i

MINI-RESEARCH

________________________________________________

______________________________

“SERVICE DELIVERY BY JPLG UNDER DECENTTRALIZED

GOVERNANCE IN GAROWE DISTRICT, NUGAL REGION,

PUNTLAND, SOMALIA”

_________________________________________________________________________

__________

BY: BURHAN FARAH MOHAMED

B.SOC.SC./B.D.S

DEPART. DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

AT PUNTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY (P. S.U)

GAROE-CAMPUS, PUNTLAND, SOMALIA

________________________________________________

______________________________

DATE: O5TH, DEC, 2013

ii

ContentsPage

Cover page……………………………………………………………………………...................i

Page of contents………………………………………………………………..............................ii

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….........................1

1.1 Background of the study……………………………………………………………………......................2-31.3 Statement of

Problem………………………………………………………....................3

1.3 Purpose of the study………………………………………………………….................3-4

1.4 Research Objectives ………………………………………………………......................4

1.5 Research questions…………………………………………………………....................4

1.6 Scope of the study…………………………………………………………......................5

1.6.1 Content Scope ………………………………………………………………...................5

iii

1.6.2 Geographical Scope……………………………………………………….......................5

1.6.3 Time Scope…………………………………………………………………...................5

1.6 Significance of the study ………………………………………………….....................5-6

SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………….....................7

2.1. Introduction to Decentralization………….…………………………………………........7

2.2. Decentralized governance.................................................................................................7-8

2.3. Current donors to the JPLG...............................................................................................8

2.4. The specific objectives of the programme of JPLG..........................................................8

2.5. Duration of JPLG.............................................................................................................8

2.6. Geographic scope.............................................................................................................9

2.7. Partnerships for implementation......................................................................................9

iv

2.8. Service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district..................................................................9-12

3.0. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................13

SECTION3: REFERENCES...................................................................................x

v

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This chapter one is all about the background of the study,

statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research

objectives, research questions, scope of the study, and

significance of the study on the Service Delivery by JPLG under

decentralized governance in Garowe District, Puntland, Somalia

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.

Decentralization is the used to refer to the delegation of

authority and managerial responsibility of specific functions to

organizations outside the central government structure. The

organizations and agencies enjoy varying degrees of autonomy”

(Adamolekun: 2002) decentralized governance allows and give a

crucial role to play the prioritization of their needs by the

local citizens in their areas.

Decentralization, or decentralized governance refers to the

restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a

system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at

the central, regional and local levels according to the principle

of subsidiary, thus increasing the overall quality and

effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the

authority and capacities of sub-national levels. Decentralization

could also be expected to contribute to key elements of good

governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for

1

participation in economic, social and political decisions;

assisting in developing people's capacities; and enhancing

government responsiveness, transparency and accountability, (UNDP

working paper, September 1997)

Service delivery by JPLG: The Somali Reconstruction and

Development Programme 2008 –12 (RDP) priority/goal(s) of

deepening peace, improving security and establishing good

governance and investing in people through improved social

services, and specifically to the RDP target outcome of

‘Decentralized service delivery achieved in all of South-Central

Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland. It follows a comprehensive

approach to rendering local governments as credible basic service

providers, and strengthening civic awareness and participation in

decision making. The JPLG covers Outcome 1, sub outcome 1.3 of

the United Nations Somali Assistance Strategy (UNSAS) 2011 -2015

(JPLG report, 2011)

The research of the study is to investigate the overall

objectives of the programmed is that local governance contributes

to peace and equitable priority service delivery by JPLG in

Garowe district. It will be the responsibility of the respective

governments to establish the Regional and District councils in

accordance with their regulatory framework and ensure safety and

security for UN operations in target areas. Then the JPLG will

assist to develop, strengthen and initiate systems for these

local councils to be recognized and legitimate, function

2

professionally, perform effectively, and to be responsive,

representative, participatory, open and accountable to their

citizens and provide services. The JPLG will support the design,

development and implementation of appropriate policies,

institutional and regulatory frameworks that facilitate

participatory, transparent and equitable decentralized delivery

of services and good governance at the local level. It will build

the capacity of districts to engage communities in the planning,

implementation and monitoring of public investment in basic

services in urban and rural areas, and improve delivery of and

access to basic services through public-private partnerships and

relevant institutional frameworks.

The research of the study is to emphasis how will be on

ensuring people are provided with opportunities to participate in

the local level public expenditure management processes such as

district planning, prioritizing, monitoring and holding local

authorities accountable; as well as to engage in the

implementation of projects directly benefiting them. Consensus

building, conflict resolution techniques and gender

considerations will be important themes built into the policies

and systems alike. A seminal piece of the JPLG is the development

and implementation of a local development fund.

The research of the study shows that the last year of the

first phase of the UN Joint Programme on Local Governance (JPLG),

the programme continued to work towards the strengthening of

3

local governance and the enhancement of decentralized services in

Puntland regions especially in selected areas such as in Garowe

district as well as the entire Nugal region. This happened

through coordinated work, among central and local governments,

the five UN partner Agencies, a range of implementing partners,

other development partners, the private sector and communities

across Puntland State of Somalia with the support of its donors,

the Joint Programme worked within eight programmatic areas,

namely policy formulation for Decentralization, Land Management,

Municipal Finance, Local Economic Development, Service Delivery,

Social Accountability, Planning and Budgeting and Fiscal

Transfers. Throughout the JPLG strong emphasis will be placed on

equity and participation of marginalized groups, human rights,

and decentralized or good governance principles of transparency,

accountability and participation.

1.2 STATEMENT PROBLEM

The service delivery by JPLG was to take place directly but,

because the problems of insecurity by gave the provision services

to local NGOs or local expertise, this situation leads to service

delivery by JPLG to under decentralized governance. The service

delivery by JPLG under decentralized local governance in Garowe

district not target in rural areas in the district and remote

villages in Garowe district are generally fair and poor in rural

areas. A limited number of stakeholders including public and

private sectors and local and international bodies are involved

4

in the service provision within the district. The current there

is limited services among others includes; health services,

education services, electricity supply, water and sanitation, and

transport infrastructure and community centers but in all above

services some of them not delivered as a possible due to

corruption and limited funds on local projects by JPLG and lack

of decentralized governance in Garowe district. Also the research

of this study investigate the service delivery by JPLG under

decentralized governance how be effective and efficient in Garowe

district.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The intent of this study is to investigate the service

delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in Garowe

district. Also the general purpose of this research study is to

examine the decentralized governance and service delivery by JPLG

in Garowe district. The general purpose of this study is to show

the service delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in

Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia. The general purpose of

service delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance was to

develop and maintenance the community services in terms of

health, education, sanitation, infrastructure, and to promote

peace and harmony at Garowe district, Punt land, Somalia (JPLG

report, 2010).

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To find out the profile of the respondents in terms of :

5

Age

Gender

Education level

Marital status

2. To find out the relationship between the decentralized

governance and service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district,

Puntland, Somalia.

3. To examine the significance between of decentralized

governance and service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district,

Puntland, Somalia.

4. To establish the role of decentralized governance and service

delivery by JPLG in Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research question is pointed as the following questions:

1. How does to determine the profile of the respondents in

terms of :

Age?

Gender?

Education level?

Marital status?

2. How does to investigate the relationship between the

decentralized governance and service delivery by JPLG in

Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia?

3. How does to determine the significance of service deliveries

by JPLG to decentralization governance in Garowe district,

Puntland, Somalia?

6

4. How does to examine the affect of service delivery by JPLG to

decentralization governance in Garowe district, Puntland,

Somalia?

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The Scope of study is boundaries of the research in terms of

contents (variable of the study), geographical area, and time

scope of the study of the service delivery by JPLG under

decentralized governance in Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia

1..1 Content Scope

The research of this study emphasized on the affects of service

delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in Garowe

district.

1..2 Geographical Scope

The study covered the Garowe district, Nugal region, Punland

,Somalia. Garowe is the capital city of puntland and shares its

borders with Eyl district in the East; Dangoranyo district in the

Northeast; Bocame district in the West, Taleex district in the

north and Burtinle district in the South. Garowe district is one

of the four districts in Nugal region in Puntland State of

Somalia. The district consists of about thirty one villages.

7

Garowe city is the administrative and the most important town in

the district.

1..3 Time Scope

This study enclosed service delivery by JPLG under

decentralized local governance in Garowe district have taken to

analysis for last two decades, since the central government of

Somalia was collapsed which caused by prolonged civil wars, and

armed conflicts, but this study has taken for us three (3) weeks

to prepare for this study of service delivery by JPLG under

decentralized local governance at Garowe district.

1.7 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study may be very crucial to many different kinds of

local people and organizations in many different ways as

mentioned in the following bellows;

a. To local leaders in the district; the findings of the study

may help in illustrating an analysis in variety significance

of services delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in

Garowe district as well as the entire Nugal region.

b. To the humanitarian organizations and the local

administrations; the findings of this study may examine and

evaluate the area of service delivery by JPLG under

decentralized governance in local people of the district.

c. To the policy makers; the findings of this study may help in

illustrating suitable measures of dealing with how service

8

delivered by JPLG under decentralized governance, and with how

services delivered by JPLG is implemented in different

villages/towns under the Garowe district.

d. To the policy implementers; the findings of the study may

bring in new comprehension on the challenges concerned in

trying to solve the problems that variety exist in the

district as well as the region and how to close these problems

exist in Garowe district, Nugal region, Puntland, Somalia.

e. To the researchers: the findings of this study may help the

researchers (students) in acquiring practical research skills,

and to easy a final academic project preparation and also to

serves in acquiring a partial requirements for the award of a

Bachelor‘s Degree in Public administration and Development

studies of Puntland State University (PSU).

9

CHAPTER TWO: LITURATURE REVIEW

Introduction of Decentralization

Decentralization is one of the most important reforms of the

past generation, both in terms of the number of countries

affected and the potentially deep implications for the nature and

quality of governance. A decade ago, estimates of the number of

decentralization experiments ranged from 80 percent of the

world’s countries to effectively all of them (Manor 1999). Since

then, further reforms have been announced in countries as diverse

as Bolivia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, France, Indonesia, Japan, Peru,

South Africa, South Korea, Uganda, the UK, and many others. The

trend encompasses all of the world’s regions, and includes

nations rich and poor, large and small, and with very different

colonial histories. In short, decentralization is being

implemented essentially everywhere (Manor 1999).

The importance of reform goes well beyond the sheer number

of experiments under way. At least in their intention, many

decentralizations aim to reconstitute government – from a

hierarchical, bureaucratic mechanism of top-down management, to a

system of nested self-governments characterized by participation

and cooperation, where transparency is high and accountability to

the governed acts as a binding constraint on public servants’

10

behavior. In pursuit of this, the scope of authority and

resources that many countries have devolved to their sub-national

governments is impressive. According to Campbell (2001, p. 2), in

Latin America “local governments began spending ten to 50 percent

of central government revenues.” Campbell calls this “the quiet

revolution”, and argues that it has generated a new model of

governance based on innovative, capable leadership, high popular

participation, and a new implicit contract governing local

taxation. Rodden (2006, pp. 1-2) makes a similar point: other

than transitions to democracy, decentralization and the spread of

federalism are perhaps the most important trends in governance

around the world over the last 50 years.”

Decentralization, or decentralizing governance, refers to

the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is

a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance

at the central, regional and local levels according to the

principle of subsidiary, thus increasing the overall quality and

effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the

authority and capacities of sub-national levels. Decentralization

could also be expected to contribute to key elements of good

governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for

participation in economic, social and political decisions;

assisting in developing people's capacities; and enhancing

government responsiveness, transparency and accountability ( UNDP

working paper, September 1997) .

11

While decentralization or decentralized governance should

not be seen as an end in itself, it can be a means for creating

more open, responsive, and effective local government and for

enhancing representational systems of community-level decision

making. By allowing local communities and regional entities to

manage their own affairs, and through facilitating closer contact

between central and local authorities, effective systems of local

governance enable responses to people's needs and priorities to

be heard, thereby ensuring that government interventions meet a

variety of social needs. The implementation of sustainable human

development (SHD) strategies is therefore increasing g to require

decentralized, local, participatory processes to identify and

address priority objectives for poverty reduction, employment

creation, gender equity, and environmental regeneration.

Decentralized governance, from the center to regions,

districts, local governments/authorities and local communities,

can be an effective means of achieving critical objectives of the

sustainable human development (SHD) vision - improved access to

services and employment, increased people participation in

decisions affecting their lives, and enhanced government

responsiveness (UNDP, September 1997, p. 1)

Although experience suggests that decentralization in itself

is no guarantee of good governance, many believe that

decentralizing governance, from the center to regions, districts,

12

local governments/authorities and local communities is more

conducive to good governance. If this is the case, decentralizing

governance could be an effective means of achieving critical

objectives of the sustainable human development vision -

improving access to services, credit, employment, health, and

education, eradicating poverty, achieving greater socio-economic

equity, especially between men and women and safeguarding the

environment. UNDP uses the term ‘decentralizing governance’ as it

firmly believes that decentralization of the public sector, in

itself, will not be effective unless support is also provided to

strengthen local governance, involving the public, private and

civil sectors. And, in turn, the achievement of good governance

at the local level is also not possible without the transfer of

responsibilities, and capacities through decentralization. The

term "decentralized governance" defines the systematic and

harmonious interrelationship resulting from the balancing of

power and responsibilities between central governments and other

levels of government and non-governmental actors, and the

capacity of local bodies to carry out their decentralized

responsibilities using participatory mechanisms (UNDP, April

1998, p. 6)

Current donors to the JPLG

EC, DFID, SIDA (Sweden), USAID, Italy, Norway, Denmark, UNDP and

UNCDF (JPLG report, 2010)

The specific objectives of the programme of JPLG are:

13

Communities have access to basic services through local

government, and

Local governments are accountable and transparent.

Throughout the JPLG strong emphasis will be placed on equity and

participation of marginalized groups, human rights, and good

governance principles of transparency, accountability and

participation.

Duration:

5 years in 2 phases 2008-2010 (UNTP) and 2010-2012 with the

project document being officially signed in April 2008.

Geographic scope

A national programme and eventually all Regions/98 Districts

of Somalia and starting with a small number in 2009 to pilot

methodology.

Separate and integrated Annual Work Plans and budgets for

Somaliland, Puntland and South Central. (JPLG Report, 2010)

Partnerships for implementation

A joint programme of 5 UN partners – UNDP, UNICEF, UN

Habitat, ILO and UNCDF who are committed to work together and

with and for national stakeholders, local governments,

communities for maximum capacity development impact. The joint

14

programme pass through mechanism is the stated financing

arrangement for this joint programme (JPLG Report, 2010) .

Principles of JPLG

Participation, accountability, transparency and capacity

development

Service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia:

Service delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in

Garowe district, as following services, New construction of

SULDAN SAID Gravel Road (700m) in Garowe town, Rehabilitation of

YOMBEYS Primary School in Garowe district, New construction of

HODAN garbage collection point in Garowe town, New construction

of WADAJIR Gravel Road (2700m) in Garowe town, Construction of

Eng. Khalid Tarmac road just named Shiekh Abdulkadir Nour Farah

Tarmac road in Garowe district (JPLG Report,2013), and many

others that shows the tables below.

This table shows service delivery by JPLG phase (I) in Garowe

district

UN Joint Programme on Local Governance and Decentralized Service

Delivery (JPLG) phase (I) in Garowe district Nugal Region,

Puntland,Somalia

Region Distr Villa

ge

Code Descript

ion

Sector Sign Contrac

tor

Amoun

t

Paid

Amou

nt

Prog

. %

NUGAL GAROWE Wadaj

ir

PL/NUG/GAR/

WAD/10/001

Garbage

Collecti

Sanitati 24-

Apr-

Al

Najah

4,875   60%

15

on Point on 2010 Company .30

NUGAL GAROWE Waber

i

PL/NUG/GAR/

WAB/10/002

Garbage

Collecti

on Point

Sanitati

on

24-

Apr-

2010

Gedeste

Company

4,709

.72

  50%

NUGAL GAROWE Hodan PL/NUG/GAR/

HOD/10/003

Communit

y center

infrastr

ucture

24-

Apr-

2010

Ayaanle

Company

12,55

7.00

  40%

NUGAL GAROWE Kalab

ayr

PL/NUG/GAR/

KAL/10/004

Communit

y Market

Place

Infrastr

ucture

24-

Apr-

2010

Ayaanle

Company

10,11

9.30

  5%

NUGAL GAROWE Reeba

nti

PL/NUG/GAR/

REB/10/005

Health

Post

Health 24-

Apr-

2010

Geomate

c

Company

14,36

8.29

  0%

NUGAL GAROWE Uun PL/NUG/GAR/

UUN/10/006

Health

Post

Health 24-

Apr-

2010

Gedeste

Company

15,34

2.59

  6%

NUGAL GAROWE Barwa

qo

PL/NUG/GAR/

BAR/10/007

Water

Hand

Pump

Well

Water 24-

Apr-

2010

Geomate

c

Company

3,160

.28

  0%

(Source: www.JPLG.org)

This table shows service delivery by JPLG phase (II) in Garowe

district

UN Joint Programme on Local Governance and Decentralized Service

Delivery (JPLG) phase (II) in Garowe district Nugal Region,

Puntland,Somalia.

Region Distr

ict

Vil

lag

e

Descrip

tion

Sector Benefi

ciarie

s

Sign

ed

On

Contr

actor

Amoun

t

Paid

Amoun

t

Prog.

%

NUGAL GAROW

E

Wad

aji

r

Garbage

Collect

ion

Sanitati

on

13,250 24-

Apr-

Al

Najah

Compa

4,875

.30

100%

16

Point 2010 ny

NUGAL GAROW

E

Wab

eri

Garbage

Collect

ion

Point

Sanitati

on

15,600 24-

Apr-

2010

Gedes

te

Compa

ny

4,709

.72

100%

NUGAL GAROW

E

Hod

an

Communi

ty

center

Infrastr

ucture

17,000 24-

Apr-

2010

Ayaan

le

Compa

ny

12,55

7.00

5,022

.08

100%

NUGAL GAROW

E

Kal

aba

yr

Communi

ty

Market

Place

Infrastr

ucture

5,700 24-

Apr-

2010

Ayaan

le

Compa

ny

10,11

9.30

100%

NUGAL GAROW

E

Ree

ban

ti

Health

Post

Health 1,660 24-

Apr-

2010

Geoma

tec

Compa

ny

14,36

8.29

20%

NUGAL GAROW

E

Uun Health

Post

Health 780 24-

Apr-

2010

Gedes

te

Compa

ny

15,34

2.59

100%

NUGAL GAROW

E

Bar

waq

o

Water

Hand

Pump

Well

Water 4,689 24-

Apr-

2010

Geoma

tec

Compa

ny

3,160

.28

0%

(Source: www.JPLG.org)

UN-Habitat and MoWDAFA, in partnership with UNDP, have

agreed on the final joint proposal for the construction and

implementation of a Women’s Resource Centre in Garowe, Puntland

State of Somalia, hosted by MoWDAFA. This multipurpose centre

aims at gathering and analyzing data on gender issues in Somalia

17

and worldwide; including GVB for research purposes as well as for

women empowerment and advocacy activities. The Centre is

envisaged as an extension of MoWDAFA’s institutional work and

mandate in Puntland. As a MoWDAFA initiative, the Women’s

Resource Centre will fulfill several long-pending needs and

provide support for incorporating gender equality in overall

development process and plans of the Puntland State of Somalia

(Report 2011).

The pilot project “Development of road network development

plan and road demarcation for Garowe”, that was initiated during

2011, completed its first phase (I): The planning of the road

network development plan for Garowe. The concept proposal was

presented and approved by the District Council and the first new

routes have been physically opened in ‘Area 2’. The road network

development plan proposes a phased planning and implementation in

3 phases up to the year 2035, covering all areas of predicted

town expansion. The current phase will implement the extension

and the connection of the existing by-pass road to the main

national road, to allow development and access to the southern

part of Garowe. In the coming months UN-Habitat will technically

assist the Planning Department to prepare drawings and road

designs, and to conduct a local tender for the implementation of

demarcation beacons along the newly opened routes. This project

is a low-cost input with high potential long-term impact and

functional output in terms of town planning and road improvement

18

investments by JPLG and other partners in Garowe district (JPLG

Report, 2011).

A road construction project from the 2010 DBF has been

completed and turned over to the Bosasso District Council. The

remaining projects: the gravel roads in Bosasso and tree

plantation in Garowe district have reached more than 60% and 65%

respectively of the scheduled works (JPLG Report, 2010).

The Council of Garowe commenced works on medium-term urban

road planning which will assist in directing road investments in

more strategic manner instead of current ad hoc decision on

individual roads. Construction of office facilities and equipment

support progressed with MoLSA Somaliland and the Galkayo Council

in Puntland. Planning and design commenced regarding the Garowe

District Revenue Office facility, Women’s Resource Centre with

MoWDAFA in Puntland at Garowe district.

JPLG continues to administer payments for 21 District Basket

Fund projects which are still operational, with 15 of those 21 in

the retention period pending final approval and payment. In

Puntland, two projects from 2010 District Basket Fund are still

ongoing in Garowe. These projects include tree planting in Garowe

and gravel roads rehabilitation in Bossaso. More than 60% of the

scheduled work has been completed on the road, while 65% of the

Garowe tree planting has been done (JPLG report, 2011)

19

CONCLUSION

Decentralization, or decentralized governance refers to the

restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a

system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at

the central, regional and local levels according to the principle

of subsidiary, thus increasing the overall quality and

effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the

authority and capacities of sub-national levels. Decentralization

could also be expected to contribute to key elements of good

governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for

participation in economic, social services and political

decisions; assisting in developing people's capacities; and

enhancing government responsiveness, transparency and

accountability.

The overall objective of the programme of JPLG is that local

governance contributes to peace and equitable priority service

delivery by JPLG in Garowe district.

In the last year of the first phase of the UN Joint Programme on

Local Governance (JPLG), the programme continued to work towards

the strengthening of local governance and the enhancement of

decentralized services in Puntland regions especially in selected

areas such as in Garowe district as well as the entire Nugal

region.

20

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Y