MINI-RESEARCH
________________________________________________
______________________________
“SERVICE DELIVERY BY JPLG UNDER DECENTTRALIZED
GOVERNANCE IN GAROWE DISTRICT, NUGAL REGION,
PUNTLAND, SOMALIA”
_________________________________________________________________________
__________
BY: BURHAN FARAH MOHAMED
B.SOC.SC./B.D.S
DEPART. DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
AT PUNTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY (P. S.U)
GAROE-CAMPUS, PUNTLAND, SOMALIA
________________________________________________
______________________________
DATE: O5TH, DEC, 2013
ii
ContentsPage
Cover page……………………………………………………………………………...................i
Page of contents………………………………………………………………..............................ii
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….........................1
1.1 Background of the study……………………………………………………………………......................2-31.3 Statement of
Problem………………………………………………………....................3
1.3 Purpose of the study………………………………………………………….................3-4
1.4 Research Objectives ………………………………………………………......................4
1.5 Research questions…………………………………………………………....................4
1.6 Scope of the study…………………………………………………………......................5
1.6.1 Content Scope ………………………………………………………………...................5
iii
1.6.2 Geographical Scope……………………………………………………….......................5
1.6.3 Time Scope…………………………………………………………………...................5
1.6 Significance of the study ………………………………………………….....................5-6
SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………….....................7
2.1. Introduction to Decentralization………….…………………………………………........7
2.2. Decentralized governance.................................................................................................7-8
2.3. Current donors to the JPLG...............................................................................................8
2.4. The specific objectives of the programme of JPLG..........................................................8
2.5. Duration of JPLG.............................................................................................................8
2.6. Geographic scope.............................................................................................................9
2.7. Partnerships for implementation......................................................................................9
iv
2.8. Service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district..................................................................9-12
3.0. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................13
SECTION3: REFERENCES...................................................................................x
v
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter one is all about the background of the study,
statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research
objectives, research questions, scope of the study, and
significance of the study on the Service Delivery by JPLG under
decentralized governance in Garowe District, Puntland, Somalia
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY.
Decentralization is the used to refer to the delegation of
authority and managerial responsibility of specific functions to
organizations outside the central government structure. The
organizations and agencies enjoy varying degrees of autonomy”
(Adamolekun: 2002) decentralized governance allows and give a
crucial role to play the prioritization of their needs by the
local citizens in their areas.
Decentralization, or decentralized governance refers to the
restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a
system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at
the central, regional and local levels according to the principle
of subsidiary, thus increasing the overall quality and
effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the
authority and capacities of sub-national levels. Decentralization
could also be expected to contribute to key elements of good
governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for
1
participation in economic, social and political decisions;
assisting in developing people's capacities; and enhancing
government responsiveness, transparency and accountability, (UNDP
working paper, September 1997)
Service delivery by JPLG: The Somali Reconstruction and
Development Programme 2008 –12 (RDP) priority/goal(s) of
deepening peace, improving security and establishing good
governance and investing in people through improved social
services, and specifically to the RDP target outcome of
‘Decentralized service delivery achieved in all of South-Central
Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland. It follows a comprehensive
approach to rendering local governments as credible basic service
providers, and strengthening civic awareness and participation in
decision making. The JPLG covers Outcome 1, sub outcome 1.3 of
the United Nations Somali Assistance Strategy (UNSAS) 2011 -2015
(JPLG report, 2011)
The research of the study is to investigate the overall
objectives of the programmed is that local governance contributes
to peace and equitable priority service delivery by JPLG in
Garowe district. It will be the responsibility of the respective
governments to establish the Regional and District councils in
accordance with their regulatory framework and ensure safety and
security for UN operations in target areas. Then the JPLG will
assist to develop, strengthen and initiate systems for these
local councils to be recognized and legitimate, function
2
professionally, perform effectively, and to be responsive,
representative, participatory, open and accountable to their
citizens and provide services. The JPLG will support the design,
development and implementation of appropriate policies,
institutional and regulatory frameworks that facilitate
participatory, transparent and equitable decentralized delivery
of services and good governance at the local level. It will build
the capacity of districts to engage communities in the planning,
implementation and monitoring of public investment in basic
services in urban and rural areas, and improve delivery of and
access to basic services through public-private partnerships and
relevant institutional frameworks.
The research of the study is to emphasis how will be on
ensuring people are provided with opportunities to participate in
the local level public expenditure management processes such as
district planning, prioritizing, monitoring and holding local
authorities accountable; as well as to engage in the
implementation of projects directly benefiting them. Consensus
building, conflict resolution techniques and gender
considerations will be important themes built into the policies
and systems alike. A seminal piece of the JPLG is the development
and implementation of a local development fund.
The research of the study shows that the last year of the
first phase of the UN Joint Programme on Local Governance (JPLG),
the programme continued to work towards the strengthening of
3
local governance and the enhancement of decentralized services in
Puntland regions especially in selected areas such as in Garowe
district as well as the entire Nugal region. This happened
through coordinated work, among central and local governments,
the five UN partner Agencies, a range of implementing partners,
other development partners, the private sector and communities
across Puntland State of Somalia with the support of its donors,
the Joint Programme worked within eight programmatic areas,
namely policy formulation for Decentralization, Land Management,
Municipal Finance, Local Economic Development, Service Delivery,
Social Accountability, Planning and Budgeting and Fiscal
Transfers. Throughout the JPLG strong emphasis will be placed on
equity and participation of marginalized groups, human rights,
and decentralized or good governance principles of transparency,
accountability and participation.
1.2 STATEMENT PROBLEM
The service delivery by JPLG was to take place directly but,
because the problems of insecurity by gave the provision services
to local NGOs or local expertise, this situation leads to service
delivery by JPLG to under decentralized governance. The service
delivery by JPLG under decentralized local governance in Garowe
district not target in rural areas in the district and remote
villages in Garowe district are generally fair and poor in rural
areas. A limited number of stakeholders including public and
private sectors and local and international bodies are involved
4
in the service provision within the district. The current there
is limited services among others includes; health services,
education services, electricity supply, water and sanitation, and
transport infrastructure and community centers but in all above
services some of them not delivered as a possible due to
corruption and limited funds on local projects by JPLG and lack
of decentralized governance in Garowe district. Also the research
of this study investigate the service delivery by JPLG under
decentralized governance how be effective and efficient in Garowe
district.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The intent of this study is to investigate the service
delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in Garowe
district. Also the general purpose of this research study is to
examine the decentralized governance and service delivery by JPLG
in Garowe district. The general purpose of this study is to show
the service delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in
Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia. The general purpose of
service delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance was to
develop and maintenance the community services in terms of
health, education, sanitation, infrastructure, and to promote
peace and harmony at Garowe district, Punt land, Somalia (JPLG
report, 2010).
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To find out the profile of the respondents in terms of :
5
Age
Gender
Education level
Marital status
2. To find out the relationship between the decentralized
governance and service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district,
Puntland, Somalia.
3. To examine the significance between of decentralized
governance and service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district,
Puntland, Somalia.
4. To establish the role of decentralized governance and service
delivery by JPLG in Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research question is pointed as the following questions:
1. How does to determine the profile of the respondents in
terms of :
Age?
Gender?
Education level?
Marital status?
2. How does to investigate the relationship between the
decentralized governance and service delivery by JPLG in
Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia?
3. How does to determine the significance of service deliveries
by JPLG to decentralization governance in Garowe district,
Puntland, Somalia?
6
4. How does to examine the affect of service delivery by JPLG to
decentralization governance in Garowe district, Puntland,
Somalia?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The Scope of study is boundaries of the research in terms of
contents (variable of the study), geographical area, and time
scope of the study of the service delivery by JPLG under
decentralized governance in Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia
1..1 Content Scope
The research of this study emphasized on the affects of service
delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in Garowe
district.
1..2 Geographical Scope
The study covered the Garowe district, Nugal region, Punland
,Somalia. Garowe is the capital city of puntland and shares its
borders with Eyl district in the East; Dangoranyo district in the
Northeast; Bocame district in the West, Taleex district in the
north and Burtinle district in the South. Garowe district is one
of the four districts in Nugal region in Puntland State of
Somalia. The district consists of about thirty one villages.
7
Garowe city is the administrative and the most important town in
the district.
1..3 Time Scope
This study enclosed service delivery by JPLG under
decentralized local governance in Garowe district have taken to
analysis for last two decades, since the central government of
Somalia was collapsed which caused by prolonged civil wars, and
armed conflicts, but this study has taken for us three (3) weeks
to prepare for this study of service delivery by JPLG under
decentralized local governance at Garowe district.
1.7 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study may be very crucial to many different kinds of
local people and organizations in many different ways as
mentioned in the following bellows;
a. To local leaders in the district; the findings of the study
may help in illustrating an analysis in variety significance
of services delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in
Garowe district as well as the entire Nugal region.
b. To the humanitarian organizations and the local
administrations; the findings of this study may examine and
evaluate the area of service delivery by JPLG under
decentralized governance in local people of the district.
c. To the policy makers; the findings of this study may help in
illustrating suitable measures of dealing with how service
8
delivered by JPLG under decentralized governance, and with how
services delivered by JPLG is implemented in different
villages/towns under the Garowe district.
d. To the policy implementers; the findings of the study may
bring in new comprehension on the challenges concerned in
trying to solve the problems that variety exist in the
district as well as the region and how to close these problems
exist in Garowe district, Nugal region, Puntland, Somalia.
e. To the researchers: the findings of this study may help the
researchers (students) in acquiring practical research skills,
and to easy a final academic project preparation and also to
serves in acquiring a partial requirements for the award of a
Bachelor‘s Degree in Public administration and Development
studies of Puntland State University (PSU).
9
CHAPTER TWO: LITURATURE REVIEW
Introduction of Decentralization
Decentralization is one of the most important reforms of the
past generation, both in terms of the number of countries
affected and the potentially deep implications for the nature and
quality of governance. A decade ago, estimates of the number of
decentralization experiments ranged from 80 percent of the
world’s countries to effectively all of them (Manor 1999). Since
then, further reforms have been announced in countries as diverse
as Bolivia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, France, Indonesia, Japan, Peru,
South Africa, South Korea, Uganda, the UK, and many others. The
trend encompasses all of the world’s regions, and includes
nations rich and poor, large and small, and with very different
colonial histories. In short, decentralization is being
implemented essentially everywhere (Manor 1999).
The importance of reform goes well beyond the sheer number
of experiments under way. At least in their intention, many
decentralizations aim to reconstitute government – from a
hierarchical, bureaucratic mechanism of top-down management, to a
system of nested self-governments characterized by participation
and cooperation, where transparency is high and accountability to
the governed acts as a binding constraint on public servants’
10
behavior. In pursuit of this, the scope of authority and
resources that many countries have devolved to their sub-national
governments is impressive. According to Campbell (2001, p. 2), in
Latin America “local governments began spending ten to 50 percent
of central government revenues.” Campbell calls this “the quiet
revolution”, and argues that it has generated a new model of
governance based on innovative, capable leadership, high popular
participation, and a new implicit contract governing local
taxation. Rodden (2006, pp. 1-2) makes a similar point: other
than transitions to democracy, decentralization and the spread of
federalism are perhaps the most important trends in governance
around the world over the last 50 years.”
Decentralization, or decentralizing governance, refers to
the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is
a system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance
at the central, regional and local levels according to the
principle of subsidiary, thus increasing the overall quality and
effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the
authority and capacities of sub-national levels. Decentralization
could also be expected to contribute to key elements of good
governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for
participation in economic, social and political decisions;
assisting in developing people's capacities; and enhancing
government responsiveness, transparency and accountability ( UNDP
working paper, September 1997) .
11
While decentralization or decentralized governance should
not be seen as an end in itself, it can be a means for creating
more open, responsive, and effective local government and for
enhancing representational systems of community-level decision
making. By allowing local communities and regional entities to
manage their own affairs, and through facilitating closer contact
between central and local authorities, effective systems of local
governance enable responses to people's needs and priorities to
be heard, thereby ensuring that government interventions meet a
variety of social needs. The implementation of sustainable human
development (SHD) strategies is therefore increasing g to require
decentralized, local, participatory processes to identify and
address priority objectives for poverty reduction, employment
creation, gender equity, and environmental regeneration.
Decentralized governance, from the center to regions,
districts, local governments/authorities and local communities,
can be an effective means of achieving critical objectives of the
sustainable human development (SHD) vision - improved access to
services and employment, increased people participation in
decisions affecting their lives, and enhanced government
responsiveness (UNDP, September 1997, p. 1)
Although experience suggests that decentralization in itself
is no guarantee of good governance, many believe that
decentralizing governance, from the center to regions, districts,
12
local governments/authorities and local communities is more
conducive to good governance. If this is the case, decentralizing
governance could be an effective means of achieving critical
objectives of the sustainable human development vision -
improving access to services, credit, employment, health, and
education, eradicating poverty, achieving greater socio-economic
equity, especially between men and women and safeguarding the
environment. UNDP uses the term ‘decentralizing governance’ as it
firmly believes that decentralization of the public sector, in
itself, will not be effective unless support is also provided to
strengthen local governance, involving the public, private and
civil sectors. And, in turn, the achievement of good governance
at the local level is also not possible without the transfer of
responsibilities, and capacities through decentralization. The
term "decentralized governance" defines the systematic and
harmonious interrelationship resulting from the balancing of
power and responsibilities between central governments and other
levels of government and non-governmental actors, and the
capacity of local bodies to carry out their decentralized
responsibilities using participatory mechanisms (UNDP, April
1998, p. 6)
Current donors to the JPLG
EC, DFID, SIDA (Sweden), USAID, Italy, Norway, Denmark, UNDP and
UNCDF (JPLG report, 2010)
The specific objectives of the programme of JPLG are:
13
Communities have access to basic services through local
government, and
Local governments are accountable and transparent.
Throughout the JPLG strong emphasis will be placed on equity and
participation of marginalized groups, human rights, and good
governance principles of transparency, accountability and
participation.
Duration:
5 years in 2 phases 2008-2010 (UNTP) and 2010-2012 with the
project document being officially signed in April 2008.
Geographic scope
A national programme and eventually all Regions/98 Districts
of Somalia and starting with a small number in 2009 to pilot
methodology.
Separate and integrated Annual Work Plans and budgets for
Somaliland, Puntland and South Central. (JPLG Report, 2010)
Partnerships for implementation
A joint programme of 5 UN partners – UNDP, UNICEF, UN
Habitat, ILO and UNCDF who are committed to work together and
with and for national stakeholders, local governments,
communities for maximum capacity development impact. The joint
14
programme pass through mechanism is the stated financing
arrangement for this joint programme (JPLG Report, 2010) .
Principles of JPLG
Participation, accountability, transparency and capacity
development
Service delivery by JPLG in Garowe district, Puntland, Somalia:
Service delivery by JPLG under decentralized governance in
Garowe district, as following services, New construction of
SULDAN SAID Gravel Road (700m) in Garowe town, Rehabilitation of
YOMBEYS Primary School in Garowe district, New construction of
HODAN garbage collection point in Garowe town, New construction
of WADAJIR Gravel Road (2700m) in Garowe town, Construction of
Eng. Khalid Tarmac road just named Shiekh Abdulkadir Nour Farah
Tarmac road in Garowe district (JPLG Report,2013), and many
others that shows the tables below.
This table shows service delivery by JPLG phase (I) in Garowe
district
UN Joint Programme on Local Governance and Decentralized Service
Delivery (JPLG) phase (I) in Garowe district Nugal Region,
Puntland,Somalia
Region Distr Villa
ge
Code Descript
ion
Sector Sign Contrac
tor
Amoun
t
Paid
Amou
nt
Prog
. %
NUGAL GAROWE Wadaj
ir
PL/NUG/GAR/
WAD/10/001
Garbage
Collecti
Sanitati 24-
Apr-
Al
Najah
4,875 60%
15
on Point on 2010 Company .30
NUGAL GAROWE Waber
i
PL/NUG/GAR/
WAB/10/002
Garbage
Collecti
on Point
Sanitati
on
24-
Apr-
2010
Gedeste
Company
4,709
.72
50%
NUGAL GAROWE Hodan PL/NUG/GAR/
HOD/10/003
Communit
y center
infrastr
ucture
24-
Apr-
2010
Ayaanle
Company
12,55
7.00
40%
NUGAL GAROWE Kalab
ayr
PL/NUG/GAR/
KAL/10/004
Communit
y Market
Place
Infrastr
ucture
24-
Apr-
2010
Ayaanle
Company
10,11
9.30
5%
NUGAL GAROWE Reeba
nti
PL/NUG/GAR/
REB/10/005
Health
Post
Health 24-
Apr-
2010
Geomate
c
Company
14,36
8.29
0%
NUGAL GAROWE Uun PL/NUG/GAR/
UUN/10/006
Health
Post
Health 24-
Apr-
2010
Gedeste
Company
15,34
2.59
6%
NUGAL GAROWE Barwa
qo
PL/NUG/GAR/
BAR/10/007
Water
Hand
Pump
Well
Water 24-
Apr-
2010
Geomate
c
Company
3,160
.28
0%
(Source: www.JPLG.org)
This table shows service delivery by JPLG phase (II) in Garowe
district
UN Joint Programme on Local Governance and Decentralized Service
Delivery (JPLG) phase (II) in Garowe district Nugal Region,
Puntland,Somalia.
Region Distr
ict
Vil
lag
e
Descrip
tion
Sector Benefi
ciarie
s
Sign
ed
On
Contr
actor
Amoun
t
Paid
Amoun
t
Prog.
%
NUGAL GAROW
E
Wad
aji
r
Garbage
Collect
ion
Sanitati
on
13,250 24-
Apr-
Al
Najah
Compa
4,875
.30
100%
16
Point 2010 ny
NUGAL GAROW
E
Wab
eri
Garbage
Collect
ion
Point
Sanitati
on
15,600 24-
Apr-
2010
Gedes
te
Compa
ny
4,709
.72
100%
NUGAL GAROW
E
Hod
an
Communi
ty
center
Infrastr
ucture
17,000 24-
Apr-
2010
Ayaan
le
Compa
ny
12,55
7.00
5,022
.08
100%
NUGAL GAROW
E
Kal
aba
yr
Communi
ty
Market
Place
Infrastr
ucture
5,700 24-
Apr-
2010
Ayaan
le
Compa
ny
10,11
9.30
100%
NUGAL GAROW
E
Ree
ban
ti
Health
Post
Health 1,660 24-
Apr-
2010
Geoma
tec
Compa
ny
14,36
8.29
20%
NUGAL GAROW
E
Uun Health
Post
Health 780 24-
Apr-
2010
Gedes
te
Compa
ny
15,34
2.59
100%
NUGAL GAROW
E
Bar
waq
o
Water
Hand
Pump
Well
Water 4,689 24-
Apr-
2010
Geoma
tec
Compa
ny
3,160
.28
0%
(Source: www.JPLG.org)
UN-Habitat and MoWDAFA, in partnership with UNDP, have
agreed on the final joint proposal for the construction and
implementation of a Women’s Resource Centre in Garowe, Puntland
State of Somalia, hosted by MoWDAFA. This multipurpose centre
aims at gathering and analyzing data on gender issues in Somalia
17
and worldwide; including GVB for research purposes as well as for
women empowerment and advocacy activities. The Centre is
envisaged as an extension of MoWDAFA’s institutional work and
mandate in Puntland. As a MoWDAFA initiative, the Women’s
Resource Centre will fulfill several long-pending needs and
provide support for incorporating gender equality in overall
development process and plans of the Puntland State of Somalia
(Report 2011).
The pilot project “Development of road network development
plan and road demarcation for Garowe”, that was initiated during
2011, completed its first phase (I): The planning of the road
network development plan for Garowe. The concept proposal was
presented and approved by the District Council and the first new
routes have been physically opened in ‘Area 2’. The road network
development plan proposes a phased planning and implementation in
3 phases up to the year 2035, covering all areas of predicted
town expansion. The current phase will implement the extension
and the connection of the existing by-pass road to the main
national road, to allow development and access to the southern
part of Garowe. In the coming months UN-Habitat will technically
assist the Planning Department to prepare drawings and road
designs, and to conduct a local tender for the implementation of
demarcation beacons along the newly opened routes. This project
is a low-cost input with high potential long-term impact and
functional output in terms of town planning and road improvement
18
investments by JPLG and other partners in Garowe district (JPLG
Report, 2011).
A road construction project from the 2010 DBF has been
completed and turned over to the Bosasso District Council. The
remaining projects: the gravel roads in Bosasso and tree
plantation in Garowe district have reached more than 60% and 65%
respectively of the scheduled works (JPLG Report, 2010).
The Council of Garowe commenced works on medium-term urban
road planning which will assist in directing road investments in
more strategic manner instead of current ad hoc decision on
individual roads. Construction of office facilities and equipment
support progressed with MoLSA Somaliland and the Galkayo Council
in Puntland. Planning and design commenced regarding the Garowe
District Revenue Office facility, Women’s Resource Centre with
MoWDAFA in Puntland at Garowe district.
JPLG continues to administer payments for 21 District Basket
Fund projects which are still operational, with 15 of those 21 in
the retention period pending final approval and payment. In
Puntland, two projects from 2010 District Basket Fund are still
ongoing in Garowe. These projects include tree planting in Garowe
and gravel roads rehabilitation in Bossaso. More than 60% of the
scheduled work has been completed on the road, while 65% of the
Garowe tree planting has been done (JPLG report, 2011)
19
CONCLUSION
Decentralization, or decentralized governance refers to the
restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a
system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at
the central, regional and local levels according to the principle
of subsidiary, thus increasing the overall quality and
effectiveness of the system of governance, while increasing the
authority and capacities of sub-national levels. Decentralization
could also be expected to contribute to key elements of good
governance, such as increasing people's opportunities for
participation in economic, social services and political
decisions; assisting in developing people's capacities; and
enhancing government responsiveness, transparency and
accountability.
The overall objective of the programme of JPLG is that local
governance contributes to peace and equitable priority service
delivery by JPLG in Garowe district.
In the last year of the first phase of the UN Joint Programme on
Local Governance (JPLG), the programme continued to work towards
the strengthening of local governance and the enhancement of
decentralized services in Puntland regions especially in selected
areas such as in Garowe district as well as the entire Nugal
region.
20
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