TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND SYSTEMS

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE AIIT INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON TRANSPORT

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SYSTEMS (TIS 2017), ROME, ITALY, 10–12 APRIL 2017

Transport Infrastructure and Systems

Editors

Gianluca Dell’Acqua University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Fred Wegman Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

On the book cover: Concrete relief entitled “Fari, pistoni e semafori” (1959) located in the building of the ACI directorate.

Author: Imre Tóth (Fehérvárcsurgó, Austria-Hungary 1909; Rome, Italy 1984).

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Transport Infrastructure and Systems – Dell’Acqua & Wegman (Eds) © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-03009-1

Table of contents

Preface xiii

Committees xv

Transport infrastructure Deformation and strength of asphalt concrete under static and step loadings 3 A.I. Iskakbayev, B.B. Teltayev & C. Oliviero Rossi

Roundabout design guidelines: Case study of Croatia 9 H. Pilko

High modulus asphalt concrete for Ljubljana airport apron 17 A. Ljubič

Assessment of technologies for roadway energy harvesting 21 S. Colagrande & M. Patermo

Loss of life risk due to impacts of boulders on vehicles traveling along a very busy road 27 P. Budetta, G. Forte & M. Nappi

A big data approach to assess the influence of road pavement condition on truck fleet fuel consumption 33 F. Perrotta, T. Parry & L. Neves

Transparency and good governance as success factors in public private partnerships 39 C. Queiroz & P. Reddel

SUP&R ITN: An international training network on sustainable pavements and railways 47 D. Lo Presti, G. Airey, M.C. Rubio & P. Marsac

Climate resilient slope stabilization for transport infrastructures 55 A. Faiz, B.H. Shah & A. Faiz

Monitoring of railway track with light high efficiency systems 63 S. Cafiso, B. Capace, C. D’Agostino, E. Delfino & A. Di Graziano

Reference trajectories of vehicles for road alignment design 71 G. Cantisani & G. Loprencipe

Decoupling of wheel-rail lateral contact forces from wayside measurements 79 D. Cortis, M. Bruner & G. Malavasi

Design and maintenance of high-speed rail tracks: A comparison between ballasted and ballast-less solutions based on life cycle cost analysis 87 M. Giunta & F.G. Praticò

Instability exposure and risk assessment of strategic road corridors in a geomorphologically complex territory 95 R. Pellicani, I. Argentiero & G. Spilotro

Safety in the III Valico tunnels 103 A. Focaracci

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109 AllBack2Pave: Towards a sustainable recycling of asphalt in wearing courses D. Lo Presti, G. Airey, M. Di Liberto, S. Noto, G. Di Mino, A. Blasl, G. Canon Falla & F. Wellner

Feasibility and preliminary design of a new railway line in the Dolomites area of Veneto Region 119 M. Pasetto, G. Giacomello, E. Pasquini & A. Baliello

Investigation of the causes of runway excursions 127 N. Distefano & S. Leonardi

A review of sulfur extended asphalt modifiers: Feasibility and limitations 135 S.E. Zoorob, C. Sangiorgi & S. Eskandersefat

In-plant production of warm recycled mixtures produced with SBS modified bitumen: A case study 143 A. Stimilli, F. Frigio, F. Canestrari & S. Sciolette

Environmental and engineering performance assessment of biofilters and retention systems for pavement stormwater 153 M. Bassani, L. Tefa, E. Comino, M. Rosso, F. Giurca, A. Garcia Perez, R. Ricci, F. Bertola & F. Canonico

Slope hazards and risk engineering in the Canadian railway network through the Cordillera 163 J.L. Rodriguez, R. Macciotta, M. Hendry, T. Edwards & T. Evans

Computational model to conform aerodrome geometry to ICAO design standards 169 E.J. Silva & N.D.F. Gualda

A speed model for curves of two-lane rural highways based on continuous speed data 177 R. Almeida, L. Vasconcelos & A. Bastos Silva

Rheological characterization of cold bituminous mastics produced with different mineral additions 185 C. Godenzoni, M. Bocci & A. Graziani

A comprehensive methodology for the analysis of highway sight distance 193 M. Castro, C. De Santos-Berbel & L. Iglesias

Performance improvements of asphalt mixtures by dry addition of polymeric additives 201 M. Ranieri, C. Celauro & L. Venturini

An application of the parallel gradation technique to railway ballast 209 M. Esposito, F.S. Capaldo, S. Andrisani & B. Festa

Rolling resistance impact on a road pavement life cycle carbon footprint analysis 217 L. Trupia, T. Parry, L. Neves & D. Lo Presti

Intermediate stage traffic technical solution of prince Branimir Street in Zagreb 225 M. Šimun, S. Mihalinac & K. Rehlicki

Research and analysis of dolomite aggregate for resistance to fragmentation 233 L. Šneideraitienė & D. Žilionienė

Design vehicles and roundabout safety—review of Croatian design guidelines 237 Š. Bezina, I. Stančerić & S. Ahac

Laboratory investigation into the modification obtained of paving bitumen with different plastomeric polymers 245 E. Saroufim, C. Celauro & N. Khalil

Long-term monitoring of half warm mix recycled asphalt containing up to 100% RAP 253 J.M. Lizárraga, A. Ramírez, P. Díaz, M. Martín & F. Guisado

Fiscal commitments to encourage PPP projects in transport infrastructure 261 N. Nose, C. Queiroz & M. Nose

Mix design and volumetric analysis of hot recycled bituminous mixtures using a bio-additive 267 E. Bocci, F. Cardone & A. Grilli

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275 A water curtain-based wayside protection system for tunnel fire safety S. Terribile, G. Malavasi, P. Firmi & A. Pranno

3D control of obstacles in airport location studies 283 D. Gavran, S. Fric, V. Ilić, F. Trpčevski & S. Vranjevac

Environmental and economic assessment of pavement construction and management practices for enhancing pavement sustainability 291 J. Santos, V. Cerezo, G. Flintsch & A. Ferreira

Road route planning for transporting wind turbines in Europe 301 F. Autelitano, E. Garilli & F. Giuliani

The method of the friction diagram: New developments and possible applications 309 P. Colonna, N. Berloco, P. Intini & V. Ranieri

The relationships between familiarity and road accidents: Some case studies 317 P. Intini, P. Colonna, N. Berloco, V. Ranieri & E. Ryeng

Geotechnical asset management for Italian transport agencies: Implementation principles and concepts 325 P. Mazzanti, P.D. Thompson, D.L. Beckstrand & D.A. Stanley

Evaluation of workability of warm mix asphalt through CDI parameter and air voids 335 D.M. Mocelin, L.A.T. Brito, M.G. Johnston, V.S. Alves, G.B. Colpo & J.A.P. Ceratti

A laser profilometer prototype for applications in road pavement management system 343 G. Cerni & A. Corradini

Speed management in single carriageway roads: Speed limit setting through expert-based system 351 N. Gregório, A. Bastos Silva & A. Seco

Effects of mineral fillers on bitumen mastic chemistry and rheology 359 R.M. Alfaqawi, G. Airey, D. Lo Presti & J. Grenfell

Functional and durability properties evaluation of open graded asphalt mixes 365 V.M. Kolodziej, G. Trichês, J.S. Ledezma, G.C. Carlesso, L.M. Jardín & R.M. Knabben

Re-use in asphalt pavements of fillers from natural stone sawmilling sludge 371 E. Santagata, O. Baglieri, L. Tsantilis, G. Chiappinelli & P.P. Riviera

Risk compensation in a changing road environment 379 A. Oikonomou, P. Tafidis, P. Kyriakidis, S. Basbas & I. Politis

A PSO algorithm for designing 3D highway alignments adopting polynomial solutions 385 G. Bosurgi, O. Pellegrino & G. Sollazzo

QEMS. ANAS quality evaluation management system 395 E. Cesolini, S. Oddone & S. Gregori

Innovative approaches to implement road infrastructure concession through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) initiatives: A case study 403 M. Arata, M. Petrangeli & F. Longo

Highway functional classification in CIS countries 411 V.V. Silyanov & J.I. Sodikov

Efficient practices in railway ballast maintenance and quality assessment using GPR 419 L.B. Ciampoli, A. Calvi, A. Benedetto, F. Tosti & A.M. Alani

BIM experience in infrastructural large projects: Doha Metro—Al Jadeda Station al Matar B case study 425 A. Ingletti, M. Scala & L. Chiacchiari

The pavement management system for improving airports and roads infrastructures 435 G. Battiato, L. Cosimi & C. Stratakos

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The use of porous asphalt for the improvement of the grading plan geometry and drainage of pavement surfaces on urban roads 443 V. Ilić, M. Orešković, D. Gavran & I. Pančić

Urban tracks for Light Rail Transit (LRT). Dublin experience 451 M. Corsi

Study on paving factors of stone path in campus based on characteristics of pedestrian walking 461 Y. Yanqun, H. Qinwei, X. Meiling & Y. Sheng

Performance evaluation of regenerated HMA with very high RAP content 469 N.A. Alvarado Patiño, J. Martinez & E. Lopez

Finite element modelling of flexible pavement reinforced with geogrid 477 G. Leonardi & R. Palamara

Critical success factors for PPP infrastructure projects in India 485 R.P. Pradhan, A. Verma, S. Dash, R.P. Maradana & K. Gaurav

An on-ramp metering and speed control application on O1 freeway in Istanbul 493 H.G. Demir & Y.K. Demir

Transport infrastructure capacity calculations using green travelling planner 499 I. Celiński, M. Staniek & G. Sierpiński

The influence of road marking, shape of central island, and truck apron on total and truck accidents at roundabouts 509 J. Kamla, T. Parry & A. Dawson

A runway veer-off risk assessment based on frequency model: Part I. probability analysis 515 L. Moretti, G. Cantisani, P. Di Mascio, S. Nichele & S. Caro

A runway veer-off risk assessment based on frequency model: Part II. risk analysis 523 L. Moretti, G. Cantisani, P. Di Mascio, S. Nichele & S. Caro

Risk factors that increased accident severity at US railroad crossings from 2005 to 2015 529 E. Dabbour

Development of a road asset management system in Kazakhstan 537 G. Bonin, S. Polizzotti, G. Loprencipe, N. Folino, C. Oliviero Rossi & B.B. Teltayev

Building Information Modeling (BIM): Prospects for the development of railway infrastructure industry 547 M. Leone, A. D’Andrea, G. Loprencipe, G. Malavasi & L. Bernardini

Dissipated energy approach for the fatigue evaluation of RAP asphalt mixtures 555 M. Pasetto & N. Baldo

Correlation between risk level and operating speed of road section 563 D. Bellini, M.C. Iaconis & M. Rossi

Transport systems Implementing innovative traffic simulation models with aerial traffic survey 571 A. Marella, A. Bonfanti, G. Bortolaso & D. Herman

Social exclusion and high-speed rail: Some evidence from three European countries 579 F. Pagliara, L. Biggiero & F. Menicocci

Modeling airport noise using artificial neural networks and non-linear analysis 587 M. De Luca, D.C. Festa & G. Guido

A new safety performance index for speed-related crashes 593 G. Guido, V. Astarita, A. Vitale, V. Gallelli & F.F. Saccomanno

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Monitoring the transport sector within the sustainable energy action plan: First results and lessons learnt 601 I. Delponte

A model to evaluate heavy vehicle effect in motorway traffic flow 609 R. Mauro, S. Cattani & M. Guerrieri

Quality and energy evaluation of rail-road terminals by microsimulation 617 A. Carboni & F. Deflorio

New features of Tritone for the evaluation of traffic safety performances 625 V. Astarita, V.P. Giofrè, G. Guido, A. Vitale, D.C. Festa, R. Vaiana, T. Iuele, D. Mongelli, D. Rogano & V. Gallelli

Genetic algorithm-based calibration of microscopic traffic simulation model for single-lane roundabouts 633 O. Giuffrè, A. Granà, M.L. Tumminello & A. Sferlazza

More accessible bus stops: Results from the 3iBS research project 641 M.V. Corazza, A. Musso & M.A. Karlsson

Shaping the future of buses in Europe: Outcomes and directions from the EBSF and EBSF_2 projects 651 M.V. Corazza, A. Musso, U. Guida & M. Tozzi

Waterfront and sustainable mobility. The case study of Genoa 661 P. Ugolini, F. Pirlone, I. Spadaro & S. Candia

New forms of mobility for an alternative territorial fruition: The rediscovery of tourist footpaths 669 R. Papa & R.A. La Rocca

Terminal operator liability 677 F. D’Orsi

Information provision in public transport: Indicators and benchmarking across Europe 681 M. Pirra, M. Diana & A. Castro

Public transport resilience during emergency: A simulated case in Torino 689 F. Deflorio, H.D. Gonzalez Zapata & M. Diana

The “form” of railways: Between construction and regeneration of contemporary landscape 697 F. Viola & C. Barbieri

Modelling ambulance and traffic behaviour using microsimulation: The LIFE project application 705 F. Galatioto, V. Parisi, E. McCormick & C. Goves

Development and application of national transport model of Croatia 713 G. Pretnar, U. Reiter, I. Majstorović & A. Olmeda Clemares

The effects of the different uses of mobile phones on drivers: Experimental tests on an extra-urban road 723 S. Zampino

Back-propagation neural networks and generalized linear mixed models to investigate vehicular flow and weather data relationships with crash severity in urban road segments 731 L. Mussone, M. Bassani & P. Masci

The influence of pedestrian crossings features on driving behavior and road safety 741 A. Bichicchi, F. Mazzotta, C. Lantieri, V. Vignali, A. Simone, G. Dondi & M. Costa

The relationship between driving risk levels and drivers’ personality traits, physical and emotional conditions 747 L. Eboli, G. Mazzulla & G. Pungillo

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The impact of a bus rapid transit line on spatial accessibility and transport equity: The case of Catania 753 N. Giuffrida, G. Inturri, S. Caprì, S. Spica & M. Ignaccolo

Shared infrastructures: Technique and method for an inclusive social valuation 759 S. Miccoli, F. Finucci & R. Murro

Automatic calibration of microscopic simulation models for the analysis of urban intersections 769 S. Oliveira, L. Vasconcelos & A. Bastos Silva

On-street parking management: Bridging the gap between theory and practice 777 C. Piccioni, M. Valtorta & A. Musso

Personality and driver behaviour questionnaire: Correlational exploratory study 787 J.F. Dourado, A.T. Pereira, V. Nogueira, A.M.C. Bastos Silva & A.J.M. Seco

Motorways of the sea: An outlook of technological, operational and economic tools 795 R.G. Di Meglio, G. Mainardi, S. Ferrini & I. Toni

Assessing sustainability of road tolling technologies 803 D. Glavić, M. Milenković, A. Trpković, M. Vidas & M.N. Mladenović

Traffic impact of automated truck platoons in highway exits 811 R. Mesa-Arango & A. Fabregas

The potential of energy-efficient driving profiles on railway consumption: A parametric approach 819 M. Gallo, F. Simonelli & G. De Luca

The importance of railways for developing countries. The feasibility study for the rehabilitation of the Mchinji to Nkaya rail line in Malawi 825 A. Placido, M. Marchesini & V. Cerreta

Identifying driving behaviour profiles by using multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis 835 D.S. Usami, L. Persia, M. Picardi, M.R. Saporito & I. Corazziari

Solution to a capacity problem using non-conventional intersections 843 M. Vsetecka, M. Novak & T. Apeltauer

A cycling mobility study case: The European cycling challenge 2015 in Naples 851 C. Aveta & M. Moraca

Secondary or no longer used rail infrastructures: A new tool for the regional railway and land planning 859 A. Cappelli, G. Malavasi & S. Sperati

Delay estimation on a railway-line with smart use of micro-simulation 867 F. Cerreto, S. Harrod & O.A. Nielsen

Smart cyber systems incorporating human-in-the-loop towards ergonomic and sustainable transport systems 875 F. Galatioto, C. Salvadori, M. Petracca, J. Garcia Herrero, M.J. Santofimia & A. Pollini

Development, analysis and prediction of efficiency of bulk carriers in the world market 883 S. Galić, T. Stanivuk & A. Marušić

Enhanced financial analysis to evaluate mass transit proposals in terms of contribution on resilience increasing of urban systems 891 A. Spinosa

A reading key of motorisation trend in Italy 899 E. Garilli, F. Autelitano, F. Giuliani, A. Guga & G. Maternini

Competition between European Mediterranean containers transhipments ports 905 E. Twrdy & M. Batista

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913 Using the DataFromSky system to monitor emissions from traffic V. Adamec, B. Schullerova, A. Babinec, D. Herman & J. Pospisil

Structuring transport decision-making problems through stakeholder engagement: The case of Catania metro accessibility 919 M. Ignaccolo, G. Inturri, N. Giuffrida, M. Le Pira & V. Torrisi

A demand based route generation model for transit network design 927 N. Oliker & S. Bekhor

Multi-objective network design problem considering system time minimization and road safety maximization 931 I. Haas & S. Bekhor

The impact of road networks in urban distribution spatial 939 L.M. Jardín, C. Loch & V.M. Kolodziej

Validation of pedestrian behaviour scale in Belgrade 947 B. Antić, D. Pešić, N. Milutinović & M. Maslać

The architecture of an information system for the power management system on ship 953 M. Krčum & A. Gudelj

Multimodal accessibility and the interest towards inter-urban carsharing services: A behavioural approach 959 S. de Luca, R. Di Pace, L. Elia & F. Martire

Sustainable transport—parking policy in travel demand management 969 D. Brčić, M. Šoštarić & K. Vidović

Traffic flows merging cooperation analysis 975 D. Nemchinov, A. Mikhailov, P. Pospelov, A. Kostsov & D. Matiyahin

The relaunch of branch lines as a territory project for the inner areas 979 F. Alberti

Total management tool oriented to carbon footprint reduction in terminals of containers 987 F.E. Santarremigia, G.D. Molero, M.D. Esclapez & S. Awad-Núñez

Pedestrian paths: Safety and accessibility for all users 997 E. Pagliari & S. Balestrieri

Designing principles of the efficient and safe urban cycling infrastructure 1005 Y.V. Trofimenko, E.V. Shashina & I.V. Markin

Analysis of the maritime traffic in the central part of the Adriatic 1013 Z. Lušić, D. Pušić & D. Medić

Study on distribution of bicycle sharing system facility based on Markov chain model 1021 R. Liu, J.F. Dai, J.X. Lin, Q. Shi, Z. Sun, F. Yang & J.C. Huang

A study on the influence of parking policy mix on travel model choice behavior within the scope of heterogeneous travel purposes 1029 H. Yan, M. Ran & M. Li

Classification and recognition model for the severity of road traffic accidents 1037 J. Xi, L. Wang, T. Ding & W. Sun

Research on the method of multi-resource traffic data fusion for the calculation of urban road traffic operation index 1045 S. Zeng & H. Xiang

The optimed project: A new Mediterranean hub-based Ro-Ro network 1051 P. Fadda, G. Fancello, C. Pani & P. Serra

Evaluating the capability of deterministic and stochastic simulation tools to model oversaturated freeway operations 1059 D. Jolovic, P. Martin, A. Stevanovic & S. Sajjadi

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1065 Evaluation method of urban intersection safety under mixed traffic T. Chen, M. Li, L. Sun, B. Chen & Y. Gao

Sustainable development of the transport system through rationalization of transport tasks using a specialised travel planner 1071 I. Celiński, G. Sierpiński & M. Staniek

Tram and light rail transit in modern urban mobility systems 1081 R. Emili

A methodology for evaluating the competitiveness of Ro-Ro services 1089 V. Marzano, A. Papola & F. Simonelli

Airport ground access logit choice models for fixed track systems 1099 I. Politis, P. Papaioannou & G. Georgiadis

A simulation model for managing port operations 1109 S. Gori & M. Petrelli

Air transport hinterland in Adriatic and Ionian region: Equity and connectivity matters 1115 O. Čokorilo

Which role for tramways in the next years 1123 G. Mantovani

Author index 1131

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Transport Infrastructure and Systems – Dell’Acqua & Wegman (Eds) © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-03009-1

Preface

The Transport Infrastructure and Systems TIS International Congress aims to promote and discuss effi­cient planning, design, construction and maintenance of transport infrastructure and systems by address­ing important issues related to roads, railways, airports, maritime and intermodal systems.

The 1st TIS International Congress organized by the Italian Association for Traffic and Transport Engineering AIIT will be held April 10–12, 2017 in Rome. The TIS 2017 International Congress is focused on emerging technologies to enable smarter, greener and more efficient movement of people and goods around the world.

The congress aims to present and discuss current knowledge of the ever-changing challenges to sci­entists, engineers, managers, and professionals from around the world who are involved in sustainable development and maintenance of transport infrastructure and systems.

In many countries, transport infrastructure is currently strained to a state of limited functionality. Increased ridership and depleting funds have caused many Agencies to become concerned with the future of facilities. Much maintenance is required on infrastructure, and their capacity is in desperate need of expansion.

Along with the declining state of transport infrastructure is a growing concern for the need to recognize and mitigate mankind’s impact on the natural environment.

A more sustainable solution to transport infrastructure and systems problems must be assessed. Infra­structure can have a large negative impact on surrounding ecosystems and overall environmental quality. The next step in infrastructure’s advancement needs to include practices that reduce their effect on the natural environment, increase capacity, and benefit society beyond the ability of current infrastructure. This can be achieved by thinking to transport infrastructure that mitigate the negative impact on the envi­ronment, include more sustainable practices than modern construction techniques, and consist of maxi­mizing the lifetime of an infrastructure. Sustainable construction techniques include the use of recycled materials, ecosystem management, energy reduction, increasing the water quality of storm water runoff, and maximizing overall societal benefits. Dynamic and liveable cities rely on efficient mobility systems, and road safety plays a large part in this.

To meet the transport infrastructure and systems needs of future generations, new goals must be set. Research will have to be given more attention, and a new generation of infrastructure designs will have to be developed. The TIS 2017 will provide such a forum for new concepts and innovative solutions. The meeting program will cover all transportation modes, with more than 150 presentations in over 20 sessions and workshops, addressing topics of interest to policy makers, administrators, practitioners, researchers, and representatives of government, industry, and academic institutions.

This proceedings book includes submissions to the congress in the areas of Asset management in trans­port infrastructure, financial viability of transport engineering projects/Life cycle Cost Analysis, Life-Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Assessment of transport infrastructure/Infrastructures financing and pric­ing with equity appraisal, operation optimization and energy management/Low-Volume roads: planning, maintenance, operations, environmental and social issues/Public-Private Partnership (PPP) experience in transport infrastructure in different countries and economic conditions/Airport Pavement Management Systems, runway design and maintenance/Port maintenance and development issues, technology relat­ing to cargo handling, landside access, cruise operations/Infrastructure Building Information Modelling (I-BIM)/Pavement design and innovative bituminous materials/Recycling and re-use in road pavements, environmentally sustainable technologies/Stone pavements, ancient roads and historic railways/Cemen­titious stabilization of materials used in the rehabilitation of transportation infrastructure/Sustainable transport and the environment protection including green vehicles/Urban transport, land use develop­ment, spatial and transport planning/Bicycling, bike, bike-sharing systems, cycling mobility/Human fac­tor in transport systems/Intelligent Mobility: emerging technologies to enable the smarter movement of people and goods/Airport landside: access roads, parking facilities, terminal facilities, aircraft apron and

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the azdjacent taxiway/Transportation policy, planning and design, modelling and decision making/Trans­port economics, finance and pricing issues, optimization problems, equity appraisal/Road safety impact assessments, road safety audits, the management of road network safety and safety inspections/Tunnels and underground structures: preventing incidents-accidents mitigating their effects for both people and goods/Traffic flow characteristics, traffic control devices, work zone traffic control, highway capacity and quality of service/Track-vehicle interactions in railway systems, capacity analysis of railway networks/ Risk assessment and safety in air and railway transport, reliability aspects/Maritime transport and inland waterways transport research/Intermodal freight transport: terminals and logistics.

At least two, but often three reviewers, including members of the Scientific Committee, subjected all submitted contributions to an exhaustive refereed peer review procedure. Based on the reviewers’ recom­mendations, those contributions which best suited the conference goals and objectives were chosen for inclusion in the proceedings.

The Editors would like to thank the Scientific Committee members and individual reviewers for their dedication and contributions of their time and efforts to ensure the high technical quality of the accepted papers. In addition, sincere thanks are extended to Salvatore Antonio Biancardo for ensuring that final manuscripts were in accordance with the publication format requirements.

The guidance and continuing input from the AIIT Committee members were essential in planning of this congress, and highly appreciated. Finally, we would like to gratefully acknowledge the Organizing Committee members for their help, suggestions and contributions to the management of the Congress affairs.

April 10, 2017 Rome

Gianluca Dell’Acqua and Fred Wegman Chairs of the TIS International Congress 2017

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Transport Infrastructure and Systems – Dell’Acqua & Wegman (Eds) © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-03009-1

Committees

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Gianluca Dell’Acqua, Chairman Fred Wegman, co-Chairman

(by alphabetical order)

Andrus Aavic, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Vladimír Adamec, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic Tomas Apeltauer, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic John Andrews, The University of Nottingham, UK Orazio Baglieri, Polytechnic of Torino, Italy Marco Bassani, Polytechnic of Torino, Italy Ana Maria César Bastos Silva, University of Coimbra, Portugal Shlomo Bekhor, Technion—Haifa, Israel Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Werner Brilon, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Paolo Budetta, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Francesco Canestrari, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy Giuseppe Cantisani, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Armando Cartenì, Federtico II University of Napoli, Italy Maria Castro Malpica, Technical University of Madrid, Spain Christine Chaloupka-Risser, FACTUM, Austria Vicent de Esteban Chapapría, University of Valencia, Spain Jack C.P. Cheng, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Pasquale Colonna, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy Olja Čokorilo, University of Belgrade, Serbia Mauro Cozzolino, University of Salerno, Italy Kevin Cullinane, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Antonio D’Andrea, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Essam Dabbour, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates Mario De Luca, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Gianluca Dell’Acqua, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Miguel Angel del Val Melus, Tech. University of Madrid, Spain Paola Di Mascio, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Coenraad Esveld, ECS BV, The Netherlands Nicolau Dionísio Fares Gualda, University of São Paulo, Brasil Bruna Festa, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Demetrio Carmine Festa, Calabria University, Italy Gaetano Fusco, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Fabio Galatioto, Transport Systems Catapult, UK Felice Giuliani, University of Parma, Italy Hercules Haralambides, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Imine Hocine, Inst. of Science and Tech. for Transport, France Felix Huber, Wuppertal University, Germany Matteo Ignaccolo, University of Catania, Italy

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Renato Lamberti, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Davide Lo Presti, The University of Nottingham, UK Giuseppe Loprencipe, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Roberto Maja, Polytechnic of Milano, Italy Gabriele Malavasi, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Giulio Maternini, University of Brescia, Italy Raffaele Mauro, University of Trento, Italy Kazuaki Miyamoto, Tokyo City University, Japan Goran Mladenovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia Charles Musselwhite, Swansea University, UK G.P. Jayaprakash, Transportation Research Board, USA David Jones, University of California Davis, USA Maja Krcum, University of Split, Croatia Raimundas Junevicius, Vilnius Gediminas Tech. University, Lithuania Robert Parsons, University of Kansas, USA Hrvoje Pilko, University of Zagreb, Croatia Ioannis Politis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Carlo Prato, The University of Queensland, Australia Thanos Pallis, University of the Aegean, Greece Marco Pasetto, University of Padova, Italy Luca Persia, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Anand J. Puppala, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA Cesar Queiroz, former World Bank Highways Adviser, USA Thomas Kjær Rasmussen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Danijel Rebolj, University of Maribor, Slovenia Stefano Ricci, Sapienza University of Roma, Italy Ralf Risser, FACTUM, Austria Guo Runhua, Tsinghua University, China Francesca Russo, Federico II University of Napoli, Italy Giuseppe Salvo, University of Palermo, Italy Ezio Santagata, Polytechnic of Torino, Italy Piotr Sawicki, Poznan University of Technology, Poland Kungrabat Sharipov, TT Polytechnic University, Uzbekistan Valentin Silyanov, State Technical University, Russia Andrea Simone, University of Bologna, Italy Wayne K. Talley, Old Dominion University, USA Bagdat Teltayev, Highway Research Institute, Kazakhstan Susan L. Tighe, University of Waterloo, Canada Tomaz Tollazzi, University of Maribor, Slovenia Elen Twrdy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia András Várhelyi, Lund University, Sweden Ashish Verma, Indian Institute of Science, India Alex Visser, University of Pretoria, South Africa Zhong Wang, Dalian University of Technology, China Fred Wegman, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Alfred Weninger-Vycudil, Viagroup, Switzerland Jean François Wounba, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Thomas J. Yager, NASA Langley Research Center, USA Stefano Zampino, Road and Transport Engineer, Italy Daiva Zilioniene, Vilnius Gediminas Tech. University, Lithuania

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(by alphabetical order)

Stefania Balestrieri Sonia Briglia Lauragrazia Daidone Gianluca Dell’Acqua Mario Magnanelli Edoardo Mazzia Alessandro Ruperto Rocco Sorropago

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HOSTING INSTITUTION

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UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

Transportation Research Board Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Società Italiana Infrastrutture Viarie Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre Transportation Research Group of India ANAS, SITEB, CIFI, FASTIGI, FINCO, WISTA Italia Sapienza Università di Roma University of Pretoria

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Transport Infrastructure and Systems – Dell’Acqua & Wegman (Eds) © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-03009-1

Deformation and strength of asphalt concrete under static and step loadings

A.I. Iskakbayev & B.B. Teltayev Kazakhstan Highway Research Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan

C. Oliviero Rossi University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

ABSTRACT: Deformation and strength of fine-grained asphalt concrete were investigated under static and step loadings experimentally in the paper. Temperature varied within the range of 20 ± 2°C. The stress varied within the range of 0.055 MPa and 0.311 MPa during creep test. The results of experiments showed that creep curves have three sites within specified ranges of stress—site of unstabilized creep, site of stabilized creep and site of accelerating creep. The long-term strength curve is described successfully by exponential function. The stress affects greatly the long-term strength of asphalt concrete: the increase of stress for single order reduces failure time for four orders. The sequence of impacts also affects greatly the long-term strength of asphalt concrete.

INTRODUCTION

Asphalt concrete is one of the main materials for highway pavements. Mechanical properties of an asphalt concrete are highly depending on temperature, value, duration, and rate of load­ing (MS-4 2008, Papagiannakis & Masad 2008, Yoder & Witczak 1975). In real road conditions temperature in points of asphalt concrete layers of pavement structures due to variations of ambient temperature, track wheels load values, their action duration and rate varies within wide limits. There­fore, determination of mechanical behavior of an asphalt concrete taking into account the variation of the above mentioned factors has important practical value.

It is known that the basic methods for evalua­tion of mechanical behavior of viscoelastic mate­rials are tests on creep and relaxation (Cristensen 1971, Ferry 1980, Tschoegl 1989). Technically, realization of creep test is easier. It is possible to construct creep curves and long-term strength with using its results. Relaxation curves can be obtained from the creep curves by using known methods (Tschoegl 1989, Hopkins & Hamming 1957). The long-term strength curves enable to determine service life of a road asphalt concrete pavement.

In this paper test results of hot fine-grained asphalt concrete samples on creep are presented. Creep tests were carried out by the direct tensile scheme until complete fracture of the asphalt concrete samples. Test temperature was 20 ± 2°C. The applied stress was changed from 0.055 to

0.311 MPa. Creep curves under different loads and long-term strength curve of the asphalt concrete have been constructed. Three characteristic sites of creep curves—the unstabilized, stabilized and accelerating creep sites are shown.

2 MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE DAMAGE

The vehicles, running along the highways, have dif­ferent number of axles, the loads on which varies within the wide range. It is natural that the axles with different values of loads cause different dam­age level for pavement. One of the prediction models for materials and structures damage, con­sidering load impact of different values, is well-known Miner’s law (Miner 1945). Miner’s law is also known as the principle of linear summation of damages (Talreja & Sing 2012) and found wide application in engineering calculations. For exam­ple, in the USA it is used for prediction of fatigue life for asphalt concrete pavement of highways (ARA, ERES 2004). In this regard fatigue damage is calculated under the following equation:

T

∑ NnD = i (1)

i =1 i

where D = damage; T = total number of periods; ni = actual traffic period i; and Ni = traffic allowed under conditions prevailing in i.

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Vehicles run along the highways with different speed, i.e. they affect the pavement structure with different duration. As under real road conditions the speed of the vehicles varies within the wide ranges, axle load duration differs greatly. Unfortu­nately, equation (1), based on Miner’s law, does not consider load duration, which can be a source of systematic large inaccuracies during determination of fatigue life for asphalt concrete pavement of the highway.

At present, the so-called Bailey’s criterion is well-known in science and engineering practice (Bailey 1939), which can be described in the fol­lowing form:

ttp

∫ dt = 1 (2) 0 τ [σ ( )σ t ]

where tp = failure time; σ(t) = stress, varied in time; and τ[σ(t)] = dependence of material failure time on stress.

Contrary to Miner’s law (1), Bailey’s criterion (2) considers load duration, i.e. the speed of the vehicle along the highway. Dependence τ[σ(t)] of Bailey’s criterion represents by itself the ana­lytical equation for the so-called curve of long-term strength, which is constructed based on the test results of the material according to the creep scheme (Kachanov 1986, Rabotnov 1987).

Table 1. Basic standard indicators of the bitumen.

3 MATERIALS

3.1 Bitumen

In this paper bitumen of grade 100–130 has been used which meets the requirements of the Kaza­khstan standard (ST RK 1373 2013). The bitumen grade on Superpave is PG 64–40 (Superpave series No.1 2003). Basic standard indicators of the bitu­men are shown in Table 1. Bitumen has been pro­duced by Pavlodar processing plant from crude oil of Western Siberia (Russia) by the direct oxidation method.

3.2 Asphalt concrete

Hot dense asphalt concrete of type B that meets the requirements of the Kazakhstan Standard (ST RK 1225 2013) was prepared with use of aggregate fractions of 5–10 mm (20%), 10–15 mm (13%), 15–20 mm (10%) from Novo-Alekseevsk rock pit (Almaty region), sand of fraction 0–5 mm (50%) from the plant “Asphaltconcrete-1” (Almaty city) and activated mineral powder (7%) from Kordai rock pit (Zhambyl region).

Bitumen content of grade 100–130 in the asphalt concrete is 4,8% by weight of dry mineral material. Basic standard indicators of the aggregate and the asphalt concrete are shown in Tables 2 and 3 respec­tively. Granulometric composition curve for mineral part of the asphalt concrete is shown in Figure 1.

Indicator Measurement unit Requirements of ST RK 1373 Value

Penetration, 25°C, 100 gr, 5 s 0.1 mm 101–130 104 Penetration Index PI – −1.0… +1.0 −0.34 Tensility at temperature: cm 25°C ≥ 90 140 0°C ≥ 4,0 5.7 Softening point °C ≥ 43 46.0 Fraas point °C ≤ −22 −25.9 Dynamic viscosity, 60°C Pa⋅s ≥ 120 175.0 Kinematic viscosity mm2/s ≥ 180 398.0

Table 2. Basic standard indicators of the crushed stone.

Value

Indicator Measurement unit Requirements of ST RK 1284 fraction 5–10 mm fraction 10–20 mm

Average density g/cm3 – 2.55 2.62 Elongated particle content % ≤ 25 13 9 Clay particle content % ≤ 1,0 0.3 0.2 Bitumen adhesion – – satisf. satisf. Water absorption % – 1.93 0.90

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Table 3. Basic standard indicators of the asphalt concrete.

Indicator Measurement unit Requirements of ST RK 1225 Value

Average density g/cm3 – 2.39 Water saturation % 1.5–4.0 2.3 Voids in mineral aggregate % ≤ 19 14 Air void content in asphalt concrete % 2.5–5.0 3.8 Compression strength at temperature: MPa 0°C ≤ 13.0 7.0 20°C 3.4 50°C ≥ 1.3 1.4 Water stability – ≥ 0.85 0.92 Shear stability MPa ≥ 0.38 0.39 Crack stability MPa 4.0–6.5 4.1

Figure 1. Granulometric curve of mineral part of the asphalt concrete.

4 TEST METHODS

4.1 Sample preparation

Samples of the hot asphalt concrete in form of a rectangular prism with length of 150 mm, width of 50 mm and height of 50 mm were manufactured in the following way. Firstly the asphalt concrete samples were prepared in form of a square slab by means of the Cooper compactor (UK, model CRT­RC2S) according to the standard (EN 12697-33 2003). Then the samples were cut from the asphalt concrete slabs in form of a prism. Deviations in sizes of the beams didn’t exceed 2 mm.

4.2 Test

Tests of hot asphalt concrete samples in a form of rectangular prism on creep were carried out accord­ing to the direct tensile scheme until a complete failure. The test temperature was equal to 20 ± 2 °C, stress was changing from 0.055 to 0.311 MPa⋅s. The tests were carried out in a special assembled installation. The sample strain was measured by

means of two clock typed indicators while data was recorded in a video camera.

5 EXPERIMENT

5.1 Creep curves

Our previous works (Iskakbayev et al. 2016a, b, Tel­tayev et al. 2016) showed that an asphalt concrete creep curve as the most of viscoelastic materials has three characteristic sites: the site I of unstabilized creep with decreasing rate, the site II of stabilized creep with constant (minimum) rate and the site III of accelerating creep with increasing rate which precedes failure. The above works show test results of asphalt concrete for creep with relatively narrow ranges of stress variation. This work includes test results for seven values of stress from 0.055 MPa to 0.311 MPa. Practically five samples of asphalt concrete were tested for each value of stress.

Figures 2 and 3 show creep curves for asphalt concrete with stresses 0.055 MPa and 0.260 MPa respectively. It is clearly seen that at small stress (0.055 MPa), as well as at high stress (0.260 MPa) creep curves have all three sites. It is important to remember that since the beginning of loading to the failure moment (tf) asphalt concrete passes three sites of deformation.

Figure 4 shows creep curves for five samples of asphalt concrete with stress 0.188 MPa. This figure shows well the impact of structural non- homogeneity of asphalt concrete on its deformability and durabil­ity: values of long-term strength and also deforma­tion characteristics have static dispersion.

5.2 Long-term strength

The dependence of failure time on stress is called long-term strength of a material (Kachanov 1986, Rabotnov 1987). The long-term strength curve of

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Figure 2. The asphalt concrete creep curve at stress Figure 5. The long-term strength curve of the asphalt 0,055 MPa. concrete.

Figure 3. The asphalt concrete creep curve at stress 0,260 MPa.

Figure 4. The asphalt concrete creep curves at stress 0,188 MPa.

the asphalt concrete constructed by results of the test on creep is shown in Figure 5. As it can be seen, the long-term strength curve is successfully described by exponential function:

−4,063 tf = 1,4072 σ (3)

Tf – failure time, s; and σ = stress, MPa.

Figure 6. Dependence of failure strain on stress.

Equation shows that the stress impacts greatly on long-term strength of asphalt concrete: stress increase for single-order reduces long-term strength for four orders.

5.3 Failure strain

It is known that one of the first criteria for strength in mechanics of materials is connected with limit value of strain. Due to the above it is important to evaluate the values of failure strain at different stresses. Figure 6 shows the dependence of failure strain for asphalt concrete on stress, where you can see that failure strain value is not constant, i.e. it cannot be the criterion of strength. In addition, this dependence is of complicated character and described by quadric polynomial: failure strain is increased monotonously up to the stress of 0.12– 0.13 MPa and reduces with further stress increase.

5.4 Step loading

As it was said previously, vehicles with different axle load run along the highways. Even loads on certain axles of one vehicle differ significantly. The sequence of impacts for these axle loads on

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Figure 7. The first scheme of loading for the sample of the asphalt concrete.

Figure 8. The second scheme of loading for the sample of the asphalt concrete.

pavement, differing in value, is of changeable character. Therefore, to evaluate the sequence of impacts on asphalt concrete strength, the follow­ing tests were carried out under the scheme of step loading.

The first five samples were loaded by stress equal to 2.29 kg/cm2 which had not changed for 180 sec­onds. Then the stress was reduced till 1.14 kg/cm2

which was constant till the sample failure. The samples average failure time was 6409seconds (Figure 7).

The next five samples were loaded firstly by stress equal to 1.14 kg/cm2 which was constant during 180 seconds. Then the stress was increased till 2.29 kg/cm2 which was constant till the sam­ple failed. The samples average failure time was 937 seconds (Figure 8).

There was established that changes in small and big tension stresses sequences eventually influence on the asphalt concrete failure time. In the case when the sample was firstly loaded by big stresses and then by small ones the failure time increases almost for seven times than the sample which was loaded firstly by small stresses and then by big ones. This fact can be explained by the fact that in the first case the duration of acting of big stress is essentially less than duration of acting of small stresses.

As the sequence of load impact affects greatly the failure time of asphalt concrete, it is required to develop a new strength criterion, which differs from Miner’s law and Bailey’s criterion, mentioned above.

CONCLUSION

The results of experimental investigation for strain and strength of fine-grained asphalt concrete at static

and step loading at temperature 20 ± 2°C and at stresses from 0.055 MPa to 0.311 MPa showed that:

− creep curves have three sites—unstabilized creep, stabilized creep and accelerating creep. It is important to know that since the beginning of loading to failure point the deformation of asphalt concrete increases with different rate, which is characteristic for certain segments of the creep curve;

− the long-term strength curve for asphalt concrete is successfully described by exponential function. The stress impacts greatly on long-term strength of asphalt concrete: stress increase for single-order reduces failure time for four orders;

− the sequence of impacts affects greatly the strength of asphalt concrete. It requires the development of a new strength criterion for asphalt concretes;

− due to structural non-homogeneity of asphalt concrete its long-term strength and charac­teristics of deformability have essential static dispersion.

REFERENCES

ARA ERES. 2004. Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of new and rehabilitated pavement structures. Final report. Part 3. Design analysis. Chapter 3. Design of new and reconstructed flexible pavements. Washington: Transportation Research Board.

Bailey, J. 1939. An attempt to correlate some tensile strength measurements on glass: III. Glass Industry 20: 95–99.

Cristensen, R.M. 1971. Theory of viscoelasticity: An introduction. New York: Academic Press.

EN 12697-33. 2003. Bituminous Mixtures. Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt. Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization.

Ferry, J.D. 1980. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hopkins, I.L. & Hamming, R.W. 1957. On creep and relaxation. Journal of Applied Physics 28: 906–909.

Iskakbayev, A., Teltayev, B. & Alexandrov, S. 2016a. Deter­mination of the creep parameters of linear viscoelastic materials. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2016: 1–6.

Iskakbayev, A., Teltayev, B., Andriadi, F., Estayev, K., Suppes, E. & Iskakbayeva, A., 2016b. Experimental research of creep, recovery and fracture processes of asphalt concrete under tension. Proc. 24th intern. con­gress on theoretical and applied mechanics, Montreal, 21–26 August 2016.

Kachanov, L. 1986. Introduction to continuum damage mechanics. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Miner, M.A.1945. Cumulative damage in fatigue. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 12: A159-A164.

MS-4. 2008. The Asphalt Handbook. 7th Edition. Lexing­ton: Asphalt Institute. Papagiannakis, A.T. & Masad, E.A. 2008. Pavement Design and Materials. New Jer­sey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Rabotnov, Yu.N. 1987. Introduction to fracture mechan­ics. Moscow: Nauka.

ST RK 1225. 2013. Hot mix asphalt for roads and air­fields. Technical specifications. Astana.

ST RK 1284. 2004. Crushed stone and gravel of dense rock for construction works. Technical specifications. Astana.

ST RK 1373. 2013. Bitumens and bitumen binders. Oil road viscous bitumens. Technical specifications. Astana.

Superpave series No. 1. 2003. Performance graded asphalt binder specification and testing. Lexington: Asphalt Institute.

Talreja, R. & Sing, C.V. 2012. Damage and failure of com­posite materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Teltayev, B.B., Iskakbayev, A.I. & Rossi, C.O. 2016. Regularities of creep and long-term strength of hot asphalt concrete under tensile. In Sandra et al. (eds.), Functional pavement design; Proc. 4th Chinese-Euro­pean workshop, Delft, 29 June-1 July 2016. London: Taylor & Francis Group.

Tschoegl, N.W. 1989. The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior. An Introduction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

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