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Figure 16.1 Turkish Uniformed Personnel in UN Peacekeeping Opelations,2000 2011

standing in international society. The AKP government saw UN peacekeeping

as one instrument to help attain that goal.After examining the decision-making mechanisms in Turkish peacekeeping

and discussing the various rationales for providing UN peacekeepers, thischapter shows that despite some obstacles, Turkey has the potential to increase

its contdbutions still further. Significant constraints include the perceptions ofboth politicians and bureaucrats that equate UNJed operations with UN'mandated NATO operations, the disconnect between civiiians and the mili-tary on security related issues, the limited reward structures for participatingin UN operations, particr. arly within the milltary, and the fight against thePKK (Kurdistan Workers'Party) that has engaged Turkish security forces

since 1984.

The literature on Turkish contributions to UN peacekeeping remains verylimited, conhned mostll to more general evaluations ofthe participation oftheTurkish Armed Forces in regional and global security and to the work ofmilitary officers who have served in peace operatlons.r Moreover, mediacoverage of Turkey's peacekeeping contributions is rare and generally limitedto the loss of life in such operations, a topic deemed to be newsworthy. Since

most casualties have occurred in NATO missions, these have received themost coverage. In addition, reportage about what Turkish peacekeepers

L See Mehmet Ocal, 'Tnrk Silahh Kur-vetleri'nin Bdlgesel ve Kiiresel Giivenlik ve Bar$aKaihsi lcontributions ofthe Turkish Armed Forces to Regional and Global Secudty], Sos,,,al

Bilimler Enstitiis Dergtsi, 28 (2010/1i), p. 282. For a comprehensive analysis of Turkey'smilitary contributions to peace missions in the 1990s, see Ugur Giingor, 'The Analysis ofTurkey's Approach to Peacekeeping'(unpublished Ph.D., Bilkent University,2007) and UgurCungdr, W1,,, Sldies Contribute to Peace Operations: Motivations Behind Turkey's Involvefient(Nerv York: Lambe( Acadeinic PublishiDg, 201l).

200

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358 Rising Contributors?

cautious and conservative, particularly when it came to activities related tointernational peace and security. Consequently, Ankara focused on nationaldefence and economic development, and did not see much added value inpeacekeeping. It sought security primarily through a strategic alliance with theUnited States and NATO membership, which was denied twice belbre acces

sion rvas finally granted in 1952, in part because ofits contributions in Korea.The end of the Cold lVar reduced Turkefs geostrategic importance.s

However, the subsequent turmoil in the Balkans and the Caucasus encouragedTurkish leaders to engage more actively in regional and global affairs, includ-ing through UN peacekeeping operations. This new emphasis on regionalsecurity policy resulted in the TAF's participation in the UN Iran-IraqMilitary Observer Group (1988-91), its first UNled peacekeeping mission.This rvas quickly followed by its participation in the UN lraq-Kuwait Obser-vation lvlission (UNIKOM, 1991-2003) and other missions in the Balkans.Such activities led the officiai General Staffpolicy to claim that since the 1990s,'TurkeY has pafticipated in peace support missions at the greatest level inparallel with her international responsibilities, national interests and capabil-ities.'6 While this is a vague definition of how the General Staff understandsTurkish peacekeeping efforts, the TAF and the police were consistent, ifrelatively minor, participants in UN peacekeeping operations during the1990s.7 \,Vhile these contdbutions were mainly focused on the Balkans dueto ethnic and historical ties with the Bosnian Muslims especially, troops werealso sent to African missions (e.g., Somalia and the DRC) mainly because ofTurkey's aspirations to show that it could be an important player in the post-Cold War security environment.s It was a much celebrated development forTurkey's international prestige when Turkish Lieutenant-General Qevik Birassumed the role of Force Commander in UNOSOM lI in Somalia ' In 1998,

'Du1gu Bazoglu Sezer, 'Turleys Grrnd Strategv Facing a Dilemma', The lnternationalSpectator,271. (1992), pp. I7-32.

' Official n'ebsite ofthe Turkish Armed Forces at http://w\{w.tsk.tr/4 uluslararasi iliskiler/4 1_turkiyenin barisi destekleme_harekatina_katkjlari/konular/turk silahli-%o2Okuwetlerininbarisi_desteklenre_harekatina_katkilari.htln7 Thirry police officers were sent to Bosnia-Herzegovina for the first time in 1996 for the LN

Police Task Force (IPTF), which later became the UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzrgo|ina(UNMIBH) together n'ith the L,-1.{ Civilian Oflice operations. Since 1996, 'over 1,000 Turkishpolicemen have participated jn some ofthe UN missions (Kosovo, Bosnia IlerzegoviDa, Liberia,Congo D.C., Sierra Leone, Eastern Timor, Afghanistan, lvory Coast, Haiti, Burundi and Sudan)'-See http://$'1{'$,.disiliskiler.pol.tr/en/TNP/Pages/lnternationalPolice.aspx

' See http://w\r.rv.disiliskiler-pol.trlen/TNP/Pages/lnternationalPolice.aspx. It should also beroted that the 1990s w€re frustrating years for Turkey's foreign policy decision make$ not onlydue to regional conflicts but also tie constant struggle for ELlropean Union accession, rvhichresulted in Turkey's candidacy in 1999.

' 'Yeni Bir Somali' [A Ne$ Somalia], Milliyt,2S March 1993. While a generally acceptedconviction in Turke,v is that a Turkish geDeral $'as given the command at the r€quest of theUnited States, there is litde reliable evidence to conlirm this beliel Still, the motivation of

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organizations have limited its UN peacekeeping efforts. Turkish military andpoiice have had to provide forces to several NATO operations as well as UNpeacekeeping missions, which has stretched its forces thin considering Turkey'sinternal problems that also require troops at home.

As a result, Turkey has become a'serial token contributor'to UN peace-keeping missions.tr In othelivords, although Turkey actively started pro\.id-ing more UN peacekeepers after the end of the Cold War, it has preferred tocontribute to several UN operations with only a few personnel deplovedto each one. Ankara did, however, pledge its support to the UN StandbyArrangements System (UNSAS) in 2000. In this yein, on 3 December 2003,Turkey passed Law No. 5010 to legalize its previous commitment to theUNSAS and promised the provision of a medical evacuation team, a mechan-ized infantry battalion, police forces, military observers, ofircers, and theequipment that these personnei would use.r{ To date, however, no unitshave been deployed since parliament passed this law.r

- The oflicial enthusiasm

evident in some of the political discourse on peacekeeping has thus not beenadequately reflected in Turkey's actual contdbutions of unilbrmed personnel,which have only rarely gone beyond 500.

The following sections elaborate on Turkey's decision-making mechanismsfor peacekeeping operations and discuss why Turkey has not lived up to itspotential in this area.

i6.2 PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS AND THEDECISION MAKING PROCESS IN TURKEY

Turkish civil-rnilitary relations experienced a significant transformation in the2000s, in part because of the start of Turkey's candidacy for EU membershipin 1999." Until this recent (and ongoing) transformaiion, Turkey's peace-keeping decisions were military dominated despite the occasional presence ofstrong ciyilian governments after 1983, which forced the military to acceptcertain foreign policy decisions.rT At these times, the government and the

" See Katharina Coleman's chapter in this volume.'" Oficial parliame11tary rvebsite at http://lvr.w.tblnIn-gov.tr/kanunlar/k50l0.html'' Author's confidential iDtenie\\'with a commissioned TAF oflicer, October 201L.16 For the causes and consequences ofthis transibrmation see, Nil S. Satana,'TransforDation

ofthe Tnrkish iuilitar,v and the Path to Democracy', Armed Forces and Society,34:3 (2008),pp. 357 88. For a .omparisorl of Turkish civil-military relations with European and MiddleEastern paradigms, see Nil S. SataDa, 'Civll-Military Relations in Europe, the Middle East andTurkey', Trrkisl Studies, 122 (2011), pp.279 92.

" A good exampie is the decision to send troops to SomaLia in the l990s despite the mllitarv'sobjection along rLith protests by the opposition lbr'sending Turkish soldiers to die in a confilcttoln countrl .

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ptod',lra aqr pues [L\\ sJalslulil{ -Jo ll]ul'loc alil pu€ 'lueruulaô8 erp asllpe

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'Sutdaalalead

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concerns.2r Some argue that these trvo sets of motivations are closely related.22

However, these explanations are based primarily on analysis of UN and non-UN-led missions in the 1990s. While they still remain valid to a certain exrem,the main motiyation for Tr.rrkish contributions to UN peacekeeping in the2000s has been political and related to Turkey's self-image as a global player.Moreover, ichile most studies focused solely on military contributions, thischapter discusses both police and military contributions to UN mandated andled peacekeeping operations.

i6,3.1 Security Rationales

The Turkish government and military have ofien employed secudty rationalesto justiry participation in UN peacekeeping operations.2r In fact, such con-cerns have often been invoked to explain Turkey's relatively small contribution as a product of priority being given to security over other concerns inforeign policy.'za Dudng the Cold War, Turkey's security concerns stemmedfron] geographic proximity to the SoYiet Union and the perceived threat toTurkish territorial integrity. Thus, the decision to contribute troops to the UNmandated intervention in Korea (1950-3) was a direct consequence ofTurkey's aspirations for NATO membership which was, in turn, seen as thebest guarantor of securit) from the Soviet threat.25 Therefore, a realist algu'ment would see the need to priodtize NATO membership as the d ying forcebehind Turkey's reluctance to provide UN peacekeepers during the ColdWar.26 Accordingly, while seven of the thifteen UN peacekeeping operationsduring the Cold War years took place in the Middle East, Turkey refrainedfrom taking part in these operations.2T

According to Ocal, Turkey's security concerns were once again exacerbatedwith the fall of the Soviet Union and the conflicts in the Balkans, Middle East,

rr See Giirgctr, The Analysit a.f Turkef s Appradch to Pedcekeeping and Ocal,'Tiirk SilahhKun-etleri'nin Bolgesel ve Kilresel Gilvenlik ve Ban$a Katkrsi lcontributions of the TurkishArmed Forces to Regional and Global Peacel, p. 306.rr Oguzlu and Gnng<jr,'Peace Operations'.rr For a comprehensive critique of this security based approach, see Gilng6r, h.'il, .Sta/es

Ca tribute to Peace Opernliohs.'' Prnar Bilgin,'Onl) StroDg States Can Sunive iD Turkey's ceography: The Uses of"Geo

ool.rr.al Iruth' in TuJke'. Pollli. r1 , ,pojdpln )o:-,200-r.pp -40-qo- C.rr.gor. flrr,lralvst' ot Lt"kev Approrh n Pea,el'eeptng

'" Gr:ingdr, Tlr€ Ardllsis af Turkel s A?prcach to Peocekeeping.

" Ugur Gr.ingor,'Tilrk D$ Politikasr ve Ban$r Koruma'lTurkish Foreign Policy and Peacekeepinglefslping Operations.as a ne$. asl rationales section. ul and the civilians mostly suniITurksh Foreign Poiic)' and Peacekeepingl, in Yelda DemiraE and Ozden Qe]ebj (eds.), IUrk DrfPalitikasmtn .Sor On nlr (Ankara: Palme Yayrnlan, 2011).

T orlirquluor us]o] rll ?rI{Y ol l .s ar? l?ql s"JoJ arllod roJ Jnrl sr :tt"' 'l*"irrr.,

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16.3.2 Normative/Ideational Rationales

Ideational factors, especially Turkey's evolving national identity, are alsoimportant in understanding its peacekeeping contdbutions. Giingdr arguesthat in the 1990s Turkey's peacekeeping efforts were first and foremost aboutsiding with the West, defined as NATO in the past and more recently the EU,in order to gain endorsement of the Turkish state's 'Western' credentials.raTurkey was established in 1923 from the ashes ofthe Ottoman Empire and thefounder, Mustat-a Kemal Atattirk, adopted a Western deveLopmental ap-proach. Arguably, AtatilLrk viewed the most significant reason for the collapseofthe Empire as the backwardness ofstate structures and the prevalent socialculture. Thus, the official state ideology-Kemalism-pursued Western stand-ards of civilization through a secular and statist republic. In this context, someargue that Turkey's main motivation for providing UN peacekeepers in the1990s was to prevent its Western identity being questioned by certain states

within the EU. As a resuit, it is argued that 'active involvement in peace

operations has been seen as a near-panacea to reinforce the country's Westemidentity in the West'.35

In this vein, through operations such as the ones in Africa in the 1990s,'Turkey's contribution to peace operations helped the mernbers ofthe westerncommunity understand that Turkey is a security producing country in theregion and is always a part of the solutions, rather than the probLems.'r6Moreover, according to this view, the dynamics of Turkey's security relationswith Westem powers help explain Ankara's decision to send peacekeepers toSornalia.3T While this motivation would explain why Turkey prefers contributing to NATO and EU peacekeeping more than it does to UN missions, itdoes not explain why UN peacekeeping is thought to help enhance Turkey'sWestern image, considering that the UN is not a 'Western' organization anddeploys fewer Western peacekeepers than it once did. Moreover, Turkey'sideational identification with Europe has declined in the 2000s as a result ofitsrepeated rejection from the EU after its candidacy in 1999.

Another ideational explanation may be related to Atatiirk's foreign policyprinciple of'peace at home, peace abroad' which aims to enhance Turkey'sidentity as a'contributor to world-peace'. This notion has been a centraltenet of Turkish foreign policy for decades. However, the meaning andpractice of this principle have cl.ranged liom early Republican times through-out the 1990s: 'Whereas at the time of formulation it was meant to con-tribute to world peace through a passivist [sic], status quo odented foreign

t:- Gi;ngdr, The Anab,st of Turkef s APProach to PeacekeePing.

" Oguzlu and Giingcir,'Peace Operations', p. 472.)6 Gingdr, The Analysis of Turkey's Approach to Pedcekeeping, p. 226.I' Giingdr, Tre.t rll,ris of Turkey\ Apptuach to Peacekeeping, p. r17.

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despite unpreparedness for this first peacekeeping mission that Turkeyparticipated in.43 While Turkey has struggied in the realm of civil-militarvrelations until the considerabie transformation which occurred over the lastdecade, peacekeeping decisions became civilian-dominated in the 2000s.44 Forexample, in response to protests from the opposition and public about thegovernment's decision to send troops to Lebanon in 2006, former Chief ofGeneral Staff Yagar BiiytlLkanrt argued that the Turkish military would actupon parliament's decision to fulfii its mandate in Lebanon, which heassessed as 'low risk'.45 Moreover, in 2006, Cemil Qigek, former speaker ofthe government, stated that the government made the decision to participatein UNIFIL after receiving positive feedback from the military, Ministrv ofForeign Affairs. and the National Intelligence Agency."o

However, one common theme that my inteffiews with military oflicersreflect is that the TAF has never fought an international war since its independence and UN operations provide invaluable experience overseas. More-over, peacekeeping operations are deemed useful by both military and policepersonnel, providing valuable experience that can be used by forces latercommitted to the struggle against the PKK. Moreover, the experience gainedin this conflict at home heiped Turkish forces to Iead missions in places suchas Somalia and Sudan where the terrain or circumstances are rough. Bothmilitary and police interviewees noted that Turkish peacekeepers were moretrained and capable compared to peacekeepers from less developed countries.Interestingly, both police and military personnel raised the issue ofthe relativeimportance of quality over quantity and suggested that token contributions ofTurkish peacekeepers were sometimes more helpful to UN missions thanIarger numbers of less experienced peacekeepers.

Finally, at the individual level, while the TAF has modernized its tech-nology and training as a result of Turkey's NATO membership, UN peace-keeping missions are considered an opportunity to effectively use acquiredskills and capacity in arduous missions sr.rch as UNIFIL. Moreover, allinterviewees pointed to the value of practising their language skills inUN missions, since they do not find such opportunitles in their workenvironment in Turkev.

''' Taner Tanesen, 'Kore'den Afganistan'a Tiirkiyeirnr Uh.rslararasr Bantr Koruma Operasyonlamra Ka&rlari lTurkey's Contributiors to lnternational Peacekeeping Missions fromKorea to Afghanistanl (unpubLished Master's Thesis, Yrldrz Teknik Universitesi, 2006), p. 39.

" See Satana, 'Transformation ofdre Turkish Mllitary'aDd author's inteniews with militaryand police officers and ofliciais in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs..' 'Brii-iikanrt: Bize orada kimse emir veremez' lBiiyiikanlt No one can order us around],Rddikal. 7 Seotember 2006.*' See Cemil qicek's inteflie$'\\'ith Fiket Bila at http://w${'.milliyet.com.trl2006/08/30/yazarlbila.html

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'Surdaalaread 51 ot ,.,oooq"tuo: s1r dn padtlals Lrlunor aql leql popad teqt

ut sr^{ 1l pur s0661 el{l ul uur{} l00z ralle lalaq lpnru paulrol;ad seq i(ruouoca

rlspl.rnJ aq] 'ipuur{ Jaqlo aql !rc} liit'uo' rrt"u.tttt Sulpllraô 01 anp suorlerado

,.r"d *u, '8,rHnund ulo{ PauRIJaI ll 'Jaâ'roq :s:taf, 'Ie'14 PIol aql nro

qanorqi pr" 1"rr"tug papeau ,(latuadsap 'b1:nL aser qsplrnr eql ul saFuoller

teqlo uerl la{ea,\\ sI ',,,,"u 'tototto'"

ro1 Surdaalaltad 5i11 ansrnd satets

lnrll lulell qllq,\\ 'slullofl? ]Lllollols lnuotltpt'tr;o ta-'uod Lroleueldxa aq1

L9f.

saleuollex rllqouorg t'E'9I

traqtn1.


the Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency (TIKA)have become instrumental in showing Aftican states that Turkey invests intheir secudt)' and welfare. Parliamentary documents, for lnstance, show thatthe continuation of Turkish contributions to MONUC/MONUSCO in theDRC is directly connected to the goal of increasing trade relations withAfrican countries.sr It was also a consequence of Turkey's campaign(2003-8) for election to a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Councilfor 2009- 10. As far as it is possible to tell, Turkey received the votes of most ifnot all African and Middle Eastern member states, which shows that its

strategy worked well.One interesting insight generated by interviews with military offrcers was

that Turkey has only recently started learning about the 'tricks' of using UNlogistics services for the transportation of its troops to theatres of UN peace-

keeping operations. Tanesen supports this finding by indicating that Turkeyfailed to negotiate such terms during the UNOSOM II operation despite thefact that a Turkish general became the force commander.52 As a result,whether due to miscommunication or disinformation, Turkish forces weresent to Somalia in late 1992 by sea. Only later was it reaiized that the UNpermits and funds air transfers and it would have been much more efficient touse this mode oftransport. The General Staffdid not opt for this option sinceair transfer was deemed too expensive. Only in the 2000s did Turkey startusing UN resources more efficiently, which makes the economic ratlonalemore plausible for the last decade. However, it would be fair to argue thateconomic concerns have never been a direct cause ofTurkey's contributions toUN peacekeeping operations. At most they have been considered a usefulinstrument to increase trade relations with host states.

16.3.5 Political Rationales

Political rationales are the most important factor behind Turkey's provision ofUN peacekeepers in the 2000s, especially after the Justice and DevelopmentParty (AKP) came to power in 2002. While Turkish foreign policy becamemore dynamic in the mid-1990s before the AKP's reign, the country could notsteer clear of economic and political instabilities in the late 1990s, which

sr GenelKurul Tutanag! 22. D6nem 4. YasamaY r 120. Birle$im 27 Haziran 2006 Sah [GeneralAssemblv Minutes, 22nd period, 4th Legislative Year, l20th Convention, 27 June 20061. At http://r!n$!.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tutanak_g.birlesim_baslangic?P4= 17205&p5=H&page L =41&pase2=41- 5' T"n", Tanesen, 'Kore'den Afganistan'a Tilrkiye'nin Uluslararasr Bar$r Konrma Operasyonlarna Katkllan' lTurkey's Cont.ibutions to International Peacekeeping Missions fromKorea to Afghanistanl (unpublished Master's Thesis, Y dlz Teknik Universitesi, 2006), p. 39.

sr d'(0r02) e:.e !,,u,i.r,1s .i.st sro^\od 3urs,u o(1,\\oH, 'seuo[. (l ar {lJl]ilY ,1J"j"ti"X ::

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1no prc1sa1dr:urrd s,n1!o1n,teq rapun'd:l1od uBta.ro; a,lt1:e u?'laspultu Paluauo--'(ruouore ur pur 'Surualu,ue lultos'Ip^r eJ lltuouola s.de>Irn1]o lprsal e sy

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..,i11tttotleutalur arutlslsse ueuellueulnq ul palsolelul

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aqt 1e tnq'slse] Strtplnqa:ead snollrr^ ut peoJqr.sn uer 1l qllq !'6g5:a33lqq:nur e 1o a8e-ra,ra1 lpllraLuLuof Pue slseq xr:l 3ql uodn Ilerp olels aq1 saop ,l1tro

1o1'1 ,(urouora pqc13 aql ruo.q -(13trrseoorrl igauaq ot luouo:a sdal;n1pr'Lo11l

a,\eq s0861 aqt trr Srqlrl:ts uodn p;1:equro \rllJnl lrql sLUroJJr lrluouola aql

Irql an8ru urru,{ay pur la,(eg tuatuuoll\ua iPuolleulalul ru^{ plo:)-lsod

arp ug ir11od u8ialol o,r1t:e 3.Io!u e loJ suoll€lldse sda)ilnJ paule:lsuotr

69t tra1.Ln1


UN General Assembly speech in September 2011, Turkey's aspirations wereportrayed by its Prime Minister 'as rying for global power'.'' AccordingLy,Turke,v's pafticipation in UN and other peace operations is seen as part of itsidentitv construction as an emerging power. Middle Eastern states' pref-erence

for Turkey, as a Musiim country, in peace missions as opposed to Westernpolvers made the construction of this role easier.62 For example, Isss than a

week after the UN Securit) Council decision that authorized NA'l O's inter-vention in Lib,va for human protection prlrposes, the Libyan governmentdeclared a cease-fire on l8 March 2011 and asked Turkev and Malta to observeand coordinate it.6r The Turkish Foreign Ministry deelaied in September 2011that it was ready and wilLing to contribute to UN Support Mission in Libya(UNSMIL)."' As a reflection of its self-image as an 'emerging glot;al player',Turkey has been very tilling to contribute peace missions especially in thecontext of the so-called Arab Spring.

Simiiarly, in 2006 when public opinion was almost unifbrmlv againstsending troops to UNIFIL II due to the conl'lictual environrnent in Lebanonand the pr.rblicll' perceived risks of the mission, Prjme Minister Erdogandeclared that Turkey rvould help establish peace in the Middle East on itsown terms-\fith the two caveats of not getting into hot pursuit and nothelping Hezbollah s disarmament.6s fhe mission: were ertended twice in2009 and 201 I, and the Turkish prime minister has occasionally used'lurkey'sparticipation in UNIFIL as a sign of its growing soft power and a tool forincreaslng Turkey's visibilitv and prestige in the international arena.oo Moreover, Giingor argues that Turkey's election as a non permanent UN SecurityCouncil member in 2009-10 (its foudh time) was partly because of itsdeplo,vment of peacekeepers to missions such as Sudan and l,ebanon.ot Tane-sen supports this notion for the 1990s as \.vell by arguing that Tr"rrkey s decisionto provide UN peacekeepers despite political opposition and public opinion

ut 'PNl E.dogarr realfirms Turkelrs role as global player $'ith UN speech', Tot:lay\ Zaman,23 September 2011.

6r UnsaL Srgrr ar'rd l\'ftrstafa Kemal Topgu,'Bant Giicu Operarasyonlannda Kullan an KLrll[rlerarasr Butri]rle$tinne Y6ntemlerinin KLlltUrel Bo)utlar Baglanrnda ilcelenmesi: UNIFILOrnegi' IA Studl on Cross-Cultural IntegratioD Mechanisms lmp]oyed in Peac€keepirg Oper'alions rvithin the Context ofCultural Dimensjons: The UNIFIL Case), Ankora Untrersitesi SBF

Delgisi, 67:l QAl2), p. 229.

'"Lib,va Tnrki,ve'delr ,vardxn istedi' ILibya Asks for Turkey's Help], l8 March 2011. At http://\\Tnv.ntvmsnbc.com/id,/25 1 93823/

"' 'Trirki,ve Bl\'l'nin Lib,va nisl'onuna katkr yapmaya haar' ITurkey is Ready to farticlprte inLl\"s Libva Missionl, Show Haber, i9 September 2011. At http://w$v.showhaber.com/!urkiyebmnin-lib\.a-destek-misvonuna-katki vaDmava hazir-481555.htm

't trlr",n,.,,, rki .ateo T*o t aieJt. ','r

lebar,'n.. \dbd,{ BSepretlher/oJooo 'Ttirk askerinin gorev siiresi uzatrldi ITernr ofOf6ce Extended for Turkish Soldiersl, B gnr,

9 lul)'201Lo' Ugur Giing6r, 'Giiiiimr:izde Bant Operasvonlari IContenporary Peace Operations], Grj-yenlik Stratejileri Dergisi,4rS (2008), p.8.

'8002 runl 9I ',u'uttz s.tIDpaI

',.ruajrp Lro aiolu spuads ,(a1jn1, 'n1lorulqerquls aPl puP '.ql€ûarls fullllIJ,{ ialrnJ-

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o, "q

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:o alpprul Suiploq srargJo SuDIu€l pagrtenb dlq8rq a.re uloq,\\Jo lsour 'srarg;o

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plro'\\

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s,,'(aryn1 ur's6661 ar{} ul oloso) pue euuo8azrapl-etusog o1 sdoo:1 Surpuas

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pue snotStlsa'rd suotte.redo pal Nn put palePueuI-NO pauaap aêq sraleru

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tLt {a1.Ln1


high level managerial positions in the TNP, have been deployed h multirationalpolice missions'.75 Moreover, the 'TNP has a total of 14,335 ranking policeof6cers'and the'1,200 ranking offrcers committed to peacekeeping operationsconstitute over 10 per cent of the eligible ranking officers (I1.076)'.76 Clearly,Turkey has the capacity to field a large number of uniformed personnel andcould therefore extend its contributions to UN peacekeeping.

Nevertheless, according to the official Department of Peacekeeping Oper-ations data, in January 2012, 358 military and 148 police oflicers and 2 militaryexperts-a total of 508 uniformed personnel-sewed in UN peacekeepingoperations and Turkey ranked 36th in the world by contributing to eleven ofeighteen UN operations.TT These data show that while the official military,police, and ministerial sources highlight Turkey's significant contributions toUN peacekeeping, Turkey remains a serial token contributor to these missionsdespite its increasing financial contributions.Ts Turkish potential for sendinguniformed personnel to UN peace missions is much larger than its actualparticipation to date.

While the police force seems to be very enthusiastic about contributing to UNpeace missions, views held within sections of the military point to why Turkishcontributions to UN peace missions are more limited than the potential:

). Lack of internal reward mechanisms. Turkish police and military ofncerssent to UN missions are not efficiently utilized once they return from theirtours. In particular, the TAF does not fully assess the value ofUN missions andthe experience that its olficers gain in these missions. In line with the percep-tion held by the country's leaders, NATO and EU missions are deemed moreimportant. Thus, some military ofncers see UN tours as a waste of their timebecause they do not improve their career paths. Revising the military's promo-tion system to take account of this would only be possible if the governmentpushes the General Staffin that direction. Since Turkish civil-miiitary reiationshave only recently begun to transform, the military's view that UN tours arelargely redundant for their oflicers'career paths might have reduced thenumber of troops who might otherwise volunteer for UN service.7e

75 Ahmei Qelik, 'Assessment of Post Deplovment Reintegration Attitudes among TurkishPolice Peacekeepers and its Associations with Organizational Commitment' (unpublishedPh-D., Rutgers University, 2010), p. 7.

'" Qelik, 'Assessment of Post-Deployment Reintegration Attitudes', p. 7.

" See the offrcial Department of Peacekeeping Operations website at http://w1,^v.un.org/en/Peacekeeping/contributors/2012/feb 12_l.pdf

" All interviewed officials highlighted the difference between quantity and quality of contributions, and argued that Turkey's coDtributions are of high quality, which will be dis.ussed irmore detail below.

7e There are still major changes that are required to normalize civil-military relations inTurkey. One such change is to hold the General Staff responsible to the Ministry of NationalDefence, which is at the moment directly responsible to the Prirne Minister.

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not fought a war abroad since independence in 1923, peace operations,which demand sustained expeditionary deployments, are not viewed thvourably by the military. Interestinglv, while NATO operations where 'fighting'is part ofthe mission are still not desired but more prestigious, UN missionswhich are less prone to casualties are not as respected in the eyes of theparticipant n.rilitary officers. Thus, losses are not weil tolerated and there isnot significant demand from military officers to serye in outside missions. Ifthey have to choose between NATO and UN missions, they prefer theformer.

Some military officers argued in the interviews that they were paid better foribreign postings in the 1990s than in the 2000s, thereby reducing individualincentive for participating in UN missions, Moreover, studies corroborate theinteniew data that domination of officers from a couple of countries overall the others in leadership roles demoralizes Turkish personnel, who onlysewe around sL{ months and hardly find time to adapt to the missioncircumstances.82

6. Turkey's peacekeeping cammitments ta non-UN led operatiors. As d|,s-

cussed abore, the peacekeeping and building concept document accepted in2005 pdo tized NATO and EU missions over UN operations. In fact, afterhighlighting how committed Turkey is to UN peacekeeping, Baki ilkin, formerAmbassador to the UN, highlights this limitation:

given the magnitude and complerity of the challenges to peacekeeping. rve also

beiieve that the capabilities of regionai orgauizations should always be taken intoaccount, and cooperation between such organizations and the UN slrould be

further erhanced. This is actua1l,v a commitment that we Deed to fullll underarticje 170 of the World Summit Outcon're. We therefore support the call lor theestablishment of effective arrangemeits between the UN and regional organiza-tions, including also the provision of regional capacities in support of LIN peace

operations.s3

Taken together, these obstacles constrain Turkey's contributions to TJN peace-keeping and explain why, despite its pro-UN policy stance, Turkey's contribution to UN peacekeeping has remained well below its military capaciry.However, none of these obstacles appears insurmountable.

br For the effect ofcultural interactions on tndividual ollicer motivation for UNIEIL. see Srirland Toptu, 'Bare Giicij Operaras\,rcnlaflnda Kullanrlan Kiilttirlerarasi Biitinleftir:ne Yontem'lerinin Kijlliirel Bo)ntlar Ballamrnda incelenmesi: U\lFlL Ornegi' [A Stud,v on Cross-Cu]turalIntegration llechanisns Employed in Peacekeeping Operations within the Context of CulturaiDimensions: The UNIFIL Casel. D.229.

s3 Statement at the General Debate of the UN's Special Cornmittee on Peacek€eping Oper-atiors,27 Februaq'2006. At httpr//turkuno.dt.mfe.gov.trlSho\\'Speech.aspr?lD=l3sl

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UN Peacekeeping and Turkey

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