Editor

CENSUS OF INDIA 197,

ANDBRA PRADESH

TOWN STUDY

OF

MANTHANI (Karimnagar District)

Field Investigation & Draft

K. PEDDI RAJU

Statistical Assistant

Scrutiny, Supervision & Guidance

V. VENUGOPAL RAO, B.A., lL~_. Deputy Director of Census Ope,.ations

T. VEDANTAM, 1. A. s. Director of Census Operations. Andhra Pradesh.

CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 VOLUME II - PART VI B - LIST OF SPECIAL SURVEY MONOGRAPHS ON SELECTED TOWNS,

ANDHRA PRADESH

District

Visakhaptnam

East Godavari

West Godavari

Guntur

Prakasam (Ongole)

Nellore

Chittoor

Cuddapah

Anantapur

Mahbubnagar

Medak

Nizamabad

Karimnagar

Khammam

Nalgonda

SI. Name of town No. and Size class

functional Category and purpose of Selection

----__ . __ . __ . ___ -Anakapalle (Class II)

2 Kakinada (Class I)

3 Kovvur \Class III)

4 Tanuku (Class III)

5 Amaravathi

6 (Population 6,258) Ponnur (Class III)

7 *Chirala (Class II)

8 Markapur (Class III)

9 Venkatagiri (Class IV)

'0 Tirupati

II (Class II) Tirumalai (Class IV)

12 CUddapah (Class II)

13 Guntakal (Class II)

14 Alampur (Class IV)

15 Siddipet (C\ass III)

16 Bodhan (Class Ill)

17 Manthani (Class IV)

18 Bhadrachalam (Class IV)

19 Kothagudem tCiass II)

20 Bhongir (Class III)

Trade and Commerce town (Noted for jaggery trade)

SerVice - cum - Industry· cum - Trade and Comm­erce town (Educational cent.re - Selected as an Admini .. trative town.)

Primary Activities - cum - Industries town (Agro-Industrial town) . Primary Activities - cum - Industry cum· Service town (Agro - Industrial town).

An old historic village - Once a great Buddhist Centre Primary activities town - Selected as a residential -cum - educational town.

Town with manufacturing in House-hold Industry (Handloom weaving) Industrial Manufacturing town (Noted for slate industry)

Town with manufacturing in House-hold Industry (HandlQom sarees)

SerVice - cum - Trade I These two towns viz •• and Commerce Town. ,Tirupati and Tirumalai Trade and Commerce L are selected as Temple tOWn. r towns and pilgrimage

J! cent.res of country Wide

fame. Trade and commerce - cum - Services-cum - Indus­t.ries town. Sel ected as an Administ.rative town.

Transport-cum - Primary Activities·cum - Industies town - Selected as a transport town.

Primary Activities t.own (An old historic. town which abounds in antiquities of Chalukyas).

Industry:- cum - Trade and Commerce town

Primary {'ActiVities-cum-Industries town (Biggest. sugar factory in the country and second biggest in South - East Asia is located here)

Primary Ac.tivities town. An old historic town and ancient seat of learning

SerVice - cum - Industry - cum - Trade and Com li merce town. Selected as a temple town.

prominent seat of lord Rama of Ramayana epic fame having country Wide importance is located here. Primary Activities- a coal mining town.

Primary ActiVities - cum - Trade and Commerce­cum - Services town. Selected as a town in area of inFluence of a Metropolis (Hyderabad city), also an old historic town.

* It was proposed to bring out a combined volume on Chlrala and Vetapalem towns.

1971 Census Publications, Andhra Pradesh (All the Census Publications of tbis State will bear Series 2)

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

Part Part Part

Part

Part

Part

Part

part

IA

IB

IC

IIA

liB

II C (i)

II C (ii)

ItI

IV

V

VIA

VI B

VIC

VII

VIII A VIII B IX

IXA

XA

XB

XC

XI

I 1 ~I

17

General Report

Detailed Analysis of the Demographic, Social. Cultural and Migration Patterns.

Subsidiary Tables

General Population Tables

Economic Tables

Distribution of Population. Mother Tongue and Religion, Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes

Other Social & Cultural Tables and Fertility Tables - Tables on Household composition. single year age, marital status. educational levels, Scheduled Castes and Seheduled Tribes, etc., Bilingualism.

Establishments Report and Tables

Housing Report and Tables

Special Tables and Ethnographic notes on Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes

Town Directory

Special Survey Reports on Selected Towns (20)

Survey Reports on Selected Villages (5)

Special Report on Graduates and Technical Personnel (All India Publication) _,..,)-

Administration Re~ - Enumeration } Administration Report-Ta bulation For Office use only

Census Atlas

Administrative Atlas

District Census Hand Books

Town and Village Directory.

Village and Townwise primary

Census Abstract

One volume for each

district (21)

Analytical Report. Departmental' Statistics and District Cens~ Tables. ( I) Special Report on Cen1;,narians (2) Special Report on Gocrawari (3) Special Report on'Moharrum

(21 )

} Separate volume for each l district (21 Volumes)

j

I \

SIVALIN GA IN GO UTAMESWARA TEMPLE.

" I

FOREWORD

Modern Census has become an indispensable instrument of policy and development planning. It needs hardly be stress­sed that a Census is not mere counting of heads. It is a kind of stock-taking as it were, of the nation's human wealth. Cen­sus aims to present a complete picture of man, in his social, cultural and economic setting.

Recognising its role of having to serve the needs of the planner, policy maker, administrator and the academician, the Census Organisation from time to time arranges discussions with the main data users and seeks guidance in planning its operations. However, for a further and more realistic appre­ciation of the data thrown up by the Census on various aspects of the life of the community, it has been realised that more and more empirical studies would require to be undertaken in order to "invest the dry bones of statistics with flesh and blood accounts of social structure and social change". This require­ment was kept in view even while planning the 1961 Census. The studies undertaken as ancillary to it and particularly the socio-economic survey of five hundred and odd villages through­out the country provided an insight into the meaning of the statistical data in terms of real life situations.

India is, no doUbt, predominantly rural. But it will not be long before the country achieves a break-through in the process of urbanisation. With the increasing tempo of econonlic and industrial development of the country large scale urbanisa­tion is bound to come. Urbanisation has become sine qua non of progress. Urban centres are undoubtedly the centres of dis­semination of knowledge, new ideas, technical skills and so on. This influences the life arouna till more and more areas get urbanised. India is at this interesting transitional stage and the Census organisation thought it fit to undertake studies to get a deeper insight into the growth of small towns which are likely to play an important role in the life and economy of the community in the near future. The 1971 Census has program-

11

rued to compile a separate town~ directory gIvIng certain basic data pertaining to each'')own in the country. This is proposed to be supplemented by j fairly detailed accounts of about 200 towns selected for study all over the country which may help to understand the intensity and direction of the socio-economic forces generated by urbanisation as also affecting the process of urbanisation and its impact on the rural neighbourhood.

There is also a special operational need of the Census which requires urban studies to be taken up. There is a point of view in some countries that the presentation of the Census data in terms of rural-urban dichotomy is unrealistic. There are, on the one hand, rural areas with urban ways of life; on the other, there are pockets in Urban. areas with folkways and rural vestiges. Perhaps in India there is still some clear cut distinction between the rural and urban areas which is, however, gradually eroding. The proposed studies are expected to indicate how much rural the urban areas are and how much urban the rural areas are.

J n December 1967, a seminar was organised to examine the different aspects of urban studies, with the participation of a galaxy of town planners, anthropologists, sociologists, econo­Inists, demographers, etc. On the snggestion of the semiI?ar, an Advisory Committee was set up and in consultation with the same, the following criteria for selection of towns for speciaJ studies were laid down.

Size: While the larger proportion of the towns selected for special studies should be small towns of the population size of about 20,000 ot" less, a number of medium size towns, with population of upto one lakh each and a number of cities with population of more than one lakh each, should also be studied.

Demographic features: While selecting the towns the following demographic features also should be kept in view.

(a) Growth Rate - towns with (i) high growth rate (ii) low growth rate and (iii) negative growth rate"

111

(b) Density of Population - towns with 0) high den­sity of population, (iO medium density of popu­lation and (iii) low density of populatior;t.

(c) Age~(i) Old historjcal towns which are still growing (ii) Old declining towns, and (iii) New towns, should be represented.

Functional types: The sample should include towns representing each of the functional types as follows: (a) Service~ (b) Mining or Plantation, (c) Craft (traditional) (d) Manufac­turing (non-traditional), (e) Construction, Cf) Trade and Com­merce, (g) Transport.

Location: The following Ioeational factors are also to be kept in view while selecting tl~e towns.

(a) Topography and natural environment: tainous. (if" Plain dry, (iii) Plain humid, (v) CoastaL

Moun­(iv) hilly,

(b) Climate: (i) Hot weather and high rainfall, (ii) Hot weather and low rainfall, (iii) temperate weather and high rainfall, (iv) temperate weather and low rainfall, (v) Cold weather and high rainfal1, (vi) Cold weather and low rainfall.

(c) Growth Pattern of the Region: (i) Areas of dynamism. wlJere industries and services are coming up rapidly and heavy immigration is taking place, (ii) prospective arf'as or areas rich in resources and likely to develop in near future, (iii) problem areas, i.e., areas Jagging behind in technological developn1ent and sel vices and are2S from where heavy Iuigration takes place.

(d) Growth History: (i) Areas which were having vigorous economic and cultural life in the past, stagnated for some time and are again showing signs of revival, (ii) areas which have continuous history of vigorous economic and cultural life ..

iv

(e) Metropolitan Areas: (n Towns within areas of influence of metropolitan centres (a) within a distance of 16 kilometres from the same, (b) be­yond a distance of 16 kilometres from the same upto a distance of 64 kilometres; (ii) Towns out­side areas of influence of metropolitan centres.

Nature of relation with other towns: A few satellite towns, constituents of conurbation and suburban towns.

Concentration of ethnic or religious group, caste or com­munity: Towns with preponderance of an ethnic or religious group, such as, Scheduled Tribes, Muslims or Christians or Anglo - Indians or a single Hindu Caste, Tibetan Refugees, Refu­gees from other areas, etc.

Towns influenced by other social and cultural phenomena: Towns, such as, temple towns~ health resorts, etc., also to be kept in Vlew.

It is obvious that if the towns were to be selected with reference to each of the criteria in isolation, the number of towns to be studied would have been much more than 200. which would be much beyond the operational capacity of the Cens­us Organisation, for such purposes. Hence towns with maximum clustering of the different criteria were preferred at the time of the selection on an all India basis, at the same time ensuring that the various characteristics are represented in one town or the other as finally selected for the study.

This study will cover, among other things, the (a) Growth his tory of towns including the infrastructure of growth and basic and non-basic economy and concomitant changes in the economic and social relations of the region~ (b) growth history of the various servicing institutions in the towns in response to the different factors of change and the concomitant changes in the pattern of distribution of community, power and prestige, (c) frequency and pattern of interaction among the different segments of the population, (d) nature and intensity of linkages with other towns of the region on the one hand and rural hinterland on the other, (e) persistence of the values of

v

traditional society and percolation of technological values of modern civilisation in the social complex of the towns and (0 other ancillary matters.

A set of Schedules has been evolved in connection with the present survey by the Social Studies Unit of the office of the Registrar General, India, under the guidance of Dr. B.K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies). The Sur­vey of the individual towns will be carried out mainly by the Directors of Census Operations in the various States and Union Territories, with the technical advice of Dr. Roy Burman. Qualified research personnel have been placed at the disposal of the Directors of Census Operations/Social Studies Unit of the Office of the Registrar General, India, for carrying out the field investigations/coordinating the studies of individual towns at the lirst stage and preparing all-India volumes by analysing and synthesising the findings of the individ ual reports at the second stage.- It is an encouraging feature that certain individual scholars and academic insti tutions have come forward to take up the studies of some towns within the framework of the present scheme. I feel confident, thanks to the enthusiasm shown by my colleagues in the State Census Offices and the academic world, a corpus of knowledge will be built up, which will be useful not only for academic purposes bu t also for various hation building purposes. I avail of this opportunity to express my fullest appreciation and thanks to all those· invol­ved in the projecL

The schedules adopted (except the town schedule which is not printed for want of space), viz., Household Schedule, Neighhourhood and conlffiunity life schedule, Institutions Sche­dule, Commercial and Industrial Establishment Schedule, Bank Schedule, Temple/Church !Mosque and other places of worship schedule are printed as annexures (1) to (6) to this Monograph.

A. Chandrasekhar, I.A.S.; Registrar General, India

PREFACE

In his foreword, the Registrar General, India, has explai­ned the Philosophy, Methodology and Scope of urban surveys. Urbanisation in a developing country like India is a process of modernisation of a traditional society. India is a land of villages. With the advent of Five Year Plans which initiated the tempo of economic developnlent through industrialisation~

large scale urbanisation is taking place in the country. In fact urbanisation has become the sign of progress. Urban centres are points of contact with outside world, locus of power, agency and diffusion points of social change. receptacles of talent and manpower, places of marketing, investlnent, recreation, etc., etc. They are the centres of civilisation. .

While urban population in the country increased from 1().84% in 1901 to 19.91% in 1971 (nearly doubled), in Andhra Pradesh it went up from 9.650/0 in] 901 to 19.31 0/0, i.e., doubled. However, the pace of urbanisation in Andhra Pradesh is more or less in tune with the country over the past seven decades. In the new1y deve10ping countries. a clear cut distinction between rural and urban is, however, gradually eroding. Rural-Urban continuum, ratber than dichotomy is considered more realistic and appropriate. We ~ee 11-.e r:ers:i~ tence of fo1kways and rural vestiges in urban aleas ar.c! }:nco1a1ion of urban ways of life and li\ing in cert2in vi~laf(s. REali~irg Hoe need to indicate how mrch rur21 tl e rrt an areas arc and how much urban the villages are, as \\ ell as to gauge the complex problems relating to hOll~ing, civic srnenitifs. eoucati( n, 1r311S[01't and communi­cations, cldtural and T(crea1ional faCIlities, etc., that arise in the wake of r<:lpid ulbanisation, the Census Crganjsation has planned to take up Special Stlldjes of nearly 200 to\\ns of different size classes all over the country. A good number of them are small towns, some are medium towns and a few are cities. The several criteria suggested for selection of towns include size, demographic features, functional types, location with reference to topography, climate, growth pattern, growth history, nature of relationship with other towns, social and cultural phenomena

vii

influencing towns, etc. It is not possible to select one town for each criteria. Necessarily, from the operational point of view we have to forego certain criteria. But due care is taken to select towns with maximum clustering of the different criteria, where­ever possible.

In Andhra Pradesh State 20 towns of different functional types and sizes and one old historic village have been selected for intensive study_ The functional characteristics and size-class of the towns selected for urban survey are as follows :-

(1) Administrative Towns: Kakinada (Class I - Ser -vices-cum-Industry-cum-Trade and Commerce Town) and Cuddapah (Class II-Trade and Commerce-cum-Service-cum­Industries Town); (2) Towns with manufacturing in House-hold Industry (Handloom weaving): Chirala* (Class II-Industries TowiIW and Venkatagiri (Class IV-Industries Tow},]): (3) Indus trial~anufacturjng Towns: Bodhan (Class Ill-Primary Activi­ties-cum-Industries Town-the second biggest sugar factory in the whole of South - East Asia is located here) and Markapur (Class III - Industries Town-famous for slate industry); (4) Trade and Commerce Towns; Anakapalle (Class 11-Trade and Commerce-eum-Primary Activities-cum-Services­noted for Jaggery) and Siddipet (Clas,s III-Industry-eum-Trade and Commerce-cum-Servjces Town); (5) Town in the area of influence of a Metropolis (Hyderabad city) : Bhongir (Class III­Primary Activities-cum-Trade and Commerce Town); (6) Agro­Industrial Towns: Tanuku (Class III-Primary-Activities-cum­Industries Town) and Kovvur (Class III-Primary Activities­cum-Industries Town); (7) Mining (Coal) Town: Kothagudem (Class II-Primary Activities Town); (1) Transport Town : Guntakal (Class 11-Transport-cum-Primary Activities-cum­Industries Town; (9) IcmpJe TowD: Tirupati (Class II-Scrvices­cum-Trade and Commerce Town); Tirumalai (Class IV-Trade

----_-----_ .. _-------" -----_. ---_

* It was proposed to bring out a combined volume on Chirala and Vetapalem towns.

Note: The functional category of each of the towns is given in parenthesis after the class of-town. Amaravathi is not a town_ functional cate­gories at the time of selection of the towns as of 1961 Census changed at the 1971 Census.

viii

and COlnmerce Town}; (10) Residential - cum -Educational Town: Ponnur (Class III • Primary Activities Town); (J 1) Old Hjs~ toric Towns: Manthani (Class IV - Primary Activities Town - an ancient seat of learning) and Alampur (CIass IV - Primary Activi­ties Town - it abounds in antiquities of Chalukyas) and lastly (12) An Old Historic Village: Amaravathi (Por;ulaticn 6,258 - once a great Buddhist centre). Cuddapah and Tirumalai, though Trade and Commerce towns, they are selected under other cate­gories, viz., Adminjstrative town, and tt"mple town respectively.

This monograph is about Manthani, a queer little remote town on the bank of River Godavari. Hermitage of the great Sage Gauthalna, an ancient centre of learning, it had been an abode of learned people althrough. Economically~ the town and the area are backward. It has no industry worth the name nor has it any attractions for any in-migration. This tow. lacks

either growth or development both on sociat and economic fronts. The gap between the masses and class also remained stagnant, without any change through ages. The only discernible change is the transformation of the oriental panditry and their progeny into modern professions of intellect like engineering, medicine, teaching, etc.

I visited the town twice before finalising this monograph and I acknowledge with thanks the enlightened conversations I had with Sri Venkatarajan Avadhany, a scholar ~f inteUectual eminance, an advocate and a freedom fjghter; Sri Mllddu Rama­krishna, Retired Head Master; Sri Anantharajan, Teacher and Sri R. Kistaiah, Extention Officer (Education). I interviewed cross sections of all cOJnmunities and participated in their family and ccmmunity life. An article entitled 'Taluk with a long tra­dition' by Sri Muppidi Ravindra Reddy, a student of Journa-

lism at the Osmania University and a native of Manthani, published in "The Deccan Chronjcle" dated 9th and 30th April, 1972 and an Urdu Socia - Economic Survey Report (1933) on Manthni by Sri Muridi Srinivasa Rao, the then Munsiff Magi­strate (1928-29) have also been very useful in preparing this monograph. Sri T. Anjaneyulu. Tahsildar and Sri M. Srirama­chandra Murthy, Block Development Officer have extended

· IX

whole-hearted co-operation throughout the survey. Last but not the least, arduous and taxing task of this nature could not have been completed but for the patience and perseverance with which the collaboration of the Investigator and the informants went on. The elite and the masses of the town should be thanked for co-operating in all respects with the Investigators.

Field work of canvassing schedules was conducted by a team of Investigators consisting of Sri K. Peddiraju, statistical Assistant, Sri E. C. Obulesu, Jnnior Investigator and Sri B.Anjaiab Computor during June-JuIy~ 1972. Tabulation of data from the filled in schedules was attended to by Sri B. Anjaiah, Smt. B. Rajyalakshmi, Sri. V. L. Narayanacharyulu, and Kum. B. Tarak­eswari Rao, Computors and Sarvasri J. Rajagopala Rao, A. V. Ramana Rao, M. Ramaprasad and K. Devadass, Assistant Compilers under the supervision and guidance of Sri Ch. Purna­chandra Rao, Tabulation Officer. The typing work for first and second drafts was attended by Sri N. Ganagaraju, Steno Grade I and Sri N. V. Manohar Rao t Steno Grade II. Typing of tables and final draft was attended by Sri V. S. R. Sastry, L. D. C. The mapping work was attended by Late Sri M. Krishnaswamy, Senior Draftsman, Smt. Daya Saxena and Sarvasri 1\"1. J. Sadiq. and B. Raghu Ram, Junior Draftsmen. Photographs were tak~n by Sri K. Devadass, Assistant Compiler. The tabulated data and field observations were shaped into a preliminary report by Sri K. Peddiraju, Statistical Assistant, under the able guidance and supervision of Sri V.Venugopal Rao, Deputy Director of Census Operations, who, apart from scrutinis­ing the report, contributed much out of his personal knowledge supplemented by field observations. Proofs for strike order were read by Sri Ch. Purnachandra Rao, -Tabulation Officer with the Assistance of Kum. B. Tarakeshwari Rao, Statistical Assistant and Sri V. L. Narayanacharyulu, Computor.

T. VEDANTAM,

Director of Census Operations,

Andhra Pradesh.

II

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ANDHRA PRADESH

CENSUS 1971; TOWN STUDIES

LOCA TJON OF TOWNS SELECTED

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BAY OF B~NCAL

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SELECTED TOWNS

t>ISTIlICT HEADQUARTER

TALUK HEADQUARTER

STATE BOUNDARY

DISTRICT BOUNDARY

TALUK ElOUNDARY

RAILWAY BROAD GAUCE

RAILWAY HETRE GAUGE

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

STATE tilGHWAYS

IIH ....... Oat'* ;c~ r- "- roln.......t III ,.u...am Dmr1n .iii "". J:1.1'!l'rc:ao.c '- ~~""-" _ ~ ..... 971. rrtIG~ ~A""'" III not d ... cI .... d • u-rbaa ..... ~ or;:I !hoi I'HI .n I'" C_I~I~I '" .... se~ ,.,.. uudr In ....... cf tu Imporun«>.

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CONTENTS

(Figures in brackets denote page numbers)

FOREWORD

PREFACE

CHAP1ER I: Introduction

Geographical Location (1); Climate and Rainfall (3); Flora; Fauna; (7): Residential pattern (8); Transport and Communications; Market; Adminis­trative and Welfare Institutions (10); Educational Institutions (11); Religious and Public places (12); Crematoria; Land use pattern (13); Residential pattern (14); Sources of Irrigation and drinking water (15); Important Ev-::nts of the Town (16).

CHAPTER II: History of Growth of tbe town

History and growth of the town (26);

CHAPTER Ill: Amenities and Services-History of Growth and tbe Present Position

Panchayal fncome and Expenditure (32); Protected water supply (35); Transport and Communicatjon (36;; Panchayat Samilbi Office (37); Taluk Office; Education (38; Junior College Extra-curricular Activities (39); Social Welfare Boys.t8- Hostel (42); Manthani Veedhi Primary School (43); Girls' High School-Origin of Girl's Education (44); Junior Basic School (46); Upper Primary School for Girls; Medical facilities (47).

Pages iH~v

VI-X

1-18

19-28

29-50

.. Xll

CHAPT.ER IV: Economic life of the town

Agriculture (51); Agricultural Practices (54); Sources of Irrigation (58); Land Revenue (59); Big Land Holdings (60); Economics of Cultivation per Acre (61); Tenancy Laws and Implementation (62); System of wages (63); Forestry (64); Fisheries (65); Livestock (66); Traditional occupations (68); Industrial and Commercial Establishments (69); Brief Facts of some of the establishments (74). Miscellaneous Occupations (80); The Blacksmithy and Carpentry Industrial Co-operative Society.

Manthani (80); Manufacturing of Ayurvedic Medicine (81); Commercial Taxes and Volume of

Business (82); Financial Institutions (84); Workers (86).

CHAPTER V: Ethnic aod Selected Socio-Demo­grapbic Cbaracteristics of the Population

Distribution of population by age, sex"'and marital

status (96).

CHA PTER vr: Migration and Settlement of Families in the Town.

Workers by type of occupation and place of last residence (110); Migrants by occupation (Ill).

CHAPTER VI[: Neighbourhood Pattern

Genera1 description (\13); Penjeruvukatta (114);

Surayapalle; Vagugadda (115)~ Gangapuri; Nadivec­

dbi (116); Religious .. Cultural and Socia) Activities within the Locality (117).

51-92

103-112

I 13-120

Xill

CHAPTER VIII: Family life in the town

Composition of households; Mother tongue (123); Heads of households by age and composition of households; Heads of households by educational level (124); Remittances sent by absentee family members (128); Remittances received by absentee family members (129).

CHAPTER IX: Housing and Material Culture

The PenkutiHu (131); The Gudise; the Midde (132); Ethnic Composition (136)

CHAPTER X: Slums, Blighted and other areas with Substandard Living Condi­tion9.

Origin and growth of slums (J 42); Barrekunta locality and Vagugadda (144); Tenugugadda and Boyanapalle. Nadiveedhi and Thammicheruvukatta Veedhi (145).

CHAPTER XI : Organisation of Power and Prestige

Trend of election to local body of Manthani (149).

CHAPTER XII :Leisure and Recreational Activities

Regular habits of the educated people-; Students and Recreational acti vities (154); Religious functions_ and celebrations (155); Traditional Organisations of Panchayats and their deliberations( I 56);Agricultural labourers and others (156); Gouthameswara temple (157); Sri Ramalayam; Saraswathi Temple (158); Sivapanchayatam Temple; Seeleswara and Siddheswara Temples (159); Sri Omkareswara TempJe (160); Sri Bhiksbeswara Tern pIe (Bodigudi) (160); Hanuman Temples; Dattatreya Temple (161); Lord Vinayaka Temple (162); Lakshnli(larayana temple (( 62); Mahalaksbmi Devalayam (163); Jama MasJid, Manthani (163); Mahila Mandali (164); Literature (164).

121-130

131-140

141-146

147-152

153-166

XIV

CHAPTER XIII: Linkages and continua

Rate of increase in houses, households, and varia­tion in density of population (167); Manth ani and some hinterland villages (175); brief description of the selected villages Bbattupalle; Eklaspur (177); Gumnur; Gunjapadiga; Kesanapalle (178); Mutharam; Nagar am; Puttapaka (179); SurnepaUe; Venkatapur (I80).

CHAPTER XIV: CONCLUSION

APPENDICES

TABLES

ANNEXURE-SCHEDULES

GLOSSARY

Sl. No.

1

MAP S

Title

2

I State Map showing location of towns

selected for Urban Survey in the State -II Geographical features of Manthani town

III Notional map of Manthani town

IV Density of population

V Ethnic composition in Manthani town

VI Urban Land use of Manthani town

VII Road map of Mantbani taluk

167-180

]81-186

187-203

204-368

369-406

407-414

Page Number

3

~ Before IttncE

Toit1e Page

2-3

8-9

14-15

94-95

12-l3

.76-177

Figure Number

2

3 <4

xv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Title

2

Travellers' Bungalow New Bus Stand

Weekly Market

Sri Krishna Talkies 5 Lord Siva in the form of 22

lingas and Nandeswara in 22 Nandies in Kotilingaladibba

6

7

8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18

19 20 21

22 lJ ,

A lintel piece of old temple with carvings of Saptamatrukalu, Vigbneswara and Lord Siva at Kotilingaladibba

A typical well

New bridge at Bokkalavagu Gram Pancbayat Office

Gram Panchayat in session Telephone Excha nge and new Post Office MUGsifr Court

Police Station

A typical bullock cart Pancbayat Samithi Office Tahsil Office Junior College Hostel for Scheduled Castes and Sche­duled Tribes Girls' High School

Government Hospital Catching of fish seeds at Godavari Machi stitching chappals

Sri Sarada Vilas (Hotel)

Page Number

3

xxix xxix

xxx xx't

xxxi

xxxi

xxxii xxxii

xxxiii xxxiv xxxiv xxxiv xxxv xxxv

xxxvi

xxxvi xxxvii xxxvii

XXXVlll

xxxviii XXXIX

XXXIX

xl

xvi

1 2 3 ----------~---"~------------------

24

25

26

27

28 29 30 31 32 33

34

35

36

37

38

39

Men at work in Blacksrnithy and Car­pentry Indust rial Cooperative Society Workshop

State Bank of Hyderabad

Land Mortgage Bank

A Brahmin Family

A Manne Family Street view of Gangapuri Street view of Nadiveedhi Midde Friends' club

Sculpture at Gauthameswara Temple

Sri Seeleswara Alayam

Sri Siddh~swara Alayam

Inscription found at Anjaneya Temple, Thammicheruvukatta

Inscription found at Hanuman Temple, Gangapuri

Entrance of Laxmnarayana Temple

Masjid at Vagugadda

LIST OF STATEMENTS

Statemt!nt Number Tit 1 e

1

1-(1 )

1-(2)

2

Maximum and tures recorded 1961-70 (The Mantbani)

1Ylinimu m Tern pera­at Ramagunuam.

nearest Centre to ...

Rainfall at Manthani ...

xl

xli

"Ii :xlii xIii

xliii xliii

xliv xliv xlv xlv

xlvi

xlvi

xlvii

xlvii

xlviii

Page Number

3

4

5

xvii

1 2

1-(3) Location of the Important Educational Insti tutions in the town

1-(4) Density of population, Houses, House­holds of Manthani. 1961-71

II-( I) Population of Manthani town during 1901-1971.

111-(1) Important public institutions (Other than Banks, Educational and Medical Institutions) at Manthani town

nr-(2) Income statement of Manthani Gram Panchayat 1970~71 to 1972-73_

III-(3) Expenditure statement of Manthani Gram Panchayat 1970-7L to 1972-73

I1I-(4) Educational Institutions-Their student and teacher strengths

III-(5) Class-wise strength during 1971-72

III- (6) Student strength by religion and castel tribe/community of the Girls' High School. 1972-73

IU-(7) Students by caste/tribe/community and class in the Junior Basic scboo1. 1972-73

III -(S) Incidence of disease and treatment at the Governme~t Civil Hospital. 1971-72

IV-(l) Development of agriculture-Supply of improved seeds by Panchyat Sami­tbi. Manthani

IV-(2) Distribution of pesticides and fertilisers by Panchayat Samithi, Manthani

IV-(3) Distribution of loans by PalJchayat Samithi in Manthani

3

11

]5

27

30-31

32-33

33-34

38

40

45

46

48

55

56

57

xviii

IV-(4) Land holdings in Manthani town

IV-(S) Wet lands under different sources, Manthani town

IV-(6) Land revenue rates

IV -~7) Ten year land revenue demand and collections of Manthani, 1962-63 to ]972-73

IV-(8) Agricultural implements used

IV-(9) Pay ment of rent for leased land in multiples of Jand revenue

IV-(IO) Livestock by type and number

IV-{ll) Particulars of cattle diseases treated, 1969-70 to 1971-72

IV -( 12) Caste and Traditional occupations .. _

IV-( 13) Commercial establishments and work­shops

IV-(l4) Commercial establishments at Man­tbani

IV-( 1 5) Industrial (~stablishments at Man­thani

lV-( 16)

IV-{ 17)

IV-(18)

IV-( 19)

IV-(20)

IV-(21)

IV-(22)

Some Particulars of the Blacksmitby and Carpentry Industrial Co-operative Society, Mantbani

Volume of business turnover and sales­tax collection. Manthani town, 1969-70 to 1973-74

Registered money lenders in the town ._

Industrial category of workers

Campara blt: data on workers by sex in five towns of the district

Workers by industrial category and literacy

Workers by nature of establishment and industry

57

S8

59

S9

60

63

66

68

68-69

69

70-72

73

81

83

86

86-87

88-89

90

92

XIX

v- (I) Distribution of population by Reli­gion

V- (2) Population by caste/community of M anthani town

v- (3) Population by Mother Tongue and sex

V- (4) Population by Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes

v- (5) Survey population by age group and sex

vr- (r) Sample households by migration-status and place of birth of bead of house­hold

VI- (2) Number of members by migration sta­tus of head of household and duratinn of stay of any member of the house­hold who has stayed longest In the present residence

VI- (3) Type of households by country and st ate /district to which they belong

VI- (4) Place of last residence by place of birth

IX- (I) House use pattern -1960and 1970

IX- (2) Household accomm"Jation in Manthani town and urban areas of Karimnagar district - comparison

IX- (3) Availability of furniture in surveyed households

XI- (1) General elections. voting pattern in M antbani (1962, 1967 and 1972 elec­tions)

XIII- (I) Comparative study in literacy and workers

xnl- (2) Percentage average cultivable waste to average cultivated land per village by taluk

93

94

94

95

105

106

107

109

134

135

138

148

138

170

1 2

XIII-(3) Taluk-wise distribution of villages by size of popul ation.

XIIl-(4) Post and telegraph facilities in the villages by talu k

XIII-(5) Taluk-wise nu mber of villages electri­fied.

XIII- (6) Educational Institutions per 10,000 population in the towns of Karim­nagar district

XII r ~ (7) Manthani and some nearby towns­Comparison of certain amenities

XlII-(8) M anthani town and some nearby towns-Comparison of certain ameni­ties

XIH-(9) Details of transport routes connected to the selected villages

L1ST OF APPENDICES

Serial Number Title

1 2

I~l ~oo~ i:l0l6

1-2 'Rt:l'"~iV'W-~ ~~ L@~e.">

s'~~L}ir'i1-~ ~t$ l<9~e.;

~:o"8 j\"( -~ 5 w( 0

1-3 I'J"crS~tS §. 6 ~ _.o

II-I List of books and periodicals available in the local library-Man­thani.

3

171

172

172

173

174

175

176

Page Number

3

181_189

190

190

191

102

193-194

xxi

1 2

II-2 Particulars of criminal cases filed in court during 1970-71 and 1971-72 for Manthani town proper.

II-3 Names of the Influential people in various fields of social life of the ta)ukjtoWIl.

11-4 Return showing the results of the Gram Panchayat election, Mantbani on 15-6-1970.

11-5 Names of most influential p~t'SOllS or" the town and their bio-data.

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number

Tit 1 e

1 2

3

195

196-199

200-201

202-203

Page Number

3 _. __ ._-_ ... _. _.- .... _-_._- --~-----~-------

1 Workers and non-workers according to main activity classified by sex and age groups (fuB count)

2 Classification of workers and non- ... workers accordmg to main activity and educational levels.

3 Secondary work. Le., persons having main activity.

4 Type of occupation. mode of trans- .. port to place of work and time taken to reach.

5 Type of occupation and emp)oy- _ .. ment status of workers by sex and nature of establishment.

204-205

206-208

209

210-211

212-213

XXII

1 2

6 Age. sex and study in educational institution by religion.

7 Distribution of population by age sex and marital status.

8 Distribution of currently married women and the rehted births during the year 1970-71 by religion. preseot age and age at marriage.

9 Distribution of CUln;ntly maHied women and the rel ated births during the year 1970-71 by scheduled castel scheduled tribe, present age and age at marriage.

10 Distribution of currently married women and the related births during the last year by education. present age and age at marriage.

11 Distribution of currently married women and the related births during the last year by religion, duration of marriage and age at marriage.

12 Distribution of currently married women and the related births during the last year by scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes, duration of marriage and age at marriage.

13 Distribution of currently manied women and the related births during the last year by education. duration of marriage and age at marriage.

14 Distribution of currently married women and the related birtbs during the year 1970*71 by religion, education groups, present age and age at mar­riage of the women (urban)

3

214

215

216-219

220-221

222-225

226-229

230-211

232-235

236-243

1

XXlll

2

15 Mother-tongue and subsidiary languages as related to age and sex.

16 Age-group, marital status and educa­tional score.

17 Households defaulting in enrolling .~­

children in school by caste or tribe or community of head of household

18 Household default consistency by ~ .. sex in enrolling children in school as related to occupation and caste status and religion of head of household

19 Household default inconsistency by -__ sex in enrolling children in school as related to occupation. caste status and religion

20 Reason for non-enrol ment of children in school by type of occupa­tion of head of household

21 Never attendance and discontinua­tion after ever attendance by age group and sex and reason

22 Discontinuation of e-ducation by .-­age, sex. caste/tribe/community and class upto which read

23 Divorce by caste or tribe or commu- . __ nity and reason

24 Divorce by age at marriage and reason

25 Popul ation classified by place of birth

26 Population classified by place of birth. persons born in other districts of the state and enumerated in this town

3

244-245

246-247

248-249

250-251

252-253

254-255

256-257

258-259

260

261

262-263

264-265

xxiv

1 2

27 Mjgrants classified by place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration ...

28 Migration stage of households hailing from outside

29 Place of birth as related to country/ state/district to which belongs and broad age group

30 Property at the place from where migrated by the description of the place and distance and duration of stay·

31 Distribution of workers by type of occupation and place of last residence _

32 Distribution of noo-workers by main activity and place of last residence

33 Migrants by occupationa1 level .••

34 Migrants by educational level

35 Particulars of Individuals covered

36 Particulars of five most respected persons in the neigh boarhood

37 Particulars of five most influential persons in the neighbourhood

38 Particulars of five most respected persons in tbe town

39 Particulars of five most iOlluenti at persons in the town

40 Particulars of cultural. religious and sodal activities inside the neighbour~

bood during 1970-71 as reported by persons belongjng to different reli­gIons

3

270-271

272·273

274-275

276·277

278-279

280-281

282-283

184·287

288-289

290-291

292

293

294·295

xxv

1 2

41 Particulars of cultural, religious and social activities outside the neighbour­hood during 1970-71 as reported by persons belonging to the different re­ligions

42 Purchase of commodities in and out­side the different neighbourhoods du­ring 1970

43 Distribution of households and popu­lation by locality) religion and sex

44 Distribution of households by number of members and age of head of house­hold

45 Distribution of households and popu-lation by locality, caste_ tribe, community

46 Oiatri bution of households by nature of relation of members to head of ,household and migration status of head of household

47 Distribution of households by castel tribe/community and type ..

48 Nature of relation of members to the bead of household and composition by religion/caste

49 Composilion of households by reJa­tionship to the bead of household c1a­s5ified by country/state to which be-longs

50 Composition of households by relation­ship to the head of household classified by motber tongue

51 Composition of households by relation ship to the bead of household '::lassi­f!ed by age group

3

296-297

298-299

300-301

299

302-309

310-311

312-3 [3

314-315

316-317

3!8-319

320-321

xxvi

1 2

52 Di')tribution of households by type and educational level of head of house­hold

53 Distri bution of households by age and sex

54 Distribution of households by duration of stay of any member of the house~

hold and type

5S Households whose close family memb~rs are staying outside by religion and caste or tribe or community and age of head of household

S6 Households whose close family members are staying outside by religion and caste/tribe/community and state of belonging of head of household

57 H0useholds whose close family mem­bers are staying outside by religion and caste/tribelcommunity and educa­tional level of head of household

58 Households whose close family mem­bers atc staying outside by religiofl and caste/tribe/community and working status of head of household

59 Particulars ofcL_lse family members staying outside by o(cupation of bead of household and nature of relation with head of household

60 Particulus of the family members st aying outside by ed ucational level and relation 10 head of household

3

322

323

323

324

325

326-327

328

329

330-331

xxvii

1 2

61 Particulars of the family members staying outside who are students by course of study and nature of educa­tional institution

62 Number of family members staying outside by present address, dun\tion of stay and relation to head of household

63 Remittances sent by absentee family members by relationship to head of household

64 Remittancereceived by absentee family members by relationship to head of household

65 Distribution of census houses by pre­dominant material of wall and predo­minant material of roof.

66 Households classified by number of members and by number of rooms occupied

67 Households classified by size and tenure status

68 Relation of selected houses ·with adjoining houses by religion. castel tri be/com mUDi ty

69 Relation of houses with adjoinjng houses by state/district Ito which the head of household belongs

70 Position of houses of selected house­bolds witb reference to floor by locality

7 I Distributionof houses by predominant materials of floor t wall and roof

72 Availability of amenities by locality _

3

332-33.01

334-335

336-331

338-339

340

341

342

342-343

344

345-346

347-348

349-352

•

xxviii

1 2

73 Materials of which utensils are made by locality •

74 Female dress by religion/caste or tribe or community and state to which belongs ..•

75 Male dress by religion/caste or tribe or community and state to which belongs

76 Presence of luxury and costly goods by ]oca]ity

77 Presence of luxury goods by religion and caste/tribe/com munity

78 Numberof houses and households and variation in density of population

79 The comparative figures of the adjoin­ing towns of Mantbani in respect of households, population and literacy _~~.

80 Statement showing the pJpulation ll

area ll houses, households and literacy of the selected neighbouring villages of Manthani taluk

81 Statement showing the category-wise popula~ion of the selected villages of Manthani town

82 . Availability of basic amenities to the selected viIJages

3

353-354

355

356-357

358-359

360

361

362

363-364

367-368

xxix

Fig. 1: Travellers' Bungalow (Chapter It Para 15)

Fig. 2: New Bus Stand (Chapter I. Paras 20 & 24)

xxx

Fig. 3 ~ Weekly Market (Chapter I, Paras 17 & 21)

Fig. 4: Sri Krishna Talkies (Chapter I, Paras 17 & 24)

xxxi

Fig. 5: Lord Siva in the fOTnl of 22 Lingas and Nandeswara in 22 Nandies in Kotilingaladibba

(Chapter I. Para 25

Fig. 6: A Lintel piece of old temple with carvings of Sczptamatruka[ufj Vighneswara and Lord Siva at

Kotilingaladibba. ( Chapter I, Para 25 )

XXXll

Fig. 7 ~ A Typical Well (Chapter I, Para 31)

Fig. 8: New Bridge at Bokkalavagu (Chapter T, 16 & Chapter, I Para 35)

XX~.f:l1r-~----~----------~------------

Fig. 9: Gram Panchayat Office (Chapter III, Para 3 & 4)

F -- .lIr4fa.~ ~

Fig. 10: Grain Pancha),at in session

(Chapter III, Paras 3, 4 & 5)

XXXI .....

Flg. 11: Telephone Exchangt! and New Post Office (Chapter I. para 17 & chapter III. Para 4)

Fig. 12· AEunsifT Court

(Chapter I, para 22 & chapter III" Para 4)

xxxv

Fig. 13: Police Station (Chapter I, para 17 & chapter .I II, Para 4)

Fig. 14: A typical bullock cart (Chapter III. Para 1.1)

XXXVI

Fig. 15: Panchayat Salnithi Office (Chapter I: para 22 & chapter III, Para 14)

Fig. /6: Tahsil Office

(Chapter I. para 22 & chapter III. Para 16)

xxxvii

Fig. 17: Junior Cu/Jege (Chapter I. Para 17 & Chapter Ill, Para 18)

Fig. 18: Hostel for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Chapter Ill. Para 29)

x'Xxvii~ _

Fig. /9: Girls' High School (Chapter 1, Para 23 & Chc.Jpler /11. PaTa 36)

Fig. 20: Government Hospital (Chapter III. Para 45)

xxxix

Fig. 21: Catching offish seeds at Godavari (Chapter 1 V, Para 29)

Fig. 22: Mochi stitching ehappals (Chapter IV,- Para 36)

xl

Fig. 23: Sri Sarada Vilas (Hot~J) (Chapter J V. Para 59)

Fig. 24: Men 01 wo,k in Blacksnzilhy and Carpentry Industrial Co-operative Society Work.5hop

(Chapter IV. Para 66)

xli

Fi'g. 25; State Bank of Hyderabad (Chapter It Para 22& Chapter IV~ Para 73)

Fig. 26: Land Afortgage Bank: (Chapter I. Para 22 & Chapter IV~ Para 76)

xlii

Fig. 27: A Brahmin fanJily (Chapter V Para 2)

Fig. 28: A Manne fa71lily (Chapter V Para 5)

xliii

Fig .. 29: Street view of Gangapuri (Chapter I. Para 15 & Chapter VII. Para 4)

Fig. 30· Street view of Nadiveedhi (Chapter VII. para 9)

xliv

Fig. 31: Mid d e. (Chapter IX, para 6)

,

_ . . _.;,. ¢-. _ _

Fig. 32: Friend~' Club. (Chapter XIf, para 3)

xlv

Fig. 33: Sculpture at Gauthameswara Temple (Chapter I., Para 24 & Chapter XII. Para 16)

Fig. 34: Sri Seeleswara A lay a 111

(Chapter I. Para 24 & Chapter XII, Para 21)

xlvi

Fig. 35: Sri Siddheswara AlajJ1am (Chapter I, para 24 & chapter XII, Para 21)

Fig. 36: Inscription found at Anjaneya Temple, Tammicheruvukatta (Chapter It para 24 & chapter XII, Para 26)

xlvii

Fig. 37: Inscription found at Hunuman Temple. Gangapuri (Chapter I, Para 24 & Chapter XII. Para 27)

Fig. 38: Entrance of Sri Laxminarayana Tentple (Chapt~r I, Para 24 & Chapter XII, Para 31)

\

xlviii

Fig. 39' Masiid at Vagugadda. (Chapter I. Para 24 & Chapter XII. Para 34)

CHAPTER. I

Introduction

Manthani Town once known as Man~hrakuta tn ~he Puranas. has a rich cultural heritage and historical background In 'Andhra­desa Charitra'. 1t lies on the right bank of river Godavari, one of the, great rivers in the Indian sub-continent which covers a distance of 1 ~507.6 kms., touching several holy places like Trayambakam. Paithan of Maharashtra State and Dharmapuri. Manthani. Kaleswaram. Parnasala. Bhadrachalam, Kunavaram. Dummugudem, Kovvur. Rajahmundry, Kotipalle in Andhra Pradesh and finally Joins the Bay of Bengal. It is one of the seven sacred rivers, others being Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswathl. Narm2da. Kaverl and Sindh u which are all descri bed in the Puranas. In ancient days Manthani was a famous 'Vidyapeetham' not only in Andhradesa bu~ aU over 'Hjndudesa~ (India). The Veda Pandits (Ghanapaties) of this place are well known for their learning in Vedic Dharma in the whole of India. Every part of the town is interspersed with the ruins of ancient shrines and temples and grandoise sculpture impressing the visitor with its hoary past.

Geographical Location.

2. The town I ies between East Longi tudes 78° 30' and 800 30' and North Lat.itudes 18° 30' and 19° 00'. It is si tuated at an altitude of 421 ft. (12B meters). It is bounded in the north by river Godavari. B:>kkalavagu (small stream) in the south,. reserve forest in the ease and Ravicheruvu, a tank in the west.

3. Manthani, headquarters of Manthani taluk is neated as a Gram Panchayat since 1964. It is located in Karimnagar district of Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, 226 kms. from the State capital. It is connected by a Black Top road from Karimnagar. 66 kms., away in the north-east. On the way from Karimnagar to Manthani by road, ther'e is only one important town, viz .• Peddapalle, situated equidistance from Karimnagar and Manchani.

2

t.e .• 33 kms. There is also another smaH village, Sultanabad. formerly a taluk headquarters. situated Ole a distance of 26 krns. from Karimnagar and 40 kms. from Manthani on the same road. There is no direct rail link to Manthani town. Nearest railway statIon is PeddapaJle, (33 kms) on Kazipet-Balharsha broad guage line: None of the Villages of Manthanl taluk are connected by rail line. 8egumpet (Hyder-abad) is the nearest air-port for Manthani town at a distance of '2.16 kms. Hyderabad city. the metropolis of the state, is at 226 kms. distance from the tOWf1i.

4. Other towns situated near to Manthani are Ramagundam and jangaon-both in Peddapalle taluk. While Ramagundam is known for Thermal Power supply to the State of Andhra Pradesh. Jangaon (GodavarlkhaOi) is a rich coal mining centre. Ramagundam is 22 kms. from Manthan] and J=1ng~on is at 15 kms. Pre-historic for~ of Ramagiri. famous for various variet;es of herbs and presently. surrounded by forest.s and hill-tracks. is sit.uated at about 19 kms. (12 miles) from Manthani in t.he south-wes1:.

5. Manthani is also the border town of Karlmnagar district. River Goda'lari which flows about a mite (1.5 kms) from the town acts as a geographical boundary between Karimnagar and Adilabad districts. Beyond river Godavari at a distance of 26 kms. (16 miles) in the north is situated Chennur .. a taruk headquarters town of Adi[abad district. Taluk jurisdiction in t.he north and nortn-east of Manthani touches. the boundaries of Maharashcra and Madya Pradesh states respecti v'ely.

6. Mahadevpur, headquarters of Pam:hayat; Samlth\ \n Manchani taruk is situated about 48 Kms. (30 miles) in the east and connected by a metal road since 1972. Manair. a perennial river whicn originates in Kamar-eddy taluk of Nizamabad distric1:. Covers a distance of about 195 kms. (130 miles) in Nizamabad and Karimnagar districts, before joining Godavari river near Damara­kunta and Venkatapur viHages of Manthani taluk. Till 1972, there was no road bridge across Manair river, With the result nearly 600/0 of the geographical al"ea of the taluk remained inaccessible for half the period of the year. After the construction of the

., i

l • · 1 • ~

I

i

I

III .,j

~ a: ~ :J %

I j

4.:J

3

bridge near Adavisomanpalle village there is great improvement ill' the net work of communication system of the tal uk. Regular buses ply from Karimnagar to Mahadevpur via Manthanl.

7. There was a low level cause way connecting Manthani town to P. W. D. road till 1968. This was causing great in­convenience to .che people whenever Bokkalavagu river was it)

floods. Construction of a bridge across the river tn 1968 rendered Manthani accessible.

S. Manthani is famous for Many temples built during Kakatiya period or even earlier. Lakshmi Narayana temple on the Hospital road. Seeleswara and Siddheswara. Mahalakshmi. Hanuman and Pochamma temples on Ravulacheruvukatta road" Omkareswara. Hanumant Dattatreya and V;ghneswara temples at. Tammiche.ruvukatca, and Gowtameswara. Sreerama and Saraswathi temples on Godavari bank are among the many more temples scattered in all directions of the town.

9. Manth.anl is categorised as a Class IV town of Andhra. Pradesh with a population of 11.134. It.s geographical area is 25.125 sq. kms. and the density 443 per sq. km. Compared to 1961, an Increase of 43 per cent populatlon was recorded during 1971 This abnormal growth rate only represents inclusion of a revenue village Kuchirajupalle (populat'()n 440) and Manthani rural area compri­sing SurayapaJle and Kakartapalle hamlets (population 1,509), irl M anthani town.

Climate And Rainfall.

} O. Temperature.. Ramagundam. Rentachintala and 8hadra-· chalam are considered to be the nottEn places in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Since Manthani is only 20 kms. from Ramagun­dam~ its climate during summer and winter is of extreme nature and almost similar to that place. While in summer it: becomes unbearably hot., recording 46° and 47°C, during winter months it is equally cold. Minimum temperature of 1969 and t 970 is to.Su and 7.8 0 C respectively. A graph showing the lowest and highest temperature from 1961 and 19 7 0 is shown below.

4

S~

45

40

35 ~ -ii .c

c 30 ~

..r::. ra ,_,__

-= 25 ~ ::J .... no ,__ 20 '-' a_

E OJ

C- 15

10 Lowest Temperature

5

0 196t 1962 !963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

1 L In the absence of recorded details aC Mam:hani, cempera­'t.ure data of the last ten years of Ramagundam Is adopted for Manthan. abo.

STATEMENT 1- (1)

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES RECORDED AT

RAMAGUNDAM, 5961-70 (THE NEAREST CENTRE TO MANTHANI)

Tempe-rature 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970

1

Highest

lowest

2 3

41.4 42.0

13.0 10.5

4 5

39.6 40.3 . 12.3 14.9

6 7 8 9 10

43.0 42.6 45.3 41.9 47.Q

13.6 13.4 14.7 13.4 10.84

II

46.6

7.8

12. Rainfall: A st.tement showing the year-wise and month-wise ra;nfaU particuJars of the Jast twelve years from 1961 to 1972 is shown below.

-M

I­Z LU ~ LU l­e( l­V)

.... I

~I 1:>0 1

~l

s:::: c..

<C.

>... .._ .., J L..

..c CD

u...

I

~i "') ::I'

.§.I

>... c:

-(; a:::

co

C!C!0oo.ooo~ooo -.oMoci~~...,:~cxi"""~o'o'

~oo oooooo~C!: £: O«~ .......... r..ng,...;"""

z

c>o«-~o.~oooooo d.,..: ....... ~r--. ........... d~.,..:co

Z

«-«.~ 00.00 .--:a«~ ....,M

Zz Z

«...:t: ..... ..c(C!: 1 0 0 ~.....:: ...... ~~,

Z Z

«~o .0 100 «,....: Z Z

«:) 0 0 MM

1 0 ,.....

««~o.o.oo~

zz

-~ -• z « i!= z « :E I­« ..... ..... « u.. z 4: ""

L.. Q)

...0 E Ql U OJ

a

.... Q)

...0 E <P

~ Z

,_ QJ

...0 g a

~ c ";;

L..

-;;; .... 0 f-

... "" Q)

>-

'" ..... '" Q) >.. Q)

..r:: ..... ~ c:: ";: ::>

"'0

'D N

LI") N

LO

T ...,.. ..... 0 oU"! 'C! N 'Il co LJ"l ...: r-i a.: 0.:"";: 'D ....... .,.., N t--. co N ...,.. a-. CI'

0_ -q- N I.L") ~ ~ 00 CI'

o " " -o~~o ~«<C«- ..... M

zzz

;:;;;:;;.c««~<0:::i zzz z

co ~ N

a.: ....... U") ....... a--CJO co a--

,0

I 00 0:) .......

O~~~«"O«"OO~O~ OOLO...,.. .....: ~MNLOU")

Z Z

~O " "C>0C>0~~0~ a.:««o:)r--:~c--i N..g",,"

zz

<I> ... "E o :c:::; o u

LU

7

DurIng the Ian twelve years maximum rainfall was received 1ft the year 1966 and minimum during 1964. Graphic presentation, of the rainfall data during 1961-72 reveals that 1963 to 1965 and 1968 to 1971 are the periods of drought.

1,500

1,400

1.300

1,200

1.100

1,000

~ .., 900

~ 800

~ f 700 ~

600

500

400

300

200

100

o

RAIN FALL DURING THE LAST 12 YEARS, MANTHANI

\ \

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I /

1961·62 62-63 63-64 64·65 65·t.{> 66·67 67·68 68-69 69-70 70·71 71·72

Flora.

13. There is nothing interesting about flora of the town except a few margosa. palmyrah, ~amarind. custard apple (~a-;le;)::i';o) and wild acacia trees which are found scattered. Yet, Manthani taluk i5 rich in forest wealth with a coverage of

8 ,

t ,54,621.71 hectares under fores~s. Notable vaireties are teak; maddi, bijasal which give protection to wild animals. Reserve forest boundary. In the village limits of Eklasapur, is about tWO

kilometres from the town towards east.

Fauna.

14. Apart from the usual domestic fauna, occasionally. the place is visited by wild animals from the adjoining forest. In the interior forest, there are tigers, leopard$, bears, wolves~ deer and wild bears. Fowls, ducks and cranes are the common bi rds, apart from peacocks and severaf other types of birds.

Residential Pattern.

15. The town is divided into 22 wards, each representing a specified group of houses and conventional boundary. The spread of the main population of the town excluding Suralpalle. Kakarlapalle and Gangapuri is nearty 2 kms. from west to east and north to south. Except ward Nos. 2 I and 22 mostly inhabited by Kapus Which ace located to the south of P. W. D. road, the entire habitation of the town is t.owards nort.h. Ward no. 19 represent­ing the habitation of Madigas. is Situated between the P. W. D. road and Bokkalavagu. Ward Nos. 16. 17 and 18 with predomt~

nantly Tenugu, Kapu, Boya and Goundla communities are situated to the north of Bokkatavagu along the Guest. House Road.

16. In describing the pat.t:ern of habitation of Manthani, one cannot fail to notice t.he strategic location of adjoining irrigation SOl:.] rces, viz., Seelasamudram, Ravu\acheruvu. Thammicheruvu, Bannecheruvu. Barrekunta and Red d icheruvu. In fact certain localities are named after these sources, i.e., Ravicher~vukatta and Thammicheruvukatta Veedhi, etc. Likewise Bokkalavagu flowing from west to east and in the close proximity of ward :No.6 is equally an important geographical feature. Six kms. away to the west. of Manthani in the village limit.s of Kanna!a. a masonry <lam was constructed across this river in 1919 incurring an expendi­ture of Rs. 70,000 for irrigating about one thousand acres Gangapurl. mostly inhabited by Manne and weaver caste people in ward No. 20, is of recent origin. On account of the heavy f1oods._

MAP NO. III

NOTIONAL MAP OF

MANTHANI TOWN

N

A

In Godavari river and Bokkalavagu during 1958. houses on the­river bank were washed away. Consequently new settlement with· a population of about 600 named Gangapuri came into existance.

17. Ward Nos. '2~ 13 and 15 situated very close to Ravula­cheruvu. represent residential areas of the town, inhabited by' Kapus. Brahmins and some Vysya families. Majority of the house­holds In the wards adjoining Thammlchel"uvukatta. i.e.. Ward Nos. 9. 10 and 11 belong to Brahmin community. After crossing. the new bridge, the straight I"oad, locally named as Bus stand road, leads to Godavari river. Towards the east of Bus stand road,:' another road leads to administrative offices of the taluk. i.e.) Block office. Taluk office, Munsif Court, Police Station, Electricity office, Post & Telegraphic office and the Junior College, all situated in Ward Nos. I and 2. Block No.5 mostly represents the business and t.rading centre with hotels, weekly market. cinema hall, cloth shops, grocery and general merchandise. Ward No. 6 on the bank of Bokkalavagu consists of the households of Muslims,· GOlJn<llas and weav\~rs' community. Whi Ie In ward Nos' 3 and 8, majority of the population represent Kapus, in the remaining wards, i.e .• in ward Nos. 5 and 13. Vysyas> Brahmins and others reside. The Map III shows the physical features and the division of wards.

18. In the east-west direction of the town some of the important. roads are Grandhalaya Veedhi. Hospital road, Siddeswara Seeleswara temple road and Godavari Khani road. In the north to south direction, however, the main roads are Bus stand road, Nadiveedhi or Godavari road, and Ravulacherulfukatta road or main road. Apart. from tne above, there are innumerable· lanes and by-lanes, about sixty in number, one connecting or intercepting the other more than once. Only local peop'e c.an walk fr_eel'Y through ~hese lanes, which appear to represent a specjal feature of the layout of the town and the living habits of the people. They also add to the over - crowded residential complex of the town .. Further, the type of constructions~ mostly main doors opening on roads and lanes, with no open areas left either In front or at back, is typical of the ancient township.

19. Soil of Manthani town is black cotton and not suitable for raising structures. On account of the location of irrigation

10

sources In the dose proximity of the town, the entire habitation experiences marshy 31:mosphere. Bokkalavagu takes off the whote draInage of the town Including the sewage water of the tanks. Maximum width of the stream is about 91.44 metres (100 yards). It flows only during rainy season and thE'n gradually dries up. Residents on t.he river bank use unfilt.ered river water for drinking purposes,. Cattle of the village mostly stay in Bokkalavagu during the morning and evening hours. Washerman of the town also have certain selected spots for washing clothes.

Transport and Communications.

20_ Road communication In Manthani taluk is very poor. Compa:-ed to other t.aluks of the district; and t.he dist.rict average, road length in thiS taluk is the lowest. Karimnagar-Mahadevpur road via Manthani. provides the only link with the district head­quarters. Manthant is connected by Road Transport Corporation bus service t.o Hyderabad. Karimnagar, Hanurnakonda. and Maha­devpur. A private service also runs between Mutharam village to Godavari Khani via Manthani connecting 9 villages. Ma~explafns the net work of communications and the names of villages in the Taluk.

Market.

21. Weekly market is held in the town on every Sunday,7 near the Bus-stand, where brisk business takes place. People of 'about: 10 neighbouring villages including those of Adilabad district:, attend the market crossing Godavari river. Food grains. vegetables, coarse do~h and household utensils are the common items sold. Besides the weekly market:, there are a few wholesale

and retail shops of foodgrains, grocery. general goods, cloth and medicir:e where people buy t.heer requirements.

Administrative and Welfare Institutions.

22" The Gram Panchayat. as a local body is the imponant admlnisuative functionary responsible for providing basic civic amenities to the people of the town. DetaHs about the functioning

. of this :nstitution are given in chapter ttl. There is a Tahsil office­Panchayat Samithi office. Sub-Treasury> P. W. D. Sub-Division,

11

Munslf Court. Taluk Hospital. Junior college and some flnanciaL Innitutions such as a branch of the Stat.e Bank of Hyderabad and Land Mortgage 8ank. which are described in detail in chapt.ers III and IV respectively. While the Gram Panchayat. office and Hospital are located in the town, other offices are built: in a complex. outside the town.

Educational Institutions.· 23. There are 9 elementary schoo1s besides a private $chool.

a girl~s high £chool and a Junior college in the town. Sarvasri Varahala Bheemanna. Venkatarajan Avadhani. P. Kishan Rao and other prominent citizens of the town are responsi ble for upgrading the middle school to high school and as a junior college. There is also a Branch library of the local library authority In the town.

STATEMENT I - (3)

LOCATION OF THE IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

IN THE TOWN IS GIVEN BELOW

Sl. Name o~ the institution location No.

I 2 3

1 Junior college Penjeruvukatta 2 Girl's high school Nadiveedhi 3 Upper primary school for girls Nadiveedhi 4 Manthani Veedhl primary school Hari janawada 5 Junior basic school Penjeruvukatta 6 Primary school Ravulacheruvukatta

( Pochammawada) 7 Primary school Gouthaminagar

(Gangapuri) 8 Pr i mary s<:hool Kuc.hirajupallQ

(Boyinapalle) 9 Primary school Kakarlapa])e

10 Prj mary school Surayapalle I I Primary school Matamveedhi

Religious and Public Places.

24. Besides Gauthameswara Alayam. following are the impor~ant. religious and public places in the town.

Religious Places

1 Sri Bhlksheswara Atayam (temple) 2 Sri Omkareswara Alayam 3 Sri Seeleswara Alayam 4 Sri Siddeswara Alayam 5 Sri Lakshminarayana temple 6 Sri Mahalakshmi temple 7 Sri [)attatreya temple 8 Sri Hanuman temples 9 Sri Vighneswara temple

10 Sri Rama temple 11 Sri Saraswathi temple 12 Sri Raja Rajeswara Devalayam 13 Bhageeradh i With twelve arms 14 Pochamrna 15 Kalingadevi 16 Brahma Theertham } 17 Vishnu Theertham t 8 Rudratheertham 19 Mosque 20 Idgah-e-alamgir

Other public places

21 Bus stand 22 Bokkalavagu bridge 23 Sri Krishna Talkies

(sacred bathing ghats of Godavari river)

25. 1n addition to many Siva Lingas (Phallic emblems of Lord Siva) found scattered in the town~ there are eight Jyothirlingas and idols of Hanuman. with no regular arrangements for daily puja_ One among t.hem is Surabhandeswaralingam which is located on the right bank of Godavari river. one kilometre from Gautha­meswara alayam. in the west. There is a legendary associat.ion of cobra with Lord Siva. It would be interesting to state that during the survey, Sri K. Peddiraju. Investigator. had an occasion to see

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MAP NO. VI

URBAN LAND U9E OF

MANTHANI TOWN

II. IUS STANO

11. CMI. ~OIPITAl

II. LAND MART GAUGi $liNK

19 • JUNIOR COI.LeGE

W. IU~IO! !ASIC IC~OOL

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a cobra coiled around Sivalingam under a deciduous tree. A place popularly known as 'Kotilingaladibba' island in Godavari river is also an important. place where Lord Siva hails In the form of 22 lingas in one sculp~ure and Nandikeswara as 22 Nandis in another sculpture.

Crematoria ..

26. There Is no fixed place for cremation of dead bodies in Mant.hani town. While higher caste people carry them to the river bank of Godavari and cremate. others like Manne and Madiga. burn them at the bank of Bokkalavagu or in t.he adjOining government lands. So far as Muslims are concerned. Vagugadda, popularly known as Peenugulagudem is the site for burial of the dead. Some poorer sections of the peop'e like Manne and Madiga sometimes carry the corpses t.o the forest. for cremation.

Land use Pattern.

27. Total geograph1ca' area of the town hectares (4.889.925 acres).. Particulars of land t.he town at. the ti me of survey are as given below:

is 1981. t 76 use pattern of

Exteo:Jt in

Category of land use Hectares Acres

I Village sit:e 76.584 187,225

2 Tank covered area 71.472 176.475

3 Po~ Kharab' (unassessed waste) 96.886 239.225 , 4 Khariz Khat:ha 8r Poramboke 29.26 , 72.250.

(assessed wast.e or waste lands)

5 River & streams (Nadi~NaJa) 49.] 66 121.400 6 Roads 14.276 35:.250 7 Cart tracks & footpaths 10.824 26.725 ' 8 Funeral ground t .225 3.025 9 Pastures and grl'"zing land 13.345 32.950

10 Land under cu'tivation 1,618.137 3.995.400

Total Area 1.981.176 4,889.925 '.

14

Residential Pattern.

28. Locality-wise dominant ethnic groups in 'the town are as follows:

SI. No. Name of the locality Name of the dominant

ethnic group

123

I Harijanawada 2 Gurralawada 3 Velagalagudem 4 Penjeruvukaua 5 Bus stand area 6 Kala!wada 7 Library Street 8 Nadiveedhi 9 Thammicheruvukacta

10 Godavari river veedhi 11 Pochammawada 12 Ravulacheruvukatta 13 Lakshminarayana templewada 14 Dontulawada 15 Fakirwada I (j Vagugadda 17 Tenugugadda 18 Kuchirajupalle 19 Godom (Godown) street 20 Gangapurl 21 Kakarlapalle 22 SurayapaUe

Harijan Kapu Kapu Brahmin Muslim Kalal (Gowda) Reddy Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Kapu Kapu Brahmin Vysya Muslim Muslim Tenugu Kapu Harijan Harijan Kapu Kapu

Map 11 shows the spread of the town .. its roads and lanes. various localities. administrative. trade or commercial areas, et.c.

29. Area, Population, Houses. Households and Density: Accord i ng to 1961 Census. there were 1.841 residential houses and 1.859 households with a population of 7,779 comprising 3.847 males and 3.932 females. The density of population works out

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15

to 310 persons per sq. km. Durlng the last. tEln years. the popu­lation has increased considerably. At the 197LCensus count, there were 2,367 residential houses, and 2~683 households. Inhabited by II,] 34 persons of which 5.473 are males and 5,661 females. The density of population stood at 443 persons per sq. km.

30. The following statement gives particulars on Densit.y of population. number of Houses and Households during the decade 1961-71.

STATEMENT] - (4)

DENSITY OF POPULATION, HOUSES, HOUSEHOLDS OF MANTHANI,1961-71

Geogra- Den-phic.al No. of No. of sit.y No. of Persons~ area in houses house Number of Persons per House House-

Yea,. sq,: km. ho\~s ~ersot\s Ma\es females 'SG, .km. ho.ld

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

196. 25.12 1;841 1,859 7.779 3.847 3.932 310 4.23 4.18 197) 25.12 2,367 2,683 11,134 5,473 5,661 443 4.70 4.15

It; may be seen from the above that tAe density of population has increas~d by over 43 per cent. during .he decade 1961-71, against the corresponding increase in population of 43. I 3 percent. Likewise increase in the number of houses and households is 28.57 percent and 44.33 percent respectively. Increase in the number of households is commensurate with the increase in population from t961 to 1971. While the ratioofho'Jseholds to houses was 1.01 in 1961, it is 1.13 in 1971. The household congestion index has slightly increased whereas the average size of the household congestion index has slightly gone down from 4.18 persons per household in 196\ to 4.15 in 1971.

Sources of Irrigation and Drinking water.

31. Main c:ccupation of the people of the town is agricufture but MunnurcJkapu. Boya. Mannepu. Goundla and Sale castes earn "their livelihood as agricultural labourers in and around the neigh­bouring villages. Due to the location of cllal mines at a distance of about 20 kms. at jangaon. there is a gradual increase in the

out. migrat.ion of agrlcult.ural labour to earn a living. The main sources of irrigation are ~anks and kuntas, (ponds) i.e • Reddiche­ruvu. Bannecheruvu and Seelasamudram. Kannala project across­Bokkalavagu, constructed about 6 kms. (4 miles) upst.ream, irri­ga~e 407.63 hectares (1,007.25 acres) of wet land. The major food crops grown are paddy. jowar and maize. Due to floods and rains, it is found that. t.he crops get dest.royed. Irrtgation sources in Manthani require immediate attention of the depart.ment for pro­Viding satisfactory storage facilities and supply of water to the fields. Apart from the protected water supplied since one year (1972) a sizable population of the town consumes water of Bokka­lavagu. Ravulacheruvu. Ayyagaricheruvu and Thammicheruvu tanks. In addition, there are drinking water wells also to augment the supply. More details about water supply are given in Chapter IJL

Important Events of the Town.

32. This town was originally a part of Aramgir ta1uk In Veligandla district of erstwhile Nizam State. At the time of Sir Sal'H Jung the district: boundaries were altered and the headquar­ters of Veligandla district shlfted to Karimnagar. Similarly taluk headquarters was also shifted to Mahadevpur from Aramgir. In 1892 A.D taluk headquarters was again shifted from Mahadevpur to Manthani. In 1932 a pucca bUilding was constructed for Tahsil office. Manthani was an isolated town surrounded by Bokkalavagu and river Godavari. In 1934, a low level causeway was constructed across Bok.kalavagu.

33.. It;s also remembered that in 1937, Cholera epidemic in the town took a heavy toll. The P.W.D. roads connecting Parka. to Ma"u~devpur and Manthani to Venkatapur were constructed in 1936 and 1939 respectively. Being a low lying area, the town used to get flooded almost every year. During 1953 and 1958 the people of the town had the worst experience of flooas in Goda­vari river.

34. The town was electrified in 1957. On Gandhiji's birth­day. i.e.~ 2nd October 1957, a Communit.y - Development and National Extension Service Block was inaugurated at Manthani.

17

From 1 st November, 1959 it was called Panchayat Samithi. and since 1st May 1965 it is categorised as a backward block in the State.

35. A flood bank a'ong Bokka[avagu was constructed in 1961 to control the recurring darnage caused by floods and tn particular the submergence of Jow lying areas. Construction of a bridge across Manair river was taken up in 1964 and completed if)

1972, A pucca bridge over Bokk:t!avagu was constructed in ) 968, improving the accessibility of the town during rainy season On 2nd April, 1970 the Manthani high school was upgraded to that ot a junior c::ollege imparting education upto 2nd year intermediate level.

CHAPTER II

History of Growth of the Town

Manthani (Manthrakutam) was once called as ·Manyutheertha· or 'Manyupura'. According to Brahma purana. Lord Gauthameswara (Lord Siva) the presiding dei~y of Manthani on an appeal from rishis (sages) and devatas (Gods) created the unconquerable Manyu t.o destroy the rakslzasas (demons). Thus. this place was known as Manyupura or Manyutheertha.

2. The town was established by ·Navaphalaka Sutram' accord­ing to Agama Sastra. It was surrounded by eight 'Jyothirlingas' (people calJ them as Boya Lingas) on eight sides.

3. As per Skandha PUfana# Manthrakuta was a hermitage of Sage Gauthama, lying on the right bank of che holy River Godavari, situated 40 kms. west. of Kaleswaram. a village of Mant.hani taJuk. Kaleswaram is considered a holy place. the seat of one of the Dwadasal ingas (12 lingas) and one of the th re e sacred lingas (Tril ingas) in Andh ra Pradesh. Sa.ges from different places used to come to 'Gauthamashram' (Hermitage of Gauthama) to receive the blessings of the Sage and learn Vedamantras. This place was t:hus called as Manthrakuta (Mantra - Vedic Mantras; Kuta­Centre) .

* Kaleswara Khandam of Skandha Purana.

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20

4. As per Sivapurana* once there was scarcity of water even for the dally ritual<i. All the sages. therefore. approached Gauthama for help, who offered prayers to 'Varunadeva' (RainGod) for water. Lord Varuna was pleased to provide suffiCient water in the pond dug at the Ashram area. This pond is still in existence in the form of a small tank (Sakhamadugu) towards south-east of Gauthameswara temple on the bank of Godavari. All the sages felt happy and at the request of Gauthama, they stayed there for a long time.

5. One day. some disCiples of Gauthama went to the pond to bring water for the daily puja. At t.he same time, wives of other sages and rishis (hermits) assembled there for bathing. They did not allow the discipl€s to take water from the pond. On hearing the same and as the time for puja was approaching, Ahalya. wife of Gauthama hurriedly went to the pond and brought water for the daily puja of her husband. In bringing the water hurriedly. she <ould not pay due attention towards other saintly women gathered at the pond for taking bath. This was misconceived as an act of insult and they complained against the incident to their husbands, thus creating an i II-will against Gauthama. Without knowing the t:ruth, all the sages decided ~o insult Gauthama in retaliation. They prayed Lord Yighneswara and requested him for help. Lord Vighneswara advised the sages not to conceive any evil against Gauthama and instead praised his magnanimity. But the sages did not heed his divine advice and persisted in causing some harm to Gauthama. Reluctantly, Lord Vighneswara decided to create some trouble to the sage and wished that the result of it should be &Lokakalyanam' (welfare of the world).

6. He went in the form of a cow to destroy the standing crops belonging to Ashram. On seeing this, Gauthama went t.o the spot. took a piece of grass and to stop the nuisance threw it on t:he cow. By a mere touch of straw, the cow fell dead on ground. On seeing this. Sage Gauthama and his disci pies bemoaned of -Gohatya'. All the sages called him a 1Gohatya Papi' (sinner who ki lied a cow), one of the five great sins and threw stones on hi m and asked the sage t:o abandon the holy place. Gauthama, there­fore, left the abode With his wife and disciples and at a far off

* Sri Sivapuranam-Linga Vaibhava Khandam

21

place started worshipping Lord Siva. Lord Siva was pleased With his devotion and appeared before hlm. Gauthama prayed lord Siva to save him from the agony of the sin of gohatya. lord Siva then narrated the mischievous and audacious acts of other sages and explained to Gauthama that he did not commie any sin at. all. Lord Siva asked the sage to ask for any boon.

7 "'The sage requested the Lord to leave Ganga in 'Bhooloka for the benefit of . Manavas'. The Lord agreed and requested Ganga to lille In Bhooloka permanent.iy. Ganga agreed to live in

Bhooloka on cond it ion t.hat the Lord and other devathas a I so hai at the place. lord Siva agreed and decided to take the form of Sivalinga through which the Sage Gauthama worshipped the Lord. The'Devathas' also agreed ~o be there for seven days in eve ry year. The Unga was installed by Gauthama at Mantrakuta_ Later!' the Lord was caUed 'Gaut:hameswara~~ t;he presiding deity of Manthrakuta The 'Ganga' was called "River Godavari' as the holy water of Ganga gave new life to a -Govu' (Cow). It flows through Manthrakuta in th~ north.west of the Gauthameswaralayam.

8 According to the archaeological evidence available, Man-thani (Mant:hrakutam) was in existence from tre time of Rajendra Chola I (lOI2-I044A.D.) The inscriptions of Sri jagadguru Shan­karacharya at Dwarakapeetam and Pushpagiripeetam revealed that: Adisankara visited Manthrakuta during the early years of the sixth century B.C. and appraised the Vedic customs and Vedic literacy of the people of this place. No tangible eVidence is availabte to note its earlier hist:ory.

9. Gunda Raju ruled Manthrakuta as a feudatory of westeran Chalukyan King. Tribuvanamalla. As per the inscription of Gunda­raju found in Bokkalavagu at Manthani. and another** inscription of King Proia II, Kakatiya Ruler of Orugallu. Gundaraju was an enemy of King Proia II. King Proia II pursued GundarajtJ of Mant.hrakuta who haVing been defeated in the battle. fled t:o his

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22

capital. where his conquerer had his head shaved and caused him t.o be branded on the breast with the sym bol of a boar*. The Jnvestigator had an occasion to record an inter esting 'Folk Song' jn Telugu from the local elderly person describing the battle of Gundaraju at Thaduru**.

10. The 'Siddheswara Charitra' by Kase Sarvappa of sixteent:h .century described that the cattle of King Somadeva Raju of 'Kandarapura' grazed the pastures along the Godavari from Manthrakuta to Bhadrachalam.

il. According to 'Pratapa Charitra; Mahadevaraju of Devagiri (1260- t 270 A. D.) invaded the Kakatiya Kingdom and laid seige to the capital Warangal; but Queen Rudr:\mba (1262-1296 A D.) fought. him valiantly for about a fortnight destroying three lakhs of his Infantry and a lakh cavalry. In t.he end. she completely defeated him in the battle fought under the walls of -t.he Fort. put him to fHght and pursued the retreat.ing Devaglri forces upto the walls of their capital, Devagiri. In this pursuit. Queen R.udramba, cros!:ed River Godavari at Manthrakuta. Local people call the place as 'Rudrapadalu·. This episode may be "'true, as we come across some remarkable stone relics of war heroes. elephants and water stallions of Kakatiya sculpture in the vicinity of Manthani.

12. Manthrakuta is well known in south India as a place of learning; seat of Brahmins who are well versed in Vedas and Sastras and also a holy place for Siva temples. Sahasralingas (thousand lingas). *A reference of Manthani!s found in the inscription at Gaya which was examined by Dr. D. C. Sarkar. an archaeologist. who later' on visited Manthani and found similar inscription in Hanuman temple near Thammicheruvu. Both the inscriptions read as 'Manthrakuta Gopijana ValJabhayanamaha'. According to the

* Sri G. Yazdani. The Early History of Deccan-Parts-VII-XII-P-581.

**~a ("\:)oliJ5 roo~ a-a X:;,o~ --I>

i');;)olS~ef!' ?"i:lo~ ..... gr-s= ~~oslr-iJ" CiJ"o ~ 0 C" 6 0 '3 c:J-.. '0 :Oe).o §"""'ilio-b;-~~CXD. ;$e;)f:) §""~a- O"e~o-d5S,

~ ~

* :loQ-gLa oA.g L~oe :lot:S~~.hJCS''"2:i ;S:,0l:~ ~bO ;S~L~i;J'O VOi'?~O ~..s~_!::s:,o

23

Inscription at Gaya. Mallikharjuna Suri, preceptor of Kakatiya king Pratapa Rudra, visited holy places like Kasl and Gaya along with his wife Gouri, worshipped the temples and offered sacrifices on behalf of the King The inscription at Gaya was instafled by his

consort at: that ti me.

13. Among the inscriptions found at Manthrakuta, the Thammi­cheruvukac.:a inscrtption is consIdered unique in the history. The details about the inscription were publ ished in Telugu by' Sri Tiruvarangam Papaiah Sastry. in the Golkonda Patrika a Telugu daily from Hyderabad. Telugu version of the inscription obtained from Sri Ananta R'lj'lnna, local teacher of Manthani is given as Appendix 1-( I). Its translation in English is as follows:

14. HThe size of the inscription is 4 feet In length and one feet in width. The top portion of the four sides of the inscription was carved out With different Idols. The first side was carved with the idol of Ganapath i (the God of Vighnas) taking mi I k from the breast of his mother; second side with Sun and Moon, 3rd sid. with cow and the 4th side was not visible. The inscription is in Devanagari script. The gifts of $arvasri Allum Proia Raju (King ofChennuru). Mallikharjuna Suri, a religious preceptor or Purohit of King Ganapati Deva and Rudra Deva Raja, Kesava Suri-brothe,. of Mallikharjuna Suri and Rudra Devaraya were also described. The date of this inscription is 1199-1200 A.D. As the inscrif'tion starts with "Sri Manth rakuta Gopijana Va Ilabh a yanamaha') (c.t o:5:l°La&-~ tr"~8:!;;S ;;$S2,csoi,c:::io:):;s) and also the God of Gopijana VaJiabha Deva was praised on many occasions-thts inscription should have been kept at the temple of Gopijanavalla bha Oeva.

15. The first part describes the glory and grandeur of Waranga' (Orugallu). Capital of Andhra Rajya. and the greatness of Raja Kakatiya Ganapathi Deva. In the second part is the descrip­tion of the Supreme authority of Krishna Nayaka on Manthrakuta and the resplendent majesty of ManthrakuI"a. Krishna Nayaka had a son by name Sri Mall,kharjuna Suri, who held high posit.ions in the Kakatiya Kingdom during the period of Ganapathi Deva and

llnscription from Gaya Epigraphia Indica Vol. XXXIII No. 20 inscription s.. ~ oIrI,e (lie Kakatiya Pratapa Rudra I referred to on page 250 of Prachina Andhra Charitra - Bhoogolam, Written by Kunduri Ishwara Dutt,) .

24

Rudra Deva Raya. The 'third part descrl bes that All urn Proia Raju, King of Chennuru, with the consent of the King Ganapathi Deva of Kakatlya Kingdom .. donated the land surrounded by Vinayaka­gandi in the ean. Godavari in the south. Ayyaproli Tatakamu in the west and Puchakayala Vegili in the north to Sri Mallabhatto­padhyaya (Mallikharjuna Suri), a preceptor or minister of King Ganapathl Deva in 1121 A. 0 Nea .. to this place one village was gifted to a Brahmin belonging to Manthrakuta. The fourth part: describes Mallikharjuna Suri having installed Sivalingas at several places and granted many villages to support their worship. ° One vUlage was settled near Katapalle and named as 'Mallikharjuna­puram' _ He constructed Ganapateeswara temple in the name of !his King Ganapathi Deva. Another temple by name Ambanarayana was constructed by his brother Sri Kesava Suri. Under the advice of Mallikharjuna Suri, king Rudra Devaraya gifted Manthrakuta to a Brahmin by name Sri Gopala Suri and constructed many houses and tanks for the benefit of thel people. He also constructed Sri Narasimha Swamy temple and granted villages whose rental income should be able to support the expenses of the worship of God"

16. The above two inscriptions and also the ·Manchani Ramayana~ of Muddu Balambha'ttu of the same place. gives the Idea that there was a temple dedicated to Gopljanavallabha Deva or Lord Krishna at Manthani. local elderly men say that there were some other temples around Bhiksheswara temple (Bodigudi) whose history is buried 111 the past.

17. It appears that Sri Visweswara Sambhu (or Visweswara Sivacharya). (he religious preceptor of Kakatlya Ganapathideva belongs to Manthrakuta. His samadhi (tomb) is said to have been at the river bed of Godavari at Manth rakuta beside the pathway leading to Brahmatheertha.

18. "' From the Malkapuram (in Guntur taluk and district) inscription. we come to know that Rudramadevi granted to the Saiva ascet.ic't Visweswara Sambhu, in Saka 1183, Durmati. on Friday. the 8th day of the dark half of che month of Chaitra. and .:he first day of .ltfesha (25th March. A.D. 1261) the Village of Mandaram (now known as Man°cfadam -in oG_Ulit·ur taluk of Guntur district) together with the lanka-lands of·th~· rl.verioe country. Situated in the Kandravat.i of the Vel4lfMdu-Vishayao on t.he south-

25'

ern bank of the river Krishna. The gift was in fulfHment of the' wishes of her father. After receiving the gift from queen .. Viswes­wara Sambhu constructed at that village a Siva temple which he called after his own name, and also a monastery (Suddha Saiva­Matha) and a feeding house. In t.hat village he settled many Brahmins and renamed it: as Visweswara Goraki or Viswanadhagola-· giri. Provision was also made in this matha for Prasutyarogya­sala (Maternity and Health Centre). (Besides furnishing the above informadon this record also mentions the charitable gifts and bene­factions which Visweswara Sambhu made at other places.) He founded a monastery called Uppala-matha at Kaleswaram and granted to it. as a perpetual fief. the Brahmana Village of Ponna­grama which he himself had founded. At Elisvarapura (the present Eisvaram In Nalgonda district) co the norch-east of Srisailam on the bank of Krishna, he bUilt a matha of sixteen avarakas (SrisaH­esany-Elisvarapurai as matham cha slocodasavarakam), and his pupil Ganapathideva granted the Village of Kandrakota in the Palli­nadu country (modern Palnadu in Guntur district) as 'Acharya Dakshina' ~ for a feeding house and for a water-panda) (chalivendra) there, as an annexe of the matha. Besides these. the Saiva ascetic. Visweswara Siva, having set up lingas in various places such as Manthrakut.a. ChandravalU, Kommugrama (Kommuru) Nivrit'ti. and Uttara-Somasila, granted Villages whose rentals should support thei r worshi p.

19. After the dOyv'n fall of Kakatiya Kingdom, with the defeat and death of Pratapa R.udra In 1323 A. D. this regIon was annexed by the rulers of Delhi, Mohammad.bin-Tuglaq and his deputies. But the feudatories the Velamas, Reddies and other feudal families of the erstwhile Kakatiya Kingdom gave stiff resistance and rebelled against the Sultan and became independent. This region was again ruled by Kapaya Nayaka (1334-65), one of the feudal chiefs. Recharla Velamas oc<:upied this region after assassinating Kapaya Nayaka.

20. Ahmed Shah of Gulbarga launched an unexpected attack on t~iS ~Iace in 14~.3~.4i''i~ng military force and conque­red It wlt.h ease •. ~ J3 .A.:wS~TB.. . ~~~1tShah was appointed as Governor Of_~. ~IO~_ by Bahmani'Su.ltari"frf'-,):Ie became indepen­dent in 151SI{(O:- Soonii'hann~l<.~si_~~~_ forts ~Warangal. Ramglr i

26

and MaJangur. In 1626 A. D., Abdu1Ja Qutub Shah (1626-1672) became king of this region. His daughter was married to the son

. c.f Emperor Aurangazeb of Delhi. He gave Ramgiri fort and its spr-roundings to his son-In-law as Varakatnam (dowry). During 1687 A.D. the Mughal Emperor fixed up Ramgiri Fort as his headquarters, for conducting military operations in Deccan and

e specially against Golkonda_

21. A mention may be made of an interesting anecdote, heard from the focal people. One day, as Au rangazeb was going in a palanquin, all his followers were left far behind as; t.he palan-

q uin advanced with greater speed. He felt hungry and could not wait till t.he attendants reached him. Not finding anything With him, he asked the Boyies (palanquin bearers) to bring thelr food. They served their simple food wit.h hesitation. but the Emperor­relished it with pleasure and in appreciation. he conferred a ~Sanad· in their favour in his own hand, gifting ~he viUage ~Kuchirajupalle' near Mant.hani as Jagi r _ It is also known as • Boy inapalle' a part of the Manthani town now.

22_ Subsequently. when AsH Jah I. Deccan Subedar of the M'ughal Empire dedared independence and established his kingdom in l724 A. 0 _, Manthani and its environs became a part of the Nizam's hegemony_ On 13th September, 1948 Manthani Was mer­ged with the Indian Union atong with the erstwhile Hyderabad State

23. Many archaeological treasures are found in Manchani and surrounding places. The Ramgiri fott~ Kaleswaram temples~ the Chandravalli temples, the Nainar caves, Lanjagu]Ju and Bahugullu are the places of importance which deserve a detailed study t.o

bring out the rich historical and cultural heritage of the town.

H'istory and Growth of the town

24. In the year 1901 the total population of Manthan; town was 6,680 with 3,375 males and 3,305 females. During che fast s_even decades, the growth rate has not been uniform. From 1911 tQ 192 I and 1951 to 1961 there was a dedin~ in the population by (.028 and 922 representing -13.25% -10.600/0 respectivefy_ Even in the remaining decades of 190] to 191}. 1921 to 1951. and 1961

27

to 1971 the percentage variation in the growth of population does not reflect. uniform tendency. It was 16.15% in the decade ending 1911,12.320/0.9.600/0 and 5.01% during the decades ending 1931. 1941 and 1951 respectively. Highest increase of 43.13 % was recorded during the last: Census of 197 1 • But this increase in population is due to the merger of SurayapaJle and Kakarlapalle (treated as Manchani rural in 1961) and Kuchirajupalle (separate revenue village) in Manthani t.own by 197). Excluding the popu1a­tlon of 1949 Qf these newly merged habitats. the growth rate during 1961-71 would be + 18.07 per cent. Decline of population during the decades ending 1921 and 1961, by 13.25 and 10.60 percentages. appear to have been the result: of famine condit fons of 1918. and t:he heavy Hoods In Godavari river during 1958. Entire habitation of these localities had thus moved out and settled in t.he neighbour­ing viJ1:::ges. which directly affected the totaJ popUlation of the town. In the statemel'lt given below variations in respect of this town classified by population from 1901 onwards have been shown.

STATEMENT II - (I) POPULATION OF MANTHANI TOWN DURING 190J-197r

Sta- Geogra- Percen-t.us phical Decade ~age of area in variation decade

Year town sq. kms. Males Females Persons variatton

1901 19 II 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971

2

M M M

T.e. T.M.

p

3

25.12 25.12

_-~------ - -_ -_-~-------4 5 6 7 8 ,

3,375 3,305 6,680 3.814 3,945 7,759 + 1,079 + 16.15 3,476 3,255 6,731 1.02B 13.25 3.79J 3,769 7.560 + 829 + 12.32 4 106 • 4,180 8,286 + 726 + 9.60 4,291 4,410 8,701 + 415 + 5.01 3,847 3,932 7.779 922 10.60 5.473 5,661 ) I, ) 34 + 3.355 + 43.13

Note:- M - Municipality, T.i'-1. - Town Municipality, T.e. - Town Committee. P. - Panchayat.

25. During 192 ~ to 1941 Censuses. Manthani was a::reated as a Municipality. In 1951 it was a Town Committee and in 1961. it: was classified as a Town Municipality. Under Gram Panchayat. Act, 1964 it Is now ue3~ed 3S 3 Panchayat.

26. Manthani is a border town of KaJ"imnagar district with limited communication facilities. During 19ch Century and early

28

part of 20th Century, according to the local elders, many people from dlfferent parts of the State and beyond, used to come to Manthani for learning Vedas and Sanskrit. On account of various sociological changes that have come about, in-flow of people for learning vedas is almost negligible at present. Another special feature of the town Is the regular migration of Brahmins and professional cooks. They spend months outside Manthani to earn a living and send regular remittances to t.heir families. In migrati:>n or out-migration therefore. appears to be confined to the families of Brahmin caste in the town. Lack of industrial climate or for that matter, agricultural resources did not provide any incentives or notable features of in-migration. Except inclusion of the rurai area cornpnsII'lg KuchirajupaUe, Surayapalle and Kakarlapalle Villages in Manthani, and t.he new settlement at Gangapuri. which emerged in the wake of heavy floods in Godavari during 1958, boundaries of t.he town by and large remained the same. The six sq. Kms. habltaticn represents three kms. in length and two kms. in Width.

27. Doring 1950 to 1970 the percentage of increase in the poputa~ion of the.town ranges between five to nine percen~.

Even in earlier decades also, the increase did. not go beyond 16 percent. Annual increase. thus, represents only half to about one and half percent Considering t.he fact that main activity of the popu I ation is agricuJ ture. there does not appear to be any significant pressu re on t:he land and natural resources. Avai la­bi I ity of large extents of government: land. and unreserved forests­and lack of irrigation facilities and power have Indirectly contri­buted to the low rates of land values. While In the surrounding towns of Peddapalle. Ramagundam and Jangaon. values of agricul­tural lands and house sites have considerably appreCiated, at Manthani they have not registered any significant rise. Present land va lues are Rs. 3,000 to Rs. 4,000 per acre for wet rand~

Rs. 700 to Rs. 1.200 per acre for black cotton soil suitable for tobacc:o cultivation and Rs. 500 to Rs. 700 per acre for dry lands. During the town survey and further contacts with local elders. it was found that there is no element of speculation in lands Which are sUitable for house sites and that building activities are mostly confined to the open si tes avai lable within the town and in the premises of the compounds. Progress of the cown is rather very gradual and indeed slow. when compared to other adjoining 1:0wns of the district.

CHAPTER III

Amenities and Services-History of Growth and the Present position

In Lhis chapter, an accounL of the various administrative and educat.ional institutIons and the various amenities provided to the town's population by them is given.

2. Statement 111-( 1) at PP 30,31 shows the particu lars of the location, year of establishment. nature of functions, area of operation, etc .• particulars of different institutions existing in the town.

3. Under the statute, certain administrative duties of public welfare devolve on the Gram Panchayat. The number of members of Gram Panchayat is fixed under the Act. They are elected once in three years. The present Gram Panchayat: comprIses thirt.een members, who elect the Sarpanch and Upasarpanch. The alloca­tion of seats in the Gram Panchayat is as follows

Reserved seat for Scheduled Caste candidate Reserved seats for lady candidates General seats

Total

2 10

13

4. During the period 1961-7'. elections to t.he focal body were held twice, Le., in 1961 and 1970. When the town munici­pality was down-graded to that of Panchayat In 1964. the te rm of the institution was extended and the same body continued in office till elections were conducted in 1970. In the discharge of various functions and implementation of ~he resolutions, ~he Gram Panchayat is assisted by the Executive Officer appointed by the Government. It has few clerks in the office, sanitary staff and cax inspeccors in-charge of various duties. Decisions of the Gram Panchayat are taken in che meetings held periodically. It is the ducy of the executive officer to implement them. Apart from sanitation. street lighting, drainage, conservanc;k and supply of protected water - the Gram Panchayat regulates the construction

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32

.f bUildings in the town by issuelng permits under building rules framed by the government. ~c~-ItliihllMlfal Income It Expenditure

5. The taxes .md fees charged by the Gram Panchayat for providing amenities and supervising the regulatory functions L e., Issue of I icences for business and construction of houses etc., are detailed below. In order to serve the people efficiently and provide civic amenities. it is necessary to levy certain taxes. The

main sources of income are hous.e tax. surcharge on registrat;on of properties. entertainment tax, profession tax, vehicle t3.«, fee collected for granting various Hcences, e.g. opening a business/shop and construction of house. The budget of Gram Panchayat is approved by the District Collector. Details of income/expendi­ture for the years 1970-71 to 1972-73 at a glance could be seen in the following statements.

1 2

16 Government grants 17 Other taxes 18 Misce"aneouse receipts 19 Advances

Opening Balance

Grand Total

Expenditure

Balance

33

3

2,415-50 2.415-50 3,809-22

233-23 2.380-83 3.482-20

--- -- -_----------- ----_-.

42,552-34 48.706 40

2,574-13 1,875-1 I

45.' 26-47 50,581-5'

43,251-36 49,644-33

1.875-11 937-18

4

2A21-00 5,584-28

19,716-30 1~a37-IS

76~592-97

937-18

77.530-15

57.995-65

19.534-50

Source: Gram Panchayat Records of Manthani Town.

SI. No.

1

STATEMENT 111-(3) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT OF MANTHANI GRAM PANCHAYAT

1970-7l to 1972-73

Expend iture part icu lars 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73

2 3 4 5 ~-----.-.--------~--------- ------ ------ ----- -----_------

1 AdministratIon c.harges 8.994-33 12.344-45 12#9l2-20 2 Stationery 224-70 547-40 401-20 3 Postage 30-00 75-00 100-00 4 M unicipality- Establ ishmenc

charges 21,538-49 23,175-59 24,191-40 5 Lighting 7~ 193-90 7,154-46 14,951-75 6 Library 85-75 35-00 7 Li brary cess 788-51 509-77 938-23 8 Printing charges 234-70 37.5-69 9 Deposits 172-50 21-50 61-00

10 Advances 795-00 640-00 255-75 11 Travelling allowance 82-90 12 Court expenditure 66-10 15-00 13 Purchase of carts 1.310-29 580-00

1

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

2

Staff dress

Roads

34

Building repairs

News papers

Construction of pipe drain

Refund of G P. f.

Miscellaneous expend itu re

* R.W.S. staff and miscel-laneous expenditure

Total Last balance

Grand total

3 4

243-20

100-00

249-45

50·00 789-79

2,076-04 2,944-48 422-39

5

76-50

58-50

28-80

1,079·00

809-88

1,160-75 -_ -----_._----_.-

43,251-36 49,644-33 57,995-65 1,875-11 937-18 19,534-50

45,126-47 50,581-51 77,530-15

Source Gram Panchayrtt Records of Manthani Town.

* Rural water supply

6. Ie may be seen that expenditure of the Gram Panchayae has been riSing, and in particular, the amounts spent towards the salaries of the staff, which works out to 67.660/0' 70.24% and 49.23% of the total expenditure respectively during the years 1970-71 to 1972-73. Except the expenditure on. street lighting, which has registered a gradual increase and reached near about Rs. 15,000 during 1972-73. no other amount appears to have been spent for improving the public amenities. A sum of Rs. 15,416 Is spent on the construction of roads during 1969-70. but In the subsequent year It is only Rs. 100. The c:ondition of roads In the town is unsatisfactory. In the rainy season it is difficult ~o walk from one street to the other. Loose soils of the town and the slushy roads pose a lot of problems. Expenditure incurred towards sanitation, literary activities, and water supply is negllgibles While there is enough scope to Increase the resources .. there j.

urgent need to spend more amounts for improving public arne.nitesl. There Is no public park in the town.

35

Protected Water Supply:

6. Under the supervision and control of the Executive Engineer, Rural Water Supply, Karimnagar, protected water supply scheme for Manthani was surveyed and execution taken up in the year of 1962. I t has taken about ten years to see the completion. It is designed to serve the needs of the town upto 2000 A. D. The source of water supply is the perennial river Godavari situated about 2 Kms. from Manthani. Capacity of the reservoir is 80,000 gallons. With the help of three electric motors of 15 HP. 5 HP and ') HP respectively, the water Is pu m ped to the reservoi r, constructed at Ravula cheruvu katta area in the Town. Pipe Ime of 9 ,1

dlam~tre is laid upto the town. A total sum of Rs. 9.2 lakhs has been spent on this project. Out of 500 proposed connections, so far 284 connections were given and ten street taps fixed up.

7. OUt of 14 localitir;s in the town, so far water supply lines are extended to ten localh:ies. It may take a year or two for the households of remaining localities also to reap the benefits of protected water. Inspite of providing tap water, people of the town are found still fetching drinking W<lter from the tanks and Godavari. For maintenance of the water suppJy scheme which Is the responsibility of Gram Panchayat, a sum of Rs. ],494 per month as per the following details is incurred.

1 Pump fitter 2 Pump driver 3 Watchman (two) 4 Misc. Maintenance 5 Current charges

Total

Rs. J 32 Rs. 132 Rs. 230 Rs. 200 Rs. 800

Rs. 1,494

(two persons ® Rs. 115 each)

8. The protected water supply scheme completed in 1972 at a total cost of Rs. 9.02 lakhs is _a Significant achievement for the town. But the number of domestic connections (i.e .. 284) indi­cates that the people are stdl using the traditional methods of fetching raw water direct from rivers, tanks or the wells, and that the major ity of the poptdation cannot afford to meet the expenses of protected water supply. To improve self sufficiency in meeting the maintenance charges of the water supply scheme.

36

It is necessary that the number of connections in the town is Increased.

9. Appearance. of the town Is such that there has been no systematic and planned growth and expansion. Not 0,111)' the main streets ,are Insufficient in width. they are linked up with many ccngested lanes, that could be used only as footpaths. Old metl:lods of building hO'Jses in haphazard manner are stili to be found. Lack of drai nage adds to the unsatisfactory sanitary con­ditions and leads to epidemics. like cholera~ diarrhea and dysen­tery. For a population of 11.134 living in 2,367 houses. deploy­ment of six male and an equal numbe.r of female conservancy staff apart from five scavengers is considered inadequate.

Transport and communication.

10. Manthani has not yet grown extensively. There are no Industries established around the town. Economic activity. there­fore, mostly represents agriculture. trade and cOmmerce. Excluding the far off localities like Surayapalle, Kakarlapalle and Kuchirajupalle. the spread of the main town is about 2 kms. People generally cover the distance on foot or cycles. There are no taxis. auto rickshaws, tongas, rickshaws or other fast moving conveyances available for hire. This only indicates that econo­mically people are poor and there is no net work of good Internal roads In the town.

11. A special feature of the local means of communication Is the bullock carts available for hire as and when required. 1:0

visit. the adjoining villages. The size) of the cart Is 3' X 3~ moving on two wheels, and about 3' to 3:!' In height. To suit this mini design of the cart, we find equally short statu red bullocks, pulling them fast and wearing a pair of bells tied to their necks with leather belt arrangement. These bullock carts are used throughout: Karlmnagar district but the size of the cart is significantly small at Manthanl. It can accommodate only tWO

persons Including the driver.

12. There Is one cycle shop. owned by Sri Iy),anna. with 20 cycles available for hire. The charges vary from 10 ps. to 15 ps. per hour depending on the condition of the cycle. There are few motor cycles owned by private Individuals and a jeep In the town.

37

13. Ramagundam Thermal Station Is 20 kms. to Manthanl. In the year 1957 Manthan) was electrified as a part of regular programme to extend power to all taluk headquarters towns In the State. Electricity department have taken up execution of the scheme. From 1958 to 197 J, 487 connections were given besides providing 220 street lights. Out of 487 connGctlons, 364 are for domestic purposes, 14 Industrial, 9 for irrigation, 15 government establishments and 85 commercial establIshments. Total power consumed durlng 1971-72 Is 18,812 units and the revenue realised is Rs. 6 t 079.11. There is ample scope to Increase the number of domestjc connectjons and utjJjse power for jrrJgaUon and cottage industries.

Paocbayat Samithi Office.

14. On Gandhiji)s birthday. i.e., 2nd October, 1957, the Community Development and National Extension Service Block was rnaugurated at Manthani. The concept of Community Development envisaged execution of schemes with people's parti­cipation In all sectors of economic activity and to achieve better living conditions in respect of food, clothing, education. health services. roads and recreation. The objectives of this venture In brief were:

1. To increase the agricultural production, 2. to improve existing village crafts and Industries

and organise new ones,

3. to provide minimum essential health services and improve standards of health,

4. to provide educational facilities for all children and concentrate on adult education programme,

5. to prOVide recreational faei lities, 6. to improve living condtions and housing and 7. to execute schemes for the welfare of women

and youth

15. From 1st November, 1959 the operational jurisdiction of the block was termed as Panchayat Samithl and since 1st May, 1965 it has been categorised as a backward block In the state. The staff of the Block office consists of Block Development Officer, Extension Officers in·charge of education, co-operation

28

animal husbandary, public relations. agriculture and engineering. In the office the Block Develoment officer is assisted by the Manager. Accountant, Progressive Assisunt, lower Division Clerks, Typists and peons.

Taluk Office. 16. Taluk office known 3S Tahsil ;s functioning since 1892

A. D. In Manthani. The Tahsildar is the administrative head of the taJuk and also exercises the powers of Executive Magistrate within his jurisdiction. A Deputy Tansi1dar. five Revenue Inspec­tors and ministerial staff, totally 34 m·!;mbers are working under th~ Tahsildar's control. The duties of the Tahslldar include collec­tion of land revenue, assignment of government lands. sanctioning of loans to cultivators, implementation of tenancy laws and looking after law and order problems. Tile Taluk offie'," is located in the eastern side of the town. ne:'lr i'f,e Police Station, The sub-trea­suryoffice is established in 1963 and located in the same compound. All government financial transactions take place through the Sub-treasury. A Sub-treasury officer assisted by 15 sub-ordinate s-taff members are working in this office.

Education.

17. A statement shewing the particulars of educational institutions located in the town, year of establishment. number of teachers working and students' strength is furnished below

STATEMENT II 1- (4) EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS - THEIR STUDENT AND

TEACHER STRENGTHS I

Year of No. of Student strength SI. Name of the establish- teac- during 1972-73 No. institution ment hers -Boys Girls Total

2. 3 4 5 6 7 ".~--- --~---- -- - ---,---,~~-~--~

I. Junior College 1970 38 583 14 597

2. Girls High School 1968 II 87 87

3. Upper Primary 1967 8 100 100 School for Girls

4. Manthani Veedhi 1952 II 236 236 Primary School (Boys & Girls)

S. Junior Basic School 1959 13 281 281 (Boys & Girls)

6. Primary School 1963 10 10 Pochammawada (Boys & Girls)

7. Primary School. 1961 19 19 Gouthaminagar (Boys & Girls)

39

Junior College. 18. Originally It started as a middle school (3rd to 7th stan­

dard). It is one of the oldest institutions of the district. The medium of instruction was Urdl!J. In 19~16 it was upgraded to a hign school with a Gazetted Head Master. In 1959 Its manage­ment was transferred to Zilla Parishad and the medium of instruc. tion was changed from Urdu to Telugu. On 2nd April. 1970. It was upgraded to a Junior College. It imparts education from 6th Class to 2nd year Intermediate course. There are 583 boys and 14 girls including 29 scheduled caste boys. Statement tII-(S) shows the class-wise strength during 1971-72. The teaching staff consists of one Gazetted Principal, eleven Junior Lecturers, nine Trained Graduates, six Secondary Grade Teacher-s. 3 Telugu Pandits (Grade 1,2. and Grade II, I ), 4 Hindi Pandas ( two each for Grades I and II). one Physical Director, one PhYSical Instructor, one Drawing Master and one Crafts Master besides ministerial staff.

Extra-curricular Activities.

19. A Junior Division National Cadet Corps Camp with 100 cadets is functioning in tne college. Previously it was known as Auxilliary Cadet Corps. Students from 8th class to Intermediate 2nd year class are enrol1ed as cadets. Weekly three periods are set apart. Special training is im parted to the senior cadets. Apart from uniform, shoes, belts. berrys and refreshments. washing allowances are also prOVided to the cadets. Sixty cadets have participated in the annual N.C.C. camp held at Eligandal near Karimnagar during 1971-72. No outstanding activities were held beyond the district 'evel. There is a proposal. to introduce Senior Division course replacing the Junior Division N. C. C. in this Institution.

Scout.

20. There are two troops of scouts with twenty four stu­dents in each troop. Students are provided with uniform, i.e., knicker. shirt. scarf, berrys, badges. etc. The expenditure is met from the scout funds of the school. Annual scout camp is held at the headquarters only. Training camps were also held at Manalr river bridge situated about 15 kms. from the town· Selected cadets of this branch have participated in the annual state level scout rallies held at Vijayawada. Bcmbay, et':.

40

Games and Sports. 21. The school has a football, volleyball and hockey ground

within the premises. Games and sports are conducted on the eve of coUege day During the last academic year the college had par­ticipated in the district games and sports held at Karimnagar and won the runners prize in both football and volleyball. The schoof boys also participated in the local games and sports, conducted by the voluntary organisations like Krishna Reddy Memorial Club.

Cultural Activities.

22. During important occasions Ii ke 15th August, 26th January and College day, dramas and variety entertainment progra­mmes are arranged by the students and eminent literary figures are invited. No magazine has been printed so far.

23. There is a student's union (in the school) With the following office bearers:

President Vice-President Secretary JOint-Secretary Cultural Secretary Garnes Secretary

There was no student unrest. There was a strike by the teachers during 1970, demanding revision of pay scales on par with the state"s non· gazetted officers.

Class

10th

9th

8th

7th

6th

STATEMENT 111- (5) CLASS-WISE STRENGTH DURING 1971-72

A Section B Section C Section A Section B Section C Section A Section B Section A Section B Section C Section A Section B Section

Total

2

37 38 44 37 3S 37 42 43 34 36 33 33 32

Scheduled Caste

5

3 5 3

1 1 1 1 3

3

Scheduled Tribe

4

1

41

Accommodation.

24. The College has a pucca building, but the accommoda· tion is not sufficient. Six temporary thatched sheds were built to conduct lower classes. For want of adequate space, shift system is arranged to run the classes. For additional accommodation government was appt'oached Ind simu Itaneously funds were raised from the public and parents. About 18,000 rupees were collected. Orders have also been received from the Government to const, ruct the required bUildings. Plans and estimates are pending with the Engineering department for further action.

Hostel.

25. There is a hostel attached to the Junior college and ruu by the government. It was started in the year 1947. Since then It is providing accommodation to the students of the high school and later on the students of t.he junior college. One of the teachers is appointed as a part-time Deputy Warden of t.he hostel and paid Rs. 20 per month as speCial allowance. Principal Is the Warden. A cook and a peon are prOVided. Total expenses of food are shared by the boarders themselves. The college authori­ties provide on'y free lodging. a cook and scavenger servIce. The Deputy Warden is changed every month from among the teachers of the colleg.e. The sanctioned strength of the hostel is th irty. Students from surrounding rural areas are generally accommoda­ted in the hostel. Admissions are open to all except the Schedu led caste and scheduled tribe students, for Whom a separate hostel is provided. Recurring expenditure is about Rs. 400 per month including the rent of the buiJding and other charges.

26. In the year 1971-72, the strength of boarders was thi rty and their dasswise distribution Is as follows:

Intermediate 10th class

9th class 7th class

4 6

15 5

30

42

27. The annual provision of Rs. 582 for maintenance and the rent of the hostel is considered meagre. The accommodation Is also very Inadequate for the sanctioned strength of thirty.

28. The menu consists of rice, dal and a curry. Special meals are provided on important festival days. Inadequate accommoda~ tion, services of a watchman and servant for cleaning the vessels, and providing furniture and serving utensils, atc., are their immediate problems.

Social Welfare Boy·s Hostel.

29. It was establ isned in the year 1962, with a sanctioned strength of thirty. The pupils from elementary to intermediate cla­sses belonging toscheduted castes and scheduled tribes, are eligible for admission. Ten percent of the seats are earmarked for back­ward class students. Du nng 1971-72 there were twelve students. of whom eleven belong to sched uled castes and one to backward class. Full capacity at thirty seats was never filled up. Till last year, the students of Manthani proper were not allowed admission in the hostel but the restriction is now removed. The allotment of funds is at the rate of Rs. 23 per boarder, Re. 1 for miscelianeous charges and Rs. 2 for special occasions like Ind epeodeoce Day (l5th August) and Republic Day (26th january). All the boarding and lodging charges are borne by the Social Welfare Department. The hostel Is accommodated in a rented building of Rs. 50 per month. Grants for the boarders are reteased for ten-and-a-half months, while the expenditure for the staff is for full year. Admissions are open to those who have Joined the educational institutions. A Sum of Rupees five is charged as caution money which is refundable at the end of the year. The following furniture and utensils are provided in the hostel:

1. Tables 30 5. Mea' plates 30

2. Wooden cots 30 6. Water glasses 60 (Both brass &- aluminium)

3. Chairs 30 7. Curry cups 30

4. Book sheJf-cum· 8. Spoons 30 almirahs 30

43

30. The daily menu consists of rice, dar. vegetabre curry for

two time meals and upma fof" breakfast. The establishme;nt of the hostel comprises the following.

Staff Scale / Sah~ry Number

Warden Rs. 80-150 One

Peon Rs. 62-100 One

Cook Rs. 62-100 One

Watchman Rs. 115 One

Sweeper Rs. 15 One Water Woman Rs. 10 One

31. The following library books are suppl ied by the Depart. ment of Social Welfare:

Dharmamkosam poracam by Sri Boyi Bheemanna

KuJanirmulam by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Schedulkulala Dasyam Enthakalam Gabbilam by Sri Gurr'am Jashuva $rinivasapadyamanjari by Nanduri

Srinivasa Rao Samajapeedithu lu by Devu lapalli Mothidas KusumanjaJi by P. J. Anand Antaranithanam by Namukakanti Jagan-

nadham Others

Mantbani Veedhi Primary School.

Total

10 books 10 books 10 books 10 books

10 books 4 books 4 books

10 books

10 books

------78 books

-------

32. It: was established in the year 1952 and presently mana­ged by the Panchayat Samithi. It is located In a rented buUding of Rs. 60 per month. The classes are run upto 5th standard. Each class has two sections. The total strength of the school during 1971-72 is 282.

44

Teaching staff consists of the follow'ng :-

Secondary Grade Teacher

Middle Trained Teacher

5 (includIng 3 temporary)

Higher Secondary Certifi- 1 cate (H. S. C.) untrained Teacher

Elementary Grade Teacher 4

33. During the year 1964 total strength of the school was only 90 with 3 teachers. Since then gradual increase was registe­red in the enrolment of students. During 1972-73, there are 236 students and 11 teachers.

School Hours are:

lOA. M. to I P. M.

2 P. M. to 4 P. M.

Morning session

Evening section

34. Duration of each period Is 48 minutes in the morning session and 40 minutes in evening session. There are four periods in the morning and three in the evening. The following plays were enacted on the occasion of Republic Day of 1970.

1. Prataparud reeyam u

2. Krishnarayabaramu

35. Games and sports competitions are prizes distributed to the winners ever'y year. activities are managed through the donations

Girls High School-Origin of Girls' Education.

also conducted and All extra-curricular raised in the town.

36. There is a pucca school build ing With asbestos roof, brick walls and cement flooring. It was constructed in 1966 at a cost of Rs. 60,000. The site for the high school wu donated by Sri Raja Venkata Mutyam Rao, native of Chennur, Adllabad district. An amount of Rs. 20,000 was contributed by the local people.

45

37. It is said that Sri Raja Venkata Mutyam Rao was closely associated with Sri Venkatarajan Avadhanl and his children. One day the Raja asked the eldest daughter of Sri Venkatarajan Avadhani, Smt. Premalatha Devi, to ask for any gift. She asked him to donate hfs ancestral devidi building at Manthani together with the open lands for the cause of girls' education and to establish a high school. A mention was also made by him In the gift deed that the property was given to the Girls' High School to fu Ifill the desire of Smt. Premalatha Dev!.

38. The school was upgraded to high school during 1968. It imparts educatron from VIII class to X class. Eighty seven pupil!; are enrolled during the academic year 1972-73. No candidate from scheduled caste and schetlfuled tribe has joined in this year. Out of 87 pupils only 9 hail from backward classes. Telugu is the medl urn of Instruction. $u bjects taught in the school are English, Telugu, Hindi, General Mathematics, General Science, Social Studies, Drawing and Crafts.

39. The teachIng staff consists of one Headmistress, ten teachers including few trained hands besides three ministerial staff. It is under the control of Zilla Parishad. The percentages of pass from this school in X class public Examination during the last three years is as follows:

1969 55.5 percent 1970 21.5 percent 1971 86.0 percent

40. Chess, carrom. tennlcolt and shuttlecock are the notable extra-curricular activities of the pupils in this :school. The follOWing statement shows religion and the number of students by caste/tribe studying In the school.

STATEMENT 111-(6) STUDENT STRENGTH BY RELIGION AND CASTE/TRIBE/COMMUNITY

OF THE GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL, 1972-73.

Number of students by Number of students by religion caste/tr i be

Hindu Muslim Chris· Total Sche· Sche- Back· tian duled duled ward

Class Caste Tribe class Others

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

VIII 34 34 2 32 IX 27 2 29 3 26 X 23 1 24 4 20

46

Junior Basic School. 41. This is one of the old primary schools of Manthanl. In

the year 1959 it was brought under the 'control of Panchayat Samithl. Telugu is the medium of instruction. The teaching staff consists of one Head-Master. twelve teachers both traioed and untrained, besides two class IV staff. It has a pucca building. The following statement shows the number of students by caste I tribe studying in the school during 1972-73.

STATEMENT III - (7) STUDENTS BY CASTE I TRIBE / COMMUNITY AND CLASS IN THE

JUNIOR BASIC SCHOOL, 1972-73

Number of Number of students students by by caste/tribe

religion SC ST OBC Others

2 3 4 5 6

Standard H 37 30 7 M I 1 C

-------- "-_ -~-----~-----~-.-

Total 38 30 8 -----

II Standard H 48 20 28 M 1 I C

Total 49 20 29 --- --

III Standard H 50 17 33 M 2 2 C 1 1

Total 53 17 36 -------

~.~_r ___ ~~ __

IV Standard H 75 1 33 41 M C

---~~-~--------- ,~

Total 75 33 41 -----

V Standard H 65 3 21 41 M 1 1 C

----- -~----~~-----~

Total 66 3 21 42

H - Hindu SC Scheduled Caste . M Muslim ST Scheduled Tribe C Christain OBC Other Backward Classes

~

47

Upper Primary School for Girls. 42. The school has a pucca building with asbestos roof and

brick walls. There are 100 pupils studying during 1972-73 of which 5 are Muslims and one Christian. It Imparts education from class IV to class VII with Telugu as medium of instruction. There are 8 teachers including ~he Head Master beside one Class IV staff.

43. In addition to the above lnstitutlons there are single teacher schools located a~ Pochammawada, Gangapuri and few private schools. One such private school is being managed for the lase one year by Sri V. Satyanarayana. There are about 50 pupils in the age-group of 5 to 8. Young children are imparted basiC education. Each pupil is charged Rs. 2 per month. The school is located in a thatched shed taken on a rent of Rs. 8 per month.

Medical Care.

44. Prior to the introduction of Allopathic system of treat­ment} Unani and Ayurvedic medicines were generally popular. Recently a Homeopathic hospital is also opened. Allopathic system of trea~ment is popular for providing speedy relief.

Medical Facilities.

45. There is a taluk hospital at Manthani with sanctioned bed strength of eight (4 males9 4 females). It is managed by a Civil Assistant Surgeon and a Lady Medical Officer. No fad Irties are av~i lable for cI inical examination for which the patients are reqUired to visit the district headquarters. Situated at a distance of 66 kms. During the year 1971-72 a maternity unit of 12 beds was sanc­tioned. but for want of staff and other faclli ties it is not functioning. In the field of family planning. It is seen that the local response is very poor. Only 8 persons have undergone these operations during 1971-72. No special camp is held for intensive operations and to propagate the benefits of fami Iy planning. faci I ities in the hospital re'luire a lot of improvement.

46. At present there are Allopathic. Ayurvedic~ Unani and Homoeopathic dispensaries also functioning in Manchan!. The follow-

48

ing statement shows the detafls of out.door and in-door patients treated for various diseases in the Government Civil Hospital.

STATEMENT 111- (8)

INCIDENCE OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT AT THE GOVERNMeNT

CIVIL HOSPITAL. 1971-72.

Sf. Number treated Re-No. CategClry of disease -Indoor Outdoor marks

"~--.~-- -----

I 2 3 4 5

I. Infective and parasitic diseases 18 2. Neoplasms 3. Allergic. endocrine system t metabolic

and nutritional diseases 428 4. Diseases of the brood and blood

forming organs 25 5. Mental. psychoneurotic and person-

ality disorders 6. Diseases of the nervous system and

sense organs 5 60 7. Diseases of the circulatory system 20 8. Diseases of the respiratory system ]3 1;078 9. Diseases of the digestive system 1,545

10. Diseases of the genito-urinary system 67

11. Del iveries and complications: of pregnancy, child-birth and the puerperium.

12. Diseases of the skin and cellular 50 504 14. Diseases of the bones and organs

of movement 27 14. Congenital malfor matien 15. Certain dIseases of early infancy 25

16. Symptoms of senility and Uldefrned conditions 8 925

17. Accidents~ poisoning and violence 42

49

47. Till April 1972 a family planning clinic was attached to the hospital. it was manned by a lady doctor. staff nurse and 2 theatre attendents. A male doctor is also attending to family Planning cases. Even though summer Is too severe in the town, government have not yet provided ceiling fans in the hospital. Due to the initiative of Sri R. Krishtaiah. Educational Extension Officer* local people have raised funds to purchase the tube lights and fans in the hospital.

48. Vasectomy operations performed during the last t:hree years are as follows:

1969 1970 1971

23 48

8

About 210 sterilisation cases were also attended to In the hopitaf from 1969 to March 1971.

CHAPTER IV

Economic Life of the Town

Economic life of the com:nunlty represents a cross section of the people engaged in the production and sale of goods and ren­dering services in the public and private sector organisations. This group of men have a useful role to play in building up a proper base for the prosperity of the society. Whether it be a village or town or a larger unit of population,. it Is the hard work of the people engaged in various avocations of life. that shapes the economic life and prosperity. For Manthani town, agriculture is the mainstay of economic activity. Both cultivators and agricultural labourers are assoCiated with the production of crops and exploi­nation of the natural resources.

Agricul tore

2. Manthani is primarily an agricultural town. In physical terms also out of 4,053 workers, there are 872 cultivators and 965 agricultural labourers as per 1971 Census data. They repre. Sent 45.33 percent of the total workers in the town. With the advent of Panchayat Raj and execution of five year plans. an earn­est effort was made to incr-ease the production in agricultural sector. Intensive methods of cultivation, greater attention on quality seeds, timely and adequate supply of fertilisers and pest control methods, have made a sustained impact in achieving the targets of production. And added to that. irrigation faciJitles. supply of power for agriculture and flow of credit through various cooperative societies, have gone a long way in the hard-working ryats reaping a good harvest.

3. With total wet cultivable area of 407.83 hectares (1.007 acres) under 11 sourcess i ncl ud ing Kannala project which feeds major tanks, it is seen that the extent of irrigated land -remai ned more or less constant in the past few decades. Nearly 800 acres (323.70 hectares) are irrigated under two big tanks, Reddicheruvu and Seela Samudram and the balance fed by other small sources including kuntas (ponds). Paddy is the only crop grown under wet cultivation.

52

4. So far as dry crops are concerned, jowar and green gram occupy first two'places in the extent of land cultivated. Recently, the ryots have also started cultivation of Virginia tobacco. Maize, ground-nut and gingelly, however, are not grown extensively. Crop-wise acreage of 1971-72 is as follows:

1. Maize 2· Green gram 3. jowar 4. Tobacco (Virginia) 5. Chillies

Total:

In Acres 71.93

332.63 1, 863.85

376.13 1.05

2,645.59

In Hectares 29.11

134.60 754.26 152.41

0.43

1,070.81

5. A graph showing cultivati on flgu res of the past eight years for both food and non-food crops, indicating the physical achievements in terms of acrea.se is given at page 53.

6. It is evident that the extent under food crops has registered a sudden decrease during 1968-69 nnd 1969-70. com­pared to the earlier periods. Though statistics reveal subsequent Improvement. it does not however represent the normal extents under cultivation during 1966 to 1968. Reasons for vari ations are said to be adverse seasonal conditions prevaPing in Manthani. R.ainfall figures of 1968 to 1970 also confil-m this :..t.l~~rnent. Chief food crops grown at Manchani are wet p::.ddy and maize during kharif season. commencing from Mrugasira karti or June of the year, and ending with October-November. During this season, Jarge areas are also sown with green gram and sesamum crops. Due to the suitability of Black cotton soils of Mam.hani. an attempt was made b)' some of the progr'essive culdvator:s to switch over to more paying commercial crops like tbbacco, during 1968-69.

7. In this connection. It is necessary to explain that in the villages adjoining Manadevpur. soHs are considered quite suitable for tobacco cultivation. Some of the Kamma families from Afldhra region sold away their meagre holdings and gradually settled down In Mahadevpur during 1950 to 1960s. Their efforts to raise Virginia tobacco met with great success_ Rich dividends and good harvest of tobacco crop made the local ryots in the surrounding

53

GRAPH SHOWING THE CULTIVATION FIGURES

FRON f 9t.<i-()6 TO 72- 7 3

(In Acre.) ilp Aue"

4,250 ".25('

4,000

3,150

3.50()

3,250

3.000

2.7S0

.... '_nn [ . _. \ J'....-

2.COO

l ,IS0

I,GOO

70Cl ~.

i 500 ~

250 ~ I

I) .~

~ :

-,

I

" i

i

J

. ~,~i_~:]

:. ,

. J - i

, -I

r---~-'~-~1 F--O'~)i--l (~c-~,;-,;-,------,-~-.-.....j

i , j )

! I G..:....._~o..........:___J

r')r<.,-c/' 19(;.'J-7(} !97C-7~

f--'l,'LSE.:S CA:C,H CROPS.

4.000

3,750

3.500

3,250

3,000

2,7S0

2.500

1.250

2,000

1,750

1,500

1:250

1.000

750

500

250

o

areas to start tobacco c(jltiy~tion. Some of the ryots of Manthanl have thus taken up virginia tobacco cultivation, on an area of about 199 acres during 1968-69 and grad ualfy increased the extent to 30D, 377 and 415 acres, during 1971, 1972 and 1973 respectively. So far as wet paddy is concerned, intensive methods of cultivation, better treatment of seeds. timely application of ferti Iis:ers and pest control methods propagated by the field staff

54

of agricultural department and panchayat samithi have had a cumulative effect to increase the yields substantially during 19605. As against the earl:er record of 7 to 8 quintals of paddy. average yields per acre have gone up to 12 to 14 quintals.

'- 8. Another staple crop grown extensively is Rabi - Jowar. Cultivation season commences from September and harvesting is done during late Oecember. Black soils of the area are found to be qUite SUitable for white jowar crops which supplyamp1e fodder for the animals. apart from jowar which is consumed by econo­mically weaker sections on a large scale. Except the introduction of virginia tobacco, there is no change in the cropping pattern of Mam:hani. With lim~ted scope for well irrigation (deeper wells &

loose soils) ryoes have to depend only on tank irrlgat.on, with the result, area cultivated under tanks rem3ined cons':.ant during the last one decade.

Agricultural Practices: Crops.

9. Jowar. maize, green gram, sesamum. horse gram, bengal gram. chillies, cotton, tobacco are the dry crops raised by culti­vators in the town. Paddy with Its different varieties is the only wet crop raised under tanks. Abi (first crop) and Tabi (Second crop) two crops of paddy in wet land are raised while in dry lands three crops viz., Kharif, }Jaghi and Rabi are raised. Maghi crop Is raised in between the Kharifand Rabi crops. The kharifand robi are monsoon and cold-season crops respect.ively. Both the crops. mostly depend upon rain fall. If the monsoon commences in June. kharif crops are largely sown at the beginning of the season, but if the rains are late and the t.ime for tile kharif sowing has passed. then more land is reserved for the rabi. Where there is a smaller extent of robi crop Jand~ the kfJarif sowing proceeds as iace as july. closely followed by the rnaghi sowing. Certain kinds of paddy may be sown in the abi as late as the beginning of August, if the rains are late. The tobi or hot season paddy crop is sown from December upto the end cf February. Paddy and maize are ~he common crops raised both in the kharlf and rahi'seasons. Greengram and sesamum are the two other crops which are commonly raised during kharif season. Jowar, bengalgram and virginia tobacc(.) are mostly raised during rabi season.

55

10. Agricultural operations for the new year are commenced on Jyeshla Pournami (June-July). The plough bullocks are decora­ted and worship (s offered to Bhudevi (mother earth) and a few furrows are ploughed during an auspicious tfme suggested by a purohit. Propitiation of Lord Ylnayaka is done by most of the Hindu ryots while startl ng the transplantation and Poll-the Goddess of harvest is worshipped by taking round a few stumps of the harvested corn around the threshing fJoor and crying aloud as • Polio-Poll' •

11. Yearwise details of compost pits dug, seeds and fert1l1sers distributed and pest control methods adopted by Manthanl Block for five years I.e .• 1967~68 to 1971~72 are given below:

STATEMENT tV - (I) DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE - SUPPLY OF IMPROVED SEEDS BY

PANCHAYAT SAMITHI. MANTHANI

Year

1967-68 1968-69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72

(Contd.)

Vegetable seeds (Kgs.)

8

8 12-250

7 3-500 3~270

Improved paddy seeds (Kgs.)

High yield- Maize ing paddy (Kgs.) (Kgs.)

2

, .310 1,065

680 2,2-40

600

3 4

450 1,100

600 1.935

227 324 336

Kitchen

Jowar (Kgs.)

5

3 3

Implements distributed

Compost pits dug gardens <>rchards

raised

9

2

10

3 12 2

II 12

85 41 41 64

542 5

365

Wheat (Kgs.)

6

40 200 200 320

New wells dug

Chillies (Kgs.)

7

s

Remarks

-----13

2 5 4 2 3

56

STATEMENT IV - (2)

DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES & FERTILISERS BY PANCHAYAT

SAMITH!, MANTHANI

.~-,---------------

Ammonium Calcium Year sulphate Clmm: ni- Urea

(Qtls.) trate (Qtis.) (Qds.)

Ammo. SuI· phate Nitrate (Qtls)

Superpho­sphate (Qtls.)

. __ ._-- - .. ~.--.----... - .. - .. ~~-.- .. ----.--.. ----.--~---~ -----2

~-~--.

1967-68 233,50

1963-69 45.40

1969-70 40.50

1970-71 4.00

1971-72 88.75

(Contd,)

28:28:0 Nitro (Qds.) Phosphate

(Qtls.)

3

11900

23.50

54.50

Di-ammo. phosphate (Qtls.)

---~-~--~----~-.-,-- .-.~.--

7 8 9 - .---.~ ---

32.50 12.50 11.00

74.50

91.00 117-00

90.00 126.00

127.00 15.00

~--~.~ --

4

198.00

308.50

284.00-

267.00

13000

GI"een manure seed

Kgs/Acs

10

120/24

450/90

700j140

34/7

5

9.00

Muriate of potash (Qtls.)

II

29.00

6

136.50

18.00

10.00

2.00

36.50

Pestici.des distributed (Lit.) (Acs.)

______ ~r ___

12 13 . -- - --,-----

11. 15 22

110.50 49

103.00 206

38600 195

114,00 54

57

Sf ATEMENT IV - (3)

DISTRIBUTION OF LOANS BY PANCHAYAT SAMITHI IN MANTHANI

Year

1967-68 1968-69

1969-70 I 970-7l 1971-72

Number of Tot<l.l amount person, disbursed benefited

z 3

785-00 2

2.496-00 10

4,201-70 8

Purpose ~-------------

4

Purchase of ferti-lisers -do-

Purchase of ferti-lisers.

Above loans are repayable imrr]"~diately after the ryots harvest crops.. They are advanced to the ryoi.'s on the basis of land hold ings.

12. There are 809 land holders, 256 protected tenants and 102 other tenants. A fu rthE r classification of the above hold ings is explained below:

S TA TEMENT IV - (4)

LAND HOLDINGS IN MANTHANI TOWN

Size of holdings (Acs.)

- _ .. _._- -_ ...

0- 5 6-10

10-15 16-20 21-25 76-30 31 +-

Total . . protected tenants

Number of pattadal-s

2 -- .. -.-~ -~--.. - ------.~.~--..

618 79 30 37 22

9 15

80')

56

Total extent (Wet & Dry) Ac. C

3 ----------,-- -------~--~

830-02 567-14 351-26 626·36 483-06 244-2 J

894-15

3,998-10

285.24

58

Survey of the last four categories reveals that the landholders have inherited the properties through their forefa thers and that the present holdings represent a part of the large areas held by them, which in course of time have been either sold away. sub-divided among the famiJy members or aUenated otherwise. Sizes of land holdings in Manthanl represent a vast difference between marginal farmers and others. While 77 percent of the landholders own only 21 percent. of the total cultivable area. 1.2 percent of the cultivators possess 29 percent of the total extent. Similarly En the category of 5 to 15 acres holdings, percentage of land holders is 14.5 owning 23 percent of the land and in another category i.e., 16 to 25 acres size group. 7.3 percent (.)f the land holders occupy 27 percent of the total extent. There are 256 protected tenants cultivatl ng an area of 285.24 acres. These protected tenants are declared as owners with effect from 1-1-1974 and the triLunal$ formed under the Tenancy Act are taking further steps to confer pa.tta rights by issuing certificates in their" favour, after summary enquiries.

Sources or Irrigation

13. The following statement shows the different sources of irrigation and extent under each source.

STATEMENT IV - (5)

WET LANDS UNDER DIFFERENT SOURCES - MANTHANI TOWN

SI. No.

1

1 2 3 4-

5 6 7 8 9

10 II

Name of the source

2

Kannala Project Bannecheruvu Kothakuma Jagannakunta Barrekunta Chowtakunta Pedda--kunta Rathikunta Thallakunta Reddicheruvu Seefasamudram

Tota'

Ayacut acres

3 -.~--~ -----

5 [.35 107.27

1.19 4.29

10.28 3.25 2.38

t 2.0 I 41.16

436.07 334.30

-----1,007.2.5

59

Land Revenue 14. The following statement gives particulars of land reve­

nue rates

STATEMENT IV - (6)

LAND REVENUE RATES

SI. No. land Particulars

1 2

I Dry land 2 Wet land (Under tanks

ayacut of more than 100 acres)

3 Wet land (Under kuntas,

Land revnue per acre prior to 1967 Land Revenue Act

3

Rs. P. I. 25

8. 00

ayacut of below 100 acres) 6. 00

4 Wet land (Und€r prOject canals or nalas) 8. 00

Present land revenue

per acre

4

Rs. P. 2. 20

10. 40

7. 80

10. 40

15. Land reVenue deman::! and collections are given In the following statement for the last 10 years.

STATEMENT IV - (7) TEN YEAR LAND REVENUE DEMAND AND COLLECTIONS OF

MANTHANI. 1962~63 TO 1772-73

Year

1

1962·-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965 66 1966-67 1967-68 1968·69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 1972-73

Demand

2

Rs. P. 22,463.00 22,096.30 22,127.25 17,734.05 21,201.46 21,640.46 19,500.82 20.878.53 21,334.61 18,746.46 13,935.91

Land revenue Total collection

3

Rs. P. 20,654.85 26,052.95 26,170.45 22,917.93 19,110.35 7,018.54

800.00 10,125.00 12,23l.54 5,033.90

13,935.91

60

In vJew of the drought cO;1ditions the Government of Andhra Pra­desh have ordered supension of land revenue for 2 years, 1970-71 and 1971-72. Due to the implementation of Add itional Land Revenue Act, 1967 after 3 co 4 years with retrospective effect, amounts earlier collected during the years 1966-67 to 1969-70 have been adjusted towards enhanced land revenue,

Big Land Holdings. 16. Biggest land lord of the town is Sri Kothakonda Ranga

Rao, who owns 245 acres or 99.15 hectares of land. He is also having land In BittupalJe, an adjoining village. Srimati $uwarna Chantamma, wife of Sri Narasayya, stands second with 120 acreS (48.56 hectares) dry and 8 acres (3.24 hectares) of wet land. Sri Ch. Sitarama Reddy is another landlord owning 25 acres (10.11 hectares) dry and 10 acres (4.05 hectares) wet land at Manchani and BittupaUe villages. Mention can also be made of Sri Karne Pullaiah. landlord of Manthani, who possesses nf arly 800 acres (323. 76 hectares) dry land in the nearby village. Lakkepur. In Manthani village he has only one acre (0.405 hectare) of wet land. These are ancestral properties. None of the cultivators of Manthani owns a tractor.

17. Following are the particulars of agricultural implements used by the above landlords:

51. No,

I .

2.

3.

STATEMENT IV - (8)

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS USED

Name of the landlord

2

Sri Kothakonda Ranga Rao

Smt. Suwarn~ Chantamma

Sri ell. Sitarama Reddy

No. of Plou­ghs

3

6

5 8

No. of oil

engines

4

2

Remarks

5

Etectric motors - one for lift irrigation & the other fitted to a well.

61

Economics of Cultivation Per Acre (0.4047 Hectare)

18. Expenses of cultivation per acre:

A) For Wet Paddy:

i) Seeds

ii) Cultivation

iii) Transplantation

Iv) Fertilisers/Pesticides

v) Weeding vi) Harvesting and thersh ing

vii) Transplantation and Miscellaneous

viii) Wages, Supervisory charges

iX) Land revenue

Total

Amount

Rs. 40 50 30

150

40 50 30

30 20

Rs. 440

Average yield per acre = l2 bags or 900 kgs. worth abovt Rs. 900

Rs. 900 - Rs. 440 = Rs. 460 (net surplus or returns)

19. 8) Dry Lands: The important crops grown are gro­undnut, greengram and jowar.

Expenses of Cultivation:

For Groundnut . Totai value of . output per acre Rs. 400-00

Expenses Rs. 200-00

Net return Rs. 200-00 ---- ------ ~

For Jowar Total value of output per acre Rs, 200-00

Expenses Rs . 100 00 ... _-------

Net return Rs. 100-00

For Tobacco

For Chillies

62

Total value of output per acre

Expenses

Net return

Total value of

output. per acre

Expenses

Net return

Cenancy Laws And Implementation.

Rs. 800-00 Rs. 400-00

Rs. 400-00

Rs. 1.000-00 Rs. 400-00

Rs. 600-00

20. There are two types of tenants, protected tenants and ordinary· tenants. The difference between a protected tenant and an ordinary tenant is explained below. Under Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural lands Act# 1950, all those who are cultivating lands as Tenants on 10-6-1950 were declared as 'Protected Tenants' and certificates were issued to them. Again in 1956 also. a survey was undertaken to declare ordinary tenant"i as protected tenants under Section 37 of the Act. Rights of the tenants In regard to tenure, eviction, quantum of rent for dry and wet lands, and acqui~ition of ownership are statutorily protected. Law also provides that the Protected Tenant has 60 percent rights in the land against 40 percent held by the land holder. Tenancy rights are heritable. Suitable reliefs have been provided against the high handed behaviour of the landlords and also to emure that the right of cultivation and enjoyment of the land is undisturbed.

2l. All those persons who come in possession of lands as tenants subsequent: to 1957 onwards are treated as 'ordinary tenants·. Unless the agreement of tenancy is registered wi th t.he Tahslldar of the concerned taluk, which is very rare in the rural parts. no protection und~r law is available to such tenants.

22· Under section 11 of the TEnancy Act, payment of leases is fixed in terms: of the multiples of land revenue, both for dry and wet lands. They are:

63

STATEMENT lV - (9)

PAYMENT OF RENT FOR LEASED LAND IN MULTIPLES

OF LAND REVENUE

a) Dry land of Chalka soil b) Dry land of black cotton

soil c) Baghat (horticultur al lands) d) Wet land I) I rrigated by wells

Ii) Irrigated by other sources e) Classos of land which do

not fall within the clause (a), (b) and (d)

4 times the land revenue'

5 times the land revenue 5 times the land revenue

3 times the land revenue

4 times the land revenue Reasonable rent determi-

ned having regard to the clases of land and the rent fixed for the said categories.

Customarily aho, in the villages. it is seen that the leases collec­ted by the land owners both for dry and wet lands. under govern­ment sources represent 50 percent of the net produce per acre. For lands Irrigated under wells, lJ3rd of the produce is earmarked towards the expenses of cultivation while the land holder and the tenant each gets 1/3rd.

23. In the above context following lease rates are prevailing In Manthanl town:

Wet lands under tanks Dry lands

. . 3 to 4 bags per acre Rs. 25 to Rs. 30.

For black cotton soils, SUitable for growing cash crops like tobacco and chillies, lease amounts vary from Rs. 100 to Rs. 200 per acre.

System of wages.

24. Wherever land holdings are more than 8 to 10 acres the owner employes agricultural labourers locally known as bhagelas. They are appointed on monthly wages in kind for cultivating lands. keeping a watch on the sta.nding crops and supervising other

64

agricultural operations. For casual agricultural operations like transplantation, weeding and harvesting of crops, wages are paid on daily basis. It is customary to find that many bhagelas are employed by local landlords on hereditary basis. In addition to monthly payment of wages. i.e., forty kgs. of jowar or sixty kgs. of paddy, they are given a pair of chappaJs and a locally woven blanket. Additionally these bhagelas are also paid one maund of grain at the time of harvest of paddy or jowar. Bhagelas look up to their masters for loans to meet their financial needs, Le., marriages of their sons/daughters and construction of a hut/ho,use. The loans are normally interestMfree and they have to repay either by foregoing their monthly wages in full or in part or from what they get in kind at the time of harvest of crops.

25. Casual la1::-oour employed for cultivation. transplantation and weeding operations get their wag{;'s mostly in cash. Adult male gets Rs. 2, female Re. I to Rs. 1.50 and a child above 12 years gets 75 paise to Re. I. For harvesting paddy, jowar, green gram or groundnut crops, the wages are paid in kind.

Forestry.

26. Forest plays a useful role in tne economic life of the town. Total geographical area of the taluk is 2,161.3 sq. kms. Manthani taluk stands firSt In the extent of forest area in the district. Out of a total reserve forest area of 6,13.866 acres (2,37,014 hEctares) in the district. an extent of 3.82,065 acres or ] ~54,621. 71 hectares is in Manthan; taluk. Forest area works out to 71.54 percent of the total geographical area of the uluk .. Within t.he limits of Mant.hani, there is no reserve forest but it is situated about 5 kms. (3 miles) away in the village limits of Eklaspur and Khanapur. Forest supplies timber required for the construction of houses, agricultural implements and furniture et.c. It supplies fuel. needed by every houSEhold, besides other raw materials for severa! industries. It also prOVides free grazing facilities for the cattle of the town.

27. For the purpose of forest ad ministration Manthani. taluk Is divfded into 4 ranges, each under the charge of a Range Officer. The headquarters of th~se forest Range Officers are at. Manthanr, Mahadevpur, Nimmagudem and Bhupalapalle. While the Juris-

65

diction of Man!hani and Mahadevpur ranges falls within the geographical limits of Manthanl taluk, other two range offices extend the ir jurisdicticn to scme of the villages of Parkal taluk. All the forest contractors are from outside Manthani. There is only cne saw mill-cum- blacksmithy and carpentry unit run by the Slacksmithy and Carpentry Industrial Co-operative Society at Mamhani. Out of 4,053 workers of the cown, 21 persons depend for thei r I lvel ihood on forest. There is enough scope for esta­blishil"lg saw mills, charcoal and bef!di rolling industries based on the raw materials of the forest_ Presently no such units are working.

28. During 1930's to 1950's certain spots in the reserve forest., viz., Pankana, Neelampalle. Kaleswararn, Tadcherla and Chintal(an! WE:'re well kncwn for hunring of wild animals. I'-'Iembers of the Nizarn's family and other ariHocratic gentry from Hyde­rabad use::i to spend montns in the forest for a kill of tiger.

Fisheries.

29. About 4.5 kms. (3 miles) away fro:ll Manthani a place called Lanja-Madugu in Godavari river is considered to be an ideal Spot for '-Ic:.rious varieties of fish including Calta, Roho, Mrigal, etc.

The depth of Godavari rive,- at this spo~ is said to be around 60 ~o 100 rnetres (200 to 300 feet) and still waters of the river spread on an area of about 3 kms_ (two miles'] in length, provide a quiet home for 211 types of fhf-j to multrpl y. In view of the

very congenial a[mo~phere provided by nature, gov.::rnment have taken necessary precautions to see that large scale fishing in and around this madugu about 45 kms. (30 miles) up and down stream, is prohibited vide G. O. Ms. No. 2204 Agri. dated 5-10-1960.

30" Exploitation of fish in the riverGodavari by the fishermen of Manthani is thus not possible. They depend on the local tanks whIch are under (he supervision of fisheries deparcmenc. Nearly 10 to IS households are engaged in fishing_ They catch fish in near by tanks and sel! them in Jots and not in kilograms. Each person can earn about Rs. 2 p~r day on fishing. Most of the fisherm-er; families are engaged as agricultural labourers. Steps have been taken by the department to establish 'fish-farms' and construct 'breeding-ponds' to enable breeding of various varieties

66

of good fish and mult Iply them by mixing them in the locaf tanks· This activity has received a set back because of the drought conditions of 1968- t 970. On account of floods in Godavari also some of the~ natu ral spots, where fish could be conveniently col­lected by the local fisne rmen have been washed away. Therefore, the department have presently shihed thei r activities to Dharma­pur-i. situated on the banks of Godavari about 58 kms. (36 miles) upstream to Manthanl. Under the programme of Applied Nutri­tion, the department has taken up fish breeding in the tanks of Parpalle and Manthan; to supply fish to the sub-centres selected by the Panchayat Sami thi, Manthani. Prospects for the exploita­t.ion of fish and expansion of the activities of the department, thus appear to be very limited at Manthani.

Livestock

31. A statement showing the cattle wealth of Manthani town is given below:

SI. No.

STATEMENT-IV (JO)

LIVESTOCK BY TYPE AND NUMBER

Tpye of livestock

2

1. Bulls & bullocks 2. Cows & calfs

a) Total b) Milch cows

3. Buffaloes & she-buffaloes: a) Buffaloes b) Total she-buffaloes c) M itch she-buffaloes d) Others

4. Sheep 5. Goats 6. Asses 7. pjgs 8. Poultry 9. Ducks

Number

3

1,130

1,314 252

58 671 488 543

1,325 228

10 18

2,408 12

67

There are 252 cows and 488 she- buffaloes among milch c~ttle. The t.otal milk yield is about 1,000 litres a day. Milk is sold in the town at the rate of Rs. 1.50 per liue. The neighbouring villages also sell the sur plus milk in the town. livestock is marketed In

Manthani on Shandy Day (I.e. Sunday)

32. There is a Primary Veterinary Dispensary functioning since 1967 under the charge of Veterinary Assist~nt Surgeon. It is. located adjacent to Block Office. All cattle diseases are treated there. Number of animals treated for various di5eases during the

three year period. i.e .• 1969~70 co 1971-72 is shown in the Stat~­ment IV - (10). It has a separate building with necessary equip­ment. ihere are two Compounders, two Messengers and a Scaven­ger attached to the dispensary. Another important function of the dispensary is to arrange artificial insemination of cows and buffa­loes. SerJ)en is received by train from Warangal to Peddapalle and then transported by road to Manthani.

33, Artificial insemination of local breed is as follows

Year Total Number

1966-67 8 1967-68 20 1968-69 30

1969-70 37

1970-71 33

1971-72 12

34. NQ foHow up action appears to have been taken to watch the results of the work done. Hence the im pact of ~he scheme on the local cattle is not visible. During 1971-72, the semen has not been supplied properly and hence the short-fall in achievements.

35" Treatment of cattle diseases at Primary Veterinary Djspensa~y, Manthan) Is given below.

68

STATEMENT - IV (11)

PART'CULAf~S OF CATTLE DISEASES TREATED, 1969-70 TO 1971-72

Treatment Vaccination ------

Year- Bovines Equines Others Total Rhinder pest Ranikhet

-~--_--- ---~-- - ------ ---_.-- --------~------

2 3 4 5 --- _., --,- ~- -~ --_- -~--.---~-~-

1969-70 10,267 1,774 12,041

1970-71 11,972 503 12,475

1971-72 8,388 1,850 10,238

(Contd.)

Vaccination (Contd.)

-Haemorrcgie ~tero Toxica~------CT=o-t-al septicamea mea/Farl Pox

9 10 I t

6

1,468

2,622 1,160

Black quarter

12

7

9,497

9,810 15,936

Castration

Others

f3

Black quarter

8

2,418

1,557 3,179

Total

14 -----------------_- ~--------

5.525 13.263

5.762

12,186 E'6,239 + FP 390 14,542 ET

'Traditional occupations.

31,094 33,881

40.579

1,528 1,097

827

1.528 , ,097

827

36. The group discussions and the survey data reveal that the following households are eng~ged mostly on traditional occupa­tions in Machani town.

51. No.

2 3 4 5 6

STATEMENT -'V (12) CASTE AND TRADiTIONAL OCCUPATIONS

Name of the Name of No. of House-community occupation holds engaged

2 3 4 ~------ ~~-~--- -----

Sale Weaving 10 Kanchara Brassmithy 2 KamsalJ Goldsmithy 20 Vadla Carpentry 30 Madiga Shoe-making 10 Moch~ Shoe-making

69

1 2 3 4 -~---------

---_---- ------ ._----

7 Kammari Blacksmithy 10 8 Kummari Pottery 13 9 Medari -Basket making 10

10 Chakali WClshing of clothes 50 I 1 Mangali Hair dressing 10 12 Dudekula Cotton ginning 10

37. There are 235 commercial escablishments and workshops jn the town which are divided into 16 broad categories as per the details noted below:

STATEMENT - lV (13)

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND WORKSHOPS

Hotels 19 Tailoring shops 10 Cloth shops 7 Hair cutting saloons 5 Goldsmith shops 2 Shoe shops 2 Pan Shops 13 Radio House I Br andy shop 1 Dry cleaning shop 1 Rice mills. flour mills and other processing

units: 16 Cycle shops 2 Ki rana and other miscellaneous shops 97 Household industries and other

miscellaneous workshops .57

Total 235

Industl'hd And Commercial Establishments.

38. A list of important commerCial/industrial establishments by type of activity functioning in the town is furnished below:

I­Z 1U :4 LU I-

~ v.J

z « :r: f­Z « :E

.....I «<:

~ w E L o U

CI.I E <¢ ~

o Z

c ... 0" ~ 0 _ 0 o tJ.O

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c...

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<7'1

-,J ...p 00

E 0L..~ Owe 0_ c.. <0

° C"'I

- «I ... ClJ

...c .... V1 co .- ......

..c ' <U E ... 0.£ '­

LL.

-;:;a u '" ,_

"dJ "E caE

0.0 0 ~U '" >

E ::5 C c: <0

° '-o ClJ o C-

ci C"'I

<;; u

." L.. "U W -0 E ~E :::J 0 ~U >

i

~I _\ -I

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co

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Mi

I I I

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<J) ~ <I) .... '" I),Q .-._ ""0 V <l.I ~ Q,I

;;;...0

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Z

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.... ...c Qj ~ 0-0 oE C> U"l

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8 Col)

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... c o en .... C.l c.. _"'C oCl) s...~ C.l~ ~CI.J ::3

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>-. ...... +-' .-U u (LJ0L:

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.. -...., >-. . .... ..... -uu

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ell (!) .- U .",-EO:::: ell

«:

>-. , ..... ..... -U U (LJ'-- ,_

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"(d.~ cCC::::

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, >.. ......... U'u Q) .-....

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a:l ....

>0-J .~

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.... u U'-CI.J s...

LLI

74

39. Brief facts of some of the establ ishments are as under:

1. Sweetmeat shop. 40. it is owned by Sri P. Sambaiah of Manthani and located

in a smaiJ wooden bunk in busstand area since 1967. Laddu. Mysore Pak, Pakoda, Mixture, Jilebi, Dudpeda, etc., are sold at the rate of Rs. 8 per kilogram for sweets and Rs. 6 per kilogram for salty savouries. All these preparations are cooked with grouodnut oi I. Sugar and jaggery are used for preparing the sweets. It is open on. all days of the week and sells sweetmeat worth about Rs. 25 to 30 per day.

2. Srinivasa Radio House. 41. Sri P. Srlnlvasa Rao of Warangal district is the proprie­

tor of this shop. It is functioning since 1969 in a separate build­ing, constructed of brick walls, Mangalore tiles roof and Shahbad stone flooring. It is situated at Penjeruvukatta. a commerhi'l locality. A monthly rent of Rs. 50 is paid to the landlord. The shop deals in radios. transjS"[ors and fans manufactured by variou~ companies~ i.e., Phillips, Telefunken and Rallis. The proprietor procures the goods directly from Secunderabad. Except Tuesdays .• the shop is open on all other days of the week. from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. Sale price of the articles ranges between Rs. 100 to Rs. 500. On an average, he sells 10 to is radio sets a month,. Approximate value of the turnover during the year 1971-72 was about: Rs. 10,000.

3. Textile shop.

42. 't is owned by Sri Cherla Satyanarayana of Manthani town and located in Nadiveedhi. a residential~cum·commercial area since' March, 1912. The premises is a part of the bUilding, taken on a monthly rent of Rs. 12.50. Except Tu;esday. it is open on all ot.her .days of the week. At the time of ~urvey, textiles worth Rs. 6.000 were In s'tock. Goods are obtained from the wholesale dealers of Sec un dera bad and Karimnagar. According 'to the owner, his business is around Rs. 1.500 per month.

4. Venkataramana Electrical and General Stores. 43. Sri M. Gopal Reddy, native of Kanna! vll1age has opened

the shop on 29-6-1972 in Nadiveedhi. 1 he shop forms part of [he building taken on a monthly rent of Rs. 35. It Is constructed with

75

bt ick wall. country tiled roof a'nd ShahE,ad itone ffooring. ,Goods for sale In the shop are electrical, stationery, cosmetics and gene­raL Average daily sale is Rs. 50. The goods are purchased from Hyderabad and WarangaL

5. P. Kantaiah Cloth Stores.

44- It Is located in a part of the building in Penjeruvukatta oeaHty since 1969 and owned by Sri P. Kantaiah, a native of

Manthani town. Predominant materia' of wall, roof and floor are brick. country tiles and Shah bad s'tones respectIvely, valued at about Rs. 8,000. 'he bUilding is electrified. Cotton, silk and ,teryline textiles are sold in the shop. Approximate volume of business per annum is said to be Rs. 30.000. It remains closed on Tuesdays.

6. Dilkush Hair Cutting Saloon.

45. It is situated in Penjeruvukatta locality since 1961 and owned by Sri P. ,Rajaiah, a native of Manthani. The premises is taken on a monthly rent of Rs. 12,50. It is open on all days of the week from 7 A.M. to 4-30 P.M. Average ~earnings of the owner are Rs. 5 per day_

7_ [l1andala Chantaiah Shop.

46. It is a medical and general store established about 20 years ago by Sri Iliandaia Kistaiah at Brahmanaveedh., 3 residential

\

local ity. H is son lIIandala Chantaiah (s the present owner. At " the time of survey there were goods worth Rs. 16,000. It is

dosed on Tuesdays. Daily sale is about ~s. 100.

8. Sri G. Satyanarayana Medical and Generpl Stores.

47. Sri G. Satyanarayana, a Marwari of ManthanJ" t.o.wn haf established the shop in Penjeruvukatt,,- locality in a rented house at Rs. SO per month. The shop is constrl,Jcte.c;i. of br ick wall. tilettf roof and Shahbad slab flooring. Main articles sold are medicines, textiles, stationer)' and general goods. Approximate turnover per year is about Rs. 30,000. Goods are received from Hyderabad an4 . Karlmnagar. On Tuesdays. shop is closed.

76

9. Pend a Venkataiah Cloth Shop. 48. This retail textile shop is located in Penjeruvukatta

locality since 1969. The building is constructed of brick wall, ~i1ed roof and Shahbad stone fJ :)oring valued at about Rs. 8,000. It is closed on Tuesda.ys. Cotton. silk and teryline clothes are obtained from Se<:underabad and Kari mnagar for local sale. Average annual turnover is about Rs. 20,000.

10. E. Satyanarayana General Stores.

49. It is located on Godavari Road, a residential locality. since 1951 and owned by Sri E, Satyanarayana of Manthani. The building is valued about Rs. 4,000 and provided with electricity and fan. Main articles kept for sale are kerosene. groundnuc oil, vegetabies, kiraoa and general goods. They are brought from Hyderabad. Warangal and Peddapatie. Turnover per annum is about one lakh of rupees. Two workers are engaged to attend to toe sale of goods. Tuesday is a holiday. Annual turnover is said CO be Rs. 90.000.

11. Sri Donthula Vaikuntam Kirana and General Stores.

50. It is situated in a building constructe411 of mud wall and ~iled roof with Shahbad stone flooring. It is electrified and provided With a table fan also. Tuesday is a holiday. Main items sold in this establ ishment are kirana and general goods. Average annual turnover is about Rs. 1,20,000.

12. Lingamurthy Stationery Shop.

S l. It is located in Vagugadda, a commerciallocali ty since 22 years. Building and the shop are owned by Sri D. Lingamurthy of Manthani town. Stationery articles, text books, magazines and daily newspapers are for sale in this shop, which is closed on every Tuesday. Vorume of business during 1970-71 is about Rs. 20.000.

13. Sri. K. 1lf. Anwar Pasha General Merchant.

52. ioca I it)'. Mad rase

The shop is located in Besthagudem, a working class His grand father came and settled in the town from He belongs to Sunni sect of Muslims. Shop is open on

77

all days of the week. Daily sale Is around Rs. 20. Rice, dais, vegetables. kerosene and general consumer goods are sold.

14. Brandy Shop.

53. It is located at Penjeruvukatta in a rented building of Rs. 40 per month since 1971 and owned by Sri T. Narayana of Srirampuram village. The proprietor has engaged two persons to sell liquor. It is open on all days of the week. Monthly sales are around Rs. 3,ono.

15~ Pan Shop.

54. It is opened In 1962 by Sri Shaik Mohmed of Manthani town in old bus stand area. It is kept In a wooden bunk. Pan. cigarette and beedi are sold. Daily sale is aronud Rs. 10 to 15.

16. Modern Foot Wear.

55. This shop is located in a wooden bunk since 1971 at new bus stand area, and owned by Sri Md. Ghiasl:lddin of Manthani. It is open on all days of the week. Different types of chappals,

, shoes manufactured by B. S. C .• Kushan and Globe companies are sold here. Goods are obtained from Hydef'abad 'and kept for sale locafly. Average sales per month are about Rs. 500/-.

17. K. Agaiah Kirana Shop.

56. This petty shop is located in Vagugadda area since 1964 and owned by Sri K. Agaiah of Manthani town. This shop is constructed of brick wall, country tiled roof With stone flooring. It is also electrified. Clothes, ki rana and general goods a re sold. Approximate turnover is Rs. 5}OCO per annum. It is open on all days of the week during 7 A. M. to 8 P. M.

18. Sri Mallesham Provision Stores.

57. It is located in a part of the building constructed of mud walls and country tiled roof with Shah bad stone flooring in Vagugadda area since long back (established by Sri Mallesham's father), The· commodities sold are oil. dais. tamarind, ghee .. rice etc. Average volume of business is Rs. 30.000 per annum. The shop is open on all days during 8 A .. M. to 8 p~ M.

78

19. K. Chandraiah Kirana Shop.

58. It is located in Penjeruvukatta since last two decades by Sri K. Chandraiah of Manthani town. Predominant material of walls, roof and floor are brick, country tiles and Shahbad stones

. respectively. It is electrified. General goods, food gr3ins and other kirana articles are .sold. Approximate volume of busines!S during 1970-71 is Rs. 27,000. It is open on all days of the week except Tuesday.

20. Sri Sarada Vilas.

59. It is a meals-cum-coffee restaurant. It is pfovided with modern amenities in Penjeruvukatta locality since 1964. Sarvasri Ayyanna, Venkatanarasiah and Laxmi Narasaiah of Vysya caste nave purchased 1:his hotel from Sri G. Jagannadham of Are village ~f Maharashtra state who was running the hotel upto 1964. Arrange~

ments for cleaning t:he utensils, washing and drainage are satisfa­ctory. Accommodat.ion for meals, t.iffins, tea and coffee is separa­

tely provided. There is also a radio set. Predominant materiaJ.s of the bUilding are brick wall, country tile roof with Shatlba<:i stone flooring. The estimated value of the building is about Rs. 8,000. The owner has engaged fjve servants. Though it is open on all days of the week doring 6 A.M. to 9 P.M. workers avail one holiday in a week. They serve vegetarian food. tiffine. (khara, idU, dosa) tea and coffee. Plate meal Is served at the rate of Rs. 1.50 with one curry, dal and nmbar or rasam. It is consi­dered as the best of all reuaurants in the town. According to the owner the business is Rs. 200 per day.

21. Kaseenadham Hotel.

60. A native of Jammikunta Village, Sri N. Kaseenadham. fS running this restaurant in bus stand area since April. 1972. It is built With mud walls, thatched roof and mud flooring, monthly rent being Rs. 40. It. is open from 6 A.M. to 8 P.M. on all days of the week. Prior to Sri N. Kaseenadham this restaurant was run b~ Sri Gopal. a native of Manthani. It: is not eiectrifie.d. Ie has few chairs. tables and a glass case. Three servants are engaged in th~ restaurant. It serves vegetarian tiffin. tea and coffee. Sanitation of the restaurant ts satisfactory. , :

79

22. Ramesh Vilas.

61. This restaurant is established by Sri T. RajaJingam a~ Penjeruvukatta locality during 1953. It is constructed with brick walls, country tile roofing ~nd Shahbad scone flooring vafued at about Rs. 3.000. It is electrified and provided with a wash basin. tables and chairs. It is working without holidays. The owner has engaged five paid servants. It serves both vegetarian and non­vegetarian food. According to the owner. turnover is around

Rs. 30 per day.

~3. Sri Satyanarayana Military Hotel.

62. Smt. Buchamma, a native of Arinda village has opened the hotel in March,. 1972 in bus stand area, a commercial locality. Predominant materials of this residence-cum-hotel are brick walls and thatched roof withcut flooring, valued about Rs. 500. It is open on all days of the week. It serves only non-vegetarian food. It is not etectrified. In the glass almyrah tiffins are kept. It Is being run with two paid serv3nts and m<maged by the owner. Sanitation is poor. Mut:ton, biriyani, eggs. chicken. chicken biriyani and occasionally fish are served in the hotel at the rate of Rs. 2 per plate.

24. Srj Laxmi Vilas.

63. It is located in bus stand area. since 1962 and owned by Sri M. Pullaiah, a native of Manthani. Predominant materials of the bui Iding are brick walls, thatched roof and Shah bad stone flooring valued at about Rs. 2.500. It is electrlfied_ The hotel is open on all days of the week from 7 A.M. ~o 9 P.M. It sel'ves both vege­tarian and non-vegetari an food. It has no modern amenities. There is only one glass almyrah in which sweetmeats and other items of t.iffins are kept. As there is no prop~r sanitati9n. surroundings of the hotel look very bad. According to the owner. there is a deCline in the daily business due to the increase in the number of hotels tn the town and that the present business is about Rs. 50 per day. Non.vegetarian meal is served at £he rate of Rs. 2 per plate with one non-veget.arian curry and one vegetable curry. The rates for the other items are as follows:

Mutton/Chicken bi riyani Mutton curry Chicken curry Khara Sweet Dosa Coffee Tea

Miscellaneous Occupations

80

Rs. 1-75 per plate Re. 0-75 per plate (Small) Re. 0-75 per plate (Small) Re. 0-30 R.e. 0-60 Re.0-60 Re. 0-30 R.e. 0-25

64. Except few rice mills and hullers there is no registered small-scale unit or Industry in the (own. There is enough scope for setting up industries and to exploit the raw-material of reserve forest in the taluk. Considering t:hat M3nthani and Mahadevpur Blocks are treated as backward areas of the district, the Depart­ment of Industries can formu late schemes fo,- planned development. In this connection activities of the Co-operative !ndustrial Society formed by the local arti sans, i.e., blacksmiths and carpenters are described below.

65. Du ring the months December to june, about 200 members from different Brahmin households. leave the town to earn a living either as cooks or Vedapandits. They vislt: mostly th,~ towns in Maharashtra state, viz.,Sholapur, Chanda Nagpur and Bombay_ On an average ea!:h member earns about 2 to 3 thousand rupees depending on the marriage season and other funct:ons he attends to. Pravosam is thus treated as a subsidiary occupation since their main occupation is agriculture.

The Blacksmithy and Carpentry Industrial Cooperative Society,

Mantbani

66. It is a registered society. rrepresenting the skilled carpenters and blacksmiths enrolled as members after 'Collecting a a share .. capital of Rs. 50 from each. Total membership is 54. It is functioning in thot: town since twelve years with Registration number 1862/62. Elect!ofl~ for the Managing Committee are held once in tWe;> years. Mainstay of the society is the orders for the supply of furniture received h:om various institutions. organisations and state gever-nment offices located at Manth-an! and other towns of

81

the district. The carpenters engaged by the society are paid on piece-rate basis. Detal Is of share capital collected from the members, output in the last five years. value of the orders executed and the wages paid are as follows:

STATEMENT IV - (16)

SOME PARTICULARS OF THE BLACKSMITHY AND CARPENTRY INDUSTRIAL CO-OPERATIVE SOClETY, MANTHANI

~I. Particulars o. 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

2 3 4 5 6 7 _______ , ____ 0 _______________

1 Number of members 56 56 56 54 54

2 Share capital (Rs) 2.375.15 2,557.15 2.557.15 2,533.40 2,579.00

3 Profit gained (Rs) 863.50

4 Production value (Rs) 20,385.00 8.216.00 2,867.00 8.670.00 18,274.00

5 Sales (Rs) 19,473.00 6,03 r .00 4.620.00 9,855.00 18,161.00

6 Wages paid (Rs) 4,689.00 1,864.00 964.00 r ,844.00 2,531.00

67. The society has received loans both from Khadi Board and the Government. Towards the working capital a sum of Rs. 5,000 is sanctioned originally as grant by the Khadi Board. While Rs. 4,500 drawn from the Government has been repaid in two instalments. a loan of Rs. 8,000 advanced by Khadi Board is yet to be liqUidated. Lack of adequate funds is the main problem of the society. Apart from providing security of employment to local artisans there is good scope to earn profits, if the activities are expanded by providing adequate finances.

Manufacturing of Ayurvedic Medicine. (Maba "Musbioyadi Tailam)

68. This liniment is prepared with more than 80 medical plants and herbs besides Nuxvomica seeds. It is being manufactu­red and used since last half-a-century. It is a cure for a(( obstinate diseases like paratys(s. numbness and cramps, tetanus and tetony, plamopthatonos. sciatica, rheum::nism. gout~ burning feet and hands and all other skin diseases. It should be massaged on the affected part of the body of the person suffering from the above diseases twice a day. Dr. C. Chantayya. Rural Medical Practioner is manufacturing the above medicine as a cottage industry at his residence. This medicine is patented by members of his fami Iy only.

82

Sri Chantalah has taken a loan of Rs. 2,000 from the State Bank of Hyderabad. Medicines worth about Rs. 2.000 a year are being sold. An attempt is also being made for marketing It on a large scale. The price of the medicine by vol ume Is as follows:

(1) 30 ml. bottle Rs. 2-30

(2) SO mi. bottle Rs. 3-50 (3) 100 mt. bottle Rs. 6-50 (4) 45"0 mL botde Rs. 29-50

He Is also kept in-charge of a Rural Dispensary at Velala village In Adilabad district situated at a distance of 8 kms. (S miles) from Manthani town, which he has to visit by crossing river Godavari every day.

Commercial Taxes and volume of business.

69. The following statement gives the particulars of sales tax assessees for the last five years under the jurisdiction of Assistant Commercial Tax Officer, Deputy Commercial Tax Officer and Commercial Tax Officer.

Statement IV-(l7) on Page 83

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84

70. Figures of the :above statement reveal that the volume of business In the town is Increasing every year. 10 the past five years, i.e., from 1969-70 to 1973-74, the number of assessees of Deputy Commercial Tax Officer and Commercial Tax Officer has registered a gradual lncrea~e from 4 to 17 and 43 to 59 respec­tively. Because of drought conditions, turn over during 1970-71 and 1971-72 has shown a downward trend but in the last two years it has picked up considerably.

Financial Institutions.

71. Non-availability of adequate agricultural credit is one of the bottlenecks which 1m pedes the enthusiasm of the progressive cu!t:iv3tors. Majority of the cultivators cannot invest sums timely to meet the expem:es of cultivation. Agricultural finance is thus considered as the backbone and a vital functionary for achieving good results in the field.

72- In this connection a brief note on the working of the finanCial institutions viz., State Bank of Hyderabad District Co~ operative Central Bank. and Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank of the town is as foHows :

State Bank of Hyderabad

73. The branch was open€.d on 29-11-1969. Its area of operation is Mantna:ni taluk. DurIng the last four years the bank has achieved considerable progress as [s evident from the number of accounts and the depOSits.

74. The volume of business transactions during the last four years has increased. The bank also prOVides long .. term credit to agriculturists for the following purposes: (a) digging new wells. (b) purchase of oil engines/motors, (c) purchase of tractors.

75. The establishment of the bank consists of the following staff.

CategofY_

Manager Clerical staff Cashier Sub-ordinate ancl watch and ward staff }

Number

1 2 2

3

85

Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank, Manthani.

76. It is one of the branches of Central Co-operative Land Mortgag..-:! Bank, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, established during 1965. The aim of chis institution is to exclusively serve the needs of agricultural finance throughout the state. The institution Is run on co-operative lines. Elections of the Board of Directors and the President are held once in three years. There are 199 shareholders of the bank from Mamhani. They have sub-scribed a share amount of R'i. 30,900. The bank advances loans for digging ne'..", wells, repairs to existing wells and purchase of diesel sets. electric motors, land reclamation and development. Total loan advanced during the period ending 1971 in Manthani town is Rs. 5.15,075. When compared to the total number of land holders which number 810, only 199 or about 25 percent of the agriculturists of Manthani have availed the facility of assistance from this bank. There is, therefore, adequate scope for exten­ding the benefits to more number of ryots and help in the increase of agricultural production. The managerial and minis­teria) staff of the institution consists of the foJlowing members:

Category

Secretary Accountant Supervisors Typist Peons Watchman

District Co-operative Central Bank, Manthani.

Number

I 1 5 1 3 1

77. This is a bram:h of the District Co-operative Centrai Bank. The aims of the bank are two-fold. To act as a commer­cial banking institution by opening accounts under various catego­ries i.e .• fixed. recurring. ClIrre"1t anj savings deposits, and also to advance loans to the ryots for the development of agriculture through the primary co-operative societies functioning in the villages The deposits are received both from individuals and Institutions like local bodies and other primary co-operative socie­ties. During the year 1971-72 the bank has advanced a total sum of Rs. 4 lakhs through the primary co-operative societies. The bank Is supervised by a Manager~ one Cashier. one Inspector, four Supervisors, a Peon and a Watchman.

86

Money Lenders.

78. There are 4 registered money lenders in the town. It is learnt that none of them Is a professional money lender. Their registration is only to recover the advances outstanding from the borrowers. No particulars of the advances, rate of interest charged, etc., are available either with the money lenders or with the Tahsil Office. They are not s.ubmitting the details of transaction to the Tahsildar, who renews the licences annually. There are no Kabuliwalas or Marwaris engaged In money rending business in the town. The following statement shows some particulars like etnlnicity. area of operation and date of registration of the registered money lenders.

51.

STATEMENT IV - (18)

REGISTERED MONEY LENDERS IN THE TOWN

Date of Name of the Area of No. registration money lender Caste operation

2 3 4 5

I 23-6-1965 Muddu Rajanna Brahmin Manthani 2 24-7-1965 Seetaramaiah Vysya Manthani 3 30-9-1965 Chand rasekhara Brahmin Manthani

Rao. 4 22-2-1971 Muddu Narahari Brahmin Manthani

Workers:

Licence fee 6

Rs. 2l.44 Rs. 21.44 Rs. 21.44

Rs. 21.44

79 As of 1971 Census. there are 4,053 workers forming 36.4 percent while non-workers form 63.6 percent of the total popu la­tlon of the town. The following statement shows the details of industrial category of workers of the town.

STATEMENT JV - (19) rNDUSTRIAL CATEGORY OF WORKERS

SI. Percen-No. Industrial Category Mares Females Persons tage

2 3 4 5 6

1 ) Cuttlvator 718 154 872 21.51 II) Agricultural labourer 492 473 965 23.82-

J!I) Livestock. Forestry, 312 43 355 8.76 Fishing etc.

Iv) Mining & Quarrying 51 3 54 [,33

87

v) Manufacturlng. Proces-sing. ServIcing and repai rs :

1 2 3 4 5 6

a) Household Industry 189 60 249 6.14 b) Otherthan Household 16S 12 180 4.44

Industry vI) Construction 166 5 171 4.22

vii ) Trade & Commerce 341 72 413 10.19 viii ) Transport & Communi- 106 36 142 3.50

cations Ix ) Other Services 487 165 652 16.09

Total 3,030 1,023 4,053 100.00

80 Out of 4 .. 053 workers, there are 872 agriculturists and 965 agricultural labourers. They constitute 45.33 percent of the total workers. Workers in the prtmary sector, I. e., cultivators, agricultural labourers and workers in livestock, fores­try, fishing, mining and quarrying. constitute 55.42 pre_cent. I n the secondary sector. i. e., manufacturing in both household and other than household Industry and construction, there are 249. 180 and 171 respectively constituting 14.80 percent of the total workers. The tertiary ~ector comprises 29.78% of whom 413 (10.19 percent) are in trade and commerce 142 (3.50 percent) are in transport and communications and 652 (16.09 percent In other services.

81. The daify earnings vary from season to season. DurIng summer months transport of forest produce by lorries Increases In the surroundrng reserve forest. likewise repairs and laying of roads clnd quarrying of metal attracts large number of workers. In the rainy season. these activities are at a stand-still and, there­fore, the worker~ get engaged as agricultural labourers. On an average their earnings range from Rs. 2 to 2-50 per day.

82. Am(;mg 872 cultivators, 718 are males and 154 females Among agricultural labourers 492 are males and 473 females, and In all other occupations there are 1,820 males and 396 femaies. or the 4,053 workers. 322 are In the age group of 0-14 years. 338 in i5-i9 years, 427 in 20-24 years, 406 in 25-19 yean, 822 in

88

30-39 years, 756 in 40-49 years, 555 in 50-59 years, and 427 in 60 and above age groups. Among the 322 workers in 0-14 years age-group, those above 10 years engage themselves in some minor jobs. A large number of 115 boys are engaged as herd boys of cattle and livestock (sheep and goats» 63 boys and 35 gi rls are engaged as ag r icultural labourers, 26 boys and 3 girls in trade and commerce as helpers, 19 boys as cultivators. Thirteen boys and 16 girls are in other services like washing of clothes, etc .• as by this age boys and girls do not attain physical stamina to withstand any sustained hard work. Moreover, they are spread over dif­ferent ages from 0 to 14 years. There are more workers (822) in the age group of 30~39 and more non-workers (4.' 15) in the age group of 0-14. While more number of male and female workers are found in the age group of 30-39 years. large number of non-workers among both males :and females are in the age-group of 0-14. (Table I). '

83 Workers in the tertiary sector, i. e., trade and com~

merce, transport and communications and other services form 29.78 percent of the cotaf workers. Workers in other services constitute a sizeable class next to cultivators and agricultural labourers. Government servants, teachers and regular employees come under this class in the town. A significant proportion, i. e., 10.19 percent (413) of the total workers are engaged mostly In small business~ i.e., trade and commerce.

84. The following statement shows the data on workers by sex in Karimnagar, Peddapalli. Jangaon, Ramagundam and Manthani towns as of 1971 Census:

STATEMENT IV - (20) COMPARABLE DATA ON WORKERS BY SEX IN FIVE TOWNS OF THE

DISTRICT

SI. Name of "the Workers No. town Persons Males females Personi-- Pe-rcentage ---,~~------ ----_____._--~--.~~~~---~ ---'.--~~~- --------~ ._ - -~-~---.---~ ~-'--------

:2 :3 4 5 6 7

I Karimnagar (M) 48.918 25,735 23,183 12,730 26.02 2 Peddapalli (P) 16,811 8,587 8,224 5,952 35.29 3 Jangaon (P) 23,053 12,150 JO,902 6,775 29.39 4 Ramagundam (P) 8,875 4,645 4,230 2,571 28.97 5 Manthani (P) 1}.134 5,473 5,661 4,053 36.40

(Contd.)

Workers (Contd.)

Males Percentage

a

II AD} 4,501 6,487 2.336 3.030

9 - -_-- ---

4430 52.42 53.39 50.29 55.36

89

Females Percentage

10 II - - - - - --- -_ -_ -- ~--- -

1,329 5.73 } ,431 17.40

288 2.604-235 2.56

1.023 18.07

Note : M - Municipatity~ P - Panchayat.

Non-Workers

Persons

II ---- - ---_

36,188 10.879 16,278 6,304 7,OBl

Percentags

12

73.9B 64·71 70.61 71.03 63.60

85. At Karimnagar, district headquarters town, working force> in the ~otal popu[a~ion is 26.02 percent. In Peddapalli. Jangaon, Ramagundam and Manthani towns the corresponding figures are 35.29 percen .. , 29.39 percent. 28.97 percent, :and 36.40 percen~ respectively. Among the above five towns, prO'­portion of workers is more in Manthani. The percentages of workers in respect of males are 44.30 in Karimnagar. 52.42 in Peddapalli. 53.30 in jangaon. 50.29 in Ramagundam and 55.36 in Manthan!. For females, the corresponding figures are 5.73 percent in Karimnagar, 17.40 percent In Peddapalli. 2.64 percent in Jangaon. 2.56 percent in Rama­gundam and 18.07 percent in Manthani. This shows that female participation rate is more in Manthani compared to other towns of the district. Regarding non-workers, highest percentage is found in Karimnagar with 73.98 percent. In Manthani the corresponding figure is 63.60 percent, lowest of all the five towns. Comparatively the participation of working force in Manchanl is more. lnterestingly enough. the particfpatlon of working force among females is also more at Manthani and that tOO from the majority communities. viz., Brahmin, VySY3, Reddi and Kapu. where literacy among females is more. In most of the families maid s~rvants are engaged for domestic duties.

Workers and Literacy.

86. Table 2 gives the claSSification of workers according to main activity and educational levels.

90

STA TEMENT IV - (21) WORKERS BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY AND LITERACY

Literates Percentage 51. literacy

No. Work- Males Fema- Pers- to total Industrial Category ers les ons population

2 3 4 5 6 7

i ) Cultivator 872 309 29 338 38.76 II ) Agricultural Labourer 965 22 1 23 2.38

iii) Livestock. Forestry I 355 47 47 13.23 Fishing, Hunting etc.

Iv ) Mining and Quarrying 54 1 1 1.85 v ) Manufacturing, Proce-

ssing, Serviclng and repairs:

a) Household Industry 249 87 2 89 35.74

b) Other than House- 180 66 1 67 37.22 hold Industry

vi) Construction 171 49 49 28.65 vii) Trade and Commerce 413 198 2 200 48.42

Viii) Trans port and 142 32 32 22.S4 Communications

Ix ) Ocher Services 652 344 30 374 57.05

Total 4,053 I.' 55 6~ 1.220 30.10

The above statement reveals that large number of literates among workers are found in other services, followed by cultivation t

trade and commerce, etc. More than half (57.05 percent) of the workers In other services, nearly half (48.42 percent) of the workers in trade and commerce, 38.76 percent workers in agri~ culture, 37.22 percent of worker s In manufacturing and processing other than household Industry, 35.74 percent In household industry are I iterates. These literacy rates are significant. The literacy rates among workers in agricultural labour (2.38 percent), mining and quarrying (1.85 percent), livestock. forestry, fishing (13.23 percent). etc.. are very low, whlie the literacy rates among transport and communication workers (22.54 percent) and con­struction (28.65 pel cent) are moalerate.

91

87. There are 26 persons among workers who possess technical degree or dl ploma. Of them, twenty-th ree are teachers, tWO are veterinary doctors and one Is medical practitioner. Similarly there are 34 persons with graduate or post graduate degree. Of them, six are cultivators. two in live stock and forestry, four in trade and commerce, and 22 are in other services

88. Almost all the Bral:lmln households have agricultural holdings, small or big. and a large proportion of the cultivators In the town are Barhmins. They are traditionally engaged Intellec­tual professions like those of Veda Pandit known as Ghanapati. Siddhanti i. e., those well versed In almanac and building science (vastusastra). advocates. teachers, etc.

89. Of the 4,053 workers, only 279 are engaged in some secocdary work or other. Taken by broad categories of indusrlal groups. 89 of the 872 cultivators. 38 of the 965 agricultural labourers. 6 of the 249 workers In household Industry and 146 of the 1.967 workers In other than household Industry. trade, business or service are engaged In secondary work. Among 89 cultivators engaged In secondary work, as many as 83 (80 males and 3 females) are engaged in non-household Industry, trade. business or service while the remaining 6 are engaged as agrlcul­,ural labourers. Thirty-eight agricultural labourers who have taken to secondary work. are engaged in non-household Industry. trade. business or service (14 males and 23 females) and in culti­vation (one female). Six workers In household Industry who have taken to secondary work are engaged in agricultural labour (3 females) and non-household Industry. trade, business or service (3 males). Lastly among the 146 persons in non-household Ind ustry, trade. business or -service who have secon­dary work. as many as S8 (56 males and 2 females) who have some occupation in this category have taken to some other occup­ation as secondary work, 68 took to cultivation and 20 (10 males and 10 females) have taken to agricultural labour. Large propor­tion of person$ who are engaged In secondary work have taken to non-household industry, trade, business or service, cultivation and agricultural labour (Table 3).

92

Workers And Place OJ Work.

90. Information on place of work is available for workers other than those engaged in cultivation and agricultural labour. Out of 344 such workers, 272 persons go by walk, 17 by cycle. 10 by other means and for the remaining 45 the place of work is resi­dence itself. One hundred forty-six persons reach their place of work within 30 minutes, 119 between 3. minutes to one hour. 31 between I hour to I} hours and 3 in more than Ii hours (Table 4).

91. Taken by occupation, these 153 workers are spread over the following occupations:

STATEMENT IV - (22) WORKERS BY NATURE OF ESTABLISHMENT AND INDUSTRY

Sl. No. Nature of establishment

2 ------- ------ ----"-------"

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Government service Trade and commerce Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board Co- operatives Private organisations Private clinic Cinema Hall Other services

Number of workers

3

41 l7 1 4 3 1 I

85

Total: 153*

*' labour.

This excludes workers in agriculture and agricultural

(Please also see Table S fol" detaiis)

92 Out of 153 persons (excluding cultivators. and agricul­tural labourers) 4 are employers. 56 employees, 51 single workers and 42 are family workers. Among the 153 persons, 34 are engaged in manufactu ring, Processing or serVicing establishments, 17 in trade and commerce. 102 In other establishments. Out of 102 persons engaged in other establishments. 10 are engaged in educa­tiona; institutions, one in public health service, 38 in Govt. service, 49 in private Ser'llCeS and 4 in Co-operative institutions,

CHAPTER V

Ethnic and Selected Soclo-Demographic

Cbaracteris tics of the Population

According t.o the 1971 Census. total population 0 f Manthanl was 11,134 - all rndian-nationals of which 5.473 are males and 5~661 females. Numerically females have an edge over male popul­ation of the town. The Survey covered 201 families. representing a population of 988 of which 519 are males and 469 females, I. e .• excess of males over female population. This variation only represents the selection of certain households fOf Sample Survey. Among the total population of 11.134, Hindus constitute 92.53 percent. Muslims 7.33 percent and Christians 0.14 percent. The following statement shows the distribution of population according to religion as per 1971 Census.

STATEMENT V - (I) DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY RELIGION

SI. No. Name of the Religion Persons Males Females --- --- --- -

1 Hindu ) 0.302 5.062 5,240 2 Islam 816 404 412 3 Christian ]6 "7 9 I

Total 11.134 5.473 5.661

2. At the Census enumeration. religion of each individual, specific caste/tribe names of people belonging to Seheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only are recorded. Caste names of people belonging to castes and communities other than Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes are not recorded. However, based on the information pf"ovided by some knowledgeable persons of different localities, the estimations of population by caste/community of .some important and numerically significant castes is arrived at and given in the following stiatement.

94

51' ATEMENT V - (2)

POPULATION BY CASTE/COMMUNITY OF MANTHANI TOWN

St, No.

I 2 3 4 5 6

Caste/Communi ty

2

Brahmin Kapu (Munnuru) Vysya Reddy Muslim Others

Approximate Population

Total:

3

3)000 3.000 1.000

500 1,500 2.134

11.134

3. The predominent language In Manthani is Telugu, which is also the main language of Andhra Pradesh and Is spoken by 91.95 percent of the tota' population.

4, The following tables give the ethnic characterIstics of the total population according to the mother tongue and sex1 and also of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes separately.

SI. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

, 8

STATEMENT V - (3) POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE AND SEX

Name of the 0/0 to the total Mother Tongue Persons Males Females population,

2 3 4 5 6

Hindi 21 6 IS 0.1' Malayalam 2 2 0.02 Maratl 24 8 16 0.22 Marvar) 25 10 15 0.22 Tamil 13 7 6 0.12 Telugu 10~238 5040 5,198 91.95 Urdu 803 397 406 7.21 Yerukala 8 5 3 0.07

Total 11,134 5 s473 5661 100.0

5. Out of 11,134 population, for 10,238 persons Telugu is mother-tongue, for 803 Urdu, for 21 Hindi. 2 Malayalam, 24 Maratl, 25 Marwarl, 13 Tamil and for 8 Yerukala.

MAP NO. V

ETHNIC COMPOSITION IN

MANTHANI TOW,..

N

INDr~ r BRAHMIN

NIXED POPULI.TlON

KAPU

BACKWARD

s.c. ANO S.T.

~UR~YYAI'ALLt

j I ,,' A' i

.~

95

STATEMENT V-(4) POPULATION BY SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

Percent SI. Name of the to the tota I No. caste Males Females Persons population.

2 3 4 5 6

Scheduled Castes I Mala 6 3 9 0.08 2 Madiga 201 179 380 3.41

3 Manne 371 378 749 6.72 4 Samagara 3 2 5 0.04

5 Mehatar 3 4 7 0.06

6 Dakkal 6 10 16 0 .. 14

7 Nethkanl 1 I 0.01

Total 591 576 1.167 10.46

Scheduled Tribes 1 Bhil 1 I 0.01

2 Thoti 4 2 6 0.05

Total 5 2 7 0.06

6. Out of the tota] population of II. I 34 persons. 1,167 are Scheduled Castes and 7 Scheduled tribes. which constitute 10.46 percent and 0.06 percent respectively. Remaining 89.48 percent represents others. Out of 201 households surveyed. 194 belong to Hindus and 7 to Muslims. Out of the 194 Hindus, for 193 families Telugu Is the mother-tongue. Nepali is the mother tongue of the remaining one Goorkha family for whom it appears that Hindi has been taken as mother tongue during 1971 census. In the case of 7 Muslim fam ilies, however, Urdu is the mother­tongue.

7. Out of the 988 persons covered during the survey of 20L households. 140 are infants, 170 are studying in the inst Itutions and 678 in various age-groups. Among 170 students 105 are males and 65 females. Among the 105 male students. 98 are Hindus and 7 Muslims. In case of females 63 are Hindus and 2 Muslims. (Table 6)

8. According to 1971 census, there are 3,358 literate and educated persons out of the total population of 11,134. Among the 3.358 persons while 2,146 are males 1~212 are females. and

96

_among the 3,358 literates 3.274 are from other castes, 84 from Scheduled Castes and none fl'"om the Scheduled Tribes. (Tabie 2)

9. A statment showing the distribution of population by age and sex in the sample households is furnished below:

STATEMENT V - (5)

SURVEY POPULATION BY AGE GR.OUP AND SEX

Age-Group ~~---- ---------~~

i

0--4 5- 9

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-49 50-59 60-69 70 +

Population Males ~~-~ ~----~---~~----- -- ---~--~----

2. 3

Females

4 -~~~~------~~~.--~

107 64 134 73 123 60

90 42 82 46 70 36 61 35

182 93 61 32 51 25 27 13

Total: 988 519

43 61 63 48 36 34 26 89 29 26 14

469

10. Population in the age-group 0-14 constitutes 36.84 percent, in the age-group 15-49 It is 49.08 percent and io the age-group of 50 and above, it represents only 14.08 precent. While male population in the age-groups of 0-14, 15-49 and 50 + constitute 37.96 precent, 48.55 Percent and 13.49 percent respectively, among the females, corresponding figures ate 35~61 percent, 49.68 percent and 14.71 Percent.

Distribution of population by age, sex and marital status

Table 7 speaks of the marital status particulars of the popula~ tion by sex.

1 L Out of 988 persons covered in the sample survey, 519 are males and 469 are females. Out of 988 persons 425 are unmarried, 492 are married, 70 widowed and one is separated. It is also clear that lowest age-group in which two marriages have

91

taken phce In respect of females is 5-9 years and for males the corrEsponding group is 15-19, with six marriages.

12. In the age-group of 15· 19 there are ah:ogether 42 males of whom 36 are unmarried and only 6 are married. tn the age­group 20-24 there are 46 males of whom 18 are unmarried and 28 married. In the age- group 25-29 there are 36 males of whom 2 are unmarried and 34 married. As regards the age-group· 30-34, there are 35 males of whom 2 are unmar:-ied, 32 are married and one is widowed. Likewise for age-groups 35-49, there are 93 males of whom 3 are unmarried 86 married and 4 widowed. Hence. largest number of males under currently married status are found in the age-group of 35-49.

13. rn the category of females whHe minimum number (2) of married persons are found tn the age-group 5-9, maximum number (75) Is in the age-group 35- 39. So far as the performance of marriages is concerned, age-group 15-19 (41 marriages) reveals a striking feature with the maximum number. It can. therefore .. be infertred that it Is durin~ this age generally the girls get married In large number. And for males the age-group 20-24 represents the maximum number of marriages. To illustrate the statement further, in the age·groups 20-24, 25-29. 30-34, and 35-69, there are respectively 33, 33, 24 and 75 married women and only 2 unmarried persons are iound in the age·group 30-34. There ar~ 70 persons who lost their husbands/wives, of which 53 have lost their husbands and only 17 their wives. This shows that more number of deaths are from the mates (Table 7).

14, From Table 8 it is found that among 2,686 CUt rently mar ried women in the town. there are 377 births during the year 1970-71 for which the fertility works out to 140 per thousand. Out of ~,686 currently married women 2.514 are Hindus, 169 Muslims and 3 are Christians. Among the 377 newly born. 343 are Hindus and 3 + Muslims. Out of the total currently marr;ed women~ 169 are in the age .group of less than 13, 284 in 13-17, 427 In 18-22, 349 in 23-27. 336 in 28-32, 304 in 33·37, 306 In 38·42. 192 in 43-47" and 319 are in the age-group 48 and above. The ferti­icy rates. per thousand for the above age-groups are O. 74, 269.

98

193. 138, 88, 47, and 9 respectively. Maximum fertility rate is t:bus found in the age-group 18-22. While the fertility rate among Hindus is 136, it is 201 among Muslims.

15. Among the women married before attaining 13 years of age, the fertility rate per thousand is 136, for 13-17 it is 181, for 18-22 it is 257, and for age not stated it is 8. Thus the fertility rate is more among the women married in the age-group 18-22.

16. Table 9 gives details of distribution of currently married women, related births, present age. and age at marriage, among Scheduled Castes and SchQduled Tribes. There are 252-currently married women among Scheduled Castes for whom 47 children are born during t.he year 1970-71. ThIs works out ~o 187 per thousand. Out of 252 currently married women, 14 are ;n the age-group of Jess than 13. 19 in 13-17. 38 in 18-22. 32 in 23-27, 39 In 28-32. 44 in 33-37, 24 in 38-42, 12 in 43-47, and 30 In the age-group 48 and above. The fertility rate~ per thousand for the above age-groups are 0, lOS, 263. 438. 231, 136. 167, 0, and 67 respectively. Thus the fertility rate is more in the age­~roup 23-27. But when all the communities are taken together. higher fertility rate is seen in ~he age-group 18-22. Among the women married before at.taining 13 years of age, the fert.ility rat.e per thousand is 197 while among tho~e married when 13-17 years of age it is 160.

17. SImilarly the statistics showing the distribution of cu r­-rently married women and the related births during the year 1970-71 by education, present age and age at marriage provide an interesting study (Table 10).

18. Out of the 2.685 currently married women 2,083 are Illiterates. 539 literates upto matrie, 55 matriculates and 9 are graduates. Taking into consideration 377 child births during 1970-71, the fertility rate works OUt to 140 per thousand. To illustrate it further, among illiterates the rate of fertility is 135 per thousand, 147 fot" those studied upto matric. 236 for matri­culates and 333 for graduates. Curiously enough, from the graduate mothers to illiterate mothers, there is a gradual decrease of fertility rate, i.e., from 333 to 135 per thousand. It can also be seen from the above table out of the 9 graduate

99

mothers 3 are married before attaining the age of 13, 5 between 13-17 years and one between 18-22. It is thus clear that even after marriages chese ladies continued the studies.

19. A study of the distribution of currently married women and the related bi rths during the year 1970-71 by religion, dura. tion of marriage and age at marriage reveals following details. Among the 2.686 currently married women the duration of married life for 36 wornI' n is less t.han one year, for 286 l-4 years, for 346 5-9. for 363 ! 0-14. for '281 15-19. for 279 20-24. for 297 25-29. fer 675 it is 30 years and above. for 123 it is not specified.

20. The fertility rate among the women having their dura­tion of married life 1-4 years is 115 per thousand, for 5-9 it Is

234, for 10-14262, for 15-19, 121 for 30 years and above it Is 47 :and 8 for the women whose duration of married life is unspecified. Maximum fertility rate is found among the women enjoying the married life of 10-14 years, i.e • 262 per thousand (Table I I).

20. Table 12 shows the distribution of currently married women and the related births during the year 1970-71 among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tri bes by duration of married life, and age at marriage.

22. There are 18 women who are having duration of married life of 1-4 years. 28 of 5-9, 40, of 10-14.23 of 15-19.42 of 20-24, 37 of 25-29, 56 of 30 and above, and unspecified period in respect of six women. The fertil ity rate among the women who are having duration of married life between 1-4 years is 56 per thou­sand. for 5-9 years it is 143, 425 for 10-14 years, 174 for 15-19 years, 238 for 20-24 years, 162 for 25-29 years, and '39 for 30 and above years. Higher- fertility is found among the women whose duration of married life ranges between 10 and 14 years.

23. Table 13 showing the distribution of currently married women and the related births during the year 1970-71, by ed uca­tion and duration of married life, provides the following analysis. The fertility rate among the illiterate women having 1-4 years duration of married life is 119 per thousand, for 5-9 years it is 184, for 10-14 years it is 300, for 15-19 years it is 214 for 20-2..l, years it is 156~ for 25-29 years it is 134) for 30 years and above it is 49

100

and for tne women whose married life Is not stated it is 9 per ~housand. Similarly for literates upto matriculation the corrE~S­

ponding fertility rates are 47.299. 165, 145, 154, 71; 35, and 0 respectively. For matriculate women. with the duration of married life as 1-4 year'S, fert:llity rate is 250 per thousand, for 5-9 years it is 280 and for 10-14 years it is 1,000. Among univer­sfty graduates whose duration of married life is 5-9 years the fer­tility is 667 and for 15-19 years, it is 250.

24. Out of 2.083 illiterate women, 1.961 are Hindus, 121 Muslims and one Christian. Among the Hindu illiterate women, 1;he fertility rate is 122 per thousand. For the women whose present age-group is 13·17 years the fertility rate is 85, 257 in age .. group 18-22. 272 in 23-27, 185 in 28-32, 155 in 33-37, 99 in 38-42, 58 for 43-47 and for 48 years and above the ferti IIty rate is 11 per thousand. For similar category of ages. among the literaces upto matriculation, the corresponding fertility rates are O. 300, 253. 189, 88, and 73~ For the age groups 34-47 and 48 and adove. fertility is nIl. Among Hindu illiterate women higher rate of fertility Is found in the age-group 23-27 years, i.e.. 272. As regards literates Upto matriculation~ the fertility rate is more In the age-group 18-22 years. (I.e •• 300) and in case of macriculat.es it is 400. t.he maximum being in the age group of 28-32.

25. Among Muslim Illrterate women. the fertility rate in the age·group 13-17 years is 330 per thousand~ 278 in 18-22; 308 in 23-27. 286 in 28-32. and 177 in 33-37. For literdtes upto matri­culation. the maximum fertHity is found in the age-group 18-22 years. i.e •• 353 per thousand (Table 14).

26. Table 15 shows the mother-tongue and subsld lary langu. ages as related to age and sex. Out of the 204 persons who speak SubSidiary langua2es z 186 persons have Telugu as their mother-tongue, 15 Urdu, 2 Nepali and one Maratht From among people having Telugu as mother-tongue, 43, speak only Urdu as subsidiary language, 19 English. 9 Hindi. 3 Marathl, one Tarnll, 53 persons both Urdu and English, 2 Urdu and Hindi. 24 English and Hindi. 23 Urdu, English and Hindi and 9 other bnguages. Both the Nepalese speak Hindi as subSidiary language. The other Marathl person speaks only Telugu as subsidiary Janguage.

101

27. Particulars relating to marital status and educationa' score, non-enrolment In school, discontinuation of stud), and divorce by caste or tribe etc., by reason are more fully described in Tables 16 to 24. From the above tables. it can be inferred t!lat the households defau Iting in enrolling school going ch Ildren are found mostly among Kapu. Mannepu Madiga, Goundla. Sale and Tenugu castes. and that too among unskilled manual workers. A major reason for not sending them to school is that they are economically very backward. Out of 88 defaulters among ch ild­ren of school-going age. 43 are boys and 45 are girls. Of them, 18 never attended school and 7 have discontinued after attending school for some time for different rea')ons. Out of the 7 children who discontinued. one discountinued at dass '1.'2 eacn at the stage of class III and class IV and one each at class V and class VI.

28. Among the 201 surveyed households 4 divorcees are found. The reasons for divorce are tempermental incompatibility. In one case the husband is a T.B. patient. and In the other two cases. the reasons have not been specified and all these 4 are females. The age at marriage in respect of the former two cases is betweell 10-14 and • S~17 years respectively while in respect of the other two women who have not specified any reason fortJ>eing div?rced It is 9 and 21. These divorces are approved - thei r respective caste councils or Kula Panchayats. "

29_ It is of interest to know that widow remarriages and inter·caste marriages are not unknown for th is town. Even In 19207 s, some social workers propagated in favour of widow marriages. A book on 'Punarvivaha Sastram' wrt.tlen by Sri Vijjhala Rajaram Sarma. is still qUite popular. Instances of widow marriages are found even among the high caste familIes of

Brahmin and Vysya. So far as inter-caste marriges are concerned, examples of Muslims marrying women of Manne commun1ty are found in some number.

CHAPTER VI

Migration and settlement of Families in the Town

From the group discussion held With the local people and further study of the surnames of various Brahmin households. it is known that the fore·fathers of some of the Brahmin families, residing in the town since decades. might have migrated from the adjoining regions of Maharashtra state and Andhra. A clear distin­ction in the surnames listed below supports the above presumption.

M aharashtra region

Loke, Phanne, Takke, Joshi. Astadhane, Suwarna. Duddila. Waduthkar. Thammanbhatla, Seerambhatla, Naradabhatla. Kache~ Karne and Are.

Andhra region

Rajavaram, Mahawadi, Avadhanula, Ramavajjala. Pillivajjala and Peddiraju (Nlyogulu).

2. Classification of the population by place of birth reveals the following picture. Out of a total population of 11.134 all except 5 persons were born within the country. The places of birtll of these 5 persons are in Nepal. As many as 11.006 are born in Andhra Pradesh state while 123 are born In other states of the country. Of these 123. while 83 are born In Maharashtra state. remaining 50 are born in other 2 states. Out of the 11,006 persons horn within the state, 8,568 are born at the place of enumeration, i.e., Manthani. 1.803 elsewhere in the district of enumeration. Out of 635 persons born In other districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh, there are 260 males and 375 females.

3. Thus, while 99 percent of the total population of the town is born within the state of enumeration, only about 1 percent represent the births In othe,. states of India. And out of 99 percent. 77 percent are born in the place of enumeration. 16.2 percent elsewhere in the district of enumeration and 5.8 percent

104

in other districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Thus. 93.2 percent of rhe population of the town are the natives of the same district by birth, (Table 25).

4. Further details about tne districtwise births and beyond the distriCt of enumeration are as follows :-

Out of 635 persons born in other districts of the state 11.9 percent are born in Hyderabad. 43.47 percent in Adilabad. 28.50 percent In Warangal and the remaining 16.06 percent in other districts. It is therefore clear that 72 percent of 635 people migrated to Mant"'ani hall from the adjoining districts of Adllabad ~nd Warang711 and onlt '2 percent are from Hyderabad district. Migration only represents marriages settled between the people of Manthanl and adjoining districts mostly among Brahmin families or Reddies and Vysyas. Other caste people select the brides from 1:he villages around Manthani and do not go beyond 8 to 12 miles to perform marriages (Table 26).

5. Migrants classified by place of last residence and duration of present residence in the place of enumeration revears some interesting features as described below. Out of 2.763 migrants only 5 are from Nepal. While. 2.627 are from wichin the state of enumeration, 131 migrat.ed from other states In India. Out of 2,627 persons migrated from within the state of enumeration but outside the place of enumeration. 1.982 are from places elsewhere in the district of enumeration and 645 from other districts of the Andhra Pradesh state. Out of I 31 persons from other states in India while 95 are from Maharashtra. remaining 36 hai I from Bihar. Delhi, Gujarat, Kerala. Madhya Pradesh ~ Ka rna­taka •. Rajast.han, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh states. Majority of the migrants are the natives of Karlmnagar district, seeded at Manthan; on account of relationships and marriage alliances. It is also seen that 48 males and 83 females (total 131) who were originally b~rn in many of the northern states of India have migra­ted to the to ..... o. for trade and business or married t:he male mem~ bers who had earlier settled in the town. Here again, ou t of 131 persf")ns. 95 are from the adjoining state of Maharashtra 38 males and 57 females. and next in order is Tamil Nadu with 13 migrants. who are sett lers in the town in hotel bUSiness etc.

6. Another feature of the migration is that out of 2,763 migrants, 370 are staying in the town since less than one year. 637

105

1-4 years, 320 5-9 years, 489 10-19 years#' 831 more than 20 years and 116 for unspecified periods.

7. Among the 2,763 migrants 896 are males and ] ,867, females. Out of 5 persons migrated from Nepal three are males and two females. Out of the five persons. one male is residing. in the place of enumeration since one year, 3 persons i.e., 2 males· and one female since 5-9 years and a female since more than 20 years (Tabre 27).

8. As stated earlier, dominent caste representing majority of the population of the town is Brahmin. who can also be stated! as original settlers of the town. In the present survey 201 house­holds were covered. D~t.ails regarding the migration status and place of birth of the head of the household are furnished below.

51, No.

STATEMENT VI - (1) SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS BY MIGRATION STATUS AND PLACE OF

BIRTH OF HEAD OF BIRTH OF HOUSEHOLD

Place of birth of head of Household

2

No. of Percen-House holds tage

--~-~,~ -----------~ .. - ~-.-------~ 3 4

A NON-MIGRANT (Born in the town B MIGRANT:

184 91.5 .. ·~ L___.;,

Within the district of enumeration Same district (Karimnagar)

2 Other districts of the state: a Hyderabad

b Kr1shna

c Khammam

d Warangal

Adilabad

3 Other Country: Nepal

Rural Urban

Rural Urban Rural

Urban Rural Urban

Rural Urban Rural Urban

Total

6 3

2

1

' 1

2

1

3.0 1.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

201 100.0

106

9- Among 201 sample households 9).5 percent are non­migrants and only 8.5 percent migrants. OUt of 8.5 percent while -4.5 percent are from within the district of enumeration. 3.5 per­cent are from othe,. d'stric::ts of the state and 0.5 percent from a forergn country., j .• e., Nepal. In-mIgration to the £own is thus quite insignificant. There is neither Industrial dev~lopment nor other cha.racteristlCs of urban growrh to attract. in-migration.

10 The statement furnished below describes the migration status of head of the household and duration of stay of any mem­ber of the household who has stayed the longest in the present residence among surveyed households.

STATEMENT VI - (2) NUMBER OF MEMBERS BY MIGRATION STATUS OF HEAD OF HOUSE­HOLD AND DURATION OF STAY OF ANY MEMBER OF THE HOSEHOlD

WHO HAS STAYED THE LONGEST IN THE PRESENT RESIDENCE

Number of

members

Single 2-5 6-10

Non-Mig~

rallt

Il & abOve

2

6 103 73

2

(Contd.)

184

Last: residence Less t:han t-5

I Year Years

9

Total

10

I 2

3

Migration status of h~ad of household MIG RA NT

Last residence in rur<tl area and duration of residence (Years)

1-5 6-10 11-2.0 ~2'1-+-:---'----==-Less than Years Years Years Years,

I year Total .~-~~--

345 6 7 8 -~----~ -----~~ .. ~~- _-- .. __ . , 1 1 3

2 3 5 1 I 2

.------~.-... ~ ... -. I 2 3 4 10

and du ration of stay in urban area and duration of residence

6-10 Years

II

1

]

11-20 Years

12

I I

2

21 + Years:

l3

I

. 1

Total

[4

1 5 I

7

Remarks

15

107

Out of 17 migrant families last residence of 10 families was In rural areas and 7 families come from urban parts. Duration of stay in the present residence for once family is less than one year; for 2, 11-20 years and for 5, 21 years and above. Sample survey ~hus reveals that only 8.S precent of the heads of the househo\ds are migrant.s.

11. Out of 17 In-migrant families. 3 families. have migrated prior to 1955. 3 between 1956-60 directly from the place of origin. one during .961-65 in the third stage. 8 during. 1966 from the place of origin and 2 families in four or more stages during 1966 and in subsequent years. (Table 28)·

12 The following statement gives t.he particulars of distri­bution of households by Country/State/District to which they belong and the type.

STATEMENT VI - (3) TYPE OF HOUSEHOLDS BY COUNTRY TO STATE/DISTRICT WHICH

THEY BELONG

Number of households belonging to same state Sl. Types of Same Dis"!:. Dist. Dist. Dist. Dist. Dist.

No. Household town I 2 3 4 S 6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Nuclear family 102 4 2 2. Supplemented 5 1

Nuclear family 3. Su b~Nuclear

family 4. Single person 6 1 I

household 5. Collateral 36

joint family

6. Linea' joint 1 1 family

7. Lineal Collateral 9 Joint. family

8. Others 24 3

Total 184 10 1 I I 2 I

N. B.

Number of households belonging -co other states

State I State 2

108

Number of households belonging to other countries

- ,--------_ Countrs I Country 2 Total Remarks

10 11 J2 16 14 IS -- ---- --- --- ---------~---

I

I

District L Karimnagar 2. Adilabad 3. Warangal

4. Krishna

S. Hyder-abad Q~ Khammam

- _ ___.:.__----

110 6 1

10 36

2 9

27

201

Counry 1 Nepal

13. Among the 201 surveyed households. heads of 184 house­holds and members belong to the same eown, 10 belong to other places of the same district, 6 belong ~o other dl::;;trlcts of the stace and one belongs to ocher country i. e., NepaL- Of the 17 migrant households, 8 are nuclear families, 4 are single person households. one is a lineal joint family. another is a supplemented nuc1ear family and 3 are 'other' type of fami! ies. AI! t.he 201 surveyed households taken together, 110 represent nuclear family, 6 supp!imented nuclear family, one su b-nuclear family, 10 Single person households, 36 collateral joint faml1y. 2 1i~eal j oint family ~ 9 lineal collateral joint family and 27 others. Further, 195 are frbm the same district. one each from AdHabad. Warangal and Krishna, two from Hyderabad distrjct and one f~mi1y from Nepal.

, • < 14. -Sta~ement. showing the ~'detaih oJ _pJace of las't residenc.e

".as h:!a_~~# ~o..ptace c:'~_~~~~h_iiS furn\~,~~~:"belowi .. '.

Sl. No.

109

STATEMENT VI-(4) PLACE Of LAST RESIDENCE BY PLACE Of BIRTH

Place of birth

2

Place of last residence Same as place Different

of from place birth of birth

Males fema­les

3

Males Fema­les

5 6

To- Re­tal marks

7 8 -------------------~----.--~ --~- .-~------

A Non-Migrant (Born In the town)

B Migrant: I Same district: Rural

Urban

II Other districts of State: a Hyderabad Rural

district: Urban b Krishna Rural

district Urban c Khammam Rural

district: Urban d Warangal R.ural

district Urban e Adllabad aural

district: Urban III Other Country: Nepal

Total:

170 12

6 3

2

2

I

184 13

2

1

1

4

184

6 3

2 1

1 2

1

201

15. Out of 201 surveyed families, for 197 families the place of birth of the head of che household and the place of last residence is the same. For 4 fami lies however the place of lase residence differs from the place of birth of the head of the household They have migrated for business purpose to the town.

16. Data relating, co the place of birth as related to country! state/district of the surveyed individuals and their age groups reveals the followlng features. Out of the 988 persons represent­ing 201 surveyed households, 80S were born at the place of enu­meration. '25 in the. same district but outside the place of enu­meration, 50 in other districts of the state, 6 In other state$ of

110

t.he country and '2. beyond India i.e., Nepal. Their a~e groups are. 364 between 0-14 years; 547 between 15-59 years and 77, 60 years and above (Table 29).

17. The details of the property held by 17 in-migrant families among 201 surveyed households, their place of origin and description, distance from the present residence and the duration of stay are as under. Only 9 have properties in their places of origin. In spite of the fact that these families have migrated and settled at Manthani, they still maintain and own properties at the place of origin. (Table 30) ..

18. Out of 17 migrant families only three households have received assistance in the following form locally:

i) A tailor's family got free accommodation for 4 months.

Ii) Vysya family with a share in the business.

iii) Muslim family with a job by the local landlord.

19. Marriage alliances with the adjoining districts of WarangaljAdilabad, particularly places like Asifabad, Chennur and Sirpur. and regular visits by local Brahmins to other towns! places of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, are a cornmon feature of the pattern of migration. On account of these contacts. influe­nce of Maharashtra culture is found among Brahmin families, both in regard to the language spoken i.e., Maradd. and the dress habits' of the women fol k who wear sar is of 9 yards. with a par­~icular type of kattu and gochi. While educated people migrate in search of employment, others like cooks and veda pandits are in the habit of staying outside Manthani for months, visiting far off places in the Northern India and earn a living. In comparison with the high caste people, backward classes and 5::heduled Castes' people'do not have such experiences. Their contacts and marriage alliances and/or blood relations, are mostly confined to the ,adjoining localities in the town or nearby vHlages.

Workers by type of occupation and place of last residence:

20. Among the 344 workers in the sample popufation) the place' of last residence,_,()l as many as 315 persons (91.5 percent) is

III

the same town. Of the remaining 29 workers whose places of. last residence are other than the refer rent tawn, 17 hail fr.om the same district (14 from rural areas and 3 from urban areas). 2 hail from urban areas of Khammam district, 2 hail from rural areas of Warangal district. 5 hail from urban areas of Adilabad district. 2 hail from rural areas of Nalgonda district and one hails from urban area of Hyderabad distrrct. In all, of the 19 workers hailing from places other than Manthant town, 18 hail from rural areas while 11 hail from urban areas of the state (Table 31).

21. Table 31 speaks of the distribution of WOI kers by type of occupui on and place of last resi dence. Of the 29 workers whose places of last residence are o-:.her than the town. 9 are skilled manual workers, 6 are in lowest professional and admini­strative PO'ltS, 5 are in interrnediat.e professional and salaried posts. 4 each are in unskilled manual. agricultural labourers and one Is holc;ling higher professional and salaried poSt. Of the total 344 workers covered by the sample survey, 79 are agricultural labourers. 76 are engaged in lowest professional and administra­tive posts. 60 are in skilled manual works. 50 are in unskilled manual works. 44 are engaged in med i urn size business. ! 2 each are in small business and cultivation. 9 are in intermediate pro­fessional and salaried posts and 2 are in higher professional and salaried posts.

22. Tab!e 32 gives distribution Gf non-workers by main activity and place of last residence of t.he sample population. Among the 644 non-workers, the place of last I'esidence of 605 persons (93.94 percent) is the same town. Among these 605 non-workers, 203 are engaged in household duties, 156 each are full time students and dependenu, 80 are infants. one is a retired person, another is a vagrant and 8 are categorised as ·others'. Of the remaining 39 persons whose places of last residence are other than the town, 17 are full time students, 12 are engaged in household duties, 5 are dependents. 3 are infants and 2 are rentiers and persons of independent means.

Migrants by occupation :

23. Among the 183 migrants, 126 are non-workers and the remaining 57 are workers. Twenty-nine of them are agricultural

112

labourers. 4 each are teachers and washermen# 3 are tailors, 2 each are watchmen. basket makers. fishermen and businessmen and one each Is prlndpal of junior corlege. Agricultural Extension officer. goldsmith, peon. contractor. Police patel (Village headman), Medical practitioner, supervisor and mason (Table 33).

24. Table 34 shows the educational level of the 183 migrants. As many as 129 (10.5 percent) are illiterates. Among the 54 literates, 24 are primary passed. 10 are middle standard passed. 13 passed high schoo' standard and 3 tlach are graduates and post graduates and one passed medicine Le., M. B. B. S. (Table 34).

CHAPTER VII

Neighboorhood Pattern

Neighbourhood in the strict sense is difficult to define. In physical sense it represents the group of persons who live in clcse physical proximity. A sense of social and moral entity Is also in eVidence to characterise the life of t.his living unit. Neighbour­hood can consist of more than one ethniC group. Each represen­ting distinct social and religious customs of life. But. that which predominates the peaceful life of this undemarcated unit of popul­ation is the voluntary recognition of social and moral restraints in respect of one anottler. The habitation of Manthani covers an area of about 6 sq. k.m. i.e., 3 kms. in length and 2 kms. in Width. As a small town with a total population of 1:1,134, there seems to' be ample scope for developing personal acquaintance and contacts among the inhabitants of various localities 9 except. the few far off habitations.

2 In spite of the broad classification of wards and further division of the town into convenient blocks. it looks very dear that the arrangEments so devised, mainly ser-ve the needs of local administrative convenience. Either in regard to the

representation in the Gram Panchayat at the time of elections or delimitation intended to earmark seats for Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes a convenient group in the shape of block as unit has been introduced in the t.own. There are thus 22 wards each representing one or the other dominant ethnic group. Intermingling of the people for various social needs is so close and constant, that the enti re town can be -descri bed to repre­sent a Single neighbourhood, barring a few localities and former revenue Villages. which are not only away from the main abadi (village Site), but also included subsequent1y 1n the urban concept of Manthanl, during 1971 Census. The} are - Kucharajupalle, Gang­apurl. SurayapalJe. and KakarlapaUe. In comparision with the thickly populated localities of the town, these habitations can be treated as distinct physical and social entitles. Provision of civic amenities. availability and supply of various requirements of the

114

people, is found to be inadequate. They depend to a great extent on Manthani town. Map III shows the different wards in the town.

3. For detailed study of the neighbourhood panern, follow­ing five localities have been surveyed interviewing ten individuals per locality.

1 Penjeruvukatta 2 Suraypalle 3 Vagugadd H

4 Gangapuri 5 Nadiveedhi

Tab'e 35 gives the parcicul ars of the indi vid uals Interviewed.

4. Br ief description of the neighbourhood. its location. vari­ous noteworthy characteriscics and the names of .nlluential persons based on the interview are discussed here under (Tables 36 to 38).

1. Penjeruvukatta.

S. It is situated towards east of the town and bounded by Velagalagudem in the north, market area in the south. Godavari road in the east and Nadiveedhi in the west. The name of the loca­lity appears to represent: a tank by name 'Penjeruvu' situated close to the habitation. It consists of 178 households with a total popu­lation of 549. of which majority are Branimns. This also happens to be the main business cenue of the town. Hotels, State Bank of Hyderabad, Mahila Mandali~ cloth shops, general merchants, gro­<ery shops, cycle shop. barber shops shoe making shop. vegetable shops, fruit merchants. pan shops, etc.. are mostly located here. Private buses to Mutharam and Godavarikhani start from this centre. A part of this locality is also called as 'Patha bus stand' area. Towards west of the tank there are an oil·cum-rice mill, a flour mill, and Anjaneya temple. Among the ten interviewees, six are Brahmins, one is a weaver, two are Vysyas and one a goldsmith. Occupational classification ofthese persons is as follows. Five are agriculturists, four are teachers and the last man a merchant. While six of them are literates upto matricula­tion, four have passed matriculation and h.igher studies. All of them are staying in the locality since more than ten years. Junior basic

115

school iocated here appears to be t:he oldest institution in the town. Mahila Mandai; and the tempfe of Hanuman are the centres to atcract the people for bhajans and religious activities.

2. Surayapalle.

6. It is a ham let of Manthani revenue village. situated towards south-east of the town and surrounded by iSgricultural fields. Opposite to the br idge on Bokkalavagu, a Katcha road towards south leads to this locality. The name of the locality (hamlet) represents the founderos name suray),a. and. therefore, called Surayapalle. It consists of 157 households with a population of 706. The predominant caste is Kapu. Most of them are engaged In agriculture. All the ten persons interviewed in this locality are from Reddy (Kapu) caste. While the occupation of nine persons is agriculture, one is working as a co-operative supervisor. Of these one is illiterate. eight are literates without educational level UptO Matriculation. and one Is a Matrjculate. All are staying in the local ity since more than ten years.

3. Vagugadda.

7. This locality is situated towards south and north of Bokkalavagu. It is bounded by Nadiveedhi or hospital road in

the north, Bokkalavagu in the south, bus stand in the east and Ravulacheruvukatta in west. The areas in the locality are known by different names. some representing majority castes living there. eg .• Kalalwada, Fakirwada. Library street and Donthulawada. It consists of 414 households with a population of 2,079. While in Kalalwada area the Kalalies (Gouds) are predominent, Muslims reside in Fakirwada, Reddy in the library street and Vysyas in

Donthulawada. Some families of Brahmins also reside in this locality. Most of the people are engaged _in services and bUSiness. There are kirana, cloth and other grocery shops beSides t\\ 0 OIr

three flour mills. There is one Anjaneya temple by name Vagu­gadda Hanuman and very near to it is the old Jaina well. said to have been constructed by Jains. Among the ten interviewees four are Brahmins, Oile is a Kshatriya, one is Darji, one is Pusavala and three Vysyas. Occupational categories of these persons are: one· Is an agriculturist, one is In medical profession. tt;ree in business. and the rest are in services. Literacy of these interviewees is as follows : five are with~ educational level upto Matriculati on.

116

other five are Matriculation and above. All the persons are living here since more than t.en year,. Ganesh chavithi during September and Dasara in October are celebrated with pomp and gaiety by the Inhabitan~s of the locality in which people of adjoining neigh­bourhoods also participate.

4. Gangapuri

8. It is located towards south of Bokkalavagu and surroun­ded by agricultural fields on three sides. viz., east, south and west and P. W. D. road on the north. During 1958 the Linegadda and Vagugadda areas of the town were severely affected by floods in Bokkalavagu which damaged and uprooted the huts of several families. As a measure of rehabilitation of these households in· habitants were shifted to the present. place. The site was acquired by the government and after preparing a layout, each family was allotted 209 sq. metres (250 sq. yards) excluding the roads. Construction of houses In this locality is on a planned basis. There is no congestion of roads or houses. As the people were previously Ijving on the bank of Bokkalavagu and they were disturbed by the floods of "Ganga", they preferred to call the new habitation as Gangapuri. Some people also call it as G(.>utha­mipuri. It consists of 170 households wit.h a population of 603. Majori ty of the Inhabitants are from Manne caste. Padmasale caste takes the second place. Mostly they are engaged as agri­cultural labourers. Out of ten persons interviewed in this iocality five are weavers (Padmasale), three Manne and two are Medari. While eight. are illiterates, one is a literate wit.hout ~ducational level and upto matriculation and the other is matri­<:ulate. All are residing for more than ten years. Dasara and Bathakamma festivals during September provide opportunity for the people to spend time and money and enjoy.

5. Nadiveedhi

9. It is an irnportant area of the town bounded by Thammi­cheruvukatta in the north, Vagugadda and Penjeruvukatta in the west and east and Ravulacheruvukatta to the west. Inhabited by 101 households and a population of 459, predomlnent caste of the locality is Brahmin. Congested and thickly populated locality, it consists of zig-zag lanes and by-lanes. General store of

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Sr' IIlfndala Chantaiah which Is well known in the town, Is In this locality. There are two flour mills, few kirana shops and also cloth shops. Government hospital, private cllnic:s, office of the co-operative land mortgage bank, girls' high school., lind such other important institutions of the town are located here. Lakshminarayana temple and Sileswara and Siddheswara temples are the chief land marks of the locality. Out of ten persons interviewed. nine ate Brahmins and one is a Vysya. While four persons are engaged in agriculture. one is a businessman and others in service. Four persons are literate without educational level and upto Matriculation and the other six have studied upto Matriculation and above. Festivals like Mahasivaratri, Dasara and Ganapathi Navaratrulu attract quite a big crowd of the town. Harikathas, 24 hours ··Hare Rama Hare Krishnan bhajan and other religous and cultural activities are also observed attracting the people of other adjoining neighbourhoods.

1 O~ As explained earlier, each ward or locality cannot be treated as an independent living unit of the town, both on account of the proximity of neighbourhood and homogeneous living con­ditions in general and the affinity of language, religion and culture in respect of the names of influential persons, replies obtained from the persons intervIewed, presenc a repetition in more than one locality or neighbourhood. Keeping this aspect in view particulars of some of the respectable persons in the neighbour-' hood and influential persons of the town, have been shown in Tables 35 to 39.

Religious. cultural and social activities within the locality

11, Dispersal of temples in verious localities of the town presided over by differert deities, presents a unique combination' of cultural an~ religious sentimencs of the people. Most of these deities have age-old history of their origin, growth and impor­tance. Their location mostly in the neighbourhood of Brahmin households enables not only this ethnic group to perform pujas and pay regula r visi ts to the temples to pal ticipate In the bhajans' and periodical celebrations, people of adjoining neighbourhood also, play an important role in the success of these functions. In fact these occasions provide an opportunity for people of different ethnic back-ground to mingle with each other, to perform rltual~

J J 8

in the temples and to promote mutual contacts necessary for good neighbourly relations. Tables 40, 41. and 42 give the details of such activities inside and outside the surveyed neighbourhoods.

12. In this connection particu lar mention has to be made of 'the following institutiohS :

1 Lakshminarayana Temple situated in Nadiveedhi (Heart of the town)

2 Mahalakshmi Temple of Ravulacheruvukatta.

3 Hanuman Temple of Ravulacheruvukatta.

4 Hanuman Temple of Thammicheruvukatta

5 Mahila mandali situated ira Penjeruvukatta

13. Celebrations of Ganapathi Navaratrulu held during August. Deve Navaratrulu and Dasara functions during September and October, Rama Navaratrulu during March attract large crowds In the town .. From Mahalaxmi temple, it is customary to takoe out a huge procession on the evening of Dasara day. Special Palanquin is decorated for the idols to be placed In it and the procession passes through all the main streets of the town. It attracts huge crowds of all the neighbourhoods, both on account of the music and gaiety involved. In about four to five hours, the procession covers the main streets and returns to the temple in the ni ght. It is also customary for the ladies of the town to offer Harati, coconuts and fruitS enroute. Bhajans are held till late in the night and poor feeding is also arranged in the temple premises by raising subscriptions. Sivaratri day is held in high esteem by Hindusof all castes. Thousands of people of the town and also the pilgrims take a dip in Godavari before visiting the temple of Lord Gowthameswara situated on the river bank. On this day, Seeleswara, Siddheswara and Omkareswara temples in the town are equally visited by large number of people. In short location of temples provides ample opportunities for the people of adjoining neighbourhood to visit and develop close con­~acts among themselves.

14. Inter-dependence of one neighbourhGod on the other Is also found In meeting the day-to-day reqUirements and purchase of various goods. Particulars of purchases in and outside the

lt9

different neighbourhoods are shown In the Table 38. As explained earlier the distant localities of Surayapalte. Gangapuri. KuchiraJu­palle, Tenugugadda, Harijanawada, Gurralawada and Velagala­gudem are not provided with some of the basic amenities, i.e .• protected water and electricity. Commercial establishments. like provision Shops. vegetable shops, medical and educational facilities also do not exist. The people of these neighbourhoods have to have contacts With their counter-parts residrng in Nadiveedhi, Thammicheruvuka~ca. Penjeruvukatta and Ravlchecuvuveedhi. etc. Similarly majority of the inhabitants living in the above localities are either workers or agricultural labourers. They have to keep contacts with their employers and big ryots who rAside in Suraya­palle, Nadiveedhi, Ravulacneruvukatta, Tammicheruvukatta etc. Another novel characteristic of social life in the town is manifest in the choise of marriage partners. In majoricy of cases, by custom and practice also, marriage alliances are settled within the town, i.e .• from one street to the other. This traditional approach of se\ection of brides and bridegrooms within the town is found among Brahmins among whom nearly 60 percent of the marriages are settled th us. In other castes also marri age all i ances are settled mostly in the town or within the Villages situated at a distance of 5 to 8 kms.

15. It is thus evident that distant neighbourhoods of the town depf:ond on the thickly populated local ities of Manthani to earn their livelihood. lor education, medical and health needs and in regard to the choice of marriage partnerc; also. Interdepan­dence is essentially one of the fundamentals of the I ife of the tow". which very much adds to the homogeneity of living culturally, economically and socially,

CHAPTER VIII

Family Life in the Town

As per 1971 Census t the town Is inhabited by 2.683 house­holds with a popula~ion of 11,134. Corresponding figures for 1961 are l.859 and 7.779 respectively. Average !jize of the household during the decade has Increased from 4.15 to 4.18 persons. Compared t.o the increase in the number of households during the decade t i. e., from 1,859 to 2,683. this increase does not represent any abnormai feature. For the purpose of survey of the town, 201 households in twenty-eight locolities were selected. of which 194 are Hjndus and seven Muslims. While maximum number of ~he selected households. Le., twenty­seven each are from Vagugadda and Nadlveedhi localities, the number varies from one to seventeen in other iocalities (Table 43)

2. Size of the surveyed houst:holds reveals that the largest number of familIes. Le., sixty~seven have 4 to 5 members. fifty-two famili~s 6 to 7 members, forty-six families 2 to 3 members. There are only ten slngle member families. twenty-one with 8 t.o 9

. members, four with 10-12 members. and one family has a strength of '3 and above. Two to seven member famil.ies constitute nearly three-fourth of the surveyed households and sing1e member families with more than ten members are hardly 2.5 percent of the toui households. Large size of the fami lies is thus a common feature of the family life in the town. Family planning methods requi red intensive propagation and application by the concerned authorities (Table 44).

3. Coming to the ages of the heads of household, it is seen that the heads of the households of only two families are In the age group of 20 years and less. For thirty-two families the range is between 21-30 years, for fifty-five families it is bet.ween 31-40 years, for fifty-eight families 41-50 years, for twenty-nine families between :51-60 years. and for twenty-five famities beyond 60 years. Middle aged heads of families, I.e., those between 31 to 50 years look after 53 percent of the surveyed families. i.e., 113 out of 201.

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4. As per s.u rvey figures. average size of the household works out to 4.92. which is slightly higher than the Census figure of 4.18. This variation only represents that the surveyed house­holds of 201 Incidentally have larger family strength compared to the average of the town, arrived on the basis of statistics of the town l as a whole

5. In this connection. ethnic composition of the surveyed households, locall ty-wise is considered very necessary cmd discus­sed as under (Table 45).

6. Out of twenty-four castes comprising 20 I households covered during the survey, only eleven C3sr es have a sizable strength of which Brahr.lins are in majority. i.e •• Sixty-two hous~­

holds. Other castes are Boya, Chakafi, Manne, Madiga, KapUt Vysya, Reddy, Goundla and Muslims. Dispersal of these families locality-wise could be explained as below. Out of Sixty-two Brahmin families, twenty· four a r'e put up in Nadiveedhi, eleven in Ravulacheruvukatta. thirteen in Thammicheruvukatta and the ren in other localities, i. e. Vagugadda, Penjeruvukatta and Po­chammavada_ The Boyas reside in Kuchirajupalle and Tenugugadda areas. Families of Chakalies or washermen are located in Vagugadda. The Goundlas mostly reside in Vagugadda area. The Kapus are settled ;n more than one locali ty, i.e., Faki rwada, Pochammawada. Ravulacheruvukatta. Kuchirajupalle. bus stand area, velagalagudem and Gurralawada. While Mannepu caHe people have concentrated habitation in Harijanawada. Gangapuri and bus stand areas, Madlgas are inhabited mostly at Kuchirajupalle and Harijanawada. Few Muslim families are spread in many areas of the town, i.e., Vagugadda, Harljanawada. Tenugugadda. Reddys are put up in Vagugadda and bus stand areas in the town, also at Kakarlapalle and Surayapalle. Sale or weavers mostly are seen in Vagugadda. Gangapuri, KuchirajupaHe. Pochammawada, Velagalagudem. Vysyas are no doubt spread all over the town but mostly their families five in Vagugadda. a portion of which is also called as Donthulawada. In Nadlveedhi. Ravulacheruvukatta. Thammicher­uvukatta and Penjeruvukatta It is seen that the households of higher cast predominantly reside. A dose study of the famiiy life in the town. reveals .. hat habitation and the choice of settle­ment. has very much to do with t.he caste. Majority of the

123

surveyed households. i.e., 184, are non-migrants. The status of seventeen families is recorded as migrants: Out of the latter one is a Nepali family and others happen to be serving the state government in various departments (Table 46).

7. Types of the surveyed households also makes 3n interes­ting swdy. WhiJe 110 households are nuclear In character, thirty six are collateral joint. nine are lineal collateral joint, ten single person households and the remaining are other types of house­holds. A further classification reveals that the category of nucl~ ear family covers 110 households among all the twenty four c~stes surveyed and next in order is collateral joint famllies with thiry-siX households (Table 47).

Composition of Households.

8. Of the 201 households covered by the survey. people of 194 households are Hindus and the remaining 7 households belong to 1slam (Muslims). Among the 7 Muslim households~ in five house-­holds, besides heads of households. their spouses~ unmarried sons and daughters are living whi Ie in one household Others, i.e .• unrelated or distantly related persons are living while in another household only the head of househoid is liVing. All the 201 house holds taken together. in as many as 75 households (37.5 percent) along with the head of household. spouse~ unmarried sons and daughters are living. in 42 households (21 percent), head of house .. hold, spouse, married son and son's wife with or without unmarri­ed sons and daughters are livi ng. in 25 households (12.5 percent) only head of household and spouse are living and in 10 hou!=eholds only heads of households are living. In the remaining 39 households different categories of relatives are living. (Please see Table 48 for details of nature of relationship of members to head of house­hold and particulars by religion and ,caste/tribe/community). Except the one Ghoorka household hailing from other country, i.e., Nepal, all the remaining 200 householders hail from places with in t:he country (Table 49).

Mother Tongue.

9. People of 193 (96 percent) out of the 201 surveyed house­holds have Telugu as their monther tongue while seven house

124

holders belonging to Islam (Muslim) have Urdu as their mother congue and the one Nepali (Ghoorka) reported Hindi as their mother congue (Table 50).

Heads of Households by age and Composition of Households.

10. Table 5 t speaks of the household compos ition (Nature of relationship to head of household) and age of head I,)f household. Ninety-seven (48 percent) heads of households are in the age group of 25--44 years, 61 (30.5 percent) are il'l the age group of 45-59 years and 39 (20 percent) are in the age-group of 60 years and above and 4 (2 percent) are in the age group of 15-24 years. It is signific.ant. t.o note that. none is in the age group of below 14 years. Out of the 75 households where the head of household. spouse, unmarried sons and daughters are living. 53 heads of households are in the age group of 25-44 years and 21 households are headed by persons in the age group of 45-59 years. In 42 households where head of household, spouse. married son and sones wife with or Without Uf\mar ried sons and daughters, as many as 20 are headed by persons aged 60 years and above and 18 heads are in the age group of 45-59 years.

Heads of Households by Educational Level.

11. Heads of 99 households (50 Pe rcent) are i lleterates. Among the remaining 102 heads of households who are literates, 39 are primary passed. 26 are matric passed, 22 passed middle standard. 13 are grdua.t.es and some holding even higher degree!i and two are I iterates wi thou{ educational level (Table 52).

12. From the qbove two paras, it can be inferred that education is not necessarily a qualification to become the head of household nor young peop\e below 14 yeats had the maturity of thinking to m2nage household affairs. In a large number of 158 (79 percent) households the heads of households are aged between 25 and 59 years, whUe in another 39 households (2(} percent) the heads of households are aged 60 years and above. Elderliness, capacity to manage and gUide the affairs of the family,. Impanial treatment of the members of the family. etc., go to' make a man as the head of family where a household is composed of several adult members while In a simple family comprising a

125

man. his wife and unmarried children, - automatically. the man becomes the head of household (Table 53).

13. Majority of the surveyed housedholds are found to be staying in the- present houses for more than two decades as is eVident by the following description. Duration of stay of ten households in the present residence is less than 5 years, for two households 5-9 years, four households 10-19 years and In respect of 185 households it is 20 years and above (Table 54).

14. it is furth~r seen that the member of forty-six house­holds are staying outside the town for various reasons - fouty­four of them are Hindus and two Muslims. Castewise details of these forty-four households are: twenty-five Brahmins. sixteen other castes (i. e., Gurkha, Ayyavarulu. Boya, Kapu. Mangali. Reddy. Vysya and Kamsali) and three Scheduled castes. i. e .. two Manne and one Madiga (Table 55). Except the Nepali household, head of 45 households belong to Andhra Pradesh state and are natives of the town (Table 56).

15. Speaking about the literacy standards of this category, it FS seen that the heads of eighteen households are illiterates, two are literates Without educational level, nine have studied upto primary. six upto middle stage, six matriculation or Higher secondary, one is a graduate, three are post-graduates and the other one is a doctor. Illiteracy is thus found in majority of the heads of households (Table 57)

16. As to the working status of the hEad of the household, whose family members are staying outside the town, it is found that thirty-five are workers, and eleven non-workers. Among the eleven non-worker households. -::>ne is Ayyavarulu. nine Brahmins and one is a Vysya (Table 58).

17. A total of eighty-three members representing working class house holds are staying outside the town of which forty· one hail from cultivator households, in the case of eighteen households the heads are teachers and the rest are in different occupations (Table 59).

18. A study of the educational levels of the persons staying outside the town reveals that out of 132 persons, forty nine are illiterates. two literates Without educational level. fifteen

126

studied upto primary level, sixteen middle, thirty Gme matrie, seven technical diploma, nine garduates, two post-g:-aduates, and one as f'nglneer. Out of th"E!m four persons each are related ~o t.he heads of households as father and mother. fifty three as sons, one as daughter, five as brothers and the remaining sixty five in other capacities. In the highest level of ed ucatio>1, I e.~

gradua.tlon and above, tnere are nineteen pErsons qualified in arts, SCience, engineering and technology. Li[eracy rate at Manthani compared to the average literacy rate of district urban area i.e., 26.9 percent is higher by 7.7 percent. Quite many of the educa~ ted youth are working as teachers and supervisors!Junior engineers in education and other engineering branches of the state govern­mant (Table 60)

19. Similarly statistics of students from out of the surveyed households and studying outside the town explain that OlJ[. of the l:otal number of nineteen, three are studying in primary. one in P-U.C. eight in degree class, two in technical line, aneengineerlng. three in LeE (Liceociate in civil engineering) Class (a Diploma course) and one in Ll-B., class. They are prosecuting higher studies in different places and inst.itutions. While studies outside the town for higher education, i.e .• graduation and t:echnical degrees. are

understandabl~, there are few who got enrolled In primary claues and staying With the relatives working as government servants outside Manthan; (Table 61.)

20. For prosecuting higher studies or to eke out the liveliw hood in service. and trade in other towns. it is common to leave ancest.ral places. As per survey! there are 132 persons staying outside the town, of whom four each are related as father and mother to the head of the household, fifty three as sons, <line as daughcer, five as brother .. three as husb'3nd$. three as wives, sixteen as son's, ten as son's daughters, twenty three as son's wives, one as brother's daughter, three as brother's wives and one as sons-in~laws. Out of 132 persons. sixty nine are staying outside for less than 5 years, forty from 5-9 years, thirteen from 10-19 years and ten since 20 years and above. Majority of them. i.e .• fifty three are related as sons to the heads of household (Table 62,)

127

21. In a household. it is possible that members of different categories are simultaneously suying ~ut for different puposes. Even mothers, in-laws and wives are also seen staying out for long periods outside the town. This situation, ther efore. speaks of a speCial characteristic of the life of the people. In Brahmin comm­unity. it has been customary in the late thirtees to fiftees, to leave Manthani either on sancharam or as cooks to far off places like Bombay, Nagpur. Jaipur. Poona and Hyderabad. Learned scholars of Manthani have earned high appreciations for participating in the celebrations of yagnas and Ramayana and Mahabharata discourses. They used to stay in the houses of Jagirdars. Makhtedars and estate holders and receive grants in kind or' cash. Of late. there is declining trend in the proscutions of such avocations.

22. Close study also reveals that living conditions and ways of earning of the influential caste. i. e., Brahnins are under­going rapid changes from time to time. The emphaSIs in late twenties to fiftees. on learning Vedas, Sankirt and acquiring distinction:as Ghanapatis have gradually lost their charm. Simi larty, men of h,'~arning visiting the Dewdeis and Durbars of Rajas, Samas­thans either in the same dist("ict or beyond; both for earning liveli­hood and to establish contacts With their counterparts I n the fields of ··Panditagoshti" by and large appea" to be a forgotten chara­cterist.lc of life.

23. In the changed envirenment of economic pursuits, pro­fession of cooking and for that matter acquiring knowledge in Vedas. has not received the attention it deserved from the younger generation. Added to that, fruits of independence obtained by execution of five year plans. rapid expansion of the facilities in the field of education, coupled with the employment potential created for younger generation ha ve opened up avenues for the growth of literacy and assured economic: life. Quite many of the qualified people from this town are Engineers in the P. W. D., Panchayat Raj and Roads and Buildings departments of the State Government. Some are working as revenue officers, Medical Officers. lecturers, etc. The re are large number of teachers working In t.he Education department who hail from this town.

24. Among the members staying outside Manthani some are sending money while some are recei ving money. Paraticulars of remittances made and received by the households are discussed in the following paragraphs.

128

Remittances sent by absentee family members.

25. Table 63 speaks of remittances sent by absentee family members by relationship to heads of households in Manthan!. Among the 201 surveyed househodls, there are 132 persons of different relationships to heads of households staying outside and they belong to 46 households. Twenty one of these 46 households are receiving money from members staying outside, nine house­holds are sending money to the members staying outside while four households are both receiving from and sending to the family memben staying outside and twelve househols are neither sending nor receiving money from the members staying outside. In all 25 households are receiving money from 28 members staying outside and '3 households are sending money to 19 members stayi ng outside. A large number of 53 are related as sons; 23 as son's wives; 16 as son's sons. 10 as son's daughters. five a.s brothers, fout" each as father, and mother. three each as husband. wife and brother's wives. tWO as brother'$ sons's son; and one each a~

daughter. daughter's husband: Brother's son Brother·s daughter, Brother s.on's wife and Brother's son's daughter

26. Twenty nine absentee family members belonging to 2S households are arranging remittances i. e., send Ing money to their homes in Manthani. As many as 24 out of the 29 are sons while of the remaining five are two brothers and one each Is brother, son, father and husband. Of the 24 sons sending money. 16 are staying in urban areas of other districts and they sent Ri. 17.760 i. e., each member sent on an average Rs. t .110 four are staying in urban areas of other State (viz., Maharashtra) and they send Rs. 2.640 i. e •. Rs. 6(;0 on an average by each and two each staying in the rural and urba.n areas respectively of the same district sent Rs. 4,200 and Rs. 4.020 i. e .. on an average each sent Rs, 2.100 and Rs. 2,010 respectively. The two members related as brott:lers to heads of household and sending money are staying in urban areas of other- districts and they sent Rs. 1.500 i.e.} on an average each sent Rs. 750 while the one related as husband staying in urban area of other state sent Rs. 1.800 to his wife, and the father staying in urban area of other district sent Rs. 1."aO. The brother's son .. ~ho is staying In rural area of the same discrict sent Rs. 1800/- The total amount rec:lved from 29 members uaylng outside was Rs. 33.920 and on an average

129

each member sent Rs. 1169-65. The average amounts sen~ by persons related as sons Is Rs. 1.192r 50, husband Rs. ',800. father­Rs. 1.200) brother Rs. 750 and brother's son is Rso 1800.

Remittances received by the absentee family members.

27. Table 64 speaks of the remittances received by the family members staying away from Manthani Town. Ninteen persons of different. relationship to heads of households belonging to 13 households of Manthani among the 132 members belonging tc 46 househords and staying oLJtside are receiving money from Manthani. The total amount sent from Manthanl was Rs. 19"840 and on an average t.he amount received by each of these 19 was Rs. 1044.21.

28. Of the ninteen members receiving money, 17 are related as sons, and one each as daughter and daughter's husband. D.au­ghter is staying in an urban area in other district (Hyderabad) and she received Rs. 1,960. and daughter's huscand is staying if}

Hyder abad and he received Rs. 1.200. (The daughter and daughter's. husband referred £0 above belong to different households and different. couple). Of the 17 persons related as sons, staying out­side and receiving money from their houses In Manthani, three are staying in urban areas of the same district. 12 are staying in urban areas of other dist.ricu, and two are stay ing in urban areas of other State (Maharashtra). On an average, each belonging to the above categories of places of present stay received Rs. 640, Rs. 1,040 and Rs. 1, l40 respectively. All of them are studying different. courses and classes.

29. The total remittances received by che heads of house­holds in Manthani through 29 members staying outside and related as sons (24), brothers (2), brother's sons (1) and hus band (l) during the year of survey was Rs. 33,920 while the amounts S<!rlt

by the heads of households to the household member~ staYing outside was Rs. 19.840. The remittances received were on an average Rs. 1169.65 from each absentee member sending while remittances made from Manthani town were on an average· Rs. lO-l4.21 per each member staying outside. Net amounc received by the heads of households in Manth ani was Rs. 14,080.

130

30. It is of Interest to note that a large number or a htgh 9roporation of both the senders and receivers are sons. Amounts are sent by the heads of households to their sons staying in different places for purposes of study while amounts are received from sons who are employed in government and quasi-goverrmellt organisations in other places. Among other relations only five are sending money to Manthani while 2 are receiving money from Manthani.

CHAPTER IX

Housing and Material Culture

While affluence of the individuals or family Influences the living conditions of man. the most essential requirements of life. nexc to food is a shelter. The survey of Manthani town reveals some strikiog featlH·es Qf the living conditions of the people, their housing and meterial culture. traditional methods of bUilding houses. mostly with mud and wooden pillars and using wooden frame for the roof. In the subsequent paras. an attempt is made co highlight the details of the types of houses constructed, house­holds' occupation pattern. floor areas. building materials generally used in the construction of houses. special designs of ,"Midde" type houses and various domestic furnitures~ utensils. etc., pos_ sessed by the people. The survey also reveals predommant.ly conservative approach still Visible in building new houses. Instead of going out and building spatial colonies, they are sticking to the congested sites owned by their fore-fathers thereby continuing to live in lanes and by-Iam!s of the town.

2. Except the newly built locality of Gangapuri. KakarJapalJe and Surayapalle Villages included in the Urban area dlJring 1971 Census, the growth and expansion of the town is mostly seen in the old localities and lanes of Mam:hani. Even majority of the new structures that have come up either in t.he vacant sites or on account of the demolition of 'the old buildings do not conform to the uandards of planned expansion. with the result zig zag and narrow lanes, crossing either the main streets or leading further to the interior parts of the town is a common sight.

3. BUilding constructions in Manthani can - be clusified I"to three groups: Penkutillu or tiled house. Gudise "the hut" and Midde. the traditional design.

The Penkutillu (Tiled House).

4. Houses of this type are commonly seen in all localities of the town. They are mosdy built by middle class families I.e., arti.

132

sans, cultivators and employees. These houses hllve a big verandah with one or two ro"ms which are used for various purposes. ,n most of the houses no separate kitchens or latrines and bath rooms are provided. Main door of the house Is commonly found with decorated carvings and an emblem of "Lord Ganesha"· While the walls and fioor are of mud, tiles are used for rooting. which is made to rest on the wooden piUars, fixed up in the walls and supported by requisite number of wooden beams and rafters. Over tha.~osdy they put thorny bush and mud before 1:he layer of tiles ... arranged. The height of the buIlding is slopy in appearance and r;t;nges between 3 to 5 metre$. The top of the building Is generally conical upward. The cost of the building varies; from Rupees 3 to 4 thousands.

The Godise (Tbe but).

5. It is a poor mans's house generally raised on mud walls Here again the roof of the house is made to res~ on wooden ,pltlars or poles. Roofing material consists of paddy straw, wild grass or palm leaves. Only one entrance is provided apart from ant! or two small holes of only 30 ems diametre to act as venti­lators. Mostly it Is one room tenement with temporary partition

'inside, used as kltchen. Entire cost of the hut does not exceed Rs. 200 exduding the land value.. This type is found in Harijana­wada. Kuchlrajupalle, Linegadda, Surayapalle and Kakarlapalle localities of the tGwn.

The Midde.

6. It represents a traditional construction and normally owned by upper middle class and rich persons. Walls are generally t'aised with bricks and stones. Local tiles are used f:::lr roofiug. Majority of these hc:uses are found in Nadiveedhi. Thammicheruvu­katea, Ravulacheruvukatta and Vagugadda localities of the town Mud is commonly used along with wooden reinforcement for raj s~ Ing the roof of the ground floor which Is aHowed to ren on wooden pillars and beams. For the roof of t.he fIrst floor. however tiles are used. Some of these houses have a small fronta,$.'e and back yard. Accommodation consists of a verandah. two or ~hree rooms. a kitchen. and an improvised bath room. As one enters the compound. he faces a big veraodah running the whole WIdth of the house. The doors and their frames often contain

133

decorative designs and carvings of ~Ganesha'. The walls are­plastered with mud and then whlte·washed. As a result of urban influence in some of the houses cement or Shah bad stone flooring. Is also done.

7. Most. of the residential houses do not present a spacious took. The main doo(,s of the houses open either on the roads or towards lanes. The houses with compound walt. open yard in front and back are very few. They have in many cases common walls and closed attachments with the neighbouring houses. Venti­lation also is not adequate In large number of houses.

8. Some recent constructions in the town are having Madras Terrace or R.C.C. (Reinforced cement concrete) besides Manga­lore tiled roofs. A few 1Ilust.rations of the house types are­given as figures 28 • .29 Bnd 3'

9. Furniture possessed by the households consists mostly of the wooden chairs. crude benches, easy chairs with cane or canvas Clothing. A popular item of furniture is the wooden takhtta large wooden platform, rectangular in shape and supported on four legs. It is just 35 to 60 cms. in height and can accommodace five to six persons. Another item of furniture commonly found is palang or cot. The cots are generally woven with nawar (tape) and used by rich people. The poor use the small framed cot Wo"en With­locally made thin hemp ropes or coconut ropes.

10. Poor sections of the community use earthenware made by the local potter. Brass ware and stainless steel including a few large pots for storing water are a mark of respectabilicy. food is served in stainless steel. brass, bell metal or -aluminium plates. Water is drunk from bell metal~ brass or aluminium tum­blers. Rich families use silver. stainless steel and glassware also. Chinaware is t.he other variety found in the rich dweUing houses. Gunduchembu (can) and a small Patra (vesset used for drinking water Is a speciality with Brahmins and found in all households. This is used for carrying sacred water from Godavari by orthodoK Brahmins. after they take bath and return home in the mornings. This is also carried by menfolk whenever they are invited for lunch. by the neighbours, in connection with marriages or pther occas-10ns.

"" "

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11. According to 1960 Census house list there were 2,021 ".uses In the town. The number has gone up to 2,981 represe­"nting anJncrease of .. bout 47 percent Guring the decade 1960-1970.

12. Sta;ement showing the utilisation pattern of census houses as per the houselisting operations conducted in 1960 and 1970 as preparatory to the 1961 and 1971 Censuses respectively at Nanthanl is furnished below:

STATEMENT IX - (I)

HOUSE USE PATTERN - 1960 & 1970.

Pattern of census houses

Total number of houses Vacant houses Residential houses Shop-cum-resldences Workshop-cum-residences Business and other offices Factories and other workshops Places of worship Others

1960

2

2.021 175

1,561 78 13 12

6 18

157

1970

3

2,981 276

2,234 83 78 26 20 21

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13_ From the census details discussed In Table 65. the construction material used for walls and roof of the houses. presents an interesting study. Usage of mud and stone extensively is an indication of the traditional standards stilt observed in building houses. Out of 2.981 houses in the town while wall material used in '.377 houses is mud, in 1.193 houses it is stone. They represent 46.2 and 40.2 percents respectively. likewise mostly country-tiles are used for roofing. which is also a cheaper mater­Ial compared to R-C.C. or o1:her type. Usage of brick and lime or cement in the canst.ruction work. is very Ilmited in the town.

14. A comparison of the residential accommodation. num­ber of liVing rooms In Manthanf Town and the urban areas of Karlmnagar district reveals certain basic characteristics worth elscussing.

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STATEMENT IX - (2) HOUSE HOLD ACCOMMODATION IN MANTHANI TOWN AND

URBAN AREAS OF KARIMNAGAR DISTRICT - COMPAR.ISON

(Contd.)

Households with (Contd.) Three Rooms Four No. of No. of House Percen- House holds tage holds

9 10 II ~----

3.610 9.71 2 ,910 105 4.27 29

Source: 1970 Census Houselist.

Rooms

Percen-tage

12

7.83 1.18

Five &

No. of House holds

13

815

13

more Rooms

Percen-tage REMARKS

14 15

2.19 0.52

15. There are 2,459 households comprising 5.760 males and 5.709 females occupying 3.361 rooms. On an average Ie comes to three to four 'persons per room while the same for the urban areas of the district is two to three persons per room. (.779 out of 2.459, households are living in one room houses. 533, in two room houses. 105 in th ree room houses, 29 in four room houses. and only 13 in five and more room houses. Single room houses form

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~he largest proportion of the total households~ i.e., 72.4 percent. Two room houses constitute 21.6 percent. three room houses 4.3 percent, four room houses 1.2 percent. and five and more room houses O.S percent (Table 66).

16. The district (Urban) average of persons occupying sing'e room houses is 50.92 percent. Comparatively in Manthani town, more nurn ber of persons, i. e., 72.4 percent are living in one room tenements. Similarly in respect of two room houses and above. it is seen that the number of occupants and households in Manthani are comparat ively 13rgp • This analysis indicates that the people living in Manthani are mostly poor and backward in the district.

17. Among the 2.459 households. 2.248 householders have thier own houses and 2 L 1 are living in rented houses. I. e. 91.42 percent and 8.58 percent respectively. Keeping In view the corresponding percentages of the district, Le .• 94.20 and 5.80 the number of house-owners in Manthani town is comparatively less and that of tenants. slightly more. Out of 2,459 households, 197 repres~nt single persons, 334 two persons, 351 three persons, 398 four persons, 378 five persons and 80 I six and more persons. Thus the ratio of households between one to three persons and four to six persons is 1 :2, indicating that the larger size of the family Is a common feature (Table 67). Coming to the survey figures and the type of occu pancy status of houses by households, it is evident that out of 20 ( households, seventy-nine or 39.3 percent are having independent houses with compound waHs. 120 or 59.7 percent possess hOLlses without compound walls and only two households are having multi-floor houses. Majority of the households occupy small houses (Table 68).

18. Ethnic composit Ion of the surveyed families by caste/com­munity reveals that out of 20 I households. twenty-five are of Scheduled castes, i.e., nine of Madlgas and sixteen from Manne com­munIty_ All of them are having independent houses and four of them have compound walls too. Besides them. 169 households belong to Hindus of which 167 are Independent houses and two multifloor units. The remaining seven surveyed households are that of Muslims all residing in Independent houses and of which only two houses have compound walls. Majority of these houses

137

are of recent construction and they seem to have taken care to see that the structures are surrounded by compound walls and wen protected (Table 68).

19. From the point of view of migration status of surveyed households. the position that emerged Is as follows:- Out of surveyed households, 182 are non-migrants and nineteen migrants. Among 182 non-migrants, Sixty-seven householerds have separate houses with compound walls, 113 separate houses without com~ pound walls and the other two multifloor housing units. Ail the nineteen migrants are staying in separate houses of which twelve are with compound walls and 7 are without compound walls. Majority of the surveyed households represent natives of the town (Table 69).

20. Structural built of the houses occupied by the surveyed families reveals that 172 out of 20 I are single floor houses and 29 double floor. Out of twenty-nine households while only one household is staying in a single floor. all others are using both the floors. Majori ty are thus occupying independent structures having single f1o,Jr (Table 70).

21. As discussed earlier, both for wall and flooring the predominent material used is mud. It is found in 39.3 percent and 69.15 percent of the houses respectIvely. While Shahbad flooring is used in 22.89 percent of che houses, cement flooring is in 7.96 percent houses. Consider I" g the trad itional living habits and economy, people prefer to spend less amounts on construction material of the houses a.nd in keeping With this, it is also seen that country tile roofed houses constitute nearly-three·fourths of the total Rouses in the town, i.e. 73.13 percent (Table 71).

22. AvaiJabllity of basic amenities in the surveyed house­holds Is noticed as poor. Out of the 201 households only nioety­six hou ;ehofds are having separate kitchens. seventy-three separate bath rooms, seventy five separate lavatories and seventy-seven drinking water welJs. Only sixty nine houses are electrified. About I 12 households whare the drinking water wells with other househords. Majority of the surveyed households. i. e., about 55.72 percent thus have no Independent enjoyment of drinking water and other basic amenitIes, which only refers to poor econo-

]31

mlc standards and In-adequate arwenltles provided by the cIvic: authorities (Table 72).

23. Apart. from healthy living conditions, Indudlng proper-· drainage and sanitation. protected water for drinking and po&seu ... jng furnit.ure. utensils. also speak of the s.tate of enjoyment of the people. Following statement: shows the details of furniture avai­lable With the sUrV'eyed households in Mal1thani town.

STATEMENT lX - (3)

AVAILABILITY Of fURNITURE IN SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS

Chairs Table5 Dewan (Takht;) Cot.s No. of No.of No. of Total No. of Total, House Total house Toaal house dewan house c;ots holds Chairs holds Tables holds holds

I 2 3- 4 5 6 7 e -----~~ ------~ ----

83 252

Coned.

Nawar COts

No. of Total House- naWar holds cots

9 10 ~--~.~.

130 427

Coned.

Easy Chair No. of House­holds

17

1

53 74 13 22 88 348

Stools Benc.hes Almirah No. of Total No. of Total No. of Toul

House stoo- House bene- House almi-holds Is holds hes holds rahs

II 12 13 14 '5 16

39 87 6 8 19 30

Wooden Sofa GUmmulu ----------------------------------Total No. of Total No. of Total easy House- wooden House- gumm-

chairs holds sofas holds ulu ----------------------IS 19 20 21 22.

2 1 1

.24. To discuss the summary, out of total 201 househoids. 41.29 percent have chairs, 16.37 percent tables. 6.47 percent dewans (Takht), 43.78 percent cots. 64.68 percent ncwar cots,. 19.-40 percent stools, 3 percent benches, 9.45 perc.ent almirahs •.

139

0.5 percent easy chairs, wooden sofa and gummu/u (Bamboo receptacles or containers to store grain).

25. Twenty-eight households have brass and steel utensHs for cooking. ninety-five households brass and alu mini um vessels. ,sixteen brass only. fifty-one earthen potS and aluminium, nine a'u­mlnlum only and one aJumJnlum and copper vessels. So far as the utensils for serving food is concerned~ 48 households use brass and steel, ninety-three brass and ajuminium~ nine stainless steel and aluminium, sixty-~Ix brass only, two stainle,"s steel only, forty-two householdi5 aluminium and one Ul1specifjt!d (Table 73). Only Ij3rd of the surveyed households have chairs. 1/4th have tables and nearly II 10th have almirans. While eets are generaUy owned by one and aU, only 65 percent of the households use nawar cots. Takhat OT a wooden platform. (dewan) is possessed by 6.5 per­cent of the households. So far as benches. stools and sofa sets are concerned. number of households are found to be negligible [State­ment IX-(3].

26. Among the 20 l households. In 190 households adult female members norma lIy use sari and blouse. In 36 households minor female members use langa and blouse, in twenty-two house­holds blouse and skirts and in thi rty-three households frocks are commonly used by the chlldren_ Among Brahmin families, dress habits of the female members appear to have a direct influence of Maharashtra culture. The sari tbey use is of eIght to nine yards (7 to 8 metres), capable of allowing a special Kattu round the body with gochi. strikingly seen. Sif!1i1ar1y elders and aged male members of the families are seen wearing full dhoti with same "billa gochi' (Table 74). '

27. Pattern of dress amcng Hindus and Muslims presents a wide range of contrast. Muslim men and boys wear loose trousers of thin wh ite cloth called pyjama and a vest or sh i rt. Out of doors mostly they put on long closed coat buttoned upto the neck known as sherwani and a pyjama. So far as Hindus are concefned ch~ldren below three to five years, especially from Scheduled castes and backward classes are generally found naked. While other boys wear knickers, pant and shirt, men are seen with shirt and a dhotl. Table 75 givelO the details of male dress by religion and tribe.

140

28 Out of 201 surveyed househoids, seventy-six househoids possess I uxury goods. seventy-two wrist watches, forty-seven table clocks, forty-two radios. one gramophone. five table fans~. one cycle. one petromax light and two transistors (Tal:ile 76).

29. Table 77 shows the presence of luxury goods by religion and caste/tribe/community. Except few families who controi the business, and maintain good agriculture. native population who can afford luxurious articles like radios, fans, transistors, gramoph­ones and watches is far less. Mostly salaried class and in-migrant families possess such goods and enjoy the life of leisure and comfort.

CHAPTER X

Slums, Blighted and other areas with Substandard

Living conditions

Slum living. slum dwellers and slum habitation have a direct bearing on the socio-economic conditions of '[he population living In the cherish and neighbourhood Apart from the poor standards of literacy. health and hygiene, found in the very nature of occu­pational pattern of the people conce rned. these crowded localities make a marked difference from other neighbourhoods of the town. Various definitions, discriptions and connotations of the word 'slum' therefore, present an interesting reading.

2. As per Oxford Universal Dictionary, literary meaning of a slum's

'OA street, alley, court, etc., situated in a crowded dis­trict of a town or city and inhabited by people of a low­class or by the very poor; a number of these streets or courts formIng a thickly populated neighbourhood or district of a squalid and wretched character".

3. Funk and Wagnafls' "Standard DictiOnary'" defines the slums. as :

i) "A squalid, dirty over crowded sueet. or section of :a city, marked by the poverty and poor living conditions of its Inhabitants".

ii) "Slum is an extreme ill ustration of housing shortage. Apart from th~ extensive redevelopment schemes neces-5ary for abolishing them. equally important is the pro­blem of preventing emergence of new slums."

142

4. In his Urbanisation In Maharashtra State - Problems and a plan of action - S. G. Barve ex:plalns a slum as follows:

i} Slums are not acts of God. They can be of human follYr They can be banished by wise planning and resolute

action.

Ii) " The reasons for the formation of slums may be different. The characterstics of slum dwellers relatively speaking are the same. The areas have men of low Income. irreg­ular employmen~, unemployment and under-employment as also poor housing, unhygienic conditions, poor drain­age and low I iteracy rates".

5. Hindu weekly magazine. dated 5-9-1971 published a book review on "Slums in Madras". Challenge and Response by Mukh Raj and J. B. Kamal. It analysies the causes of origin and growth of s lurns as follows :-

Origin and growth of slums.

Slums represent a wide gulf between the urban living condi· tions of rich and poor. Commensurate with the growth of urban population, when Shortage of housing develops and also services fail to keep pace. the neighbourhood turns out to be a slum. Main reasons for the formation of slums are :-

) Con cent ration of industries or execution of major irri­gation projects resulting In sudden rise in employment potential.

il) Migration from rural areas to the urban centres, due to continuous drought conditions and famine.

iii) Shortage of housing and accommodation.

6. When once the rural population mjgrat~s to urban cent­res in search of employment and for economic reasons, they develop a tendency to settle down In the cities and adjust In the limited occupational space available in the temporary huts put up by them or taken on rent. Growth of families. administrative and financial limitations of the local bodies and State-Governments. to provide better living conditions, adversely effect their health,_

143

standards of literacy and nutrition and thus keep them always below t;he subsistence level.

7. Judged from the above criteria, it is seen that none of the basic factors responsible for the growth of slums are identi­fiable at Manthan!. 1he town has a rich history and cultural background. As a border taluk headquarters town with dense forests and 'ess pressure on land and ot.her natural resources. it is considered as the most backward area in Karimnagar District. There are no industries worth the name to provide employment for unski lied labour on a permanent basis. Increase in the popul­ation only represents the normal feature, akin to any other town or district, There is,. then"fore. no scope; for migration of rural population to Manthanl.

S. Geographical tocation of the town, surrounded by irri­gation sources of Thammicheruvu. Ravicheruvu. Seelasamudram. Ayyagaricheruvu, Barrekunta and Bokkalavagu (stream) exert a direct Influence on the living conditions of the people. Loose­soils of the town classified as regar or black-cotton, which are unsuitable for constructing residences, restrict the scope for a happy living with marshy surroundings and dampness in the houses during rainy season. Added to this, traditional approach of the lnhabitants to live in crowded localit;ies, putting up new buildings in the congested sites owned by them, and in the narrow lanes has not only increased the pressure on civic amenities but in cer~ain localities like ThammicheruvuKatta, Ravulacheruvukatta, Nadl­veedhi and Vagugadda. density is also far higher.

9. New habitations beyond Manthani proper ~ither towards Godavari river or Eklaspur Village. that would have relieved the congestion of the town. did not develop. Gangapuri locality came into existance in tile wake of heavy floods in Bokkalavagu during 1958 and in earlier yea rs. Inevitably. therefore. resources of the lo(';al body have lagged far behind in extending the basic needs of protected water. electricity. drainage and proper roads in the town and particularly to some localities.

10. In the light of these special features. it is relevant to live a brief description of these localitiEs, which. though not slums in all respects. represent sub-standard Hving conditions

144

either in their origin or In comparIson with oth~r neighbourhoods of the town.

11. (a) Barrekunta Locality: It consists of 142 houses and 154 households. It is situated towards southeast of the town beyond Munsiff court. Inhabitants are mostly from Manne caste, engaged as agricultural labourers or other types of workers. There are few households of Muslims also. The name of the locality Is drawn from the smatl irrigation source situated in the upper region towards West. All huts are built in black cotton soil. There are no roads, no drainage and aho no pipe water. In the rainy season, on account of loose soils, seepllge water of Barre~ kunta and small pools adjoining che huts/houses, add to t.he marshy environment. Bokkalavagu which flows close by in the south of the locality further aggravates the situation due to floods. People drink raw water of either Bokkalavagu or other wells.

12. Lack of drainage and proper internal roads keep the locality unhealc.hy; generally huts are found With one room accom~ modation for a family of five t.o six persons. Congesced living conditions and unhealth}' surroundings in which the people are accustomed to live, Since their forefathers' times, this locality of Harijans is one of the few cherls which looks like a slum. Lack of basic civic amenities apart. poverty of the inhabitants is also responsible for low percentage of literacy. i.e .• 24.66 percent compared to other localities. Le., Nadiveedhi and Thammlcheruvu~ katta, where it is found to be more than 60 percent.

13. (b) Vagugadda : This locality is situated towards north of Bokkalavagu. There are 182 houses and 231 house holds. Part of the locality in the south-west corner is inhabited by eighty~ nine houses and 117 house holds mostly of washermen community. The. densit.y per room is worked out as four persons. It is this area that gives an appearance of a slum. Most of the houses are one room huts with tiled roofing and rr:ud walls. The cheri is undulated In appearance. The houses have been constructed Without proper planning and taking care of the approaches and roads. Lack of drainage. sewage and pipe water furthe r adds to the unhealthy envl ronment. Location of Bokkalavagu

145

and the wet fields under Seelasamudram tank of Kannala Project ... keep the low iylng areas marshy and unhealthy. Black cotto .... soil in general Is another factor which keeps the approaches slushy and difficult to walk durIng rainy season.

14. Teougugadda and BoyanapaUe.

Both are adjacent to one another and situated towards south west of the town, surrounded by Bokkalavagu and wet fields of Seelasamudram~ As the very name suggests. ethnic groups of Tenugus and Boyas are settled sinc"! decades. Floods in river Bokkalavagu cause lot of havoc. more so, since these localities are low lying. almost equal in level of the stream bed at some spots. Drainage, sewage or protected water supply Is not known. Inha­bitants are mostly engaged as agricultural labourers. The houses are constructed without planning. While at some places chere is crowded living, some scattered houses are also found here and there.

IS. Nadiveedhi and Thammicheruukatta Veedbi. In chese two localities, Situated adjoining one another, predo­

minant: ethnic group is that of Brahmins with a population of 1.293. On an average each household has four to five members. Nadive­edhi is considered as an important street and centre of trade and busines·s. Though masonry side drains are provided by Panchayat. they are not kept clean regularly. The waste water of public taps including that of prIvate houses gets stagnated at many places and develops into a breeding centre for mosquitos. III-ventilated and not well planned constructions, coupled With the enchroach­menu on the main and side roads, have made the streets so conge­sted that It is difficult for two vehicles to pass simultaneously.

16. As per 1970 Census Houselist~ there are J 75 houses in· Nadiveedhi and 219 in Thammicheruvukattaveedhi. Out of the 175 houses of Nadiveedhi, eighty-one are one room· houses, seventy­four two room, thirteen three room and only seven four room houses. Similarly in Thammicheruvukatta locality, out of 219 houses, whl'e 189 are one room houses, t.hirtyare two room houses. Occupation of floor space by households t.hus represents congested living conditions, though residents are of middle class. They have been bUilding small houses in t.he equally small plots. Traditionally they seem to be very much attached to the over crowded localities and would never like to build a house or develop colonies on the outskrits of the town. Civic amenities. therefore faJ! to meet the growing demand of the population.

146

17. 111 this connection. it is relevant to discuss the ,com para­~Ive statistics of households classified by number of members and rooms occupied both for Karlmnagar district urban area and Man­thanl town. Statement IX (2) In Chapter IX gives the particulars of households by number f.)f rooms in Manthani town and t:he urban areas of Karimnagar district. In Mai:lthani town, the proportion of houses with smaller number of rooms is more. On an av"rage 3.4 persons are sharing accommodation of one living room in Manth­ani town while all the Urban areas of the district put together, on an average 2.7 persons are sharing one living room. Th Is shows that the household congestion ;s more in Manchan; town (Please also see paras 1St 16 and 17 of Chapter IX).

18. The observations based on the analysis of data reveal ;the following features:

None of the localities -::an be termed as sltJms since their origin and growth is not the result of any large scale migration from rural areas of the t-aluk.

II That these local ities are settlements since dec.ade!'. repre­senting the special characteristics of living standards of different ethnic groups of the town.

III Thu the basic amenitle$ could not keep pace With the growth of population. In this regard paUCity of finances with the local body, apart geographical features of the town in general and habitation In the proximity of tanks/rivers, have eq ually restricted the scope for im­prOVing the standards of hygiene in the town ..

19. It is, therefore, necessary to Initiate SUitable measures to tackle these problems on a phased programme, by reducing the pressure of population in the main town and planning new

.habitations!cofonies either towards Godavari road or Kar;mnagar $tate highwaX. Slums will continue to plague on our towns. so long as no proper attempts are made to dispense with the occupants by providing better employment opportunities and ~<:J.:."'lw::tte

housing facilities. Long term measures to improve the image of the present living conditions in the localities described abov. t

Which are akin to slums in some respects. have to have the first priority of the civic authorities.

CHAPTER XI

Organisation of P ower and Prestige

tn any organisation or society. generally it is the enlightened few, with public support. economic status and/or educational bla$ that are counted. They therefore represoanc t!le elite of the town who can influence the various decisions affecting the social uplift and economic well being. Invariably therefore. it is this group of limited few in which by usage and tradition, the authority and power gets concent:-ated. May be a local body, a co-operative society, political organisation or a voluntary service institution~

the men incharge of these units have an important role to play. In the civic elections. general elections, trade union organisations,. controlling the service organisations. management: of temples or panchayat raj bodies and in all other activities affecting the econo­mic, social. political life of the society' this class of individuals share a greater degree of responsible functioning.

2_ In the larger sense, elite of the town thus include. public servants. teachers, lawyers, doctors, progressive culti­vators, men engaged in trade and commerce. office bearers of political, educational and other service organisations; presidents! chairmen of local bodies. co-operative societies and panchayat. samithis. etc.

3. There are 11 educational institutions in the town. Six are primary schools. two middle schools. two high schools and a Junior college. Total student population is 2,079 as pe r 1972 enrolment. The students of Junior College and High School alone represent 684.

4. Out of a total popu lation of 11.134 wh He hi gh school and college students represent 32 percent. other categories of citizens incharge of the institutions and organisations, connected With the public life are about twenty, or 0.2 percent of the town population. To illustrate the above picture. it is necessary te>

148

mention various organisations of Manthani noted for their social, political. cultural and administrative significance. and the names of the Members/Chairmen who are responsible to manage the affairs.

5. In the political field of Handlanl only one organisation .. t.e., Congress Party has been dominating since more than fifteen years. The results of genera' elections held during 1962, 1967 :and 1972 for Manthan. Assembly constituency amply support the above statement.

ST A TEMENT XI-( I}

GENER.AL ELECTIONS, VOTING PATTERN IN MANTHANI (1962, '67 & 72 elections)

Name of "the con­stituency

No. of total electors in the consti-tuency

2

254 Man- 61,505 thani

2.-43 Man- 69,024 thani

:2.43 Man- 73.661 thani

No. of total No. of electors valid who votes voted polled

3 4

Name of the candidate

5

Party affilia­tion

6

No. of votes polled

7

GENERAL ELECTIONS 1962 27,445 24.884 I. G. Sreera- Inde- 3.740

mulu. pendent 2. P.V.Nara- Congress 16.84-4

simharao. declared elected

3. S.R. laks- Inde- 1.818 hman. pendent

4. Sayaparaju Commu- 2,482 Muralidhar nist Rao.

GENERAL ELECTIONS 1967

44.782 42.250 L Kamala Ma- lode- 16,440 nohar Rao. pendent

2. P.V. Nara- Congress 25,810 simharao. declared

elected

GENERAL ELECTIONS 1972 40,741 38,683 I. P. V. Nara- Congt"ess 35,532

simha Rao declared .'ected

2. E.V. Padm- 3,151 anabham.

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6. Sri P. V. Narasimha R.ao has been representing Manthant Assembly constituency as a Congress candidate since 1957. He· was included In the State Cabinet in 1962 and continuously acted as a Minister Incharge of several portfolios till October 1971, when he was etected as the leader of the Congress Legislature· Party; and became the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Stat.e. Similar js the position with regard to the election of Samithi Presidents of Manthani and Mahadevpur Blocks. Sri P. Kishan Rao, native of Manthan;, was a graduate teacher in a high school. He resigned the job and contested for the elective post of Samithi Presidentshtp. Manthani in 1959. He was elected as president In 1959 and has the distinction of being continuously elected fOr the office of President, Panchayat Samithl in 1964 and 1970.

7. Likewise Sri Oora Srinivasa Rao, landlord and forest contractor of Mahadevpur was elected as Samithi Chief of Maha­devpur Block during 1959,1964 and 1970. Sri Sreenivasa Rao was subsequently eJected as Chairman. ZI1Ia Parishad, Karlmnagar, in ) 970 and in the said vacancy his cousin Sri Dora Prakash Rao· got elected as Samlthl Chief of Mahadevpur. All of them repre-' sent Congress Part}'. Similarly all Chairmen, and Presidents of the Town Municipality, Gram Panchayat, Manthan!- past and pre· sent, Presidents Land Mortgage Bank. Manthani past and present also belong to the Congress Party. Sri P. Kisban Rao Pancnayat Samlthl President is the President of the Parents. Commit.tee formed to look after the educational interests of the town. He 1$, also nominated as a member of the Bhadrachalam Temple Trus· Board, by the State Government. Sri Prabhakara Reddy, Presit dent, Gram Panchayat. Manthanl has been elected as a representa­tive from Manthanl taluk in the ZHla Grandhalaya Samlthi .. Karimnagar.

8. Ap~rt from the political organisations. there are certain social and religious Institutions in the town and it is necessary to describe in deta\! the names of the presfdents{secretaries. These particulars are furnlshed in Appendix 11-3.

Trend of election to local body of Mantbani.

9. Manthanl was preViously a town muntcipality. It was: downgraded to that of Major Panchayat und~r Andhra Pradesh

ISO

(;ram Pallchayat Act. 19644 To trace the history of this local body and elections of Presldent/Sarpanch, it may be said that earlier to 1962. Sri M. Rajeswua Rao. Advoca'te ac'ted as President from 1951 to 1956. for a brief period Sri Raghunath Rao Kache was eJected as Chairman dur'ng 1957, but after one year a no-confidence motion was passed against Sri Kache and Sri M. Rajeswar Rao was agaIn e'ected as President. He contin\Jed till 1961. 1n the munic.ipal elections held!, in 1962. Sri S. Chantaiah was elected as Chairman. He continued upto 1964. Even after 'the Manthan, municipality was downgraded In 1964 as a Mojor Panchayat, Sri S. Chantaiah remained in office as President upto 1970. During 'the Panchayat elect.ions held in 1970. SriPrabhakar Reddy. B. Sc .• LL. M., was eJected as President.

10. In chis connection trend of votes polled by each candidate. who contested for the membership of Gram Panchayat.· Manthan. <during 1970 is furnished as Appendix H-(4).

t I. All candida'tes contested as Independents. Bue the Sarpanch Sri Prabhakar Reddy is a Congressman.

12. Thus. Sri S. Chantaiah has acted as President of the municipality from ]962 to 196 .... and later on continued as Pancha­yat President upto 1970. During the two decades 1950-70 excluding the brief period of one year of 1957. only two persons have acted as Chairmen/Presidents of the town committee, Town Municipality. and the Gram Panchayat, Manthani i. e., Sri M. Rajeswara Rao, Advocate and Sri S. Chantalah, land lord. This is an Qbvious indication that the competition for sharing the pres­tigious elective post of Municipality in M an'th ani was very much confined to the two families of dominant caste, I.e., Brahmins. This surmise equally holds good for other elective offices, like President, Panchayat Samltlli. Manthani and Land Mortgage Bank,. Manthanl. Sri P. Kishan Rao and Sripada Rao both are Brahmins. Not merely in size of the town population, inthe field of educatiol) also many Brahmins have attained the status and distinction. They

151

are predominantly agriculturists bU1: of late mIgrating to other towns in search of employment leaving their a,riculture to be managed by their parents.

13. To illustrate the broad based structure of individuals who are considered Influencial in the town. a detailed statement is furnished as Appendix 11-(5). By virtue of their electioh and holding the elective posts in political, social and other organisations of Manthani, they exercise sufficient power and Influence.

14. Considering their age, experience, economic and social status In public life also their voice is heard in more than one way.

15. In the light of the above facts, following conc\usiom can be drawn:

i) Brahmins as a dominant caste, have a greater say In

variouS organisations both political. financial or social. and next to them are the members of Reddy commu­nity and Vysyas.

iI) Election to the Presidentship of Gram Pimchayat Man· thanl, and earlier to the town committee. were held unanimously_ While the incumbent elected in 1970 as Sarpanch is from Reddy caste, his predecessors includ­ing SrI Raghunath Rao Kache who held the office for one year during 1957, are from Brahmin community.

iii) Election to the Samith I Presidentship of MahadeV'pur wa~ always unanimous. suggesting the influence of the candidates elected, who happen to be local landlords.

iv) Though election to the Samithi ,Pre_sidentshJp of Manth­ani was contested, locaf Brahmin candidate hassucce .. eded always.

v) Greater share of Poli tical power is thus enjoyed by the Brahmin community, though members of Reddy com­munlt), have also had a few opportunities.

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vi) Even among the other Influential persons of the town,. out of twenty, whose names are referred to during survey, fourteen are Brahmins. three Vysyas~ two Reddys and one Manne.

vii) Results of Generai Elections held during 1957 ~ 1962, 1967 and 1972 amply Indicate that in the contest for assembly seat the candidate who won from Manthan. is a Brahmin.

viii) Law Graduates, iawyers and other persons hailing from the category of agriculturists occupy majority of the elective posts.

Ix) None of the names Ifsted at Appendix 11-(3) includes a Harijan/or Backward Class community.

CHAPTER XII

Leisure And Recreational Activities

Since about 40 per cent of the popu laUon constitute one community, i.e., Brahmins, It Is observed that: this by itself reveals certain special featu res of recreational habits of the people. Added "to that, there are several old temples in and around the town, which influence the local customs and religious habits of the Inha.bitants of the town.

2. Economically backward but educationally forward. the people have strived to build up an urban atmosphere of spare time activities. Situated on the border of the district and with poor communication net work, Manthani taluk cannot well compare with other towns of Karimnagar district, i. e_, Peddapalle, Huzurabad ~ Karlmnagar and Jagtyal. Hardly any recreation facilities are provided either by the Gram Panchayat or other agencies in the town. There is no park, no town hall, no good cinema theatre and facilities 10r board and lodge. There Is also need for more libra­ries and reactivlse Mahilamandals for women. In the above context, it is appropriate to categorise the leisure time activitJes as below:

A. Regular habits of the educated few like publiC ser­vants and teachers.

B. Students and recreational programmes.

C. Periodical religious functions and celebrations.

D. Traditional organisation of local panchayat and their deliberations.

E. Recreational activities of agricultural labourers. artisans and other daily wage earners in the SOCiety.

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3. Regular habits of the educated people : - As per 1971 Census. there are about 650 persons who represent the fixed income group which can be considered as enlightened and educated. They draw regular salary from the government and employee­inscitutions every month. Majority of them are seen spending their evening hours in the dubs, cinema hall and group discussions or playing cards at a particular place, i.e., a residence or an isola­ted institut.ion and some of them are also found to be habituated to regular walking. In this connection a special mention of the activities of the 'Friends Club, Manthanl~ is relevant. It was esta­blished on 9th Azu r 13 43 F (October. 1933) by the then Tahsi Idar Sri Nizamuddin. It is situated amidst secluded surroundings and close to TalLlk Office and Joolor College. It has a spacious build­ing surrounded by a compound wall. Apart f rom the indoor games, facilities are providoed for playing Tennis and Badminton. Total membership of the club is Sixty-seven, representing various walks of life. i.e .• officials. teachers, advocates, busInessmen and· cultivators. The club also conducts memorial cournaments in the name of late Varahala Bheemaiah and Sri Kista Reddy who have rendered yeomen services to the peoplE:. of Manthani.

4. The branch library of Zilla Grandhalaya Samithi attracts 60me of the educated people and other public se.rvants regularly in the evenings. First 'ib,rary at Manchanf was established on 11-8-1924 and called as Osmania Library. On 10-12-1928 under the name and style of 'Sri Balasaraswati Nilayam' another private library was started in a rented building by Sri Loke Laxmana Sharma with 645 books. The present bUilding was constructed in· April 1931 by raising donations of Rs. 5,000. The institution was being managed by a committee of local elders. It was on 27th June. 1931 both the Ii braries possessing a total number of 1879 books were merged inro one. This position continued till the management of the institution was t.aken over by local 'library authority in 1959. There after a separate department under the Director of libraries was created for the whole of Andnra Pradesh. The library subscribes for daHy~news-papers in Telugu and English weekly papers and many mont.hly magaZines as per the AppendiX Ii - (1).

5. Students and Recreational Activities: Many of the students are seen playing Kabadi. Volley Ball. Foot-Ball~ Hockey

155

Every day.. On the occassions of Independence Da)" Republic Day. Memorial Tournments and School Days, etc., special matches are held to encourage the competitive spjrit among students.

6. Religious Functions and Celebrations; Large number of men and women spend their time visiting temples offering prayers. performing special pujas and observing religious rites as a part of their daily life. In particular, groups of Brahmins and VySy3s are regularly found spending their time in the evenings at Lakshminarayana Temple, Thammicheruvukatta Hanuman Temple and Sri Lakshmi Temple. These are also tile venues for holding Bhajans, Harikathas and religious discourses.

7. In the last few years. ladles of Manthanl are attending to Cnon-stop Bhajan' Programme_ A separate venue has been provi­ded in the premises of lakshmlnarayana Temple. where nearly fifceen to twenty ladies perform Hare-Rama Hare-Krishna Bhajan by an agreed shift system.

8. Regular offering of pujas on Saturdays and Mondays, in the following temples attract nearly twenty five to thirty people.

Saturday - Hanuman Temple, Thammlcheruvukatta. Hanuman Temple. Revlcheruvukatta

Monday - Seeleswar Temple.

9. Celebrations of the following festivals are arranged on a mass scale in which majority of the Hindus participate.

i) Ganapathi Festival during August

ii) Navaratris. Dasara and Flower Festivals during September/October.

ill) Vedaparayana during Kartika and Margasira months I.e •• November - December

iv) Group singing of Bhajans and attending Harikathas, etc,

10. These are the celebrations of special significance for the majority of the population of the town. I.e.. Brahmins. Vysyas and other educated sections. They also keep them busy on account of various arrangments involved. The celebrations are

156

held with devotion, pomp and gaiety. They are treated as a part­of the life of the town.

11. Likewise Moharrum. Bakrid and Christmas provide an oppurtunity for Muslims and Christians - to spend their time In offering prayers as per the religious customs. Invariably there­fore. reli gious functions which period ically attract the attention, of the people, during the course of the year, influence a great deal the spare time activities in the town-

12. Traditional Organisation of Panchayats and their Deliberations: In spite of the existance of various agencies. i.e., Gram Panchayat. Law Courts and Police to enforce the rule of law, It is a common practice t.o come across in the villages. an undefined authority of elders engaged in disposing of certain civil and other disputes 9f the society. Manthani is no exception to this practice. By vi rtue of age. experience, economic and social status - some elderly few act as Panchayats/arbitrators. regularly. They sit at some common place along with the concerned parties and few others, hear the evidence lead by the respective partIes and arbitra.te the disputes. This novel approach a.ttracts sufficien~ number of people. Th~ method of enqUiry is oral and summary and the disposal absolute in many cases. Such meetings are held at all times depending on the convenience of the parties. (n some localities during the early hours and ;n few other localities after the dinner. During summer when the people do not have much work in the fields, the sittings take place even after lunch, and even.ngs. It is interesting to observe groups of persons watching the deliberations and evincing curious interest in the deliberations and outcome of the disputes. In this connection crime statistics of Manthani police station for the years 1970, 1971 and 1972 are furni­shed at AppendiX II - (2). It Is evident that the cases registered by the police are very few. During' 1970 the number is six and in the subsequent year 1971 only two. Likewise in the third year also only five cri'Tles are booked. This indicates that most of the disputes or petty crimes are settled amicably Without reference to the police and also that temperamentally people are law abldln~, amiable and adjustable.

13. Agricultural labourers and others: Stadstical data of 1971 Census reveals that in a population of 11,134 there are,

157

about 2.000 persons, I.e.. about 20 percent engaged in various avocations like agricultural labour, livestock. forestry, fishing; construction. quarrying, etc •• etc.

14. This section mostly depends on the dally wages. though some of them also get monthly payments in kind, Le., maize, paddy from the employers. Traditionally th is class does not have any regular spare time recreation habits. Economically also they car.not afford the same. They generally Indulge in consuming toddy and feeling relaxed. after the day's hard work and occa­sionally they visit cinemas. There is nothing special about this. but nearly one fifth of the total population of the town spends the evenings aimlessly. It is therefore desirable thu adult education ,centres are opened in the night to admit this section of the popu­'ation and see that they acquire literacy and come up well in life.

15. In the paragraphs below, brief history and significance of each temple, is narrated.

1. Gautbameswara Temple. 16. Gauthameswara is the presiding deity of the town and

also the main temple. The origin and history I.)f the temple is not known but the sculpture around the temple presel'lts similarity to that of the thousand pillarstemple of Hanumakonda in Warangal district. Kakatlya rulers might have renovated the old temple dur-ing their regime. Its sculpture is worth seeing. About 100 years back a person by name U jjala Krisnlah, a brahmin of the town is said to have renovated the dil:;Jpidated temple by collecting donations from all over the Coufltry. The tern pie has 13 acres (6.06 hectares) of dry and one and half acres of wet land. There Is a btg sivalinga about 1 metre to 1.25 metre in height made of black stone installed in the 'Garbhagudi' (sanctum sanctorum) on a beautifully carved 'Panawatlka' (platform or pedestal on which-the phallic em­blem is fixed) according to'Somasutra·. There is also a small room In between the entrance room and Garbhagudi where Lord Vighne­swara~s idol, about 3i' in height is installed in the inner right corner. There is a big Nandi (bull god -vehicle of Lold Siva) idol In the entrance room. 1.5 metres t.o 2 metres in length and one metre In height beautifully carved to a black stone. But the ears and nose of the Nandi were said to have been destroyed by MU$lIm

158

invaders. About 20 to 30 devotees attend the temple daUy afte,.. taking a dip In the river Godavarr. On Sivaratri day abour thousand people seek darshan of the Lord. Adjotnlng the t.emple­there are three theerthams: "Brahmatheertha, Rudratheertha and Vishnutheert"a H

• holy places for taking a dip in the river Godavari.

2. Sri Ramalayam.

17. The cf>mple was constructed in the early years of 20th centu ry by 5:-1 Govinda Nai k, the then District Collector. The idols of Lord Rama, Sica, Lakshmana and Hanuman were said to have been originally brought from Kasi by Smt. Domala Radhamma a devotee of Lord Dattatreya. On t.he request of the Collector and other elders of this place she agreed to install them at the right bank of river Godavari. In between the Gauthameswara temple and the Saraswathi temple, Sri Rama temple is constructed. A spacious Mandapam with sixteen stone pillars is built in front of the temple. The flooring was done with cGloured tiles enclosed by iron grills. The temple has 15 acres of dry and ] t acres of wet land. Regular puja Is performed by Sri Gattu Narasaiah. 70 years old puJari. About twenty to thirty people attend the temple daily.

3. Saraswati Temple.

18. Saraswati temple was constructed near Gauthameswara tempfe about ISO years ago by one Sri Choppakatla Papaiah. a local Brahmin. Scone idol of Goddess Saraswatl 3 ft. in height is installed in It. Naivedyam and Deeparadhana are offered every day.

19. Story goes to say that the patron was asked in his dream by the Goddess ~o construct the temple at the present site and also that the idol was lying at the Sakamadugu. AccordIngly he completed the construction of the temple. He worshipped the Goddess With devotion. built an ashram and also contributed 3 acres of dry land to the temple. There is a small enclosure annexed to chis temple where the idol of GGddess Lakshml is· installed.

159

.... Sivapancbayatam Temple. 20. On the left side of Gauthameswara temple a small temple

hy name "Sivapanchayatam" (Raja Rajeswara Devalayamu) is Situated. It was constructed 15 years ago by S"j Mahavad. Lakshmana Sastry. The idGls of lord Siva. Vishnu, Surya. Lakshmi, Vighneswara and Nand i are installed. The idols are made of marble stone. They are 30 to 45 cms. in height. The temple has got one acrE:: of wet land.

5. Seeleswara and Siddbeswara Temples.

21. Origin of these two temples is not known for want of recorded evidence. According to the local elders. however, It is said that king ProIa II pursued Gundaraja of Mantrakuta. who was defeated in the battle and fled; that Kakatiya army was headed by two army chiefs, i. e .• Seelappanaid u and Siddappanaidu that in memory of the said victory the two Siva temples. Seeles­wara and Siddeswara were constructed by army Commanders at Mantrakuta. A tank by name Seelasamudram is also constructed at t.he same time. The tWO ~emples have been subsequently renov­ated during 1942 by Sri loke Ramanna commonly known as Sri Ramanandendra Sar.3swathl Swamy. resident of Manuakuta. Both the temples are loca.ted on an elevated place. The stone piltars c:ontain artinic carvings of beautifu I figures in different poses. The principal deity of both the temples Is 'Siva' in the form of 'Linga'. The idols are carved with sing Ie black stone and are one metre in height and one metre in diametre. The Idol was jnstal~ Jed on a stone stand.~Panavatika· was also carved beautifully in black stone. There are two more idols of Goddess Parvathi and Vigh~ neswara. While the Idol of Parvathi is kept in the back corner of t!l~ Principal deity. Vighneswara is Installed besides the inn~r

entrance of the main temple. Beautifully carved Nandies are aJso lnstalled tn the centre of the Mandapam. They are about 1 5 metres in length and one metre In helght. In the early hours of tne day arrangements are made for 'Dhupa Deepa Naivedyam' ~ .... .;.)&o:S ~ ~~S:6:x.l i. e., offering incense. light and food & in the evenings &

·Dhupa Deeparadhana" ~OS6';"'o-~~ offering of Incense and light.

Daily about 20 to 30 devotees particularly women attend the temples for darshan of Lord Seeleswara and Lord Siddeswara. Sivaratri Is the main festival celebrated in these temples attended by 500 to 1000 devotess.

160

22. A small temple (s also constructed by Sri loke Rama­nna. in between the two temples where the ido' of Sri Jagadguru Sankaracharya carved in marble stone Is installed. Srj Ramanna Is also staying there at present. Regular puja is performed by the pri est of Siva Temples.

6. Sri Omkareswara Temple.

23. It is located in the North-West of the town and built 00 the bank of Thammicheruvu. Actual time of its construction could not be known. It has a well. built compound wall. Main temple is located in the centre of the compound. rt has a' Dhar' masala', Inn or Choultry to the left of main entrance, which was constructed by Waduvatha Suryanarayana, retired Engineer. There Is a big Dwajastambham (Flag staff) made of wood, 9 metres in height with a .small platform where two idols of 4Nandi' are seen. The main temple is of:6 metres x 6 metres in area. A gopuram (tower) about 35 ft. in height is constructed over the sanctum sanccorum. The principal deity hails in the form of Linga which is one metre in height and one rnetre in diametre on a one by one and half metres Panavatika made of black stone, The idol of the Lord is carved in black stone, in a beautiful manner. The Man­dapmn annexed to the main temple where idols of Lord Ganapathi and Sivalinga are found is 4.5 mtrs x 6 mtrs in area. In the Centre of it and just opposite to the principal deity is insu:lled a beauti­fully carved Nandi. The Mandapam is covered with iron grills on three stdes. Goddess Parvathi in the form of stone idol, 60 ems· jn height is hailing behind the principal deity. Two big jar bells are hung one in the Garbhagudi (sanctum sanctorum) and the other in the mandapam. just above the idol of Nandi.

24. It was told that this was prevIously a Buddhist temple and later on convened as SIva temple, during Kakatiya period. Some of its sculptures are still the re as symbols of BLlddha temple.

7. Sri Bhiksbeswara Temple (Bodigudi). 25. The actual date of construction of the temple could

not be known. Its sc:u Ipture is. slm ifar to that of thousand pillars temple of Hanumakooda. It appears that around this temple, there were fout" more temples whose history has been burried in the past. Significantly, its main entrance is towards tow-

161

west. though all temples have east facing. It was cons­tructed according to 'Somasutra' where the puja water flows towards northern side of the Panavatika. The local people say that there are archaeological treasu res in the ground around this temple Very near co this temple an idol of Suryadeva (Sun god) was found white digging foundation for a house which was beautifully carved in block stone. The principal deity of the temple is 'Siva' in the form of Linga. The idol is one metre in height and one metre in diametre on one metre by one and half metres panavarika (Platform). It was further renovated by Sri Mahavadi Vissayya during I 940s.

8. Hanuman Temples:

26. There are eleven Hanuman temples in the town. (a) Lord Hanuman hails at the bank sf Thammicheruvu in the north-west direction to the town where a pucca temple was constructed with a room and a big open hall, as annexe. There is an inscription one metre In length and 30 ems. in width. The date of this Inscription was I 129-1200 A.D. The detalls of the Inscription have been given in the Chapter II. The idol of Hanuman was carved on 5 ft stone. Oail)" twenty to twenty-five persons worship the lord. The temple premises [s also used for public meetings, bhajans and Harikathas.

27. (b) Another Idol of Lord Hanuman, on 2 metres stone, can be seen besides the road leading to the P.W.D. bunR310w. Local people call it: as Bhalerayani Hanuman. In front of the temple there is an inscription but the details are not known. The archaeological department is said to have taken its prints for study. Ten to fifteen regular devotees attend thOis temple. (c) Another inscription along with idol of lord Hanuman was found In Bokka­lavagu and kept at Gangapuri. Its detai Is are also not known. Local people worship the lord occasionally. Idols of Hanuman and Siva can be seen scattered at many places in and around the town, impr­essing the visitor of the past glory.

9. Dattareya Temple:

28. Thls temple was bui It about sixty years ago by Smt. Domala Radhamma a devotee of Sr. Dattatreya Swamy. The idol

162

of Sri Dattatreya Swamy Is beautifully carved on the marble stone, 45 ems. In height. Sri Maharaja Kishan Prasad. prime mininer of ~x-Hyderabad State is said to have become one of the disciples of Smt. Radhamma. The idols have been brought by her from Kasi. Her son is looking after the temple after her death.

10. Lord Vinayaka Temple:

30. The temple is located on the road leading to Godavari. It was constructed 200 years ago by the local Brahmins. The idol of Lord Vighneswara was caf'ved on the sl~b of one by one and half metres. Near the temple idols of Bhageerathi with twelve hands. Veerabhadrudu and Bhairavudu are also Installed where pujas are performed occaSionally.

11. Lakshminarayana Temple:

31. This is an ancient temple said to have been constructed about 300 years ago. The presiding deity is Lakshminarayana swamy. An interesting story connected with this temple runs thus. Some of the merchants from Manthani went on bullock carts to Venavanka Village shandy to bring 'imW (tamarind). While they were returning an old Brahmin requested them to car-ry him to Manthani in the bullock cart. The merchants allowed him to sit in one of the carts. After reaching Manthani. to their surprise and excitement:, instead of the old Brahmin, they found a carved idol of Laks hm inarayana in the buLlock cart. They decided to Instal the idol in the Varadaraja temple. where Sri Varadaraja Swamy and Kesavanadha Swamy are hailing in the centre of the temple. But when the merchants entered the temple they found that Sri Kesavanadha Swamy was in the right corner and Sri Vara­daraJa . Swamy in the left corner. The idol of Lakshminarayana was thus installed in the centre. The lord is in a sitting posture with four hands, one metre in height, beautifully carved on black stone.

32. In addition to the presiding deities. the idols of Sri Anjaneya. Garuda and Panniddaralwars and Andalu Ammavaru are also installed in the same compound. The idol of Andalu Ammav­aru is installed during 1967 by Sri lIlindala Chantaiah in memory of his parents. The temple is constructed in stone with 8 metres

163

height gopuram on 16 sq. metres garbhagudi. There is a big mandapam annexed to the temple with beautifully carved stone pillars. It has got 30' height dwajastambam (flag staff) in front. which is covered with brass-sheets during the year 1965 by Sri

Donthula Valkuntam a local merchant. Regular pujas are offered during the day. About thirty to forty devotees participate in the pujas every day. Harikathas, Purana Kalakshepam and Purushasu­ktam parayanam are also arranged Within the premises of the temple. It has a dharmasala and a residential quarter for pujari, The dharmosala is the venue for Harikadhas and Puranakalashepams· The temple has five acres (2.02 hectares) of wet and ten acres (4.05 hectares) dry land besides one acre allotted to the pujari.

\ 2 Mahalakshmi Devalayam :

33. This is an ancient temple constructed nearly 200 years ago with stones on an area of 20 sq. metres and a small verandah constructed over stone pillars about 6 ft. in height. At the main­entrance, two one metre heigh stone idols of Dwarapalakas carved in stone are installed. The principal deity is MahalakshmL The idol of Mahalakshmi is beautifully carved on one metre stone slab with four hands. A dagger in the right hand, with kumkuma bharine (casket of vermilion) In the left and lotus and chakra in the other two. hands. It gives an imposing look. Besides regular pujas. Devl Nava­raUu/u (celebrations held on the eve of Dasara festival) attracc many devotees regularly. A big procession is also taken out on Dasara day carrying the portrait of Goddess in a palanquin.

13 3ama Masjid, Mantbani : 34. During 1345 Fasli (i.e., '935) Sri Syed Sha Ali Nasrl. the

then Tahsildar of Manthani taluk took steps to remodel the Masjid by obtaining sanction of Rs. 2.200 from the Niz.am Government and also raised a contribution of Rs. 1,500 from the local people. Ex­penses of the mosque are met by regular subscriptions collected,out of which the kazi Is paid Rs.-40 per month. Besides this mosque, there 15 an Idgah located outside the town in the south-west direction which is said to have been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb during his military campaigns in Deccan, especially on Golconda In 1687 A.D.

164

35. Mabila Mandali: It was formed during 1966 and now secured registration also. Its main aim is to promote the intere­sts of women and take up schemes for social uplift of the women. There are 28 members of the Mandali. The Mandali is presently located in a rented bui Id iog, on a rent of Rs. 10 per month. While Gram Panchaya~ has allotted 75 cents

of land for the construction of a building. the Panchayat Samithl ~s provIded Rs 5,000. This allotment is now increased to Rs. 12,000. Construction of the building is in progress. The foun­dation stone was laid by Sri P. V. Narasimh~l Rao, former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.

Office bearers of the lVlahila l.Vfandali are

1. Smt. D. Aruna President

2. Smt. C. Jayaprada Vice-President

3. Smt. P. Nagalaxmi Secretary

4. Smt. P. Jayalaxmi joint Secratary

36. Literature : Some of the Brahmin families are stili in possession of valuable literature in Telugu and Sanskrit written on palm leaves, manuscripts which have not been printed so far~

Among those, sweetest poetical works are 'Manthani Ramayanam' and 'Sivapuranam' of Sri Muddu Balambhattu of 18th century in

Yakshagana form. Few poems are reproduced at Annexure 1-(2) No efforts have been so far put in to un\lertake the printing of these two books. The 'Andhra Pr~desh Sahitya Academy, would be renderIng a useful service to the Telugu literature and culture by arranging the printing of these literary works. Here a mentic:n

can be made that an elementary sc.hool teacher by name Sri Ananta­

rajan. resident of Manthani has done a very good service to the public by supplying about fifty copies of the above two books in manuscript. In the year 1926, a Telugu monthly manuscript magazine namely "Prabodha Chandrika·' was started both in poetry and prose under the editorship of Sri Venkatrajan Avadhany. local scholar. The editor himself is a scholar~ advo­cate. social worker and Vaidya'lara. Sri Venkatarajan Avadhany

165

is also the authour of (1) Agnisabda Mahatyam (~f\d.~~ ~oreSgo) (2) Janma Rahasyam (e.s~c$~~:5so). and (3) Laksbmi Sathakam (~.td.~~S"o), The first two have already been publIshed. He possesses very intimate knowledge of the art. literature. history and growth of Manthani town. From his Lakshmi Sathakam few lines are reproduced at Annexure 1-3. Sri Vajjhula Rajaram Sarma. a Ghanapati of this place had written 'Punarvlvaha sastram (~::i8.s~~ w-~~ i. e. book on Remarriages) in 1920's. Sri Rampalli Narasayya. Sangeeta Vidwan, well versed in north-Indian, music is a native of this town.

37. Late Sri Rao Bahadur Dahagam Laxminarayana settled in Kanhan, Nagpur district, then in Central Provinces, India now in Maharascra state hails from this town. He donated ne.ariy two lakhs worth of valuable books to the Andhra University and dona· ted an amount of Rs. 39.87,363 to the Nagpur University earmar­ked for the teaching of Applied Science and Chemistry. Further, this institution was named after him as LaXrilinarayana Institute of Technology. He also donated on-e lakh of rupees to the servants of India SOCiety at Poona to maintain a permanent Branch at N3g­pur. He donated whole of his property for the public institu~ cions.

38. Sri Lakshminarayana held several positions of honour in the then central provinces (now in Maharashtra) like Honcrary Magistrate. Member of District Board, Member of the Legislative Assembly> Member of the Industries Board, President of Pioneer Insurance Company. Nagpur, etc. It is no exaggeration to say that no one in Andhra Pradesh state has donated so much property for the public good.

39. A mention can also be made about Sri Varahala Rajanna.,. Ghanapati who established great fame in Baroda Sarnsthan as Vedapandit. He used to get Rs. 700 per year in those days as 'Panditabhruthi' by the Maharaja of Baroda during his life time.

40. A Panchangam or diary (almanac in Telugu language is­published annually from Manthanl by Sri Dulam Ganapthi Siddhanti since last thlrty.two years. About 1,000 copies are printed and

166

'Supplied in the town and throughout the district. In this venture he gets a remuneration of about one thousand rupees per year.

41. The elite of the town have played a notable role in the liberation struggle against the Nizam's Government. during 19405 and freedom movement of the All India Congress Committee. Six: eminent persons of the town have been awarded 'Tamrapatras' (Certificates inseri bed on ,copper plates) in token of the suffer; ngs they underwent inel uding imprisonment. Names of 'Tam rapatra' holders are Sarvasri (1) Lake Lakshmana Sarma (2) Loke Viswan­adha Rao. (3) Raghunadha Rao Kache,(4)Ganapathf Rao Vakeel, (5) Avadhanula Krishnaiah (and (6) Anantha Venkata Rajan Avadhany.

CHAPTER XIII

Linkages and Continoa

Manthani is one of the seven taluks of Karimnagar districc situated towards North-East on the B. T. Road of Karlmnagar­Mahadevpur, at a distance of E6 kilomeues. from district head­quarters. The significance of the town lies in its historic back­ground as a centre of learning and also a place of pilgrimage. River Godavari which is about a mile away from the town is an added attraction. In the whole taluk, with 144 inhabited and twenty seven uninhabited villages, only Manthani Is declared as town, By virtue of being the headquarters town of t.he tal uk, all public offices, i. e., Block (Panchayat Samithi) Office, Taluk Office, Munsiff Court, Assistant Engineer (Public Works Depart-· ments). Central EXcise, Forest Range Office, Land Mortgage Bank and other commercial banks are located here.

2. Urban status of a town signifies the availability of CIVIC:

amenities Ii ke protected water supply, drainage, electricity, transport and communications. educational facilities, and parti­cularJy the ratio of population depending on agriculture.

3. In order to present a comprehensive ~picture of Manthani. comparative statistics of the district, other taluks and adjoIning towns in various fields of economic actIvity requires doser st.udy_ Paragraphs below cover the details of population, density, literacy edUC2tional facilities, wokers and non-workers, cultivable area~

number of vi lIages electrified. post and telegraphic facil ities ~

communications, medical and health facilities avai lable in Karim-nagar, other taluk headquarter towns and Manthani.

Rate of increase in houses, housesholds, aod variation in density of population :

4. The total geograpl'\ical area of the district is 11.884.9 Sq~ Kms. of which Manthani taluk has maximum area in comparisoB With other taluks. Compared to 196 [. increase In the number

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of houses and housedolds~ recorded in the district during 1971,

is 18.43 per cent and 19.92 per cent and Similar increase in Man­

than; is 19.22 per cent and 22.98 per cent respectively. While

MetpaLli taluk registered maximum precentage of increase i. e, 41.46 and 37.09; Huzurabad has recorded the minimum with

12.73 per cent and t 5.15 per cent respectively. Taluk Manthani.

it is seen, occupies t.hird and fourth place in the district, in regard

to the increase registered in the percentage of houses and

households. As to the density of population, increase is minimum

in the district j. e .• only 10 per Sq. Km. compared to 57 in

Metpalll, 42 In Peddapalle. and 33 in Huzurabad (Table 78).

5. During the decade 1961-7 J the percentage of literacy in

the district. increased from 12.9 to 15.31 i.e .• by 2.41 per cenc. While Huzurabad taluk recorded the maximum increase of 4.94

per cent followed by Karimnagar taluk with 4.15 per ceot, the

minimum increase of 0.95 per cent is recorded in MetpalH taluk.

Out of the seven taluks of the district. Manthani remained the 'as~ but one taluk with an increase of only L 15 per cent over the decade. The literacy rate and the decadal increase in the t:aluk, an ancient seat of learning having Mant:hani as its headquaters, standing at 10.98% and 1.15% respectively are too small. In respect of workers. there is a decrease in tne percentage by 10.55 over the district i. e, from 56.68 per cent in 1961 to 46.13 per cent in 1971. This general decrease is due to change in definition of 'worker' from 1961 to 1971 Census. While- in 1961 the percent­

age of workers in Manchani taluk is Just a little over the dhtr ict

average, in 1971 it is lower than the district average by 3.6 per

cent. Over the decade, the percentage variation In workers ')f

the district was 10.55 per cent. However, when compared to the

other urban areas of the district in 1971 the percentage of workers

Is more in Manchani town (Statement IV- I 9).

6. The foUowing statement gives particulars of average culti­vation land and average cultivable waste land per village in 'the· seven taluks of tile district.

170

STATEMENT XIII - (2)

PERCENTAGE AVERAGE CULTIVABLE WASTE TO AVERAGE

CULTIVATED LAND PER VILLAGE BY TALUK

Percentage

Average of average cultivable

cultiv- waste per Total ated Average village to No. Total cul- land per Total cu- cultivable average of tivated village Itivable waste cultivated

Name of vill- land (in (in ac- waste (in per land per the taluk ages acres) res) acres) village village

2 3 4 5 6 7

Karimnagar 178 3,29,058 1,849 51,128 287 15.5

Sirsilla 173 2,41,771 1,398 48,795 282 20.2

Metpalli 96 1,48,659 1,549 8,190 85 5.5

Jagtial 155 2,13~781 1,379 33,737 218 15.8

Peddapalle 185 2,87,279 1,553 54,895 297 19.1

Manthani 168 2,05,289 1.222 1,77,706 1,058 86.6

Huzurabad 132 1,82,275 1,381 83,669 634 45.9

Total: 1,087 16,08,\ 12 1,479 4,58.120 421 28.5

7. The district average figure is 1,479 acres. While high­

est area of J .849 acres is found In Karimnagar tal uk, Manthanr

with 1,222 acres occupies the lowest place in the district. Likewise. proportion of average cultivable land in each village in Manthani is the highest in the: district, i. e., 86.6 percent with

Met-palli having only 5.5 percent. This clearly shows that exploi­

tation of natural resources. land/water, Is at its lowest in Manthan"

taluk.

171

STATEMENT XIII - (3)

TALUK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES BY SIZE OF POPULATION

Number of villages by population Vil!a~ Less 200- 500- 1,000 2,000- 5,000- 10,000

Name of ges than 499 999- 1999 4999 9999 and th e t:alu k linha- 200 above Remarks

bited)

-~-----

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 --------

Karimnagar 178 4 11 30 65 62 5

Sinilla 169 5 16 32 71 42 3

Metpalli 93 2 8 14 37 30 2

Jagtial 154 16 35 60 38 5 Peddapalle 182 6 15 35 71 50 5 Manthani 144 23 47 41 24 9

Huzurabad 132 1 5 13 47 59 5 2

TOTAL 1.051 41 118 200 375 290 25 2

8. There are 1,097 vi lI:ages in Karimnagar dist rief accord Ing

to 1971 census. Among them 1,05' are inhabited and 36 unin­habited. There are 159 Villages or about l5.1 percent of the inhabited Villages with a population of less than 500 per­

sons each, 19 percent between 500-999, 35.7 percent between

1,000-1,999. 27.6 percent between 2,000-4,990 and only twenty­seven Villages or 2.6 percent with a population of 5~OOO persons or more each. On the whole maximum Villages are in the ranges of 1000-1999. The picture of Manthani makes an interesting reading. Compared to all other taluks of the district, maximum number of villages in the taluk. i. P.:. twenty-three are In the popula~ion range of less than 200. Similarly In the range of 200 to 499 and 500 to 999 also the number of villages in the taluk is hi ghest in the district~ In the ?opulation range of 1 )GOO to 1,999 and 2,000 to 4.999 however_ number of villages Is the minimum.

172

STATEMENT XIII - (4) POST AND TELEGRAPH FACILITIES IN THE VILLAGES BY TALUK

Total number of villages havin~ ______ Post Number of

Tele- and Tele- post offices Name of Inhabited Post graph graph Pho- per 100 sq. t:he t:aluk villages offices. offices. offices. nes kms.

--~-

2 3 4 5 6 7

Karirnnagar 178 116 2 2 6.31 Sirsilla 169 113 2 6.18 Metpalli 93 59 6.61 Jagtial 154 91 1 J 5.21 Peddapalle 182 98 3 1 3 5.47 Manthani 144 33 I 1.25 Huzurabad 132 103 3 7.10

-~--

TOTAL: 1.051 613 1 2 1 6 5.30

9. Out ot - 1,051 inhabited Villages in the district, 613 have post offices, while twelve villagt;!s have telegraph facilit.ies~ one Village is provided with both post and telegraph office facility. Only six villages have telephone connections in the district. The proportion of Villages having p::>st office is relatively higher in Huzurabad taluk while it is lowest in Manthani taluk where only 23 percent of the total Villages have postal facilities which in turn works O(Jt to 1.25 post office per 100 sq. km.

STATEMENT XII - (5) TALUKWISE NUMBER OF VILLAGES ELECTRIFIED

Percentage of electrified Name of Total No. No.' of elec- Villages to total number of the taluk of villages tri fied V j Ilages villages

2 2 3 4

Karimnagar 178 91 51.1 Si,-silla 173 39 22.5 Metpalli 96 8 8.3 Jagtiai 155 ~3 14.8 Peddapalli 185 60 32.4 Manthani 168 12 7.1 Huzurabad 132 71 53.7

TOTAL: 1,087 304 28.0

173

10. Comparatively Huzurabad taluk has a higher proportiont

to e., 53.7 percent of villages electrified. Karimnagar taluk comes next in the order with 5 t.1 precent. Manthani tal uk has the lowest proportion of onl, 7.1 percent vi Ilages electrifi~d.

STATEMENT XIII - (6)

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS PER 10,000 POPULATION IN THE TOWNS OF KAR!MNAGAR DISTRICT

Number of schools for 10,000 population

Name of Higher secondary Junior secondary the town or secondary or middle Primary

2 3 4

Karimnagar 1.6 1.6 2.5 KothapaHe Haveli 1.5 3.0 $irsilla 0.7 0.4 2.6 Vemulawada 1.0 4.2 Koratla 0.6 0.6 3.4 Metpalli 0.7 2.2 0.7 Jagtial 0.6 1,9 2.6

Jangaon 0.4 0.9 Peddapalle 1.2 0.6 3.0 Rarnagundam 1.1 1.1 1.1

Manchanl 1.8 0.9 10.0

ALL TOWNS 1.0 1.0 2.8

From the above statement, it is evident that the ed ucation

facilities at Primary level are compara~ively more at Manthani.

12. A statement showing the status, growth, hist:ory~

physical aspects, civic and other amenities in the adjoining towns of rna", hani and at district headq uarters, karimnagat in 1969 is furnished below:

174

STATEMENT XIII- (7)

MANTHANI AND SOME NEAR BY TOWNS - COMPARISON OF CERTAIN AMENITIES

Name of the town

Civic ad ministra t:ion sta­tus in 1970

Population of the census of

1951 1961 1971

Physical aspects 50 years average rain fall

---~----- ---_ .. _----- ---. 2 3 4 5 6

._------

Karimnagar Municipal- 23,826 31,554 48,918 879.0 Iity

Manthani Panchayat 8,701 7,779 11,134 946.6

Jangaon Panchayat Not:ified as t:own 23,053 N.A. in 1971 census.

Peddapalle Panchayat 11,518 11,712 16.811 946-6 in J 97 J census.

Ramagundam Panchayat Notified as town 8.875 *685-9 in 1971 census.

(Contd .)

Physical aspects Electrification (Number of connections)

System Method Dome- Indus- Comme- Roadligh-Temperature in of se- of di- stic trial rcial dng centigrade werage sposal Maximum Minimum (Points) Others

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 H 15

38.9 27.2 OSD Hl 2,265 67 777 846 177 46.0 10.6 OSD,S B 300 I J 46 165 46.0 10.6 S B 91 6 123 241 39 46.0 10.6 OSD B 343 29 213 192 46.0 10.0 OSDS B 482 5 64 183

* Average for 7 years; OSD-open surface drinage; sewerages:

13. A statement showing the educational and recreational facilities at manthanl and other adjoining towns Is furnlshed below:

175

STATEMENT XIII - (8)

MANTHANI TOWN AND SOME NEARBY TOWNS-COMPARISON OF

CERTAIN AMENITIES

ArtsJ Recognised Higher Junior Pq- Oth Ci- Public scie shorthand secon- secon- mary ers ne- I ibrari-nce typewriti- dary dary schools mas es incl-Comm ng and ot or se- schools uding erce her vocat- conda- reading

Name coll- ional tra ry sc- rooms oftha eges ining ins hools tOwn titutes

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Karim-nagar (Dt. Hqs. Town)1 3 8 8 12 4 3

Manthani - 2 6

Jangaon I 2

Peddasalle - 2 I 5

Rama- I gundam

14. The comparative figures of the adjoining towns of Man­thani in respect of househols. population and literacy etc., are seen in Table. 79.

Manthani And Some Hinterland Villages (Rural~ Urban linkages)

15. To measure the pattern of interrelation between the urban area and rural hfnteriand, 10 villages located ~:m different transport routes going out of the town have been canvassed during the brief survey of the town. Among the ten villages, six villages are within a radius of I to 10 kms. from the town and 4 'Villages are in 11 to 20 kms. radius. Whi Ie five of them are connected With the PWD road through which Road Transport Corporation buses are plying regularly. other five villages have either the Zilla Parishad or Morum (gravel) roads of PanchaY2t Samithl Manthanl and served by private buses.

176

STA TEMENT -XIH-(9)

DETAILS OF TRANSPORT ROUTES CONNECTED TO THE SELECTED VILLAGES

SI. Name of No. the village

2

Name of the transport route

3

Distance from the 'town

1-10 11-20 kms. kms.

4 5

No. of daily

trips from the

town

6 ----,--~ ---- ---~- ---,- - --- - --- --- --- ~-~~--.- ----- ~----- ---.---_ -----

1 Battupalle RTC (Manthani-Venkatapur! 6 Manchani-Mahadevpur)

2 Eklaspur -do- 6

3 GL.lmnur Private S~rvice 2 (Manthani-M uttaram)

4 Gunjapadiga Private Service (Manthani- 2 Godavari Khani)

5 Kesanapalle Private S~rvlce 2 (Manthani- Mutharam)

6 Mutharam -do- 2

7 Nagaram Private Service (Manthani- 2 Godavari Khani)

8 Puttapaka RTC (Peddapalle-Manthani) 6

9 Surnepalle RTC (Manthani-Venkatapur) 6

10 Venkatapur RTC (Manthani -Venkatapur) 6

16. It is seen from table 80, the maximum increase In popu­Inion. Le., 35.70 percent is found in Gunjapadiga village which is to kms. away from the bown. This village is situated 6 kms. from Jangaon town, headquarters of coal fields. Increase in the population represents the inm Igratlon of people tn search of employment prospects at Jangaon, during the decade. The density of populaticn is more in Kesanapalle village; i. e.~ 1,108 persons per sq. mi\e (42.8 persons per sq. km.). Next comes Mutharam With 1,078 persons per sq. mile. (416 persons per sq. km.). In respect of houses, percentage of increase is highest, jn Surnepalle vjlJage, i.e .• 33.33 percent and next in order is

CHINNUR TALUK ADILABAD DiS1RICT

PARKAL TAlUK WARANGAl DISTRICT

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MANTHANI TALUK

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Eklaspur village with 32.79 percent. Similarly In regard to the households. it Is seen that Mutharam takes the lead with 36.69-percent and nel(t in order are Battupalle and Eklaspur villages, which have registered 35 percent and 32.29 percent increase respectively. In the field of literacy during the decade, number has gone up from ~8 to 152 in Eklaspur village which is only .3 km. from Manthani town and represents the direct result of urban influence. Further. this village practically depends on Manthani. for all the daily needs Le., marketing of goods, medical and health facilities, earning wages both for agricultural and non-agricultural labour etc.

17. From Table 81, it is seen that more percentage of increase in workers category i; found in Eklaspur, Gunjapadiga. Bhattupalle. Nagaram and Puttapaka villages. All the above villages are situated between l-lO kms. from Manthani and ao indirect influence of urban atmosphere is thus eVident. Similarly, percentage variation is also more in respect of workers. other than agr iculture in the villages located between 1-10 kms. {rom Manthan! town. Particulars showing the details of availability of basic amenities in the selected villages are furnished in Table 82. Brief Discription of tbe Selected l'mages

I. BattupaUe:

18. Battupalle is a small village Inhabited by 354 per­sons comprising 184 males and 170 females. It is Ic:.lcated 10 kms. away from the town towards East. Out of the 354 persons. 184 are Scheduled Tribes (Naiks), twenty-eight are Scheduled Castes (Harijans) and the rest are Golla and other castes. While SO percent of the population is engaged in agriculture remaining ar~ agricultural labourers. The staple food grains eaten are rice. jowar and maize. A Panthayat Samithi Elementary school is located in the Village. They purchase the household commodities <Urectly from Manthani market. 2. Eklaspur:

19. Eklaspur is a Village with a population of 1,846 persons comprising 961 males and 885 females. Among those 445 are Scheduled Castes, thirty-two are Scheduled Tribes and the rest are other Hindu castes. This village Is ~djacenrly located to the town at 3 kms. on the Manthanl-Venkatapur road. About 200 persons of this Village are engaged In different establishments

178

'at Manchani Manthani market is the only nearest and biggest ,centre catering all to the needs of this vIllage. There ts a Forest Guest House In which forest officers and other officers of the ,district camp during tours to Manthanl. All the surp\us agri­-cultural prc-duce and the firewood from the nearby forest are ·marketed in Manthanl town only.

:3. Gumnur:

20. Gumnur is a small village inhabited by 1,068 persons .comprising 551 males and 517 famales. The major castes tn the village are Reddy. Kapu, Golla, Mala and Mad!ga besides few Vysya familes. About 75 percent of the inhabitants are agriculturists. Rice, jowar and maize are the cerea\s pro­duced In the village. There Is not a single shop or 3. commerclal establishment In the Village. People commute to Manthanl town for all thei r needs.

4. Gunjapadiga:

21. Gunjapadiga is a Village With a population of 1,273; 1,172 males and 1,10 l females. There are a primary school and a secondary school. This village is situated on the Manthani­Gadavarikhani private bus route. Agriculture is the main occupation of the villagers. The major castes in the village are Brahmin. Kapu. Tenugu. Sale, Chakali. Mangali, jangam and Vysya and the Scheduled caste of Mannepu and Madiga. Agrl­culturaf labourers are mostly from Tenugu, Mannepu. Madiga Sale and Kapu castes. Manthani is at a disunce of '0 kms. from "the town. There is a small library with 200 books for the public: use. It is a growing vllfage with prospec.ts for rapid deve'opment on account of Jangaon town, which is hardly 6 kms. away.

5. Kesanapalle:

22. It is a small Village wi~h a population of '.385 persons 'Comprising 709 males and 676 females. It is located on M9n­'than'-Mutharam road at a distance of 14 kms. Private bus abo ·runs on thiS route. There Is a Panchayat SamJthi primary school. The major communities In the Village are Reddy. Kapu. Golla. Tenugu, Sale. Madlga, Mannepu and Muslims. Rice, jowar and maIze :are the staple food grains taken by t.he village.rs.

179

6. M utharam :

23. Mutharam Is a big village inhabIted by 2,685 persons comprising 1,339 males and 1,346 females. Private bus servfce runs from Manth~mi to Mutharam. which is J 6 kms. away_ Brahmin, Reddy, Velama and Vysya castes constltut.e 60 percent. of t.he t.otal population. There is flqur and rfce mill in the village .. There are five kirana shops selling all types of consumer and general goods. The nearest town and regulated market centre ts Manthani. where all their agricultural produce is marketed. They purchase all their household goods from Manthani market only_

7. Nagaram.

24. Nagaram Ls a small village with a population of 1,228 persons of which 651 are males and 577 females. It: Is situated on the Manthani Godavarikhani route. About 30 percent of the people In the Village are engaged in agriculture. mostly as agricul-

ural labourers. Their staple food is rice. There Is multipurpose­

co-operative society with a membership of seventy persons. A

branch library and a Mahilamandali are also located here_ People of t.his Village visit Manthani market on every Sunday for­

the sales of agricultural goods and other requirments. Vegetables. foodgrains. etc., are commonly purchased from the above maaket-

8. Puttapaka.

25. Puttapaka is a small Village inhabited by 877 persons. There are 458 males and 418 females. This village is situated on the Karimnagar~Manthani route at a distance of 8 kms. There are 3 hamlets-Mahbubpet. Nagarapalle and Sallapalle within a radious of one mile from the main v;lIage. There 3re about ten Scheduled. Caste families, six Muslim familIes and 6S other Hindu families. About 80 percent of the people are engaged in agriculture. They are mostly from Reddy. Munnurukapu. Vysya and Golla communi­ties. Madiga, Mannepu and Kuruma communities are engaged as agricultural labourers. Six persons from this Village are emp­loyed in coal mines at Jangaon. Agricultural produce of this. Village is marketed at Manthani or Peddapalle towns.

180

9. Surnepalle:

26. This is a small village with a population of 212 persons comprising 116 males and 96 females. This village is situated on ~he Manthani-Venkatapur route, about 18 kms_ from Manthan!. Fifty percent of ~he people are engaged in agriculture. But almost all the households h'lve agriculture. Most of the persons purchase their household goods from the Manthani market only. It comes under Adavi-Somanapalle Panchayat, situated at about 4 kms. from Su rnepalle

10. Venkatapur;

27. This is a small Village with a population of 774 persons. There are 426 males and 348 females. It is the terminus of Karimnagar-Venkatapu r RTC bus route, situated on the left­bank of the river Manair. There is a hamlet by name Harijana wada with 30 Scheduled caste familles_ Kapu, Golla, Goundla and Chakali are the main communities besides the Scheduled Castes people. While 50 percent of the villagers are engaged in agricul­ture 200 persons work as agricultural labourers or in construction work in the neighbouring villages. Most of their agricultural ,produce is marketed at Manthanl.

CHAPTER XIV

Conclusion

As already di5cussed in the previous chapters, Manthani is a­remote town on the rtght bank of River Godavari (once known as Manthrakuta or Manyutheertha in the epics). It has a rich cultu­ral heritage and history. It is one of the holy places along the river Godavari. It has an intellectual atlra of its own. It was one of the greatest centres of learning, humming wIth the recitations of hundreds of disciples of Sage Gauthama during the days of Skandhapurana (epic). Sti II il: continues to be a centre. where several scholars oriented in t.he traditional learning could be· found.

2. This being a small tawil, normally access to place of work. is within che walking distance and hence not a probJem. Crime is negligi ble. Educational faci litles upto under grad uate (Inter medi­ate) level are available in the town. local Panchayat suffers from· meagre finances and people are also not economically well off. Street lighting, pPojed water supply and conservancy are the amenities provided by the local body. Rural features persist every where but urban characteristics have not percolated. This town is categorised as a 'primary activity' town as 55.42 percent of the total workers are engaged In the primary sector· 14.80 percent In the secondary sector and t.he remaining 29.78 percent in the tertiary sector. So. agriculture is the main stay of the town. Source of irrigation is mostly tanks and there had . been no lncrease In the area under Irrigation. Similarly no change in· the crop pattern is discernible except the introduction of virginia tobacco during 1950's by some enthusiastic agriculturists from Guntur and Krishna distrIcts. However, due to technical help and assistance of t.he Panchayat Samithi. supply of improved seeds. Introduction of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. etc.~ agricultural yields have gone up.

182

3. This town has no attractions for outside or migrant popu-1ation as no Industry worth ~he name has been set up. nor any characteristics of urban growth are eVident. Even marriagf! migration is also limited as alliances among almost all communities are settled within the town and from the nearby Villages. Con­tracting marriages outside the district and also 1:he state is con­fined to some Brahmins. These alliances are from the adjoining districts of Warangal, Adilabad etc., of the state and also nearby places In Maharashtra state.

4. As this t.OWtl \s neaT to M .. harasnua bOTtier, t.here is a blending of Telugu (Telangana) and Marathl cultures in dress and address as well. From the surnames of several families of the town, it can be said t:hat the forefathers of about: 150 Brahm in families migrated from Maharashrra state including Marathwada region of ex-Hyderabad state and settled here long back. i.e .• t:wo centur-ies ago. These and several of the local Brahmins can also speak fluent Marathi, because of their regular visits on pravasam for about 4 to 5 months a year, as cooks and Veda Pandlts (Ghanapatis) etc., to far off places outside the district and the state. mostly to towns and cities in Maharas.htra stat.e t:.o earn a liVing. This is a kind of seasonal or temporary migration which is confined to a tittle over 200 Brahmins. Thus the high caste people of Brahmins const.ituting the elite have opportunities of widening their knowledge and vision of life and living, while lower middle class and others lag behind in their awareness of the out­side world.

5. The habitats s.eem to have thEoi r origin near fresh water tanks of Thammicheruvukatta and Revulacheruvukatta etc. The habitats go mostly by castes and in certain habitats the constella~

tlons of nearer 0.' similar castes and communit ies are hudd led together_ Some of the castes have even their traditional kula panchayats or caste councils. The rural social structure of the neighbouring Villages of the taluk is reflected in the town through the above features. The habitat Gangapu ri t.hat came up in 1958

.. after the flood hevoc that washed away nearly '00 houses Is by no means new but a measure of rehabilitation of the people affected. Except a few houses, most of the old habitat (Line-gadda) was shifted from the northern side to the southern side of the Karim-

183

nagar-Mahadevpur district high way. This growth does neither­reflect an advancement nor retardation of the social structure of· of the town.

6. A cluster of service functions of the town are met by· the Penjeruvukatta area where t.he bus-stand, admlstrative offices jike taluk office, sub-treasury~ panchayat samithi office. munslff magistrate court, poJice station. telephone exchange, pos"t and telegraph offices. educat.lonal institutions \ike junior college. hotels weekly shandy. shopping centres. State Bank of Hyderabad etc., are located. Important temples. a few shops, hospital, land mortgage bank, co-operative central bank, girls' high school are located In Nadiveedhl, an elite centre where religious and recre­ational activities also take place. Thammicheru ... ukatta. Ravula­ch~rukatta and Vagugadda habitats are the next important centres of culture. Religious functions like Harikathas. puranakalak­shepas, Bhajans. '24 hours Hare- Rama. Hare-Krishna' Bhajans are· held at Nadiveedhi-Lakshminanayana temple. Evening discourses_ etc.. take place in these areas. The retail functions of each Of· the other areas are served by a few kirana shops in the area while wholesale and luxury service functions are met from PenjufUYu katta and Nadiveedhl areas. The growth of the town seems to have followed the -multiple nuclei' theory of urban growth pro­pounded by Chauncy D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman who held that land use pantern of urban areas develops around several discretes. i. e .• originally indepent nuclei, not around a single centre.

7 As has already been stated, there is neither growth nor development in the town to any noticeable degree. The hypoth­esis that lower classes increase at a greater rate than the upper classes does not hold good in regard to t.his t.own, in view of tbe limited comparability of data between 1961' and 1971 censuses. Only data on Scheduled castes population are available to "test the above hypotheSis. The Scheduled Caste population cccupy a low social status in the ladder of Hindu caste hierarchy and Incident­ally this constitutes a poor economic class. After necessary per .. mutations and combinations due to the merger of new areas in t.he.·

184

"Cown, It is found that the low class of Scheduled castes did not show any increase In their numbers in comparison with other locally sup~ and Economically better off classes during 1961-71. The supper classes in the social heirarchy did not show any tendency to move away from the centrally located areas to the out-ski rts for decent habitation. On the other hand. they are constructing hOl:.lses In the interspaces of their houses or in piace of

dilapidated houses thus I~adlng to unhygienic conditions In their respective localities.

8. Both social and geographical distances are maintained between! the upper and lower classes of the soctal he irarchy. The territorial mobility of the Vedapandits. cooks etc, for about 4 to 5 months in a year is of a temporary but regu­lar natu re confined to a little over 200 Brahmins. It has no impact on others except enhancing the intellect and knowtedge Of these people. There are no social mobility movements nor is there any SOCial mobiiity of a lower class attaining higher status in the town. The division of labour, functional interdependence and social stratification remained changeless. Spatial segregation and toleration of social differences have improved a little. Perso_ an' anonymity has no relevance. Maintenance of social distance has decreased a little apparently but In practice it isstlll without much change. The upper classes say that they have no objection If ~he lower class people like Manne and Madiga (Scheduled Castes) enter the temples or partlci pate in religious celebratLms but the lower classes hesitate to make a bold step forward all of a sudden as both the higher and lower classes are indl rectly controlled by the age-old social inh ibitions. customs and toboos. Amidst severa I stagnant aspects peculiar to this town, the only dynamic feature Is the gradual transformation of the oriental scholars and thei r progeny into professions on modern lines like engineering. medic­ine, law, language pandits and teachers In high schools, lecturers :in colleges etc., in considerable numbers.

9. Manthani has not had the advantage of locatIng any indust­~Ies worth the name. It primarily remains st:ill an agro-based ""town. Lack of entreprenuership apart. other attractions reqUired for lnvestment of capital are also, very. much Iimit.ed. (0 view of -che rich potentialities of forest wealth and other allied products~

185

"there is abundant scope to exploit the natural resources and set up forest based small-scale units.

10. When judged against this background, coupled with the extensive coal mining operations in the vicinity. prospect.s of Manthani developing into an industrial area do not appear to be a remote possibility. One of the two Thermal Stations supplying electric power to the state is located In Ramagundam, a new town at a distance of 20 krns. Jangaon known as Godavari Khani is another new townshl p of less than a decade's growth. Both are located in the neighbouring taluk of Peddapalle. Coal depOSits of Jangaon and extensi'le mining operations have changed the traditional ways of living of che population. The distance of 8 kms. between Ramagundam and Jangaon is covered by a pucca road. A feeder broad-gauge railway line js laid to send out: coal and also supply the basiC raw material to the Thermal Station. In between Jangaon and Mam:hani. coal fields have been excavated upto a distance of about 7 kms. Due to the impact of coal mining activity, intere~~ in agriculture has gone down especially because of the steep rise in the wages of labour. Bulk of agricultural la­bour is weaned away 'toward more lucrative operations of mining. With the result big landlords are forced to cultivate much smaller e:xtents with less number of plough units In the Villages around Jangoan. Added to this, well irrigation did not improve because of deep water table and high cos.t of well sinking.

11. Jangaon with a population of less than 5.000 (4,827) in 1961 increased to 23,053, I.e •• nearly five folds (378 percent) by 1971 and workers in mining itself numbered 4,715 formIng 69.6 percent of the total (6,775) worker:;.. This is tremendous growth-a queer little remote Village came out of the old moor­Ings of backward agricultural economy to develop into a mining in­dustrial town. A distance of 12 kms. is too small when the oper­ations are spread far and wide~ filling th,e gap between Manthant and Jangaon by a net work of road and rail communications.

12. A new trend of functional linkage between the mining town of Jangaon and Manchani would open up vistas of economic prosperity.

APPENDIX 1-1

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APPENDIX 1-3

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APPENDIX 11-1 LIST OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS AVAILABLE IN THE

LOCAL LIBRARY. MANTHANI.

DAILY - NEWS PAPERS

SI. Name No. of Language No.

I The Hindu 2 The Deccan Chr onicle 3 Andhra Bhoomi (tl0l~~8::D)

4 Andhra jyothi (~oL~§"',g)

5 Andhra Prabha (~oL~~~)

WEEKLIES

I The Illustrated Weekly of India 2 Blitz 3 Andhra Sachitra Varapatrika

(uoLQ~wL 8o:5"~~L e9s) 4 Andhra Jyothl (YO~~giS{3)

S Andh ra Prabha (~oL~l 05~)

FORTNIGHTLY

1 Samya Yogamu

MONTHLY

1 Bharati (~~,§)

2 Yuva (~;S) 3 Chandamama (iSoe:5~;;:S:,)

4 Balamitra (~e;~li5)

5 Bommarillu (w~~e~)

copies

1 English 1 English 1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 English .. English 1

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

1 Telugu

J Telugu

1 Telugu'

SI. Name No.

6 Swathi (cO-c.,S@) 7 Vidyardhi (g)O"S~)

8 Adrushtam (~CS~~o) 9 Shree Aravinda Karmadhara

(~ e!log)oo ~b'~~CS)

10 Telugu Desam Ce=ru""3-ifo)

QUARTERLY

Prasaritha (l~~e~)

BOOKS OF LANGUAGES

Telugu 2 English 3 Hindi 4 Urdu

Total

194

No. of Language Copies

1 Telugu

Telugu

1 Telugu

Te'ugu

1 Telugu

(The supply of this is st.opped at. present)

1

3,884 430

59 3

4,376

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Birth Place

TABLE 25

POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY PLACE OF BIRTH

Rural/Urban Unclassi­

fiable

2

Persons

3

Total Males

4

262

Females

5 -- ~- -------------~----------

Total Population

A. Born In India

I) WI th in the State of enumeration

a) Born in Place of enumeration

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Undassifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

b) Born elsewhere in Rural district of Urban enumeration Unci assifiable

c) Born In other Rural districts of State Urban

Unclassifiable

If States in India beyond the State of enumeration

a) Bihar

b) Delhi

c) Gujarat

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unclass ifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiab'e

1 1,134

1,933 9,195

[

1,897 9,109

8,568

1,561 242

336 299

36 86

1

2

1

4

5,473

446 5,024

433 4,997

4,774

319 77

114 146

13 27

2

2

5.66\

1,487 4,171

1

1,464 4.112

3,794

1.242 165

222 153

23 S9

1

2

TABLE 25 -(Contd.) 263

POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY PLACE OF BIRTH

RuraljU rban Unclsssi - Total

Birth Place fiable Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 - __ r _~~~_.

-------~-~--

(d) Kerala Rural 2 2 Urban U nclassifiable

(e) Maharashtra Rural 25 8 17 Urban 58 18 40 U nc.lassi fiable

<f> Madhya Rural 2 2 Pradesh Urban 7 3 4

Unclassifiable

(g) Karnataka Rural Urban 2 2 Undassifiable

(h) Rajastnan Rural 3 3 Urban 1 1 Unclassjfiable

(i) Tamil Nadu Rural Urban 1 I 2 9 Unclassifiable 1

(j) Uttar Pradesh Rural 1 1 Urban 1 I Unclassifiable

B. Born in Countries " 3 2 -in ASia beyond India ( Incl. USSR.)

NEPAL 5 3 2

(Chapter VI-Paras 2 and 3)

TABLE 26 264

POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY PLACE OF BIRTH, PERSONS BORN IN

OTHER DISTRICTS OF THE STATE AND ENUMERATED IN THIS ,OWN

District of Birth

Total

1. East. Godavari

2. West Godavari

3. Krishna

4. Guntur

S. Ongele (Prakasam)

6. Nellore

7. Kurnool

8. Mahbubnagar

Rural/Urban U nclassifi­

able

2

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unci assjfiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Uncfassifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Undassiflabie

Enumerated in Manthani Town

-'P~e~r-so-n-s-Males F-e m-al~e-s

3

635

1 1

2 3

4 3

2 5

4 1

3

9 18

4

260

1 1

1 2

3 1

1 2

1

2

2

5 10

5

375

I 2

I 3

2 1

1

4 8

TABLE 26 -(Contd.) 265

POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY PLACE OF BIRTH, PERSONS BORN IN

OTHER DISTRICTS OF THE STATE AND ENUMERATED IN THIS TOWN

Distric.t of Birth

-------- -~---

9. Hyderabad

10. Medak

11. Nizamabad

12. Adilabad

13. Warangal

14. Khammam

15. Nalgonda

Rural/Urban Unclassfi­

able Enumerated in Manthani Town

Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 ~- -----------------

Rural 2 Urban 74 Unclassifiable

Rural 5 Urban 3 Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unc1assifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

Rural Urban Unclassifiable

7 4

200 76

90 91

Rural 1 Urban 10 Unclassifiable

Rural 8 Urban 7 Unclasslfiable

1 )]

3 2.

5 J

54 22

31 62

4

6 6

1 43

2 1

2 3

146 54

59 29

I 6

2

(Chapter V'-Para .of)

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TABLE 53 323 DISTRI8UTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AGE ANDSEX

Total No. of No. of households where the head of Re SI. Age group of No. head of Households household is marks

I 2 3 4 5

household Male Female

2 3 4 5 -~---.

0-14 15-24 .. 4 25-44 97 94 3 45-5~ 61 56 5 60 + 39 36 3

------

Total 201 190 1 1

(Chapter VIII-Para 12)

TABLE 54

DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DURATION OF STAY OF ANY MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND TYPE

SI. Duration of Stay in Present Residence

6

No. Type of Household -Number of Households with duration of stay in the Re-present residence

-Less than----S-9 10-19 20 +- -__ Total ma,.ks 5 years Years Years Years

2 3

1 Nuclear 8 2 Supplemented Nuclear 3 Sub.Nuciear 4 SJngle Person Household_ 2 5 Collateral joint Family 6 Lineal Joint Family 7 Lineal Collateral Joint

Family I Others

Total

4 5

2 3

2 4

6

97 6 I 7

36 2 9

27

185

7

110 6 1

10 36

2 9

27

201

(Chapter VIII-Para 13)

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TABLE 56

HOUSEHOLDS WHOSE CLOSE FAMILY MEMBERS ARE STAYING OUTSIDE BY

RELIGION ANO CASTE/TRIBE/COMMUNITY AND STATE OF

BELONGING OF HEAD Of HOUSEHOLD

Religion and Castel Total No. of Number of Households whose family No. Tribe I Community House holds members are staying outside and

325

where head of household belongs to Remarks

Same State Other Country in (Andhra Pradesh) Asia beyond India

(Incl. USSR)

2 3 4 5 6 .. _-"----

I HINDU

1 Ayyavarlu 1 1

2 Brahmin 25 25 3 Boya 6 6

4 Gurkha 1 I

5 Kapu 1

6 Kamsali 1 1

7 Mangali 1 1

8 Reddy 2 2 9 Vysya 3 3

SCHEDULED CASTES

1 Manne 2 2

2 Madlga I

II ISLAM

Muslim 2 2

Total 46 45 1

(Chapter V!II-Para 14)

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TABLE 69 344

~ELATION OF HOUSES WITH ADJOINING HOUSES BY STATE/DISTR.ICT TO WHICH HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD BELONGS

State/ District Separate Number Number of Number of to which Houses of houses houses are houses which

SI. head of Mother with without flats in are floors in RE-No. household Tongue Com- com- multiflat multifioor MAR-

belongs pounds pound housing housing unit KS unit

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Same Town Telugu 65 108 2 Urdu 2 5

II Outside the town R Telugu 4 3

In the District U Telugu 2

III Wlrl'lln the State

1 Warangal R Telugu 2

U Te]ugu

2 Adllabad R Telugu I

U Telugu

3 Hyderabad R Telugu U Telugu 3

4 Khammam R Telugu

U Telugu 2

5 Krishna R Telugu

U Telugu

IV Born In the other Country

Nepal U Nepal 1 -.~~-

Total 79 120 2

(Chapt.er IX-Para-19)

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TABLE 74 355 FEMALE DRESS BY RELIGION/CASTE OR TRIBE OR COMMUNITY

AND STATE TO WHICH BELONGS

SI. Religion I Caste I State Number Number of Households No. Tribe I Community to of where minor females

which House- normally use belongs holds -Langa- Blouse--Froc~ Gowns Remarks

where & & adult Blouse Skirts females normally use Saree

& Brouse

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ~

SCHEDULED CASTE·

1 Hindu Madiga Andhra 9 1 Pradesh

2 Hindu Mannepu OTHER CASTES "

16

3 Hindu Ayyavarlu ., 3 4 Hindu Brahmin ,. 59 8 10 22 5 Hindu Soya 0, 4 3 (> Hindu Bestha

" 5 2 5 7 Hindu Chakall , ) 5 3 I I 8 Hindu Darji t, 2 2 2 9 Hindu Golla ,. 4

10 Hindu Goundla . , 8 2 :\ 11 Nepali Gurkha I.

12 Hindu Kapu )' 24 4 4

13 Hindu Kamsali I, 8 14 Hindu Kshatrlya H

, 15 Hindu Mangali ,. 3 16 Hindu Munnurukapu Of 1 17 Hindu Medarl .0 1 18 Hindu Naidu

" I 1 19 Hindu Reddy 2 " 20 Hindu Sale

" 12 4 1 3 21 Hindu Tenugu '0 6 3 22 Hindu Vysya I, 9 I 23 Hindu Vadla

') 2 2 24 Islam Muslim .. 5 3

Total 190 36 22 33

(Chapter IX-Para 26)

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T. S. (1.8)/3 State/Union Territory District Taluk Subdivision

1. Name of Town

ANNEXURE-I

CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 TOWN STUDY

HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE

Name of Investigator

Date of Investigation

2. Locality , 3. Address:

Name House Number

Ward Street

P. O.

4. Name of head of household

5. Particuiars of all members of househol d

Name Age Sex Religion Caste or community

I

How related to head of house

hold.

2 3

State/Di~tr iet to which belongs.

4 5

Place of bir th

----------,---------Name and District! rural or Statel urban Councry

-~----------------------~- _- .. _- .. - --------- _

6 7 8 9

370

Place of blnh-(Contd)

r---~--~--~--~-----~----------~------~ Distance In kms.

r---~-~-~ - --~-~~-----~-~--~ 0-50 5'-100 101-200 201-500 More than 500

lOla) IOCb) IOCc) IO(d) 10 (e)

Place of last rt!sldence r------~-...A----------__.

Name and Distrlctl Distance rural or Statel In kms. urban Country

II 12 13

----,_ Subsidiary Education If studying In

Duration of scay in present residence

14

Mother tongue

15

If non-worker

Whether Whether full-time stu-languages by level any Institution, worker. dent, house-hold duties, spoken. particulars of dependent. Infant and

the course In disabled, retired, ren-the institution tier or Independent

means, beggar, vagrant. etc .• inmate of institu-tion, person seeklnk employment for thefiru time and unemployed but see king work.

16 17 18 19 20 --~.----~-------~~--

If member of any Marital status Name of the place at Remarks club, library, poll- maximum distance tical organisation, from the town which social service age- has been ever visited ncyor any volun- (give distance also) tary organisation. name of the same

-----21 22 23 24

371

6. Occupation, employment status, etc.

(To be fined up only in respect of workers)

Name Employment status (employer) employee, single worker, family worker)

OccupatIon (Entry should be specific as far as possible, e.g .• peon in Government offic~, clerk in bank, etc).

1 2 3

Place of work Transport to place of work

,-----_.}.__ - --~ r--~~----"-----~~~

Name of Distance place

4 5

Leisure time activity outside the normal hours of work and place of such activity

9

Means Time taken to reach.

6 7

Nature of establiihment where working (e.g., factory, restau­rant, Government Offic.e, etc).

10

Hours of work

Remark!..

II

372

7. Unemployment ~ -' --;;_.~.~ ,

(To be filled up only In respect of persons seeking employment)

Name Employment, if any, In the past (In case of more than one employment give parti~ cu lars of each)

Nature of employ­ment sought now (give specific de­tal Is, if possible) .-------------~-------------~

Description Duration of Reason of with specific employment dlscontlnua~ details tlon

1 2 3 4 5

Whether registered with employment exchange Remarks.

6 7

8. Non-enrolm~nt in school by children of school going age.

(To be filled up only in case of children aged 6 -14 who are not attending school) ,

If ever attended school Name ,- --_________ _A.__ ---------~If never atten- Remarks

Class upto Age at which R.eason for ded school, which the left school leaving reason. person had school. reached

1 2 3 4 5 6

373

9. Marriage particulars

(To be filled up only in case of evermarried persons)

Change, if any, at any time In marital status after marriage e.g .• divorce, widow, re-marriage after divorce or

becoming widow) Name Marital Age at Remarks

status marriage Nature of Reason Age at the change time of change

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. Particulars of the mel11bers of the family staying outside

(To be filled up in case of relatIon like father, mother. son, unmarrIed aaughter. unmarried brother, unmarried sister, husband or Wife, who stay outside the town)

Marne Age Sex Religion Caste How reiated Place of to head of birth household

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -----------.--~--.--------~ - -~--------.- -------

Mother Subsidiary Education by If studying. If worker, tongue languages level particulars of the particulars of

spoken course and the occupation educational insti-tution

8 9 10 11 12

374

If non-worker r--~--_.A_-----~ Marttal status

Type of Whether see-activity king employ­

ment

13 14 15

Present address

16

Since when living away from family and why_

17 ------------- --------------------------

Frequency of visit to home during three

years.

18

Remittances during one year r---------~----------~

Sent hom.e Received from home

19 20

II. History of settlement of the household In the town

Remarks

21

(To be filled up In respect of the place of origin 'and also in respect of all places where the household stayed at least for one year during past 15 years).

(a) Place. time and reason

Name of village! town

1

Duration of stay

*Characteristic at the time of migra­tion-village. small town (less than 20.COO population medium size town (20.00)-99,000) city (1 lakh and above)

2

Time of migration Reason

5 6

DIstance in kms.

3

Remarks

7

*Categorlsa1:lon of the town in .column 2 can be done by Investigator after seeing the relevant Census data

375

(b) Economic bond with the place from where migrated (i) Whether any propert), Is stlf) remaining there

(ii) What Is· the arrangement for supervision and management (iii) Whether the family gets any benefit out of the property (iv) t. Whether any property has been sold out at the time of or

after migration Yes/No

2. If yes (a) Amount received (b) How the money has been btlised

(c) Social bonds with the place or places from where migrated

(i) Particulars of clo~e relations remaining there

(ii) Visit to dose relations during past three years

Frequency

(1)

Nil 1-3 times 4-6 times

More than 6 times

Purpose

(2)

(iii) Being visited by close relations during three years

Frequency

(I)

Nil 1-3 t.lmes 4--6 times More than 6 tImes.

(d) Unit of migration to the place of survey

(1) Only male working member (2) entire family

(i) All at a time

Purpose

(2)

(ii) Only male working member at the first stage. followed by others

(3) Others (Specify)

376

(e) Help received du ring settlement from

(i) Co-villager who previously settled

Nature Duration How rep3id

(1) (2) (3) --------------------_-----~-----

(Ii) Other relati,ons

Nature Duration How repaid

( I ) (2) (3) ----~ ------~---------------

(iii) Religious institution.

Naure Duration

( 1 ) (2)

(iv) Caste association.

Nature Duration --~----~- --

( I) (2)

(1') Employing agency

Nature Duration _ ----- -_----- -- _---------------------_

(1) (2)

(vi) Others

Nature Duration

(1) !2) -- ------

(f) Problems faced during or after migration.

(i) Nature and extent

(ii) Whether still continuing

How repaid

(3)

How repaid

(3)

How repaid

(3)

How repaid

(3)

377

12. Houses

(A) Relation with adjoining houses in space.

Separate House with compoundl without compound

Flat in a multiflat housing unit

Floor tn a multi­floor housing unit

Remarks including problems, If any, becalJse of the nature of viclnatlon.

I 2 3

(B) Position with reference to floor

Number of floors in the build Ing

1

Position of the dwelling unlt­ground floor, 1st floor. etc.

2

(C) Construction, repair and valuation of the howse. ,

Remarks Including pro­blems. if any, because of the position with reference to floor

3

Time of constru- Cost of cons- When 1st major Present value Remarks ctlon truction repair, renova­

tion took place -------. - -- ~--

1

(D) Material In FJoor Walt Roof eei ling, if any

2

Doors and Windows.

3 4 5

378

(E) Rooms and floor space in liVing rooms Including drawing room

Number of rooms Total floor space in square meters

1 2

(F) Amenities

Brief description Whether separate or jointly used With other households

1

Kitchen Bath room Lavatory

2

Source of drinking water Source of water for washing

Electric connection

(G) Ventilation

Good Satisfactory

1

(H) Nature of right Owned Rented/allotted

2

Bad

3

(I) If rented amount of rent (in Rs. I) poer month

Remarks Jncludlng problems faced

3

Very bad

4

379

13. l. Material equipment for domestic use

(A) Furniture Chair Table Divan Cot Newar-cot Other furniture

(B) Utensils (i) Material of which cooking utensils

are mostly made

Cii) Material of which the utensils required for serving food are mostly made

(C) Light and fuel

Type Since when in use

2

(0) Dress

Type normally used by r---~~------~------------~

Adult Minor

1

(E) Luxury and costly goods Wrist watch Table Clock Radio TelevIsion Gramaphone Others

2

Whether exists

Remarks

3.

Remarks

3

Whether exists

380

(F) Productive activities and productive resources at household level

I. Agricultural or horticultural land (inside the town or within a distance of one mile from the outer periphery of the tow,,)

Location of agricultural! Distance Size in How and Crops Annual horticultural land (inside from the acreage when cultivated yield the town or outsIde) house acquired

ownership -~------~----- ~~~--~-.

2 3 4

Agr Icultural operation by Quantity r-------~------~

Consumed Marketed r---~--~--------~ Family Family Hired

In the worker worker worker house alone and alone

hired worker

7 8 9 10 11 .~-------.-----.----

II. Animal husbandry

Livestock and pouJtry Number Nature of use

5

Name of the important tools and equJpments in use

12

6

Remarks

13

'f fOf" commercial purpose when since

----------- _._------ ---_.

2 3 4 ------------_------------------~ .--~-

Method of feeding Problems and prospects Remarks --------------- ------- -'---

5 6 7

381

111. Household and small scale Industry

Location of the workshop (distance from household)

1

Type of product

2

Main raw materials ,-_~.-A... __ --...

Name Source

3 4

Worker

Important tools and equlpments

5

Type of fuel or power used ,-_____ _A_ ____ ~

6

Family Famiiy Hired worker worker worker alone and alone

hired worker

Remarks

--~ - ~------------- ---------------_ 7 8 9 10

-----~---~-------.-----~.---------------

14. Rural linkage

(A) Frequency of visit to rural areai by members of the household during last year

Name of area

1

Purpose of visit

5

Distance from town

2

Particulars of members of household who visited

3

Frequency and time

6

PartIculars of person who were visIted

4

Remarks

7

382

(B) Particulars of being visited by friends, relatives and connected persons durIng past one year

Name of area Distance from town

2

Particulars of persons who visited (nature of relations and number)

3

Purpose of Frequency Remarks vlslt and time

4 5 6

ANNEXURE-II

CENSUS OF INDIA. 1971

TOWN STUDY

INSTITUTION SCHEDULE

Name of Town .. K

Name of Investigator

District

State

Name of Informant

Ca) Office, If any, held In the Institution

PART-A

1. (a) Name of the Institution

(b) Sponsor)ng Agency

2. When established

3. Jurisdiction

4. Objective

5. Annual cycle of activities

Date of Investigation

Nature of Frequency Time Place Performance Other Remarks activity details

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

384

6. Day to day activity

Nature of Frequency Time Place Performance Olher Remarks. activity. details

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7, Particulars of functionaries connected with management and control

Category of fu'nctlonary (e.g., President, Secretary, etc).

Name Age Sex Religion Caste

---~--------------~---

1

Education

2

Occupation r-- _..A... __ --..,

Self *Spouse

8 9

3 4 5

Method of coming to hold the part.lcular office (suc­cession to the office thro­ugh succession in family. lineage, clan, caste/tribe. election. etc.)

10

6

Remarks

11

"'To be filled up In those cases where the persons in Col. 2 are females

385

8. Particulars of employees

Category of Name Age employee

1 2 3

Education Occupation

r---..-A-----.-~ Self *Spouse

7 8 9

Sex Religion

4 5

Terms and conditions of holding office.

------10

Caste

6

Remarks

I J

*To be filled up In those cases where the persons In Col. 2 are females

9. Particulars of buildings and other objects

Description When construc­ted/acquired

Value Nature of use

__ ------------------I 2 3 4

------------ -------------

10. Particulars of important ritual objects

Nam-e of objec.t

1

Description Including deseri ption of material' size, shape, design, etc.

2

Symbolic When and significa- how nee. if acquired any

--_-----

3 4

Where kept

5 ---------------

1 J. Particulars of finance. (a) Source of finance (b) Income by sources (c) Expenditure by ~Iems

Nature of use

6

Remarks

5

Remarks

7

386

PART B

(To be filled up In respect of educational institutions only)

I. Particulars of students

Number of students by caste/tri be Class Number of

students ~~.------~--------~

S.C. S.T. O.B.C. Others by religion

I 2 3 4

Number of students by age group ~--------~-----------~ B~low 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-24 25 &

10 above

7 8 9 10 12

2. Education

5

Number of students by mother tongue

13

Class Medium of instruction Subjects taught

2 3

3. Concessions and f2cllities to students

Nature of concession Number of students enjoying by ~-------~-------~

Religion Caste Other category

2 3 -4 -----------__ - __ .. _---_.

6

Remarks

14

R.emarks

4

Remarks

5

387

4. Particulars of extra~currlcular activities

5. Particulars of teachers

Name Sex Age Castel Mother Religion Educa- Training Remarks Tribe tongue tional

quali-ficatton

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 --------- ------~

6. Particulars of student union, if any

Name of the union

Since when func­tion­ing

Particulars of office bearers

1 2

Nature of activity

9

r----- _____ _A_ __ -----__ ----.

Name Age Sex Class of If teacher Office

3 4 5

Income by sources

10

students In ex-offi- held cio-capa. ci ty, please Indicate

6 7

Expenditure by items

11

8

Remarks

12

7. Particulars of student unrest. if any, during the year of the ~urvey and the preced jng year

8. Particulars of unrest, If any. among the teachers during the year of the survey and the preceding year

388

PART C

(To be filled up In respect of hospital, dispensary) nursing home) etc.) J.

1. Staff

_______ M_e_d_'_c_a_I _______ _,_I ____ N_o_n_-_m_e_d_ic_a_l-,I _P_a_ra_-_m_e_d_lc_a_I __ .. ,__:_":"""" ......

I Category I Category Number

2. Name of Department

(a) Beds available

2 \ 3 I I \ 1 I

(b) Number of indoor patients durIng last year.

4. Average dally outdoor patients

Category (Disease) Number Sex

123

s. Annual sanction for purchase of medicines

6. Rates of diets for indoor patients

7. Toul budget and expenditure

8. Other particulars

Number

T.S. (1-8)/8

ANNEXURE-(3)

CENSUS OF INDIA. 1971

TOWN STUDY

COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT SCHEDULE

PART A

I. Town Taluk Name of Investigator.:

District Date of Inve"tlgatlon

State

2. locality <a> Name (b) FUllctional category

3. Type of establishment (Commercial/Industrial)

4. Nature of goods or services dealt with (e.g .• Textile, Pharma­ceutical, Sweetmeat. Hair- cutting etc .• )

S. Nature of activity (Manufacture. Retail trade, Commission agent etc.)

6. Name of establishment

7. Owner/Owners/Managing concern

8. Particulars of OwnerJOwnersJManaging concern

(a) Name (b) Caste or Tribe

(c) Mother Tongue

(d) Area of origin

(e) Any other occupation

(f) Particulars of other commercial or Industrial Establish-ments under the same concern .. i

390

9. Year when set up

10. Particulars of all transfers of ownership of the establishment since Its being set up.

Name, castf>/trlbe Owner to Year of Terms and conditions Remarks religion. mother whom transfer and circumstances tongue. area of transferred of of transfer origin nationality Owner-of owner from ship whom transferred

1 2 j 4

I I. PhYSical environment and structu r e of the establishment

I. Whether a s.eparate building or part of a building II. Predominant material used in the floor. wall, roof,

III. Nature of use of the bUilding (shop-cum-residence, shop, shop-cum-manufacture. etc.,)

IV. Addition .. 1 use. if any, of the establishment (e.g., residence of the owner)

V. Amenities: (a) Light (b) Fan

VI. General cond!tion of environmental sanitation

'2. Terms and conditions of occupation of the bUilding

(a) If owned. Ci) Since when (ii) Valuation of the bUilding

(b) If rented, <i) Since when rented (if) Amount of rent actually being paid

(iii) Rental value according to current rate

13. (a) Working days

(b) Working hours

14. Particulars of Central and State legislations by which the ~ff.llrs of the esc<iblishment are gUided.

5

391

15. Workers

(a) Work category and class of worker status

Employment status Number Employer Employee

1 2

(i) Administrative (ii) Clerical

(iii) Supervisery (iv) Skilled (v) Unskill@d

3 4

(b) Social background of worker

Work category Same as that of the owner/ manazlng concern

(i) Administrative (iiI Cterical

(iii) Supervisory (iv) Skilled

(v) Unskilled

2

Different from that of the owner! managing concern

3

Single woker

5

Faml)y worker

6

Distribution by caste

Same as that of the owner! managing concern

4

Different from that of the owner; managing concern

5

Dist ribution by mother tongue Work category

(i) Administrative (ii) Clerical (iii) Supervisory (v) Unsk.illed

Same as that of the owner /manag-Ing concern

6

DIfferent from that of the owner jmanaglng concern

7

392

Area of origin Work cate­&?ry Same as that

of the owner / managing concern

(i) Administrative

(ii) Clerical

(iii) Supervisory

(iv) Ski lied

(v) Unskilled

Different from that ofownerJ managing con~ern

9

Present residence

Inside Outside the the town town

Rural Urban

10 11 12

PART B

(To be filled up in respect of shops)

l. Commodities

Remarks

13

(a) Particulars of five most important items (from the point of view of volume of sale) in stock at the time of the study

Name of commodity Quality or type Quantity in stock ----- - - . __ ... __ -------

1 2 3 --- ---.~--_ --.--~-__ --... __ ._-_--- ... _ ..... _ ... __ ._-_-_._. _- - -------~-

Sale price j>er unit (specify) From whe re obtained Remarks

4 5 6

(b) Names of other Important commodities dealt with

(c) Changes. if any, and reasons for change in the demand for different types of commodities during past decade

393

2. BusIness organisation and volume of busines.s

(a) Changes in the sO'Jrce of obtairaing commodities during last ten years

(b) Proportion at present of sale by

(i) Wholesale

(ii) Retail

(iii) Others (e.g., commission)

!c) (i) Approximate volume of business during past 3 yea rs

In case of trend of change, nature thereof and reason

PART C

R'!st3.urant/fea·stall/5weetmeat shop. Hotel, etc.

Name and Location.

1. In case of hotel only

No. of rooms Number of beds

1 2

Rent p'!r room per day

3

Rent per bed per day

4 --------- -------~--- ---~---~~-~ ------------

Amenities provided (Attached bathroom and latrine, fan, light, etc.)

5

2. (In case of all) Name of ServiC9

Whether meal is compulsory

6

(a) Vegetarian/Non. Vegetarian (b) Alcoholic drinks served/Not served

Other compulsory charges

7

3. Arrangement for display of

(a) Food stuffs (b) Other commodides

4. Amenities

(a) Light (b) Fan (c) Others

39-1-

{d} Changes In the nature cf customer with reference to rural-ur ban background

Category 10 years back

P,-oportlon ---:----

5 years· At present Remarks including reason for

change, If any

Rural

Urban

2

back

3 4 5

5. Source of finance and proportion of the total working capital contributed by each source

Source Amount/Proportion Terms and conditions

1 2

(i) Self: (a) Saving

(b) Sale of asset In rural area In urban area

(c) Mortgage of asset In rural area in urban area

(d) Other s

(ii) R.elations (iii) Friends (iv) Bank loan (v) Govt. loan

(\Ii) Trading agent (vii) Obtaining commodities on credit

(viii) Others

3

Remarks

-4

395

PART D

For Manufacturing establishment only

I. Whether

(a) Registered factory (b) Household Industry

(c) Unregistered workshop

2. Share capital

(a) A~thorjsed (i) Preference share (I) Number and value of each share (2) Rate of interest

lii) Ordinary snare-Number and varue of each share

(b) Issued and subscribed

(i) Preference share

(ii) Ordinary Share

3:. Loan

Source Nature

1

4. Fixed asset DescrJption

5. Current asset Description

6. Kind of power used (a) EI~ctricity

(b) liquid fu~1

2

(c) Coal, wo(.)d, bagasse (d Other power (e) No power

Term Amount

3 4

Value

Value

396

7. Main product

Name Main raW materials

,-------~~----~ Name Source

Brief description of manufacturing process

----~---~-~---~~-----------------------~---

1 2 3 4

A'PproXimat.'e out.put. dUr\ng the current year

Probi~ms of obtaIning '(a'll m'ater\al, manufacture, etc.

r---~~ -~- _A., _____ ~

Volume Value in Rs. ---~-----

5 6

3. Tools and equlpments

Name Purchase value

When purchased

Source from where obtained

7

Terms and conditions of obtaining

Capacity

---~- ---------_------- -~~~~~---- -~--------

2

Percemage of utilisation of capacity during current year

7

3

In case of under l:Itili­satlon of capacity. reason

8

4 ,-_--'-, ----_

PrOblem of operations, if any

9

5

Problem of expansion, if any

10

6

Remarks

1 I --~-_------------

9. Manner and problem of disposal of Industrial waste and affluent 10. loss/profit during last year II. Dlviden j to share-holders during last year

12. Bonus to employees during last year

397

13. Housing of industrial labour

14. Amenities provided to Industrial labour

15. LeIsure and recreational activities of different categories of employees

16. Particulars of trade unions related to the Industry

Name

1

Category of workers with reference to employment status and who are mostly members

5

When established

2

Category of workers with reference to ethnic group (caste/trt be, religion) who are mainly members

6

All India/Regional Organisation to wh Ich related

Whether registered under Trade Union Act

7 ------- ----__ -

Problem of Industrial relation. if any. since past 3 to 5 years

Whether under Influence of any political party

---- 4

Whether recognised by the management

8 ._----_.-

r--.----------------------._,.._---~-~----------~ Issue Nature of action by different Final outcome

panles at different stages -----------------~------ ----.---.~

9 10

17. Problems of the Industry as a whole

18. Monetary contribution. if any_ by the industry to cultural# SOCial. political and humanitarian activities during

·Iast year and cur rent year

To whom contributed Amount

2

I I

Purpose

3 _-----------------------------------------

ANNEXURE-4 CENSUS OF INDIA 1971

TOWN STUDY

NEIGHBOURHOOD AND COMMUNITY LIFE

(To be can'lassed among at least 10 ind ividuals of five recognised locali­ties or neighbourhoods)

Narne of Investigator

Date of Investigation

Name of Town

State Dis~r let. Tehsil/Ward

Name of Individual Age Sex Occupation Religion

I 2 3 4 5 _---- """------- ------~"-------------------

1.

2.

Caste/Tribe Education Duration of stay In the locality

(a) (b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(I)

(i i) (ill) (iv) (v)

6 7

What Is the name of your locality? Is It also known by other names? If so, what are they?

8

Please give the brief history of how each name came to be associa­ted with your locality_

What is the boundary of the neighbourhood or locality in which you live?

What are the main characteristics of this locality as against other localities of the town, with reference (0

Predominance of particular ethnic group: Predominance of particu lar occupation or activity: Predominance of any particular category of population Predominance of any particular aspect of land-scape : Others :

399

3. Particulars of cultural. religious and social activities In the locality during the last yea,. .

Performance Cultural, Religious or social activity.

Description. Where When

4

By whom

Members of household who participated.

6

2

Nature of participa­tion.

7

--_ 3 S

Financial contribution Remarks.

8 9

4. Particulars of cultural, religious and social activities outside the locality, In whlci-) the members of the household participated during 100st year.

Performance Description. Cultural. Religious

or Social activity. ----~~ ------ -~--~--

1 2

Where

3

When

4

By whom

5

Particulars of members . Nature of partlclpa-of household who tlon.

partielpated

6 7

Financial contri bu­tion, if any.

8

5. Purchase of commodity in and ololtslde neighbourhood. ~~------~-.~.

Commodity Percentage of Purchase

Remarks.

9

Within neigh- OutSIde neigh- Outsld-e---th;-e----;;;O~t-:h-e-r

1

Grocery articles Vegetables Fish and meat Cloth Stationery Toilet goods Others

bourhood. bourhood wlth- town In the area

2

In the town. Metropoli-

3

tan centre or other town.

4 5

400

6. Educ.ational facIlity and Its enjoyment in and outside the neighbourhood.

level of education Whether educational institution exists Neighbour- Town Metropolitan Other hood. centre.

2

Whether the household is in need of the facility.

Primary Secondary

6

3 4

Where does the household avail of the faCility.

7

Post-Secondary up to Degree level

Post-graduate

Others

5

Remarks

8

7. Medical faCility and its enjoyment in and outside the neighbourhood.

Nature of Medical facility.

Homoeopathlc Unani Ayurvedlc Allopathic Others

Whether exists in neighbourho­od/town/Metro­polltan Centre/ Other.

2

Has the house­hold been in need of the fa­cility during one )lear.

3

Where did the house­hold avail of the fa­ci lity.

4

Remarks

5

401

8. Recreational facility and Its enjoyment In and outside the neighbourhood.

Nature of facility

1

Park Playground Swimming Pool. Club Library Theatre Cinema Hall

Whether exist:. in the neighb­

ourhood/Town.

2

Whether any Place where Remarks member of enjoyed the house- more fre-hold enjoys quently dur-the facility. ing one year --------------- .~----------

3 4 5

9. flarticulars of five most re~pected persons in the neighbourhood.

Name Age Sex Religton Caste Education

1 2 3 4 5 6

Occupation Office, If any, held. Special reason for com­ Remarks manding respect.

---------------------7 8 9 10

10. Particulars of five most influential persons in the neighbourhood.

Name Age Sex Religion Caste~ Education -- ------- --------------_- --------

1 2 3 4 5 6

Occupation Office. if any. held. Source cf influence Remarks

7 8 9 10

402

I I. Particulars of five most respected persons In the Town.

Name

1

Occupation

7

Age Sex Religion Caste

2 3

Office, If any, held

8

4 5

Special reason for commanding respect

9

12. Particulars of five most Influential persons In the Town.

Name Age Sex Religion Caste

1 2 3 4 5

Occupation Office, If any. held Source of Influence

7 8 9

Education

6

Remarks.

10

Education

6

Remarks.

10

T.S. (1-8)/7 ANNEXURE-(5)

CENSUS OF INDIA

TOWN STUDY

Schedule of Temple/Church/Mosque and other places of Worship

Place

Name of informant/Office, if any, held

I. Name of the place of worship

2. When established

Name of Investigator:

Date of Investigation:

3. Brief history of the establishment of the temple etc. and otherc.~"

Important events involving the temple.

4. Constructional details and description of .

(a)

(b)

Physical structure

Details and other religious or sacred objects and paraphernalia and their physl~al placement In the temple, etc. or Its precincts

5. Particulars of the deities

(a) Principal deities:

(i) Name by which known in the temple, etc.

(ii) Gods or goddesses of the scriptures with whom identified

(b) Other deities:

(i) Name by which known in the temple,e(c.

(ii) Gods or goddesses of the scriptures with whom identified

(c) Legends connected with the various deitiEs at their installation in the temple

404

6. Routine religious activities

Name and description

Time Functionaries and their roles

Approximate number of participants

Remarks

-------------------------------- - .. -.--~

1 2 3 3

7. Important festivals

Name and description

Time Functionaries and their roles

Approximate number Remar ks of Participants

2 3 4 5 ---------------------- ---.---~---- -----

8. Other activities

Nature cf activity

1

Description

2

(i) Phi lanthroplc (ii) Educational

(iii) Soclo-cultural

9. Devotees

Place of activity

3

Who are benefited

4

(a) Whether associated with particular Sect/Castel Community

(b) (i) Are people of all castes or sects allowed to enter the temple normally?

Ui) Are there restrictions In the matter of access to different parts of th-e temple on the basis of caste or community?

(c) Do the people of all castes participate equally in all the festivals? If not. give details.

Remarks

5

405'

(d) (i) Do the people of all castes Including the so-called untouchable castes contribute to the temple?

(ii) if not, is it because of any restriction against any caste? Give details.

10. Functionaries, employees and athe rs having special roles

Category Special Caste or Number Insignia! Remune-of role community symbol of ration functionary office

1 2 3 4 5 6

II. Management and control

Name of office bearer Office held Cast.e or community

2 3

Remarks

7

Sect

4

Age Education Main source of livelihood

How acq u i red the office in the temple

5 7 ----~---~----------.----~-----

Nature of duty as office bearer

9

Remuneration or financial con­sideration

10 --~-----~---------------

8

Remarks

II

406

12. Income and expenditure per annum

Income by sources Expenditure

Source

13. Asset and Ilabiiity

Asset

Type Money value

1 2 -~------

----~--~- - ~- ----~------~--~-~- -------_

Income

2

How and Type when a c.-qulred

3 4

Item

1

Liability

Form Money va\ue

5 6

Expenditure

2

Remarks

7

I

ANNEXURE~(6)

CENSUS OF INDIA 1971

TOWN STUDY

BANK SCHEDULE

1. Name of Bank

2. Head Office

3. When branch was established? 4. Area of operation

5. Details about depositors year by year since establishment

Category Number of accounts

Year Total anlount deposited

Rate of Interest

Fixed Current Savings

2 3 4 5

6. Nature and volume of transactions during 3 years preceding the survey

Volume of transaction during Nature of transaction --------- --~ ~- -~-~-'"--

1

Year I

2

Year II

3

Year III

4 ----------- ------- --~--

7. Nature and extent of facilities provided Promotion of cultIvation Agricultural marketing Household industries Other manufacturing industries Other commercial activities

8. Details about employees ----~-------------------

Category Scale of Pay Number -- ----------- ----- ---------------------------

1 2 3 - ---~-~- --- ~------- --

9. Working hours

10. Bank holidays

A Abadi Acharya Dakshina

Agama Sastra

Alayam!gudi Ammavaru Anjaneya Archaka Ashrama Avarakas

B Bakrid

Bathakamma Festiyal

Bhajana

Bharine

Bhooloka Brahma Theertha

=

GLOSSARY

Village site/habitation area A customary gift by disciple to his master or priest. A science according to which different dieties are installed in temples. Temple Goddess Monkey God of Ramayana epic fame Priest in a temp1e Hermitage Compartments

The cow-feast is also called Jd-e­Qurban (the feast of sacrifice and Jd­ul-Kabir or Badi-Id) - the greatest feast celebrated by Muslims as part of the rites of the Mecca Pilgrimage. A rural festival for ladies and girls

celebrated every year in the name of a women who was deified. This festival is mostly celebrated during Dasara (August-September) in the Telangana region of the State. Devotional group singing and dancing to the accompaniment of musical instrument5:. A small casket used for keeping ver­milion. Nether World A sacred place where people take a dip in river Godavari near Manthani. Lord Brahma hails in the form of a Linga here.

c Chaitra

Chakra Chalivendra

Dakshina Darsanam Dattatreya

o

Deeparadhna

Devalayam Devatas. Devidi Dewan (Takht) Dharma Dharmasala Dhothi

Dhupadeepa naivedyam

Dhwaja Stambham

Dwadasalingas

Dwarakapeetam

E Eswara

=

409

Name of a Telugu month (March­April) The divine disc of Lord Vishnu. Water pandal; Road side arrangement made temporarily during summer to provide drinking water for the passengers

Gratis given to the priest in cash See! Audience One of the Hindu Gods with three heads. Kindling of a wick immersed in oil before offering prayers to the deity. Temple Celestial beings Palace Seating arrangement made of· wood Code of living accepted by a majority Choultry; Inn A garment (4 yards length) worn by Hindu males to cover lower portion of the body. Offering of incense, lighting. oil lamp and cooked food, sometimes fruits also to (lei ties (usually in temples)

Pillar in front of the temple; flag-staff.

Twelve lingas (Phallic emblems of Lord Siva) One of the four centres established by Adi Shankara in Dwaraka

One of the Hindu Trinity-Lord Siva

G

Ganesh Chaviti

Ganga Garbhagudi Gauthama Gau thamasramam Gauthameswara Ghanapati Gohatya Gohatyapapi

Godavari Gopijana Vallabha Deva Gopuram Govu Grandhalayam Gudi/ Alayam Gudise Gummulu Gundu Chembu Guru

H Harathi

Hare Rama Hare Krishna

Harikatha

Hindu Desa

=

=

=

410

Festival celebrated during which Lord Ganapati (Vinayaka)- son of Lord Siva and leader of the Ganas is wor­shipped so that no obstacles would stand on the way. A river by name Godavari~ Goddess Sanctum sanctorum A Sage Hermitage of sage Gautharna. Lord Siva(Installed by Sage' Gauthama) A person well-versed in Vedas Killing a cow. Sinner of killing a cow of Wtltc¥.

Name of the River Name of a God; Lord Krishna

Tower of the Temple; Minaret. Cow Library Temple Hut Bamboo receptacles to store gra.i,.. Vessel used for drinking water.

Teacher

Flame of prosperity - an honour which is accorded to God as well as to the principal ffi"ortal persons con­cerned, at the end of joyful ceremony. Chanting names of the' two Gods Rama and Krishna said to be incar­nations of Lord Vishnu. Legendary exploits of Gods/heroes narrated with songs, music and dance by professionals India

Idga

Imli

Jagir

Jowar

Kalalies Katta KaHu Kirana

I

K

Kumukm Bharine

Kunta

L Langa Lanka Laxmi Laxminarayana Laxmi Sathakam Loka Ka]yanam Linga

M Madugu Mahasivaratri

=

=

411

Open place where a wall is construc­ted on a rai'l.ed platform on the western outskrits of the village or town and prayers are offered by Muslims on important festivals like Rarnzan, Bakrid and Moharrum etc. Tamrind

Free gift of land, or a domain of some villages assigned to an individual III

recognition of his military or other services. Great millet; Sorghum

Toddy tappers Tank Bund Style of wearing dhothi!sari Grocery

A casket/small container with lid used for keeping vermilion, A small tank or pond

Skirt Island Wife of Lord Vishnu One of the names of God Vishnu 100 stanzas praising Goddess Lakshmi Welfare of Universe Phallic emblem

A small pond Hindu festival on observe fasting.

which Saivites

Mahila Manda}i Manavas Mantras Matha

l\tfesha

Midde

Naivedyam

Nandi Nawar

N

o Omkareswara

p

Panavatika

Parayal1am

Path a Patra

Prasutyarogyasala Puja

Pujari

Punarvi yah asastram Puranakalakshepam Puranas Purohit Pyzama

412

Women's Association Human Beings Sacred hymns Place of residence of religious mendi~

cants Aries (one rasi or combination of stars representing a goat) Terraced house

- Offering to God which is consumed

--

---

---= =

later.

Bull God; can-ier of Lord Siva Tape used for weaving a cot.

Lord Siva

Platform on which Siva based or kept.

Recital of epic stories

Old Utensil

Linga

Maternity cum Health Centre Worship

Priest

A book ori re-marriages Epic discourses Epics of Hindus Priest

is

A stitched garment used by males for covering the portion of the body·· below waist; A loose apparel worn as lower garment by males.

Q Qazi

R Raja Rakshasas Ravi chettu Rishi Rudra Padalu

Rudra Theertha

s Sahasra Lingas Sakamadugu Samadhi Samsthanam ianad

Sangeeta Vidvan Saraswathi Sarpanch seela Samudram

Shastra Shervani Siva Lingas

Sivapurana

Skanda Pur ana Somasutra

Sriramanavami

413

= Muslim Priest

=

=

=

King Demons Peepul tree Sage/Hermit A place where Rani Rudramha, Kaka­tiya ruler, crossed river Godavari while pursuing the King of Devagiri. Sacred bathing place named after Rudra (Lord Siva)

Thousand phallic emblems A pond named .oSaka" Tomb Court of Hindu Kings An official document investing some rights and obligations on a person / persons Scholor in Music Goddess of learning Panchayat president Big tank named after Seelappa Naidu, a Kakatiya General Science Long Coat Symbol of Lord Siva; Phallic emblems symbolising Lord Siva An epic depicting the greatness of Lord Siva An epic A science according to which different deities are installed in temple. An all India festival associated with the birth day, marriage day as well as coronation day of Lord Rama.

Sudha Saiva Matha _

Surya Deva

T Takht Tanga Tatakam Theerthams Trilingas

u

414

Place of residence of religious mendi~ cants, exclusively for Saivites, Sun God

Seating arrangement made of wood Two wheeled cart drawn by a horse Pond Bathing ghats along sacred rivers Three phallic emblems

U pasarpanch = Vice President of Panchayat

v Vaidyavara Varakatnam Varunadeva Veda Mantras Veda Pandits Veda Parayanam Vedas

Vedic Dharma VeIaga trees Vidyapeetham Vishnu Vishnu Theertha

==

A scholer in medicine Dowry God of Rain Vedic hymns

Scholors in Vedas Reciting of Vedas

The most sacred text of the Hindus propounding se"eral theories of pro­pitiation of Gods, culture, religion and living conditions. Dharma as ordained by Vedas A type of trees Seat of learning Hindu God, one of the Hindu Trinity A sacred bathing place named after Lord Vishnu

(Son of Lord Siva)

of God; A classic by musjc and song