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1- ltDUTpu I ~ 4ienc~ Vo ~ ~d ~~ -4QfL i~ I~o l ----ne 0- sarnYYJen~9caQ ~o9lE DaDQ 2iepoundott~

0) l)sec cl) AnoJ9 - -0 - df(j-T= COnl~-t~S_

- Need wneY1 Q Sf(j no i So ~anSlY)-P-tteel ----tn~~1-gt 0 eapcxc---ffve

cCXJpinca Ye--t-tLo~ I 1-t- to~s 4~ be cornpane-nt-middot

o Q P-- Os osed ---+0 n---t9toduce 0 Dc componefn e CJarnP nll C ~CLJ I 1 1

~ -1ff-li~ p~s4-ve t5l necr----tRve e-l-t~QfYgti~ o~ ~-t cLJLu~

Iulaquogt -to if=~ ldmiddotltSDngte ctQ~ df~coi1S ~~ ol50 Ccttled cU Pc ~ esl-ot~ o~

Ie ee~n~~

IIf A clornpn(J ceIcoP+ 6tS one ----t-I0OL-r ~kes d npLJi LOeuJe_

IUefrlm and pVloides on 60t--pot- ~-r- 1~ 0 Uo5--Triampo S~lfca

It1J T+~ s~ I bcM- -xt2 one ltE-ccae ~~ C hlJped --to --the I lt0 i

IZD9tO 7JIlo~ ~eIf9teDe po f)+ bull -itlt-~ Ofgt CJornp~ C-~-ts

It NeU-ftvi L [Qo(Y)F(t cf91ccit ( pQJ--I9ve peed chYY)p~

Igt po~fve C ~ p~U cTcu~-t- CNO e pee C[=npoy

IN9~~e d~fl1 Cef-+ Wi-tn 1l VDl1shyJ- pgtsi-+Je t-Qmp9 e-13CD+ Gi-tb 1eQetnce UDL~euro-

U I ti~ve co-rnp4~ Ceuc+

Llll+ S cttampo cct-ued etS euro=OS--ttte peqk claltrnpQ9

t-=ron --+h9Q ----he poSffve ~R ~erofT--reo Of -The cD~61rns

bi~ed CL-t- -tinQ 2teuro)erence tQvlt21 ltlYJd -ttrgte en-t-1steuro2-~

oppeo8t ~ be-toco -fhQ 2~Q5tence ge -t-he co-tp- LPQD2b01trn ~

neU---yenvel~ C-lQfDped tO~-+h =tepee-- -+0 -thQ 9~Q9-erce level

~ Be-loco tf~ ShoOJ~ --tnQ ~c ~Q+ive cCLOJpe9lt

---+--------------~-__----------------- shyvrgt

A

- Tshy

o+--------7-+-f---+---------------7gt

-Vm

Va

D

Yn =OV

-t~----1 l--~--t)+

l--t

i309doJ

I7he ~T-aqco c ~ Dnchas-qed CLt- t~O

14 10 -k- 1--= U tC ) vu=gtInV JEO 91S+ ~Uat~ cerrc1e- ---tf-gte (npoT g~-n= ~S~

i tt0fY) =90 -to -the rnox5morn value-Ihe dode condc=-ts ~7 I ~fs -tf-me Clrd poundfce ue- hcue ClS~urned on qdeal dfode lshy

I 9i-The vot~ acst~ lt0+ ~ XG29tomiddot

I llJe C-CAfDL~[-t-oet c ~ Ch=qed -i-)Bt0Uh --the gQ91T~

t Com bnoyenon 0fr-the ~~oJ ampXt91ce ard- -me d1ocie etnd

[lOl-laQe DC91cus c- etfses 5nosdckHCVshyII ~

A + -ttie e -nd 0amp --he l ---trgteb19tst- OXt1e9- C Uc- e Vo [4-04

UshyI

IQc9t~ -the CCll-poc-+o~ Vc - vr-n

I~i 4=)b-~ l5191poundt cr0 ot Q9 ~de --I1-gte pea1s hoJ been po-~sed IClX)d Cpu-t 21(lnOlt ~ng -+0 hot t~ -thQ vot~e fC QC9tO~

r-lreuro eur-c-+09-1 Ps no o~ Qbte -to ~ollOco-the9npot- oeeD

lose -t-hQ9gte 9~ no pO---tr) io~ --tvJe cupetct-Ch -+0 dscJnc=t(f

r -=+tence---the Yo l~e ~910ss -tile ca-pa-c-t-amp 8le rnQ9V)

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fOl-toqQ ampotegttceuro O~ y- vol~ orcJ 9-~ ----the ~Blg--t- ~tJ0-40t aucJ~

e 0 tgtt-pt3-1-- 9s f Yen btf

Vtgt=- vf-VYyen)

If

Vo - 0 - j vrYJ sf-r dt

J n[2shyni-fjcd

= 0 - [-l[fY) lcOpound t~h-J

-= Vrr (- -0)

[vo=-vrY) 1 o~

ltU I TT -+0 3TT1 ~

- V rn (0 - (- r))

VC~-Vrvgt 2n-[2shy

~ J-Vrnsltfn+dt-shytT

glf Lshy

lt=- -V-rn -1m [C09-cJ T

~ -Yrn-Vm [O-C-I)] --V-rn-Vr()

LVo ~ -2VIY)]

Yo ~ If - VrY) [0 Vf-VIY)

- D - try) ~o--Vm -(m 10 VN)-VyY)

~- Vo -z- Vr-n

pea ~-to-Pf2-of oYY)pq~de 0IY ---the-1YlpOT tJXlJJe = 2ffY)

~ _+0 - peo-k a-rnpIP-tudq 0b- -I--)e Ot+-pJ +- co 0 Jpound ~ 2NYV)

_ If)Q Out-pL+ CO euJQ lt1s cxls 0 0-- sfn OS0[d altJ -1hcgtQ 1 -Thlt29ce

pf 110 ds (-0gt1-+10 n

(t) 0 -+0 TrPshy

-nt~

rc ==- JVm Sf0091-dtshy

o -rrfL

~ -1m L~U9tJ0

Vc =- -Vrn (0 -0=- Vrr)

vo~o

[f) crt ~ -+0 IT shyI q li-tia Jo l4e

Yc ==- V J lI IT) ~ JVmS nCJ9t-d t

lTj2-shy

1 m - C-J(Y)((OsC~r2]

Irn-+ VYY) c-- 0) 2- 0

J C ==-0

in+iD-~ Vo ~ ITf

- -2-Yrn - J v rnsln-dtshy

sn(shy-~Vrn- l--lrYI) -= -7--lfYl-l-Vm

----shyLmiddot- Va C-VfD]

~2-r 9s o-lSeJ ceuled clJ nQ~-hve petK c-tCl-rI(-Q9t l

+-- Il) ---tVfQ -the ~vQ ~L--t9Qrdi~ lOb- -+he ~qf)) 9pound

b1-fed 0-+ ---the ~~Qnce ~Qve1 and --the Cn-RgtL~3Jm

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~~m Eamp posP-+fvelV e-bnlpGJ LLlf-t-h =gtteuro2flQ3QJXe-l9 Ihe

q~ence leJeJI

--+3ebt0 If(j amphocp$ -t-tne posffve clolJ291 cltltlCV~ t ~----_I I-_c_--~~ + f( ~ _ if __C _ _ _

I r I

- __ ishyt I r shyv rYJ

-- - - JIY)I

I

o

o

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Vf

_lL1 D_~~I

vf - - IC -t- Vo I )0- vi- c

+ fro I Ie- I

I

J-e+ -the ~IPLJ+ voHUe be Vfclrr ~fn()Q~

(I) Wlren vf (JQ0 ne1JCL-tvQ dTode vet~ ~D91~ bF0L2eo 0lt) ~ced -to Vrn w4th poex

Qncl cOndcJct-~olbe ~~-rol fjlt2g ushy-TCj ~ hoco-n

so ClrcQ9 amp+eodcq gt-Dtt-e Cond-tlto~J --+te capcxe5i-67

oC-tQ CCJ ex ~(1CUTt VO r~e ampOU9Jee GlrCl the OLJ~f---pound

VO = Jf- C- V TY)) r Y f-WyY)

CI-) V- 0

Vo ~ vl(-+vrn ~ O+Vrn -lm ~l 0 -Yrn ]

Co) vf=-+vrn Cr Vf~ -) fY)

V ~ vf-+VlY) vo=-Ji+vry)o

=Vm+Yro =-rn-rlmr VO =20iJ [~ Vo~D )

po-+o-nf2shy

-- tr2shy

I c -c j v If) g~n-+ cit o

~12shy - 1m (CQ-g-l) 0

--Vro[O-I)

LVc~~rD I

rrh 0 - 1m- Jtm s1- cit

o T2

~rnTV(Y) (CDlt)0

= VnI---- rn Co 0 5~ 2VrD]

P LV) TTf -+0 IT

IT

C=- Vrn - J nJ~fn+dtshyU2

=- Vrrrt Jm (Cos-t )~h

= vrn+ v rn 0--o)

)c=-o IT

jo2JIY)~ Svmsfn+-dt tr2

= 2Vr-r- YIY)

3~ - vO=Vm ]

o

-lm - -

pe-~-To-pectlgt ompl-tocte o~ evt-pOi- vo l4e =2VIY)

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~e ~amp 1]0 oSST091-PiOO Or u)OJJeu~rr

6TI1~

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sWshy= -lLrnLCOst)-rr

=

-1( I 6TT12- -to 2 rrshy- - ~[]

C=_-V-m ~ j Vmsfntdt 6n[2shy

2[t

=-Vh-TVrn CCOst-)2Tf[2shy

~Vrrr+VrnCt-o)

LIT

Va =-0- JVrnSTn-rdt

3U[2shy

~TT

~ VYY) [COpoundt J 2gtTrlshy

- Vrn [l-OJ [ ~- Va =Iirn I

vo

11-f I I I

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I I

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~

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I

frr) - -

---

0I

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i~ ctQT() PS -the P~f-Ave f euroD-IJS I

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L_1- - I shy

v=lC-+V0 I I

I

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-I

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I I -LVrn - - shy

Ie =-- vfY1-lvpJJIJ Jf I ~ ~v=VrnD-==-O~)

~~ Ve - vrn - lR

Vo=J-JC

= jfi- IeI I

I

I I

10 ~If-I(c

- (m-VL

~ -Vm - LVrn-vQ) ~ -1m -vm+VI2

=-[C

va = ~ 2VfY)-tVQ

= --dft - (~-VQ)

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i NeoO-ffQI V 1shy I

I

the cilIcdfi- dQYD~ --he -ve II

peQhsect Db- --the qf)PU+ ~i~~

I

I

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I

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0 =-Vyh-t0gt- t ~

--Ishy

I

f VO I

-lJrn l 1m VI

-- 0 r---+--n-rl---+--++i----~

VD= Vrni VIY)-VR

~cvo-= 21m-VR

tv 0 = v+VC O--vc

I I

I I rgt

-I I f =0

Vo = Vf-+-V C

0+ CLdc eve (~VR-V91)

~Cff0s~ I Cly-t~ s-t-eocc~O g---ta-te condi----Hoo t--cu ken 3LeaclrE

e O-1Y)pltfiudQ Ocr --+v-e 1nr-rt sltfCCJ~~ ~ 9nc9IeO-ed ztnQrl dUB1~()

I One ~aL~ ~te qTnpOi gOnJ-1 ---the alfode (f~ UO~cD03KJ

llcfcUed ard --the of~~t -tine- dcde Qe-ti ~~cLlCl9Ld bfuJed cushy

ke de V(D~Q CAC~oc~ -ttgte ~-r-o=cC camptt ~P~-J-o-the

oeco pe~ KlLwe ord -the poampT+ve ~J-lt2CU~fo~ Db --the sfcq~

t61 t ~ a-cocB ~ es t-OZl ~ -to ~o II BJ b 1 ts -the CA-rnpi-tuclQ Db -the P npu---t ~PconCAt ltiamp deC3

ased ~-t~ -the steotd~ _~T=te Concli--PioT) hell 6Qen ~ee-shy

Ched -1heTl --thlt2~e s 110 pccth b20 -the C~-t6l--+O d7s~ SoI -to pe9t ty)i-t -+h~ v D t~ ltAC-lCXpound ---the co_pu5--t--+o

d1s-C1-a9tCOe 1+- T~ nece sSCBt l1 ----to ~hcgt rr+ a 9zasf~ t37 aC9t~

c I 01 -te s htn+- 0 =lesfgt t-67 ocetOJpound ----tV-Je do~

So epoundf-thQ91 --tine ~--1-09) CUl d~ode Mlsr- be ~hon-tecl b

(A gtfh-oBQ 3tesstanCE~

Ihe T)~e I )soQI PtQC~ceqg-+o

~ cl Pode ~ ~lnocan be-Iow Va

--f ~ c t -nOr-71~----~t l ~rnI

f

i j~~_~o_~_I-L~VO - Ope9loROf)1----shy

--n-Q b~amp-t ---ux) cCfles cooq01lt2spollamp -=o-t-he ESteodlf 5lt-egt0-te

cOnd -tffb~G 8t -t(me

=-- -the D-TyenlptT-+v-de vb-~ Q

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J ConOoT d9gC~ ZJtapdl(shy

ampo--me JO L4e oc9tOS~ Ie I ~dItgt ltf--L~oneJTC(qtto ~

ce d9sclnet3ccre ond Cl-fy-tQ9j ampOff)Q ~ces ~e POs-RvQ pQC(iss

ar11 91QCXQ1r- -to ~ ond s-teod~ ampccte P g ~c8 n 1lt2ClchE

cud po4(ve )aet1-gtamp vetS) cJo-rnped -0 ~o eet -1hesQ ot~

~ eamppo~ cgtb cJarrfn~ cht -to ~~cne ~ 9(() CX1d~ ~

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r-n abOve CP5Icd~ ~ ne~ecteo -rhQ oo--t-pcJ1 ~~ltsDlna 0b -the fuCJ3l02 al coett cu d9oete ~wa9td ~ Qis to-nC-e

3

Bvt I 0JCLlJq ---tiIYeQ -tvgtQ~e 9tess-tcLncpound-i cannot- be nQTj re c-tedshy

----egt ~ belocu ~rocos mOle 9teoJ~--rfc chrnpT~ cf=cvP-i

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~a2- Rs CUlc1~od~ ~o=tcctXld -qess--jClnC~ p-- R-s c-- 1lJSo

~-_J -tshy f I V I

tgt

~--=--------------gt-7i~_O -t irt-Tz

VO I V

V~=-ltf b=e-UeJ~

Rs VBshy

+ t---AN0 -t t ~r---il

R Va

he ear-cf--t-eJ=ll VOIiCVe vfT ~s

J A - j~ 0 191 C2s-rR)

JA -j( ( =-i~ (KS-tR)

bo-t )D T9j R

15) == 10 l2

JA-V(=-~ (t2s-tR)

bLJ-t- vD = -vi tt

VA-V~ ~ -~ lRg+R)g

trVf1 v _ vd lR~R) gtCD VA +

~ (t At -Lo+

vA 12~laquoS NM +- shy t+ -+19shy

Qf- 10 ~~ R~f Vov

~ 1shyrC ~ ~ V- rll ~ v[ rltst1] -v~ [RS~1

~e~)x

VS-VA = If lQs-tQ$)

kgtb Vo = 9~ Rf Cf =- Va

~-

V~-JA ~io lR~R~) tZ-f

Poe Vo=V t CLT tJs =v

-At =-I l I

v~i I VO=-V 1

) IltAt

l it Vo ~ -f2shyI V c~ r

LA =Ys - [Q--rRSJ[Q Vo

vA- J - V2-[RtltS] ---7G)

~~(K1J CD~cD tgtQQK --to peaJ~ lt1rr ornptrtu-cl~ s v~ v- -rtf

vt_Ji lR~amp~RJ ~V_J1 [~S-J

I=- V - VI I Vr[l(~ 12 f] _v [12~+-R7 ~ 121 i2---0

~-NJ~~reg

v~- vI l R-f+ R~l = jt-f rrlt---~l I L Qf J ~l P- J

v~v~(t( 0 V rJ(-f-~J [fH-Rsl aI I L- R-t - )2 P- J-----7~

c3fnCeuroO ~Tl -+ne ~~nc T t I -the dcJde (~ CDndU-C-+tdegro

otJ-tpcgt+ de- eJ)i--ttn 0- -frne COng-rorn- (R-euro-+ R~)C

~ ( - T r If -f+Q )bull V - V _ e s C-

o t e ~aSe(~f-m9t05lJ dCll91 -he n--tQ9Vo T-z cl90d2- 9s -qeQ9tS

Orlcl -the e-1~ctR+ ---yenfYYIe consto--nt qpound lR-+-12~)C t -T~ r C12-+Rs) C

)~ gt 12- ~ L

c

I

Wn0tE2 Vt-V[ ~ L~ ~ rltf-t Ifn b0 -acoQ9d degtect~on vi _)9- --A9t -rt+ fn =t8VQ9gtseshy d~~ee--Ro0

lQfno2 Rs qs v9()QHTf yYcxh ~rnottQ9t~ R 1 ~ ---the -+ft+ Tn

b0=l~ d cli9 ecribn 6-yen fs eULLDC(j~ legS--tY1ClYl --n lt2--FL1shy

If) i2eDe9tsE d i~ec-t~b 0 Den

I0gtf lt- 69j

Rs Llt Rf 1-tiBtJ co-t-h O-5e cUYYlO-t- c~

6f= ~~

ItL l e+shyshyI i

I [~ 6f~ omiddot36~ ~loltyypf01 091cn9+ ~eo~eN) Itr c-1altfYlpfV cf9lcvi-t -theO-=gtlefY) poundiotes1hC-r t9nQ9 Qt~dd

0I g--b-te QOndf-yenibn t ~ cvxa ln pn CDCLLJefJo= (I)) -the 3OCtf at i --De 03l~ Ap on~ -+he oot-pU+ CD9le Tn O~o=9od dfo

0II C+i 00 CWfJen dfexte- Condvc-h-) -+0 -ti-gte Q9leD- L9ne9t---t-r-e

ou+pcr 0eJlve F-n ---the -=l euQ9zJe c-QP91 e--tfOli LCDhen d f~fr

I d~ nVT COY)~LLC-J) tf~ amp~ud-+O ----r)e ~a-+fD ~ ~

I

D Vo o

r--~yo

I y

lR-t- ---wgte ifpm be Q ~=e CLXUJE

Is D~de ilt 0 f ci=i~ -the q nieJ bom h +02 en I e~-to dl~tlepound

9- ~ S v- -t2 Q

Le-+ 0

loq den O+e -rhlt2- disuaxae eltb1 Bterrt-shy

he Ch~f lo8~ n -nQ -tfnne Qn--tQ9Jat -tl-to~ --2shy

9r -- r l~ dtshy1

be c l - ~Y7J l2shy

LDh~Q Vet = Rev~~Q orrgt 10 1-tCA-qe

~1=-S bL

lP-dt-- tr t-Lshy

9J=- VR j ht d t- --CD -tr

D=ON

-+tQnl2 --the c~~ d09t~S 0Yd 9lerv-aampn~-----the tos-T ~

1-Qt--~ denoie --tt-e C~CU~ G-eL~

C-h03qe 3lecn-o~~euro2d f~ ~ +3shy

qyI - J l f-d t-shy-t2-shy

bo +-- ~- ~ t~

V~~tb~~~d orr Jol~e

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e~-tamp OVlt2lt Doe ccacle YnO~+- be ~~ -to ~o p - -P be ~cwOl-R

_c_chcet~e r nEbJ i-n --tv--e ()--fQ9Ol ~ -to to U-gt rU u

lOst- ltfV) ----lYle ~()~VO- -+l -+0 t2 --the~cqe

c~~~e L~t- Chcucae 3ITned

1=0- ~_t -tL t--l3

a2 lrVetcH- 12-f Sv-fd+shy~ --t1shy

bot-- S-E Vampl crt- A R (

-uJ I f d -to- Af2 12shy

-l AlI - _ 0R R( -- t-f

I t-~ ~yen1- IVJ~lt2 cflu bQ Q ~rncUt ---It- ltfr) --he- cv+po-ts

~LYl ----t-I)e o+Q5voJ l[ WI-)en (R~--t-Q) ~lt- It -me capoc5~

I OtQcJo3tCU ~ V0~ ~ cu-d ktence --t1rJ0e cdTL be a SrnCLl

I~Yke ltCfJ mQ~ n~-ttJdJ2 l)f D-+--ThQ bc2(finn~ nncJ b-amp -the 3lQrrx

jpoundfYinco Tn iQ9at --r I -the 0ltJ-rpo t- uffl[ tee--ztBO-I

I~ThQ OV01 So lroot- 1 ~ Ppound

I -4 -tlt Llq

31

l(XQ ----tnQ caueb~rn l-tn~ vo H~e ~QveJ~~

rV =0middot

Vltz =- - ) r f ) I J ~ om pl~ ou- etPscon+fnGiolt9~ ~Q -f-Rs ~ inlnpO+-shy

- Tt shyJl- - J~ e (R-tRl)Cshy

I W~

o ([-~) ( Ppound-lYEt_V2 ) (~+c)

(v-vr) (I()~ vd-v2 [R~)

bot- v =c 0

Vt [Jlt-f2-+Rsl _ [v tv) rR+-tltS-)Q-f J - ~- ~ l Q

A-f = v[-=-v [-v~ lv- 2-) r~ -P-- ) (L- )LeS+l2f Q~

kgtCL-nlP 92po t

tovQYi CftJ CU2- ogtampon-e- ---tncrl- -the ~G-t c- lt~ OtJ6+o~tJ

tCbtUe (--ne ~CQ ~es9poundtof)ce 1~ ~ qs ~O) --J-YJe post-t-0lr

e q[p siCUol L0h1ch ~ ~s LDnen ----ttne d~ode 90 CO~cA~

Cfpe~~ ~T -t1ne O()~ tYlol--t1ptiG1 (f Q~g rOYd- --ire 5P]lo-

IccCwt tClhen -the dfode- pound no-t cDfdue--fn 1l ClfP~O5t~ Qi-~

bu~ MO l-Pfpled ~ R Q~

USUCLU Lj 12- ~~ U Q+f2s moCJ-) C t~e9J --to O FU--thon P+gt

Qf--t-R~

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S(l1Ot) cohlch ol~BS ---th~ dode in-to condu-cBon

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ampJe r L t-gt -- -

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II A~ ~ IL ~s JcJ5d I -A 4 R

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QIo ~ 2 rJJ_V )

1VT ~f2



~lt-_ d~ -=0 fLv -~ ~



-+heY)



~lt-_ d~ -=0 fLv -~ ~



-+heY)


UNIT-2(PDC).pdf - KHIT

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Transcript of UNIT-2(PDC).pdf - KHIT