Untitled - Mekong Region Land Governance

98

Transcript of Untitled - Mekong Region Land Governance

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ž -

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธแŠ Jean-Christophe Diepart (แ€‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ‚”แ€’แ€•แ€) แŠ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ Cรฉline Allaverdian (แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€šแ€œแ€ฌแ€—แ€ฌแ€’แ€กแ€”)

แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ž -

Brett Ballard (แ€˜แ€›แ€€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€) - UNOPS/LIFT แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ

Paul De Wit (แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€’แ€แ€…) - EU-FAO FIRST แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ

Antoine Deligne ( แ€กแ€”แ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ) - UNOPS/LIFT แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ

Kevin Woods (แ€€แ€šแ€—แ€„แ€แ€) - East-West Center แŠ แ€Ÿแ‚แ€œแ€œแŠ แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ก

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€žแ€”แ€ธ - Land Core Group (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ‚‘แ€„แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”)แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ

แ€•แ€™แ€žแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” -

แ€ฅแ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธ - [email protected]

CรฉlineAllaverdian(แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€šแ€œแ€ฌแ€—แ€ฌแ€’แ€กแ€”)แŠGRETแŠแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ [email protected]

Jean-Christophe Diepart (แ€‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ‚”แ€’แ€•แ€) แŠ MRLGแŠ

[email protected]

แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” -

San Thein, Diepart J.-C., Hlwan Moe and C. Allaverdian (2018). Large-Scale Land Acquisitions for Agricultural Development in Myanmar:

A Review of Past and Current Processes. MRLG Thematic Study Series #9. Vientiane: MRLG.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0International License แ€™ แ€œแ€„แ€…แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‚

แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†

แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€• แ€…

แ€™แ€แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€

แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ

แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ…

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ.แ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธ แ…

แ.แ‚ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผ แ‰

แ.แƒ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (SEEs) แ‰

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ.แƒ.แ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แแ€

แ.แƒ.แ‚ แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (MEHL แ‚แ€„ MEC) แ€€แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ แแ

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€ซแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ.แƒ.แƒ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแฟแ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แแ‚

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แŠ แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ)

แ.แ„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ (แแ‰แ‰แ) แแƒ

แ.แ… แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แแ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แแ„

แ.แ† แ€กแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ€แแ แ€™แ€…แ) แ‚แ€

แ‚แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ‚แ‚

แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ‚.แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„ แ‚แ‚

แ‚.แ.แ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ‚

แ‚.แ.แ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ‡

แ‚.แ.แƒ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แƒแƒ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ‚.แ‚ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แƒแ†

แ‚.แ‚.แ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’ แƒแ†

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€•

แ‚.แ‚.แ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ แƒแˆ

แ‚.แ‚.แƒ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”) แƒแ‰

แ‚.แ‚.แ„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„ แƒแ‰

แ‚.แ‚.แ… แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€› แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ„แ€

แ‚.แ‚.แ† แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ„แ

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แ€…แƒแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ„แƒ

แƒ.แ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ„แƒ

แƒ.แ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ„แ…

แƒ.แ‚.แ แฟแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แ„แ…

แƒ.แ‚.แ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ แ„แ…

แƒ.แ‚.แƒ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ แ„แ‡

แƒ.แ‚.แ„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ„แˆ

แƒ.แ‚.แ… แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ…แ€

แƒ.แ‚.แ† แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ…แƒ

แ„แ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€… แ…แ†

แ„.แ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ…แ†

แ„.แ‚ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ†แ€

แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (แ‚แ€แแ‚ - แ‚แ€แแ†)

แ„.แƒ แ€œแ€€แ€› แ€แ€€แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ แ†แ„

แ€”แ€‚แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ†แ…

แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‡แ€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€…แ€žแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แ‡แƒ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‚ - แ€ฑแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ‡แ„

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แƒ - แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€› แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ‡แ…

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ„ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‡แ†

แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แแ‰แ‰แ‰แŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€œ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ… - แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ‡แˆ

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ† - แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แˆแ€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œ)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‡ - แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แˆแ

(แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œ)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แˆ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€…แ€ (แ‚แ€แแ€) แˆแ‚

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‰ - แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€แ€›แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€งแ€€ (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›) แˆแƒ

แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ แ€™แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แˆแ„

แ€…

แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

ABCs Agro-Business Companies

(แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)

CCVFVLM Central Committee for Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Land Management

(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€)

CCLUM Central Committee for Land Use Management

(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€)

CSO Civil Society Organization

(แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€–แ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ)

DALMS Department of Agricultural Land Management and Statistics (formerly SLRD)

(แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”) (แ€šแ€แ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

DICA Direc-torate of Investment and Company Administration

(แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚ แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

DICD Department of Industrial Crops Development

(แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

FAB Farmland Administration Bodies

(แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”)

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

(แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚ แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ)

GAD General Administration Department

(แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

LSLA Large-Scale Land Acquisition

(แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ)

MEC Myanmar Economic Corporation

(แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธ)

MEHL Myanmar Economic Holding Co. Ltd.

(แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€œแ€™แ€แ€€)

MIC Myanmar Investment Commission

(แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚ แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„)

แ€†

MoAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forest (precursor of MoAI)

(แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

(แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š)

MoAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

(แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

MoALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation

(แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

MoECaF Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

(แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

MoNREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation

(แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

MoI Ministry of Industry

(แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

MT Million Tonnes

(แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธ)

NLD National League for Democracy

(แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€แ€•)

PFE Permanent Forest Estate

(แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™)

PPF Protected Public Forest

(แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ)

SEE State-owned Economic Enterprises

(แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)

SLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council

(แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแฟแ€„แ€™แ€แ€™แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…)

SLRD Settlement and Land Records Department

(แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

SPDC State Peace and Development Council

(แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…)

USDA Union Solidarity and Development Association

(แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธ)

VFV Vacant, Fallow and Virgin

(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ)

VTA Village Tract Administrator

(แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ)

แ€‡

แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€•

ix

แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„แ€

แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€

แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ (Wasteland Instruction)

แ€€ แ€กแ€‚แคแ€œแ€•แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€†แ€€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ€แ‚”แ€€ แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€‘ แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€›แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ แ‰ แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ - (แ) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” (แ‚) แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แƒ)

แ€…แ€™ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ- แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ

แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ†

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ….แ แ€žแ€”แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ‚.แ‚ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (แ„แƒ%) แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ‡%) แ€€ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธ

แ€แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ‚แ%)แŠ

แ€šแ€แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ„%)แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€›

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แƒ%)แŠ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ‚%) แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€… (แ‡แˆ.แ„%)แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… (Dataset)แ€แ€…แ€

แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›

แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…(Dataset)แ€กแ€†แ€กแ€› แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€แ€แ‡ แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€แแ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€แแ„ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ‚แ€แแ… แ€™ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธ

แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ…แ„%)แ€€ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แƒแ‚%) แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€‚แขแ€œ

แ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€‘แ€ผแ€€

แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ ( แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ

(แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธ)แ€แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”

แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แพแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš

xแ€Š

แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ( contract farming) แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€›แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€แ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€šแ€ฅแฟแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€†แ€žแ€œแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ€„แ€žแ€”แ‚แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿแแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€†แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€šแ€แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€€

แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ„แˆแ‰แƒแ†แ‰ แ€งแ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€

แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ(แ…แ.แ…%)แ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ

แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌ(แ‚แ„.แ%) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌ(แแ†.แˆ%)

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€

แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€…แแ€€แ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€žแ€… แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€แ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌ

แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€€ แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€˜ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€€แ€แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€˜ แ€กแ€œแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š (แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€š แ€กแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€žแ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€›แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” (Moratorium) - แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€แ€šแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€Šแ€ผแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„/แ€™แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€›แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (Mora-

torium)แ€กแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€… แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” (แ€กแ€‘แ€ธ

แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Š)แ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€•แ€™แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ž แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€”แ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š -

แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” - แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€› แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„

แ€แ€…แ€ แ€žแ€Ÿแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” (แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’)แŠ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Ÿแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€”แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ - แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€š

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แ€แ€…แ€ แ€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€”แ€…แฅแ€“แ€แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€€แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€Œ

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€™แ€แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€Š แŽแแพแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ-แ€ฑแ€‚แ€Ÿแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”

แ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›) แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ…แ.แ„ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแƒแ… แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€ฌ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแแˆ แ€™แ€ธ

(Lewis แŠแ‚แ€แ€แ‰) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€†แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”

แพแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€›แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ GDP แ แƒแ‚%แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ แ…แ‚.แ„ %แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€€แ€„ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡)แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ

แ แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€šแ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ž แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธ

แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ‚‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€ แ€แ€™แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€–แ€šแ€€แ€ฅแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€‘ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€†แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แฟแ€™แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (Ferguson แŠ แ‚แ€แแ„)แ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€œแ€‘แ แ€•แ€€แ€

แ€กแ€›แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„

แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€› แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š (ALTSEAN แŠ แ‚แ€แแ„)แ‹

แ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€™แ€

แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ (Srinivas and Hlaing แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ Mark แŠ แ‚แ€แแ†)

แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€…แ€œ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€‘

แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€แ€แ‡-แ‚แ€แ€แˆ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€›แ€€แกแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€•แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€Ÿแ€”แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ€แพแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€’แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€†แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€š

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€œแ€€แกแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (case studies)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€€

แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€คแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ ( Thematic Study) แ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€€แ€

แ‚แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ - (แ) แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€”แŠ (แ‚) แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แŠ (แƒ) แ‚แ€แแ‡ แ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ (แ„) แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€แฟแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ (แ…) แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€‚แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€‘)

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ฅแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ(แ)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ‚แ€„ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€€

แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘ แ€แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€œแ€Š แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ‚)แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™

แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€ž แ‚”

แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚” แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”

แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ(แƒ)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŒ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€…แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€€ แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€€ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€•แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š - แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€™แ€…แ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚

แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ(แ„)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ แ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚

แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€‘แ€™ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ‚แ‚” แ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‰ แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ค แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€‚แ€ธแ€แ€• แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€”แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€™แ€แ€Š

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€™แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€œแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š Case Studies (แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Leckie, S., & Simperingham, E. (2009) แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ (Housing, Land and Property

Rights in Burma)- แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€กแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แ€แ‰ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ‚‘แ€„แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” (Land Core Group) แ MyLaff portal (http:// mylaff.org) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”(DALMS) แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€™ แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ (แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›)แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ)แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แŽแ€แ‚” แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€žแ€›แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘ แ€กแ€แ€€

แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…(Dataset)แ€€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š (DALMSแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡(แ€) แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠแ‚แ€แแƒ)แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š (DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡(แ€€))แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€กแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€š

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€… แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแŠ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€ (แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ซ) แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ(analysis) แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… (Dataset)แ€€

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€š

แƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€ (Threshold value) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ

แ€•แ€’แ€™ แแ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€ แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(VFV)แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (แแƒแƒแ†แƒ แ€งแ€€) แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ž แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€”

แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€ž แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š Case studies (แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ MyLaff แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€žแ€”แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–

แ€™แ€‘แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€„

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€†แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - Namati)แ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€–แ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - Myanmar Peace Alliance) แ€‘แ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… (Datasets)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ Daily Eleven แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€›แ€šแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„

แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€„แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€™ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€

แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹แ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ž แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š(แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŠ

แ‚แ€แแƒ (แ€))แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ Database แ€‘แ€žแ‚”

แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ Database แ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ‚แ€แแ… แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€… แ‚แ€„ Diepart แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡)แ‹ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ‚แ€แแƒ) แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€™ แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•

แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€…แฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€แ€†แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ GIS แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแฟแ€แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚•

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚” แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€…แ€Ÿแ€ฌ

แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ Database แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€แ€„แ€™ แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…(Dataset)แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€†แ€ธ

แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Dataset แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€›แ€šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ Database แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแƒ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ„แ„

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€คแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ(แ)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ-แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€›แ€” แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ แ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

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1894 โ€“ Land Acquisition Ac t

1963 โ€“Disposal of Tenancies La w

1953 โ€“Land Nationalization

Ac t

1991โ€“W aste Land Instructio n

2014 โ€“ National Land Use Policy

2016 โ€“Committee for

Land Reinvestigation

1824 1948 1962 1974 1988 1997 2011 2016

British Colony

Union of Burma

(Parliamentary Democracy)

Union of Burma (Revolutionary

Council)

Socialist SLORC (Military )

SPDC (Military )

Union of Myanmar

Quasi-civilian NLD-le d

2012 โ€“Farmland Law

2012 โ€“ Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Land

La w

1963 โ€“Law Safeguarding

Peasants Rights

1861โ€“R ules for the Granting

of Waste Land

แ€• แ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ แ€™แ€„แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ.แ แ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€˜แ€›แ€„แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€› แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€˜แ€ธแ€˜แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซ

แ€กแ€แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€˜แ€›แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€“แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€) แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€” - แ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ แพแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€(Furnivall แŠ แแ‰แ…แ‡แŠ Boutry et al., แ‚แ€แแ‡)

แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€šแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/แ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š(แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„)แ‹ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„(แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„)แ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ I-A

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€… (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธ)แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แแˆแ‚แ„ แ€™ แแ‰แ„แˆแ€กแ€‘ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€€แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€œแ€…แ€˜แ€›แ€šแ€•แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€™

แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€ แ€€ (แ€• แ‚ แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€žแ‚แ€„ แแ‚ แ‚แ€…แ€†แ€€แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€œแ€ผแ€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ€…แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‚แคแ€œแ€•แ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€แšแ€กแ€› โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ - Wastelandโ€ แ€Ÿแ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š (Scurrah แŠ Hirsch แ‚แ€„ Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…)แ‹

แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” (แแ‰แ„แˆ แ€™ แแ‰แ†แ‚ แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€) แแ‰แ…แƒ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ)แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€…แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€žแ€Š (Taylor แŠ แ‚แ€แ€แ‰)แ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€šแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€œแ€šแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€•แ€„ - land to the tillerโ€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€• แ‚ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ†แ‚ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€žแ‚” แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ(แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€)แ€€

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€(แแ‰แ†แ‚- แแ‰แ‡แ„)

แŒแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€ (แแ‰แ‡แ„- แแ‰แˆแˆ) แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แแ‰แ‡แ„-แแ‰แˆแˆ

แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŒ) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€œแ‚”แ€„แ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - Wastelands แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แƒแ€ แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธ แ€€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€„โ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€แฝแ€ผแ€แฟแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ‚แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚” แ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€†แ€•แ€กแพแ€€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€†แ‚แตแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ‚แ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แฟแ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€… (แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›) แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€ (แแ‰แˆแˆ-แแ‰แ‰แ‡)

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…(แ€”แ€กแ€–แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›) แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€ (แแ‰แ‰แ‡- แ‚แ€แแ)แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€œแ€šแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€•แ€„โ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€›แ€

แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„

แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Š

แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซ (แ€• แ‚ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ‚แ€แ€แƒ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€)

โ€œแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•

แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€•แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€œแ€‘แ€กแพแ€€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€

แ†

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(Wasteland)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€แƒ

แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ - Wasteland Instruction แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ-Wasteland แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚แ€… แƒแ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแŠ แแ€ แ‚แ€… แ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธ

แ€กแ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ธแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ…แ€ แ€กแ€‘ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚ แ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š -

(แ) แพแ€žแ€‡แ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ž แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€Šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(แ‚) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(แƒ) แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€œแ€Šแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€€แ€„แ€กแ€› แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€€แ‚‘ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แšแ€šแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š - แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ

แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€• แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€ฑ

แ€…แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€‘แ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€œแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„)แ‹ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ โ€œแ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€(แ€•แ€… แ‡)แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€• (แ€• แ‚ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€งแ€€

แ…แ€ แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€…แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€„ (แ€•แ€… แแ แ€™ แแ…) แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€กแ€šแ€กแ€†แ€กแ€›แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธ

แ€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€แ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€’

แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€˜แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผ

แ€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€•แแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แแ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€›แ€”

แ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€šแ€แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‡

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€ แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

(NLDแŠ แ‚แ€แแ…)แ‹ แ€šแ€แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„ (แ€šแ€แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š)แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€‡แ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€—แ€Ÿแ€Ÿ แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Š)แ‹

แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€แ€†แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€™ แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

Usufruct

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€กแ€™แ€ธ

แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€žแ€ธแ‚

แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•

แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€š

แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แŠแ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„ แ€†แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„

(แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌ

แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ž แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ โ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„โ€ แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Š

แ€œแ€šแ€œแ€•แ€ž แ€œแ€šแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€•

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€™ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘ (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€„

แแแŠ แแ‚แŠ แแƒแŠ แแ„แŠ แแ…

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€™ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€•แ€ซ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (แ€•แ€… แ‡)

(แ) (แƒ)

(แ‚)

(แ„)

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

(แ) Usufruct (แ€žแ€แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌ/แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€™แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„) แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™)แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›/แ€™แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Š

(แ‚) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Š

(แƒ) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„/แ€†แ€€แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€žแ€†แ€ธแ€žแแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›/แ€™แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Š

(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซ)

(แ„) แแ‰แ„แˆ แ€™ แแ‰แ†แ‚ แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€• แ‚ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แˆ

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ.แ‚ แ‹ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผ

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€›แ€” แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€แ‚” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€’แ€ž

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€•แ‚”แ€™แ‚ˆ แ‡ (MT = แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธ) แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€Š ( Scurrah et al., แ‚แ€แแ… แ€แ€ผแ€„ Turnell แ€€

แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š)แ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€”แ€šแ€แ‚•แ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚

แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แŠ แ€™แ€”แ€š แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€›แ€” แ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰ แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘ แ€‘แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€†แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแˆแ‰แ„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› โ€œแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธโ€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(wasteland) แ‚แ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€…แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ โ€œแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ž แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธโ€ แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ฌแ€š

แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ž แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‡แ€ฑแ€แ€‡แ€แ€ซแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€”แ€‘

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€† แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š -

....โ€œแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ-Wasteland แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€™แ€† แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€€ แ€šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€š

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ (collector) แ€€ แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€™ แ€…แ

แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€˜ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š(แ€•แ€’แ€™ แƒแ… (แ)แŠ แแˆแ‰แ„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’)โ€.....

โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ - Wastelandโ€ แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€€แ€œแ€”แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แแˆแ†แ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š - แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€

แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแ…แ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌ แ€คแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€™แ€…แ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)แ€แ€ผแ€„ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ- Wastelandโ€ แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแแ„ แ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€€แ€กแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‚ แ‚แ€„ แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€žแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ.แƒ แ‹ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€‘

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (SEEs)แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€คแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŒแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€€แ‚‘แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Š

แ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ

แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‰

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ.แƒ.แแ‹ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‰แ„แˆ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แแ‰แ…แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

(แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€šแ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š) แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€

แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ„(MoAF)แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„

แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™) แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€”แ€แ€/แ€”แ€กแ€–แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘

แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€†แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€•แ‚”แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€” แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€„แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ‚•แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฑแ€’แ€ž(แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ- แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š)แ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(IDPs)แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€กแ€แ‚•แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ - แแ‰แˆแ‚ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

USAID แ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธ (แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ)แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€‘แ€ผแ€€

แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€•แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแŠ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‚ แ‚แ€„ แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แแ‰แˆแ€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€’-แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€

แ…แ€แ€แ€ แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแŠ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€˜แ€œแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š)แ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€” แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Ÿ

แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแŠ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ‡ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แแ€

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ - (แ) แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€›แ€€แกแ€ฌแ€–แ€œแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€•แ‚”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ (แ‚) แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€† แ€–แ€œแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ (แƒ) แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€แ€ซแ€‚แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแŠ

แ‚€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€‚แ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€„) แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ-

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ - Wastelandแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€(แแ‰แ†แ‚ - แแ‰แˆแˆ)แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ (แแ‰แˆแˆ- แ‚แ€แแ) แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€•แ€ซแ€( แแ‰แ†แ‚ - แแ‰แˆแˆ)แ€€ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€› แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€

แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ(แแ‰แˆแˆ - แ‚แ€แแ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€˜

แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ‚แ€แ€แƒ แ€กแ€‘ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€แ€™ แŽแ€แ‚”แแ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€แ€€แพแ€€แ€ผแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ซแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€• แ‚”แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แƒ แ€แ€€แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€แ€„แ€•แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแŠ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ แ‚แ€„ แ… แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€™ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚”

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ€แ€Šแ€™แ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€แ€ซแŠ แ€‚แ€”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€„แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€•แ€—แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”

แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ.แƒ.แ‚ แ‹ แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (MEHL แ‚แ€„ MEC) แ€€แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€ซ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แแ‰แˆแ‰แŠ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€†

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€† - แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€€แ‚‘ แแ‚ แ€ (แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€žแ€œแ‚Šแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€šแ€šแ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€€แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€”แ€”แ€ธ) แ€™แ€œแ€ผแ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€› แ€›แ€”แ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜

แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แแ‰แ‰แ‡ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธ(MEC)แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€œแ€™แ€แ€€ (MEHL)แ€€ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ แ€คแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ‚ แ€›แ€•แ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แŽแ€แ‚”แแ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€แ€„แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€€

แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”) แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€แ€แ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€˜ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ

แแ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแแ‚

แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€

แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š MEC แ‚แ€„ MEHL แ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

MEC แ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€šแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ‚แ€„ MEC แ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€ฌแ€“แ€€แ€แ€…แ€

แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ž

แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แแ‰แˆแ€ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€˜แ€œแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ

แ‚€แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€‘แ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ‚€แ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€› แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚แ€แ€แ€

แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€˜แ€œแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™) แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€

แ€›แ€šแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€˜แ€œแ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€€ MEC แ€€ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MEC แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€‚แ€€แ€•แ€„

แ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€šแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Š -

(แ) แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™(แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธ)แ แ€งแ€€ แƒแ€แ€แ€

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ‚) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€šแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แƒ) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ผแ€” แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€˜แ€€แ€žแ‚” แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š)แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธ

แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€€แ‚แ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€›แ€ฌแŒ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ€แ€ซแ€‚แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€–แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€ แ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š MEC แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ MEHL แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ.แƒ.แƒ แ‹ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแฟแ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แŠ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แŠ แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ)

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€˜แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ‚ˆแ‚•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€€แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹แ…

แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แแ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š (แ€กแ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€’แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ‹ แ‚แ€แ€แ„ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ

แ€™แ€แ€œแ€กแ€€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€“แ€•แ€แ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€•แ€™แ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŒ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€แ€™ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€ฌแ€“แ€€แ€แ€…แ€

แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€€ แ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแŠ แ€’แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€†แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€œแ€„แ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แแƒ แ€… แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ‡แ† แ€งแ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ (แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„)แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€€แ€™

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แƒ-แ„แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€•แ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€“แ€™แผ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€‘แ€€ แ€แ€…แ€งแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธ แ† แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แŽแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€”แ€‚

แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€’แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€‘แ€‘แ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ

แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ.แ„ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ (แแ‰แ‰แ)

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ

(Wasteland)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฌ แŽแ€€ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ -

Wasteland Instructionโ€ แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (แ€šแ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€)แ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€ซแ€šแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€†แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„

แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›/แ€™แ€› แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแฟแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€… แƒแ€ แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€šแ€แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”) แ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€กแ€› แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แแ‰แ‰แ…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแ„แˆแ‰แ‚แ‡ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ€

แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแ‚ แ€† แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แแˆแ‰แ„แ…แ…แ… แ€งแ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ (แ€))แ‹

แ.แ… แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แแ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ„ แ‚แ€…แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€‘แ€/แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€˜ แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€‘แ€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ‚แ€„แ€Ÿ แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€•แ€แ€†แ‚”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›

แ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)แ€€ แ€แ€„

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€Ÿแแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แแ‰แ‰แ‰ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€œแ€กแ€‘ แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ‚แƒแแ‰แ„แ‰ แ€งแ€€แ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ„ แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแŠ แแ‰แ‰แ‰แŠ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€†แ€–แ€œแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€œแ‚ˆแ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€™แ€ธแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€†แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€™ แƒแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘ แ€แ€„แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€™แ€ฌ

แ‚แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€”แ€ธ แƒแ…แ€ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ โ€œแ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€†แ€กแ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€Šโ€ แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€’แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ„แ€ แ€€ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแ†แ„แˆแ‡แƒแ แ€งแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€งแ€€ แ‚แ€แ€ แ€™ แ…แแ„แแ†แ‰ แ€งแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ… แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ‚แ€แ€แ„ - แ‚แ€แ€แ… แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€€ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€”

แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แƒ แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€งแ€€ แˆ.แ… แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€› แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€› แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ… แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ž

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€† แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š - แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€š/แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แฟแ€แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ

แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€†แ€กแ€› แ‚ แ‚แ€…แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ.แˆแ† แ€žแ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแพแ€žแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แแ„

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€คแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€แ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™

แ€™แ€žแ€›แ€แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„

แ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€† แ€‘แ€แ€šแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€™

แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ (แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ)

แพแ€€แ€€แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€˜ แ€แ€ธแ€แ€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

โ€œแ€แ€…แ€œ - แ€แ€…แ€†แ€Šโ€ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€œแ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…

แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แŽแแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€œ แ€ฑแ€’แ€ž

แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€Š/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€™

แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€†แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€Š

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Š - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ† แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธ

แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€แ€แ€ซแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€šแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€’แ€กแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€›แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€แพแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€กแ€›)แ‹

แ€†แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€…แ€–แ€” แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€

แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚•แ€›

แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€†แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แ‡แ แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€… แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€–แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…

แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Š

แ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œ (แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€) แ‚ แˆ แˆแ€แˆ แ„,แˆแ„แƒ

แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€†แ€Š แ แ‚ แ„แƒแˆ แ‚,แ…แƒแ

แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€˜แ€œ แ‚ แƒ แ‚แƒแ แ,แ€แˆแ

แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œ (แ€žแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€†แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€) แแ… แ…แˆ แ†,แ‚แ‚แˆ แƒแƒ,แ‚แƒแ‚

แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ‰แ‰แ† แ€แ‚แ€…แŒ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€†แ€Šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€–แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€•แ€†แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ„แแ†แˆแ‡ แ€งแ€€แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ž

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแƒแƒแ„แ‰ แ€งแ€€ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€แ€›แ€ž แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แ‡แ‡แ€แ‡ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€แ€˜ แ€œแ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€‘แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แฟแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆ แƒ แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€”แ€‚แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€ž

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€“แ€™แผแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€…(แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธ)แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€€แ€ฌ แ‚แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ

แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ โ€œแ€“แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€”แ€…โ€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€…แ€› แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€”แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ‹ แ€†แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€…แ€แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€™แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€•แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™

แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€˜ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚ แ‚แ€…แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€‘แ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ž แ‚” แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€œแ€€แ€›-แ€œแ€€แ€„แ€แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€

(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ž แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€™แ€œ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แฝแ€ผแŠ แ‚แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”

แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€” แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€˜ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ(แ)

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…-แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€กแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

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แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ‰

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ.แ† แ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ€แแ แ€™แ€…แ)

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€†แ‚แตแ€แ€šแ€•แ€ผแ€กแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ‚แ€แ€แˆ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ŠแŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œ แ‡ แ€›แ€€แŠ แ‚แ€แแ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚” แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ผแŒ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€€ แ€กแ‚แ€„แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ แ€‘แ€•แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€

แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€•แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€™แผแ€) แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€Ÿแ แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ

แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซ) แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

(GAD)แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€–แ‚แ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€šแ€…แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ แ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ

แ€žแ€Š (แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„)แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€แ€›แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แ€˜ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ‚แตแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ‚แ€ธแ€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ

แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ(แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ)แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€€

แ€กแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š NLD แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€แ€€แพแ€€แ€ผแ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€–แ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€แ‚”แ แ€†แ‚แตแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (Boutry et al. 2017)แ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แแ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ž

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€„แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€” แ€œแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€†แ‚แตแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚”

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ โ€œแ€œแ€šแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€แแ‚

แ€™แ€…แ โ€œแ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„โ€ แ€Ÿ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€œแ€กแ€œแ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ€กแ€œแ€ธแ€… แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„)แ€แ‚” แ€›แ€›แ€œแ€ฌ

แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ€แˆ แ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€›แ€€แกแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€•

แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ (แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€› แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€šแ€šแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’(VFV)แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€žแ€Š แแˆแ†แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€žแ€šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€‘

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แแ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)แ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€•

แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแŠ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ NGOs

แ€แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€›แ€›แ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ

แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€กแ€šแ€กแ€†แ€กแ€›แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„แ€แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (grantee) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ‚แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€แ แ€กแ€†แ€กแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธ

แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚ . แ แ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™(แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ)แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„

แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ Oberndorf

(แ‚แ€แแ‚) แ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€ แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€‘แ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€…แ€ฅแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แพแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€žแ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€‡แ€ธแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€‡แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€œแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š (Scurrah แŠ Hirsh แ‚แ€„ Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…)แ‹

แ‚. แ. แ แ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€šแ€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€žแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ

แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘ แ€žแ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚)แ‹

แ†

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แแˆแ‡แ‰ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แแˆแˆแ‰ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แแˆแ‰แ„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แแˆแ‰แ‰ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แฟแ€™แ‚•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แแ‰แ‚แ€ - แแ‰แ…แ

แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€–แ€ผแ‚•แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผ แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แแ‰แ†แ‚ แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”

แแ‰แˆแ‡ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Š แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(Wasteland) แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‰แ‰แ‚ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ‚แ€แ€แ† แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ‚แ€แ€แˆ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ†

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€€ แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ‚แ€แแ† แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚ - แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ (แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแˆแ‡แ‰ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ แ€™แ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š/แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€ผแ€

แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแˆแˆแ‰ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€…

แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ฌแ€šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€žแ€Š - แ) แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ แ€˜แ€›แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ‚แƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚ ) แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ž แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€Šแ แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‹ แƒ) แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ„) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ‹ แ…) แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€…แ€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แแˆแˆแ‰แŠ แ€‡แ€œแ€„ แแƒ แ€›แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€™ แ‚ แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€€แ€™ แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Š

แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„/แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€›แ€… แฆแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแˆแ‰แ„แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€…แ€แ€„แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€† แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แŠ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ž แ€œแ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€‘แ€žแ‚”

แ€กแ€žแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€›แ€” แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘ แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

(collector)แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™

แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธ/แ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€‘แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแˆแ‰แ‰ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแฟแ€™แ‚•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€แ€š แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€…แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€„แ€ฑ

แ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ‚แ€ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„

แแ‰แ…แ แ€แ‚แ€… แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” แ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ†แ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”

แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€”แ€€แ€™ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แŽแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€› แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ‚แ„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€› แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€› แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ‰แ†แ‚

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€แ€€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(Wasteland)

แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” VFV แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•

แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€œแ€€

แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€คแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(Wasteland) แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ‰แ‚แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€› (แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ) แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€

แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ž แ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€€

แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Š (Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…)แ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ‚แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แ€แ† แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€”แ€šแ€•แ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ‚แ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„

แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธ

แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€แ€แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แแ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แ€แˆ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ ( แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‚ (แ€€) ) แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ‚‘แ€„แ€€

แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€…แฅแ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ (land holder rights) แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€œแ€œแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ‚แ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€†แ€€แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ‚”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ โ€˜แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”โ€™

แ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ แ‡

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ (แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‚(แ€))แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€แ€„ (แแˆแ†แ)

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ (แแ‰แ‰แ)แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€กแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแŠ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€(CCVFVLM)แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ‚แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€

แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€›แ€Šแ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•

แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„แ€ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€

แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ค แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ (แแ‰แ†แƒ) แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ (แ€‘แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š) แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ†

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ‚แ€แแ† แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€• แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€” แ€ค แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„ (MIC)แŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (DICA)แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ โ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”โ€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ โ€œแ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€โ€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ MIC

แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€•แ€™แ‚แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”โ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ MIC แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/

แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฅแ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€‘แ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€›แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š ( แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŠ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€แ‚แ€… )แ‹

แ€šแ€แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ - แƒแ‰/แ‚แ€แแ แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ ( แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€แแ แ€แ‚แ€…แŠ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ฌ แ€œแŠ แ‚แ แ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š) MIC แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แƒแ€ แ‚แ€…

แ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ€ แ‚แ€… แ€แ€…แ‚€แ€€แ€™แŠ แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€… แ…แ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€˜แ€€แ€™แพแ€€แ€Šแ€œแ€„ แ€คแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€กแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ (แ) แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแฟแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ (แ‚) แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”/แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ (แƒ) แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚

แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€€แ‚แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (VDB แŠ แ‚แ€แแ†)แ‹

แ‚. แ. แ‚ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€กแ€› แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€… แ„ แ€แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š -

แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ (แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ)แŠ แ€“แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธ/แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”(DALMS)แ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ

แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ€†แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„) แ€ฑแ€›

แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ (แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ‡

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ (แ€แ€…แ€แ€ซแ€แ€…แ€› แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Ÿ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š)

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š - แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€› แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€›แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€ แ„ แ€แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š -

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€Šแ€†แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Oberndorf แŠ

แ‚แ€แแ‚)

แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€

แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„/แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแฟแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™)

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ/ แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(Oberndorf แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‚)

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€œแ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€Ÿแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€˜ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š (Woods แŠ

แ‚แ€แแ… แŠ แ€€)แ‹ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ GIS แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€œแ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แŽแ€ แ‚”แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ž แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ (แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ)แŠ แ€“แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€กแ€žแ€ธ/แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (MoALI)

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ (แ‚แ€แแ‚)

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‹

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ (แแ‰แ‰แ‚)

แ‚แˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แŠ MoALI แ€€ แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ (แ‚แ€แแ‚แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แแˆแ‡แ‰แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›

แ€‚แ€›แ€กแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” MoALI

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ€€แ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

MoNREC(แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

MoALI แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€€ MoNREC แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แŠ แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ)แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’/ แ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€•แ€”แ€ธแฟแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€†แ€ŠแŠแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ MoALI

แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€žแ€แค แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€”แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€šแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€ฑแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€ฑแ€œแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ - แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ‰

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š - แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ

แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌ (แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ)แŠ แ€“แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแฟแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ โ€œแ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™โ€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€›แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„

แ€แ€…แ€ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธ แ‚แ€…แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š - แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ (แ€•แ€… แ‡) แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€™

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€šแ€ฌแ€š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€œแ€Šแ€€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (DALMS)แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š - (แ) แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ (แ‚) แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแฟแ€™

แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ž แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ‹

(แ‚แ€แแ‚) แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ

แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€œแ€œแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ‚แ€แ€ผแ€„) แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” (แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š)แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€™ แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€šแ€แ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธ

แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ Oberndorf (แ‚แ€แแ‚) แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แŠ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€

(แ€œแ€š/แ€… แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/แ€…)แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€†แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”(MoALI) แ€™ แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

(แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ - DALMS) แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€กแ€‘ แ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแฟแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ MoALI แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€’-แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€’-แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ DALMS แแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แŠ แ€แ‚แ€„แ‚แ€„แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€€ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€กแ€†แ€„

แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€€ แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ DALMS แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€กแ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ - แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ (แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แŠ แแ‰แ‰แ‚)แ€กแ€› แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แƒ แ€™แ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š -

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€› แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ (reserved forest)แ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ‚แ€›แ€žแ€… แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€

แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€’แ€ž แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€‡แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (protected public forests) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›/แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€’แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€‡แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธ

แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€•แ€…แฅแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ แ€‘แ€แ€šแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Woods(แ‚แ€แแ…)แ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€กแ€›แ€กแ€šแ€กแ€†แ€กแ€›แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (protected areas)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แพแ€€แ€•แพแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€แ€™แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€›แ€… แฆแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€™แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” - MoNREC (แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€Œแ€ฌแ€” - MoECAF แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Š) แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€› แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

(แแ‰แ‰แ‚แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แ‡ แ€กแ€›) แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œ

แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ

แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌ

แ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€แ€™ แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แแƒ แ€กแ€› แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€žแ€Š MoNREC แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แ€ปแ€–แ€„ โ€˜แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™โ€™ แแ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€”แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ‚แ€›แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€‘แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แแ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€›

แ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€‘แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€• แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ

แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แแ„ แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แ‡ แ€กแ€ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ MoNREC แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„

แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€• (Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ แ€€)แ‹ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€›แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€แ€žแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ K.Woods (แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ แ€€) แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แƒแ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ซแ€™ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แšแ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แ‚แŠ แ€…) แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€–แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•โ€ แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แš แ€žแ€Š (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แ‚แŠ แ€„)แ‹

โ€œแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌโ€ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€

แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€† แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€ธ

แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€™แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ (แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Š) แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€š

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ VFV แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› แ€žแ€…แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€›

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ‚•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€Šแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€…แ€”แ€… แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แพแ€€แ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€

แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ(fallow forest)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ‚แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ VFV แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€แ€/ แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ‚•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€แ€€แ€แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Š แ€Š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (MoALI) แ€€ แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ VFV แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แƒ แ€กแ€›แŠ

แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€žแ€Š MoALI แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” -DALMS (แ€šแ€แ€„

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”) แ€Šแ€ผแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„

แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แแ€กแ€“แ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€š

แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ž/แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€€แ‚‘แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ NGOs แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€›แ€”

แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹แˆ

แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธ

แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€š แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธ

แ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (MONREC)แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š

แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ MoALI แ‚แ€„ MONREC แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ โ€œแ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™โ€ แ€™ แ€šแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ‚

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„ VFV แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แแ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(แแˆแˆแ‰)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แฟ

แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ป

แ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ฌแ€šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€แ€€ แ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Šแ€แ€›แ€…แฆแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€š

แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚.แ.แƒแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (cadastral maps)

แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€กแ‚แตแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€€ แ€กแ€‚แคแ€œแ€•แ€แ‚”

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แแ‰

แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€กแ€€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚แตแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š - แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (new settlement areas) แ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€ซแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”- DALMS (แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)แ€žแ€Š

แ€˜แ‚‘แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ) แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”

แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š (Total Station TheodoliteแŠ GIS softwareแŠ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„)แ‹ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€• แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€’แ€‚แ€…แ€แ€šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€Šแ€ธแ€Šแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแƒ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ… แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ UN-Habitat แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„

แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ(LAMP)แ€ปแ€–แ€„ DALMS แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แฟแ€‚แ€œแ€

แ€•แ€›แ€•แ‚แ€„ GIS แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š แ‚ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ UN-Habitat แ€žแ€Š scan แ€–แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€แ€†แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€’แ€‚แ€…แ€แ€š Database แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€ แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€คแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€€ DALMS แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€†แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€

แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ (แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€š แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€žแ€š แ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€–แ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ แ/แƒแ†แ€แ€แ€ แ€›แ€žแ€Š โ€œแ€แ€…แ€œแ€€แ€™โ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ แ€žแ€

แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แŠ แ€แ€›แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แŠ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/

แƒแƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€”

แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (Sub-national) แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ(up-

to-date) แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… - แ€• แƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ‰แˆแ€-แแ‰แˆแ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ†-แ‚แ€แแ‡ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แŠ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€–แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ (แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)แ‚แ€„ แ€ฅแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€˜

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€

แแ‰แ‰แ‡ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(ABCs)แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€šแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€šแ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ

แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•(แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธ

- แ/แƒแ†แ€แ€แ€)แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€˜แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€•

แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€˜

แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€• แƒ - แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แแ‰แˆแ€-แˆแ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ†-แแ‡ แ€กแ€‘ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แƒแ„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚” แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€†แ€žแ€œแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€” แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ„ แŒ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€ DALMS แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ VFV

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แ€Ÿแ€šแ€†แ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ‚แ‡% แ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ VFV แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ

แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‚แ‚แ€แ€…แ€€แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ„ แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€™แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š VFV

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Š (แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ‹

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ/แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€แแ†

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘*แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

VFV แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™*

แ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แแ‡แ„แƒแˆแ„แ„ แ‚แ†แ„แ‰แ‚แ‚ แƒแƒแ‡แ…แ€ แ‚แƒแแแ‡แƒ

แ‚ แ€€แ€แ€„ แ‚แ‚แ€แ€แ‚แ‡แ€แ‚ แ‰แ„แ‚แ‡แ†แ„แ‰ แแƒแˆแ†แ‚แˆแ แˆแ€แ„แแƒแ†แˆ

แƒ แ€€แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แˆแ‰แˆแ‰แ‚แ€ แ„แ…แƒแˆแ‚แ‡ แ€ แ„แ…แƒแˆแ‚แ‡

แ„ แ€€แ€›แ€„ แ‡แ…แ€แ‡แ‡แ„แƒ แƒแ‚แ€แแƒแ‡แ„ แƒแ…แ€แƒแ„ แƒแ€แ†แ†แƒแ„แ€

แ… แ€แ€„แ€ธ แˆแ‰แ€แ€แ„แ…แˆ แ„แ‚แƒแ…แˆแƒแ‚ แแ‡แ„แ„ แ„แ‚แƒแ„แ€แˆแˆ

แ† แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แƒแแ…แ„แƒแˆแ‚ แ„แƒแ†แแ€แ†แ‡ แ†แ€แ‚แ‡แ…แƒ แƒแ‡แ…แˆแƒแแ„

แ‡ แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€› แแ€แ‡แแ€แ‡แ…แ† แƒแ…แ‡แ†แ‡แ‡แ‡ แ„แ‡แ„แˆแ‚แ‰ แƒแแ€แแ‰แ„แˆ

แˆ แ€•แ€แ€ธ แ‰แ‡แƒแ‡แ…แ…แ„ แƒแ‡แ€แ‡แ‡แ‚ แ‚แ€แƒแ‚แ‰แˆ แแ†แ‡แ„แ‡แ„

แ‰ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธ แแแ€แ‡แ…แ„แ€แ„ แ‚แ…แ‚แ‡แˆแ†แˆ แ‚แแ‚แแ‡แ‚ แ‚แƒแแ…แ†แ‰แ†

แแ€ แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ แ‡แ†แƒแ‚แ†แแ แ†แ†แ…แ†แ€แ€ แ…แˆแแ‡แ€ แ†แ€แ‡แ„แƒแ€

แแ แ€™แ€ผแ€” แƒแ€แƒแˆแ…แ†แ… แ‚แ‚แ†แˆแแ แƒแƒแ‚แ‰แ† แแ‰แƒแ…แแ…

แแ‚ แ€›แ€แ€„ แ‰แ€แˆแˆแ€แ…แƒ แƒแˆแแ„แ†แˆแ‡ แแ„แ€แ‡แ‡แ„ แƒแ†แ‡แƒแ‰แแƒ

แแƒ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€” แ‚แ…แแƒแƒแ‡แ‚ แ„แแ…แ‚แ„ แ‰แ€แ…แแ‚ - แ„แˆแ‰แˆแˆ

แแ„ แ€›แ€™แ€ธ แƒแˆแ„แ‰แ‰แƒแ„แ… แแ…แ‰แ‡แ…แˆแแ‰ แ„แƒแ‡แ†แ€แˆ แแ…แ…แƒแˆแ‚แแ

แแ… แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ แˆแ†แˆแ‚แ†แแ‰ แƒแ„แ†แ‰แ„แ… แƒแ…แˆแ‰แƒแƒ -แแแ‰แˆแˆ

แแ† แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แแ†แ‡แแˆแ†แƒแƒแ„ แ„แ‰แƒแ‰แแ„แ‡แ„ แ„แ€แ†แ‰แแ…แ„ แ„แ…แƒแ‚แ‚แƒแ‚แ€

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ„ - แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ (แ‚แ€แแ†แŠแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€‘)

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€ - แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€•แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ (Woodland) แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š* แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ (แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€„ แ…แ€ แ€งแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€˜)

แƒแ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ‚ .แ‚ แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แˆ แ€แ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅ

แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€• แ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€• แ€แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ CCVFV แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธMoALI แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธCCVFV (แ€žแ‚”) แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ แ€แ€„แ€•แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€• แ„ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚.แ‚.แ แ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€•

แแ‰แ‰แ‡ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€กแ€–แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (regional military

commanders)แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ„ - แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€•แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ†

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ (แ€…แ€…)แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ (แ€…แ€…)

แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€€แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ(Kachin State commander) แ€€ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€€

แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€„แ€–แ€€แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€Šแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€•

แ€›แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€‚แ‚แ€แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€…

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€ž แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ‚แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธ

แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€แ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€›แ€š

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€ž แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€† แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€† แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€šแ€›แ€”

แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‚แ€ซแ€แ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€™แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€’แ€ซแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€› - แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€œแ€žแ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€† แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€กแ€œแ€€

แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€แ€šแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•

แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€แ€šแ€šแ€žแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€†แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€•แแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

(แ€…แ€…)แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แŽแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ

- แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€„แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแŠ แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€žแ€Š

แ€‘แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€

โ€œแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™/ แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™โ€แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แแ‚แ€… -แ‚ แ‚แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€ แ€œแ€”แƒแ‰9 (แ€œแ€š

แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„)แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ

แ€œแ€€แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ซแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€•แ€… แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ

แ€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€…แ€”แ€…10(แ€แ€›แ€”) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›(แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ)แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€›

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€€แ€กแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€’-แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠVFVแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผ

แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ โ€œแ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›โ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€†แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€„ (แ€…แ€…)แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แŽแแ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ธ

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€˜แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€€แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แ‚แ€”

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€”แ€›แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€š

แ€ปแ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒแ‡

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ‚แ€แแแŠ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แŽแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€€แ€„แ€…แ€ผแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€™ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€™แ€›แ€šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€—แ€Ÿ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€กแ€†แ€„

แ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ‚.แ‚.แ‚ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ‚แ€… โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€โ€ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€šแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)แ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€แแ€ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ€ค แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•(แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€œแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ผแ€กแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€˜ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ‚แ€… แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€

แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€–แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€แ€šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€’แ€ซแ‚แ€€แ€แ€ฌ (แ€’-แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแแ€‡แ€”แ€ธ)แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€ธแ€™ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€แ€œแ€แ€กแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ

แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€›แ€” แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€†แ€€แ€แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ธ/แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€˜

แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€šแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€›แ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธ

แ€แ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€‚แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ž/ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€šแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแŠ แ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ แ แ‚แ€„ แƒ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ VFV แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€… แƒแ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ‚€แ€€แ€™แ€œแ€„ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€

แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€•แ€ซ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€ (แ€• แ„ - แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ‚ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€แ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ - VFV

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…/แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€œแ€šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€” แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”

แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ž แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ„ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€•แ€ซแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แ‹

แƒแˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ„แŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แƒแŠ แ„ แ‚แ€„ แ… แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š (Oberdorf แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‚)

แ‚.แ‚.แƒ แ‹ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ (แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แแ‰แ‰แ‚แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€•แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€

แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ MoNREC แ€žแ€Š แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€…แ€

แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€•แ€’แ€™ แ‡) แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€”แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€†แ€žแ€Š

(แ€•แ€’แ€™ แแƒ)แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€ฑแ€• (WoodsแŠ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ แ€€)แ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€šแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€†แ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ VFV แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€™ MoNRECแ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€กแ€ž

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€…แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ„ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ‚.แ‚.แ„ แ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„ (MIC)

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„(MIC)แ€‘แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€”

แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€‘แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€› แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€žแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ž แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€€ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€

แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ‚‘แ€กแ€œแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แŠ แ€‘แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ€†แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…/แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€… แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š MIC แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ MoALI (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€/แ‚แ€„) MoNREC แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ„แŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แˆ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

MIC แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€” แ‚” แ€ž แ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€” แ‚”แ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…) แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š(แ€• แ… แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ† แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แƒแ‰

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€• แ… - แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€• แ† - แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Investor

Concerned government ministry

Approval

of Cabinet

Contact with government agency

forJoint Venture

MoNREC to conduct ESIA

Proposal

Myanmar Investment

Commission

Forest Department to conduct ESIA,if forest land

CCVFV to conduct ESIA, if VFV land

MoNREC

MoAL I

Investor

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (DICA) แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ MIC แ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ MIC แ€แ€…แ€ แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•

แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (EIA/SIA) แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ MoALI แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ MoNREC (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€€

แ€›แ€”แ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ MIC แ€‘แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€™ EIA/SIA แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฑแ€’/แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š MIC แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€˜แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ MIC

แ€‘แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ(FDI) แแ‰ แ€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แแ‡ แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ‚ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š MoALI แ€™ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ FDI แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ

แ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€œแ€ฌ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ„แ‰.แˆแ‡ แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ‚‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ€.แ…แ€ % แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ‡ แ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ… แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚.แ‚.แ… แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€› แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แŽแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€

แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€‚แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ‚•แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€”แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฅแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€‚แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€– แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แ€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„

แ€• แ… - แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€• แ† - แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Investor

Concerned government ministry

Approval

of Cabinet

Contact with government agency

forJoint Venture

MoNREC to conduct ESIA

Proposal

Myanmar Investment

Commission

Forest Department to conduct ESIA,if forest land

CCVFV to conduct ESIA, if VFV land

MoNREC

MoAL I

Investor

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (DICA) แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ MIC แ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ MIC แ€แ€…แ€ แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•

แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€‘แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (EIA/SIA) แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ MoALI แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ MoNREC (แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€€

แ€›แ€”แ€•แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ MIC แ€‘แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€™ EIA/SIA แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€ฑแ€•แ€ฑแ€’/แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€žแ€Š MIC แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€›แ€” แ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€˜แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€€ MIC

แ€‘แ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€”แ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ(FDI) แแ‰ แ€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แแ‡ แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€€แ€ฌ แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Š แ‚ แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š MoALI แ€™ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ FDI แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ

แ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€œแ€ฌ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ„แ‰.แˆแ‡ แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ‚‘แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ€.แ…แ€ % แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ‡ แ€กแ€‘ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ… แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚.แ‚.แ… แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€› แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แŽแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€

แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€‚แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ‚•แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€”แพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฅแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€‚แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€– แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€žแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€–แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แŠ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€†แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€–แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ„แŠ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ‡ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€”

แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€€แ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ€€โ€œแ€žแ€›แ€€โ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€Šแ€ผแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€›แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€กแ€™แ€Š

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ แ€’แ€€แกแ€แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€ฅแ€แ€›แ€žแ€›แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›

แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚.แ‚.แ† แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€™แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š

(AntonioแŠ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…แŠ แ€)แ‹

แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€•แ€แ€…แ€ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€แ€€แ€แ€œ

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€แ‚แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€–แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”

แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™ แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€•แ€…แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€€

แ€แ‚แ€แ‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€…แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€› แ€„แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‡แ€”แ€›

แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ‚แ€แ€แ‚”แแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€•แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ‡ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€แ‚แ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แŽแ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™

แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€˜แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€„ (agronomist) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€แ€แ€†แ€€แ€›แ€” แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€แ€•แ€†แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ‚” แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€ผแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€… แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ‚แ€แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„

แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€ž แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€™แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€งแ€€แ€œแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€œแ€ฌ แ‚แˆแ€-แƒแ€แ€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„(แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„) แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ„ แ€œแ€™ แ† แ€œแ€กแ€‘ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ€†แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ/

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ‚”แ€˜แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€•แ€†แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แŽแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ (contract farming) แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€™แ€žแ€›แพแ€€แ€˜ โ€œแ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€Ÿแแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€›แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š (AntonioแŠ แ‚แ€แแ…)แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€…แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€แ€กแ€› แ€แ‚แ€แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ

แ„แ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€–แ€›แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚” แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€žแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ‚แ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™ แŽแ€ แ‚” แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€› แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€”แ€€แ€…แ€›แ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€œแ€ฌ แ‚แ€แ€-แ‚แ…แ€ แ€แ€”แ‚”

แ€€แ€”แ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€›

แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แŠ แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ‹ แ€แ‚แ€

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€“แ€ฌแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แพแ€žแ€‡แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€€แฝแ€ผ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€Šแ€…แ€Šแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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Chinese In vestors

Chinese Agronomist Chinese Broker

Translator

Burmese broker Village Chief

Fertile Land

Farmers

1. Look for suitable land in the village

2. Hire translator from Shan state

3. Request for selected fields to rent

4. Inform and Negotiation lease agreement

5. Sign contract with group of farmers

6. Inform about which fields are rented

แ€• แ‡ - แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ (แ‚แ€แแ„)

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - Antonio แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€แ‚แ€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€žแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€”แ€•แ€–แ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€”แ€šแ€…แ€•แ€› แ€แ‚แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€€

แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€™แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแพแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ

Antonio (แ‚แ€แแ…) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€›แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€คแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ‚แ€แแ‚-แ‚แ€แแƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แแ…แ… แ€งแ€€แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€–แ€›แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แƒแ‚แƒแ‚แ… MT แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€• แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ‚แ€แแƒ-แ‚แ€แแ„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แƒแ‚แˆแ…

แ€งแ€€แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€แ€›แ€…แ€แ€”แ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ„แ‰แ‚แ‡แ… MT แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ แ€”แ€šแ€…แ€•แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€›แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€œแ€ฌ แแ‡.แƒ

แ€žแ€”แ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แ‚

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แƒแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚” แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แŠ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€• แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒ. แ แ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

MoALI แ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š(Dataset) แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… (DALMS แŠ

แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠแ€€)แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธ (แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ

แ‚แ€แแƒ)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œแŠ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ…แแ…แ†แˆแแ‰ แ€งแ€€ (แ‚แ€แ‰แแ…แ„แƒ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ) แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ‚.แ‚ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€€ แ€šแ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ - CCVFVLM (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™)แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ„แƒ% แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ (แ‚แ€แแ-แ‚แ€แแ† แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™แ€€)

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ แ‚แ‡% แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แแ„.แˆแ‰% แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€…แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š ( แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แ‹

แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€กแฟแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€แ€€แ‚แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€งแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ.แแ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€แ€†แ€œแ€„ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธ

แ€žแ€Š แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€†แ€„แ€˜ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€งแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (แƒ.แแ†

แ€žแ€”แ€ธ) แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€งแ€€ แƒ.แแ† แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแแ (แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ†)แ‹

แ‚แ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แ.แแ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€

แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€.แ„แ† แ€žแ€”แ€ธ (แ„แ %)แŠ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€.แƒแ‡ แ€žแ€”แ€ธ (แƒแƒ %)แŠ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€.แ‚แˆ แ€žแ€”แ€ธ (แ‚แ… %) แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ) (แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ†

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

Military commander (1,372,175 acres)

27%

Former Chief Minister (204,137

acres)4%Previous CCVFVLM

(2,210,398 acres)43%

New CCVFVLM (89,254 acres)

2%

MoAI (170,339 acres)

3%

MoNREC (1,110,516 acres)

21%

แ€• แˆ - แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠแ€€ แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ‚•แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€™แ€†แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ‚.แ€แˆ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แปแ€ฌแ€’แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ‚.แ แ€žแ€”แ€ธ)แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ก (แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ€.แ„ แ€žแ€”แ€ธ) แ‚แ€„

แ€—แ€šแ€€แ€”แ€™ (แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ แ€.แ‚แ…แ€žแ€”แ€ธ) แ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€žแ€Š แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ แƒ.แ€แˆ % แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ แแ†% แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€€แ€ฑแ€™ แปแ€ฌแ€’แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ‚”แ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ… แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€œแ€ฌแ€ก แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€—แ€šแ€€แ€”แ€™

แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ) แแˆแแ€แƒแ…แ€แ€ แ„แ„แ†แ„แแ€ แ‚แ€แˆแ†แˆแ‰แ„ แ‚แ…แƒแˆแ„แ

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ (แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ) แแˆแแ€แƒแ…แ€แ€ แ‚แƒแ‡แ‰แ†แ€แ€แ€ แ†แ‡แ†แ…แ‡แˆแ€แ€ แƒแƒแแ‚แแ€แ€แ€

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ % แแ.แ‰แƒ % แ.แˆแˆ % แƒ.แ€แˆ % แ€.แ‡แ‡ %

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ(แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ) แƒแ‚แ€แ€ แ€แ€แ€ แแแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แแƒแแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แแ€แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ แ€ธ

แ†แ‡.แ…แ % แ„แ€.แ…แˆ % แแ….แ‰แƒ% แ‚.แ…แ„%

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ… - CMLV (แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แปแ€ฌแ€’แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแŠแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแŠ แ€œแ€ฌแ€กแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€šแ€€แ€”แ€™) แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - MRLG แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡

แ„แ„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แƒ.แ‚ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š Database แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€

แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ‡แˆ.แ„%แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•

แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ Database

แ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒ.แ‚.แ แ‹ แฟแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€…แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ‚•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แแ€แ‡แ…

แ€งแ€€ (แ„แƒแ… แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ)แ€Ÿ แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€แ€”แ€…แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€–แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€งแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€งแ€€แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€

แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€œแ€„ แแ…แ‡แƒแ…แƒ แ€งแ€€แ€กแ€‘แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ†

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

Area of VFV land allocated

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แƒแ†แ€แƒ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„ แƒแˆแ‡แ…แ‰แ†แ„ แ€งแ€€

แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™ (แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ) แแ€แ‡แ… แ€งแ€€

แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€ (แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ) แ‚แ€แƒ แ€งแ€€

แ€…แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ผแ€–แ€™แ‚ˆ แƒแ†แ€แ‡

แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แ…แ€.แ€แ‚

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธ แแ…แ‡ แƒแ…แƒ แ€งแ€€

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ† - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™แ€…แ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€„แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š - แแ‰แ‰แ† แ€™แ€…แ

แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แปแ€ฌแ€’แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ…แ‚ แ€แŠ แ€œแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€แ€แ€ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€™แ€…แ แ‡แ‚แ‡ แ€แ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„

แแ€แ‡แ… แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€ฑแ€™ แปแ€ฌแ€’แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ (แˆแƒแˆแ… แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ) แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ก (แ†แแ„ แ€Ÿแ€€แ€แ€ฌ) แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒ.แ‚.แ‚ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ

แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€‘ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€žแ€Šแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€•

แ‰ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แแ‰แ‰แ‰ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ€แ†แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€แแ (แ€”แ€กแ€– แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ‚

แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€›แ€€แกแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€•แ€กแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€…แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€†แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ„แ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แแ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ‚แ€แ€แ„ -แ‚แ€แ€แ… แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€คแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€œแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€…แ€แ€„แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€…แ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แ€แˆ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„

แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€… แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ‚แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€• แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€œแ€„แ€…แ€œแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ

แ‚แ€แ€แ‡ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

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20 0

40 0

60 0

80 0

1,00 0

1,20 0

0. 0

0. 5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4. 0

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

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1999

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2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

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แ€• แ‰ - แแ‰แ‰แ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ† แ€กแ€‘ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€†แ€„แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€…แ€ฅ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แ†

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แƒ.แ‚.แƒ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ/แ€„แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€…

แ€€ แ€›แ€›แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š (แ…แ„%) (แ€• แแ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… Database แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แƒแ‚%แ€ปแ€–แ€„) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€’แ€แ€š

แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€• (แˆ%)แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€… แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ†%)แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€แŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ (แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€™แ€กแฟแ€„แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€†แ€œแ€žแ€Š (DALMSแŠ

แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€) แ‹

Dataset แ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‰แ‚% แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€

แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซ (แ€• แแ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ

แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€

แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€™แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

Company, (54%)

Military , (8% )

Organization, (6% )

Private, (32% )

แ€• แแ€ - แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMSแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แŠ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Agricu ltur e(uns pecifie d) - 9 2.3%

Undete rm ined - 4 %

Live stoc k - 1.7%

Pere nnial c ro p - 1.4%

Annu al c ro p - 0. 3%

Fish er ies - 0. 3%

Fore st ry - 0 .0 %

แ€• แแ - แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‹

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMSแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แ‡

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡ แŠ แ€) แ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (ABCs)แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธแแ‚

แ‚แ€แ€แƒ แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ€แแƒ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€€

แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€• - แแƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ แ…แ‰% แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‡ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

0

50 0

1,000

1,50 0

2,00 0

2,50 0

1995 2003 2004 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016

Are

a (.1

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acr

es) o

f lan

d gr

ante

d to

ag

ro-b

usin

ess

com

pani

es

แ€• แแ‚ - แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ MoAI แ€€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

Palm oi l59%

Rubber10%

Sugar cane0%

Rice3%

Pulses2%

Oil seed crops3%

Maiz e3%

Other20 %

แ€• แแƒ - แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒ.แ‚.แ„ แ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€‘แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€†แ€›แ€œแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธ แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

(แ€• แแ„ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ‚แ‚” แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š แ‡ แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€แ€šแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฌ

แ„แˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ„แ‰

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€…แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แแƒแˆแ‡แ„แˆแ แ€งแ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แƒแ„%)แ‹ แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€’แ€แ€šแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€แ€šแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ ( แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€„แ‚”แ€แ€™แ€ธ/

แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•)แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€žแ€ธแ‚ (แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€š

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€™

แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€šแ€šแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌ

แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€žแ€ธแฟแ€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€แ€„แ€€แ€ž แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘ แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€›แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€แ แ€šแ€”แ€”แ€žแ‚” แ€“แ€ฌแ€แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ‚”แ€•แ€€แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€• แแ„ - แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€แ‹

แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹Kachi n34%

Sagaing13%

Tanintharyi12%

Shan11%

Ayeyarwady9%

Magway7%

Bago5%

Rakhine โ€ฆ

Yangon โ€ฆ

Mandalay โ€ฆ

Kayi nโ€ฆ

Monโ€ฆ

Nay Pyi โ€ฆ

Chinโ€ฆ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€• (แ€• แแ…)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแแƒ แ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€–แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š/แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€กแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌVFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€ แ€™ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€กแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€

แ€žแ€ฌแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แƒ.แ‚.แ… แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แƒแˆแ‡แ…แ‰แ†แ„ แ€งแ€€แ€กแ€”แ€€แ€™ แแ„.แˆแ‰% แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ‡ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€˜แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€š

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ โ€œแ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธโ€ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ โ€œแ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธโ€ แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฌ

แ€แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€’แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ

แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€”แ€€แ€”แ€€ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€’แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€™แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€šแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€˜แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

] แ…แ€ - แ…แ€แ€ ] แ€งแ€€

] แ…แ€แ€- แ…แ€แ€แ€] แ€งแ€€

] แ…แ€แ€แ€ - แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€] แ€งแ€€

+ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€งแ€€

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMS (MoAIแŠ แ‚แ€แแ†แŠแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€˜แ€ฌ)

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•- MRLGแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แ€ซแ€›

แ…แ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š VFVแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€˜ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ…แ€ แ€งแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ

แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (แ€งแ€€) แƒแˆแ‡แ…แ‰แ†แ„ แ…แ†แ‚แˆแ‚แ‰ แƒแƒแแƒแแƒแ„

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™%

แแ„.แ…%

แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„

แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ (แ€งแ€€) แƒแ‰แ†แˆแƒแแ… แ†แแแ†แ‡แƒ แƒแƒแ…แ†แ†แ„แ‚

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™%

แแˆ.แ‚ %

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‡ - VFV แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚” แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMSแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธ (แ…แ€ แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แแˆ.แ‚ %

แ€กแ€‘ แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”

แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ‚”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Š ( แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ = - แ€.แแŠ แ€.แ€แ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€žแ€žแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€žแ€Š)แ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ฌแ€šแ€™แ€ฌ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€• แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แแ† แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€

แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€…แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ธแ€˜ แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€›แ€„แ€ธ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

0

50 0,00 0

1,000 ,000

1,50 0,00 0

2, 000 ,0 00

2, 50 0,00 0

3, 000 ,000

3, 50 0,00 0

<= 100 acres ]100 -500 ] acres> 500 acres

Are

a in

acr

es

Pl anted Unplant ed

64% Unplanted67% Unplant ed

78% Unplant ed

แ€• แแ† - VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMSแŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ‚

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ

แˆ -

แ€

แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ€Š

แ€”แ€šแ€ก

แ€œแ€€

แ€žแ€€

แ€†แ€„แ€›

แ€ฌแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ V

FV แ€ฑ

แ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑ

แ€แ€แ€‘

แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€

แ€กแ€€

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€

แ€•แ€ฑแ€–

แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€

แ€„แ€ธ(แ€ฑ

แ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ก

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แŠ แ€งแ€›แ€š

แ€ฌแ€€แ€งแ€€

แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€ฑ

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แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แŠ แ€ก

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)แ‹

แ€กแ€

แ€€แ€ก

แ€œแ€€

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™

แ€…- D

ALM

S แŠ แ‚

แ€แแ‡แŠ

แ€€แ‹ แ€ก

แ€…แ€›แ€„แ€

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›

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แ€ง

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แ€งแ€€

แ€ฑแ€ป

แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ป

แ€•แ€

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แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ป

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แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ป

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แ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ป

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แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑ

แ€†แ€ฌแ€„

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แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ป

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แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑ

แ€†แ€ฌแ€„

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แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ป

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VFV

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™

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แ…แƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แƒ.แ‚.แ† แ‹ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€žแ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‰

แ‚แ€„ แ€• แแ‡)แ‹

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‰ - VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€ž แˆ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€ - แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€™แ€žแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ…แแ„แแ†แ‰ แ€งแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แแ‚แ„แ€แƒแ แ€งแ€€ แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

(แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‰ แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แˆ แ€€ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ

แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€งแ€€ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€‘แ€€แ€กแ€†แ€™แ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ (แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€) แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š - แ€œแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”

(Pachan) แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‰ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ -

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€™ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€›แ€žแ€…แ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€’แ€‚แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€†แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ‹

แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แฐแ€แ€ซแ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฌ แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แƒแ…แ€แ…แ…แ€ แ€งแ€€แ€€ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แŽแแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ…แแ„แแ†แ‰ แ€งแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€•แแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

<= แƒแ…แ€แ€ แ€งแ€€] แƒแ…แ€แ€ - แแ…แ€แ€แ€] แ€งแ€€ ] แแ…แ€แ€แ€ - แƒแ…แ€แ€แ€] แ€งแ€€] แƒแ…แ€แ€แ€ - แˆแ€แ€แ€แ€] แ€งแ€€

+ แ…แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€งแ€€

แ€• แแ‡ - แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€ž แˆ แ€ฅแ€ธแ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - DALMS แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡ แŠ แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ„แ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ€„แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€œแ€ฌแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€”แ€šแ€•แ€šแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€›

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„.แ แ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ž แ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€˜แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…

แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€›แ€šแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ€แ‚”แแ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€กแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€–แ€šแ€‘แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€›แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€‡แ€…แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„แ„

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€žแ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„/แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€แ€Šแ€†แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

(แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€/แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ‚•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ-swidden fallow แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„) แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€

แ€™แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€Ÿแ€”แ‚”

แ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€†แ€žแ€œแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ โ€˜แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€™ แ€Ÿ แ€žแ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฌ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™ แ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€žแ‚” แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€แ€€แ€แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแแ€™แ€†แ‚แตแ€”แ€š แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แŽแแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแŠ

แ‚แ€แแƒ) แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€แ€„แ€ธแแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแŒ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„/แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแ€ แ€€แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€€ แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แŽแ€แ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€Š

แ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€šแ€€แ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€˜แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ (แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€›แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€‘แ€ แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€)แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„/ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€ แ€–แ€šแ€‘แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ…แ‡

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ€

- แ€™แ€ก

แ€•แ€„แฟแ€™

แ‚”แ€”แ€š

แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•

แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€›

แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธ

แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑ

แ€›แ€ธแ€€

แ€™แธแ€แ€™

แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑ

แ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†

แ€ฌแ€„แ€œ

แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ฑ

แ€”แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™

แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€

แ€ฌแ€„แ€ž

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›

แ€šแ€ก

แ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•

แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™

แ€… - แ€™

แ€กแ€•แ€„

แ€™แ€†แ‚แตแ€”

แ€š แ€œ

แ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€

แ€ฌแ€€แ€š

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œ

แ€šแ€ฅแ€ธ

แ€…แ€”แ€แ€„

แ€ธแ แ€™

แ€กแ€•แ€„

แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€œแ€œ

แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑ

แ€†แ€ธแ€™

แ‚ˆแ€กแ€…แ€›

แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ

แŠ แ€ฑแ€ก

แ€ฌแ€€แ€

แ€˜แ€ฌ

แแ€แŠ แ‚

แ€แแƒแ‹

แ…แˆ

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…

CF (Contract farming)= แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

Company Name - แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€™แ€Š

Acres of land granted to the company = แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€

Acres cultivated by the company for aquaculture business = แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€

Area available for crop cultivation (acres) = แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ

Areas of crop cultivation = แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

Contract farming with farmers (acres) = แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€

Farmers occupying idle land (acres) = แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€˜แ€•แ€…แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€งแ€€)

Farmersโ€™ land overlapping with company land (acres) = แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€งแ€€)

Number of farmersโ€™ complaints = แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€แ‚”แ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€แ€แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€†แ€žแ€œแ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ž แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฌ แ€œแ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”

แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€–แ€šแ€‘แ€แ€แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแŠ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€›

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€• แ€แ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€Ÿแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแŠ แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€… (Min Tin VT)

แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ (แแ‰แ†แ‰ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€€ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š) แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ

แ„ แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€› แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€แ€• แ€แ€œแ€› แ„แ แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แแ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€˜ แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แŽแ€ แ‚”แ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แƒ แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€‘แ€€ แ€• แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ž แ‚”

แ€ฑแ€แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€˜ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธ

แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€•แ€›แ€€แกแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

แƒแ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ‚”แ€•แ€„แ€ธ(แ€œแ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™)แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌ

(แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•)แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€Šแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€•

แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€›แ€Ÿแ€šแ€†แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€งแ€€ แ„แ€แ€แ€ แ€กแ€‘ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แˆ แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ…แ‰

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€… แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ€…แ€ (แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€™ แ€žแ€ฑแ€Œแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†

แ€›แ€žแ€Š) แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€”แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ)

แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ž/แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€€แ€แ€„แ€œแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€†แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€แ‚”แแ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€šแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€แ‚แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ

แ‚แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€…แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…

แแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€…แ€•แ€กแ€‘ แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€กแ€› แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€แ€„แ€•แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ) แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€”แ€šแ€แ€…

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€…แ€ฅ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ‚•แ€แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€žแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธ

แพแ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€€ แ‚แ€แแƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ (case study)

แ„.แ‚ แ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„ (แ‚แ€แแ‚ - แ‚แ€แแ†)

แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ‚แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ‚แ€แแ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€›แ€• (แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Š) แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›

แ†แ€

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…

แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„ (แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…)

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€–แ€ผแ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š ( แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€€ )

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€€แ‚‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€™แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€œแ€™แ€ธ

แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€˜ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€

แ€แ€€แ€€แ€™ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (CCLUM) แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€€ แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€’แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฅแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€

แแ€ฅแ€€แ‚’แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€’-แ€ฅแ€€แ‚’

แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€’-แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€แพแ€€แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แแˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

Military & Defense

President Pyidangs uH luttaw

Investigation Commission

Executive Body Government

Draft NLUP

Vice -Presiden t Vice -President

Chairman of CCLU M

Deputy Chair of CCLUM

Secretariat of CCLUM

Minister of Home

Deputy Minister of

Other line Ministries Regional Chiefs

MoAI

Central Administrative Body of Farmland (CABF )

Central CCVF V

MoECaFAdminister Forest Lands

MNPED DICA Approve FDI for LSLA

Other line ministrie s

GADAuthority for grazing, urban + village lands, religious land, lak e land , revering bank, village communal land

Legislative Body Parliament

CCLU M

Member s

Report to

แ€• แแˆ - แ€šแ€แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ (แ‚แ€แแ - แ‚แ€แแ…)

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€•

แ€‘แ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€ธ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œ แแƒ แ€™ แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€‡แ€”แ€”แ€ฌแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€œ แ‚แ

แ€›แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแˆ แ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€•แ‚”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ†แ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แแ„แ‡แ…แ† แ€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€› แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ… แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€

แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™ แแ† แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€žแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™ แ€•แ€‘แ€™

แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€ž แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ‚•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ

แ€šแ€†แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” Dataset (แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…) แ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€žแ€Ÿแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ

แ แ€™ แ„ แ€กแ€‘แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแแ„ แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแŠ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€€) แ€’แ€แ€šแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ/แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€)แ‹ แ€แ€แ€šแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€•แ‚”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€€แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€‚) แ€…แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

(แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€ƒ)แ‹

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” Dataset

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ/ แ€แ‚•แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€

แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€žแ€Š แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€Ÿแ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แŠ

แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€“แ€€

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€™ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ‚แ€แแ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€ป

แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ‚•แ€€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€”แ€œแ€•

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š (San Thein et al., แ‚แ€แแ‡)แ‹ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ‚”แ€… แ‚แ€„ Diepart แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‡)แ‹ แ€คแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€…แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€ แ€œแฟแ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ปแ€•

แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ„แˆแ‰แƒแ†แ‰ แ€งแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Š

(แ…แ.แ…% แ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€• แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š)แ‹ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€คแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€

แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€€แ€šแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€กแ‚แ€„

แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ (แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ‚ แ‚แ€„ แƒ)แ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ (แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„) แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแแ€ แ€แ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€œแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แˆแ‚แ„แƒแ‡ แ€งแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Š (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแ)แ‹

แ†แ‚

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ - แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…

แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแ - แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€

แ€œแ€€แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„

(แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)แ‹

แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š Dataset แ€กแ€› แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แแƒแ…แ…แ„แ†

แ€งแ€€ = แ‚แ‡.แ‡%) แ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ…แ„แ€แ€แ‚ แ€งแ€€ = แแ.แ %)แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š (แ€• แแ‰ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹

แ€• แแ‰ - แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€• แ‚แ€ - แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š MoALI แ แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

Military(251,865 acres)

51.5%

Ministries

(135,546 acres )

27.7%

Companies(54,002 โ€ฆ

Peace & Development

Council โ€ฆ

CCVFVLM โ€ฆ

Other agencies0.3%

Yangon City Development

Council0.6%

Irrigation Department , 9,279 acres

Industrial Crops Development

Department

,

12,739acres

Commercial Farms of Department of

Agriculture,

16,431acres

Water Resources Utilization

Department , โ€ฆ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€…- แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€…แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ‹

แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

MoALI แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› (แ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ„ แ€แ€€

แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™) แ„แ€แ€แแ‰ แ€งแ€€ แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Š (แ€• แ‚แ€ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ)แ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แˆแ‚แ„แƒแ‡ แ€งแ€€ (แ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธ แแ)แ€‘แ€™ แ€‘แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€€ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€แ€œแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Š (แ„แ‚แ„แแˆ แ€งแ€€)แ€žแ€Š

แ†แƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€€ แฟแ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Š แ„แ‚แ„แแˆ แ€งแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ

แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€‘แ€€ แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€žแ€ฑแ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€แ€€แพแ€€แ€ผแ€œแ‚ˆแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€’แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€œแ€„ แ€คแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€šแ€†แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š ( Buchanan แŠ Kramer แ‚แ€„ Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแƒแ‹ Chao แŠ แ‚แ€แแƒ แ‹ LIOHแŠ แ‚แ€แแ…แ‹ Woods แŠ แ‚แ€แแ…

แ€€)แ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€™แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€›แ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ„.แƒ แ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€› แ€แ€€แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€…แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธโ€ แ€žแ€Š แŽแ€แ‚”แแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ

แ€‡แ€ผแ€”แ€œแŠ แ‰ แ€›แ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€…แ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€€ แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€Ÿแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแพแ€€แ€žแ€Š) แ€€ แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌ แ€‘แ‚”แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€›แ€”

แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ‚แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€แ€˜ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„)

แ€€ แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ž แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€…แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€

แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€œแฟแ€•แ€ธ (แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€žแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€œแ€•แ€‚แขแ€œ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ (แ€™แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ž

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€ž แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ฑแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€€แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแ€›แ€›แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ž

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€

แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€™แ€–แ€šแ€‘แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ‚ˆแ€•แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€›แ€”แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€™แ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚” (FAB)แ‚แ€„

แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€กแ€„แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (DALMS) แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€›แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€šแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แŽแ€แ‚”แ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€ (Boutry et al, แ‚แ€แแ‡)แ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€˜ แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€‘แ€€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€™ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแแ€”แ€šแ€•แ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹

แ†แ„

แ€”แ€‚แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š

แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„แ€แ€›แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€žแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€„แ€แ€ฌแ€—แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš

แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€™แ€žแ€Ÿแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€“แ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€›แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€กแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€”แ€‚แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€•แ€™แ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ž แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”

แ€›แ€Šแ€žแ€”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€œแ€€แ€› แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€” แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€แ€ แ€›แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€” (Moratorium) แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€™แ€ฑแ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€ - แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€ฅแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€แ€™แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ

แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผ แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Š - VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€ฅแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€œแ€€แ€‘

แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€€แ€›/แ€™แ€› แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ/แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›/แ€™แ€› แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•

แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€šแ€แ€„ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ (แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€›/แ€™แ€›แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌ

แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„

แ„แ…

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ€™แ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€†แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แฟแ€‚แ€Ÿแ€แ€™แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€• แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€•แ€›แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€›แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (Remote sensing)แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€คแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„

แ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ€แ€™แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€€

แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚•แ€†แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€‘แ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€œแ€’

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€แ€แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚”แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแŠ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€„

แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€–แ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€แ€šแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€šแ€แ€กแ€แ€”แ€‘ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€…แ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Š - แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€›แ€›แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€

แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€›แ€” แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ‚”แ‚แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€€แ€„แ€–แ€”แ€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€ธ

แ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€‘แ€€

แ€•แ€™แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€™ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€†แ€แ€€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€

แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€‘แ€šแ€†แ€แ€€แ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ แ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€œแ‚Šแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€”

แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€–แ‚แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ

แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€”แ€ฌแ€‚แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€แ‚”แ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แŠ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€–แ€€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„

แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Š - แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ธ/แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€›แ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€Š - แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€€แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€„

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€”แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€•แŠ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€šแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€—แ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€™แ€›แ€˜

แ€™แ€€แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€แ€›แ€›แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ‚•แ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€•แ€™แ€žแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€œแ€šแ€กแ€œแ€แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€›แ€Šแ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ (mid-term vision) แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ฌ

แ€‘แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€ - แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€šแ€†แ€ฑแ€”แ€†แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€€ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€šแ€ฅแ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€™ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€Ÿแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€”

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€™แ€ฌ แ€ค แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแแ€”แ€šแ€•แ€šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€™แ€›แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€šแ€”แ€™แ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ†แ†

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€Šแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ โ€œแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธโ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€กแ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€Š แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€›แ€”

แ€Ÿแแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€ฑแ€แšแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€Šแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แ€กแ€–แ€ผ แ‚”

แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/ แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€Ÿแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€–แ€ผ แ‚” แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ž

แ€žแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ - แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€›

แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€šแ€ฅแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ One

Map แ€€แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€ผแ€€

แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€Šแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€’แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ผแ€”แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€’แ€šแ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€แ€…แ€†แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€žแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€ฅแ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€†แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ/แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€”

แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€Šแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€œแ€€แ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„

แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ - VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แ€€แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€”

แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€ แ€Ÿแ€/แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€Ÿ

แ€œแ€€แ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€กแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ‚ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฌ

แ€แ€ผแ€„ โ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€…แ€€แ€š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ แ€Ÿแ€/แ€™แ€Ÿแ€โ€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•

แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(claims)แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€กแ€แ€”แ€ธ แ… แ แ€•แ€’แ€™ แ„แˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€กแ€€แ€šแ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€žแ€Š แŽแแ€กแ€†แ€ปแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€แ€€แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€•แ€€แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€€แ€”แ€ฌ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ€•แ€šแ€–แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ โ€œ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€žแ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€…แ€ฅแ€†แ€€แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€•แ€€แ€›แ€”โ€ แ€Ÿแ€žแ€Š แ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€Šแ‚‡แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ(Checkes and balances) - แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€›แ€›แ€›แ€” แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€Šแ‚‡แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แŽแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แฟแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€ซแ‹ แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•

แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ/แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€กแ€€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ‚”

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€กแ€œแ€”แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€Šแ‚‡แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„

แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€•แš แŽแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ‚”แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€™แ€Š แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (M&E)แ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€›แ€• แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€แ€…แ€

แ†แ‡

แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ M&E แ€…แ€”แ€…แแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ‚‘แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแพแ€€แ€•แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€”แ€‘แ€„แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€€แ€€

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€ฅแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€ผแ€แ€™แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ

แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแฟแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€žแ€Š

แ€…แ€…แ€™แ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแŠ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ž แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ‚แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€€ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€žแ€Š แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€แ€€แ€กแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„

แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ/ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€†แ€”แ‚”แ€€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ‚‘แ€กแ€œแ€€

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แŠ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’ แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€ปแ€•แ‚’แ€ฌแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ‚แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€žแ€Ÿแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€…แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€กแ€แ€€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ/แ€›แ€•แ€›แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€œแ€‘แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€แ‚”แ แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€แ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธ

แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€…แฅแ€›แ€• แ€แ€…แ€แ€™แ€ฌ โ€œแ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (non-

public forest estate)โ€ แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€ผแ€ฌแ€Ÿแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€

แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซ) แ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€…แ€แ€กแ€•แ€ซแ€กแ€แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€“แ€•แธแ€ฌแ€šแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€แ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌ

แ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€šแ€€แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€šแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ

แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€™แ€แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€šแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™แ€ฌ - แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€™แ€”แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€แ€”แ€–แ€ธแ แ…% - แแ€% แ€€แ‚แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ)

แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€(Moratorium) แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€›แ€•แ€†แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„

แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€žแ€Šแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆ/แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€•แ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ฑแ€…แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€›แ€•แ€ซแ€™แ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€“แ€ฑแ€œแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ

แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€กแ€‘แ€Šแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€›แ€”แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แŠ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ‚แ€„ แ€Šแ‚‡แ‚แ‚ˆแ€„แ€ธแ€–แ€”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ‚แ‚แ€„

แ€กแ€žแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€…แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚”แ€žแ€Šแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€žแ€Š (MRLG แ‚แ€แแ‡)แ‹

แ†แˆ

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ฅแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธ

แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€…แ€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€™แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€™แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€‘แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€แ€แ€€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€

แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ผแ‚” แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€„แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€” แ€กแ€‘แ€ธ

แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š - (แ) แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธ (alternative dispute

resolution) (แ‚) แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แƒ) แ€กแ€™แ€กแ€แ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€“แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธ (แ„) แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€€แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

(แ…) แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€€แ‹ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซ แ€กแ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ

แ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€” แ€œแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€แ€แ€šแ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Š แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ

แ€กแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แŠ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€™แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€‘แ€แ€žแ€

แ€™แ€แ€›แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€œแ€€แ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ‚”แ€™แ€›แ€™แ€Š แ€…แ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€”แ‹

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แก (conflicts of interest)

แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€› - แ€กแ€˜แ€šแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€™แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€†แ€žแ€œแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„

แ€€แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€แ€šแ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€•แ‚—แ€•แ€€แกแ€ฑแ€ปแ€–แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ โ€œแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€‘แ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€กแ€›แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„/

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€›แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆ - adverse possessionโ€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€แ€™แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€‘แ€Šแ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ค

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ž แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€˜ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แพแ€€แ€Šแ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’

แ€กแ€› แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€›แ€šแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€€แ€กแ€Šแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€” แ€ปแ€–แ€…

แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ†แ‰

แ€›แ€Šแ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€แ€›แ‚ˆแ€žแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธALTSEAN (2014) Land confiscation in Burma: a threat to local communities and responsible investment. Bangkok: Altsean.

Antonio, M. E. R. (2015) Land grabbing, isnโ€™t it ? An exploratory field case study in Myanmar to analyze another pattern of

access and control of land.

Boutry, M., Allaverdian, C., Mellac, M., Huard, S., U San Thein, Tin Myo Win and Sone, K. P. (2017) Land Tenure in Rural

Lowland Myanmar: From historical perspectives to contemporary realities in the Dry zone and the Delta. Yangon: GRET.

Buchanan, J., Kramer, T. and Woods, K. (2013) Developing Disparity. Regional Investment in Burmaโ€™s borderlands.

Transnational Institute.

Chao, S. (2013) โ€˜National Updates on Agribusiness Large Scale Land Acquisitions in Southeast Asia Brief. Brief #8

of 8: Union of Burmaโ€™, in Colchester, M., Chao, S., Dalliner, J., Toh, S. M., Kiev, C., Ramirez, I. S. M. A., and Pulhin, J. (eds)

Agribusiness large-scale land acquisitions and human rights in Southeast Asia - Updates from Indonesia, Thailand,

Philippines, Malaysia, Cambodia, Timor-Leste and Burma, pp. 140โ€“157. Available at: http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites

....fpp/files/publication/2013/08/briefing-8-8-burma.pdf.

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Ferguson, J. M. (2014) โ€˜The Scramble for the Waste Lands: Tracking colonial legacies, counterinsurgency and international

investment through the lens of land laws in Burma/Myanmarโ€™, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 35, pp. 295โ€“311.

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LIOH (2015) Destroying Peopleโ€™s Lives: The Impact of Land Grabbing on communities in Myanmar. Land In Our Hands.

Mark, S. (2016) โ€˜Are the Odds of Justice โ€œStackedโ€ Against Them? Challenges and Opportunities for Securing Land Claims by

Smallholder Farmers in Myanmarโ€™, Critical Asian Studies, 48(3), pp. 443โ€“460. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2016.119688

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แ‡แ‚

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ‚แ€…แ€žแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€กแ€œแ€€แ€กแ€แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแˆแˆแ† - แแ‰แ„แˆ แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€€แ€œแ€” แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธ แ€™แ€€แ€‘แ€›แ€…แ€แ€” (MT) แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‡ แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€•แ‚”แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€‡แ€”แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€› แ„แŠ แแ‰แ„แˆ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€› แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅ

แแ‰แ†แ‚ แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€‘ แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€… แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€

แแ‰แ†แ‚ - แแ‰แ‡แ„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…

แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€—แ€™แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ‹ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ‹

แแ‰แ‡แ„ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ (แ€…แ€…แ€แ€• แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š)

แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€—แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€„แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€žแ€ฌแ€™แ€แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€แ€”แ€‘แ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€šแ€šแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แ‡แ„ - แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€… แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€แ€•แ€€แ€„แ€†แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€แ€ซแ€ธแ€•แ€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€–แ€…แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแŠ แ€žแ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€–แ€ผแ‚•แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€„ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แˆแˆ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแŠ แˆ.แˆ.แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€€แ€–แ€€แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€… แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€•แ€แ€œแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ€แ€ซแ€’แ€€ แ€€แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š (swing-door policy)

แแ‰แˆแˆ - แแ‰แ‰แ‡ (แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ)

แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแฟแ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€Š แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…(แ€”แ€แ€)แŠ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แแ‰แ‰แ‡ - แ‚แ€แแ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€แ€™แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€–แ€ผแ‚•แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€… (แ€”แ€กแ€–)แŠ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ

แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€žแ‚”แ€กแ€€แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ‚แ€”แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธ แ‚แ†% (แ‚แ€แแ)แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ€แ… แ€แ‚แ€…แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แƒแ‚% แ€™ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แแ - แ‚แ€แแ† (แ€™แ€แ€œ)

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€žแ€™แผแ€แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€› แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€™แ€”แ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แŠ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แŠ แ€ฑแ€…แ€ธแ€€แ€ผแ€€แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€˜แ‚‘แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€„แ€ผแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚ แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€…แ€ผแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€แ€›แ€”แ€กแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€…แ€”แ€…แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€‚แ€แ€œแ€€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€ผแ€™แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€กแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™ แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€™แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ‚แ€แแ… แŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ แ€กแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ผแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€ผแ€€แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€… แ€กแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€แ€•แ€€ แ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€กแ€žแ€แ€กแ‚แ€„แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€™แ€แ€œแ€กแ€€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€Š NLD แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แแ† แŠ แ€งแฟแ€• NLD แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ‚แ€„ แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ แ€ฑแ€’แšแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แพแ€€แ€Šแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€งแฟแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ‚Šแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‡แƒ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‚ - แ€ฑแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€ แ‚€แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€ปแ€แ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€แ€แ€š แ€กแ€‚แคแ€œแ€•-แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€…

(แแˆแˆแ…)

แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€แ‚”แ‚แ€„แ€กแ€ แ€แ€€แ€•แ€ผแ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€‚แคแ€œแ€•แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€‚แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€‡แ€šแ€แ€แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€ฌแ แ€™แ€†แ€ธแ€™แ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€€แ€”แ€›แ€…แ€แ€ž แ€‡แ€”แ€ธ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€›แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€‚แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€‡แ€ฌ แ€žแ€…แฅแ€ฌแ€›แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€กแ€„แ€•แ€ซแ€šแ€ฌแ แ€—แ€…แ€แ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€˜แ€›แ€„แ€™แ€‘แ€™ แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€€แ€›แ€œแ€ฌแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€’แ€แ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€”แ€žแ€…แฅแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€ž แ€กแ‚แตแ€šแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€žแ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ‚แตแ€šแŠ แ€˜แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€™ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แšแ€€แ€ฌ แ€‘(แ€ฑแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€) แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€›แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แƒแ‚ แ€ฑแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€›แ€„แแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ž แ€›แ€„แ€˜แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€’แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€ แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€™ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แŽแ€€ แ€กแ‚แตแ€šแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แƒแ„ แ‚แ€„แ€˜แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€’แ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€›แ€ฌแ€†แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€„ แ‚€แ€€ แแ€แ€แ€ แ€แ€”แ€€แ€แ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€›แ€แ€…แ€ แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€€ แ€…แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€แ€œแ€”แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€™ แ€’แ€”แ€€แ€„แ€…แ€แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แแ‰แƒแ… แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€แ€„แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แƒแ‡ - แแ‰แƒแˆ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แแˆแ€แ€แ€ แ€แ€”แ€กแ€‘ แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€แ€€แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€€แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‚€แ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€„แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€™แ€Šแ€ธแ€žแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ (แแ‰แƒแ‡ - แƒแˆ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แƒแ„แ‡แแ„ แ€งแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ‚แ€„แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ธแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ…แ„ แ€œแ€ผแ€แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ)แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แแ‰แ‰แ„ แ€…แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ) แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แ€แ„ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€‘แ€™ แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ) แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€šแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แ€แˆ ??? แ€‘แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ) แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€žแ‚” แ€„แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แแ€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€šแ€แ€„แ€€ แ€กแ‚แตแ€šแ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ†แ€แ€แ€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€šแ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€กแ€แ€ซ แ€œแ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€› แ‚แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€กแ€‘ แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ‡แ„

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แƒ - แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€› แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€€แ€แ€™แ€ธ

แ€กแ€แ€”แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€‘แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แแ‰แ€แˆ แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€€แ€œแ€”แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€…แ€ฅแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แฟแ€—แ€แ€žแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ Crown แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แ‚แ€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ‚แ€„ แ€งแ€€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฌแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€’แ€แ€šแ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€…แ€… แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€–แ€€แ€†แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€›แ€šแ€แพแ€€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€‚แ€•แ€”แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€‚แ€•แ€”แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€žแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€™แ€œแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€กแ€žแ€กแ€™แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€’แ€แ€šแ€€แ€™แปแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€กแ€œแ€ผแ€” แ€žแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แ†แ„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€• (แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€œแ€”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…) แ€€ แ€•แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€กแ€‘ แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ‰แˆแˆ - แ‚แ€แแ€ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แฟแ€„แ€™แ€™แ€žแ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€•แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€€แ€œแ€€แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€แ€žแ€Š (แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›/แ€”แ€กแ€–แ€กแ€…แ€ธ แ€›) - แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€‘แ‚”แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€†แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€‘แ€™ แ€กแ€ แ‚•แ€žแ€ฌ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€šแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‚แ€แแ€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ (แ) แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆ แ€€แ€†แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€แ€”แ‚€ แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€œแ€Šแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ แ‚”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€ แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€›แ€€แ€…แ€ผแ€™แ€žแ€•แ€ซ แ€œแ€•แ€•แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€ž แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€€ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แŽแ‚แ€„แ€กแ€€ แ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€ž แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ‡แ…

แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€

แ€แ€„แ€ธ

แ€€แ€™แธแ€/แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€งแ€€

แ

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€˜แ€œแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€…

แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ‚•แ€ฑแ€—แ€ฌแ€“ แ„แแˆแ€แˆ

แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„ แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ

แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ‚แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€กแ€•แ€…

แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€- แ€’แ€ธแ€’แ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€แƒแˆแ€

แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธ Ah Ywe Kwin (แ€กแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ) แแ…แ€แ€

แƒแ€กแ€œแ€•แ€…

แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€™แ€ธแ€€แ€- แ€’แ€ธแ€’แ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ†แ…แ€

แ€“แ‚แ€ปแ€– แ€›แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ

แ„ แ€แ€ซแ€แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แแƒแˆแˆแ€

แ… Service International (SI) แ€กแ€•แ€… แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธ แƒแ€แ€แ€แ€

แ€“แ‚แ€ปแ€–

แ†

แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€แ€ซ

แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แŠ แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€œ

แ€ฑแ€›แพแ€€แ€Š แ€€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธ แƒแƒแ…แ„แ‡

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ธ

แ€€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„

แ‡ แ€…แ€”แ€žแ€›แ€–แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ„แ†แ€

แˆ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแพแ€€แ€šแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„ แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ…แ†แ€แ€

แ‰ แ€žแ€…แ€แ€ผแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ…แ€แ…แ€

แแ€ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€”แ€‚แ€ซแ€ธแ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แแ€แ€แ€

แแ แ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธ - แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€“แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ…แ€แˆแ€

แแ‚ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€žแ€„แ€ธ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€“แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ…แ€แˆแ‚

แแƒ แ€แ€ธแ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€•แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€“แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€ แ„แ‡แ€

แแ„ Golden Green แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€ธ Ye Tar Gyi Gyi Aine แ…แ…แ…แ†

แแ… Klo Sein แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€กแ€‚แคแ€• Klo Sein แ…แˆแ…แˆ

แแ†แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€…แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ‡แ…

แแ‡ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€…แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ธ แ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ€…แ€…แ€•แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แแ€แ€แ€แ€

แแˆ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Š แ€™แ€กแ€•แ€„ แ€ฑแ€Šแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ„แ…แ€

แแ‰Landmark แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€„แ€‚แ€„แ€”แ€šแ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แธแ€

แ€กแ€™แ€™ แ€กแ€™แ€™แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แƒแ‰แ‚แƒ

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ€แƒแƒแ†แ‰

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ„ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„ แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€›แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แแ‰แ‰แ‰แŠ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€แ€ซแ€›แ€œ แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€‡แ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›)

แ‡แ†

แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”

แ€€แ€™แธแ€/แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€งแ€€

แ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€‘แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€…แ‚€แ€€แค (Sin Gyan) แ‚แ€แ€แ€

แ‚แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แฟแ€™แ‚”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€…แ€Šแ€•แ€„แ€žแ€ฌแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (YCDC)

แ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€…แ‚€แ€€แค (Sin Gyan) แแ…แ€แ€

แƒ แ€’แ€‚แ€กแ€„แ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€„แ€”แ€š(แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ) แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€„/แ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แแˆแ€แ€แ€

แ„Golden Ploughแ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€œแ€š แ€šแ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”

แ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€…แ‚€แ€€แค (Sin Gyan) แ‚แ€แˆแ€

แ… Steel Stone แ€กแ€•แ€… แ€แ€€แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€แ€•แ€„ แ…แ€แ€แ€

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แˆแ…แˆแ€

แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธ

แ€€แ€™แธแ€/แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€žแ€Šแ€งแ€€

แ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€˜แ€œแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€… แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€ธ แ€…แ€– แ‚แ‰แ€แ€แ€

แ‚ แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€กแ€•แ€… แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€˜แ€ธแŠ แ€™แ€„แ€ธแ€œ แ€€แ€ธแ€€แ€” แƒแ€แ€แ€แ€

แƒService International (SI)

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€œแ€™แ€แ€€แ€„แ€ซแ€ธแ€–แ€šแŠ แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€”แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ„แ€แ€แ€แ€

แ„ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€… แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ แ€€แ€ธแ€•แ€„ แแ€แ€แ€แ€

แ… แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€žแ€‡แ€„ Syndicate แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€…แ€Š แ‚แ€แ€แ€แ€

แ† แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€„แ€ธ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ/

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€œแ€ฑแ€›แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€•แ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ‡แ€แ€แ€

แ‡ แ€กแ€œแ€•แ€…แ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€†แ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ แ€งแ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€‡ แ…แ€แ€แ€

แˆ แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€…แ€œแ€„แ€ธ แ€แ€˜แ€€แ€” แแ€แ€แ€แ€

แ‰ แ€’แ€‚แ€กแ€„แ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€„แ€”แ€š แ€•แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€– แ€›แ€˜แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แƒแ†แ€แ€แ€

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แแ‰แˆแ„แ€แ€

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€žแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแŠ แแ‰ แ€‡แ€”แ€”แ€แ€ซแ€›แŠ แแ‰แ‰แ‰แ‹

แ‡แ‡

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€งแ€€

แ€กแ€™แ€”แ€แ€€แ€š แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€…แ€€แ‚ แ€›/แ€™แ€› แ€™แ€แ€แ€€

แ€šแ€‡แ€” แ แแ„แ„แ‡แˆแ‡ แแ„แ„แ‡แˆแ‡ แ†แ€ FFB* ton/hr (แ) แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธ CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แŠ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€„แ€…แ€€แ‚ (แ)

แ€กแ€แฐแ€แ€ซแ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แƒแ‡แ‰แ…แ… แแ‰แ‡แ…แ† แ†แ€ FFB ton/hr (แ) แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€แ€”แ€ฌ แ‚แ‰แแ€แ€ แ†แ†แ€แ€ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„แ€šแ€‡แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€

แ€šแ€‡แ€” แ‚ แแƒแˆแ‡แ€แ‡ แ‚แ‰แ‡แƒแ„ แ€˜แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€ธแฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€š

Pokaung แ€•แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ) แ‚แ€แ€แ‚ แ‚แ€แ€แ‚ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› FFB แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€› CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

Pokaung แ€•แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ (แ‚) แ‚แ‡แ…แ…แ€ แแ‚แแ€แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€€แ€›แ€žแ€›แฟแ€™แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€‘แ€ธแ€€แ€”แ€žแ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ‡แ€แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ‚แ€แ‡แ… แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แฟแ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€ แƒแ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€‡แ€€แ€™แธแ€

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ‡แ€แ€แ€แ€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆ แ€™แ€› แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€›แŠ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€›

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€€ แ€—แ€œแ€แ€•แ€™แ€ธแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ(แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ)แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ€’แ€‚แ€žแ€…แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธ แแˆแ†แ€แ แแƒแƒแ‡แˆ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› FFB แ€€ แ€šแ€‡แ€” CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€‡แ€„แ€™แ€ฌ แแ€แ€แ€แ€ แ…แ†แ‰แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› FFB แ€€ แ€šแ€‡แ€” CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€’แ€‚ แแƒแ‚แ„แ… แˆแ†แ„แ† แƒแ€ ton/hr แ€…แ€€แ‚ (แ) แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€€แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€”แ€› แ€žแ€”แ‚”แ€…แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€› (แ) แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฑแ€”แ‚”แ€œแ€„ แแ…แ€ แ€แ€”

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„ แ‡แ‚แ€แ€ แแ…แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€›

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€€แ€ฑแ€™แปแ€ฌแ€‡ แƒแ‰แƒแแ„ แ‡แ‚แ€แ… แ‚ ton/hr แ€…แ€€แ‚ (แ) แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€€แ‚แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ‚แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„ แ‚แƒแ€แˆ แ‚แƒแ€แˆ CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€กแ€„แ€š (แ)

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ซ แแ€แ‚แ€แ€ แแ€แ‚แ€แ€ CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€กแ€„แ€š (แ)

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€žแ€œแ€ผแ€” แแ„แ†แƒ แแ„แƒแˆ

Vintage (แ) แ„แ€แ€ แ„แ€แ€

แ€กแ€แฐแ€แ€ซแ€…แ€ธแ€™แ€ธ แ†แ€แ€แ€ แ†แ€แ€แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› FFB แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€› CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

Steel Stone แƒแ€แ€แ€ แ‚แ€แ†แ‡ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› FFB แ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ€› CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€•แ€’แ€™แผแ€ฌ แแ‚แ€แ€ แƒแ€แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธ

Evergreen แ‡แ€แ€แ€ -

แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€™แ€ธ แ‡แ…แ€ แ‡แ…แ€ FFB แ€€ แ€šแ€‡แ€” CPO แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€กแ€Ÿแ€” แ„แ‰แ†แ€แ€ แ‚แ„แ† แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€–แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€›แ€” DICA แ€‘แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€›แ€แ€•แ€–แ€ผแ‚•แ€แ€•(แ€ฑแ€Ÿแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ)แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธ แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€แ€•แ€™แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€•แ€ซแ€œแ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€›แ€„แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ… - แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌ แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แแ‰แ‰แ… แ€แ‚แ€…แ€™ แ‚แ€แแƒแŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ… แ€กแ€‘ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€แ€…แ€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€œแ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ)

แ‡แˆ

แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Šแ€งแ€€

แ€…แ€€แ‚ แ€›/แ€™แ€›

แ€™แ€แ€แ€€

Arm Strong แแ…แ€แ€ แƒแ‡แ… แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€›

แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€›แฟแ€–แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ€ แ‚แ€แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€›

แ€€แ€™แ€ธแ‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€–แ€ผแ‚•แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ‚แ€แ€แ€ แ‚แ€แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€›

Auto Industrial Group (AIG) แ€กแ€•แ€…

แแƒแƒแ†แ€แ€ แแ€แ€ แ€‘แ€แ€€แ€”แ€™แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Šแ€…แ€”แ€…แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€€แ€›แ€ธแ€šแ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ€™ แแ€แ€% แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ‚‡แ€•แ‚แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Šแ€•แ€œ แ„แ‚แ‚แ€แ€ แƒแ…แ€ แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€› Prestige Plantation แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ซ แ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€›แ€ผแ€€แ€›แ€”แ€…แ€…แ€ฅแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€˜แ€€แ€™ แˆแ€% แ€›แ€šแ€šแ€ฌแ€•แ€„แ€†แ€„แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€†แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ŠแŠ DICA แ€žแ‚” แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€œแ‚Šแ€ฌ แ€แ€„แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแฟแ€–แ€ธแ€‘แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ แ‚แแˆแ‰แ… แƒแ†แƒแ…

Vintage แ‚ แแ…แ‚แ€ แ‡แ‚แ€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€žแ€”แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€”แ€ธ (Thein Khun) แ…แ€แ€ แ„แ€แ… แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แ€…แ€™แ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€” แ…แ„แ€แ€ แแ…แ€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€”แฟแ€•แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

Myanmar Aveior แ‡แ‡แ… แ‡แ‡แ… แ€…แ€€แ‚แ€™แ€›

แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€” แแ…แ€แ€ แแ„แแƒ

CKB แ‚แ€แ€แ€ แแˆแ‡แ†

แ€ฑแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€ แแ€แ‚แ€ แแ€แ‚แ€ แ€•แ€‚แข แ€œแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€…แ€แ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€…แ€ผแ€”แ‚”แ€•แ€…แ€แ€žแ€Š

SI แ„แ‚แ‚แ€แ€ แ„แ€ แ€กแ€ฌแ€–แ€›แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€แ€ž แ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€›แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€”แ€ฌแ€กแ€ปแ€–แ€… แ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€›แ€” DICA แ€žแ‚”แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€žแ€…แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š แ€Ÿ แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€žแ€žแ€šแ€แ€„แ€แ€žแ€Š

Advanced sea-Food (แ€กแ€†แ€„แ€ปแ€™แ€„แ€•แ€„แ€œแ€šแ€…แ€ฌ)

แแ‡แ€แ€แ€ แ„แ…แ€

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€šแ€€แ€™แธแ€ แ‚แ€แ€แ€แ€ -

แ€…แ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€œแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แแ€แ€แ€แ€ -

MEC แ†แ…แƒแ‰ แ†แ…แƒแ‰ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€

แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแพแ€žแ€˜แ€ฌ แแˆแ…แ€แ€ -

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€–แ€ผแ‚”แฟแ€–แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€š

FFB= Fresh fruit bunch ( แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ‚แ€„แ€›แ€”แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธ)

CPO = Crude palm oil extracted from FFB (FFB แ€™แ€‘แ€แ€œแ€•แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€กแพแ€€แ€™แ€ธ)

DICA= Directorate of Investment and Companies Administration (แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆแ‚แ€„แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”)

FDI= Foreign Direct Investment (แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€›แ€€แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ‚แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€•แ‚แ€™แ‚ˆ)

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ - แแ†แ„แˆแ‡แƒแ แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€€แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ - แ‚แ‰แ„แ€แˆแ€ (แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแŠ แ‚แ€แแƒ แ€กแ€‘)

แ‡แ‰

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ† - แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€•แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€› แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€•แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œ)

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™ แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€งแ€€

แ€ฑแ€›แ‚Š/แ€žแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ‡แˆแˆแƒ.แ„แ…

แ€€แฝแ€ผแ€”แ€ธ/แ€žแ€…แ€™แ€ฌ (แ€•แ€‚แขแ€œแ€€แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธ) แ‚แˆแแแ‰แ‰.แ…แƒ

แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌ/แ‚€แ€€/แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ‚แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€›แ€” แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แƒแ‡แ€แ‡แƒแ.แ…แ„

แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ„แ…แˆแ…แˆแ….แ€แ€

แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€›แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€„แ€แ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แƒแ„แˆแ‚แƒแƒ.แ„แ€

แ€€แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ‚ˆ (แ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ) แแ†แˆแแ†แ†แ‡.แ†แ‚

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แƒแแ†แˆแƒแ€แ€.แ…แ„

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ แ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€„แ‚แ‚ˆแ€”แ€ธ แ‡.แ‡แ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แŠ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (MoECAF) แŠ แ€šแ€ แ€žแ€šแ€‡แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€•แ€แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€€แ€„แ€‘แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (MoNREC)

แˆแ€

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‡ - แ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€แ€‘แ€ผแ€„แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€ธแฟแ€•แ€ธแ€…แ€€แ€• แ€ธแ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ (แ‚แ€แแ†แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œ)

แ€แ€„แ€ธ/ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š

LSLA แ€งแ€€

แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„ แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ %

แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌ แ€žแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€…แ€•แ€ซแ€ธ แ€•แ€†แ€‘แ€ผแ€€

แ€žแ€ธแ‚ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™%

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ… แ‰แ†แ‰แ… แ„แ„.แ‚แ‰ แแ‚ แ‡ แ„แ€แ€แƒ แ„แ.แ„แˆ

แ€€แ€แ€„ แแแƒ แ‰แแˆแ…แ€แ‰ แแ€.แ แ…แ…แ…แ‡ แ‚แ‰แ‰ แแ†แ…แ„ แ„.แ‚แ‰

แ€€แ€›แ€„ แ แแ€แแ แ€.แƒแˆ

แ€…แ€…แ€€แ€„แ€ธ แƒแ€ แƒแ„แ‚แแ‰แƒ แ‚.แ… แ‚แƒแ… แƒแ‰แ…แ… แƒแ‰แƒ แ‚แ‰แƒ แƒแแƒแ† แ‚.แƒแ„

แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€› แ„แ‡ แƒแ†แ‰แแ†แ„ แ…แ† แแ‰แ‡แ€แ‚แ‚ แˆแ€แแ† แ‡แ‰แ† แ…แ….แ‡แ…

แ€•แ€แ€ธ แแ„ แแ„แ‚แ‚แ‡ แ„แ„.แ†

แ†แ…แƒ แ‚แ€แ„ แแ‰แแ‚ แแ€แˆแ‚ แ‚แ‡.แ€แ‡

แ€™แ€ฑแ€€แ€ผแ€ธ แแ‰ แˆแˆแ€แƒแ‰ แ…แ‡.แ† แ„แ€ แƒแƒแแ† แ‡แ‰แ„แ… แƒแ…แ†แ แแ†.แˆแˆ

แ€™แ‚แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธ แแ€ แแ‡แ„แ‚แ€ แ‚แ.แ† แ…แ‡แ แ‚แ‚แ‰ แแ†แ‚ แƒแแ† แ‡.แ…แ‰

แ€›แ€”แ€€แ€” แ‰ แแแ‰แแ แˆแƒ.แ† แƒแ‡แ แ‡แ‡แ แƒแ‡แ แแ‚.แ‡

แ€›แ€แ€„ แแ€ แแแ‚แƒแ‰แˆ แแ‚.แ‚ แแƒแ„แ€ แˆแ†แƒแ… แˆ.แˆแ‡

แ€›แ€™แ€ธ แ†แ… แ‚แ€แ‰แ‰แ…แ‚ แ‚แƒ.แ„

แ„แ†แ‚ แƒแ แƒแ€ แ„แ„แ… แ‰แแ€แ† แแ†.แ€แ‚

แ€งแ€›แ€ฌแ€แ€ แ…แ‡ แแ‰แ€แ„แˆแ‚ แ†แ….แ… แ‡แแ†แ† แ…แแ‚แ‰ แแแ…แ‡ แ‡.แ€แ†

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แƒแˆแ€ แ‚แ… แแ‰แ‡แ€แ‚แ‚ แแ…แ„แˆ แ‡แ…แƒแ‡ แˆแ‰แ„แ… แ‰แƒแ‰แ‰ แแ„.แ‡แƒ

แˆแ

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แˆ - แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€™แ€ฌแ€แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€แ€›แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€…แ€ (แ‚แ€แแ€)

Sub โ€“ total : แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€ธ(แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ)แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€•แ€ซ

แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€… - แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€แ€…แ€ฅแ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ‚แ€แแ€แŠ DAP แ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌ

แˆแ‚

แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€†แ€€แ€แ€ผ แ‰ - แ€แ€”แ€žแคแ€ฌแ€›แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€› แ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€†แ€กแ€”แ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€›แ€ฌแ€˜แ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€

แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ€งแ€€ (แ‚แ€แแ‚แŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌแ€œแ€€แ€”แ€…แ€ฌแ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€›)

แ€ก

แ€แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•/แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ/ แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€„แ€€แ€ฌแ€€แ€ผแ€šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€€

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€š แ‚แ†แ‰แ„แˆ แ‚แ†แ‰แ„แ€ แ†แˆแแ†แ†.แ† แˆแแ„แ‡.แ… แ‰แ…แแ€แ†.แ† แƒแ…แ€แˆแ‡.แ…

แฟแ€™แ€ แ‡แ†แˆแ‡แƒ แ‡แ†แˆแ‡แƒ แ…แ…แ†แˆแƒแƒ.แ€ แ‰แแ‰แ„.แ‡ แ†แƒแƒแ‡แ€แ†.แ แˆแ†แ€แ†แ‡.แ‡

แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€„แ€ธ แƒแˆแƒแˆแ‚แ„ แƒแˆแƒแˆแ‚แ„ แแ„แ‚แแˆแ„.แ† แ†แˆแ‡แ†แ‚.แ€ แ…แ‚แ†แ€แ€แˆ.แ† แ„แ…แ‚ แ…แ€แ†.แ€

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ„แˆแ‡แ†แƒแ‡ แ„แˆแ‡แ†แƒแ‡ แ‡แ†แ‡แแˆแ„.แ‚ แˆแ†แแ€แ„.แ‚ แแ‚แ…แ„แˆแ‚แ.แƒ แ…แ‡แƒแ‡แ„แ.แ‚

แˆแƒ

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€กแ€†แ€ธแ€žแ€แ€™แ€แ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ

แ VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ…แ€ แ€งแ€€แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€žแ€Š แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ ( n = แ„แˆแ€แ‚แŠ แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ แ…แ‡ %) แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ

VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ แ‚% (แ‰แ‚แƒแ…แ แ€งแ€€) แ€žแ€ฌแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€กแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซ

แ‚ แ€•แ€‘แ€™ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแŠ แ€…แ€แ€แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€™แ€”แ€กแ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€กแ€ฑแ€แ€ธแŠ แพแ€žแ€‚แ€แ€œ แˆ แ€›แ€€แŠ แ‚แ€แแ‚

แƒ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แ‚แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€ธ(Wasteland) แ€…แ€™แ€แ€”แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€—แ€Ÿแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€ (แแ‰แ‰แ) แ แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€

แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แŠ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแฟแ€„แ€™แ€แ€•แ€•แ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ (แ€”แ€แ€)แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€…แ€€ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€กแ€™แ€ -

แ„แ„/แ‰แแŠ แ‚แ€แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ แแƒ แ€›แ€€แŠ แแ‰แ‰แแ‹ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€šแ€ฌแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€€แ€„แ€แ€ผแ€„แ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€œแ€•แ€‘แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ (แแ‰แ‰แ)

แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€”แ€แ€แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€•แ€„ แ€‘แ€แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€Šแ‚Šแ€”แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€ แ€กแ€™แ€ - แ/แ‰แแŠ แ€’แ€‡แ€„แ€˜แ€ฌ แแ† แ€›แ€€แŠ แแ‰แ‰แแ‹

แ„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€€ แ€”แ€ฌแ€™แ€Šแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแŠ แ€–แ€ผ แ‚”แ€…แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ธแ€ž แ‚”แ€ฑแ€ปแ€•แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€ แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€…แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€Œแ€ฌแ€”(MoAF)แŠ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”(MoAI)แ‚แ€„ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแŠ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ผแ€ธแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€” (MoALI) แ€แ‚”

แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹ MoAF แ€žแ€Š แ€†แ€›แ€šแ€œแ€…แ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ MoAI แ€žแ€Š แ€”แ€แ€/แ€”แ€กแ€– แ€…แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ‚แ€„ MoALI แ€žแ€Š

แ€œแ€€แ€›แ€€แ€ฌแ€œ แ€’แ€™แ€€แ€ฑแ€›แ€…แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€› แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€Šแ€›แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ‚แ€„แ€„แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€€แ€ฌแ€œแ€กแ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„

แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€กแ€™แ€Š แ€€แ€€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„ แ€ฑแ€แšแ€ฑแ€แšแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š

แ… แ‚แ€แแ-แ‚แ€แแ… แ€แ‚แ€… แ€กแ€›แ€•แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€œแ€€แ€‘แ€€แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธ แ‚แ„แ‡แ€แ‡แ‡.แ€แ† แ€งแ€€แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ€Ÿ แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แ แ€™แ€แ€แ€™แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€กแ€› แ€žแ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Šแ‹ แ€คแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€›แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€•แ€ซแ€ธแ€ฑแ€”

แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แแ‰แˆแˆ แ€™แ€แ€„แ€™ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€™แ€•แ€ซแ€แ€„แ€ฑแ€•

แ† แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€†แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ‚Šแ€แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€™แ€›แ€„แแ€กแ€†แ€กแ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ‚แ€„แ€†แ€Šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ€€แ€†แ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€†แ€ธแ‚แ‚ˆแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€แ€„แพแ€€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€(แ€กแ€™แ‚ˆ) แ„แ…แ‚ แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€กแ€”แ€€ แ€†แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„ แ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌ แ‚แƒแƒ แ€™แ‚ˆแ€›แ€€แ€ฌ

แ€…แ€…แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€™แ‚ˆแ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ธแ แ…แ€ % แ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€€ แ€แ€”แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€แ€ฌแ€แ€”แ€›แ€žแ€Š

แ‡ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ‚แ€…แ€›แ€•แ€œแ€ธแ€€ แ€ปแ€•แ€”แ€œแ€Šแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€Š

แˆ แ€ฑแ€€แ€ธแ€œแ€€แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€…แ€•แ€„แ€แ€…แ‚แ€„แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€…แ€™แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€ผแ€แŠ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€œแ€•แ‚แ€„

แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€›แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€งแ€€ แ…แ€ แ€‘แ€€แ€™แ€•แ€˜ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„แฟแ€•แ€ธ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€… แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€”แ€š/แ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ฑแ€’แ€žแ‚€แ€€แ€ธ

แ€กแ€…แ€ธแ€›แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€‘แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€ แ€ปแ€„แ€„แ€ธแ€•แ€šแ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€แ‚แ€„แ€žแ€Š

แ‰ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€žแ€€ แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€ปแ€–แ€„ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€กแ€žแ€ธแ€ปแ€•แ€›แ€” แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธแ€กแ€•แ€žแ€Š แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€แ€€

แแ€ แ€แ‚แ€”แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€†แ€žแ€Šแ€™แ€ฌ แ€…แ€…แ€แ€•แ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€›แ‚€แ€€แ€ธ(แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ)แ‚แ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แŽแ€™แ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€„แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€แ€€แ€›แ€€ แ€†แ€€แ€…แ€•แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€€แ€™แธแ€แ€ปแ€–แ€…แฟแ€•แ€ธ

แ€…แ€ธแ€•แ€ผแ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€œแ€„แ€…แ€„ แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€Ÿแ€ แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ‚แ€„แ€•แ€แ€žแ€€แ แ€กแ€‘แ€ธแ€กแ€แ€ผแ€„แ€กแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€›แ€›แ€žแ€Š

แแ แ€…แ€„แ€…แ€…แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€•แ€™แ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€™แ€Šแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€•แ€™แ€แ€€แ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€€แ€”แ€ธแ€‚แ€แ€”แ€ธแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚” แ€™แ€›แ€›แ‚แ€„แ€แ€žแ€€แ€žแ‚” แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆ

แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€คแ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆแแ€กแ€“แ€€ แ€›แ€Šแ€›แ€ผแ€šแ€แ€€แ€œแ€Šแ€ธ แ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€•แ€ซ

แแ‚ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€แ€ผแ€€แ€แ€€แ€›แ€ฌแ€™ แ€‘แ€ผแ€€แ€ฑแ€•แšแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌแ€›แ€œแ€’แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€”แ€Šแ€ธแ€„แ€šแ€€แ€ผแ€œแ€ผแ€ฑแ€”แ€žแ€ŠแŠ แ€€แฝแ€ผแ‚แ€•แ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ‚€แ€€แ€ธแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™

แ€ฑแ€›แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€แ€šแ€™แ‚ˆแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€€ แ€แ€ผแ€ปแ€แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€แฟแ€•แ€ธ แŽแ€แ‚”แ€€ แ€‘แ€žแ‚”แ€™แ€ปแ€•แ€แแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Š

แแƒ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€แ€กแ€€แ€€ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€™แ€Ÿแ€แ€˜ แฟแ€™ แ‚•แ€”แ€šแ€กแ€œแ€šแ€—แ€Ÿแ€แ€Šแ€แ€Šแ€€แ€žแ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€ปแ€–แ€…แ€žแ€Šแ‹

แ€‘แ€”แ€šแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€แ€ผแ€„ แ€แ€ผแ€„แ€ปแ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€žแ€Š แ€…แ€€แ€™แ‚ˆแ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€†แ€„แ€›แ€ฌแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€•แšแ€› VFV แ€ฑแ€ปแ€™ แ€…แ€… แ€ฑแ€•แ€ซแ€„แ€ธแ€งแ€›แ€šแ€ฌแ‚แ€„ แ€กแ€แ€ธแ€กแ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€žแ€Š

แแ„ แ€คแ€กแ€…แ€›แ€„แ€แ€…แ€ฌแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแแ€กแ€ฑแ€žแ€ธแ€…แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€žแ€ธแ€žแ€•แ€™แ‚ˆแ€€ แ€žแ€›แ€œแ€•แ€ซแ€€ แ€ฅแ€ธแ€…แ€žแ€”แ€ธแŠ แ€ปแ€•แ€Šแ€…แ‚แ€„ Diepart แ‚แ€แแ‡ แ€แ€ผแ€„แพแ€€แ€Šแ€•แ€ซแ‹

แˆแ„

แ€ฑแ€แ€แ€กแ€†แ€€แ€†แ€€ แ€ปแ€™แ€”แ€™แ€ฌแ‚แ€„แ€„แ€› แ€…แ€€แ€•แ€ธแ€ฑแ€ปแ€™แ€žแ€™แ€ธแ€†แ€Šแ€ธแ€ปแ€แ€„แ€ธแ€œแ€•แ€„แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€ฅแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธแ„แ…

แ€กแ€ฑแพแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€ธแ€กแ€›แ€ฌแ€กแ€œแ€€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€”แ€ธแ€…แ€…แ€™แ‚ˆ

Further Information

Mekong Region Land Governance

Unit 11, House No. 262, Ban Saphanthong Kang, Sisattanak District, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR

PO Box 2973, Vientiane Lao PDR 01000

P +856 21 454 807

F +856 21 454 807

[email protected]

Funded by: Implemented by: