20017fefcoverv05bjpg

The Radio

Handbook

The Radio Handbook is a comprehensive guide to radio broadcasting in BritainFeaturing two entirely new chapters for this third edition lsquoYou radiorsquo and lsquoSport onradiorsquo as well as sections on making radio adverts and radio drama this text offersa thorough introduction to radio in the twenty-first century Using new examplescase studies and illustrations it examines the various components that make radiofrom music selection to news presentation and from phone-ins to sport programmesDiscussing a variety of new media such as podcasts digital radio and web-linkedradio stations Carole Fleming explores the place of radio today the extraordinarygrowth of commercial radio and the importance of community radio

The Radio Handbook shows how communication theory informs everyday broad-casts and encourages a critical approach to radio listening and to radio practiceAddressing issues of regulation accountability and representation it offers adviceon working in radio and outlines the skills needed for a career in the industry

The Radio Handbook includes

bull interviews with people working at all levels in the industry including programmecontrollers news presenters and DJs

bull examples of programming including nationwide and local BBC commercialradio community and student stations

bull real typescripts and case studies of current stations

bull a glossary of key terms and technical concepts

Carole Fleming is Principal Lecturer at the Centre for Broadcasting and Journalismat Nottingham Trent University Her previous publications include The RadioHandbook (second edition 2002) Women and Journalism with Deborah Chambersand Linda Steiner (2004) and Introduction to Journalism with Emma HemmingwayGill Moore and Dave Welford (2006)

Media Practice

Edited by James Curran Goldsmiths College University of London

The Media Practice handbooks are comprehensive resource books for students of mediaand journalism and for anyone planning a career as a media professional Each handbookcombines a clear introduction to understanding how the media work with practicalinformation about the structure processes and skills involved in working in todayrsquosmedia industries providing not only a guide on lsquohow to do itrsquo but also a critical reflectionon contemporary media practice

The Newspapers Handbook 4th edition

Richard Keeble

The Advertising Handbook 3rd edition

Helen Powell Jonathan Hardy Sarah Hawkin and Iain MacRury

The Television Handbook 3rd edition

Jonathan Bignell and Jeremy Orlebar

The Photography Handbook 2nd edition

Terence Wright

The Magazines Handbook 2nd edition

Jenny McKay

The Public Relations Handbook 3rd edition

Alison Theaker

The Cyberspace Handbook

Jason Whittaker

The Fashion Handbook

Tim Jackson and David Shaw

The New Media Handbook

Andrew Dewdney and Peter Ride

The Radio HandbookThird edition

Carole Fleming

First edition published 1994Reprinted 1996 1999Second edition published 2002Reprinted 2006 2007

This third edition first published 2010by Routledge2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informa business

copy 2010 Carole Fleming

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanicalor other means now known or hereafter invented includingphotocopying and recording or in any information storage orretrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataFleming Carole 1955ndash

The radio handbook Carole Fleming ndash 3rd edp cm

1 Radio broadcastingndashHandbooks manuals etc 2 Radio broadcastingndashGreat Britain I TitlePN199155F54 200938454ndashdc22 2009003518

ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44508ndash6 (pbk)ISBN10 0ndash203ndash87377ndash7 (ebk)

ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44508ndash5 (pbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash203ndash87377ndash9 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2009

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcouk

ISBN 0-203-87377-7 Master e-book ISBN

For my sons Dominic Michael Tom and Sean Braithwaite and my sister Debbie

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

The Radio

Handbook

The Radio Handbook is a comprehensive guide to radio broadcasting in BritainFeaturing two entirely new chapters for this third edition lsquoYou radiorsquo and lsquoSport onradiorsquo as well as sections on making radio adverts and radio drama this text offersa thorough introduction to radio in the twenty-first century Using new examplescase studies and illustrations it examines the various components that make radiofrom music selection to news presentation and from phone-ins to sport programmesDiscussing a variety of new media such as podcasts digital radio and web-linkedradio stations Carole Fleming explores the place of radio today the extraordinarygrowth of commercial radio and the importance of community radio

The Radio Handbook shows how communication theory informs everyday broad-casts and encourages a critical approach to radio listening and to radio practiceAddressing issues of regulation accountability and representation it offers adviceon working in radio and outlines the skills needed for a career in the industry

The Radio Handbook includes

bull interviews with people working at all levels in the industry including programmecontrollers news presenters and DJs

bull examples of programming including nationwide and local BBC commercialradio community and student stations

bull real typescripts and case studies of current stations

bull a glossary of key terms and technical concepts

Carole Fleming is Principal Lecturer at the Centre for Broadcasting and Journalismat Nottingham Trent University Her previous publications include The RadioHandbook (second edition 2002) Women and Journalism with Deborah Chambersand Linda Steiner (2004) and Introduction to Journalism with Emma HemmingwayGill Moore and Dave Welford (2006)

Media Practice

Edited by James Curran Goldsmiths College University of London

The Media Practice handbooks are comprehensive resource books for students of mediaand journalism and for anyone planning a career as a media professional Each handbookcombines a clear introduction to understanding how the media work with practicalinformation about the structure processes and skills involved in working in todayrsquosmedia industries providing not only a guide on lsquohow to do itrsquo but also a critical reflectionon contemporary media practice

The Newspapers Handbook 4th edition

Richard Keeble

The Advertising Handbook 3rd edition

Helen Powell Jonathan Hardy Sarah Hawkin and Iain MacRury

The Television Handbook 3rd edition

Jonathan Bignell and Jeremy Orlebar

The Photography Handbook 2nd edition

Terence Wright

The Magazines Handbook 2nd edition

Jenny McKay

The Public Relations Handbook 3rd edition

Alison Theaker

The Cyberspace Handbook

Jason Whittaker

The Fashion Handbook

Tim Jackson and David Shaw

The New Media Handbook

Andrew Dewdney and Peter Ride

The Radio HandbookThird edition

Carole Fleming

First edition published 1994Reprinted 1996 1999Second edition published 2002Reprinted 2006 2007

This third edition first published 2010by Routledge2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informa business

copy 2010 Carole Fleming

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanicalor other means now known or hereafter invented includingphotocopying and recording or in any information storage orretrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataFleming Carole 1955ndash

The radio handbook Carole Fleming ndash 3rd edp cm

1 Radio broadcastingndashHandbooks manuals etc 2 Radio broadcastingndashGreat Britain I TitlePN199155F54 200938454ndashdc22 2009003518

ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44508ndash6 (pbk)ISBN10 0ndash203ndash87377ndash7 (ebk)

ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44508ndash5 (pbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash203ndash87377ndash9 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2009

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcouk

ISBN 0-203-87377-7 Master e-book ISBN

For my sons Dominic Michael Tom and Sean Braithwaite and my sister Debbie

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

Media Practice

Edited by James Curran Goldsmiths College University of London

The Media Practice handbooks are comprehensive resource books for students of mediaand journalism and for anyone planning a career as a media professional Each handbookcombines a clear introduction to understanding how the media work with practicalinformation about the structure processes and skills involved in working in todayrsquosmedia industries providing not only a guide on lsquohow to do itrsquo but also a critical reflectionon contemporary media practice

The Newspapers Handbook 4th edition

Richard Keeble

The Advertising Handbook 3rd edition

Helen Powell Jonathan Hardy Sarah Hawkin and Iain MacRury

The Television Handbook 3rd edition

Jonathan Bignell and Jeremy Orlebar

The Photography Handbook 2nd edition

Terence Wright

The Magazines Handbook 2nd edition

Jenny McKay

The Public Relations Handbook 3rd edition

Alison Theaker

The Cyberspace Handbook

Jason Whittaker

The Fashion Handbook

Tim Jackson and David Shaw

The New Media Handbook

Andrew Dewdney and Peter Ride

The Radio HandbookThird edition

Carole Fleming

First edition published 1994Reprinted 1996 1999Second edition published 2002Reprinted 2006 2007

This third edition first published 2010by Routledge2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informa business

copy 2010 Carole Fleming

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanicalor other means now known or hereafter invented includingphotocopying and recording or in any information storage orretrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataFleming Carole 1955ndash

The radio handbook Carole Fleming ndash 3rd edp cm

1 Radio broadcastingndashHandbooks manuals etc 2 Radio broadcastingndashGreat Britain I TitlePN199155F54 200938454ndashdc22 2009003518

ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44508ndash6 (pbk)ISBN10 0ndash203ndash87377ndash7 (ebk)

ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44508ndash5 (pbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash203ndash87377ndash9 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2009

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcouk

ISBN 0-203-87377-7 Master e-book ISBN

For my sons Dominic Michael Tom and Sean Braithwaite and my sister Debbie

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

The Radio HandbookThird edition

Carole Fleming

First edition published 1994Reprinted 1996 1999Second edition published 2002Reprinted 2006 2007

This third edition first published 2010by Routledge2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informa business

copy 2010 Carole Fleming

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanicalor other means now known or hereafter invented includingphotocopying and recording or in any information storage orretrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataFleming Carole 1955ndash

The radio handbook Carole Fleming ndash 3rd edp cm

1 Radio broadcastingndashHandbooks manuals etc 2 Radio broadcastingndashGreat Britain I TitlePN199155F54 200938454ndashdc22 2009003518

ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44508ndash6 (pbk)ISBN10 0ndash203ndash87377ndash7 (ebk)

ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44508ndash5 (pbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash203ndash87377ndash9 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2009

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcouk

ISBN 0-203-87377-7 Master e-book ISBN

For my sons Dominic Michael Tom and Sean Braithwaite and my sister Debbie

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

First edition published 1994Reprinted 1996 1999Second edition published 2002Reprinted 2006 2007

This third edition first published 2010by Routledge2 Park Square Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canadaby Routledge270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group an informa business

copy 2010 Carole Fleming

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted orreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic mechanicalor other means now known or hereafter invented includingphotocopying and recording or in any information storage orretrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataFleming Carole 1955ndash

The radio handbook Carole Fleming ndash 3rd edp cm

1 Radio broadcastingndashHandbooks manuals etc 2 Radio broadcastingndashGreat Britain I TitlePN199155F54 200938454ndashdc22 2009003518

ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN10 0ndash415ndash44508ndash6 (pbk)ISBN10 0ndash203ndash87377ndash7 (ebk)

ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44507ndash8 (hbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash415ndash44508ndash5 (pbk)ISBN13 978ndash0ndash203ndash87377ndash9 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor amp Francis e-Library 2009

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor amp Francis or Routledgersquoscollection of thousands of eBooks please go to wwweBookstoretandfcouk

ISBN 0-203-87377-7 Master e-book ISBN

For my sons Dominic Michael Tom and Sean Braithwaite and my sister Debbie

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

For my sons Dominic Michael Tom and Sean Braithwaite and my sister Debbie

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

Contents

List of illustrations ixAcknowledgements xiIntroduction 1

1 The renaissance of radio 5

2 Radio revolution 23

3 You radio 41

4 Radio style 61

5 The voice of the station 85

6 The role of news 105

7 The tools of broadcasting 131

8 Types of programming 145

9 Sport on radio 163

10 Accountability 177

11 Getting started in radio 191

Glossary 197Notes 205Bibliography 209Index 213

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

Illustrations

11 Trevor Dann director of the Radio Academy 612 Antony Bellekom managing editor of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music 1031 Andrew David managing editor of Siren FM 5232 Andrew David and a volunteer at Siren FM community radio 5441 Mark Dennison presenter and deputy programme controller

at 96 Trent FM 6442 The studio at 96 Trent FM 6643 Logo for Siren FM 8044 Hundreds of people turned out for BBC Radio Nottinghamrsquos

campaign ndash the Big Night Out 8351 Broadcast voice coach Kate Lee 8752 Mark Dennison on air at 96 Trent FM 9661 Lewis Skrimshaw news editor at 96 Trent FM 10671 A typical radio studio 13272 Close up of a radio studio desk 13373 A digital Marantz recorder 14181 Radio playwright Amanda Whittington 15891 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby at the Derby County

ground 17192 BBC Radio Derbyrsquos Ross Fletcher at the Beijing Olympics 175

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

Acknowledgements

When I began researching this book I had little idea that the radio industry wouldbe transforming itself in such a dramatic way with mergers takeovers and closureschanging the scene on almost a monthly basis But despite it being such a period ofuncertainty the enthusiasm and passion for radio shown by everyone I talked to inthe industry confirmed my belief that it is the people who work in radio that make it such a fascinating and dynamic medium I would like to thank everyonewho helped me to produce this edition of The Radio Handbook and in particular thefollowing people Trevor Dann from the Radio Academy Antony Bellekom fromBBC Radio 2 Ben Cooper Piers Bradford Andy Puleston and James Wood fromBBC Radio 1 Phil Dixon from Smooth FM Lewis Skrimshaw and Mark Dennisonfrom Trent FM Phill Danks from GCap Media Phil Blacker from GCap Sport StuartCosgrove from Channel 4 Ross Fletcher from BBC Radio Derby Aeneas RotsosSophie Stewart and Hannah Kennedy from BBC Radio Nottingham Philippa TJTim Humphrey from Southern FM Nick Wilson from Heart 106 Duncan Cookeand Will Nunan from Severn Sound Andrew David Sam Kirk and Gavin Robertsfrom Siren FM Jim Latham from the BJTC

In addition I would like to thank my colleagues at the Centre for Broadcastingand Journalism at Nottingham Trent University for their support in particularMandy Ball for advice on election coverage and legal matters

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

The changes in the radio industry in the UK since the publication of the lastedition of The Radio Handbook in 2002 show how radio constantly evolvesto meet the challenge of technological advances and shifts in society Back

then Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio was struggling to become establishedradio station websites were primitive podcasting had yet to be invented and RadioAuthority regulation ruled the airwaves

Fast forward to 2009 and it is a different world While DAB is still struggling tosome extent as a platform the number of people listening to digital radio isincreasing by the beginning of 2008 25 per cent of people in the UK listened toDAB radio while 36 per cent listened to digital radio on digital television 22 percent listened online and 12 per cent listened on their mobile phone (Ofcom 2008a282) Radio stations now actively promote their websites encouraging the audienceto enter competitions and interact with presenters online and download podcastsThe BBC produces hundreds of podcasts every week that regularly appear in theiPod top ten podcast chart while 57 per cent of commercial radio stations produceweekly podcasts (RadioCentre 2008 19) And in response to the changes in the wayradio is delivered a softer approach to regulating radio is being taken by Ofcomwith regulations for analogue stations relaxed to bring them in line with digitalstations (Ofcom 2007a)

So the radio industry examined in this new edition of The Radio Handbook iscompletely different the big names from the start of the century have disappearedreplaced by new and relatively unknown players Global Radio ndash formed in 2007 tobuy former Chrysalis stations ndash became the biggest commercial radio group a yearlater when it bought GCap for pound375 million in June 2008 German media group Bauer became the second largest radio group in the UK when it bought Emap stationsfor pound422 million in January 2008 And in May 2008 Virgin Radio was bought bythe Times of India Group ending 15 years of the brand name which was changedto Absolute Radio a few months later

Introduction

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

While doom-merchants regard many of these changes as the death knell of radioothers believe the changes show that the radio industry is limbering up getting readyto reassert itself as it has done so many times in the past when faced with challengesfrom other media It is radiorsquos adaptability and ability to reinvent itself to inspirelistenersrsquo loyalty that make it such a fascinating medium to study The purpose ofthis book is to examine the organisational structures and operating principles thatproduce radio to reveal the complexities behind what is widely regarded as a simplemedium all it needs is a microphone a transmitter and a voice Through interviewswith a wide range of industry insiders and an analysis of the research produced bythose inside and outside the industry the complexities of radio become revealed andhopefully explained

With so much upheaval in the radio industry over the past 12 months it isinevitable that between the time of researching this book and its publication thesituation has changed In some cases stations have changed because of new ownersin other cases people have moved on to different jobs Wherever possible I havetried to take account of these changes In any event everyone interviewed for thisbook was talking about the situation as they saw it at the time and despite anychanges their views are still valid but should be read within the context of the cyclicalchanges the industry periodically goes through

Most people agree that the bedrock of radio in the UK is the publicly-funded BBCwhich is listened to by 68 per cent of adults in the UK every week (Ofcom 2008a256) But the last few years have seen changes in that organisation as well with anew Royal Charter that came into effect in January 2007 and restructured thebroadcasting giant For this reason Chapter 1 looks at the new structure of the BBCand analyses how the changes have affected its radio output including its role as apublic service broadcaster The chapter then moves on to look at the developmentof commercial radio and analyse its strength as a provider of local and regional radioIt ends with an examination of how listening figures are gathered for UK radio andhow the profile of listeners and the way they use radio is changing

Without a doubt the biggest change to radio in recent years has been thedevelopment of DAB digital radio and Chapter 2 examines the controversy overthe adoption of a system of digital radio delivery that is unique to the UK The earlyvision of DAB being the saviour of radio by providing endless choice and superioraudio quality has disappeared and although there is now a tentative timetable for adigital radio switchover it is widely believed that DAB will be just one system ofdigital delivery The chapter then moves on to examine internet radio ndash includingPersonal Online Radio ndash which many believe will be radiorsquos future before examiningmore traditional forms of radio delivery ndash hospital radio and pirate radio

Another huge change to radio since 2000 has been the development of communityradio which became established as a third tier of radio in the UK through theCommunity Radio Order of 2004 and Chapter 3 charts its growth and developmentand analyses its role in the modern media with a profile of community station Siren

Introduction2

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

FM The chapter then moves on to another newcomer ndash podcasting ndash and discusseshow this phenomenon has blurred the definition of radio with its potential to makebroadcasters of everyone

With so many radio stations now available each one strives to make itselfdistinctive and offer a unique brand to listeners and in Chapter 4 we examine theway a station achieves and maintains a brand In particular the BBC brand and thecommercial radio brand are analysed to show how their brands attract audiencesThis is followed by a discussion about the role of music on radio and a new sectionthat explains how radio adverts are made by the biggest producer of radio advertsin the UK The chapter ends by examining how competitions and off-air activitieslike concerts sponsored by radio stations help promote station brands

Of course an important part of any stationrsquos brand is the lsquovoicersquo it projects andthat is most obviously projected by its presenters In Chapter 5 the role of thepresenter is discussed and different styles of presentation and how they promote thestation brand are analysed On a more literal level the chapter also has tips for would-be broadcasters from broadcast voice coach Kate Lee on how to maximise thepotential of your voice The chapter ends with a profile of Radio 1 which showsthat the success its voice has with its target audience of 15ndash29-year-olds comes fromlistening to what their listeners want from radio and applying it

Another important part of the voice of a radio station ndash particularly a local radiostation ndash is its news and Chapter 6 looks at the role of news on radio and hownewsrooms operate While the presentation and duration of news bulletins variesfrom station to station according to the target audience essentially the news iscompiled in the same way For this reason this chapter describes the various elementsthat make a news bulletin and what criteria are applied to the selection of news Itends with a brief analysis of two news bulletins to show how the same news is shapedto cater for different audiences

Within all this talk about branding it is easy to forget about the nuts and bolts ofradio broadcasting so Chapter 7 looks at the tools of broadcasting Although farfrom an exhaustive account of the technical equipment used in radio the chapterexplains how studios and newsrooms work It then looks at different types of micro-phones and their use before examining different types of interviews and how to getthe most from them The aim of this chapter is not to provide a technical guide butto demystify the equipment used on most radio stations and show why different toolsand approaches are used in different situations

But while it is undeniable that technology impacts on programming the funda-mental strengths of radio ndash interaction with the audience and provision of access todistant events and up-to-date information on changing situations ndash remain the sameIn Chapter 8 the way radio incorporates those strengths is discussed through anexamination of different types of programming This includes an examination ofphone-ins and how they work how radio reacts to emergencies election broad-casting and drama on radio

Introduction 3

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

And no discussion about radio would be complete without a look at sport on radioIn Chapter 9 the way that radio deals with sport and its importance to stations isexamined Various sports reporters explain their jobs and give tips on differentaspects of radio sport from covering the Olympics to commentating on footballThe chapter ends with a profile of a BBC sports reporter

From its beginning radio presented a challenge to government who feared itspower to influence people For that reason radio (and other forms of broadcasting)is more heavily regulated than the print media and in Chapter 10 the way that radiois held accountable is discussed This includes some of the legal restraints on broad-casting and a fuller examination of the regulation of radio In particular the structureof the BBC Trust and Ofcom are examined and there is an analysis of the OfcomBroadcasting Code that applies to all radio broadcasters The chapter ends with anexamination of what happens when those regulations are broken as happened inNovember 2008 when a telephone prank by two high-profile Radio 2 broadcasterscaused uproar throughout the country to the extent that the Prime Minister GordonBrown commented on their behaviour

The final chapter looks at how to get started in radio with advice from employersand industry trainers Not all jobs in radio involve being on air but most of themdo need some form of training and this chapter examines various routes into radioand gives advice on how to work out which is the best for you

While this book is by no means an exhaustive account of how radio operates inthe UK it is hopefully an insight into the key issues faced by broadcasters Thereare already many books that analyse the theory of broadcasting There are also booksabout the practice of radio What this book attempts is to show how what we actuallyhear when we switch on the radio is influenced by theory ndash from the structure of thelsquoradio dayrsquo to the selection of news The radio industry in the UK has grown so muchover the past few years that it is impossible to include every aspect in one volumebut hopefully the main issues have been explored and explained in a way that willinspire a passion for radio It may be the oldest broadcasting medium but radiorsquosability to re-invent itself keeps it eternally fresh and exciting This book attempts toshow both why and how radio manages to be a relevant part of all our lives

So it seems that despite competition from a huge range of other media radio isstill holding its own and one reason for its continued popularity may be that by July2008 there were a total of 397 stations available on AM FM or DAB (Ofcom 2008a243) This means there is even greater competition between stations to get and holdon to listeners

Introduction4

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

Adams A (2005) lsquoRadio football down the yearsrsquo available at httpnewsbbccouksport2hifootball1760579stm

Allan S (1999) News Culture Buckingham Open University Press

Allen K (2008) lsquoGCap to pioneer ldquolisten and buyrdquo radio for iPodsrsquo The Guardian 11February 2008

Andrews P (2005) Sports Journalism A Practical Introduction London Sage

Baehr H and Gray A (eds) (1996) Turning it On A Reader in Women and Media LondonArnold

Barnard S (2000) Studying Radio London Arnold

BBC

ndashndashndashndash (2006) Royal Charter available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (200607) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndashndash (200708) BBC Annual Report available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndash (2008a) Editorial Guidelines available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) BBC Radio Service Licences available at wwwbbccouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoBrown speaks out over prank callsrsquo BBC news online Tuesday 28 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoTimeline Russell Brand prank callsrsquo BBC news online Friday 31 October2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee Report November 2008

Beaman J (2000) Interviewing for Radio London Routledge

Beck A (1997) Radio Acting Oxford A amp C Black

Berry R (2006) lsquoWill the iPod kill the Radio Star Profiling Podcasting as RadiorsquoConvergence 12 (2) 143ndash62

Boyd-Barrett O and Newbold C (1995) Approaches to Media London Arnold

Boyle R (2006) Sports Journalism Context and Issues London Sage

Briggs S (1981) Those Radio Times London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson

Carter C Branston G and Allan S (eds) (1998) News Gender and Power LondonRoutledge

Chambers D Steiner L and Fleming C (2004) Women and Journalism London Routledge

Bibliography

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

Collins R Curran J Garnham N Scannell P Schlesinger P and Sparks C (1986) MediaCulture and Society A Critical Reader London Sage

Commedia (2007) History of Community Radio in the UK wwwcommediaorguk

Crisell A (1986) Understanding Radio London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Understanding Radio 2nd edn London Methuen

ndashndashndashndash (1997) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting London Routledge

Curran J and Gurevitch M (2000) Mass Media and Society 3rd edn London Arnold

ndashndashndashndash and Seaton J (1991) Power without Responsibility 4th edn London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash and ndashndashndashndash (1997) Power without Responsibility The Press and Broadcasting in Britain5th edn London Routledge

Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB) (2009) httpwwwdrdborg

Dougray G (1994) The Executive Tart and Other Myths London Virago

Drakakis J (ed) (1981) British Radio Drama Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Evans E (1977) Radio ndash A Guide to Broadcasting Techniques London Barrie amp Jenkins

Everitt A (2003) New Voices An Evaluation of 15 Access Radio Projects London UK RadioAuthority

ndashndashndashndash (2005) New Voices An Update London UK Radio Authority

Feldman S (1999) lsquoTwin Peaks The Staying Power of BBC Radio 4rsquos Womanrsquos Hourrsquo paperdelivered at the Radiodyssey Conference Cardiff November 1999

Fogg A Korbel P and Brooks C (2005) The Community Radio Toolkit Manchester RadioRegen

Ford S (2007) Writing News for Local Radio Nottingham Booklaw Publications

Gage L (1999) A Guide to Commercial Radio Journalism 2nd edn revised by L Douglasand H Kinsey Oxford Focal Press

Gibson O (2008) lsquoBBC funding the publicrsquos verdictrsquo MediaGuardian 18 August 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoBBC battles to calm prank stormrsquo The Guardian 31 October 2008

Goatley M (2007) The Community Radio Sector Looking to the Future London Departmentof Culture Media and Sport

Graff V (2008) lsquoAn unlikely comebackrsquo in MediaGuardian 20 October 2008

Hargrave AM (2000) Listening 2000 Broadcasting Standards Commission and the RadioAuthority

Hayes B (1994) lsquoThe Role of the Public Voice in Present-day Radiorsquo in AM Hargrave (ed)Radio and Audience Attitudes Annual Review ndash 1994 ndash Public Opinion and Broad-casting Standards Series London John Libbey

Hewlett S (2008) lsquoBrand damage and the cost of Rossrsquo MediaGuardian 3 November 2008

Hospital Broadcasting Association (2009) lsquoHistoryrsquo wwwhbaukcoukpublicabout

Hudson G and Rowlands S (2007) The Broadcast Journalism Handbook Essex PearsonEducation

Johnson B (2006) lsquoDAB gets a poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 9 October 2006

Kelner M (2008) lsquoHeard the same song three times today Blame the craze for ldquotestingrdquotunesrsquo The Guardian 19 May 2008

Kiss J (2007) lsquoWersquove given music a homersquo The Guardian 4 June 2007

Lewis P (1981) Radio Drama London Longman

McLeish R (1988) The Technique of Radio Production 2nd edn London Focal Press

ndashndashndashndash (1994) Radio Production 3rd edn Oxford Focal Press

Bibliography210

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

McNair B (1994) News and Journalism in the UK A Textbook London Routledge

McQuail D (1994) Mass Communication Theory An Introduction 3rd edn London SagePublications

Milmo D lsquoMerger costs push GCap into pound48m lossrsquo The Guardian 25 May 2006

Mitchell C (ed) (2000a) Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

ndashndashndashndash (2000b) lsquoSound Advice for Women Who Want to Work in Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed)Women and Radio Airing Differences London Routledge

Mitchell C and Michaels K (2000) lsquoThe Last Bastion How Women Become MusicPresenters in UK Radiorsquo in C Mitchell (ed) Women and Radio Airing DifferencesLondon Routledge

Ofcom (2004a) The iPod Generation wwwofcomorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2005) Ofcom Broadcasting Code ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007a) The Future of Radio the next phase ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) Illegal Broadcasting understanding the issues ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007c) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 1 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007d) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 2 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007e) Illegal Broadcasting Annex 3 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2007f) Illegal Broadcasting FAQs ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) The Communications Market 2008 ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Ofcom a short guide to what we do ibid

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) Restricted Service Licences Notes for Applicants available at wwwofcomorgukradioifirblrslsrslappsrsl_notes010808pdf

Plunkett J (2007a) lsquoRadio days are here again as Britons tune click and plug into the digitalagersquo The Guardian 17 August 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2007b) lsquoWill radio ever get on the same wavelengthrsquo The Guardian 16 July 2007

ndashndashndashndash (2008a) lsquoRadio fined record pound111m for phone-in scamrsquo The Guardian 27 June 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) lsquoGCap Digital Stations for the choprsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008c) lsquoPagers have been ditched and itrsquos back to radio diaries to measure listeningrsquoThe Guardian 28 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008d) lsquoDigital radio attracts more listenersrsquo The Guardian 1 May 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008e) lsquoItrsquos all or nothingrsquo The Guardian 21 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008f) lsquoA man for all seasonsrsquo The Guardian 7 April 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008g) lsquoA poor receptionrsquo The Guardian 11 February 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008h) lsquoA different hand on the dialrsquo The Guardian 3 March 2008

ndashndashndashndash (2008i) lsquoIRN drops ITN for Sky Newsrsquo The Guardian 15 October 2008

Price-Davies E and Tacchi J (2001) Community Radio in a Global Context A ComparativeAnalysis Sheffield Community Radio Association

Radio Advertising Bureau (2006a) Discovery and Recovery the complementary roles of radioand iPod wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2006b) Multi-platform radio wwwrabcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2007) Radio and the Digital Native wwwrabcouk

RadioCentre (2006) An Introduction to Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

ndashndashndashndash (2008) Action Stations The Output and Impact of Commercial Radio wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography 211

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References

RAJAR (2008a) Podcasting and Radio Listening via Internet Survey January wwwrajarcouk

ndashndashndashndash (2008b) Podcasting and Radio Listening via the Internet Survey June wwwrajarcouk

Robinson J (2008) lsquoChannel 4 bid to rule airwaves my just be pie in the skyrsquo The Observer24 August 2008

Robinson P (2007) lsquoGaydar finds that listeners will dance to its different tunesrsquo TheGuardian 2 July 2007

Rudin R (2006) lsquoThe Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UKrsquo Convergence 12(2)163ndash78 London Sage

Scannell P (1991) lsquoIntroductionrsquo in P Scannell (ed) Broadcast Talk London Sage

ndashndashndashndash (1996) Radio Television and Modern Life Oxford Blackwell

Schofield J (2007) lsquoOfcom is still clueless when it comes to DAB radiorsquo The Guardian 10May 2007

Shinglewr M and Wieringa C (1998) On Air Methods and Meanings of Radio LondonArnold

Silver J (2007) lsquoLicence to shockrsquo The Guardian 1 October 2007

Starkey G (2004) Radio in Context Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Sweney M and Holmwood L (2008) lsquoBBC fined pound400000 over unfair phone-insrsquo TheGuardian 31 July 2008

Welsh T Greenwood W and Banks D (2007) McNaersquos Essential Law for Journalists 19thedition Oxford Oxford University Press

Whelan S (2007) lsquoWhy internet explorers are all earsrsquo in Radio Reborn a special supplementfrom The Guardian and RadioCentre 5 November 2007 7

Wilby P and Conroy A (1994) The Radio Handbook 1st edn London Routledge

Winston B (1995) lsquoHow Are Media Born and Developedrsquo in J Downing J Mohammadiand A Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media A Critical Introduction 2nd edn London Sage

Winter A (2008) lsquoGetting the business of radio audience measurement rightrsquo RadioCentreRadio Research available at wwwradiocentreorguk

Bibliography212

• Book Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Illustrations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• References