-,

,1 BUSITEMA'UNiVERSI'TY'Purs uing Excellence

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND GINNING

ENGINEERING

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF REELING SILK FILAMENTS

DIRECTELY (ON A HAND OPERATED RE-REELING MACHINE)

BY

--....1 -- .......

'Y~'.(nl'TE: y )'-~V-~ANGARUKAMU RONAD

BUIUG/2010/116

angarukamur@gmail.com

0789621380/0703822089

SUPERVISORS

Mrs. Catherine Namuga

Mr. Edwin Kamalha

The project report submitted to the department of ginning and textile engineering as a

requirement to the partial fulfillment to the a ward of a Bachelor of Science degree in Textile

engineering of Busitema University

May 2014

DECLARATION

I Ronad Angarukamu, registration number BUlUG/20 I0/116 declare that the information

contained in this report is in accordance to the findings of the research that I personally

undertook as per the requirements of the project proposal that I personally undertook and has

never been submitted by any person for an academic or any other award .

.........v.r.f.~(..1·~·+f.;·····~0RONAD ANGARUKAMU

Date ..... t?.q.~.t.~~t cO

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APPROVAL

This project report has been presented to the following officials for approval.

Main supervisor: MADAM CATHERINE NAMUGA

Signature ~..&:<- .•..........................

Date ~ ..\ ·~·l·.).~.t.'? .

Co-Supervisor: MR. EDWIN KAMALHA

Signature .

Date .

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ACKNOW,LEDGEMENTFirst of all, Tthank the almighty God for the .g;ift oflife and for the knowledgeand courage that

has enabled 111e, complete my research project successfully.

Special thanks go to my supervisors, Mrs. CatherineNamuga and Mr. Edwin Kamalha for theirtireless expert guidance, continuous advice" and encouragement offered to jne throughout.the

whole.process.of preparation of the.research proposal arid in carrying out.the research.

Thanks also &0 to Busitema University Textile and Ginning Engineering department, not

forgetting Eng: Rwawiire Samson - the head of the department and Bngineer Wandera W

Johnnie-Team leader MSI for all the, guidance and Ideas rendered to us ever since we joined

Busitema University.In a special way, I thank the staff at National Sericulture Center- Kawanda forthe 'support they

rendered to: me both technical and facilities .during research proposal arid ,~i.tiring my

investigations. The Senior Entomologist Madam Asaba, Christine, ML Ssernpa-The SeniorTechnician, R.achael and Hop'e, surely God BlessYbu.

Lastl.{'" 1 thank, all my friends for' the ideas shared and all kinds of support rendered during

identification of the project topic and during the preparation of the Research proposal andproject

report.

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.DEDICATION1 dedicate this report to my Parents Mr. Elisha Bamuhwaho a'nCiMrs. Enid Kyarisiima, Brothers

andsisters and to·all my friends. 'who have been there for me.

II

II!!I!!i

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iIIIIIjI

"It's been climbing on the giant's shoulders that lam here" You-are the.Real Giants!

"New systems establish. themselves, not bywholesale rejection of the.otd, Qut·by graduai,

sequenced, piecemeal replacements ofthe old. - 'This ensures cimtillu,ity andstability in

systems. "

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"

ABBREVIA TIONSNARO National Agricultural Research Organization

NARL NationalAgricultural Research Laboratories

US1L Uganda Silk Industries Li,!,ited

JCIPE.. International center oflnsect Physiology and. Ecology

UBOS Uganda BUreau of Statistics

GDP .Gross Domestic Product

JAICAF Japan Association for International Collaboration ofAgriculture and Forestry

BLG Bushenyi Local Government

NYTIL Nyanza Textile indlistrie~~Lirnited

NSC National Sericulture Center

fAO food and Agricultural Organization

AP Aridhra Pradesh

-~"

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CONTENTSDECLARATION ;, , , , ; , ;, , ij." .,.

APPROVAL .,; , , ; ,.. , , ;.. , ; ,: ,." ..~.: : ,..,' ; ;.~ " ; Hi

ACKNO\VLEDGEMENT e :.,., .. : , •••• ,; : •• ,.: ••• 'J' .~: •• , : , , ' : , ;., iv

DEDICATION ...•..... , ;.: ;.. ;: ; ;;.:, ;:: ,;., ,; ;.. ; , , :".' ..' .. ,..:.' v

ABBREVIATIONS , ;..' , ; ; ; , : .' ",' ,:.. ,:: ; ; :.; ;..: vi

LIST OF TABLES : ; , : :.. : ,.~ , ; : ~ :.....•~ , , lx

LIST OF FIGURES ;" , " ; , :; ;.. ;..'i :: .. , i X

ABSTRACT:, ,.;·,., :.., ; ""," ::.'..: , , .. , ,.;, , , , ;.. , ;, r : " .xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .: ;, :., : , '; ,..;.. , : , , , , .'..1

J. J Background, ..:.'.<' ".:, ..."; •. , ;·." ; ; , : , " : 1

l.2·Stat~lnent of the Problem : ; ~ " : .' ' 2-

1.3"Objectives , : -: ; ,.; ;; " .. ' !.! , , 2

1.3.,1 Main Objectiv~,s ~ .'.; ,.: ~ : , , , , , 2

1..3.2 Specific. objectives , , ,.,.. ,.. ; , " .. , , 3.

1.4· Scope of'rhe.study .. , e , , , " 3

t.s Signfflcanceof the study ..' , , ,.·.., :3

CHAPTERTWQ: LJT~RATURE REViEW , ,.., , ,...:4

'_2,Q Introduction ~..•. r ••••• , , •• · ! , •••••••••••• , ; ••••.••• ·•• ; , ;.; 4

2.1 An over view of silk.. .' · " · ,..· ; ;.4

:2. r, I·Moriculture , .' ,.., , , " · , ;· 4

i.I".2 Sericulture " , , ; ; , ,..· 5

2. i.1 Tb~stateofsericulturein Uganda , ,., .. , , , , 6·

.2-.2The.productivity and 'quality parameters required for-the productionof quality silk.. ·..· 7

2.3 Silk Reeling " .. : , , , · , , , , , ; , , , · 7

2.3:.J Introductiontc silk reeling , , , · 1 •••• , 7

2.~:2 DIfferent silk reeling devices ; t ,., , 8.

2.3.3 History ofSilk:.R.e~lhlgM~Gljin.es ,., " , ,., , 9

2.4 Silk re.-ree1ing , · · · ,.1 , , , · , 10

2..6. I;:xap1pJes Of machin~ where (Jirept ~fing Is:qohe , · 10

Z·.5 Croisslll'e· , ,.,., .. , ,..•.._." , ,.,., .. , ; , 12

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CHAPTER liHREE: METHODOLOGY ,.;, ..;.: : : , :..,:': ; ; : ,: , 13·

3.1 Materials used -,,.;.! •.•..•,•.;••., ; :;.:•.•; : :, , ; : :.:•.•., .•;.:•..•; , ::..•;,; 13

:3.2 Procedure'. :.1.,; ; , , , ; ..:.: ':'.'" .;: ,;; ..: ,. ,.;,.' ._.,',." .. , , l:f

CHAPT'ER FOUR(RESOLTS; ANALYStS AND INTbRPReTAT\C>N ~ 15

it 1 Introduction •..: : , , , , , ' , ,.. , 15

4f2 Experimental discussion , , 15

4.2.1:Reelingresults , ,' , , , , 15.

4'.4.2 UnifonnityTests .. ; ; ,.. : ; ;..; 21. '. . . " ' .. ". . . .' . .

4.2 3 Size deviation ·Test."" , , , ,.. , , ii4:2.4 Tenacity and-elongation Test : : .' ,., ,.., " 25.

4;~ Cosr benefitsanalysis " , r ,." •• , •••.•••• , •• ,' r .' •••• 31CHAPTER FIVE:·CONCL-.USIONS, REC.OMMBNDATIONS AND, Cl-iALLENGES , · 3'4

5.'1 Conclusions , 34·

~.2.R~co!llnr~l}dations , r •••••••• , ! , ; ; 34

5.~ Challenges faced-during the .course iitne' research , \ ,,;; ; 34

5.3:.1.Areas for.' Further Research · · , , , ,· ,..; ; 35.

A'PPENDIX , · , , , , , ; ; ; ; · ;.· ; 3·6

REFEREN:CES " \ ; ; ; · ·.· ;..· ;;..· 40

,.

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LIST OF rABLEStable: I Silk farmer's statistics in Bushenyi district, south western Uganda , , , .., 1Table: 2 Directreeling .of.fi:~shcOc00r;ts ; ,.: , ..• 15TabJ'e:: j'Indirect reelingof fresh cocoons :..,:; , : ; , , , isTable: 4 Direct reeled dry cocoons ; :.: :, ,: ?.v.,:, ;•••••••• ,.: \ : :: 16Tabre: Slndll'ect reeling ofdrycocoons ; ; ; ; ,..,..: ;;17'TabJe: 6.:.Reeilng speeds , , ; 18

·Ta.ble: 7 Specific gravity values " : , , , 20:Table: 8· Uniformity tests ; ~ .: : :, , i.' ••••••• , ••••.• , , 21Table: 9 Skein appearances' under day light , ; i ;': 22Table: J I) 'Size deviation.results r ; " ; , : .. · '23T~ble: 'It .Strength and elongation values: Skein A , · e , ; 25Ta~le:. '12.Skein B. elongation and Strength values : ..! : r r : 26

.Tabl'e: 13' Skein C Strength and elongation values ; : : ;:.,.. , : ; , 29Table: 14 Skein D'strength and. elongation values : , , .', , : , ,.. ,.. : :.. 26Table;·1 $ Average Strength and elongation results ; ; 27'Table: L6 Specific weights of the test samples ,." , , 30Table: 17 CO{1l)t and denier-values ofthe skeins \.. , , , ,.. 30Table: .18 Initial investment cost table , , ,v-, ' ; 32Table: 19 Net present value calculated after three years ; : ; ..; , ;: 3:3

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 F,low chart Of silk 'reeling process , , ~ :! lQFigure 2 Italian Type reeling machine (Uses direct.reeling technique) , ; :.: , , 1,.1Figure 3 Arrangement of the 'apparatus , , ,.; , ,;; ; : ; , 1'4:

Figure 4 The researcher doing direct reeling in.the Laboratory, NSC ", ; ,: ,,,-,36·Figure 5 Indirect reeling being done : ;...; , , , 36figure 6. Observing' the skein produced from direct reeled fresh cocoons( Immediatelyafter reeling) 37Figure 7 Cocoon brushing " ;.., ,..; ; ::.. , ; ::.37Figure-S Direct system arran.gelnent r , , ; ,.38.Figure gC~cbon.cooking oria locallymade charcoalstovethatcan easily be accessed bysilk farmers :..3SFigure 10 Sorted.fresh cocoons · , t ••• ,., ••••• :•••••• , 3.8

ABstRACTThe research project investigated the effect of reeling silk filaments directly on a hand operated

re- reeling machine. The .objeotives of the investigation were;

1.. To spin silk filaments directly on the re-reeling machine.

2. To test and determine the mechanical and physical properties of yam obtained from

directlywound filaments/yarns and those of the yarn obtained by indirect reeling.

3. To determine the reelability .ratio and compare the results \vit~ those 'obtained when

uSi.ng indirect reeling and make conclusions and recommendationts).4.. To establish a cost benefit analysis' of direct reeling on a band operated re-reeling

machinesResults were obtained by cafj'yin:g out reeling experiments from the National Center Kawanda

(NSC). •.using. Bornbyx Mori -cocoons and the silk skeins obtained were tested oftheir properties,'Comparison of the direct and indirect. reelih~ techiiiques was based on the ease of performing

.eacli experiment and also comparing the samples' properties that were obtained through

performing both visual and mechanical tests on them. The collected data was arranged into

tables, graphs and then interpreted.

The investigation revealed that;

ft is possible ..to reel. directly oh hand operated re-reelingrnachines. The reelability ratio. reeling

efficiency were almost the same as .done 0.11 the 'machines. Many properties of silk produced

directly Were. almost comparable with. thoseofthe silk produce .indirectly such-as specific gravity

.and colour, The .size deviation was minimal, elongation andstrength almost equal, Directreeled

skeins gave higher yarn cotuit than the· ones produced indirectly. The cost effectivenessof direct

reeling was better than that of.indirect reeling.

lri GeneralIt is'possible to do. direct reeling on a hand reeling machine and.obtain good qualitythread if more study Is carded out ..'The 'research recommended that more reel ing research' needs to be done at Uganda 's silk research.

institute so that new 'effective '~111~ affordable reeling techniques are brought in. This will improve

local innovation and in, the long run 011. Uganda's efforr to compete. favorably' with other silk

'producing countries.

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CHAPTERONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Uganda's textile industry is mainly dominated by synthetic fiber products. Most of theseproducts are made of polyester; viscose, nylon etc. Natural fibers especially cotton. have also.been competing with synthetics though not favorably. Other natural fiber products on the local

market are made from vegetable fibers which include sisal, jute, flax, banana etc. and proteinfibers which include wool and silk. Most of these natural. fibers are locally' produced though on

small scale due to a number of challenges such. as inefficient machines, inadequate research,competition from synthetics. and high labour and capital requirements,

Efforts to promote rural. income generation and export diversificatioii in Uganda have led to thedevelopment of sericulture, This is a new econom ic activity which is also partly industria] (.John

Ndyabagye). The world raw silk production had reached 125605 tons. bythe end of fiscal year

2004 (Government of AP, Global silk scenario, 201:3).In Uganda, silk research is championed by National Sericulture Center and Bushenyi district is

the leading district in the production of silk. Other main silk producing districts include

Kanungu, Mbarara, Kamuli, Mukono, and Iganga.The data below is an indication that a lot of

effort is needed to bring many farmers-on board in order to create a steady supply and thus.afellable market.Table: 1 Silk, farmer's statistics ill Bushcnyi district; south. western UgandaV;ri;-.;i;----------.-.--·---.-- ..--· ..-.- ..·- -.·-··-"···-·r~an·tiiY--··'-·-----·---·-1.•..•.-.- ••- ...----.--- ••-- ••-,,--- ..-.--.-- ••-- ......---- ....._ _ •..-.' ....-r;;'--' ...•._-- .._ ....-- ....•.··•··..······..···_-..···-l.Estirnated number of silk farmers 1350 i

Numbe;~f at-iive fam;ers-~·----·- ..-·-·-----1!160-·------"----··-i, I

·silff~~tori~~jn the distri~-t - ...-.-----_ ..-".--"-'11.--- ...-.-..-.--. '--_·-"-'-1! l.-.-- ..---.--.-".-.- -.-.--.-.-.- - -.~ -- .•-.- _ - _.j-.- _._.__ ---_._ __ _ -J

Hatcheries )!. ! !~--.-.--- •..• -.----.-.-- _ .. -".-,_-" ··_··_--··-··_···" ..··t·· .. ···_··,,_ ..------- " .. - ..--- ..-"-"1

Silk development centres j3 !. ,..- --.- ------ -- ..,.- "'-- ..- -.""""' - "'-......,_, , - .-.i..-. ........,~- - -- -.-..- ~

Pro~~~~~~.~~~20~~_. .__ .._._.___,,__._._._._ _1:_~_~~es._.__ ._ .._JAdopted/rom Entomology office RL.G, 2010

1

l.

Abdul Sari (2000). Certain qualitative studies O!1 Tasar Cocoons: PhD Thesis submitted to

Kakatiya University ; W!iranga_l,.Andhr"~ Pradesh, India ..

www. .ugandainvest.go.ug, Accessed on 8lh Sep, 20)J

http://wwwfao.01.gldocrepl006iad095e1AD095E01:Atill.Re.trieved on 3rd Oct, 2013

www.lndiansilk.kar.nic.in; Accessed on 29mNov, 2.0·13

www.fao.org /docrep/x209ge/x209gell.htm~ Retrieved on 3rd Oct, 2013

www.karunadu.gov.in, Accessed.on totliDec, 2.013

www.seri.ap.gov.in.Aecessed on IOlht:>ec,20t3

·State institute of Voeational Education, A.P. (20U~) "Curriculum of Intermediate Vocational

T·

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