TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER USING VERMI ...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 412 423, Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_046 –Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER USING VERMI-BIOFILTRATION SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT WETLAND PLANTS

Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy M.Tech-Environmental Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,

Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India

K.C. Vinuprakash Assistant Professor-Department of Civil Engineering,

SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India

Sija Arun Assistant Professor-Department of Civil Engineering,

SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT This work proved the possible of an innovative vermi-biofiltration system with and

without wetland plants in the treatment of Domestic Wastewater. A lab-scale vermi- biofiltration reactor was constructed by horizontal subsurface flow constructed –

wetland (HSFCWs) with Earthworms. The coco-grass: Cyprus rotundus (wetland plants) was used in this process. Different sizes of gravel, coconut coir and Black

cotton soil used to construct the filter media. Another reactor was constructed without wetland plants. Domestic wastewater was treated with different wet to dry ratio

through this system for a total of six repetitive cycles and after to each cycle, the effluent characteristics such as pH, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total suspended

solids, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Phosphate was studied. In reactor A the final Effluent results are TSS (30.34Mg/l), TDS (93.48Mg/l), BOD (22.15Mg/l), COD (88.35Mg/l), Nitrate (25.85Mg/l), Phosphate (9.14Mg/l). On the other hand in reactor B the final

Effluent results are TSS (43.15Mg/l), TDS (98.18Mg/l), BOD (28.63Mg/l), COD (100.85Mg/l), Nitrate (28.13Mg/l), Phosphate (14.0Mg/l) According to the study

vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants was found to reomve pollutants from the Domeastic wastewater is very faster and more efficient than the vermi-biofiltration

without wetland plants reactor. Keywords: Domestic wastewater, vermi-biofiltration, Cyprus rotundus, Earthworms, wet and dry ratio.

Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun


Cite this Article: Pakanati Chandra Sekhar Reddy, K.C. Vinuprakash and Sija Arun, Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and

Without Wetland Plants, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 412 423. –

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1. INTRODUCTION Wastewater is the water that emerges after fresh water is used by human beings for domestic use. By and huge it is fresh water that is used for a variety of domestic uses such as washing,

bathing, and flushing toilets. The water that appears after these uses contains, vegetable staple, oils used in cooking, oil in hair, detergents, mud from floors that have been washed, soap used in bathing along with oils wash away from the human body As per IS:1172-1963, .

under normal conditions, the domestic consumption of water in India is about 135lit/day/capita. e domestic wastewater carries the organic load along with quite a lot of Thhazardous chemicals which not only hauls the aesthetic sense of the river but at the same time

also destroys the aquatic ecosystem. The establishment and running price of a sewage treatment plant(STP) is also high Apart from construction expenses the operating and

conservation problem in STPs has brought up the issue of supportability [1]. As per Sinha et al. [2], numerous creating nations can't figure out how to pay for the development of STP and

consequently there is developing worry over building up some organically protected and financially workable little scale wastewater treatment advancements for on location wastewater treatment. A practical and controllable wastewater treatment approach is

frequently required and should be investigated [3]. Natural wastewater treatment process includes the possibilities of some living life forms to expel poisons and slime from

wastewater so as to make it ideal for surface water system and other mechanical utilize. Natural wastewater treatment includes the transformation of broke down and suspended

natural contaminants to biomass and developed gases [4]. The usage of night crawlers or muck treatment is called vermi-biofiltration. It was first proposed by the prof. Jose Toha at the

University of Chile in 1992. Vermi-Biofiltration is a procedure that adjusts customary vermicomposting framework into an inactive wastewater treatment process by utilizing the capability of epigeic night crawlers. As per komarowski [5] in vermi-biofiltration framework suspended solids are caught over the vermifilter and prepared by the worms and encouraged

to the dirt microorganisms immobilized in the vermifilter. As a rule, immunized night crawlers in vermibeds amass numerous natural poisons from the encompassing soil condition, uninvolved retention through the body divider [6]. Sinha et al.[7] built up a minimal effort feasible innovation over the traditional framework to reuse the household wastewater with

potential for decentralization office for squander administration. As indicated by Priyanka Tomar et al. [8], they developed vertical subsurface stream built wetlands (VSFCWs) helped

with nearby night crawlers perionyx sansibaricvs. The coco-grass: Cyprus rotundus. As indicated by wang jun et al. [9] the investigation demonstrates that Cyprus rotundus can

endure the connected diesel focus. What's more, they can viably advance the corruption rate of diesel contaminations. The primary target of this examination was to know the productivity of vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants and without wetland plants.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Collection of wetland plants, Earthworm, and collection of wastewater Coco-grass used for the biofiltration system was formerly obtained from clammy soils ound argrey water drains in near campus hostel. Earthworms were collected from S.S. vermicompost sales and services Tamilnadu, India.

Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Vermi-Biofiltration System with and Without Wetland Plants


The Domestic wastewater was taken from a wastewater canal at potheri village, Kanchipuram district, Tamilnadu, India. The wastewater was collected from the main

streamline of wastewater drain in pre-cleaned circular plastic cans of 20L capacity. Taken wastewater was taken as soon as possible to the test center and taken in large size wastewater

reservoir unit of the vermi-biofiltration system. Before the starting of experimentation wastewater was Examined.

2.2. Design of vermi- Biofiltration unitsThe outline of filtration unit comprises of two reactors: (I) vermi-Biofiltration with wetland

plants: Reactor - An and (ii) vermi-Biofiltration without wetland plants: Reactor B. –Rectangular units measurements (600mm×400mm×300mm).

Coming about materials/layers were utilized to fill (from base to top) the rectangular units to develop the vermi-Biofiltration units: Layer I - substantial stones (10-15cm in Diameter) up to 50mm high makes a delicate of air compartment framework. Layer II A thick layer of little stones (5-7cm in distance across) up to 50mm goes about as –

filtration unit and makes a sort of turbulence amid water stream and gives space to air circulation of wastewater. Layer III - A thick layer of coconut coir up to 50mm goes about as a decent spongy for in

excess of a couple of sorts of inorganic toxins of wastewater. A fine plastic net (<0.5mm pore-estimate) is layed to capture the escape of night crawlers Layer IV - A thick layer of dark cotton soil up to 150mm is layed which exhibitions as a natural specialist to expel strong components of wastewater and mineralization of wastewater fundamentally determined by worm organism trades in the root-zone framework.

Layer V - made out of surface vegetation remain of Cyprus. It was around 4-6inch length wetland plant gives air in root zone framework and expels supplements from wastewater through general assimilation, adsorption, and translocation process. Additionally make

accessible sanctuaries to accommodating bacteriological groups

In the Reactor coco-grass were planted in upper soil layer. The roots of the plant were – A planted intensely and the outward layer was wetted intensely and the outward layer was

wetted frequently up to two weeks by tap water. The density of coco-grass in Reactor A was –

258 plants using 1.2 inches spacing. In this vermi-biofiltration system with wetland plants aim were made to make a gentle of soil biological system largely comprised of thick soli layer pointed with a complex rooting system of coco-grass. In this root zone system makes make a proper space for air and protected earthworm in sub-soil system. The root zone system not

only improves the effectiveness of wastewater filtration but at the same time also make available shelter to microbial communities responsible for nutrient removal from wastewater. Another Reactor- vermi-biofiltration system without wetland plants. In both experimental B

vermi-biofiltration systems,i.e Reactor-A, and Reactor-B individuals of earthworms were introduced over the top layer the reactors. Small passages were made in the upper layers of both reactors in order to help worms to enter in the topsoil layers of the vermi-biofiltration. The earthworm density in both vermi-biofiltration systems was measured in the ranges of 18 g/L in each reactor 648 grams was added. The earthworms were allowable to settle down in

vermireactors for initial 1-2 days. Reactors were run with Domestic wastewater in each reactor flow rate was maintained 0.0075 cubic meters per sec.



Reactor A (Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants) –

Reactor B (Vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants) –

Gravel media Coconut Coir Black cotton soil Wetland plants

(Layer I and II) (Layer III) (Layer IV) (Layer VI)

Figure 1 Vermi-biofiltration system with and without wetland plants and filter media layers

2.3. Observation and Data Collection The wastewater was used directly from the drain short of any storage intended for this

experimentation. Though, former to putting wastewater in experimentation cycle, a sample of wastewater analyzed for its chemical characteristics. During the experimentation wastewater

to be supplied to the reactors is stored in an overhead tank specially fabricated for the experiment. Perforated plastic pipes were used for drip irrigation (sprinkling of wastewater) over the top layer of the reactor. Outlet was provided with a tap to maintain the wet and dry



ratio. According to wet to dry ratio technique wastewater pouring time was 3hours and retention time was 9hours with drying time of 24hours. The wastewater is stored in reactors up to 12hours for good removal of BOD, COD, Nutrients after that it is taken out then the reactors bed dried up to 24hours for stabilization period. Water subsequently to each cycle was put back into the new cycle. The wastewater was recurrently passed through both reactors of vermi-biofiltration system for complete 6 cycles. A sample of wastewater was taken in pre-cleaned and sterilized polythene bottle of 1L capacity from the outlet of reactors after each

treatment cycle and stored at 4ºC for further investigations on fluctuations of chemical characteristics.

Table 1 Influent Domestic wastewater characteristics

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The class of wastewater in standings of chemical characteristics is labelled in Table 1. The collected sample of Domestic wastewater disclosed moderately high values of some important

pollution signifying constraints of water: Turbidity (79.43 mg/l), TDS (70515 mg/l), TSS (3057 mg/l), BOD (287.72 mg/l), COD(622.72 mg/l), Nitrate (143.26 mg/l), Phosphate(82.99

mg/l). The wastewater subsequently Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants progression showed a extreme variation in its major chemical Parameters, showing after each individually treatment cycle. Even if, there was a substantial reduction in important pollutants of Domestic wastewater in both vermi-biofiltration (with wetland plants) and vermi-biofiltration (without wetland plants), variance was more in water from Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants.

3.1. pH pH mostly depends upon a different type of chemical factors, for e.g. Dissolved gases, organic acids, humic fractions and mineral salts. The breakdown of organic fraction of wastewater, mainly by microorganisms in water, produces some acidic species of mineralized which plays

an important role in shifting of pH scale of treated water. The change in pH throughout different treatment cycle is showed in Fig. 2. In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants the pH was observed from 0 cycle to 3rd cycle slight increment was happened from 3rd cycle to 5th cycle gradually increment was happened from 5th cycle the value stabilized up to 6th cycle. In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor influent value was 6.05 and at the end of the experiment effluent value was 8.25. In other hand, vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor pH was stabilized from 4th cycle its self. In vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor influent value was 6.05 and at the end of the experiment effluent value was 8.39. Here

it is observed that vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed pollutants from Domestic wastewater is very faster rate than the vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants

reactor. According to surface water quality BIS 2296:1982 Standards for discharge of Environmental pollutants the pH value 5.5 to 9.0 for public sewer and irrigation.

Parameters Range pH 6.05±0.26 Turbidity(NTU) 79.43±9.672 Total Dissolved Solids(Mg/l) 70515±20.80 Total suspended solids(Mg/l) 3057±8.80 BOD(Mg/l) 287.72±3.53 COD(Mg/l) 622.72 3.50 Nitrate(Mg/l) 143.26±8.46 Phosphate(Mg/l) 82.99±3.50



Figure 2 pH changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland

plants reactors

3.2. Turbidity The variations in turbidity throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.3. In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor removed Turbidity in 1st cycle (61.68%), 2nd cycle (79.57%), 3rd cycle (83.45%), 4th cycle (89.2%), 5th cycle (89.14%), 6 th cycle (89.147%). In

other hand vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed Turbidity in 1st cycle (66.68%), 2nd cycle (84%), 3rd cycle (93.23%), 4th cycle (93.214%), 5th cycle (93.19%), 6th

cycle (93.17%). Here it is observed that vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor Turbidity value stabilized from 4 th cycle its self and influent value is 79.43, effluent value is

6.12, final removal rate is 89.147%. But vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor Turbidity value stabilized from 3 rd cycle its self and influent value was 79.43, effluent value was 5.32 final removal rate is 93.17%. However, it is observed that from both reactors the results clearly showes vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed turbidity from Domestic wastewater very faster and efficiently than the vermi-biofiltration without wetland

plants reactor. It seems that the filter media also plays a very significant role in turbidity removal by the adsorption of suspended solid partic s on the rface of the soil, plants, le su

coconut coir, gravels. The turbidity of treated wastewater is affected by HLR. rface of the susoil, plants, coconut coir, gravels. The turbidity of treated wastewater is affected by HLR.

Figure 3 Turbidity changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without

wetland plants Reactors



3.3. Total Dissolved Solids The variations in Total dissolved solids throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in

Fig.4. In vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor removed TDS in 1st cycle (62.3%), 2nd cycle (74.54%), 3rd cycle (87.27), 4th cycle (91.35), 5th cycle(93.54%), 6th cycle(93.28). In other hand vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor removed TDS in 1st cycle (82.2%), 2nd cycle(92.54%), 3rd cycle(98.24%), 4th cycle(98.14%), 5th cycle(98.089%), 6th cycle(98.074%). Here it is observed that in vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor removed pollutants from the Domestic wastewater is slower than the vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor.ie in reactor B value stabilized from 5 th cycle its self. But in reactor A

value stabilized from 3rd cycle its self. Generally, TDS contains organic and inorganic substances sources of TDS is an agricultur and residential runoff , nutrient runoff contains al

calcium, phosphate, nitrates. In this study, it is found that vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants removed pollutants was very faster because of wetland plants and coconut coir. The deep root system with coconut coir removes organic and inorganic solids. On another hand another reactor do have wetland plants so removal rate was slower. The final effluent esn’tvalue from reactor A and reactor B is found to be 93.02Mg/l and 98.12Mg/l respectively.

According to BIS:1991 standards the TDS value (50 to 3000 /l) for public sewer and Mgirrigation.

Figure 4 TDS changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without

wetland plants reactors

3.4. Total Suspended Solids The variations in Total suspended solids throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.5. In Reactor A removed TSS in 1st cycle(81.6%), 2nd cycle(96.0%), 3rd cycle(99.34%), 4th cycle(99.27%), 5th cycle(99.07%), 6th cycle(99.15%). On the other hand Reactor B removed

TSS in 1st cycle(58.8%), 2nd cycle(85.4%), 3rd cycle(93.3%), 4th cycle(96.72%), 5th cycle(98.28%), 6 th cycle(98.05%). It is observed that in reactor A the TSS stabilized from 3rd cycle its self but in reactor B the TSS stabilized from 5th cycle only. However, the results represent reactor A is more efficient and faster in removal of pollutants from the Domestic wastewater. wetland plants root system and coconut coir along with soil media acts as good

tapped filter media. So fast removal rate is there in reactor A. Final effluent value from reactor A and reactor B is found to be 30.20Mg/l and 43.09Mg/l. According to N.

Lourenco[10] Optimization of a vermifiltration process for treating urban wastewater, they claimed the four-stage sequential vermifilter promoted a decrease TSS(96.6%). According to

BIS:1982 Effluent water quality standards the TSS value(100Mg/l)for public sewer and (200Mg/l)for irrigation.



0

20

40

60

80

100

0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6% r

educ

tion

of B

OD

Treatment cycles

BOD

Effluent from with wetland plants reactorEffluent from without wetland plants reactor

Figure 5 TSS changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland plants reactors

3.5. BOD The variations in the BOD throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.6. Reactor A removed BOD in 1st cycle(81.6%), 2nd cycle(96.1%), 3rd cycle(99.34%), 4th cycle(99.27%), 5th

cycle(99.07%), 6th cycle(99.15%). On the other hand reactor B removed BOD in 1st cycle(58.8%), 2nd cycle(85.4%), 3rd cycle(93.3%), 4th cycle(96.72), 5th cycle(98.28%), 6th

cycle(98.05). Here it is observed that the value of BOD stabilized in reactor A from 3rd cycle its self ,while it happened in reactor B from 5th cycle only. However reactor A removed

pollutants from the Domestic wastewater very faster than the reactor B. The final effluent value from reactor A and reactor B is found to be 21.9Mg/l and 28.2Mg/l respectively. Above results clearly showed reactor A removed pollutants from the Domestic wastewater was very

faster than the reactor B. According to BIS:1982 standards the BOD value (100Mg/l) for irrigation and (50Mg/l)for drinking water.

Figure 6 BOD changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland plants reactors

3.6. COD The variations in the COD throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.7. Reactor A removed pollutants in 1st cycle(60.5%), 2nd cycle(85.8%), 3 rd cycle(86.3%), 4th cycle(85.8%), 5th cycle(85.56%), 6th cycle(85.47%). On the other hand Reactor B removed pollutants in 1st



cycle(50.44%), 2nd cycle(75.32%), 3rd cycle(79.82%), 4th cycle(82.75%), 5th cycle(82.47%), 6th cycle(82.98%). Here it is observed that the COD value in reactor A is stabilized from 2nd cycle its self and reactor B the COD value is stabilized in 4 th cycle only. The results clearly

showed reactor A removed pollutants from the Domestic wastewater very faster than the reactor B. According to BIS:1982,1991 standards COD value is (250Mg/l) for irrigation and surface water, into public sewers.

Figure 7 COD changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland plants reactors

3.7. NitrateThe variations in Nitrate throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.8. Reactor A

removed pollutants in 1st cycle(34.28%), 2nd cycle(72.43%), 3 rd cycle(81.72%), 4 th cycle(82.0%), 5 th cycle(81.52%), 6 th cycle(81.74%). On the other hand reactor B removed polltants in 1st cycle(20.4%), 2nd cycle(45.81%), 3rd cycle(62.92%), 4th cycle(71.1%), 5th

cycle(77.24%), 6th cycle(76.98%). Here it is observed that in reactor A the filtration rate stabilized from 3 rd cycle its self and in reactor B the filtration rate is stabilized from 5 th cycle only. Depending on the COD the nitrate content changes in the wastewater. Here Wetland plant roots act as an absorbing agent it removes nitrate from the wastewater. The final effluent value from both the reactors reactor A and reactor B is found to be 25,3Mg/l and 41.08Mg/l

respectively. Hence results clearly shows that reactor A removes pollutants from the wastewater efficiently than the Reactor B. According to BIS:1991,1982 standards Nitrate

value (50Mg/l) for inland surface water and (45Mg/l) for drinking water.

Figure 8 Nitrate changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland plants reactors



3.8. Phosphate The variations in Phosphate throughout changed treatment cycles is showed in Fig.9. Reactor A removes pollutants in 1st cycle (32.4%), 2nd cycle (48.95%), 3rd cycle (87.24%), 4th cycle (88.9%), 5th cycle (89.01%), 6th cycle (88.07%). On the other hand reactor B removes in 1st cycle (26.6%), 2nd cycle (32.8%), 3rd cycle (58.7%), 4th cycle (71.12%), 5 th cycle (83.3%), 6th cycle (82.9%). Here it is observed that the pollutant filtration rate in reactor A is stabilized from 4th cycle its self while in reactor B its starts from 5 th cycle only. The final effluent from the reactor A and reactor B is found to be 9.04Mg/l and 14.12Mg/l respectively . In this

study it is found that in reactor A wetland plant roots supply sufficient oxygen into wastewater from the atmosphere at the same time it removes phosphate from the wastewater faster and efficiently than the reactor B. According to CPCB (central pollution control board) standards the phosphate range (10.0Mg/l) for effluent discharge on to the surface.

Figure 9 Phosphate changed in different treatment cycles in vermi-biofiltration with and without wetland plants reactors

Figure 10 Experimental setup



Table 2 Effluent characteristics from vermi-biofiltration reactor with and without wetland plants

a. Vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor (reactor A) b. Vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor (reactor B)

*(Mean ±Variance)

4. CONCLUSIONS This study delivers a chance to know the effectiveness of a vermi-biofiltration with and

without wetland plants used in treatment of Domestic wastewater. In this study it is found vermi-biofiltration with wetland plants reactor was more faster and efficient to treat the

pollutants from the Domestic wastewater than the vermi-biofiltration without wetland plants reactor. This study involves usage of different sizes of gravel, coconut coir, black cotton soil, Cyprus rotundus, live biomass of earthworms acts as a filter media. In further studies usage of

different filter media like red soil, clay soil and other wetland species instead of Cyprus rotundus can be used for investigation.

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Parameters Reactor A- Range(a) Reactor B Range(b) –

pH 8.838±0.217 8.23±0.0227 Turbidity (NTU) 7.37±0.401 7.67±2.61 TDS (Mg/l) 93.48±3.45 98.18±0.09 TSS (Mg/l) 30.34±6.09 43.15±2.13 BOD (Mg/l) 22.15±2.66 28.63±0.529 COD (Mg/l) 88.35±8.32 100.85±5.08 Nitrate (Mg/l) 25.8±4.57 28.13±2.42 Phosphate (Mg/l) 9.14±0.82 14.0±2.177



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