodie Morea Regnum […] (cat. no, 868, dimensions

59 Χ 50.5 cm.), the oldest edition of which is dated to 1700; that of Johann Baptist

Homann, Peloponnesus hodie Morea Regnum […] (cat. no, . 1082, dimensions 57 Χ 47

cm.), the older edition of which dates from 1702; and finally the map of Matthias Seutter,

Peloponnesus hodie Morea […] (cat. no, 2177, dimensions 58 Χ 49 εκ.) dated 1725.

Careful perusal of the information contained in the cartouches discloses the fact that, in

the maps that coincide with the second Venetian period in the Peloponnese (1685-1715),

those of Danckerts and Homann (cat. no, 868 and 1082), the name of the peninsula is

given as Kingdom of the Morea (Morea Regnum); while, in the first one, produced at a

time when the Venetians had not yet turned their attention again to the Morea, and on the

last map, made after they had left (cat. no, 2356 and 2177), the name appears simply as,

Morea. In earlier papers of the present writer, mention is made of these maps and of the

most interesting symbolisms contained in the cartouches and referring to the most Serene

Republic and the Regno di Morea29

.

24

A. Ortelius, “Ελλάς./ Graecia/Sophiani/ Abrahamo Ortelio descritore”, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, (cat.

no, 1616, 50X35 cm.), 1570-1612. 25

A. Ortelius, “Jacobo Cas/ taldo Pede/ montano/ Graeciae/ Vniversae/ secvndvm/ hodiernvm/ sitvm, neo/

terica de/ scriptio”, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, (cat. no, 1610, 50X35 cm.) 1570-1612. 26

Venice, Archivio di Stato, Miscelanea codici già a Brera Marguerita LXXXV, 23. It is described as:

“Codice cartaceo del sec. XV con piccola ma dettagliata carta colorata della Morea”, pero manca. 27

A. Ratti, “I cartografi di Creta nati o residenti nell’isola”, Proceedings of the Fifth International

Cretological Conference, vol. 2, 334-335, Ηerakleion 1985; Chrysochoou, “Η χαρτογράφηση της Κρήτης”,

ibid., 57. 28

See footnote 16 of the present text. 29

Stella [Chrysochoou] Stavridis, “Η έντυπη χαρτογραφία της Πελοποννήσου, 1477-1850”, Proceedings of

the Fourth International Symposium, Περιηγητές και αξιωματούχοι στην Πελοπόννησο. Περιγραφές-

Αναφορές-Στατιστικές, 68-85, Μοnemvasia 1994; [Chrysochoou] Stavridis, “Η χαρτογράφηση της

Λακωνίας”, ibid.

8

Interesting, too, are the cartographic modifications in the representation of the Ionian

Islands; modifications which may quite reasonably be attributed to the Venetians. In the

part of the island group visible on Visscher’s map, the outlines differ and are more

crudely executed than on the other three maps, on which the outlines of Zante,

Cephalonia and Cythera are far more skillfully drawn and closer to reality. It is clear that

the 65 years that elapsed between the first publication of Visscher’s map and the other

three maps where sufficient for these charges to be brought about and offer proof of the

existence of Venetian cartographic representations of the Ionian Islands, which would

very soon have came into the hands of the German and Flemish map-makers30

.

THE THREE VENETIAN MAPS OF THE PERIOD 1690-1705.

The first two maps of this period present great interest and they reflect the attempts to

divide the Peloponnese into administrative districts immediately after the conquest of the

peninsula by the Venetians, in 1690. The effort seems to have been made on existing

historical cartographic prototypes, a few years before the Venetians produced the two

large topographical maps of the Peloponnese31

. The first, manuscript, map [ILL. 2], is

today kept in the War Archives in Vienna32

, together with all the maps and topographical

drawings of the Venetian possessions in Greece, that were removed from Venice after

179733

. The second, printed map is an extremely rare specimen [ILL. 3]. It is the fourth

example I know belonging to the second edition of Pacifico’s Breve descrizzione

corografica del Peloponneso o Morea in 170434

. I discovered it incorporated in

30

Vasiliki Philippakopoulou, Stella Chrysochoou-Stavridis, “Ανάλυση και ερμηνεία των χαρτών της

Ζακύνθου από τον 16ο έως τον 18

ο αιώνα”, Proceedings of the Sixth International Panionian Conference,

vol. 1, 263-277, Thessaloniki 1997; Stella Chrysochoou, “Η ιστορία της χαρτογραφίας ως πηγή και

τεκμηρίωση της ιστορίας των νεωτέρων χρόνων”, Sixth Conference of (ΧΕΕΕ), (to be published), Αthens

2000. 31

Vienna, Staatsarchivs, Kriegsarchivs, Karten des Peloponnes, KRA Kartensammlung (Β ΙΙΙ a 115),

Pianta Geografica del Regno di Morea […], (0.90X1.25 εκ.), 1707 and (B III a 116), Del Regno di Morea

[…], (98 X 72 εκ.), 1707; Wagstaff, Chrysochoou-Stavridis, “Two unpublished maps of the Morea”, ibid.,

289-316. 32

Vienna, Staatsarchivs, Kriegsarchivs, Karten des Peloponnes, KRA Kartensammlung, Disegno del Regno

di Morea […], (B III a 114). Unfortunately, in the last eight years this map disappeared from the War

Archives of Vienna. It had been recorded by Olga Katsiardi (see following footnote). Luckily, it had been

photographed some years before, by the architect Nikos Lianos, who very kindly let me have the precious

slide in his possession and whom I thank him warmly once again. The photograph has already been send to

the War Archives in Vienna on a CD and is at the disposal of researchers. 33

Όλγα Κατσιαρδή-Hering, “Venezianische Karten als Grundlange der Historischen Geographie des

Griechischen Siedlungs-Raumes, (Ende 17. Und 18. Jh)”, Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Staatsarchivs,

43, 281-316, 1993; Olga Katsiardi-Hering, “Άγνωστοι Βενετικοί χάρτες της Πελοποννήσου (17ος

-18ος

αι.)”,

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference for the Peloponnesian Studies, vol. 3, 521-527, Αthens

1992-1993. 34

P.A. Pacifico, Breve descrizzione/ corografica/ del/ Peloponneso/ o’/ Morea,/ con l’Οrigine de primi

habitanti, Serie de Prencipi, Titolo di cia-/ scheduna Provincia, Possessori di quelle, Natura de Paesi, Co-/

stumi de Popoli, Principio, e fine d’ogni loro avvenimento,/ con suoi testi latini, con Geroglifici, Imprese,

Medaglie, & Armi gentilitie d’ogni Provincia,/ Estratta dal Volume/ di D. Pier’Antonio Pacifico/ Pievan

della Chiesa Parochiale di Santa Maria di Cervarese./ Aggiuntovi la Notizia delle quattro Provincie, divise

in ventiquatro/ Territoriy, con il Nomi Topografici delle Ville fatta dal Sig. Giusto/ Alberghetti Ingegnero,

e sopraintendente al Catastico di/ Morea per Ordine dell’ccellentiss. Senato./ Consecrata/ alla

9

Pacifico’s edition in the private collections of Anastasios Laskarides and Henry Myron

Blackmer35

. I also came across it as an independent item in the cartographic collection of

the Library of the Querini Stampalia Foundation in Venice, and in the possession of

Sophie Papageorgiou, Librarian of the Gennadius Library.

The existence of these four copies provides an answer to the reasonable question as to

what happened to the maps of Giusto Alberghetti, which is clearly referred to (come nel

Dissegno chiaramente si vede) by the engineer in his manuscript Breve descrittione del

Regno di Morea in the Querini Stampalia36

. It does not explain, however, for what reason

so few copies of the map accompanied Pacifico’s edition in 1704. A possible explanation

—since the two out of the four maps we know are separate— might be that they were

removed from a good number of the publications. Or perhaps, even, that the printing of

the map was delayed and was therefore only able to be incorporated in a limited number

of copies.

The two maps we are examining belong to the second category and we may consider as

their model the two maps by Cantelli da Vignola (cat. no 544 and 546), which show the

Peloponnese of Antiquity and that of the present day.

The manuscript in the Military Archives of Vienna is in colour and measures 60 Χ 44 cm.

The inscription in the cartouche reads: DISEGNO DEL REGNO/ DI MOREA./ Diviso in

quatro Provincie con la distintione/ delli Territorii appartenenti à ciascheduna./ Fatto

all'Ill:mo

: et Ecc:mo

: Sign:r: Tadio Gradenigo/ Fù Prov:

r Estra:

to: in detto REGNO./ Da

Francesco Vandeyk I./ D'ordine dell' Ecc:mo Sign:r sud:

o.

Tadio Gradenigo held office as Proveditor General (Provveditor Generale) in the

Peloponnese during the period between 1690 tο 1692. On the basis, therefore, of the

information we posses so far, we shall consider this map as virtually the Venetians’ first

attempt to familiarize themselves with the territory of their newly-acquired dominion and

as their first endeavor to divide it into administrative districts. Without carrying out any

local survey when drawing his map, engineer Francesco Vandeyk, known for his later

cadastral work on the province of Vostitsa (Territorio di Vostiza)37

, simply proceeded to

adjust an already existing historical cartographic prototype, noting the administrative

districts and the fortresses.

Thus, according to the recorded data, the first province is: Prima Provincia ROMANIA

color Rosso. Contiene la Citta e Fortezza di Napoli di Romania, et Argos con sue

adiacenze Termissi, Corintho con suo Territorio, e li Terri:i di Tropolizà e S. Pietro di

Serenissima/ Republica di Venezia, Venice 1704. In page 40 Pacifico, describing the Argolid mentions the

map of Alberghetti, [Però la Tavola è diferente essendo descritta dal Signor Giusto Alberghetti, […]. 35

Leonora Navari, Greece and the Levant. The catalogue of the Henry Myron Blackmer collection of books

and manuscripts, 259-260, London 1989. 36

Venice, Fondazione Querini Stampalia, Breve Descrittione del Regno di Morea, Cl. III.Cod. 27 (=1062).

Anastasia Stouraiti, La Grecia nelle raccolte della fondazione Querini Stampalia, 191, Venice 2000; Κ.

Dokos, “Breve Descrittione del Regno di Morea. Αφηγηματική ιστορική πηγή ή επίσημο βενετικό έγγραφο

της Β΄ Βενετοκρατίας στην Πελοπόννησο; ”, Εώα και Εσπέρια, 1, 95, footnote, 40, Αthens 1993. In this

article, professor Dokos, proved that the unsigned, undated manuscript entitled, Breve Descrittione del

Regno di Morea of the Library Querini Stampalia, comes from a census carried out towards the end of 1702

or beginning of 1703, and that the author in 1704 was Alberghetti. It is also identified with the Notizia of

Alberghetti, published by Pacifico in 1704 at the end of his second edition. 37

G. Panagopoulos, K. Dokos, Το Βενετικό Κτηματολόγιο της Βοστίτσας, Athens 1993. Αmong the other

cartographical and topographical documents in the military Archives of Vienna we find also the Disegno of

Vostizza. Disegno del Territorio di Vostiza, (B III a 121), Katsiardi-Hering, ibid., 301.

10

Zacogna. The second province is: Seconda Provincia MAINA Ò LACΟNIA. Color d'oro.

Contiene la Fortezza di Malvasia con sue adiacenze li Territorii di Mistra, Bardugna, e

Passava, le Fortezze di Zarnata e Chielefa con sue dipendenze. The third province is:

Terza Provincia di MESSENIA. Color Turchino. Contiene le Fortezze di Coron, Modon,

e li due Navarini, con le loro adiacenze, li territorii di Calamata, Andrussa, Leondari,

Fanari, con la Fortezza e Territorio d' Arcadia. Finally, the fourth province is given as:

Quarta Provincia ACAIA. Color Verde. Contiene la Fortezza di Castel Tornese con sue

adiacenze, o sia il Territorio di Gastugni, la Fortezza di Patrasso con sue adiacenze et il

Castello o sia Dardanello di Morea, e li territorii di Calavrita, e Vostizza.

The scale employed is, Scala di miglia it. 20. It is obvious that the character of the map is

administrative as well as defensive, judging from the marking of the fortresses. In the

bottom left hand corner, we see the escutcheon of Gradenigo. It is topped by a crown and

framed by two banners, the one red the other blue. Drawn diagonally across the dark red

field of the escutcheon in a dark blue band, serrated in the upper part.

Examining the two maps, that of Cantelli da Vignola, on one hand —no 544 in the

Zacharakis catalogue— and the manuscript map of the Military Archives of Vienna, on

the other, we observe the following: the outlines of the two maps are practically the same,

barring a very few drawing errors between Capo Tornese and Capo Rio, on the

northwestern coast of the Peloponnese. The same holds true in the conformation of the

Mani peninsula and in certain details of the outlines of the Argolid. Generally speaking,

the outlines in the manuscript map of the Vienna Archives present a larger number of

curves and softens the points of the capes. We also find that certain details in the drawing

of the small bays and coves are missing. The dimensions of the two maps are close

enough for us to assume that the manuscript is a copy of no 544, reproduced by using the

equilateral square grid method and not by pricking. As we know, pricked copies are

accurate, while the grid method allows for certain minor deviations38

. It is just this sort of

details that we notice in the outlines of the two maps. Worth mentioning is the fact that,

in both maps, the outlines of the islands of Cephalonia, Zakynthos (Zante), Leukas and

Kythera are the same.

The administrative division of the 24 provinces (territorii), which replaced the 22

Turkish ‘kazas’ are to be seen only in the map of the Viennese archives, something

which does not surprise us. It is the shape of the administrative districts (provincie)

which, in some way, links these maps together. The division of the Peloponnese into four

administrative districts is far removed from the ancient geographical representation which

shows the peninsula divided into eight provinces. In the Vienna map, Arcadia is totally

missing and is shared between Messenia and Argolis, which in map 544 it is incorporated

into Laconia. The Clarenza of no 544 seems to corresponds to Acaia of the manuscript

map; Sacania corresponds to Romania without the area of Aghios Petros, Cynuria (S.

Pietro di Zacogna). As for Belvedere, it is Messenia without parts of Arcadia. Could this

division and the other similarities between the two maps be a mere coincidence? It is

quite possible that Vandeyk’s manuscript map constitutes an ‘exercise on paper’, the

‘paper’ in this case being map 544.

38

See, Stella A. Chrysochoou, Ο μηχανικός Francesco Basilicata στην Γεννάδειο Βιβλιοθήκη, 64, 73, 111,

Αthens 2001; Chrysochoou “H Ιστορία της Χαρτογραφίας”, ibid.

11

The printed map in the Querini Stampalia Library, under inventory number Β. Ι. Β.

97/2339

measures 62.5 Χ 46 cm. In this particular copy the provinces of Achaia and

Laconia are painted in yellow water colour, the province of Corinthia in pink and that of

Messenia in white40

. The inscription in the cartouche reads: Penisola, e Regno della

Morea/ Descritta dalla diligenza del Sig:r Giusto Alber/ gheti Ingegnero con la diuisione

delle Prouincie/ e Territory fatta per ordine dell’ Ecc:mo

Senato e stu/ diosam:te

aumentata da D’Pietro Antonio Paci/ fico Pieuan di S:ta

Maria di Ceruarese/

Consacrata/ ALLA SERENISSIMA REPVBLICA/ DI VENΕTIA/ L’ Anno 1704/

Descrizzione Corograffica et Hydrofica con la diuisione delle Prouincie.

PROVINCIA DI ACHAIA

Territorio di Patrasso [Patrasso], Territorio di Vostizza [Vostizza], Territorio di

Calaurita [Calaurita], Territorio di Gastugna [Gastugna].

PROVINCIA DI ROMANIA

Territorio di Corinto [Corinto], Territorio di Napoli [Napoli], Territorio di Argo [Argo],

Territorio di Zaccognia [S. Pietro], Territorio di Tropolizza [Tropolizza].

PROVINCIA DI LACONIA

Territorio di Maluasia [Maluasia], Territorio di Mistra [Mistra], Territorio di Bardugna

[Bardugna], Territorio di Passauà [Passauà], Territorio di Zarnata [Zarnata],

Territorio di Chielefà [Chielefa].

PROVINCIA DI MESSENIA

Territorio di Leondari [Leondari], Territorio di Calamata [Calamata], Territorio di

Andrussa [Andrussa], Territorio di Coron [Coron], Territorio di Modon [Modon],

Territorio di Nauarin [Naurin N:o, Nauarin V:o], Territorio di Arcadia [Arcadia],

Territorio di Fanari [Fanari], Territorio di Caritena [Caritena].

The scale of the map is given as: Scala di Miglia 20 Venetiane.

The topographical drawings along the margins of the map, starting from the top left-hand

corner and moving downward, are the following: Dardanello di Patrasso, Patrasso,

Navarin Vecchio, Navarin Novo, Modon, while on the right side, start in from the top

right hand corner are represented: Acro Corinto, Napoli di Romania, Zarnata, Malvasia,

Coron. The dimensions of the map, without the ten small topographical drawings, are 48

Χ 46 cm.

Scattered all over the map are escutcheons: in Cephalonia, Zakynthos, Locris, Levadia,

Athens Achaia, Corinthia, Aetolia, Laconia and Messenia.

The map appears to have been folded to a dimension of 18 Χ 25 cm. so as to fit into one

of Pacifico’s edition of 1704. The administrative districts (provincie) are four. The 24

provinces (territorii) obviously, here too, replace the 22 Turkish ‘kazas’.

The largest administrative district (provincia) is that of Messenia, which embraces nine

provinces. It is followed by Achaia, with four provinces, Romania also with four, and

finally, Laconia with five provinces.

Analysis of the outlines of the map leads us to presume that this is a printed reproduction

of the manuscript map in the Viennese Military Archives. The following facts support

this theory: the contour of the two maps is the same except for a very few minor

exceptions. Also the division of the provinces (territorii) agrees entirely. The border

39

Stouraiti, ibid., 49; See also the catalogue of the exhibition, Η Βενετία των Ελλήνων. Η Ελλάδα των

Βενετών (Chrysa Maltezou scientific advisor, Efi Andreadis, editor), 100, Αthens 1999. 40

The copy of the map in Mrs Papageorgiou’s hands is not coloured.

12

between Arcadia (Kyparisia) and Navarin in the Vienna map has been moved

southwards, to the river f. Longarola, while very slightly modified is the line of the

border between Gastouni, Patras and Kalavryta. The difference lies in the inscriptions,

the dedications, the names of the engineers and in the addition of the ten small

topographical charts attributed to Giusto Alberghetti, the drawings of which, by

extension, we can accept to be his own contribution to the making of the map.

On the printed map of the Querini Stampalia Library there are two cartouches. In the

bottom left hand corner we can see the winged Lion, symbol of the Serenenissima,

wearing the ducal bonnet and carrying an escutcheon divided into two sections. In the

left- hand section can be seen a cross and in the right-hand a turtle. We do not know to

what house or to what region the emblem belongs. It certainly does not belong to the

Morosini family, as is stated in the catalogue of the exhibition, Η Βενετία των Ελλήνων Η

Ελλάδα των Βενετών (p. 100).

In the bottom right-hand corner there is a second inscription with the text about the map

and a coat of arm showing two roses and the ducal crown. It must be the emblem of the

Moncenigo family. The only other cities, besides the capitals appearing on the map are:

Territorio di Patrasso, Achaia. Territorio di Gastugna, Chiarenza, Pontico Castro, Cas.

Tornese. Territorio di Andrussa, Messene. Territorio di Tropoliza, Paleopoli. Territorio

di Napoli, Termis.

The distortion in the form of the provinces in both maps is huge. The fact that Tripolis

has been moved from the centre of the Morea to the southeast as an annex of

Monemvasia is strange and inexplicable. So is the fact that Karytaina occupies the natural

position of Tripolis distorting the whole picture. Calamata, too, has been moved

eastward. The dimensions of Fanari, Arcadia and Androusa are larger than expected. It is

impressive to see, marked along the western coast of the Peloponnese the fisheries,

Peschiere. Pesch. del Papa, Pesch. di Procopo, Pesch. di Cotichi, Pesch. Caiafa.

Remarkable also is the fact that on the map are marked all the rivers and their tributaries.

The most characteristic example is that of the Alpheus, of which no less than 25

tributaries are noted! F. Alfeo, Dalim, Acheron, Diagon, Naphilus, Arcadicu, Oladus,

Helisson, Mylaon, Veligosti, Gutofarina, Nus, Maloetas, Molomir, Tragus, Anses f.,

Cnipeus f., Brenthes, Aroanius, Leuijciuius, Erimanthus, Ladon, Clitor, Theutona,

Cytherium, Harpinnates. I believe that these maps, besides being a cartographic

representation of the administrative districts of the Peloponnese, also constitute the first

attempt to record the natural resources and, especially, the water resources of the

peninsula. They can thus be seen as the precursors of the two large topographical maps of

170741

.

In the Vostitsa region, which we have been systematically researching with Professor

Wagstaff, we have observed the following: the borders of the province are not interrupted

in the area of Acrata, in order to intercalate the part of the territory belonging to

Kalavryta, the part that is, we find in the topographical chart (Disegno) of 1700 and the

Detailed Cadastre (Catastico Particolare), also of 170042

under the name of Villa

41

Wagstaff, Chrysochoou-Stavridis, “Two unpublished maps of the Morea”, ibid., 300. 42

Vienna, Staatsarchivs, Kriegsarchivs, Karten des Peloponnes, KRA Kartensammlung, (B. III a 121),

Disegno del Territorio di Vostiza […], 1700; See, G. Panagopoulos, K. Dokos, Το Βενετικό Κτηματολόγιο

13

Potamia. The western limits is —very rightly—the river Telopotamo. There is one more

river, the Maceleria f., while the eastern border is delimited by the Gaiduro f. In the

province of Corinthia there is the Xilocastro f., with two tributaries, Plisson f., Buccusse f.

while further to the east is the Vasilico f., with the tributaries Zaccoli f., Chierdesi f.,

Sytas f.

Wishing to examine more thoroughly the relationship between the maps at our disposal in

comparison with the data contained in the two editions of Pacifico’s Breve

Descrizzione43

, we drew up a list of the names and administrative divisions of the

Peloponnese as they appear in the two editions, that of 1700, which we have named A

and that of 1704, named as B. Worthy pointing out here is the difference between the two

editions, especially as regards the manner in which the names of the settlements are

presented. In edition Β, they are all concentrated at the end of the volume (pp. 117-135)

in a form of a table; they are not dispersed throughout the book, in accordance with the

description in which they are to be found, as in edition A. Moreover, the names of the

settlements in A are difficult to recognize, while in B things are quite different. The

names, as Alberghetti has recorded them in his Notizia, published by Pacifico, are much

more accurate44

.

The divisions and the names in A retain, in a way, memories of past times, as does also

the map of Cantelli da Vignolla, compared with the two other maps already presented.

The two examples are very typical: The name Saccania, which not only appears but is

also explained in Α45

, is nowhere to be found in Β. The same happened with Beluedere,

which does not exist in Β. This leads us to the conclusion that the map of Cantelli da

Vignolla and edition A of Pacifico (1700) were connected and, that they constitute, in a

way, the link between older times (14th

-16th

c.) and the second Venetian period of the

Peloponnese (1685-1715). The latter is reflected in the manuscript map of Vienna, in

Pacifico’s edition B (1704) and in the map of Alberghetti. In the titles of the chapters

listed in the table of contents of edition A, Pacifico decribes the eight provinces of

Antiquity, citing not only their ancient names but also those given to them later by the

Venetians46

.

Descrizzioni Topografiche delle Prouincie della Morea.

της Βοστίτσας, 38-39, Αthens 1993; Stella A. Chrysochoou, “Χαρτογραφική ανάλυση του Territorio di

Vostizza”, 3rd

International Conference for Ancient Helike and Aigialeia, Nikoleika Diakoptou 6-9 Οctober

2000, (to be published). 43

See in notes 16 and 34 above the full titles of the two editions. Quite clear is the role played by the

engineer Alberghetti and his Notizia, which considerably improved the second edition. 44

See, Dokos, ibid., 93-94. 45

See, footnote 16 of the present text. 46

In the table of contents of the edition A he lists the chapters as follows: (Cap. 1. N.2. Prouincia della

Corinthia, Cap. 1. N.3. Descrizzione di Romania, Cap. 1. N.4. Descrizz. Corografica della Laconia, Cap. 1.

N.5. Corograf. de Messenia, Cap. 1. N.6. Descrizzione della Prouincia d’Elea parte di Beluedere, detta

Gastugna, Cap. 1. N.7. Prouincia ò Ducado di Chiarenza olim Achaia, Cap. 1. N.8. Descrizzione di

Calaurita, ò Sicionia parte del Ducado, Cap. 1. N.9. Descrizzioni del Territorio di Leondari Tropolizzà, e

Caritena olim Arcadia). In edition Β the chapters are listed as follows: (Cap. 1. Prouincia Corinthia, Cap.

1. N.3. Descrizzione Argiua ò Romania, Cap. 1. N.4. Descrizzione della Laconia, Cap. 1. N.5. Descrizzione

Corografica della Messenia, Cap. 1. N.6. Descrizzione della Prou. d’Elea. Cap. 1. N.7. Corografia della

Prouincia di Achaia, Cap. 1. N.8. Descrizzione della Sicionia. Cap. 1. N.9. Corografica Descrizzione della

Prouincia d’Arcadia).

14

A. Le quali Prouincie furono la Corinthia Tzacognà, la Lacedemonia Territori

Leondari, e Caritena, la Messenia, l’Elea l’Achaia, e l’Arcadia. La Messenia è

detta Beluedere, l'Elea Gastugni, l'Achaia Chiarenza, e l'Arcadia è diuisa in

Tripolizzà.

B. Le quali Prouincie furono la Corinthia, la Lacedemonia, la Messenia, l’Elea

l’Achaja e l’Arcadia. La Corinthia dunque, oggi èannesse alla Provincia di

Romania, ed è Territorio.

Corinthia

A. La Corinthia dunque è la prima Prouincia, e Regione parte dell’Argia.

B. La Corinthia dunque è la prima Provincia, e Regione parte dell’Argia.

Argia

A. Descrizione Corografica della Prouincia argiua detta di Romania, e Tripolizà.

B. Descrizione Corografica della Prouincia Argiua detta di Romania.

Laconia

A. La Prouincia di Laconia ò Tzacognà anticamente Lacedemonia.

B. La Provincia di Laconia anticamente Lacedemonia.

Messenia

A. Descrizzione Corografica della Prouincia di Messenia Oggi Beluedere.

B. Descrizzione Corografica della Provincia di Messenia.

Elea

A. Descrizzione Corografica della Prouincia d’Elea, parte di Beluedere.

B. Descrizzione Corografica della Provincia d’Elea, parte di Achaia.

Achaia

A. Corografia della Prouincia, ò D ucato di Chiarenza Olim Achaia.

B. Corografia della Provincia, ò ducato di Chiarenza olim Achaia.

Sicyonia.

A Descrizione della Sicionia parte del Ducato di Chiarenza. Oggi si appella

Territorio di Calaurita sotto il Prou. di Patrasso.

B Descrizione della Sicionia parte del Ducado di Chiarenza. Oggi si appella

Territorio di Corintho.

Arcadia.

A. Corografica Descrizzione del Territorio di Leondari, Tropolizzà; e Caritena,

olim Prouincia d’Arcadia. (Di presente diuiso in trè Territorii cioè Caritena

Tropolizà, e Territorio di Leondari).

B. Corografica Descrizzione della Provincia d’Arcadia (Di presente diuiso in trè

Territorii cioè Caritena Calaurita, e Leodari).

The way in which, in the introduction to the two editions, Pacifico describes his

cartographic labours and achievements are characteristic. We quote:

A΄. Ιn vn lungo, e laborioso viaggio non si prouano che fatiche, sudori, e trauagli, e bene

spesso li panni che coprono la carne reccano noia. Non ti dolere ò benigno lettore, se

questa volta mentre speraui di vedere cose maggiori d’vn si grande Volume di tutta la

Grecia, raccolto nel corso di dieci anni con tanta sodisfazzione doppo hauer Consecrate

alla Serenissima republica le due gran Tauole l’vna della Morea, l’altra di tutta la

Grecia & appese nell’Eccellentissimo Collegio presso alla Chiesa.

15

B΄. Questa è stata per il corso di ben due Lustri lo scopo principale de miei studii à fin di

ridurla descritta in Tauola, con quest’ unica mira di presenterla unita ad un’ altra

descrizzione della Prouincia della Grecia tutta à V. Serenità, come feci l’anno 1687 e

1690. con vn esito per me si felice, che vidi con premio assai maggior del moi merito

honorati dal Publico gradimento i miei studii, nelle due accenate Tauole appese presso

questo Eccellentissimo Collegio….. Scrissi trè intieri Volumi, aggiundendo in tal

occasione della studiosissima Carta fatta per Publico comando dal Sig. Ingegnero Giusto

Alberghetti, con le Notizzie da quello ritrouate, e cià ò per vtile, ò perdiletto di si bel

Regno.

On page 115 of the 1704 edition, Pacifico divides the Peloponnese into four provinces, as

follows: Dividesi il Regno della Morea al presente in quatro Provincie, cioè Romania,

Achaia, Messenia, e Laconia.

La Romania contiene l’antica Sicionia, e parte della Laconia, con cinque Territorii, cioè

Corinto, che abbracia la Siciona, l’antico Epidauro. Napoli di Romania s’estende, sino

al Capo Schilli, e contiene l’antica Trezena, e la parte Meridionale. Argo abbraccia il

suo antico Territorio, Tripolizzà nell’antica Lacedemonia, ò Laconia alle coste de Monti

dell’Antica Arcadia, e Zaccognà alla Marina detto olim Thyreaticus, oggi Golfo di

Napoli parte della Laconia.

La Provincia di Achaia contiene quattro Territorii, abbraccia parte dell’antica Elea, &

Arcadia, cioè Patrasso contiene parte del Ducato di Chiarenza. Vostizza pure portione di

detto Ducato. Gastugni ch’è parte dell’antica Elea sino al fiume Alfeo, e Calaurita, che è

una parte dell’antica Arcadia.

La Provincia di Messenia più grande dell’altre abbraccia nove Territorii contiene

l’antica Messenia, parte dell’antica Elea, e parte dell’Arcadia ; cioè Navarino Novo, con

Navarino Vecchio, Modon, Coron, Andrussa, Calamata, Leondari, e Caritena ambi

nell’Arcadia, Fanari, & Arcadia ambi sono parte dell’Elea.

La Provincia di Laconia, ò Lacedemonia contiene sei Territorii, cioè Malvasia, Mistrà,

Bardugna, Chielefà, Passava, e Zarnata.]

It is obvious that this separation of the provinces coincides with the corresponding

separation in the maps of Vandeyk and Alberghetti.

In 1993, at one of the auctions of old books ad maps conducted by Sotheby’s of

London47

, there appeared an extremely rare printed map of Greece [ILL. 4]. It measures

59 Χ 72.5 cm. and is undated. According to the catalogue’s description are recorded:

Grecia et Arcipelago/ descrizzione topografica/ di P. Pier Ant.o Pacifico di S. Toma/

consecreta/ All’Altezze serenissime di/ Carlo Filippo, e Christiano Ludovio Marchesi di

Brandenburg […].

The map is unknown in the bibliography and is not contained in the Zacharakis

catalogue. In the cartouche situated in the bottom left-hand corner we see the Duke of

Venice and the winged Lion, symbol of the Serenissima, brandishing his sword. In the

bottom right-hand corner there is an escutcheon, obviously that of the house of

Brandenburg. The outline of the map is quite different from the ones we have known till

47

See the catalogue of the auction, Printed Books and Maps, London, Μοnday 28th

and Tuesday 29th

June

1993, Lot 227, 36, London 1993. We do not know who the buyer was, not where the map is today. The

relevant information I copied from the catalogue and from the published photograph of the map.

16

now, the widest distortions occurring in the area of the Chalkidiki. At this point, in fact, it

reminds us of the maps of Vicenzo Coronelli48

. The island of Crete follows the advanced

cartographic prototype of Francesco Basilicata49

, while the shape of the Peloponnese is

reminiscent of the two maps examined immediately previously. The outlines of the

Ionian Islands must be based on some unknown manuscript surveys50

. Moreover the map

is dotted with heraldic shields that find scattered all over the Greek territory.

Pacifico, as we have seen in the passage quoted above, states51

that, in the first edition of

the Breve Descrizzione of 1700, he included two large maps (le due gran Tauole), the one

depicting the Peloponnese (l’una della Morea), the other all of Greece (l’altra di tutta la

Grecia). He offered and dedicated them to the most Serene Republic and they were hung

in the hall of the College, appese nell’Eccellentissimo Collegio presso alla Chiesa,

[…]52

.

It is probable that the map of Greece offered to the College constitutes the prototype of

the map auctioned at Sotheby’s. We, thus, know at least one copy of the map of Greece

produced by Pacifico contained in the first edition of his book published in 1700.

However, we have no knowledge of the map of the Peloponnese included in the same

edition. There is slight possibility that it may be linked morphologically, or may even he

identified with the map of Cantelli da Vignola. On the other hand, we do know

Alberghetti’s map of the Peloponnese, which was added to a number of copies of

Pacifico’s second edition οf 1704.

CONCLUSIONS

The existence of the lost Venetian manuscript of the Peloponnese of 1513, which

contained a map, allows us plausibly to conjecture that the Venetians had already made

an attempt to produce a cartographical representation of the peninsula in early part of the

16th

century.

The maps of Castaldi, Camocio, Mercator, in the middle and end of the 16th

century,

seems to be fruits of these first cartographical endeavours. It is extremely regrettable that

the lose of this important manuscript has deprived us of a valuable source of information.

During the second Venetian period in the Peloponnese, between 1685 and 1715, and

before the appearance of the two large topographical maps in 1707, the Venetians had

used existing printed cartographical material. Their purpose was to study the area and the

subsequent division of the territory into administrative departments and provinces.

Combining together the eight provinces of Greek antiquity, the four early departments of

the 15th

and 16th

centuries, and the 22 Turkish ‘kazas’, they arrived at the final form

constituted by the four large administrative departments (provincie) and the 24 provinces

(territorii). It is this very same that is pictured on the maps of Vandeyk and Alberghetti.

Thus, we find, once again, that the knowledge of the territory in their possession played a

48

V.M. Coronelli, “Parallelo Geografico […]”, Atlante Veneto-Isolario, 1690, (αρ. κατ. 670), “La Grecia

descritta dal […]”, Atlante Veneto-Isolario, 1690, (cat. no 672, 61Χ46 cm.). 49

Chrysochoou, Ο μηχανικός Francesco Basilicata, ibid., 129-132. “Η χαρτογράφηση της Κρήτης”, ibid.,

67. 50

See also, note 29 above. 51

See the description of Dokos in, “Breve Descrittione”, […]”, ibid., 92. 52

D.P.A. Pacifico, Breve Descrizzione Corografica del Peloponneso o’ Morea […], introduction, Venice

1700. It is the text that appears immediately above, on the same page.

17

very important role, especially as regards defense and proper administration. In the early

years of the 18th

century in the Peloponnese what happened was exactly the same that had

occurred in Crete, a century earlier when the Ottoman threat was imminent.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my warmest thanks to professor Malcolm Wagstaff, who was the first in

1988 to discover the map of Giusto Alberghetti in the Querini Stampalia Library of

Venice and who kindly handed it over to me for study. To Sophie Papageorgiou,

Librarian of the Gennadius Library, who allowed me to photograph and publish her copy

of Alberghetti’s map. To Nikos Lianos who gave me the slide of the lost map of the

Military Archives of Vienna, which made it possible for this research to be completed. Tο

Dr. Giorgio Busetto, Director of the Querini Stampalia Library, who in July 2000

welcomed me most graciously to the Library, although it was closed to the public.

Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Anastasia Stouraiti, for her wholehearted assistance during

my stay at the Library.

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