Third Party Assessment and Benchmarking of WASH Facilities ...

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Third Party Assessment and Benchmarking of WASH Facilities in

Government Ashramshalas of Maharashtra

Tribal Development Department, Government of Maharashtra

and

UNICEF, Mumbai with support from KRCs June 2015

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Content

Section 1. Tribal Community in Maharashtra 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Institutional Evolution

Section 2. ‘Swachh Bharat: SwachhVidyalaya’ Campaign 2.1 Introduction WASH in Ashramshalas & Tribal Areas 2.2 TDD-UNICEF Initiative

Section 3. WASH Benchmarking in Ashramshalas 3.1 WASH Compliance Model and 3 STARs Concept 3.2 WASH Benchmarking of Ashramshalas through 3 STAR Approach 3.3 Involvement of Key resource Centres (KRCs) 3.4 Field Visits for WASH Benchmarking and Sharing in State Workshop

Section 4. Findings of WASH Benchmarking in Ashramshalas 4.1 Data Analysis 4.2 Key Findings at State Level 4.3 Key Findings at ATC Level 4.3.1 Nashik ATC PO wise Presentation 4.3.2 Thane ATC PO wise Presentation 4.3.3 Amravati ATC PO wise Presentation 4.3.4 Nagpur ATC PO wise Presentation

Section 5. Qualitative Observations of WASH Benchmarking 5.1 Drinking Water Facility – Treatment, Storage, Quality & Maintenance:

5.2 Sanitation Facilities and Environmental Sanitation: 5.3 Hand-washing with Soap Facilities: 5.4 Issue of Behaviours, Capacity and Knowledge Level: 5.5 Other Key Observations: 5.6 Summary of the Qualitative Observations:

Section 6. Recommendations – Qualitative and Quantitative 6.1 Key Challenges and Recommendations 6.2 Quantitative Requirement for WASH Infrastructure 6.3 Qualitative Recommendations

Section 7. Photographic Evidence

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List of Maps Map 1 & 2. Map showing Distribution of ST Population District wise & Location of Institutions List of Figures Figure 1. Operational Framework for Swachh Maharashtra Swachh Ashramshala initiative

Figure 2. Process Followed in WASH Benchmarking Exercise

List of Tables

Table 1. Status of WASH related Facilities in ZP Schools and Ashramshalas in Maharashtra[1]

Table 2. Summary of Phase wise Plan for WASH in Ashramshala under Clean India: Clean Ashramshala

Table 3. Summary 3 STAR Approach and Definition

Table 4. STAR Category Ranking Against the Achieved Score

Table 5. ATC wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in Maharashtra

Table 6. ATC wise Number of Students (Boys and Girls – Residential & Day Scholar) (N=514)

Table 7. ATC wise Number of Staff (Teaching & Support) (N=514)

Table 8. ATC wise Distribution of STAR Status of Ashramshalas (Numbers, N=514)

Table 9. ATC wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Total State

Table 10. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Nashik

Table 11. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Nashik ATC

Table 12. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Nashik ATC

Table 13. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Thane

Table 14. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Thane ATC

Table 15. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Thane ATC

Table 16. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Amravati

Table 17. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Amravati ATC

Table 18. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Amravati ATC

Table 19. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Nagpur

Table 20. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Nagpur ATC

Table 21. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Nagpur ATC

Table 22. Adequacy of Water Supply in AS and Requirement of Hand-washing points (taps)

Table 23. Adequacy of Urinals and Toilets for Girl students & requirement

Table 24. Adequacy of Urinals and Toilets for Boys students & requirement

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List of Graphs

Graph 1. STAR Status of Ashramshalas in Maharashtra in (%)

Graph 2. BAR CHART: ATC wise Distribution of STAR Status of Ashramshalas (%)

Graph 3. Categorization of Ashramshalas in 4 ATCs in Maharashtra (N=514)

Graph 4. System Element wise STAR Achievement in Ashramshalas (N=514)

Graph 5. ATC wise System Element-Water wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

Graph 6. ATC wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

Graph 7. ATC wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

Graph 8. ATC wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

Graph 9. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nashik ATC (%)

Graph 10. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 11. System Element wise STAR Achievement in Ashramshalas in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 12. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 13. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 14. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 15. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 16. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 17. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Thane ATC (%)

Graph 18. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 19. System Element wise STAR Achievement in Ashramshalas in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 20. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 21. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 22. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 23. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 24. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 25. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Amravati ATC (%)

Graph 26. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Amravati ATC (N=128)


Graph 28. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 29. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 30. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 31. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 32. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 33. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nagpur ATC (%)

Graph 34. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nagpur ATC (N=83)


Graph 36. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 37. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

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Graph 38. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 39. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 40. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Annexures

Annexure 1. Swachh Bharat WASH Package

Annexure 2. WASH Grading of Ashramshalas based on 35 Indicators - A 3 STAR Approach

Annexure 3. Suggestive Ashramshala wise WASH infrastructure requirement

Annexure 4. ATC wise Status of WASH Benchmarking done by KRCs

Annexure 5. Terms of Reference (ToR) for KRCs

Annexure 6. State Level Workshop discussion

Annexure 7. List of KRCs for Benchmarking Exercise of Ashramshalas

Annexure 8. Estimate for number of toilet seats, urinal pans, HWWS stations and Drinking Water

Annexure 9. ATC & PO wise Adequacy of water in AS (N=514)

Annexure 10. ATC & PO wise Hand-washing Station (Points – Taps) in AS (N=514)

Annexure 11. ATC & PO wise Girls Urinal requirement in AS (N=514)

Annexure 12. ATC & PO wise Girls Toilet requirement in AS (N=514)

Annexure 13. ATC & PO wise Boys Urinal requirement in AS (N=514)


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Abbreviations

APO Assistant Project Officer

AS Ashramshala

ATC Additional Tribal Commissionerate

ATSP Additional Tribal Sub-Plan

DPC District Planning Committee

DPDC District Planning and Development Council (also DPC)

GR Government Resolution

IEC Information Education Communication

ITDP Integrated Tribal Development Project

KRC Key Resource Centre

LPCD Liter per capita per day

MHM Menstrual Hygiene Management

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

OBC Other Backward Classes

OTSP Outside Tribal Sub Plan

PESA Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act

PHC Primary Health Centre

PLIC Project Level Implementation Committee

PO Project Officer (ITDP)

PTG Primitive Tribal Groups

PVTG Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (also PTG)

SC Scheduled Caste

SHG Self-help Group

SBM Swachh Bharat Mission

ST Scheduled Tribe

TAC Tribal Advisory Council

TDC Tribal Development Commissionerate

TDD Tribal Development Department

TISS Tata Institute of Social Sciences

ToR Terms of Reference

TSP Tribal Sub-Plan

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

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Glossary of Terms

WASH:

The word WASH stands for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in the development sector which is a globally

accepted term. This includes drinking water, facilities for sanitation such as toilets, urinals, hand-washing

station, facility for disposal of solid as well as liquid waste, personal hygiene practices and behaviours.

Access:

Access to WASH facilities or infrastructure indicates that a person; male or female, child or adult, abled or

different abled has a facility to perform sanitation activity including hand-washing and personal hygiene at

any point of time and at a convenient location. In the current context of this report ‘Access’ is defined to

availability of WASH infrastructure in Ashramshalas (school building and hostel).

Adequacy:

Adequacy indicates sufficient availability of hardware and software facilities at a convenient location and

time. In the current context of this report; we have defined adequacy for WASH facilities as-

Water – 40 lpcd (4 lpcd for drinking purpose and 36 lpcd for other usage)

Toilets – One toilet for 18 students each

Urinals – One urinal for 15 students each

Hand-washing Station (Tap) – One tap for 20 students each

Hygiene:

This includes personal hygiene including genital hygiene and environmental sanitation in Ashramshala

campus. This is strongly linked to behaviours of individuals. Hygiene is broadly looked at hand-washing

habits in critical periods, personal hygiene issues and menstrual hygiene management.

3 STAR Approach:

This is a term used for categorization of Ashramshalas based on achieved scoring for a set of indicators. In

the current context, the Ashramshalas are broadly categorized into 4 categories as 0, 1, 2 and 3 STAR. The

criteria for the categories is as follows.

No star 0 * Score less than 10

1 star * Score between 11 and 17

2 star ** Score between 18 and 25

3 star *** Score above 25

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Foreword

The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GoI has launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) on

2nd October 2014 with an objective to make the country open defecation free by 2nd October 2019.

Education institutions are one of the key players for ensuring the objectives of clean India campaign. The

Government of India also launched the Clean India Clean School Campaign in December 2014. A key

feature of the campaign is to ensure that every school in India has a set of functioning and well

maintained water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities.

In order to ensure all Ashramshalas in the state to have basic WASH facilities, the Tribal Development

Department (TDD), Government of Maharashtra has initiated the Clean Maharashtra: Clean

Ashramshala initiative. This initiative will ensure not only raising awareness about WASH but also will

supplement the augmentation and creation of WASH facility infrastructure. This in turn will facilitate an

enabling environment for the students to learn and stay in Ashramshalas till school completion. This

initiative will also promote safe sanitation and good hygiene and health habits of the students.

As a part of this initiative Tribal Development Department, GoM with technical support from UNICEF

Maharashtra completed a third party assessment of all Government Ashramshalas in Maharashtra by

Key Resource Centres (KRCs). UNICEF Maharashtra would like to acknowledge the leadership shown by

Mr. Rajagopal Devara, IAS, Secretary, Tribal Development Department for giving UNICEF and KRCs the

scope and space to conduct this exercise. UNICEF will also like to put on record the tireless effort

rendered by Ms. Sonali Vayangankar, IAS, Commissioner for Tribal Development and her team in day to

day coordination. Last but not the least UNICEF recognizes the effort of the Key Resource Centers:

Centre for Science of Villages (CSV), Wardha, Nirmal Gram Nirman Kendra (NGNK), Nashik, Mahatma

Phule Samaj Sewa Mandal, Solapur, Sanskar Vahini Gram Vikas Sanstha, Amaravati, Yashswini

Foundation, Thane, SACRED, Aurangabad, Gayatri Foundation, Nandurbar, Shri Sant Gajanan

Bahuuddeshiya Sanstha, Jalgaon for completing the entire exercise with professional integrity.

We sincerely hope this third party assessment of WASH facilities in Ashramshalas will help the

Department to transform all the Ashramshalas into 3 STAR by end of this financial year.

Rajeshwari Chandrasekar Chief of Field Office UNICEF Maharashtra Office June 2015

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Executive Summary

The Scheduled Tribes (STs) are the most disadvantaged sections of the society due to their socioeconomic conditions and deprivation from basic services. According to the census of 2011, the scheduled Tribe population in India was 104.5 million, accounting for 8.63 percent of the total population of the country. The tribal population in Maharashtra as per Census 2011 was 10.5 million constituting 9.35 percent of the total population of the state. The state has the second largest tribal population in the country, next only to Madhya Pradesh, accounting for 10 percent of the total ST population of India. In order to achieve the socio-economic empowerment of tribal communities residing in remote and inaccessible areas in rural Maharashtra tribal development plan was adopted in the year 1972-73. To ensure basic development of the tribal communities and to provide primary and upper primary education the concept of Ashramshala (Residential School) was developed and Ashramshalas up-to standard 10 were started. The Ashramshalas as per the standard Ashramshala code must have residential facility, food, Ashramshala dress, bedding, books and other education materials are provided free of cost. Similarly, the Ashramshalas should have basic facilities required for residential nature including nutritious food, clean drinking water, sanitation facilities and health care materials. Although these provisions are mandatory, there are mixed nature of implementation of the norms adopted depending upon the priority and lifestyle of the tribal students enrolled in the Ashramshalas. The basic human development indicators for tribal areas are far behind than those for non-tribal areas and Ashramshalas are of no exception. Among the many other indicators, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) are the key indicators and provision of water and sanitation services constitutionally is a State subject. With physical challenges witnessed in tribal areas for implementation of many of the development programs, providing these services are also a difficult task both administratively and geographically. With the recent focus of the Hon. Prime Minister of the country on sanitation, provision of WASH facilities in Educational Institutions is witnessing attention by all quarters of the society and there is a huge demand to fulfil the existing gaps. The DISE data of Maharashtra for the year 2013-14 does not provide a satisfactory picture of the state in terms of WASH facilities in government run rural educational institutions as there are various gaps reported in the school administration including the systemic, operational and behavioral issues. It also raises the issue of effective knowledge transfer of WASH to the key stakeholders (including the decision makers). The analysis of the DISE data (available for all the schools in the state) states the following shortfalls as far as WASH related indicators are concerned.

• Nearly 1/3rd of the school toilets in Maharashtra without water facility • Effective usage of toilets less than 50%. • 11,387 schools do not have functional drinking water facilities • 40% of the schools do not have any hand washing facility

There are several studies undertaken across country by the Governments and research and donor agencies on school sanitation Many of these studies have highlighted the key issues of adequacy and availability of facilities, operation and maintenance and knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP). The GoI launched the ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ with an objective to make the country open defecation free by 2019. Education institutions are one of the key players for ensuring the objectives of clean India campaign. The

Government of India also launched the ‘Clean India: Clean School Campaign (स्वच्छ भारत: स्वच्छ ववद्यालय). A

key feature of the ‘Clean India: Clean School’ campaign is to ensure that every school in India has a set of functioning and well maintained water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. To promote involvement of various stakeholders, the GoI launched the ‘Swachh Bharat Kosh’ (SBK) to ensure adequate sanitation facilities in schools.

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The Tribal Development Department (TDD), Government of Maharashtra and UNICEF, Mumbai after a series of discussions during December 2014 to February 2015 decided to work jointly ‘Clean Maharashtra: Clean Ashramshala’ Campaign under the given mandate of Clean School Clean India Campaign

With a view to understand the status of WASH facilities in Ashramshalas and with the major objective of WASH compliant Ashramshalas, it was agreed that the ‘Clean India: Clean Ashramshala’ campaign would be initiated in Maharashtra covering all the 552 Government run Ashramshalas (the number reduced as some of the schools were merged or some of them were closed). It was also agreed that the same may / shall be extended to the aided Ashramshalas in Maharashtra in future. The initiative envisages both software (capacity building) and hardware (WASH infrastructure provisioning including O&M) interventions. While TDD agreed for an overall administrative, logistics and financial support, UNICEF role is to provide technical and strategic support to achieve the objective mentioned above. To achieve the WASH Compliant Ashramshala, the major objective was further subdivided into following sub-heads.

1. Work towards awareness generation on WASH (Water, Sanitation & Hygiene) and behavioural change amongst the students and the teachers in Ashramshalas.

2. Bring WASH as a priority in the planning of Tribal Development Department and sensitize all the HMs, POs and APOs of TDD

3. Ensure WASH compliance Ashramshalas with augmentation and retrofitting of existing WASH facilities and setting up a performance benchmark

4. Develop operation and maintenance protocol with continued monitoring for better sustainability.

The 3 STAR approach is developed on the basis of 35 key indicators covering all the 3 essential components in 4 system elements. These four system elements are related to water supply and associated indicators, sanitation and associated indicators, hygiene behaviours and associated indicators and lastly related to knowledge and capacity level indicators or capacities. These indicators also consider the availability and adequacy aspects of the WASH facilities along with knowledge, attitude and practice. The 35 indicators are divided under the 4 elements (not equally) and the weightage given to each of them are assessed against both ‘YES’ or ‘NO’ options and respectively scored as ‘1’ or ‘0’. Following table shows the categorization of the Ashramshalas under the benchmarking exercise.

No star 0 * Score less than 10 1 star * Score between 11 and 17 2 star ** Score between 18 and 25 3 star *** Score above 25

The Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD), Government of Maharashtra has empanelled agencies working in water and sanitation sector to facilitate the implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G). The TDD on recommendation from UNICEF engaged select Key Resource Centres (KRCs) identified/empanelled by the Water Supply & Sanitation Department (WSSD), Government of Maharashtra. An assessment guide developed based on the field testing and discussion with the KRCs. The KRCs were instructed to furnish the assessments in three formats – STAR ranking sheet for each Ashramshalas, PO / District Level status of all the 35 indicators and tentative action plan based on the requirement as observed during the visits. During the WASH benchmarking exercise, 552 Ashramshalas were allocated to the KRCs based on the available list of Ashramshalas with TDD. The KRCs submitted the data for 514 Ashramshalas as some of the Ashramshalas were closed or merged together. It is reported that there are 528 Ashramshalas in the State while the Benchmarking could be completed for 514 Ashramshalas.

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35%

29%

6%

30%

1 star 2 star 3 star 0 star

36

5

59

25

41

11

37

54

22

61

4

19

1

23

10

25

50

75

Nashik ATC Thane ATC Amravati ATC Nagpur ATC

0 STAR * ** ***

STAR Status of Ashramshalas in Maharashtra (Pie Chart) and ATC wise Distribution (Bar Chart) in %.

Out of 514 Ashramshalas in the State, 65% falls either under 0 or 1 star while 29% falls in 2 star category.

Only 6% Ashramshalas falls in 3 star category leaving significant scope for improvement in rest of the 94 %.

There is need for specific interventions on immediate, intermediate and long term basis

The graphs above reveals that Nashik has the 171 AS which is highest number (77%), Amravati has 78 AS (95%) and Nagpur has 66 AS (80%) that to be upgraded from 0 or 1 star to further improved rankings

The table below indicates the overall performance of the Ashramshalas across ATCs in terms of STAR category.

ATC Nos / Percent Nashik Thane Amravati Nagpur Total Percent

0 Nos 80 7 48 21 156

30 % 36 6 58 25 30

* Nos 91 14 30 45 180

35 % 41 10 37 55 35

** Nos 49 78 3 16 146

29 % 22 61 5 19 28

*** Nos 2 29 0 1 32

6 % 1 23 0 1 6

Total 222 128 81 83 514 100

Overall, Thane ATC represents a relatively better picture as compared to others.

While Amravati ATC reported a maximum percentage (58%) of 0 star AS, Thane ATC reports the lowest (6%). Amravati is followed by Nashik (36%) and Nagpur (25%).

The percentage of 3 star AS in Thane is the highest (23%) while Amravati ATC does not reported a single AS in 3 STAR category.

Amravati, Nashik & Nagpur ATCs reported a high percentage of 0 and 1 star AS and indicates a greater scope for WASH interventions. The percentage for 0 & 1 star together in these ATCs is 95, 77 & 80 respectively.

Overall, there are 336 AS out of 514 surveyed, needs basic interventions on WASH. While the KRCs conducted the benchmarking exercise they also, explored the tentative requirement for the hardware and software interventions in the Ashramshalas. By and large there is need to undertake massive efforts for increasing knowledge levels and capacities at Ashramshala level across state. The following summary gives the overall requirement in the State for hardware infrastructure in terms of quantity.

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The overall snapshot of the findings in terms of requirement is given below -

Adequacy of water supply : 325 AS (189 AS lacks adequate water supply)

Number of hand-washing points required : 13464

Number of urinals for girls required : 5100

Number of toilets for girls required : 1773

Number of urinals for boys required : 5650


Supply of sanitary napkins in AS : Adequate except few AS in Nagpur ATC

The summary of qualitative requirement is presented below.

The current practice of treatment using bleaching powder or TCL or treatment method is not systematic and lack clear SoP. Hence, proper training and orientation should be organized for person responsible.

It was observed that regular maintenance of water supply sources & the storage tank is severely lacking in almost all cases. Hence, maintenance and cleanliness of the tank and source surrounding be ensured.

However, it was reported by the staff that funds for repairs and maintenance were usually unavailable, hence, financial as well technical resourcing needs to be done to address the issue of O & M.

Bathrooms were used as urinals in most AS, hence urinals of proper design should be constructed.

In most cases, it was observed that the toilets for both boys and girls were dysfunctional; toilet pans were broken or blocked and dirty and running water was not available in the toilets. Hence, repair be undertaken, water supply be ensured and students should be sensitized for proper use.

The spaces where the toilets/bathrooms/urinals were seen as poorly lit with no ventilation, hence, proper lighting and ventilation be ensured at such places.

Providing group hand-washing facilities has not been a priority area so far which needs immediate attention as majority of the students reported availability of cake soap or liquid soap, hence, hand-washing stations should be mandatorily constructed as a non-negotiable and practice of using soap be promoted.

Focused training in WASH has not been provided to teachers and/or students or other staff in all Ashramshalas and this eventually has led to poor practice of hygiene maintenance, hence, dedicated training sessions at AS level and outside be organized which is necessary to ensure WASH compliance AS.

There was seen a major lack of child participation and voice in their own development process. There should be platform to promote participation of children in the program, Hence, WASH infrastructure be made child and gender friendly and software activities must be implemented with maximum and active participation with focus on quality inputs.

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Section 1. Tribal Community in Maharashtra

1.1 Introduction

The tribal people in India are often called Adivasis(ancient people) and the government recognizes them as Scheduled Tribes. The Scheduled Tribes (STs) are the most disadvantaged sections of the society due to their isolation and socioeconomic backwardness. According to the census of 2011, the scheduled Tribe population in India was 104.5 million, accounting for 8.63 percent of the total population of the country. The tribal population in Maharashtra as per Census 2011 was 10.5 million constituting 9.35 percent of the total population of the state. The state has the second largest tribal population in the country, next only to Madhya Pradesh, accounting for 10 percent of the total ST population of India.

There are as many as 47 tribes or tribal groups in Maharashtra and some of the major tribal groups are the Bhils, the Gonds, the MahadeoKolis, the Pawras, the Thakurs, and the Warlis. There are also three particularly vulnerable tribal groups (primitive tribal groups) namely, Katkari (Kathodi), Maria Gond and Kolam. The tribal groups differ in terms of numerical strength, history of settlement, geographic location, livelihoods pattern, access to natural resources, language, culture, human development, political empowerment and developmental aspirations. Further, each tribe or tribal group is an endogamous group, whose interaction with other tribal groups and the general population is

limited1.

1.2 Institutional Evolution

In 1972, Tribal Development Directorate established for effective implementation of Tribal Welfare Schemes. In 1976 Tribal Development Commissionerate was established. In 1984 separate Tribal Development Ministry was established. To strengthen the Tribal Development Department, Directorate was merged into Commissionerate in 1992. There are 4 ATC (Addl. Commissioner, Tribal Development) and 29 ITDP (Integrated Tribal Development Project) offices for effectively implementation of various State Govt. & Central Govt. welfare schemes. These schemes includes social welfare, economical welfare, educational upliftment, social justice, women &child welfare, healthcare, food, employment, etc. Total Budget of this department is Rs.1000 Crore, which includes grants to other department's tribal developmentactivities2.

Map 1 & 2. Map showing Distribution of ST Population District wise & Location of Institutions

1Tribal Sub-Plan in Maharashtra - A Diagnostic Study by TISS and UNICEF, November 2014 2http://mahatribal.gov.in/

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Review reports of various committees, working groups and research reports on the status of tribal communities on the basis of socioeconomic indicators such as literacy, school enrolment, educational attainment, per capita income, employment opportunities, health indicators, access to basic amenities like drinking water, housing, drainage facility and electricity, and assets possessed showed that wide gaps existed between Scheduled Tribes and the General Population (SEEDS, 2007).

Studies have also found that the tribal development schemes have not brought any perceptible change in the socioeconomic life of majority of the tribal people in the state and many tribal people are not even aware about many of the available tribal welfare programmes (Tribhuwan, 2006). For the successful implementation of tribal development schemes, tribal people should have greater access to the schemes and the Integrated Tribal Development Office and functionaries should be within easy reach. However, studies attempting to investigate the functioning of the Tribal Development Department in general and the ITDPs in particular, including the district level Administrative Departments, with respect to planning, implementation & fund flow process at different levels are rare.

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Section 2. ‘Swachh Bharat: Swachh Vidyalaya’ Campaign

2.1 Introduction WASH in Ashramshalas & Tribal Areas Water, Sanitation and Hygiene has been one of the key interventions that has been undertaken by the National and State Governments under the sanitation program (Total Sanitation Campaign – TSC) implemented earlier by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), GoI. The TSC had a component on institutional sanitation that included the school and Anganwadi sanitation. The sanitation program was restructured to ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan’ (NBA) in 2012. The Census 2011 reflected that 60 % of India’s rural population defecates in open and the educational institutions are of no exceptions. Now it is renamed as ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ (SBM).

The GoI launched the ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ with an objective to make the country open defecation free by 2019. Education institutions are one of the key players for ensuring the objectives of clean India campaign. The

Government of India also launched the ‘Clean India: Clean School ‘Campaign (स्वच्छ भारत: स्वच्छ ववद्यालय). A

key feature of the ‘Clean India: Clean School’3campaign is to ensure that every school in India has a set of

functioning and well maintained water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. To promote involvement of various stakeholders, the GoI also launched the ‘Swachh Bharat Kosh’ (SBK) to ensure adequate sanitation facilities in schools.

The DISE data for the year 2013-14 on WASH facilities does not provide a satisfactory picture of the state in terms of WASH facilities in government run rural educational institutions as there are various gaps reported in the school administration including the systemic, operational and behavior related issues. It also raises the issue of effective knowledge transfer ofWASH to the key stakeholders (including the decision makers). The analysis of the DISE data which is available for all the schools in the state statesthe following shortfalls as far as WASH related indicators are concerned.

Table 1. Status of WASH related Facilities in ZP Schools and Ashramshalas in Maharashtra4

Indicators Number of Schools % of schools

Without toilet (Boys) 9893 12

Without toilet (Girls) 2208 2.72

Defunct toilet (Boys) 12229 15

Defunct toilet (Girls) 22050 27

Toilet (Boys) without water 31365 39

Toilet (Girls) without water 31374 39

Without Urinal (Boys) 11705 14.42

Without Urinal (Girls) 11973 15

Without Hand washing facility 32440 40

Without Drinking water facility 1483 2

Defunct drinking facility 11387 14

3Swachh Bharat, SwachhVidyalayaa (Clean India: Clean School campaign), MHRD,, GoI, October 2014 4U-DISE Data for Maharashtra 2013-2014

16

The Table 1 points the following facts:

• U-DISE data also captures Ashramshalas • Nearly 1/3rd of the school toilets in Maharashtra without water facility • Use of toilet without water facility is always questionable. • Effective usage of toilets less than 50%. • 11387 schools drinking water facilities are not found to be functional • 40% of the schools do not have any hand washing facility

A WASH Baseline5 by UNICEF in 2011 with 2208 Women & 293 Adolescent Girls; 170 GP of 3 districts of rural Maharashtra- Chandrapur, Nandurbar & Latur suggested that 87% school going adolescent girls are not aware about menstruation before menarche, 50% states that menstruation has no relation to reproduction system while60%to 70% adolescent school girls do not go to school during menses.This is a significant loss as far as education of adolescent girls is concerned.

2.2 TDD-UNICEF Initiative

The Tribal Development Department (TDD), Government of Maharashtra and UNICEF, Mumbai after a series of discussions during December 2014 to February 2015 decided to work jointly to ‘Clean Maharashtra: Clean Ashramshala’ Campaign under the given mandate of Clean School Clean India Campaign

With the major objective of WASH compliance Ashramshalas, it was agreed that the ‘Clean India: Clean Ashramshala’ campaign would be initiated in Maharashtra covering all the 552 Government run Ashramshalas (the number reduced as some of the schools were merged or some of them were closed). It was also agreed that the same may / shall be extended to the aided Ashramshalas in Maharashtra in future. The initiative envisages both software (capacity building) and hardware (WASH infrastructure provisioning including O&M) interventions. While TDD agreed for an overall administrative, logistics and financial support, UNICEF role is to provide technical and strategic support to achieve the objective mentioned above with demonstration of evidence. To achieve the WASH Compliance6 Ashramshala, the major objective was further subdivided into following sub-heads distributed into different phases.

1. Work towards awareness generation on WASH (Water, Sanitation & Hygiene) and behavioural change amongst the students and the teachers in Ashramshalas.

2. Bring WASH as a priority in the planning of Tribal Development Department and sensitize all the HMs, POs and APOs of TDD

3. Ensure WASH compliance Ashramshalas with augmentation and retrofitting of existing WASH facilities and setting up a performance benchmark

4. Develop operation and maintenance protocol with continued monitoring for better sustainability.

To keep the guiding concept for interventions at all stages of the process ‘simple, scalable and sustainable’ strategic framework (refer Fig 1.) was developed so that the approach can be replicated and scaled up.

5UNICEF –GfK WASH Baseline Study under the Bio-village Project in Maharashtra July 2011 6WASH Compliance School – WASH compliance stands for a school where aspects of water, sanitation and hygiene are dealt properly by the

School staff and the students. This includes availability of adequate and potable drinking water, adequate water for using sanitation facilities including toilets and urinals and hand-washing stations, clean toilets and urinals, hand-washing station for hand-washing with soap before meals and after using toilets and urinals. It also has supply of operation and maintenance consumables like soap and cleaning materials. The school also has a provision towards operation and maintenance of the WASH facilities.

17

Fig 1. Operational Framework for Swachh Maharashtra Swachh Ashramshala initiative

Concurrent monitoring and evaluation and decision making

Situation Analysis through benchmarking eventually to become a monitoring tool

Devising short term, medium term and long term action plan

Sanitation

Operation and Maintenance Protocol W

ater

Clean Ashramshalas: WASH Compliance Ashramshalas

Hyg

ien

e Support from sector players including line departments, NGOs and private players

Behaviours

Hardware interventions for infrastructure improvement

Capacity building, behavioural change communication

intervention

Technical human resource, sensitization, knowledge development, resource

materials

The Tribal Development Commissionerate (TDC) based at Nashik is the nodal agency of the TDD implementing the various Ashramshala initiatives and also manages the Ashramshala administration part. TDC and UNICEF entered into a joint proposal for this campaign. The key highlights of the proposal are as follows:

1. Understand the situation through baseline-cum-benchmarking (WASH Benchmarking – the results of which are being discussed here) exercise by third party by identifying the gaps. During the benchmarking, each Ashramshala will be graded in different categories.

2. Consolidate benchmark report and brainstorming on the situation of WASH infrastructure. 3. Identification of immediate need, interim need and long term need (short term, medium term and long term)

to address the identified issues in terms of infrastructure needs, human resource needs, behavioral issues and financial requirements.

4. Planning for demonstration projects (2 Ashramshalas in each ATCs) – identify the sites, finalize the technical agencies, organize meetings with key stakeholders at various levels and implement the software and hardware components.

5. Develop a package of resource material in view of the identified gaps for both hardware (physical works) and software (behavioural change) components.

6. Devise a capacity building plan that will influence the long term needs through in house training of all the POs/APOs and strengthening the existing capacities and align it with the existing capacity building initiatives of the department.

7. Scaling up the intervention in phased manner in all the 552 Government Ashramshalas based on the learnings and observations from the demonstration projects.

8. Develop a cost based, cost effective and action oriented operation and maintenance protocol – processes, monitoring and decision making systems, risk analysis matrix, etc.

9. Institutionalize support from other key sector players including NGOs, technical institutions, philanthropies, trusts, government departments, private donors, national and international organizations, etc. intending to add value for improving WASH infrastructure and behaviours.

10. Work on monitoring aspects including the use of ICT for timely decision making and real time monitoring (systems that would preferably work online like SMS based), etc. as and when it is found appropriate and user friendly and need based.

18

Table 2. Summary of Phase wise Plan for WASH in Ashramshala under Clean India: Clean Ashramshala

Phase Activities

Phase I (January to March/April 2015)

Develop a plan of action (PoA) for 2015-2016 to implement the initiative. Undertake the benchmarking of 552 Ashramshalas through KRCs. Convert the PoA in the form of required GR or Master Document.

Phase II (April to August 2015)

Develop resource materials for capacity building & technical interventions Undertake the capacity building of TDD officials on WASH including the software and

hardware components. Develop Ashramshala specific plans and initiate the implementation Mid Term Review (MTR)

Phase III (Sept 2015 to March 2016)

Scaling up the demonstration projects in all the 552 Ashramshalas Undertake quality check Develop ICT system for real time monitoring of certain WASH behaviours Post project benchmark/assessment to validate the progress Documentation of good Ashramshala practices

19

Section 3. WASH Benchmarking in Ashramshalas

3.1 WASH Compliance Model and 3 STARs Concept Water, Sanitation and Hygiene is one of the key interventions that can lead to clean and healthy learning environment in schools, increased attendance in schools, adoption of safe sanitation and hygienic practices by students, effective messaging and WASH communication to the society, etc. The health and economic benefits are many fold as pointed out by many research studies and projects. There are various methods and techniques to assess the compliance of WASH infrastructure in schools or any institution. One such method is to rate and rank the schools as STAR achievers, the maximum STAR the compliance is of high level offering a very neat and clean school environment. Table 3. Summary 3 STAR Approach and Definition

ONE STAR All children participate in daily-supervised group hand-washing with soap sessions ideally before meals.

The ashram school has basic gender-segregated toilets that are functional, clean and used by all children (no open defecation)

TWO STAR Hygiene education and facilities to promote hand washing with soap after toilet use

Improved sanitation facilities, plus facilities and education for menstrual hygiene management

Low-cost point-of use water treatment introduced in schools

THREE STAR

School facilities and systems upgraded to meet national standards of Swacchh Vidyalaya

NO STAR Limited or no hygiene promotion

May or may not have WASH infrastructure

This category includes ashram schools that have some infrastructure, perhaps even high-cost water and sanitation systems, but do not have effective programmes for improving hygiene behaviour or maintaining existing infrastructure

The Swacchh Bharat Swacchh Vidyalaya campaign devised a WASH package (refer Annexure1) that necessarily talks about 3 key elements for a high level of compliance to sanitation facilities. This include access and adequacy to Water and Sanitation facilities in terms of hardware infrastructure, operation and maintenance protocol including provision for consumables and timely intervention and lastly the capacity building through effective communication and knowledge transfer. Thus, the package lay emphasis on hardware, software components along with the operation and maintenance. This is an addition to the earlier efforts7 under the School Sanitation and Hygiene Education programme implemented under the erstwhile Total Sanitation Campaign which were mostly of one time intervention without much focus on sustainability and reinforcing the behaviours.

7School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) component of the Total Sanitation Campaign (erstwhile to Swacchh Bharat Mission and

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan) was implemented pan India for ensuring Sanitation infrastructure and one time software interventions in schools. A WASH package in the form of WinS was introduced by UNICEF in the year 2013 to address the gap of operation and maintenance and capacity building and monitoring at school level.

20

To ensure the application of the package there is a need to assess the package components on the basis of key indicators associated with this. The 3 STAR approach is developed on the basis of 35 key indicators covering all the 3 essential package components in 4 system elements. These four system elements are related to water supply and associated indicators, sanitation and associated indicators, hygiene behaviours and associated indicators and lastly related to knowledge and capacity level indicators or capacities. These indicators also consider the availability and adequacy aspects of the WASH facilities along with knowledge, attitude and practice. Annexure 2. details out the 35 indicators under the 4 elements and the weightage given to each of them which are assessed against either ‘YES’ or ‘NO’ options and respectively scored as ‘1’ or ‘0’. The following table summarises the system element wise scoring and categorization of the Ashramshalas under the benchmarking exercise. Table 4. STAR Category Ranking against the Achieved Score

System Element Score *** ** * NS (0)

Water Section and rating 10 8 7 5 <3

Toilet facilities section and rating 15 12 11 7 <5

Hand Washing Stations 4 4 3 2 <2

Training and Capacity Building 6 5 4 3 <3

Total 35 29 25 17 0

NS – No STAR Overall, looking into the variation we have considered the STAR ranking to the Ashramshalas based on the following cumulative scoring criteria





3.2 WASH Benchmarking of Ashramshalas through 3 STAR Approach The benchmarking of any system is a specialised task and it requires a thorough understanding. Initially during the discussions it was decided to build the capacities of the TDD staff at the PO and Ashramshala level to do internal WASH Benchmarking of the Ashramshalas. In view of the skill set required and to ensure a transparent process it was decided to undertake a third party assessment.

21

UNICEF supported TDC and TDD to develop concept note on WASH in Ashramshalas in Maharashtra in the beginning. The TDD issued a GR8 to this effect envisioning the ‘Clean India: Clean Ashramshala’. Following process was then followed to set the WASH benchmarking exercise through a third party assessment system.

Concept note development on WASH Benchmarking Field testing of the Benchmarking tool was done by UNICEF team Identification of the Key Resource Centres (KRCs) as 3rd party agencies for assessment Orientation & discussion with the KRCs and seeking the Feedback Benchmarking in the field covering all the Government run Ashramshalas across 28 POs Data Analysis and Report presentation in POs workshop at State level

3.3 Involvement of Key resource Centres (KRCs) The Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD), Government of Maharashtra had empanelled the agencies working in water and sanitation sector to facilitate the implementation of Swacchh Bharat Mission – Gramin (SBM-G). The TDD on recommendation from UNICEF engaged select Key Resource Centres (KRCs) identified/empanelled by

the Water Supply & Sanitation Department (WSSD), Government of Maharashtra (refer शासनपरीपत्रक क्रमाांकःकेआरसी-३६१४/प्र.क्र.१२/पापु-०८dated December 14, 2015 and शासनननर्णय क्रमाांकःकेआरसी -

3614/प्र.क्र.12/पापु-०8 dated September 1, 2014). This was followed in view of the already existing capacities of the

Key resource Centres. The identified KRCs were selected on the basis of the following capacities that were required to undertake this exercise –

a. Trained human resource in Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) b. Previous experience of working in WASH especially the school and institutional environment c. Capacities to compile and analyse the results d. The KRC should engage the teams depending upon the requirement. A team must comprise of 2

members - a male & a female enumerator oriented and trained in WASH. An assessment guide was developed based on the field testing and discussion with the KRCs. The KRCs were instructed to furnish the assessments in three formats – STAR ranking sheet for each Ashramshalas, PO / District Level status of all the 35 indicators and tentative action plan based on the requirement as seen and observed during the visits (Annexure 3). The list of empanelled agencies and the number of Ashramshalas allotted and visited is attached as Annexure 4. Also, attached is the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the KRCs as Annexure 5.

3.4 Field Visits for WASH Benchmarking and Sharing in State Workshop The KRCs in coordination with the ATCs and POs prepared the field visit plan and contacted the concerned HMs of the Ashramshalas. The POs also informed the respective school management regarding the benchmarking exercise. The entire benchmarking was carried out in 3 weeks’ time from March to April, 2015. UNICEF team visited 10% of Ashramshalas as a part of concurrent monitoring during the benchmarking done by the KRCs.

8GR on Ashramshala: Implementation of WASH Program in Government/Aided Ashramshalas dated March 11, 2015:आदिवासी ववकास ववभागाच्या अखत्यारीतील शासकीय / अनिुाननत आश्रमशाळा व वसनतगहृाांमध्ये WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) कायणक्रम राबाववरे्बाबत, शासन ननर्णय क्रमाांक:शाआशा -२०१५/प्र. क्र. ५२/ का. १३ दिनाांक ११ मार्ण २०१५

22

The preliminary findings of the assessment presented during the State level sharing workshop held at Pune on April 23rd 2015. The discussions of the 23rd workshops were summarized and are attached as Annexure 6.

The figure below gives snapshot of the Methodology followed for the WASH Benchmarking in Ashramshalas.

Fig 2. Process Followed in WASH Benchmarking Exercise

Dec-14 Discussion regarding WASH in Ashramshalas

Presentation in PO Level Workshop

Feb-15 Decision on WASH Benchmarking in Ashramshalas

Mar-15

GR Issued on WASH in Ashramshalas

Joint Proposal between TDC and UNICEF

KRC Identification & Orientation

March - April 2015 Field Visits for WASH Benchmarking

Monitoring Visits by UNICEF Team

Apr-15 Preliminary Findings shared in State Workshop

May-15 PO Level workshop for Ashramshala Staff

Jun-15 WASH Benchmarking Report Finalization

Ashramshalas for Demonstration Finalized

23

Section 4. Findings of WASH Benchmarking in Ashramshalas

4.1 Data Analysis During the WASH benchmarking exercise, 552 Ashramshalas were allocatedto the KRCs based on the available list of Ashramshalas with TDD. The KRCs submitted the data for 514 Ashramshalas as some of the Ashramshalas were closed or merged together. It is reported that there are 528 Ashramshalas in the State while the Benchmarking could be completed for 514 Ashramshalas. The KRC wise allocation, visits and data submission status is presented in Annexure 7. Table 5. gives the status of ATC wise number of Ashramshalas visited.

Table 5. ATC wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in Maharashtra

ATC Allotted Visited Data Available

Nashik 222 222 222

Thane 130 128 128

Amravati 99 81 81

Nagpur 101 83 83

Total 552 514 514

Table 6 and Table 7 below gives the number of total students in the AS across the State. A summary of the following

tables is as follows:

Average number of boys per AS -230

Average number of Girls per AS -206

Ratio of Residential boys to day scholars - 4:1

Ratio of Residential girls to day scholars - 4:1

Student Teacher ratio in the state in AS -31:1

Student Support staff ratio in AS - 30:1

Table 6. ATC wise Number of Students (Boys and Girls – Residential & Day Scholar) (N=514)

S. N. Residential Day Scholar Total

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total

Nashik ATC 46963 44626 91589 8857 9775 18632 55820 54401 110221

Thane ATC 19909 16627 36536 8922 7766 16688 28831 24393 53224

Amravati ATC 21109 14209 35318 1716 1811 3527 22825 16020 38845

Nagpur ATC 8658 8893 17551 1842 2121 3963 10500 11014 21514

Total 96639 84355 180994 21337 21473 42810 117976 105828 223804

24

Table 7. ATC wise Number of Staff (Teaching & Support) (N=514)

S. N. Teaching Support

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Nashik ATC 2893 486 3379 3271 510 3781

Thane ATC 1252 118 1370 1312 86 1398

Amravati ATC 1326 320 1646 1010 256 1266

Nagpur ATC 677 234 902 830 268 1098

Total 6148 1158 7297 6423 1120 7543

Ratio of girls to boys in AS - 1.1:1

Ratio of male female teaching staff - 5.3:1

Ratio of male female support staff - 5.7:1

25

State Level Findings

26

36

5

59

25

41

11

37

54

22

61

4

19

1

23

1

0

25

50

75


0 STAR * ** ***

35%

29%

6%

30%


4.2 Key Findings at State Level

This section gives key findings at state level that informs a broader picture of status of WASH infrastructure in the Ashramshala based on the 3 STAR concept. It outlines the ATC wise data analysis from various perspectives such as existing gap and needs in infrastructure and capacities, supply and behaviours, etc. The scoring was done on the basis of following 4 key system elements as outlined in the table below.

Graph1. STAR Status of Ashramshalas in Maharashtra in (%)

Out of 514 AS in the State, 65% AS are 0 or 1 star.

About 29% AS falls in 2 star category.

Only6% falls in 3 star category leaving significant scope for improvement in rest ofthe 93 % AS.

There is need for specific interventions on immediate, intermediate and long term basis.

Graph 2. BAR CHART: ATC wise Distribution of STAR Status of Ashramshalas (%)





27

Table 8. ATC wise Distribution of STAR Status of Ashramshalas (Numbers, N=514)

ATC Nos / Percent Nashik Thane Amravati Nagpur Total Percent

0 Nos 80 7 48 21 156

30 % 36 6 58 25 30

* Nos 91 14 30 45 180

35 % 41 10 37 55 35

** Nos 49 78 3 16 146

29 % 22 61 5 19 28

*** Nos 2 29 0 1 32

6 % 1 23 0 1 6

Total 222 128 81 83 514 100

• Out of 514 AS in the State, alarmingly 65% AS are 1 star.

• About 29% AS falls in 2 star category. Only 7% falls in 3 star category leaving significant scope for

improvement in rest of the 93 % AS.

• There is need for specific interventions on immediate, intermediate and long term basis.

• The Table 8. & Graph 2. reveals that Nashik has the 171 AS which is highest number (77%), Amravati has

78 AS (95%) and Nagpur has 66 AS (80%) that to be upgraded from ) or 1 star to further improved rankings

• Thane leads the tally of AS scoring maximum number of 3 star AS in the State for which a further

understanding for the possible reasons to be explored and documented

28

Graph 3. Categorization of Ashramshalas in 4 ATCs in Maharashtra (N=514)

• The Graph 3. indicates a comparative trend of STAR categorization in all the ATCs across the state.

• Overall, Thane ATC represents a relatively better picture as compared to others.

• While Amravati ATC reported a maximum percentage (58%) of 0 star AS, Thane ATC reports the lowest

(6%). Amravati is followed by Nashik (36%) and Nagpur (25%).

• The percentage of 3 star AS in Thane is the highest (24%) while Amravati ATC does not have even single

AS in that category.

• Amravati, Nashik and Nagpur ATCs reported a high percentage of 0 and 1 star AS and indicates a greater

scope for WASH interventions. The combined percentage for 0 & 1 star AS in these ATCs is 95, 78 & 71

respectively.

• Overall there are 336 AS out of 514 surveyed, needs basic interventions on WASH ( refer table 8)

41%

22%

1%

36%

1. Nashik ATC (N=222)


11%

61%

23%

5%

2. Thane ATC (N=128)


37%

5%

58%

3. Amravati ATC (N=81)


54%

19%

1%

26%

4. Nagpur ATC (N=83)


29

Table 9. ATC wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Total State

Indicator

Indicator / PO Nashik Thane Amravati Nagpur Total State

No of Ashramshalas 222 128 81 83 514

2 Water supply available all the time 124 111 21 52 308

56 87 26 63 60

8 Cleaning of water storage tank done twice a year 164 122 8 52 346

74 95 10 63 67

9 Whether treatment is done at school level? 168 113 2 11 294

76 88 2 13 57

13 Functional boys toilets? 31 89 16 21 157

14 70 20 25 31

14 Functional girls toilets? 68 101 44 49 262

31 79 54 59 51

22 Cleaning and maintenance is done daily 105 84 16 27 232

47 66 20 33 45

26 Dedicated mass hand washing stations with basin 17 18 5 19 59

8 14 6 23 11

29 Soap/Liquid in enough quantity is available 187 111 2 12 312

84 87 2 14 61

30 Teachers are trained on WASH exclusively 4 37 4 6 51

2 29 5 7 10

33 Sufficient supply of sanitary napkin 213 123 71 69 476

96 96 88 83 93

35 Students oriented on WASH 105 78 8 14 205

47 61 10 17 40

• The Table 9 suggests the uniformity in need for immediate interventions for indicator numbers 22, 26, 30, and 35 which are related to O&M & provision of facilities.

• Only in case of supply of sanitary napkins majority of the AS reporting proper record maintenance of supply and distribution. Though it requires further understanding on the awareness and knowledge on menstrual hygiene management

• Except Thane ATC, the water supply and availability is a major concern observed in all other ATCs. It might be possible the availability of water and regular supply is making WASH situation better in Thane ATC.

• Overall for all these 11 key Amravati ATC performance is alarming

Apart from the above ATC wise STAR analysis the following graphs also tries to explore the system element wise achievement of AS in each STAR. The system element wise STAR ranking is for 1 to 3 STAR as for system elements, no 0 STAR is considered here.

30


The Graph 4.gives a distribution of Ashramshalas based on the system elements namely water, sanitation, hygiene and capacity cum knowledge levels across 514 AS in the State.

The above distribution clearly indicates the number of AS that are required to reach to the next STAR level.

There are 80% (411 AS) AS in the State that requires attention to move them out to next STAR level of either 2 or 3 under the hygiene element followed by sanitation and knowledge. The AS falling under the 1 STAR category as far as water element is concerned is close to 46%.

Graph 5. ATC wise System Element-Water wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

The Graph5. shows that 77% AS in Thane ATC reports a 3 star category for water related system element. It indicates that the AS has adequate water availability while in Amravati ATC the adequacy and availability of water is an issue.

In case of Nashik and Nagpur ATC it depicts a mixed picture. However, these 2 ATCs will also need intervention for ensuring the water availability as less than 1/5th of AS in these 2 ATCs records satisfactory picture as far as water element is concerned.

235

129 150

364

111

39

411

85

18

334

86 94

0

125

250

375

500

* ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** ***

Water Sanitation Hygiene Knowledge

Distribution of Ashramshalas on the basis of System ELement wise STAR achievement

51

8

84

53

32

16 16

31

18

77

16

0

20

40

60

80

100


* ** ***

31

Graph 6. ATC wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

The Graph6.represnts a poor picture towards sanitation as a system element.

All the ATCs perform poor for this element and more than 50 % in each ATC has concerns in this category of WASH. Amravati, Nashik and Nagpur ATCs have 91%, 80% and 67% AS falling in 1 star category.

Overall Nashik and Amravati ATCs have serious concerns as far as sanitation element is concerned.

Graph 7. ATC wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

The Graph7 highlights the hygiene element of the WASH package primarily that includes separate hand-washing station, availability of soap, use and disposal of sanitary napkins and is mostly a behavior related element.

It is clearly evident that the majority of AS across all the ATCs has significant gap and more than 80 % AS fall under 1 star category with Amravati leading this (96%).

Graph 8. ATC wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas (%)

While Nashik and Thane gives a better picture as compared to Amravati and Nagpur ATCs, this is an element which need continued effort. (Graph 8.)

Almost all the AS in Amravati lacks knowledge and capacities to manage the WASH or practice WASH behavior either in view of lack of facilities or due to limited capacity building efforts organized at AS level.

80 91

67

18

34

7

25

1

23

17

0

20

40

60

80

100


* ** ***

83

59

96 87

14

35

4 83 5 5

0

20

40

60

80

100


* ** ***

64

32

99 87

2319

11113

49

2

0

20

40

60

80

100


* ** ***

32

Key Findings at ATC Level

33

Nashik ATC

34

41%

22%

1%

36%

Nashik ATC


28

21

1 1

22

39

0

10

20

30

40 1 star 2 star

3 star 0 star

4.3 Key Findings at ATC Level

4.3.1 Nashik ATC

Table 10. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Nashik


Nashik 41 41 41

Kalvan 41 41 41

Dhule 22 22 22

Nandurbar 33 33 33

Taloda 42 42 42

Yaval 18 18 18

Rajur 25 25 25

Total 222 222 222

Graph 9. Pie Chart: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nashik ATC (%)

Graph 10. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nashik ATC (N=222)

• In Nashik ATC there are 77% AS falling in either 0 STAR (36%) or 1 STAR (41%). There are 22% AS falling in 2

STAR categories.

• There are only 2 AS that is 3 STAR is ATC as per the BM survey which means the rest 221 are to be

transformed into 3 STAR category (171 one STAR AS to two or three STAR and 49 two STAR into three STAR

category.

• Majority of 0 STAR AS are found in Nandurbar and Taloda PO. 3 STAR AS, one each is found in Nashik and

Rajur PO.

• The number of 1 STAR AS is significant in Nashik, Kalvan, Dhule and Yaval PO.

• The number of 2 STAR AS is mostly found in Kalvan and Rajur PO

35

Table 11. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Nashik ATC

Indicator

Indicator / PO Nashik Kalvan Dhule Nandurbar Taloda Yaval Rajur Nashik ATC

No of Ashramshalas 41 41 22 33 42 18 25 222

2 Water supply available all the time

17 25 19 13 11 17 22 124

41 61 86 39 26 94 88 56

8 Cleaning of water storage tank done twice a year

38 37 11 16 25 16 21 164

93 90 50 48 60 89 84 74

9 Whether treatment is done at school level?

37 37 10 29 25 14 16 168

90 90 45 88 60 78 64 76

13 Functional boys toilets? 5 11 2 4 1 3 5 31

12 27 9 12 2 17 20 14

14 Functional girls toilets? 15 11 7 3 1 8 23 68

37 27 32 9 2 44 92 31

22 Cleaning and maintenance is done daily

34 25 3 17 5 7 14 105

83 61 14 52 12 39 56 47

26 Dedicated mass hand washing stations with basin

6 0 3 3 0 5 0 17

15 0 14 9 0 28 0 8

29 Soap/Liquid in enough quantity is available

38 41 3 33 41 6 25 187

93 100 14 100 98 33 100 84

30 Teachers are trained on WASH exclusively

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 4

2 2 0 3 2 0 0 2

33 Sufficient supply of sanitary napkin

41 41 18 30 40 18 25 213

100 100 82 91 95 100 100 96

35 Students oriented on WASH

36 40 0 9 16 3 1 105

88 98 0 27 38 17 4 47

• In Nashik ATC indicators 13, 14, 22, 26, 20 and 35 are the major concerns.

• The use of boys toilets is very less and is reported almost 50% of the usage while comparing with the girls. Even

the percentage of toilets used by the girls is only 31% which is very less indicating increased chances of open

defecation by both the boys and girls. This raises the issue of safety, dignity and privacy of girl students also

during night time of early morning

• Almost in all the POs the orientation or training of teachers is missing. It seems there is no training or orientation

done for the school staff. This needs attention as it is very crucial for staff as they can drive the students for

better sanitation practices.

36

Table 12. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Nashik ATC

System Element

STAR Nashik Kalvan Dhule Nandurbar Taloda Yaval Rajur Nashik ATC

Water

* 17 10 16 22 34 4 10 113

** 18 17 5 5 5 8 12 70

*** 6 14 1 6 3 6 3 39

Total 41 41 22 33 42 18 25 222

Sanitation

* 37 37 15 32 41 9 7 178

** 4 4 6 1 1 9 16 41

*** 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3

Total 41 41 22 33 42 18 25 222

Hygiene

* 34 41 20 30 42 12 6 185

** 6 0 2 0 0 3 19 30

*** 1 0 0 3 0 3 0 7

Total 41 41 22 33 42 18 25 222

Knowledge

* 0 3 22 33 41 18 24 141

** 13 37 0 0 1 0 1 52

*** 28 1 0 0 0 0 0 29

Total 41 41 22 33 42 18 25 222

Total

* 33 37 19 30 41 9 12 181

** 7 3 3 3 1 9 12 38

*** 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 3

Total 41 41 22 33 42 18 25 222

Graph 11. System Element wise STAR Achievement in Ashramshalas in Nashik ATC (N=222)

• Across Nashik ATC, there are large number of AS that are falling under 1 STAR category for all the system elements.

• Sanitation and Hygiene elements are the cause of concern in this ATC

113

70

39

178

41

3

185

307

141

5229

0

50

100

150

200

* ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** ***


Nashik ATC

37

Graph 12. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 13. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 14. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 15. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

Graph 16. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Nashik ATC (N=222)

3327

19

30

41

9 127

14

3 3 19 12

1 10

10

20

30

40

50

Nashik Kalvan Dhule Nandurbar Taloda Yaval Rajur

* ** ***

17

1016

22

34

410

18 17

5 5 58

126

14

16

36

3

0

10

20

30

40


* ** ***

37 37

15

3241

9 74 4 61 1

916

1 2

0

20

40

60


* ** ***

3441

2030

42

1266 2 3

19

1 3 3

0

20

40

60


* ** ***

3

2233

41

1824

13

37

1 1

28

10

20

40

60


* ** ***

38

Thane ATC

39

4.3.2 Thane ATC

Table 13. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Thane


Ghodegaon 23 23 23

Solapur 3 3 3

Pen 16 16 16

Shahapur 23 23 23

Jawhar 30 30 30

Dahanu 35 33 33

Total 130 128 128

Graph 17. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Thane ATC (%)

Graph 18. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Thane ATC (N=128)

• In Thane ATC there are 23% AS falling in 3 STAR category, 61% AS are in 2 STAR category. Only 16% AS are

in either 0 STAR (5%) or 1 STAR (11%) category.

• There are only 29 AS that is 3 STAR in ATC as per the BM survey. Thane ATC has recorded the best

performance in terms of having maximum number of AS under the 3 STAR category.

• Majority of 0 STAR AS are found in Ghodegaon PO.

• Majority of 2 STAR AS are seen in Pen, Shahpur, Jawhar and Dahanu PO.

11%

61%

23%

5%

2. Thane ATC (N=128)


0

4 4

10 11

0

10

20

30

401 star 2 star

3 star 0 star

40

Table 14. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Thane ATC

Indicator

Indicator / PO Ghodegaon Solapur Pen Shahapur Jawhar Dahanu Thane ATC

No of Ashramshalas 23 3 16 23 30 33 128


18 3 14 15 30 31 111

78 100 88 65 100 94 87


19 3 15 23 30 32 122

83 100 94 100 100 97 95


12 0 16 23 30 32 113

52 0 100 100 100 97 88

13 Functional boys toilets?

4 0 12 21 25 27 89

17 0 75 91 83 82 70

14 Functional girls toilets? 5 1 16 21 28 30 101

22 33 100 91 93 91 79


15 0 10 19 20 20 84

65 0 63 83 67 61 66


6 1 2 4 2 3 18

26 33 13 17 7 9 14


12 0 16 23 29 31 111

52 0 100 100 97 94 87


1 0 3 8 9 16 37

4 0 19 35 30 48 29


21 3 16 22 29 32 123

91 100 100 96 97 97 96


0 0 12 11 28 27 78

0 0 75 48 93 82 61

• In Thane ATC indicators 22, 26, 30 and 35 are the major concerns despite majority of the AS are either in 2

STAR or 3 STAR categories. This means if these key indicators are addressed Thane ATC can show good

results in terms of overall WASH compliance.

• Another key observation in Thane ATC is that many of the AS shows that the teachers and students have been

oriented on WASH issues.

• Lack of dedicated hand-washing station is the major lacuna in Thane ATC and if complied, most of the 2 STAR

schools can easily get converted into 3 STAR category

41

Table 15. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Thane ATC

System Element

STAR Ghodegaon Solapur Pen Shahpur Jawhar Dahanu Thane ATC

Water

* 8 2 0 0 0 0 10

** 3 1 1 11 0 4 20

*** 12 0 15 12 30 29 98

Total 23 3 16 23 30 33 128

Sanitation

* 16 3 7 0 14 16 56

** 6 0 6 5 11 15 43

*** 1 0 3 18 5 2 29

Total 23 3 16 23 30 33 128

Hygiene

* 18 2 12 18 14 12 76

** 1 1 4 5 16 18 45

*** 4 0 0 0 0 3 7

Total 23 3 16 23 30 33 128

Knowledge

* 23 3 4 7 0 4 41

** 0 0 4 7 5 8 24

*** 0 0 8 9 25 21 63

Total 23 3 16 23 30 33 128

Total

* 18 2 1 0 0 0 21

** 5 1 11 19 20 22 78

*** 0 0 4 4 10 11 29

Total 23 3 16 23 30 33 128

Graph 19. System Element wise STAR Achievement in Ashramshalas in Thane ATC (N=128)

• Across Thane ATC, almost 80% of AS have reported for 3 STAR category probably leading to highest

number of 3 STAR AS in the State.

• Sanitation and Hygiene elements need attention in this ATC.

1020

98

56

43

29

76

45

7

41

24

63

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

* ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** ***


Thane ATC

42

Graph 20. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 21. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 22. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 23. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

Graph 24. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Thane ATC (N=128)

18

2 15

1

11

19 20 22

4 4

10 11

0

10

20

30

Ghodegaon Solapur Pen Shahpur Jawhar Dahanu

* ** ***

823 1 1

114

12 15 12

30 29

0

10

20

30

40


* ** ***

16

3

7

1416

6 6 5

11

15

13

18

52

0

5

10

15

20


* ** ***

18

2

12

1814

12

1 14 5

16 18

4 3

0

5

10

15

20


* ** ***

23

3 47

447 5

88 9

2521

0

10

20

30


* ** ***

43

Amravati ATC

44

37%

5%

58%

3. Amravati ATC (N=81)


2

8

3

6

1

10

5

12

3

11

43

9

0

5

10

15

20 1 star 2 star 3 star 0 star

4.3.3 Amravati ATC

Table 16. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Amravati


Aurangabad 8 8 8

Pandharkawada 27 21 21

Pusad 6 6 6

Kinwat 17 17 17

Kalamnuri 5 4 4

Akola 9 4 4

Dharani 27 21 21

Total 99 81 81

Graph 25. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Amravati ATC (%)

Graph 26. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Amravati ATC (N=81)

• In Amravati ATC there are 95% AS falling in either 0 STAR (58%) or 1 STAR (37%). There are only 5% AS

falling in 2 STAR category while there is no AS that falls under 3 STAR category.

• By and large AS in Amravati ATC represents a bleak picture and need serious attention. The trend is similar in

all the POs.

• Majority of 0 STAR AS are found in Aurangabad, Pandharkawada, Kinwat and Dharani PO area mostly falling

under 0 STAR category.

• There are only Aurangabad, Pandharkawada and Dharani POs where 2 STAR AS are reported, but the number

is very less.

• The spread of AS is also very saturated in Amravati ATC.

45

Table 17. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Amravati ATC

Indicator

Indicator / PO Aurang

abad Pandhark

awada Pusad Kinwat

Kalamnuri

Akola Dharani Amravati

ATC

No of Ashramshalas 8 21 6 17 4 4 21 81


7 3 1 5 1 0 4 21

88 14 17 29 25 0 19 26


8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

100 0 0 0 0 0 0 10


0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 10 2

13 Functional boys toilets? 1 2 3 3 0 4 3 16

13 10 50 18 0 100 14 20

14 Functional girls toilets? 1 9 3 10 2 4 15 44

13 43 50 59 50 100 71 54


0 5 0 4 0 0 7 16

0 24 0 24 0 0 33 20


2 1 0 0 0 0 2 5

25 5 0 0 0 0 10 6


0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

0 10 0 0 0 0 0 2


0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 19 5


1 21 5 16 4 4 20 71

13 100 83 94 100 100 95 88


2 1 0 0 0 0 5 8

25 5 0 0 0 0 24 10

• In Amravati ATC, all the key indicators are major concerns as indicator number 8, 9, 29, 30 and 35 scoring almost nil. So, clearly along with availability of facilities the capacity and knowledge levels will require high level inputs for WASH compliance.

• In Aurangabad and Pusad PO area the supply of sanitary napkins is not there which is very unusual as compared to other POs in the state

46

Table 18. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Amravati ATC

System Element

STAR Aurangabad Pandharkawada Pusad Kinwat Kalamnuri Akola Dharni Amravati

ATC

Water

* 2 19 5 16 4 4 18 68

** 6 2 1 1 0 0 3 13

*** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 8 21 6 17 4 4 21 81

Sanitation

* 7 19 5 17 4 4 18 74

** 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 6

*** 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Total 8 21 6 17 4 4 21 81

Hygiene

* 6 21 6 17 4 4 20 78

** 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3

*** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 8 21 6 17 4 4 21 81

Knowledge

* 8 21 6 17 4 4 20 80

** 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

*** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 8 21 6 17 4 4 21 81

Total

* 7 21 6 17 4 4 19 78

** 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3

*** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 8 21 6 17 4 4 21 81


• Across Amravati ATC, more than 90% AS have reported for 1 STAR category for all the system elements and

hence the ATC as a whole, presents a poor picture.

• No system element scores a 3 STAR category in Amravati ATC.

68

13

0

74

6 1

78

3 0

80

1 00

20

40

60

80

100

* ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** ***


Amravati ATC

47

Graph 28. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 29. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 30. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 31. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

Graph 32. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Amravati ATC (N=81)

7

21

6

17

4 4

19

1 2

0

10

20

30

Aurangabad Pandharkawada Pusad Kinwat Kalamnuri Akola Dharni

* ** ***

2

19

5

16

4 4

18

62 1 1

3

0

10

20


* ** ***

7

19

5

17

4 4

18

1 2 1 2 1

0

5

10

15

20


* ** ***

6

21

6

17

4 4

20

2 1

0

10

20

30


* ** ***

8

21

6

17

4 4

20

1

0

5

10

15

20

25


* ** ***

48

Nagpur ATC

49

54%

19%

1%

26%

4. Nagpur ATC (N=83)


5

7

1

6

3

56

5

3

1

11

3 3

0

5

10

15

20 1 star 2 star

3 star 0 star

4.3.4 Nagpur ATC

Table 19. PO wise Number of Ashramshalas for WASH Benchmarking in ATC - Nagpur


Nagpur 14 13 13

Deori 14 13 13

Bhandara 2 1 1

Chandrapur 14 9 9

Chimur 7 4 4

Gadchiroli 27 24 24

Aheri 13 11 11

Bhamaragad 10 8 8

Total 101 83 83

Graph 33. PIE CHART: Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nagpur ATC (%)

Graph 34. BAR CHART: PO wise Categorization of Ashramshalas in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

• In Nagpur ATC there are 80% AS falling in either 0 STAR (26%) or 1 STAR (54%). There are 19% AS falling in 2

STAR category while there is only one AS (1%) that falls under 3 STAR category.

• By and large AS in Nagpur ATC represents an average picture as compared to the other ATCs.

• Majority of 0 STAR AS are found in Gadchiroli, Deori, Aheri and Bhamaragad PO area significantly falling under

0 STAR category.

• There are 2 STAR AS almost seen across all POs hence upgrading them to next level 3 STAR would require

lesser efforts as compared to the remaining 80% which are either 0 STAR or 1 STAR.

50

Table 20. PO wise Status of 11 Key Indicators in Ashramshalas (Highlighted Fig depicts %) – Nagpur ATC

Indicator

Indicator / PO Nagp

ur Deori

Bhandara

Chandrapur

Chimur Gadchiroli

Aheri Bhamaragad

Nagpur ATC

No of Ashramshalas 13 13 1 9 4 24 11 8 83


7 8 1 8 2 15 6 5 52

54 62 100 89 50 63 55 63 63


10 9 0 6 3 14 7 3 52

77 69 0 67 75 58 64 38 63


6 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 11

46 8 0 0 50 0 18 0 13

13 Functional boys toilets? 4 2 0 4 2 7 2 0 21

31 15 0 44 50 29 18 0 25

14 Functional girls toilets? 7 12 1 7 3 12 4 3 49

54 92 100 78 75 50 36 38 59


8 3 0 4 3 2 4 3 27

62 23 0 44 75 8 36 38 33


6 0 0 2 2 7 1 1 19

46 0 0 22 50 29 9 13 23


6 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 12

46 0 0 22 50 4 9 0 14


4 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6

31 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 7


13 11 0 7 4 16 10 8 69

100 85 0 78 100 67 91 100 83


6 0 0 3 1 4 0 0 14

46 0 0 33 25 17 0 0 17

• In Nagpur ATC, it can be seen from the above table a mixed picture of key indicators across all the POs.

• Interestingly cleaning of tanks seems on a higher side in Nagpur ATC and the daily cleaning and maintenance

activity in AS especially in Chimur PO looks significant.

• The key indicators number 9, 26, 29, 30, 33 and 35 scores low and indicate interventions of all types uniformly.

• Supply of sanitary napkins in Bhamaragad is not seen while it is also less in Deori, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and

Aheri PO areas.

51

Table 21. PO wise System Element wise STAR Performance in Ashramshalas – Nagpur ATC

System Element

STAR Nagpur Deori Bhandara Chandrapur Chimur Gadchiroli Aheri Bhamaragarh Nagpur ATC

Water

* 5 8 1 5 2 14 5 4 44

** 5 3 0 3 2 7 2 4 26

*** 3 2 0 1 0 3 4 0 13

Total 13 13 1 9 4 24 11 8 83

Sanitation

* 3 9 0 8 3 16 10 7 56

** 10 4 1 1 1 3 0 1 21

*** 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 6

Total 13 13 1 9 4 24 11 8 83

Hygiene

* 9 13 1 8 4 18 11 8 72

** 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 7

*** 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

Total 13 13 1 9 4 24 11 8 83

Knowledge

* 7 13 1 9 4 22 10 6 72

** 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 9

*** 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2

Total 13 13 1 9 4 24 11 8 83

Total

* 6 10 1 9 4 18 10 8 66

** 6 3 0 0 0 6 1 0 16

*** 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Total 13 13 1 9 4 24 11 8 83


• Across Nagpur ATC, more than 80% AS have reported for 1 STAR category for hygiene and capacity and

knowledge element while for water and sanitation the status is better as compared to other ATCs except Thane.

• Water and sanitation element represents an average picture in Nagpur ATC area where the spread of AS is

almost similar for these 2 elements.

44

26

13

56

21

6

72

7 4

72

92

0

20

40

60

80

* ** *** * ** *** * ** *** * ** ***


Nagpur ATC

52

Graph 36. PO wise System Element-Composite wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 37. PO wise System Element-Water wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 38. PO wise System Element-Sanitation wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 39. PO wise System Element-Hygiene wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

Graph 40. PO wise System Element-Capacity & Knowledge wise STAR Achievement in Nagpur ATC (N=83)

6

10

1

9

4

18

108

63

6

11

0

5

10

15

20

Nagpur Deori Bhandara Chandrapur Chimur Gadchiroli Aheri Bhamaragarh

* ** ***

5

8

1

5

2

14

5 453 3 2

7

243 2 1

3 4

0

5

10

15


* ** ***

3

9 8

3

16

107

10

41 1 1

31

51

0

10

20


* ** ***

9

13

1

8

4

18

118

1

63

1

0

5

10

15

20


* ** ***

7

13

1

9

4

22

1066

1 21 1

0

5

10

15

20

25


* ** ***

53

Section 5. Qualitative Observations of WASH Benchmarking

The Benchmarking of WASH facilities also tried to capture some qualitative information through site observations, formal and informal discussions and grievances expressed by the staff.

5.1 Drinking Water Facility – Treatment, Storage, Quality & Maintenance:

There was storage facility for drinking water within the premises in almost all the Ashramshalas. As per the observations of the team, there was no system for cleaning of water tanks. It was reported that bleaching powder was used for cleaning but the staff did not know proper dosage and procedure of application of chlorine dose. The current practice of treatment using bleaching powder or TCL or treatment method is not systematic and lack clear SoP. The bleaching powder was obtained either from Gram Panchayat (GP) or from the Primary Health Center (PHC). However, no stock of bleaching powder was observed inside the Ashramshalas. In a large number of the cases, the source of water is bore-well and hand pump. However, in many of these cases either the sources are inadequate or the supply from the sources is inadequate. Moreover, it was observed that the areas around these sources of water were unkempt and filthy. It was observed that regular maintenance of water supply sources & the storage tank is severely lacking in almost all cases. There is a total absence of water quality standards and protocols for treatment of water. Same water is used for all purposes. In all Ashramshalas, the water treatment reports were not maintained though they claimed that water from source was treated as per protocol. In many places load shedding made it difficult to use the motors to pump the water. Some Ashramshalas face certain problems like broken or leaking pipelines that make it difficult to pump the water up. In many Ashramshalas it was reported that the water tanks were leaking which made the tanks unusable. It was also observed by the teams that in a significant number of Ashramshalas certain necessary equipment like, generator, motor pump, solar water heater, water filters were non-functional and required necessary repairs. However, it was reported by the staff that funds for repairs and maintenance were usually unavailable. Water was reported to be available throughout the year in many schools. However, in a substantial number of pockets, water shortages were reported during March-June. During such time, water was acquired through water tankers. In some places water was available but storage was not sufficient.

5.2 Sanitation Facilities and Environmental Sanitation:

Urinals for girls were not found in most Ashramshalas and in the Ashramshalas wherein they were spotted they were reported to be grossly inadequate. Wherever they were built, they were not functional. Mostly they were kept dirty. Bathrooms were used as urinals in most Ashramshalas. With regards to boys, urinals were found existing in a large number of Ashramshalas, but not sufficient at all. In most cases, it was observed that the toilets for both boys and girls were dysfunctional; toilet pans were broken or blocked and dirty and running water was not available in the toilets. In a lot of cases the toilets were locked and it was also reported that the staff used these toilets. In addition to this, there exists a severe inadequacy of the number of toilets for boys. Both boys and girls reported leaving the premises to defecate out in the fields due to this. Girls especially found it difficult, as they had to go out early morning.

54

Severe inadequacy of bathrooms was noted for both boys and girls. The spaces where the toilets/bathrooms/urinals were seen as dimly lit with no ventilation. Mirrors were not provided for either. Some reported improper bathing facilities for girls like, a temporary tin shed. In majority of the cases, it was found that children are provided with a bathing soap every month, but there is no one in the Ashramshalas who monitor the appropriate usage. Though sanitary napkins are provided for regularly in most Ashramshalas, it was found that in many Ashramshalas it was not sufficient. In some Ashramshalas, the sanitary napkins were not supplied at all and/or were very irregular. There was no system in place to address menstrual hygiene issues. Though, a register is maintained in a few places of the menstrual cycle of adolescent girls, but girls were hardly aware of the menstrual hygiene practices. It was expressed by girl students that in the absence of a proper drying area, it became very difficult for them to dry clothes during menstrual hygiene. Moreover, in none of the Ashramshalas there was any provision of proper disposal of sanitary napkins. Girls expressed experiencing a lot of inconvenience during the days of the menstrual cycle. In order to address this issue, it becomes evident the need for a research on simple and cost effective designs for management of used sanitary napkins. In many places the lack of attention given to technological aspects of toilet has rendered the urinals and toilets useless, defunct or turned into storage places. The teams observed a lack of cleanliness in kitchen, storage vessels were without lids and food kept in insanitary conditions. The grounds of many Ashramshalas were dirty and it was learnt that they were not cleaned regularly. Stark lack of application of technology to waste water management & solid waste management was noted. These concepts and systems were not seen at all in the Ashramshalas. If observed, they were not sound technologically or immensely inadequate.

5.3 Hand-washing with Soap Facilities:

In most of the Ashramshalas, there was no dedicated place for mass hand washing. Taps are available for many purposes. In many Ashramshalas, a significant number of taps dysfunctional compared to the number available, which was seen as grossly inadequate too. In most Ashramshalas basins are not available at all. Providing group hand-washing facilities has not been a priority area so far which needs immediate attention as majority of the students reported availability of cake soap or liquid soap.

5.4 Issue of Behaviours, Capacity and Knowledge Level:

Focused training in WASH has not been provided to teachers and/or students or other staff in all Ashramshalas and this eventually has led to poor practice of hygiene maintenance. In places where-in the superintendent slots were not filled in or the superintendents were not women, it was difficult in make the space MH-friendly. Non-availability of resource materials like games, activity materials, books, charts, models, etc. on WASH is a significant gap seen in all Ashramshalas. Most students have not been oriented on WASH messages and behaviours. Lack of hygiene practices was very obvious in the children. There was no indication of whether the children practiced appropriate hygiene practices like on critical times, e.g. washing hands with soap before food intake, after defecation, etc. The children dispose off waste in inappropriate ways- burning openly, throwing in un-used well, in the river, etc.

55

5.5 Other Key Observations: Apart from the WASH component, the following inadequacies were observed by those who visited the Ashramshalas:

Very poor residential facilities. Students sleep on the mattress spread on the floor

Same space used for class rooms and residential dorms

Several posts vacant of teaching & support staff

Lack of Life Skills training

Gross violation of nutritional needs of the children (many hours’ gap in serving meals lead to children ending up undernourished or hiding food in their trunks, to eaten up when they feel hungry, resulting in eating stale, unclean food)

Timely and sufficient funds for maintenance is lacking leading to breakdown of normal functioning

Establishing Ashram schools in remote areas further isolates the children and creates an inaccessibility that works against the development of the child and puts multiple hurdles in provision of proper care

Overall, qualitatively, a robust monitoring and handholding system is in demand.

The lack of any review procedure from time to time regarding the development of children, finding out what hinders it and addressing it immediately created a gaping hole in accountability process. There is an all-pervasive absence of monitoring and handholding of staff to enable them to perform their work efficiently and effectively. There was seen a major lack of child participation and voice in their own development process. We must remember and ensure that the Child Participation happens effectively when adults collaborate with children, according to their age and ability, individually and collectively in the programme, in things that affect them. The way the service provision functions, there is absolutely no space created for children to share their views and be listened to by adults. No separate post for cleaning & maintenance staff / non-availability of such staff made it very difficult to sustain WASH facilities and keep them usable and useful. Ensuring provision of human resource for better upkeep and facilitation of WASH practices is an administrative issue and it needs committed resources. No separate facilities for differently abled persons available in any of the Ashramshalas Many of the new building structures are not used due to lack of water supply or electricity. Hence the students and staff cannot shift to the new one.

5.6 Summary of the Qualitative Observations:

The current practice of treatment using bleaching powder or TCL or treatment method is systematic and lack clear SoP.

It was observed that regular maintenance of water supply sources & the storage tank is severely lacking in almost all cases.

It was reported by the staff that funds for repairs and maintenance were usually unavailable. Bathrooms were used as urinals in most Ashramshalas. In most cases, it was observed that the toilets for both boys and girls were dysfunctional; toilet pans were

broken or blocked and dirty and running water was not available in the toilets. The spaces where the toilets/bathrooms/urinals were seen as dimly lit with no ventilation. Providing group hand-washing facilities has not been a priority area so far which needs immediate attention

as majority of the students reported availability of cake soap or liquid soap. Focused training in WASH has not been provided to teachers and/or students or other staff in all

Ashramshalas and this eventually has led to poor practice of hygiene maintenance. There was seen a major lack of child participation and voice in their own development process. We must

remember and ensure that the Child Participation happens effectively when adults collaborate with children, according to their age and ability, individually and collectively in the programme, in things that affect them.

56

Section 6. Recommendations – Qualitative and Quantitative

6.1 Key Challenges and Recommendations

Key Challenges:

Strengthening the water supply source and ensuring water supply all the time.

Scarcity of water in last 2 months of dry spells i.e. beginning of summer season.

Inadequate WASH infrastructure and water recharging mechanisms is not available.

Lack of toilet facility for differently abled children &staff.

Students are not aware of personal hygiene and school cleanliness.

Establishing cleanliness as an important component of day to day lifestyle in the Ashramshalas.

No proper training about O & M to staff and school management.

Irregular maintenance of storage tank and no mechanism for SLWM

Deficiency in case of disposal mechanism for sanitary napkin.

Supply of continued electricity is an issue creating lot of other problems such as pumping, etc. In view of the recorded challenges, the WASH in Ashramshalas activity needs to be steered as per the framework detailed out in Fig. 1. It should address the following issues on priority. In the coming period, the AS level issues should be identified through preparation of AS level WASH action plans and immediate, medium and long term plans can be prepared. Following are the key recommendations proposed. Recommendations:

Students, Teachers and every worker of Ashramshala should have basic knowledge of WASH related issue. This can be achieved through capacity building activity at the AS level and exposure visit to the key staff. The TDD / TDC should come up with a regular training calendar i.e. at least twice in a year. Support from external agencies like KRCs, PMCs, CSRs, UNICEF, etc and others and departments like WSSD, WCD, Health, Education, etc. should be taken.

Operation and maintenance is a key to sustain the existing WASH infrastructure and new infrastructure be taken up to ensure adequacy and proper operations and functionality. The post of Cleaner should be filled in every Ashramshala with immediate effect. Suitable structures should be created for differently abled staff and students and amendments be made to make the infrastructure child friendly.

If a lady superintendent appointed as regular worker goes on leaves she should handover her charge to a responsible lady staff. This will address the issues and challenges related to safety, personal hygiene and counseling requirements, and other issues faced by the girls.

Funds should be made available to ensure O&M, repairs and new construction. There should be delegation of suitable financial powers at the AS level with proper check mechanism. This will address the issue of delayed attention and lengthy processes in existence.

Initiatives for augmentation of water sources should be taken up so as to ensure adequate water supply in the AS to meet the drinking water requirement and other requirements.

Appropriate communications and resource material should be developed and made available in the AS with dedicated sessions at suitable intervals to imbibe the software skills among the students. This can be in the form of posters, wall painting, games, puzzles, reading books and manuals, etc.

Measure be taken to address the solid and liquid waste generated in the AS including the management of used sanitary napkins.

57

6.2 Requirement for WASH Infrastructure in terms of adequacy

As a part of the WASH benchmarking exercise, adequacy (Annexure 8.) was looked into and tentative requirement at AS level was worked out based on discussion with the students and staff at the AS. The ATC wise summary of the quantitative requirement is presented below. The PO wise quantitative requirement is attached as Annexure 9 to Annexure 14.

Table 22. Adequacy of Water Supply in AS and Requirement of Hand-washing points (taps)

ATC No of AS Water Hand-washing Stations (Taps)

Adequacy Inadequate Existing Required Additional Requirement

Nashik ATC 222 97 125 816 5554 4773

Thane ATC 128 111 17 500 4864 4364

Amravati ATC 81 69 12 555 1745 1190

Nagpur ATC 83 48 35 265 3393 3137

Total 514 325 189 2136 15556 13464

Table 23. Adequacy of Urinals and Toilets for Girl students & requirement

ATC Urinals Toilets

Existing Required Extra Need Existing Required Additional Requirement

Nashik ATC 1041 3587 2546 2041 3107 1032

Thane ATC 379 1670 1291 832 1399 567

Amravati ATC 289 987 698 727 926 199

Nagpur ATC 172 743 565 659 641 25

Total 1881 6987 5100 4259 6073 1773

Table 24. Adequacy of Urinals and Toilets for Boys students & requirement

ATC Urinals Toilets

Existing Required Extra Need Existing Required Additional Requirement

Nashik ATC 1039 3700 2673 1762 3101 1339

Thane ATC 376 1937 1561 735 1602 867

Amravati ATC 224 1094 870 534 1268 734

Nagpur ATC 188 737 546 622 583 39

Total 1827 7468 5650 3653 6554 2901

Adequacy of water supply : 325 AS (189 AS lacks adequate water supply)

Number of hand-washing points required : 13464

Number of urinals for girls required : 5100


Number of urinals for boys required : 5650


Supply of sanitary napkins in AS : Adequate except few AS in Nagpur ATC

58

6.3 Recommendations

The current practice of treatment using bleaching powder or TCL or treatment method is not systematic and lack clear SoP, hence proper training and orientation should be organized for person responsible.

It was observed that regular maintenance of water supply sources & the storage tank is severely lacking in almost all cases, hence maintenance and cleanliness of the tank and source surrounding be ensured.

However, it was reported by the staff that funds for repairs and maintenance were usually unavailable, hence financial as well technical resourcing needs to be done to address the issue of O & M.

Bathrooms were used as urinals in most AS, hence urinals of proper design should be constructed.

In most cases, it was observed that the toilets for both boys and girls were dysfunctional; toilet pans were broken or blocked and dirty and running water was not available in the toilets, hence repairs be undertaken, water supply be ensured and students should be sensitized for proper use.

The spaces where the toilets/bathrooms/urinals were seen as dimly lit with no ventilation, hence proper lighting and ventilation be ensured at such places.

Providing group hand-washing facilities has not been a priority area so far which needs immediate attention as majority of the students reported availability of cake soap or liquid soap, hence hand-washing stations should be mandatorily constructed as a non-negotiable and practice of using soap be promoted.

Focused training in WASH has not been provided to teachers and/or students or other staff in all Ashramshalas and this eventually has led to poor practice of hygiene maintenance, hence dedicated training sessions at AS level and outside be organized which is necessary to ensure WASH compliance AS.

There was seen a major lack of child participation and voice in their own development process. We must remember and ensure that the Child Participation happens effectively when adults collaborate with children, according to their age and ability, individually and collectively in the programme, in things that affect them, hence WASH infrastructure be made student friendly and software activities must be implemented with maximum and active participation with focus on quality inputs.

59

Section 7. Photographic Evidence

Photo 1: Buckets lined up for filling of water from main storage tank

Photo 2: students having clean beds and rooms with large windows for air and sunlight

Photo 1: Hand-washing station with running water and mirrors available

Photo 2: Storage tanks within Ashramshala premises

Photo 3: Ladies urinals in working condition

Photo 43: Water supply pipeline passing through stagnated wastewater

60

Annexure Section

61

Annexure 1. Swacchh Bharat: Swacchh Vidyalaya WASH Package

62

Annexure 2. WASH Grading of Ashramshalas based on 35 Indicators - A 3 STAR Approach

Ashramshala Name Project Office

Block & District

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t

Description and Status of System element /components Score [Yes=1 No=0]

Rating

Wat

er (

Su

pp

ly, Q

ual

ity,

Sto

rag

e &

Tre

atm

ent)

1 Improved water supply source (piped/borehole/protected well/tanker free) is available.

2 Water supply available all the time.

3 Pipeline does not passes through un-hygienic and poor sanitary conditions.

4 Regular chemical and bacteriological water testing is done.

5 WQ Test Reports are available with school.

6 Storage tanks capacity is as per norms. (Overhead/Underground/Ground Level)

7 Storage tank is not leaking and properly sealed.

8 Cleaning of water storage tank is done twice a year.

9 Whether treatment is done at school level? RO / UV/TCL application.

10 Proper sanitation/cleanliness is maintained around drinking water point.

Sub total of Water Section and rating 0 «

San

itat

ion

(T

oile

t fa

cilit

ies,

exc

reta

dis

po

sal a

nd

O&

M)

11 Separate adequate toilets are available for boys?

12 Separate adequate toilets are available for girls?


14 Functional girls toilets?

15 Separate adequate urinals are available for boys?

16 Separate adequate urinals are available for girls?

17 Functional boys urinals?

18 Functional girls urinals?

19 Excreta disposal system (Pipes/chambers/septic tanks) functional.

20 Open defecation not found within premises or just outside seen.

21 Disposal mechanism for sanitary napkin in girls schools (Pit burial / burning / incinerator) Proper hygiene practices maintained by boys in the schools (hair cutting, nail cutting, etc.)

22 Cleaning and maintenance staff available and daily cleaning is done.

23 Solid as well as liquid waste in the school is managed (system in place)

24 Neat and Clean area around kitchen - free of wastewater stagnation.

25 Separate facilities for differently abled persons available in the school.

Sub total of Toilet facilities section and rating 0 «

Hyg

ien

e

(Han

d

was

hin

g) 26 Dedicated mass hand washing stations with basin.

27 Adequate hand washing points are available.

28 Running / Stored water available for hand washing.

29 Soap is available at specified location (1 soap for 4 children/month)

Sub total of Hand Washing Stations 0 «

Tra

inin

g a

nd

Cap

acit

y B

uild

ing

30 Teachers are trained on Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) exclusively.

31 Monitoring of HWWS in the school by teachers.

32 Availability of resource materials on WASH (outreach materials/games, etc.)


34 Child cabinet to monitor WASH activities and behaviours and reports


Subtotal of Training and Capacity Building 0 «

Grand total and WASH Facility rating 0 «

63

Annexure 3: Suggestive Ashramshala wise WASH infrastructure requirement

Name of the School Key Person Name / Contact

DISE Number Headmaster

Gram Panchayat Superintendent

Block Female Warden

District Sarpanch

S. N.

Component Adequacy (Yes/No)

(Nos / Capacity / Status) Remark

Existing Required Extra Need

1 Water - Drinking

2 Water - Other Use

3 Urinals - Girls

4 Toilets - Girls

5 Urinals - Boys

6 Toilets - Boys

7 Hand-washing Station

8 Sanitary Pads

9 Solid Waste

10 Wastewater Status

11 Knowledge WASH

12

Monitoring System

Hardware

Software

13 Additional Comments

64

Annexure 4. ATC wise Status of WASH Benchmarking done by KRCs

S. N.

Project Office Key Resource Centre

(KRC) Allotted Visited

Data Submitted

Not Available

1 Nashik NGNK, Nashik 41 41 41

2 Kalvan NGNK, Nashik 41 41 41

3 Dhule SGBSS, Jalgaon 22 22 22

4 Nandurbar GF, Nandurbar 33 33 33

5 Taloda GF, Nandurbar 42 42 42

6 Yaval SGBSS, Jalgaon 18 18 18

7 Rajur SGBSS, Jalgaon 25 25 25

Nashik ATC 222 222 222

8 Ghodegaon MPSSM, Solapur 23 23 23

9 Solapur MPSSM, Solapur 3 3 3

10 Pen YF, Thane 16 16 16

11 Shahapur YF, Thane 23 23 23

12 Jawhar YF, Thane 30 30 30

13 Dahanu YF, Thane 35 33 33 2

Thane ATC 130 128 128 2

14 Aurangabad SACRED, Aurangabad 8 8 8

15 Pandharkawada SV, Amravati 27 21 21 6

16 Pusad SV, Amravati 6 6 6

17 Kinwat SV, Amravati 17 17 17

18 Kalamnuri SV, Amravati 5 4 4 1

19 Akola SV, Amravati 9 4 4 5

20 Dharani SV, Amravati 27 21 21 6

Amravati ATC 99 81 81 18

21 Nagpur CSV, Wardha 14 13 13 1

22 Deori CSV, Wardha 14 13 13 1

23 Bhandara CSV, Wardha 2 1 1 1

24 Chandrapur CSV, Wardha 14 9 9 5

25 Chimur CSV, Wardha 7 4 4 3

26 Gadchiroli CSV, Wardha 27 24 24 3

27 Aheri CSV, Wardha 13 11 11 2

28 Bhamaragad CSV, Wardha 10 8 8 2

Nagpur ATC 101 83 83 18

Total 0 552 514 514 38

65

Annexure 5. Terms of Reference (ToR) for KRCs

Baseline Assessment using Benchmarking Tool 3 STAR Approach in Government Ashramshalas with Support from Key resource Centres (KRCs)

1. Introduction

In order to ensure all Ashramshalas in the state to have basic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities, the Tribal Development Department (TDD), Government of Maharashtra has initiated the Clean India: Clean Ashramshala initiative. This initiative will ensure not only raising awareness about WASH but also will supplement the augmentation and creation of WASH facility infrastructure to facilitate and enabling environment for the students studying in Ashramshalas which is their childhood home. This will help adoption of safe sanitation habits and good hygiene and health conditions of the students. UNICEF shall be supporting the TDD to support this initiative through technical inputs and financial support where it is requested by the department. The current benchmarking exercise will be conducted with financial and technical support from UNICEF. UNICEF, Maharashtra and Office of the Tribal Development Commissioner (TDC) will facilitate the entire benchmarking exercise. This will help to set an action plan for WASH compliance Ashramshalas in the state.

2. Benchmarking Tool – 3 STAR Approach& Scope of Work The 3 STAR approach based benchmarking tool is an effective tool to assess the status of WASH infrastructure in the Ashramshalas.The 3 STAR Benchmarking Tool is attached as Annexure B.

3. Suggested Plan of Action UNICEF and TDD has already agreed to carry out the benchmarking exercise with support from the KRCs. A key set of activities can be as follows –

Concept note KRCs identification & Orientation Field assessment & Data Analysis and Report preparation and presentation in POs workshop

Following timeline is suggested to complete this exercise.

Timeline (Date) Activity

February 15, 2015 Concept Note and action Plan

March 10, 2015 Identification of KRCs & Orientation

March 16, 2015 Work Order issued to KRCs

March 17, 2015 KRCs to Prepare Field Visit Plan

March 17 to April 5, 2015 Benchmarking to be initiated and Completed

April 10, 2015 Reports received from KRCs

April 15, 2015 Final Report Prepared

Date to be decided Presentation in POs workshop

Date to decided Brainstorming on Report and Strategy Development

66

4. Budget and Fund Flow UNICEF shall be supporting this activity. An amount of Rs. 1200/- plus 10 % administrative cost per school shall be paid to the KRC for this activity. This will include travel cost within the district and honorarium to be paid to the assessment teams. In case of KRCs requiring visits to other districts, additional cost for food @ Rs. 250/- per person per night halt shall be paid. For stay, the TDD will try to make stay arrangements in the Ashramshalas wherever possible, in case it is not possible, an additional cost towards stay shall be paid @ Rs. 300/- per person per night halt. TDC will pay 50 % fund in advance and remaining 50 % shall be paid after submission of report to TDC and UNICEF. UNICEF will ensure that all the reports are submitted and will recommend for release of final installment.

5. Field Visits and Teams for Benchmarking The KRC should engage the teams depending upon the requirement. A team must comprise of 2 members - a

male & a female enumerator oriented and trained in WASH. In case clarifications are required, the KRC can get the required clarifications from TDC or if required from

UNICEF. The verification teams should spend at least one night in Ashramshala in each Project Office area to understand

and observe the WASH issues to a much more depth. It is ideally suggested that in case of visit to other district or longer distances, the team should make night halts

at the Ashramshalas. The Project Officers will accordingly ensure stay arrangements while cost of food will be paid by the KRC teams.

6. Analysis & Reporting Format

The KRC will conduct the assessment and will submit a hard copy and a soft copy for each of the school in a format given to them. The Annexure A is meant for basic information. The uniformity of the format will have to be maintained by the KRCs as given in Annexure B. The district wise profile of Ashramshalas is attached as Annexure C. The suggestive Ashramshala wise WASH infrastructure requirement format is attached as Annexure D.The Ashramshala level benchmarking format is to be filled on the basis of the guide attached as Annexure E. The adequacy calculation sheet to be used for Benchmarking is attached as Annexure F.

7. Deliverables: The KRC will deliver the following in accordance with the timeline mentioned above –

i. Soft & Hard copy of Benchmarking Tool for all surveyed schools as per Annexure A& B. ii. District Summary of WASH status in Ashramshala as per Annexure C. iii. Suggestive Ashramshala wise WASH infrastructure requirement as per Annexure D. iv. Photographs (8 to 10 per school) in soft copy in CD with captions of existing WASH infrastructure

67

Annexure A: General Information about the Ashramshala

Ashramshala Name

Village

Block

District

Project Office

Distance from District (Kms)

Distance from Project Office

Nearest Village (Kms)

Staff Name & Contact

Headmaster/mistress

Male Superintendent

Lady Superintendent

Total Numbers Boys (Male) Girls (Female)

Students (Total)

Students (Residential)

Students (Day Scholar)

Teaching Staff

Support Staff

Differently Able

Students

Staff

68

Annexure b: District Summary of WASH Status in Ashramshalas

KRC Name

District

Total Ashramshalas – Government Operated

Total Schools Visited

System Element

S. N.

Indicators Number of

Schools Percentage

(%)

Wat

er

(Su

pp

ly, Q

ual

ity,

Sto

rag

e &

Tre

atm

ent)

1 Improved water supply source


3 Pipeline passes through un-hygienic and poor sanitary conditions.



6 Storage tanks capacity is as per norms.

7 Storage tank is not leaking and properly sealed.



10 Proper cleanliness is maintained around drinking water point.

San

itat

ion

(To

ilet

faci

litie

s, e

xcre

ta d

isp

osa

l an

d O

&M

) 11 Separate adequate toilets are available for boys?


13 Functional boys’ toilets?

14 Functional girls’ toilets?


16 Separate adequate urinals are available for girls?

17 Functional boys’ urinals?

18 Functional girls’ urinals?

19 Excreta disposal system functional.

20 Open defecation within premises or just outside seen.

21 Disposal mechanism for sanitary napkin exists

22 Cleaning and maintenance staff available.

23 Wastewater is properly managed.

24 Solid waste in the school is managed

25 Neat and Clean area around kitchen.

Hyg

ien

e

(Han

d

was

hin

g) 26 Dedicated mass hand washing stations with basin.

27 Adequate hand washing points are available.

28 Running / Stored water available for hand washing.

29 Soap is available at specified location

Tra

inin

g a

nd

Cap

acit

y B

uild

ing

30 Teachers are trained on WASH exclusively.

31 Monitoring of HWWS and MHM is done in the school.

32 Availability of resource materials on WASH


34 Child cabinet to monitor WASH activities and behaviours.


69

Annexure 6. State Level Workshop discussion A State level workshop for sharing the preliminary findings of the WASH Benchmarking was organized at ChatrapatiShivajiBalewadi Sports Complex, Pune on April 23rd 2015 for the POs with an objective to understand the findings of the Benchmarking survey. The workshop was attended by POs, APOs, ATCs, TDD staff and KRC representative along with UNICEF team. The key highlights and discussion points are presented below.

Agenda Key discussion points

Welcome Address by Secretary: Secretary, TDD welcomed all the participants, KRCs for the workshop. He highlighted the need for WASH in Ashramshalas, the proposed action plan for the same and the efforts of the department in ensuring proper WASH and Health facilities, ensuring Nutrition supplement and capacity building of the stakeholders, etc. in his introductory remarks.

UNICEF presentation on KRCS benchmarking data:

State level findings of the WASH status in Ashramshalas done through Benchmarking Exercise by KRCs were presented by UNICEF.

It was informed that the BM exercise was done in 507 Ashramshalas across 29 POs in 15 districts from all the ATCs.

The discussion mainly revolved around status of water, sanitary facilities like toilets, urinals, etc.

Thane ATC was reported having highest number (30) of 3 STAR Ashramshalas while the rest of the ATCs had only Three 3 STAR Ashramshalas. Overall 33 Ashramshalas reported to have 3 STAR.

Amravati is the most vulnerable amongst all 4 ATCs with maximum Ashramshalas falling either in 0 or 1 STAR.

Key indicators like water availability, quality of water, functionality of toilets, availability of hand-washing stations, and soap availability, knowledge and training among the teachers and school students were discussed and it was analysed that how it plays a key role in getting a STAR rank for a particular Ashramshala.

Majority of the schools have shown positive result on supply side however there are serious backlogs in adequacy and in O and M (operation and maintenance), which needs attention.

The presentation also highlighted key issues regarding WASH status in the Ashramshalas with a strong link to the behaviours, knowledge levels, and willingness. The way ahead was discussed in brief.

An example of estimated cost requirement for the development of WASH infrastructure plan - girl urinals was presented on sample basis.

KRCs Presentation for all the 4 ATCs (Nashik, Wardha, Thane, Amravati)

The KRC representatives from each division made a presentation for their divisions. The presentation comprised of Ashramshalas covered, status of Ashramshalas in terms of STAR ranking, issues, good practices and poor practices, recommendations, etc. KRCs is as follows – o Although infrastructure is available in many cases, putting it to use,

inculcating habits for using those effectively is missing. o There are good examples available in the ashramshalas driven by key

individuals e.g. in one of the schools where there is scarcity of water, the active superintendant personally monitors the less usage of water during hand wash activity by students.

o Many of the schools are waiting to shift to new buildings where the new hardware of WASH is incorporated in the plan. However, water availability is a major concern.

o The schools have infrastructure issues like the non availability, inadequacy of urinals, toilets, drinking water points, hand-washing points (taps), etc.

o In majority of the schools liquid and solid waste management is either not there or is inappropriate.

70

A social service provider (an entrepreneurship based O and M cadre) should be created for providing services for helping O & M of hardware infrastructure and in developing the soft skills on WASH in students.

Software packages should be strongly introduced to help the teachers understand the importance of WASH.

Lot of CSRs and NGOs are engaged in water supply treatment in Thane ATC (in and around Mumbai). Some of the schools have roof top rain water harvesting units but those need proper maintenance.

Water tanks are being cleaned during the holidays i.e. twice in a year. Water quality treatment needs attention and proper guide and training be ensured in the Ashramshalas on this.

Disposal management of Sanitary napkins , solid and liquid waste management need to be incorporated in school action plan.

Decisions/Recommendations Entrepreneurships model: From the KRC ppt an important recommendation was to identify and develop Social Service Provider model of entrepreneurship came up for discussion. A concept note to be prepared by the KRC on the proposed model for further consideration.

Follow up Sharing at ATC level: will be for the HMs of the Schools. The KRCs will facilitate this along with the ATC/PO office. Detailed ATC wise and PO wise reports shall be shared with HMs, POs and ATCs. UNICEF team shall also be present in some of the ATC/PO wise workshops. PO level discussion meetings will be organized.

Sate level workshop: Post the PO level workshop an escalated State level workshop to be organized to discuss further on the state report and action plan.

Felicitation of HMs: In order to promote good practices and recognize the practice two ashramshala HMs with innovative and sustained WASH practice will be identified with the inputs from KRCs. They will be felicitated for a promotional recognition to assess the positivity of launch of recognition and rewards system for good performers. The A felicitation may be arranged by the department during the next State level workshop organized by TDD.

Demonstration in Ashramshalas: For this purpose as discussed earlier2 ashramshalas will be identified by each ATCs. The set of activities including Hardware and Software will be implemented in these demonstration units. Secretary, TDD expressed that these will be conducted by the KRCs with technical support from Unicef. TDD will mobilize fund for demonstration. The discussion regarding this will take place during the State level discussion once the detailed report is prepared.

State report submission: UNICEF will visit 10 each of the 3 and 0 STAR school to do a qualitative assessment. A state level report on the KRCs benchmarking of ashramshalas will be submitted by UNICEF.

Capacity Building: The Secretary also expressed the strong need for inculcation of behavior change practices among the key stakeholders at school level the school staff and the students. This needs to be taken up in the coming times and each and every person be trained effectively to ensure WASH compliance. MsSonaliVayangankar, Commissioner also, informed the house that the officials can/will undertake responsibility or adopt one Ashramshalas to promote WASH and other issues. Use of Meena Raju Manch for students which is an entertaining media and effective media for knowledge upgradation was also discussed.

71

Annexure 7. List of KRCs for Benchmarking Exercise of Ashramshalas

S. N.

Name of the KRC PO / Districts No of

Ashramshalas Total Completed

1 Centre for Science of Villages (CSV), Dattapur, Wardha

Nagpur 14 13

Deori 14 13

Bhandara 2 1

Chandrapur 14 9

Chimur 7 4

Gadchiroli 27 24

Aheri 13 11

Bhamaragarh 10 8

sub-total 101 83

2 Nirmal Gram Nirman Kendra (NGNK), Nashik

Nashik 41 41

Kalvan 41 41

sub-total 82 82

3 Mahatma PhuleSamajSewa Mandal, Karmala, Solapur

Ghodegaon 23 23

Solapur 3 3

sub-total 26 26

4 SanskarVahini Gram Vikas Sanstha, Amaravati

Pandharkavada 27 21

Pusad 6 6

Kinwat, Pusad 17 17

Kalamnuri 5 4

Akola 9 4

Dharani 27 21

sub-total 91 73

5 SACRED, Aurangabad Aurangabad 8 8

sub-total 8 8

6 Gayatri Foundation, Nandurbar

Nandurbar 33 33

Taloda 42 42

sub-total 75 75

7 Shri Sant Gajanan BahuUddeshiyaSanstha, Jalgaon

Yaval 18 18

Rajur 25 25

Dhule 22 22

sub-total 65 65

8 Yashswini Foundation, Thane

Shahapur 23 23

Jawhar 30 30

Dahanu 35 33

Pen 16 16

sub-total 104 102

Total 552 514

72

Annexure 8. Estimate for number of toilet seats, urinal pans, HWWS stations and Drinking Water

A Toilet Seats / Pans

Peak period of toilet usage in the morning 2 Hrs 6 to 7.30 AM

Total time during which toilet use is at peak 90 minutes

Average time for defecation / use of toilet by a student 5 minutes

Number of students 120 Boys / Girls

Each toilet pan / seat can cover in 60 minutes 18 students

To cover 120 students, number of seats required are 7 seats

Therefore, one seat can cover in 90 minutes 18 students

B Urinal Pans

Peak period of toilet usage in the morning 2 Hrs 11.00 to 11.30 AM


Average time for defecation / use of toilet by a student 2 minutes

Number of students (120 Residential + 80 Day Scholar) 200 Boys / Girls

Percentage of students actually wanting to urinate 75 %

Number of students requiring urinal facility 150

Each urinal can cover (in 20 minutes) 15 students

To cover 150 students, number of urinals required are 10 urinals

Therefore, one urinal can cover (in 30 minutes) 15 students

In residential schools toilets can also be used as urinals.

C Hand-washing with Soap Stations

Peak period of hand-washing before MDM 13.00 to 13.20 PM

Total time during which HW station use is at peak 20 minutes

Average time for HWWS / students 1 minutes

No of students 200 students

Each HW station can cover (in 60 minutes) 20 students

To cover 200 students, number of HW stations required are 10 students

Therefore, 1 HW station can cover 20 students

D Water Requirement

Peak period of toilet usage in the morning 2 Hrs 6 to 8 AM


Water required for drinking purpose 4 litres

Water required for bathing 15 litres

Water required for toilet and urinals 11 litres

Water required for washing 10 litres

Total water requirement for residing students 40 litres

Number of students (boys and girls) in schools 200 students

Total water requirement / day 8000 litres/day

Day scholars 200 students

Additional requirement for drinking and toilet 15 litres

Total additional requirement 3000 litres/day

Therefore, Total water requirement in Ashram School 11000 litres/day

73

Annexure 9. ATC & PO wise Adequacy of water in AS (N=514)

S. N. PO No of

AS Water

Adequacy Inadequate

1 Nashik 41 21 20

2 Kalvan 41 27 14

3 Dhule 22 6 16

4 Nandurbar 33 11 22

5 Taloda 42 5 37

6 Yaval 18 2 16

7 Rajur 25 25 0

Nashik ATC 222 97 125

8 Ghodegaon 23 16 7

9 Solapur 3 2 1

10 Pen 16 16 0

11 Shahapur 23 22 1

12 Jawhar 30 25 5

13 Dahanu 33 30 3

Thane ATC 128 111 17

14 Aurangabad 8 5 3

15 Pandharkawada 21 17 4

16 Pusad 6 5 1

17 Kinwat 17 16 1

18 Kalamnuri 4 4 0

19 Akola 4 2 2

20 Dharani 21 20 1

Amravati ATC 81 69 12

21 Nagpur 13 11 2

22 Deori 13 6 7

23 Bhandara 1 1 0

24 Chandrapur 9 9 0

25 Chimur 4 4 0

26 Gadchiroli 24 10 14

27 Aheri 11 5 6

28 Bhamaragad 8 2 6

Nagpur ATC 83 48 35

Total 514 325 189

74

Annexure 10. ATC & PO wise Hand-washing Station (Points – Taps) in AS (N=514)

S. N. PO Hand-washing Stations (Taps)


1 Nashik 135 785 685

2 Kalvan 116 978 862

3 Dhule 171 392 221

4 Nandurbar 79 1310 1231

5 Taloda 79 1454 1375

6 Yaval 79 292 213

7 Rajur 157 343 186

Nashik ATC 816 5554 4773

8 Ghodegaon 46 340 294

9 Solapur 8 29 21

10 Pen 121 444 323

11 Shahapur 52 855 803

12 Jawhar 128 1538 1410

13 Dahanu 145 1658 1513

Thane ATC 500 4864 4364

14 Aurangabad 12 102 90


16 Pusad 15 90 75

17 Kinwat 114 300 186

18 Kalamnuri 16 54 38

19 Akola 15 58 43

20 Dharani 144 386 242


21 Nagpur 41 100 68

22 Deori 28 184 156

23 Bhandara 4 9 5

24 Chandrapur 10 2379 2369

25 Chimur 11 24 13


27 Aheri 21 184 163

28 Bhamaragad 12 172 160

Nagpur ATC 265 3393 3137

Total 2136 15556 13464

75

Annexure 11. ATC & PO wise Girls Urinal requirement in AS (N=514)

S. N. PO Urinals


1 Nashik 90 555 465

2 Kalvan 129 684 555

3 Dhule 149 215 66

4 Nandurbar 270 864 594

5 Taloda 290 951 661

6 Yaval 42 122 80

7 Rajur 71 196 125

Nashik ATC 1041 3587 2546


9 Solapur 0 12 12

10 Pen 72 166 94

11 Shahapur 47 272 225

12 Jawhar 140 524 384

13 Dahanu 94 460 366

Thane ATC 379 1670 1291



16 Pusad 0 52 52

17 Kinwat 47 198 151


19 Akola 4 33 29

20 Dharani 65 159 94


21 Nagpur 38 48 4

22 Deori 14 145 131

23 Bhandara 0 7 7

24 Chandrapur 0 72 72

25 Chimur 9 25 16


27 Aheri 16 118 102


Nagpur ATC 172 743 565

Total 1881 6987 5100

76


S. N. PO Toilets


1 Nashik 351 434 49

2 Kalvan 409 569 160

3 Dhule 198 243 45

4 Nandurbar 397 719 322

5 Taloda 423 791 368

6 Yaval 94 137 43

7 Rajur 169 214 45

Nashik ATC 2041 3107 1032


9 Solapur 11 10 1

10 Pen 108 140 32

11 Shahapur 122 238 116

12 Jawhar 266 439 173

13 Dahanu 200 394 194

Thane ATC 832 1399 567



16 Pusad 34 44 10

17 Kinwat 115 167 52


19 Akola 19 31 12

20 Dharani 169 192 23


21 Nagpur 40 46 1

22 Deori 109 134 25

23 Bhandara 10 0 10


25 Chimur 43 20 23


27 Aheri 85 94 9



Total 4259 6073 1773

77

Annexure 13. ATC & PO wise Boys Urinal requirement in AS (N=514)

S. N. PO Urinals


1 Nashik 106 524 430

2 Kalvan 173 658 485

3 Dhule 129 203 74

4 Nandurbar 255 927 672

5 Taloda 285 1030 745

6 Yaval 32 199 167

7 Rajur 59 159 100

Nashik ATC 1039 3700 2673


9 Solapur 8 27 19

10 Pen 72 195 123

11 Shahapur 37 304 267

12 Jawhar 108 564 456

13 Dahanu 104 629 525

Thane ATC 376 1937 1561



16 Pusad 0 71 71

17 Kinwat 18 191 173


19 Akola 8 42 34

20 Dharani 81 179 98


21 Nagpur 37 59 19

22 Deori 38 105 67

23 Bhandara 2 6 4


25 Chimur 5 20 15


27 Aheri 28 128 100



Total 1827 7468 5650

78


S. N. PO Toilets


1 Nashik 256 447 191

2 Kalvan 302 498 196

3 Dhule 160 218 58

4 Nandurbar 372 740 368

5 Taloda 409 826 417

6 Yaval 110 208 98

7 Rajur 153 164 11

Nashik ATC 1762 3101 1339


9 Solapur 11 21 10

10 Pen 110 162 52

11 Shahapur 108 260 152

12 Jawhar 178 476 298

13 Dahanu 228 523 295

Thane ATC 735 1602 867



16 Pusad 41 50 9

17 Kinwat 42 161 119


19 Akola 23 35 12

20 Dharani 178 213 35


21 Nagpur 58 53 5

22 Deori 124 83 41

23 Bhandara 11 4 7


25 Chimur 18 14 4


27 Aheri 65 108 43



Total 3653 6554 2901

79

Annexure 15. Guideline for Benchmarking of Ashramshalas on WASH Standards S

yste

m

Ele

men

t

Description and Status of System element /components

Guiding Points for Assessment.

Wat

er (

Su

pp

ly, Q

ual

ity,

Sto

rag

e &

Tre

atm

ent)

1

Improved water supply source (piped/borehole/protected well) is available.

Some are installed within the campus while in some cases it comes

from outside or as a part of village water supply scheme.

Improved watersupply scheme means the water sources, water

conveyance and distribution systems are protected all the time from

any possibility of contaminations either bacteriologically or chemically.

The water provided through these schemesis potable till the

point of use. Therecan be combination of schemes.


This is non-negotiable.

This means required quantity of water is available round the year.

3

Pipeline passes through un-hygienic and poor sanitary conditions.

The evaluator will have to ensure that a proper checking with

physical verification.

At no place there exists a situation such as water supply distribution

and rising mains are passing through drainage lines or are exposed to

stagnated water in all the seasons.

Ideally the pipelines should be underground at proper depth and

protected.


The PHC in the rural areas are expected to conduct water quality -

chemical analysis / tests twice during the year and bacteriological

analysis / tests on quarterly basis.

The bacteriological testing needs to be done without fail before and

after the monsoon.

In case the PHC or any other institution is not doing the water quality

testing, theAshramshala should ensure the testing.

Ashramshala should keep a record of water testing available in the

school.



Records should be available and verified.

In case it is reported yes and but records are not seen or physically

available, no score.

6

Storage tanks capacity is as per norms. (Overhead/Underground/Ground Level)

Please refer calculation sheet.

As per the national norms, the per capita water supply is 55 LPCD.

Keeping in view the judicious use and requirementfor kids we should

consider minimum 40 LPCD. Earlier National norms was40 LPCD.

This includes water availability for drinking (3 to 4 litres), bathing

(12 to 15 Litres), ablution (8 to 10 litres), washing clothes, etc. (12

to 15 litres).

Ashramshala should have a minimum storage available for 24

80

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t Description and Status of

System element /components Guiding Points for Assessment.

hours, even if the water supply is guaranteed for 24 Hrs.

7 Storage tank and taps are not leaking and properly sealed.

The storage tank needs to be leak-proofand the taps are also not

leaking.

Every tap should be checked and proper fitting/replacement should be

ensured.


There can be more than 1 storage tank in the school premises.

Since water is being used for personal use, all these tanks should be

properly cleaned.

The proper cleaning and servicing of tanks should ideally happen

quarterly / half yearly. The schools should keep a separate record for

this.

9

Whether treatment is done at school level? RO / UV/TCL application.

This is a non-negotiable.

Potability of drinking water is a non-negotiable principle of WASH.

In order to avoid contamination proper care should be taken by the

school.

This should be a regular activity and a record should be kept.

Even the school students can be trained to ensure application of

chlorine dose.

10

Proper sanitation/cleanliness is maintained around drinking water point.

School management should ensure that no water stagnation exists

around the source.

This holds true for both the situations - if the water source is away or

outside the premises or the water source is within the premise.

San

itat

ion

(T

oile

t fa

cilit

ies,

exc

reta

dis

po

sal a

nd

O&

M)

11 Separate adequate toilets are available for boys?

1 toilet seat per 18 to 20 students.

Please refer calculation sheet.




One must judge that the toilets can be used without hesitation

keeping oneself in the position and minimum neatness and

cleanliness.

There should be proper ventilation and lighting arrangement in the

toilet blocks.

14 Functional girls toilets?


1 urinal pan per 15 students.

The number of toilet seats can also be considered for urination

purpose to make WASH more effective. Please refer calculation

sheet. 16 Separate adequate urinals are available

81

Sys

tem

Ele

men



for girls?

17 Functional boys urinals?


One must judge that the toilets can be used without hesitation

keeping oneself in the position and minimum neatness and

cleanliness.

There should be proper ventilation and lighting arrangement in the

toilet blocks.

18 Functional girls urinals?

19

Excreta disposal system (Pipes/chambers/septic tanks) functional.

Proper system for excreta management in the form of pit latrines,

septic tanks, sewer line etc. should be maintained.

At no point, the leakage is seen in the system.

20 Open defecation within premises or just outside seen.


No incidence of open defecation should be entertained.

This is more a self-monitoring tool rather than somebody else

observing or noticing that.

21

Disposal mechanism for sanitary napkin exists (Pit burial/burning/incinerator)

Proper care is taken by the adolescent girls.

The female teachers and the senior girls should guide and ensure that

the sanitary napkins are disposed properly.

22

Cleaning and maintenance staff available and daily cleaningis done.

There is a dedicated person appointed for cleaning and maintenance

of the campus including cleaning of toilets and urinals.

23

Wastewater is properly managed through soak pit, kitchen garden or drainage.

Reuse of wastewater for kitchen gardening is a much appreciated

activity.

Especially when there is no space availability issue, the resident

scholars can be helpful in raising nurseries and vegetable growing in

the campus itself.

A simple water purification or treatment system can be constructed to

use this wastewater which is almost 80% of the supply.

The wastewater drainage is a major issue and can create water

stagnation which will act as breeding place for the mosquitoes.

24 Solid waste in the school is a managed (system in place)

A simple compost pit can be helpful in managing the solid waste

generated in the Ashramshala.

The biodegradable waste can be used for composting while non-

biodegradable waste can be collected and sold or auctioned in the

nearby market or disposed.

25

Neat and Clean area around kitchen where food is maintained and prepared

The kitchen shed where the food is being cooked should be clean.

The grains storage should be proper.

No mosquitoes/ fly breeding water stagnation exists close to kitchen.

82

Sys

tem

Ele

men



Hyg

ien

e (H

and

was

hin

g) 26

Dedicated mass hand washing stations with basin.

1 hand-washing point per 20 students should be there.

The adequacy of hand-washing station should be there.

As many as hand-washing stations with controlled water flow will help

maximum use by the students after defecation, before lunch and dinner.

Please refer calculation sheet. 27

Adequate hand washing points are available.

28 Flowing / Stored water available for hand washing.


Availability of water is must to ensure proper hand-washing practice.

Water can be available as stored water or flowing water. Running

water is however is preferred.

29

Soap is available at specified location (1 soap for 4 children/month)

The possibility of changed behaviour is very much high when the

facility is available and is at a notable sight. This is like an assembly /

manufacturing like event.

Tra

inin

g a

nd

Cap

acit

y B

uild

ing

30 Teachers are trained on Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH).

This should on Health, Nutrition, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

components.

31

Monitoring of HWWS and MHM is done in the school by teachers.

Daily routine activity chart is prepared and shared with the child

cabinet.

Any formal mechanism is in place should be checked.

Rotational responsibility for the teachers can be fixed, if required.

32

Availability of resource materials on WASH (outreach materials/games, etc.)

School walls can be great source of information dissemination. There

should be posters, books, games, etc. available in the schools.



8 pads/month per adolescent girl must be provided.

Physical verification should be done. Storage and stock register

should be checked.

34

Child cabinet to monitor WASH activities and behaviours and reports


Daily routine activity chart is prepared and shared with the child

cabinet.

A proper record of the daily activities be kept by the Child Cabinet.


Interaction with the students in group and individually should be done.

Based on the response the evaluator should judge this section on

knowledge level.

Third Party Assessment and Benchmarking of WASH Facilities ...

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