The Roman Auxiliary Units of Moesia

IL MAR NERO

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Comitato scientificoM. Balard (Sucy-en-Brie), L. Bianchi (Roma), Sir J. Boardman (Oxford), A. A. M. Bryer (Birmingham), F. Coarelli (Perugia), D. Deletant (London), R. Étienne (Paris), M. Gras (Roma), E. Greco (Napoli–Atene), K. Hitchins (Urbana, Illinois), H. Inalcık (Ankara), A. Ivantchik (Mosca–Bordeaux), S. P. Karpov (Mosca), A. La Regina (Roma), M. Luni (Urbino), L. Marangou (Joannina), J.-P. Morel (Aix-en-Provence), M. Özdoğan (Istan-bul), G. Pistarino (Genova), A. Savvides (Atena), W. Schuller (Konstanz), B. Teržan (Ljubljana–Berlin), P. P. Toločko (Kiev), J. Touratsoglou (Atene), G. R. Tsetskhladze (Melbourne), G. Veinstein (Paris), M. Verzar-Baas (Trieste).

RedazioneV. Ciocîltan, O. Cristea, A. RobuBulevardul Aviatorilor 1 – 011851 Bucureşti - RO

In copertina: Codex Voss. Lat. F. 23, fols. 75v-76r (Biblioteek der Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden).

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IL MAR NEROAnnali di archeologia e storia - Annales d’archéologie et d’histoire - Jahrbuch für Archäologie und Geschichte - Journal of Archaeology

and History - Anales de Arqueología e Historia

Direttori: Şerban Papacostea e Alexandru Avram (Bucarest, Romania)

VIII ° 2010/2011

Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l., Roma

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Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne à la mémoire de Petre Alexandrescu

édités par

ALEXANDRU AVRAM et IULIAN BÎRZESCU

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ALEXANDRU AVRAM (Bucarest/Le Mans) et IULIAN BÎRZESCU (Bucarest), Notre maître Petre Alexandrescu (1930-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Liste des travaux de Petre Alexandrescu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

*MARIA ALEXANDRESCU VIANU (Bucarest), Considérations sur le culte d’Aphrodite à Histria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23ALEXANDRU AVRAM (Bukarest/Le Mans), IULIAN BÎRZESCU (Bukarest), MONICA MăRGINEANU CÂRSTOIU (Bukarest) und KONRAD ZIMMERMANN (Rostock), Archäologische Ausgrabungen in der Tempelzone von Histria, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39FLORINA PANAIT-BÎRZESCU (Bucharest), A New List of Priests of Dionysos Karpophoros from Histria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103JOHN BOARDMAN (Oxford), A Scythian Maenad on the Black Sea . . . . . . . . . . . 113OCTAVIAN BOUNEGRU (Iaşi), Le commerce en Méditerranée orientale. Le témoignage de Philostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117JAN BOUZEK (Prague), Phoenicians and the Black Sea (II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125BRIGITTE FREYER-SCHAUENBURG (Kiel), Asklepios, die Buchrolle und das Ei. Zu einem Asklepiostorso auf Samos und weiteren Repliken des Typus Amelung . . . 133CHRISTIAN HABICHT (Princeton), The Eponyms of Cyzicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171ALAN JOHNSTON (London/Athens), Curiouser and Curiouser, from Histria? . . . .181VASILICA LUNGU (Bucarest) et PIERRE DUPONT (Lyon), Nouveaux frag-ments Hadra d’Istros et Tomis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187FLORIAN MATEI-POPESCU (Bucharest), The Roman Auxiliary Units of Moesia . . 207JUTTA MEISCHNER (Berlin) und ERGÜN LAFLI (Izmir), Der Fischer am Meer. Römische Brunnenlandschaften . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231KEES NEEFT (Amsterdam), A Corinthian Aryballos by the PRK Painter in Bucharest 239MANFRED OPPERMANN (Halle an der Saale), Nymphenkult im Ostbalkanraum zwischen Donau und Rhodopen während der Römerzeit . . . . . .249CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU (Bucarest), Bellum Bosporanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277ADRIAN ROBU (Paris/Bucarest), Traditions et rapprochements onomastiques dans les cités grecques de la mer Noire : quelques exemples tirés du « monde mégarien » . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281GOCHA R. TSETSKHLADZE (Melbourne), The Greeks in Colchis Revisited . . . .295

Abréviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Normes pour la rédaction des articles destinés à la revue Il Mar Nero . . . . . . . . . .313

SOMMARIO

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Introduction

The Roman province of Moesia was situated between the Balkan Mountains and the Danube and from the mouths of the Sava River in the west till the mouths of the Danube and the Black Sea in the east. In the time of Augustus, the army of Macedonia was put under the command of a legatus Augusti pro praetore. As a consequence, a new Roman province has been created about the beginning of Ti-berius’ reign1. From geographical point of view, it seems that only that part, which will become later the province of Moesia superior (probably without the territory between the mouths of the Sava and Morava Rivers, i. e. between Singidunum and Viminacium, on the valleys of the Morava and Timok Rivers), as well as the western part of the future Moesia inferior (Moesia et Treballia and, in the south, Dardania)2, together with the West Pontic Greek cities, were under direct Roman control3. The eastern part, eastwards from Dimum (possible legionary fortress in the first half of the first century, since the canabae Dimensium are attested in the year 1004), was

* Research financed by the The Social Sciences and Humanities in the Context of the Globalized Evolution Project – the Development and the Implementation of the Postdoctoral Studies and Research Program, POSDRU/89/1.5/S/61104, co-financed by the European Social Fund by means of the Sectoral Opera-tional Programme for Human Resource Development 2007-2013.I am very grateful to Paul Holder (Manchester), who read a previous version of the manuscript and of-fered extremely valuable comments and suggestions.

1 Appian., Illyr. 30. For the beginnings of the province R. Syme’s outstanding contribution (Danubian Papers, Bucharest, 1971, pp. 40-72) is still one of the best references. For the archaeological backgrounds and the recent discoveries see M. Mirković, Die Anfänge der Provinz Moesia, in I. Piso (ed.), Die römischen Provinzen. Begriff und Gründung, Kolloquium Cluj-Napoca, 28. September-1. Oktober 2006, Cluj-Napoca, 2008, pp. 249-270. For a list of the earliest legates of Moesia see B. E. Thomasson, Legatus. Beiträge zur römischen Verwaltungsgeschichte, Stockholm, 1991, pp. 39-46; idem, Laterculi praesidum. Vol. I ex parte retractatum, Göteborg, 2009, pp. 43-44.2 See C. Baebius Atticus’ inscription from Iulium Carnicum, where he is attested as primus pilus legionis V Macedonicae and praefectus ciuitatium Moesiae et Treballiae, CIL V 1838 = ILS 1349; PIR2 B 68; H.-G. Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire Romain I-III, Paris, 1960-1961, pp. 27-28, no. 11; B. Dobson, Die Primipilares. Entwicklung und Bedeutung, Laufbahnen und Persönlichkeiten eines römischen Offiziersranges, Cologne, 1978, p. 190, no. 55.3 Ovid., Trist. 2, 199-200.4 ISM I 67, l. 73.

THE ROMAN AUXILIARY UNITS OF MOESIA*

Florian Matei-Popescu

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208 Florian Matei-Popescu

known as ripa Thraciae, under the control of the Thracian kingdom. Starting with Claudius’ reign, when this territory was added to Moesia, the ripa Thraciae is at-tested only as a tax district5.

In the newly created province, two legions (IV Scythica and V Macedonica) were deployed together with an important number of auxiliary units. Probably before Claudius’ reign, the far eastern point of the province was Montana, on the Ogosta River, and both legions were stationed in the area of the future province of Moesia superior6. However, in the Augustan period (between 6 and 9) the XX (Valeria Vic-trix) legion is attested at Reselec, on the Isker River7, probably in the context of a military expedition. Thereafter, the V Macedonica legion is attested at Oescus by 44, and after 46 another legion was settled at Nouae, i. e. the VIII Augusta8, which was replaced after 69 by the I Italica legion. The IV Scythica legion was moved to Syria about 56/57 and never returned to Moesia. The V Macedonica legion took part in the eastern expeditions in the last years of Nero’s reign and came back by 71, while being resettled in the fortress of Oescus9. During the transfer of the V Macedonica legion in the East, the III Gallica legion, brought from Syria, replaced it at Oescus10. However, it leaved the province after the bellum ciuile from 69. The VII Claudia pia fidelis legion was deployed in the western part of the province, in the future territory of Moesia superior, probably from Claudius’s time11.

First of all, I shall briefly present the literary evidence for the presence of the auxiliary units in Moesia. Next, I shall discuss the epigraphic evidence. As the diploma evidence is available only since Vespasian’s reign, I shall mention only the units which are attested by this type of evidence. I shall also refer to the units attested only by the military diplomas but elsewhere, i. e. before their transfer to Moesia.

5 ISM I 67 and 68.6 CIL III 1698 = CIL III 13813 b, an inscription dated 33-34, recording the construction of a road along the Danube in the Iron Gates area.7 CIL III 7452 = ILS 2270 = ILBulg 179: L. Plinius Sex. f. / Fab. domo Trumplia / mil. leg. XX / annorum XLV / stipendiorum XVII / hic situs est. / Testamento fieri / iussit. / Secundus / L. Plini et P. Mestri / libertus fecit. For a comment on this inscription see R. Syme, op. cit., pp. 61-64; St. J. Malone, Legio XX Valeria Victrix. Prosopo-graphy, Archaeology and History, British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 1491, Oxford, 2006, pp. 30-31 and 169-170, no. 70.8 ILBulg 300.9 For a short overview see B. Filow, Die Legionen der Provinz Moesia von Augustus bis auf Diokletian, Klio, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 6. Beiheft, Leipzig, 1906, pp. 6-36; T. Sarnowski, Wojsko rzymskie w Mezji Dolnej i na północnym wybrzeż Morza Czarnego, Warsaw, 1988, pp. 21-52; L. Mrozewicz, Legioniści mezysjscy w I wieku po Chrystusie, Poznań, 1995, pp. 13-20. For the history of the V Macedonica legion in the first century see F. Matei-Popescu, Legiunea V Macedonica în Moesia înainte de Domitian, in L. Mihailescu-Bîrliba and O. Bounegru (eds), Studia historiae et religionis Daco-Romanae, Bucharest, 2006, pp. 379-399.10 Tac., Hist. 1, 79, 1. Cf. B. Filow, op. cit., pp. 23-25; E. Ritterling, Legio, RE XII (1925), s. v. Legio, cols. 1521-1523.11 D. Benea, Din istoria militară a Moesiei Superior şi a Daciei. Legiunea a VII-a Claudia şi legiunea IIII Flavia, Cluj-Napoca, 1983, pp. 33-34.

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The Roman Auxiliary Units of Moesia 209

The literary sources

The earliest information about one of the auxiliary units deployed in the ter-ritory of Moesia comes from Tacitus, who mentions the cohors Sugambra as taking part to the suppression of the Thracian rebellion from the year 26 AD12. We can identify this unit with the cohors I Sugambrorum ueterana, which occurs later on the diplomas of this province13. This unit was recruited in the Augustan period from the province of Germania inferior and sent to the Danubian border almost immediately14. Before this event, while referring to another rebellion from 21 AD, the same Latin author mentions other auxiliary forces sent from Moesia by P. Vel-laeus, probably a praetorian legate of C. Poppaeus Sabinus15, without giving names of specific units16.

In the aftermath of the north Pontic expedition of A. Didius Gallus, governor of Moesia, in 45-46, some cohorts are mentioned as peace keeping regiments of the newly appointed king of the Bosporan kingdom, Cotys I17 (this could have been the moment when some units from Moesia received the name Claudia: ala I Claudia Gal-lorum Capitoniana, cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum ueterana and cohors I Claudia Sugam-brorum tironum). They were under the command of C. Iulius Aquila, a member of the equestrian order acting probably as a praepositus cohortium (possibly assimilated to a procurator of centenary status)18.

In the context of the bellum ciuile in the winter of 69, Tacitus remembers that Moesia had just been attacked by the Rhoxolani, Sarmatica gens, during the previous winter, when two cohorts had been destroyed, and he also mentions the III Gallica legion, which together with auxiliary forces, repelled a new attack19.

12 Tac., Ann. 4, 47, 3: ii dum eminus grassabantur, crebra et inulta uulnera fecere: propius incedentes eruptione subita turbati sunt receptique subsidio Sugambrae cohortis, quam Romanus proptam ad pericula nec minus can-tuum tumultu trucem haud procul instruxerat.13 D. B. Saddington, The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian (49 B.C. – A.D. 79), University of Zimbabwe, 1982, p. 86; Matei-Popescu, Trupele, p. 224.14 Tac., Ann. 12, 39; Suet., Aug. 21. Cf. G. Alföldy, Die Hilfstruppen der römischen Provinz Germania Inferior, Epigraphische Studien, 6, Düsseldorf, 1968, p. 84; D. B. Saddington, op. cit., p. 155; Matei-Popescu, Trupele, p. 223.15 B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi praesidum I, Stockholm, 1984, p. 122, no. 1: ‘Quia eum non legioni tantum sed etiam auxiliis praefectum in Thracia bellum gessisse constat (Tac., l. c.), unus e legatis, qui Moesiam sub Poppaeo Sabino rexerunt, probabiliter putatur’. For the presence of some pretorian legates in Moesia in the time of the long governorship of C. Poppaeus Sabinus see B. E. Thomasson, Legatus (note 1), pp. 43-44. See also A. Stein, Die Legaten von Moesien, Dissertationes Pannonicae I 2, Budapest, 1940, p. 19, no. 3.16 Tac., Ann. 3, 39, 1: quae ubi cognita P. Vellaeo (is proximum exercitum praesidebat), alarios equites ac leuis cohortium mittit eos. Cf. D. B. Saddington, op. cit., p. 85.17 Tac., Ann. 12, 15, 1: at Mithridates Bosporanus amissis opibus uagus, postquam Didium ducem Romanum roburque exercitus abisse cognouerat, relictos in nouo regno Cotyn iuuenta rudem et paucas cohortium cum Iulio Aquila equite Romano. Cf. V.F. Gajdukevič, Das Bosporanische Reich, Berlin – Amsterdam, 1971, pp. 342-343.18 H.-G. Pflaum, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 51-53, no. 21. 19 Tac., Hist. 1, 79, 1: conuersis ad ciuile bellum animis externa sine cura habebantur. Eo audentius Rhoxolani, Sarmatica gens, priore hieme caesis duabus cohortibus, magna spe Moesiam inruperant, ad nouem milia equi-tum, ex ferocia et successu praedae magis quam pugnae intenta. Igitur uagos et incuriosos tertia legio adiunctis auxiliis repente inuasit.

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In the same context Tacitus also reminds the Dacorum gens numquam fida, which, prof-iting by the civil war, attacked the forts of the alae and cohortes on the ripa Danuuii. While they intended to attack also the legionary fortresses, Licinius Mucianus opposed them the VI Ferrata legion from Syria. After Vespasian’s victory from Cremona, the former governor of Asia, C. Fonteius Agrippa, was appointed at the head of the province20. Some units from Vitellius’ army were transferred to Moesia, among them the I Italica legion21. One can assume that an important number of auxiliary units were among these troops, especially the units previously attested on the Rhine limes or in Dalmatia.

Finally, Tacitus, recalling Domitian’s disastrous military campaigns, mentions the uiri militares (here Tacitus has in mind the officers who were in charge of the garrisons) who were besieged and captured during these events together with their cohortes22. This included possibly the troops attested by military diplomas under Vespasian, so far there is no evidence about them afterwards (cohors I Cantabrorum and cohors VIII Gallorum).

The epigraphic evidence

ALA AV[GVSTA?]A fragmentary inscription discovered at Augusta (Hărlec), at the mouth of the

Ogosta River, mentions C. Oppius Varus, eques alae Au[gustae?]23. In the same area was found another inscription for an eques of the ala Capitoniana (vide infra). The his-tory of the ala Augusta is very difficult to reconstruct24. In Egypt, an ala Augusta is re-corded, which could have been identical with the one attested in Moesia. I also take into consideration another inscription discovered at Laumellum (Lomello, Regio XI),

20 A. Stein, op. cit., pp. 32-33.21 Tac., Hist. 3, 46, 3-7: mota et Dacorum gens numquam fida, tunc sine metu, abducto e Moesia exercitu. Sed prima rerum quieti speculabantur; ubi flagrare Italiam bello, cuncta in uicem hostilia accepere, expugnatis cohor-tium alarumque hibernis utraque Danuuii ripa potiebantur. iamque castra legionum excindere parabant, ni Mucianus sextam legionem opposuisset, Cremonensis uictoriae gnarus, ac ne externa moles utrimque ingrueret, si Dacus Germanusque diuersi inrupissent. Adfuit, ut saepe alias, fortuna populi Romani, quae Mucianum uirisque Orientis illuc tulit, et quod Cremonae interim transegimus. Fonteius Agrippa ex Asia (pro consule eam prouinciam annuo imperio tenuerat) Moesiae praepositus est, additis copiis e Viteliano exercitu, quem spargi per prouincias et externo bello inligari pars consilii pacisque erat. For a short commentary see E. Cizek, Tacit despre daci, sarmaţi şi traci, in E. Cizek, C. Georgescu and L. Franga, Romano-Dacica III. Izvoarele antice ale istoriei României, Bucharest, 2001, pp. 102-105. For the presence among these units of the I Italica legion see also Tac., Hist. 3, 35, 2: et uictae legiones, ne manente adhuc ciuili bello ambigue agerent, per Illyricum dispersae, together with another information wherefrom we find out that the legion was among the units of Vitellius’ army, Tac., Hist. 3, 22, 3: rapaces atque Italici omnibus se manipulis miscuerant. B. Filow, op. cit. (note 9), pp. 26-27, thought that we also must include the V Alaudae legion.22 Tac., Agr. 41, 2: tot exercitus in Moesia Daciaque et Germania et Pannonia temeritate aut per ignauiam ducum amissi, tot militares uiri cum tot cohortibus expugnati et capti. See the commentary in R. M. Ogilvie and I. Richmond (eds), Cornelii Taciti De Vita Agricolae, Oxford, 1967, pp. 291-292.23 CIL III 12347. Cf. W. Wagner, Die Dislokation der römischen Auxiliarformationen in den Provinzen Noricum, Pannonien, Moesien und Dakien von Augustus bis Gallienus, Berlin, 1938, pp. 14-15; P. Holder, Alae in Pan-nonia and Moesia in the Flavian Period, in Zs. Visy (ed.), The Limes XIX. Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Pécs, Hungary, September 2003, University of Pécs, 2005, p. 80, note 17; Spaul, Ala2, p. 244 (who considered it identical with ala I Hispanorum Auriana as he reads the inscrip-tion ala Au[riana], pp. 58-60, no. 15).24 P. Holder, op. cit., p. 80, believes that this unit could have been identical either with the ala Augusta at-tested in Hispania in 40 or with the ala Augusta Germaniciana, which appears in Galatia.

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which attests C. Geminius Priscus, praefectus equitum alae Augustae, who was after-wards praefectus cohortis I Breucorum, praefectus fabrum and, finally, tribunus militum cohortis II praetoriae. The sequence of his commands seems to indicate that his career developed under Claudius25. Another inscription found at Taurini (Torino, Regio XI) mentions an ignotus, who, among other charges, was also [praef.] alae Aug(ustae)26.

ALA I ASTVRVMIt seems that this unit was deployed on the Germanic limes under the Julio-Clau-

dian dynasty, probably in the nearby Cologne, taking into account the rather large number of Vbii who served in this unit27 as well as the presence of its prefect on a dedication put by the prefects of five alae stationed in Germania under Tiberius28. The unit has been transferred to Moesia probably by Vespasian, where it is attested by the tombstone of a former duplicarius, Ti. Claudius Arrenti f. Quir. Saturninus, discovered at Tomis29. Ti. Bassus Dec(imus), ueteranus alae primae Asturum, is also attested by an inscription from Nouae30. B. Gerov understood the letters DEC as decurio; the authors of ILNovae suggested Decimus, followed by S. Conrad. Nevertheless, the alternative reading remains possible: T. F(lauius) Bassus, dec(urio)31. After 86, this unit was part of the army of Moesia inferior32. It is impossible to assert if L. Baebius L. f. Gal(eria) Iunci-nus, attested by an inscription discovered at Messana (Sicily), was its prefect when this unit was already in Moesia or when it was still in Germania inferior33. The same ala might be mentioned by the military diploma of 82/83 for Moesia: equitibus [et pediti-bus qui militant in alis sex] / et cohortibus [septem? quae appellantur I Astu]/rum et[...]34.

25 CIL V 6478: Mart. Sacr. / nomine / C. Gemini Prisci / praef. eq. alae Aug(ustae) / praef. coh. I Breuc. / Libero commeatu / praef. fabr(um) tr. mil. coh. II pr(aetoriae) / Piarus et / Martialis lib. / d. s. p.26 CIL V 7008.27 A soldier, Albanus Excingi f., natione Vbius, appears on an inscription discovered at Châlons-sur-Saône (Cavillonum, Gallia Lugdunensis), CIL XIII 2613 = ILS 2509; cf. Holder, Studies, p. 265, no. 121 (‘Recr. Aug./Tib.; Died Tib.’). Other eques alae Asturum, Victor, who served in Moesia (militat in Mysia) appears on an inscription discovered in Cologne, AÉ 1990, 732. Finally, on another diploma, copied after the same impe-rial constitution as CIL XVI 45 (August 14, 99, given to another soldier of this unit, Meticus Solae f., Bessus), occurs Primus Marci f., Vbius, who was recruited around the year 74: Pferdehirt, Militärdiplome, no. 8.28 M. Castelli, Dedica onoraria di età tiberiana a due membri della famiglia degli Scipioni, Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome, Antiquité 104, 1992, 1, p. 195 (p. 178, fig. 1 = AÉ 1992, 186); ibidem, pp. 181-183, without a clear mention of the identity with the units attested in Moesia. See also D. B. Saddington, A Context for a Dedication by Five Cavalry Regiments to a Cornelius Scipio in Rome, ZPE 104, 1994, pp. 73-77 (p. 74).29 ISM II 172; Conrad, Grabstelen, pp. 159-160, no. 129: ‘Eine Datierung in flavische Zeit dürfte aufgrund des männlichen Porträts und der Angabe der tribus Quirina sowie unter Beachtung des Lebensalters ge-sichert sein’.30 ILBulg 305 = ILNovae 56: ‘Nous pouvons donc dater la stèle de la fin du Ier ou du début IIe s.’; Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 231, no. 389: ‘Nach der Stelenform und den paläographischen Merkmalen gehört die Stele jedoch bereits in das beginnende 2. Jh.’.31 P. Holder, personal comment.32 Matei-Popescu, Trupele, pp. 175-177, no. 1; O. Ţentea and F. Matei-Popescu, Alae et Cohortes Daciae et Moesiae. A Review and an Updating of J. Spaul’s Ala2 and Cohors2, Acta Musei Napocensis 39-40, 2002-2003, 1, pp. 261-262.33 CIL X 6976 = ILS 1434: praef. fabr., praef. coh. IIII Raetorum, trib. mil. leg. XXII Deiotarianae, praef. alae Astyrum, praef. uehiculorum, iuridicus Aegypti. Cf. H.-G. Pflaum, op. cit. (note 2), no. 121; PME B 10; Holder, Studies, p. 248, E 64.34 P. Weiss, Militärdiplome für Moesia (Moesia, Moesia superior, Moesia inferior), Chiron 38, 2008, pp. 275-279, no. 3.

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ALA BOSPORANORVMAn inscription discovered at Asamus (Čerkovica) mentions Blandus Singiberi f.,

eques ala Bosporanorum, natione Vbius35. The place of the discovery suggests the exist-ence of a possible fort in the vicinity of the legionary fortress from Oescus and not very far from the possible fort of the ala Scubulorum (vide infra). In Italy, at Nola, an inscription has been found mentioning T. Rutilius Varus, praefectus alae Bosporanorum, a military tribune of the V Macedonica legion at Oescus before becoming praefectus alae36. This unit was probably transferred from Syria to Moesia, as M. Licinius Rufus is attested as praefectus alae I Bosphoranae in Syria under Claudius on several inscrip-tions discovered at Thugga (Dougga, Africa proconsularis)37.

ALA (I) CLAVDIA NOVA It was recruited in Claudius’ time as its name states38. It stationed for a while

in Dalmatia39 before being transferred to Germania superior40, wherefrom, togeth-er with the cohorts III Gallorum and V Hispanorum, it has been brought to Moesia, where it is attested in 8241. However, it seems that it has been transferred a little bit earlier (as it was the case for the III Gallorum), as its name could be restored on very fragmented tabella II of a diploma from 78: ALAE I CLAV[DIAE NOVAE]42. After the reforms under Domitian it remained in the province of Moesia superior43.

ALA I VESPASIANA DARDANORVMThe unit was raised by Vespasian and was immediately sent to Moesia, as a frag-

mentary military diploma from 75 or 78 attests44. One of its earliest commanders was C. Muluius C. f. Pomptina Ofilius Restitutus mentioned by an inscription from Grumentum (Regio III)45.

35 ILBulg 137: ‘reperta in parte orientali vici Čerkovica in aedificio antiquo’; Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 239, no. 419.36 CIL X 1258 (p. 969, 1008); PME R 21; Holder, Studies, p. 250, E 84. See also B. Gerov, Beiträge zur Geschich-te der römischen Provinzen Moesien und Thrakien. Gesammelte Aufsätze, Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 163-164, note 94, who dates his activity, in Moesia, under Nero.37 CIL III 6707; AÉ 1969/1970, 649 = CIL VIII 26603 ([pra]ef. alae Bosphoranae exe[rcitus qui est in Syria]); AÉ 1969/1970, 652 = 1922, 109 ([praef. alae] I Bosphoran.); AÉ 1969/1970, 653 = CIL VIII 15529 (praefecto [alae Bosphor]anae in Syria); PME L 16; Spaul, Ala2, pp. 65-67, no. 18.38 Holder, Studies, p. 15, thinks that it has been recruited in the year 42 AD in connection with L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus’ revolt from Dalmatia.39 W. Wagner, op. cit. (note 23), p. 28; K. Kraft, Zur Rekrutierung der Alen und Kohorten an Rhein und Donau, Bern, 1951, pp. 144-145; G. Alföldy, Die Auxiliartruppen der Provinz Dalmatien, Acta Archaelogica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 14, 1962, pp. 261-262 (its garrison was at Magnum, p. 282). 40 CIL XVI 20. See also CIL XIII 7023 (Mogontiacum). 41 CIL XVI 28 (September 20, 82).42 W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Moesia und seine Truppen. Neue Diplome für Moesia und Moesia superior, Chiron 38, 2008, pp. 324-325, no. 3.43 CIL XVI 39 and 46. Cf. O. Ţentea and F. Matei-Popescu, op. cit. (note 32), p. 264.44 RMD IV 209: [et I] Vespasia[na Dardanorum]. It is also attested by a fragment of a military diploma from 82/83: P. Weiss, op. cit. (note 34), pp. 275-279, no. 3.45 AÉ 1972, 148; PME M 71.

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ALA GALLICAAn inscription found at Ratiaria informs us about the presence in that area of an

ala Gallica, within a certain Fuscus eques served. The inscription dates, without any doubts, from the middle of the first century AD46 and is the only document to attest a Roman cavalry unit in the future territory of the province of Moesia superior. It is very difficult to assert if this unit is identical with the ala ueterana Gallica, which it is attested in Syria after 8847. Another inscription, discovered at Verona (Regio X), could attest a possible prefect of the same unit: [Ti. Claudius] Ti. F. Quir. Alpinus, praef. alae Gallicae, trib. leg. II Aug., praef coh. II pr(aetoriae), donis donatus bello Germ(anico). This inscription dates from Domitian’s reign48.

ALA GALLORVMC. Vibius C. f. Cor(nelia tribu) Quartus, who served as a soldier in the V Macedonica

legion sometime towards the middle of the first century, appears in two inscriptions discovered at Philippi and Thessalonica. Thereafter, he became a decurio of the ala Scubu-lorum (vide infra) and afterwards praefectus of the III (Augusta) Cyrenaica cohort, tribunus militum legionis II Augustae and prefect of an ala Gallorum. Among other military charges, he is also attested as strategus strategiae […] in the province of Thrace49. One of the alae occurring in a fragment of a diploma from 78 or 75 could be equated with this unit50. It is also possible that the ala Gallorum was identical with ala Gallica occurring in the just men-tioned inscription from Ratiaria. However, C. Vibius Quartus might have commanded one of the Gaulish cavalry regiments from another part of the Empire. It is also possible to equate this unit with the ala Gallorum Flauiana later attested in Moesia inferior.

ALA II GAL[LORVM]It is only attested by a military diploma from 82/83, together with the ala I

Vespasiana Dardanorum and with other four possible cavalry units and one or two cohorts, among which I Thracum Syriaca is sure51. This unit was probably trans-ferred to Cappadocia, where an ala II Gallorum is attested starting with 11052 or

46 B. Gerov, op. cit. (note 36), p. 164. Holder, Studies, p. 271, no. 291, believes that he was recruited under Augustus and died under Tiberius.47 CIL XVI 35; Spaul, Ala2, pp. 126-129, no. 41. I am not convinced that the ala ueterana Gallorum et Thrae-cum, which occurs on the diploma from 54 (CIL XVI 3), is one and same with this unit as assumed by Spaul, Ala2, p. 128, and P. Holder, Alae (note 23), p. 80.48 CIL V 3356 = ILS 2710. See also CIL V 3337 and 3338 = ILS 1031. Cf. H.-G. Pflaum, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 160-163, no. 68 (his entire name was Ti. Claudius Augustanus Alpinus L. Bellicius Sollers); PME C 122.49 CIL III 647 = 7337 = ILS 2538; AÉ 2003, 1591 (Thessalonica) and 2003, 1606, new restoration of the in-scription from Philippi. Cf. W. Wagner, op. cit. (note 23), pp. 64-67 (ala Scubulorum) and 128-129 (cohors III Augusta Cyrenaica); K. Kraft, op. cit. (note 39), p. 158; Holder, Studies, p. 288, no. 742 = E 101.50 RMD IV 209: [...]ET I GAL[...]/ [...G]ALLORVM [...] / [...]VESPASIANA [DARDANORVM]. Equation of ala I Gallorum with ala I Claudia Gallorum Capitoniana is totally uncertain, as long as within earliest records the unit appears only as Capitoniana. 51 P. Weiss, op. cit., pp. 275-279, no. 3.52 M. A. Speidel, The Development of the Roman Forces in the Northeastern Anatolia. New Evidence for the His-tory of the exercitus Cappadocicus, in A. S. Lewin and P. Pellegrini (eds), The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest, Proceedings of a Colloquium held at Potenza, Acerenza and Matera, Italy (May 2005), British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 1717, Oxford, 2007, p. 79, no. 5.

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even earlier53. From the time when this unit was stationed in Moesia could date an inscription from Thessalonica, which attests L. Annius Macedo, decurio alae II Gal-lorum (Gallicae)54. One of the alae appearing on the fragmentary diploma from 78 or 75 could also be equated with this unit55.

ALA (CLAVDIA GALLORUM) CAPITONIANAIt has been presumed that its name came from a commander, C. Herrenius Capito,

who appears on an inscription from Teate Marrucinorum (Regio IV), under Tiberius’ reign56, but there are no direct proofs that he really commanded this unit. The unit is attested in Moesia by a tombstone discovered at Augusta (Hărlec), which mentions Iulius Saturio, Iuli libertus, domo Haeduus, missicius ala Capitoniana57. The name of this unit also appears on another inscription found few kilometres eastward, at Variana (Leskovec), which mentions Primus Asalus, duplicarius alae Capitonianae58. Both in-scriptions are to be dated in the Claudio-Neronian period, this unit being one of the oldest in Moesia, possible starting with Tiberius’ reign59. The name Claudia might have been added on the occasion of the north Pontic expedition of A. Didius Gallus in 45-4660. After the division of Moesia into two distinct provinces, this unit was sta-tioned in Moesia inferior61.

ALA GALLORVM ATECTORIGIANAThis unit was named after Atectorix, the king of one of the Gaulish tribes, and it

was created even before Augustus’ reign. An inscription found at Mediolanum San-tonum (Aquitania) mentions a duplicarius, C. Iulius Macer, who was recruited before 16 BC62. There are no direct proofs that this unit stayed in Moesia before Vespasian;

53 IGR III 272, Posala, Galatia: ªP. Lovlio" Lonºgei'no" iJppeu;" ei[lh" bV Gallikh'". See also Holder, Studies, p. 272, no. 322.54 ILS 8873: L. ∆Annivw/ Makedovni dekourivwni ei[lh" bV Gallikh'" Tulliva Glukivnna hJ ajdelfh; kai; ∆Attikh; hJ mhvthr. See also Holder, Studies, p. 271, no. 321.55 See note 50.56 AÉ 1941, 105; PME H 13; H.-G. Pflaum, op. cit., pp. 23-26, no. 9; Holder, Studies, p. 243, E 15 (see also Ios., Ant. 18, 6, 3, and Philon, Leg. ad Gaium, c. 30, p. 575, where he is attested procurator of Iamnia). He is mentioned only as praefectus alae. For the units named after their commanders see Holder, Studies, pp. 21-22.57 AÉ 1912, 187; Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 255, no. 485: ‘Aufgrund der Stelenform, des Reliefstils und des Inschriftformulars sowie der aus der Inschrift zu erschließenden Zusammenhänge dürfte die Stele um die Mitte des 1. Jh. entstanden sein’.58 B. Gerov, Epigraphische Beiträge zur Geschichte des mösischen Limes in vorclaudischer Zeit, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 15, 1967, pp. 91-92; AÉ 1967, 425; Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 255, no. 484: ‘Datierung: 2 Viertel des 1. Jh.’. For Asalus – Azalus see Spaul, Ala2, p. 80, a member of the Azali tribe from Pannonia.59 Holder, Studies, p. 272, no. 363, dates the second inscription in the time of Tiberius’ reign.60 E. Birley, Alae Named after their Commanders, Ancient Society 9, 1978, p. 266.61 Matei-Popescu, Trupele, pp. 185-186, no. 5.62 CIL XIII 1041 = ILS 2531 = CIL XVI, Appendix, no. 15. Holder, Studies, p. 46, thinks that citizenship has been granted to his father either from Caesar or Augustus and that he was enlisted in the tribe Fabia; D. B. Saddington, The Development (note 13), p. 58, supposes that he received his citizenship after 32 years of service.

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under this emperor, it is possible that this ala occurs on a fragmentary military di-ploma63.

ALA (I FLAVIA) GAETVLORUMAn inscription from Oescus mentions an eques of the ala G(a)etulorum, Magius Ver(us)

or Vir(unus)64. It is already known that another ala Gaetulorum was in Judaea during Vespasian’s reign65. It seems likely that this latter unit appears in the diploma for Ju-daea from 86 (ueterana Gaetulorum)66. Ala I Flauia Gaetulorum appears for the first time in Moesia inferior in the year 9267. Its presence at Oescus was dated to the beginning of the second century, but the transfer might have taken place a little bit earlier. In a previous paper, I suggested that its presence at Oescus could date from the time when the V Macedonica legion was transferred to the Eastern frontiers between 62 and 71 AD, but the occurrence of the dis manibus formula strongly speaks against this assumption. I am not able to assert firmly if its presence on the diploma from Cataloi and the lack of the name Flauia could be a proof for an earlier creation of the unit, but the presence of a homonymous unit called ueterana might suggest that this unit has been formed earlier and called ueterana after the creation of the I (Flauia) Gaetulorum68.

ALA HISPANORVMAn inscription discovered at Vtus (Gaurensko Gradište) mentions Sulpicius Mas-

sa, ueteranus alae Hispanorum, natione Tunger69. This soldier received the honesta missio during the short reign of Sulpicius Galba. His wife, Pieris, bears a name which could be related to the Thracian milieu70. Another fragmentary inscription discovered near Montana mentions an ex statore belonging to the same period71. Afterwards, the unit was part of the army of Moesia inferior72. One of its commanders was Sex. Caecilius Sex. f. Fab. Senecius, praefectus equitum alae Hispanorum, attested by an inscription dis-covered at Mantua (Regio X)73. At Massilia, an inscription records the career of L. Du-

63 RMD IV 209. P. Holder, Alae (note 23), p. 83, supposes that this unit might have been deployed in Moesia a little bit earlier.64 ILBulg 57; Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 243, no. 439.65 CIL V 7007 = ILS 2544 (Taurini, Regio XI), which mentions the prefect C. Valerius Clemens honoured by: decuriones alae Gaetulorum quibus praefuit bello Iudaico sub diuo Vespasiano Augusto.66 CIL XVI 33. In the article I published some years ago, Matei-Popescu, Trupele, p. 179, I wrongly asserted that an ala I Gaetulorum would be attested on a diploma for Syria from 88 (RMD I 3), as there a cohors I Gaetulorum appears. We must also reject Spaul’s, Ala2, pp. 124-125, no. 40, idea of a single unit, ala I Flauia Gaetulorum ueterana.67 C. C. Petolescu and A. T. Popescu, Ein neues Militärdiplom für die Provinz Moesia Inferior, ZPE 148, 2004, pp. 269-276.68 Matei-Popescu, Trupele, p. 179.69 CIL III 12361 = ILBulg 122; Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 240, no. 425: ‘Datierung: um die Mitte des 1. Jh.’70 D. Detschew, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, Vienna, 21976, pp. 366-367. The same name appears as cog-nomen on an inscription found in Gorsko Kosovo (Emporium Piretensium), [V]al(eria) Pier(is), CIL III 12418 = ILBulg 397 = Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 219, no. 343. 71 CIL III 12378.72 Matei-Popescu, Trupele, pp. 188-189, no. 8; O. Ţentea and F. Matei-Popescu, op. cit. (note 32), p. 268.73 CIL V 4058; PME C 25; Holder, Studies, p. 248, E 65; H. Devijver, The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army, Mavors, 6, Amsterdam, 1989, p. 71.

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distius L. f. Nouanus’, who, among other charges, was also prae(fectus) alae Hispanae74. There are still many interrogations about the exact time of his charges, but a possible date within Domitian’s reign could not be ruled out. It seems likely for this unit to have been transferred to Moesia from Germania, where it is attested by many in-scriptions in the first half of the first century75. As there is still much confusion about the identification of the unit, since at least two other alae I Hispanorum (Auriana and Campagonum) are attested, I think that the lack of the numeral is decisive for the cor-rect identification of the unit. It seems that, in fact, at the beginning, there were two alae Hispanorum, one ueterana and the other tironum, for an early inscription states that both units stationed under Tiberius in Germania76. The ala Hispanorum ueterana is probably the unit transferred to Moesia.

ALA II (HISPANORVM ET) ARAVACORVMAn inscription discovered at Vtus (Gaurensko Gradište) mentions a veteran of

this unit, Tib. Claudius Victor77. The inscription has been dated to the end of the first century AD78, but taking into account the name of the deceased, the use of the nomi-native case and of the formula hic situs est, it could date earlier. The unit has been transferred to Moesia from Pannonia by Domitian after the year 8579.

ALA PANSIANAThis unit is attested on the territory of Moesia only by an inscription found at

Oescus, which mentions Ti. Iulius Icci f. Acutus, duplicarius, ala Pansiana, domo Treuer80. He died at 60 years, after 36 years of service, and he was buried under a tumulus, as we can infer from the convex form of his tombstone81. It is possible that this unit stationed in Moesia since Tiberius’ reign and almost certainly under Claudius. The inscription has been attributed by W. Wagner to the last years of Tiberius or to Ca-ligula’s reign82. The name of the unit was derived from the cognomen of its first com-mander, who has been identified with C. Vibius Pansa, trib(unus) mil(itum), occurring

74 CIL XII 408 = ILS 1392; H.-G. Pflaum, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 179-180, no. 82.75 E. Stein, Die kaiserlichen Beamten und Truppenkörper im römischen Deutschland unter dem Prinzipat, Vienna, 1932, pp. 140-141; W. Wagner, op. cit. (note 23), p. 44; Spaul, Ala2, p. 145.76 M. Castelli, op. cit. (note 28), p. 195 (178, fig. 1 = AÉ 1992, 186). See also the whole discussion (although very confusing) on the identification of the two units, ibidem, pp. 183-184. 77 CIL III 12359 = ILBulg 120.78 W. Wagner, op. cit., p. 48; B. Gerov, Romanizmăt meždu Dunava i Balkana ot Avgust do Hadrian, Godišnik na Sofijskija Universitet, Istoriko-Filologičeski Fakultet 45, 1948-1949, p. 78, no. 37.79 Last time attested in Pannonia on September 5, 85, CIL XVI 31; B. Lőrincz, Die römischen Hilfstruppen in Pannonien während der Prinzipatszeit, Teil I. Die Inschriften, Vienna, 2001, p. 21, no. 14, and pp. 198-199, nos. 133-137.80 W. Wagner, Zur ala Pansiana, eine epigraphische Nachlese, Germania 41, 1963, p. 318 = AÉ 1969, 127; ILBulg 50: ‘reperta in loco dicto “Prez livadite” apud vicum Gigen’.81 Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 18: ‘Diese um die Mitte des 1. Jh. entstandene Platte könnte in die Ringmauer eines Tumulusgrabes eingelassen gewesen sein. Ein gutes Vergleichsbeispiel bietet beispielsweise die In-schriftplatte am Grabmal der Caecilia Metella in Rom’.82 W. Wagner, Germania 41, 1963, p. 321. D. B. Saddington, The Development (note 13), p. 147, thinks that the soldier was recruited at the latest in AD 1 or 2.

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in an inscription at Rome. Afterwards, the same man might have been promoted to a praefectura equitum83.

ALA (I) PANNONIORVMFrom Vespasian’s reign dates the command of C. Nonius C. f. Vel(ina tribu) Flaccus,

who was tribunus militum bis legionis V Macedonicae et legionis VII Claudiae piae fidelis and finally praefectus equitum alae Pannoniorum84. The former decurio (ueteranus ex decurione), T. Flauius Capito, attested by his tombstone discovered at Tomis, received dona militaria from the same emperor85. It is possible that this ala was garrisoned at Troesmis before the arrival of the V Macedonica legion. However, the unit is attested there only by a fragmentary tile stamp86.

ALA SCVBVLORVMFor the presence of this unit in Moesia, towards the middle of the first century

AD, we can quote two inscriptions from Philippi and Thessalonica (Macedonia), which attest the career of C. Vibius C. f. Cor(nelia tribu) Quartus. He served as a soldier in the V Macedonica legion before becoming decurio of the ala Scubulorum and afterwards praefectus of the III (Augusta) Cyrenaica cohort, tribunus militum legionis II Augustae and prefect of an ala Gallorum, sometime by the mid-first century. Among his mili-tary charges, he also was strategus strategiae […] in the province of Thrace87. The ala Scubulorum appears in an inscription found near the town of Nikopol (Bulgaria), which attests C. Fullonius, decurio of this ala88. We do not know anything more about his career, but it is possible, just like for Vibius Quartus, that he has been promoted also from the V Macedonica legion89. This unit seems to have left Moesia around the year 49 AD90 and transferred, first to Pannonia91, thereafter to Germania superior92. This unit had been created under Augustus-Tiberius and sent directly to Moesia. It was probably stationed in the vicinity of the legionary fortress from Oescus, next to Securisca, where the inscription mentioning an eques of the ala Bosporanorum has been discovered (vide supra). An inscription from Aquileia mentions a subpraefectus, M. Iulius Ti. f. Sabinus, but it is not sure that this position was achieved during the

83 CIL VI 3542; PME V 102; E. Birley, op. cit. (note 60), p. 268.84 AÉ 1975, 353 (Firmum Picenum, Regio V). Holder, Studies, p. 250, E 81, considers that his career is to be dated in Claudius’ or Nero’s time. Y. Le Bohec, Les unités auxiliaires de l’armée romaine en Afrique Proconsu-laire et Numidie sous le Haut Empire, Paris, 1989, p. 38, dates it in Vespasian’s time. It is not clear enough if he was praefectus alae in Moesia or in Africa, so far at least two alae Pannoniorum are attested.85 CIL III 14453 = ISM II 170.86 CIL III 6242 = ISM V 214: [...]ALAE I PAN[...].87 See note 49.88 B. Gerov, Beiträge (note 36), p. 157 = AÉ 1967, 426 = ILBulg 138 = Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 240, no. 424.89 Holder, Studies, p. 89.90 B. Gerov, Beiträge (note 36), p. 161: ‘Folglich können wir annehmen, daß die Verlegung der ala Scubulo-rum von Mösien nach Pannonien im Zeitraum 46-49 erfolgt ist’.91 B. Lőrincz, op. cit. (note 79), p. 23, no. 23.92 CIL XVI 20, from the year 74. See also CIL XIII 7032 (Ianuarius Potens, decurio alae Scubulorum), which at-tests this unit at Mogontiacum and CIL XIII 7580 (T. Flauius Celsus, ueteranus ex ala Scubulorum, ciuis Sappaeus, probably a Thracian) on an inscription discovered at Wiesbaden. See E. Stein, op. cit. (note 75), pp. 149-151.

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presence of the ala in Moesia93. Same difficulty for Catalus Callaei f., natione Sequ(anus), equ(es) ala Scub(u)l(orum), mentioned by another inscription from Aquileia: we simply do not know if he served when this unit was still in Moesia94.

COHORS II BATAVORVM (MILLIARIA)Many soldiers belonging to this unit occur on the funeral altar erected in the

memory of the soldiers fallen in the battles around Tropaeum Traiani ([in honorem] et memoriam fortis[simorum uirorum qui pugnantes] pro rep(ublica) morte occubu[erunt])95, i. e. either during the winter 101-102, as traditionally assumed96, or under Domitian, as many scholars argued97. The unit is attested on February 20, 98 in Pannonia98 and thereafter in Pannonia superior. It was stationed at Klosterneuburg99. In 118/119 it was transferred to the province of Noricum100.

The unit it is not previously attested in Moesia or in Moesia inferior. It has been argued that the unit was involved in Trajan’s bellum Dacicum101, although there is no direct information, except its presence on the funeral altar. It seems likely, regardless the date of the funeral altar from Adamclisi, that the unit never actually stationed in Moesia, while being only involved in military expeditions.

COHORS I BRACARAVGVSTANORVMThis unit is attested in Dalmatia in pre-Flavian times102; thereafter, it has been

transferred to Moesia at the beginning of Vespasian’s reign. It is for the first time at-tested by the military diploma from 75103.

COHORS I CANTABRORVMA soldier of this unit appears on a very fragmentary inscription from Aquae (Brza

Palanka, in the future territory of Moesia superior)104. P. Holder attributes the inscrip-

93 Holder, Studies, p. 250, E 77.94 CIL V 907.95 CIL III 14214 = ILS 9107; AÉ 1980, 794. See also E. Doruţiu, Some Observations on the Military Funeral Altar of Adamclisi, Dacia N. S. 5, 1961, pp. 345-363 (AÉ 1963, 99-102), for new fragments of the inscription. For the archaeological excavations see M. Sâmpetru, Tropaeum Traiani II. Monumentele romane, Bucharest, 1984, pp. 145-160.96 See the summary of the discussions by K. Strobel, Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans. Studie zur Geschichte des mittleren und unteren Donauraumes in der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Antiquitas, Reihe 1, Band 33, Bonn, 1984, pp. 233-236.97 See the summary of the discussions by E. Doruţiu, op. cit., pp. 356-360. See also AÉ 1965, 39 bis.98 CIL XVI 42.99 B. Lőrincz, op. cit. (note 79), p. 30, no. 8.100 CIL XVI 174; RMD II 93.101 K. Strobel, op. cit., pp. 121-122.102 ILS 3245; G. Alföldy, Die Auxiliartruppen (note 39), p. 293, no. 8, 2-3; AÉ 2000, 1178-1179. See also my short summary of the unit’s history: F. Matei-Popescu, Despre identitatea cohortelor I Bracaraugustanorum şi I Bracarorum civium Romanorum, in Corona laurea. Studii în onoarea Luciei Ţeposu Marinescu, Bucharest, 2005, pp. 313-314.103 Pferdehirt, Militärdiplome, no 1.104 ILJug 463: Crispus d[.] dom(o) Ina/quiese / uix/si(t) an(n)i(s) / XXX / merui(t) an(n)i(s) / VI m(i)l(es) coh(ortis) / I Cantabr/orum he/res fa(ciendum) c(urauit). M. Mirković, Dakische Einfälle nach Mösien und römische Feldzüge

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tion to Claudius’ or Nero’s reign105. An inscription from Brixia (Brescia) mentions M. Clodius Ma[…], praefectus coh(ortis) Cantabr(orum)106. As he became later tribunus militum legionis IIII Scythicae, it is highly probable that the unit stationed in Moesia at least from the time of Claudius. A recently published military diploma, copied after the imperial constitution of February 7, 78, attests another commander of this unit, C. Cammicus C. f. Fab(ia) Sabinus, and an infantryman, Octauius Daphni f., from the Gaulish people of the Lingones107. This cohort seems to have perished under Domitian.

COHORS I CILICVMA soldier of this cohort, C. Iulius Plato, died at Naissus in Vespasian’s time, there-

fore, he might have been recruited under Nero108. Another infantryman of this co-hort received the military diploma found at Montana from February 7, 78, Perasis Publi f., from Aegae (Cilicia), recruited about 53109. The same diploma records the pre-fect of this unit, P. Seppienus P. f. Pol. Aelianus110. One of the military diplomas copied after the imperial constitution from September 16, 94, for Moesia superior, has been awarded to the infantryman L. Titius L. f., from Phil(adelphia) (possibly, Philadelphia Aspera, in Cilicia). He was recruited in the year 68/69111. M. Magius M. f. Gal. An-tiquus was praefectus of this cohort under Augustus112.

COHORS I CISIPADENSIVMAn inscription discovered at Ruginium (Regio X) mentions L. Campanius L. f. Pol.

Verecundus, ueteranus legionis IIII Scythicae (former signifer), centurio c(o)ho(rtis) I Cisi-padensium. He was recruited under Tiberius and he died under Claudius or Nero113. Just like others soldiers from the legions of the first century, he continued his mili-tary career in the auxilia as centurio114. Since the IIII Scythica legion leaved Moesia in 56/57, the date of his activity is sure. The military diploma for Moesia superior

nach Dakien unter Domitian und Trajan, in Cr. Roman et alii (eds), Orbis antiquus. Studia in honorem Ioannis Piso-nis, Cluj-Napoca, 2004, p. 621, offers a different reading: Crispus d[ec(urio)] do(mo) Amin(icus) A/qui(lae) f(ilius) Se(gouiensis) ui/si(t) ann(is) XX / merui(t) anni(s) / VI in coh(orte) / I Cantabr/orum he/res fa(ciendum) c(urauit), following her previous publication, M. Mirković, Cohors I Cantabrorum i posada kastella Aquae na srednjem Dunavu u drugoj polovini I veka n. e., Zbornik Filozofskog Fakulteta Beograda 8, 1964, pp. 87-97 (non vidi).105 Holder, Studies, p. 304, no. 1291.106 InscrIt X, V/2, 737; CIL V 4326 = InscrIt X,V/1, 113; PME C 202. Cf. J. Spaul, Cohors2. The Evidence for a Short History of the Auxiliary Infantry Units of the Imperial Roman Army, British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 841, Oxford, 2000, pp. 99-100.107 W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Ein weiteres Diplom der Konstitution Vespasians für die Truppen Mösiens vom 7. Februar 78 n. Chr., ZPE 173, 2010, pp. 237-243.108 CIL III 8250 = IMS IV 33. Cf. K. Kraft, op. cit. (note 39), p. 173, no. 1312; Holder, Studies, p. 304, no. 1302.109 CIL XVI 22; K. Kraft, op. cit., p. 173, no. 1311; Holder, Studies, p. 304, no. 1301.110 CIL XVI 22.111 RMD V 335.112 ILS 8968. Cf. H. Devijver, Cohortes Cilicum in the Service of Rome, ZPE 47, 1982, pp. 177-178 = The Eques-trian Officers (note 73), pp. 213-214.113 CIL V 8185; Holder, Studies, p. 304, no. 1320; D. B. Saddington, The Development (note 13), p. 166; L. Mrozewicz, op. cit. (note 9), pp. 89-90, no. 25.114 Holder, Studies, pp. 86-88 and 101, table 7.1.

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discovered at Negovanovci, from September 16, 94, was granted to the infantryman L. Cassius Cassi f. Larisenus, who had been recruited about 68/69115.

COHORS I FLAVIA COMMAGENORVMA funerary inscription discovered at Tomis mentions a veteran of this unit, M. Iulius

Tertullus, as well as a soldier, Barales116. The inscription has been dated to the begin-ning of Trajan’s reign. Although a miles cohortis is attested, taking into account that M. Iulius Tertullus was a veteran, this inscription can not be used as a proof for the presence of the unit in this Greek city.

COHORS I CRETVMA funerary inscription discovered at Naissus (Niš) mentions a veteran of this co-

hort: Ti. Claudius Valerius, domo HERAB, probably H(i)erab(ytna), i. e. Hierapytna on Crete117. The inscription dates from the Flavian period and the veteran received the citizenship probably under Nero.

COHORS III GALLORVMThis unit was active in Germania inferior as early as Augustus, since it is recorded

in 42 at Valkenburg. It has been subsequently transferred to Germania superior118. In 75 and 78, it is recorded in Moesia by the military diplomas119. In 82, it is mentioned by a diploma given for the army of Germania superior, together with the ala Claudia noua and the cohors V Hispanorum, which were at that moment in Moesia120. Thus, it is rather clear that we are dealing with the same cohort and not with different troops. After the division of this province, the troop occurs in Moesia inferior121.

COHORS IIII GALLORVMAn inscription found at Oescus (Ghigen) records a veteran of this unit, whose

name disappeared (perhaps a Flauius)122. The inscription seems to belong to the first century and it has been supposed that this unit stationed, perhaps together with the ala (I Flauia) Gaetulorum, in the legionary fortress at Oescus in the time where the V Macedonica legion was deployed on the Eastern front in 62-71. Nevertheless, taking into account that the soldier is attested only as a veteran, one can presume that he retired himself from the active military service in the vicinity of Oescus.

115 CIL XVI 39; Holder, Studies, p. 304, no. 1321.116 AÉ 1938, 6 = ISM II 176; Holder, Studies, p. 304, no. 1331.117 S. Dušanić and P. Petrović, Epigraphic Contributions from the National Museum of Niš, Živa Antika 12, 1962-1963, 1-2, pp. 365-385, no. 1 = AÉ 1964, 262 = IMS IV 34; Holder, Studies, p. 305, no. 1341.118 G. Alföldy, Die Hilfstruppen (note 14), p. 58. Last record dates from May 21, 74 (CIL XVI 20), this time within the army of Germania superior.119 RMD I 2; M. Mirković, Die Auxiliareinheiten in Mösien unter den Flaviern, Epigraphische Studien, 5, 1968, pp. 179-180; CIL XVI 22; RMD IV 208; W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Moesia und seine Truppen (note 42), pp. 318-321, no. 1.120 The diploma from Debelec, September 20, 82 (CIL XVI 26).121 Matei-Popescu, Trupele, pp. 207-208, no. 22.122 CIL III 144171 = ILBulg 61.

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COHORS VII GALLORVMA soldier, Marius Celsus, is attested by a Flavian funerary inscription from Tomis123.

The presence of an active soldier in the vicinity of a Greek city could suggest an in-ferior status of that city in the Roman Empire, probably a ciuitas stipendiaria124. The military diploma found at Cataloi, dating from June 14, 92, was granted to Macrinus, Acresionis f., from Apamea, an eques of this unit125. He was recruited about 67 and he came with his unit from the Near-East as part of the expeditionary forces led by Li-cinius Mucianus at the beginning of the year 69126.

COHORS I LVSITANORVM CYRENAICAAt the end of the first century, Q. Allidius Celer, ueteranus cohortis I Lusitanorum,

died at Tomis. He was probably recruited under Vespasian and was discharged at the beginning of Trajan’s reign127.

COHORS (II) MATTIACORVMAn inscription discovered at Praeneste (Italy) mentions L. Clodius Claudia (tribu)

Ingenuus, praefectus cohortis II Mattiacorum. Thereafter, this man became a tribunus militum of the three legions deployed in Moesia, I Italica, V Macedonica and VII Clau-dia p. f.128 The military diplomas of this province always attest this unit without nu-meral.

COHORS I THRACVM SYRIACAAn inscription discovered at Timacum Minus (Ravna) attests a prefect of this unit:

L. Vecilius C. f. Lemon. Modestus, appointed tribune of the VI Ferrata legion in Syria129. Another interpretation took into consideration a possible first commission as tribu-nus militum, thereafter, as praefectus cohortis. Nevertheless, as the inscription dates from the Flavian period, when the system of the militiae equestres was firmly estab-lished, the cohort rather praised its commander before he was about to leave Moesia for Syria.

A tombstone discovered at Timacum Minus attests a ueteranus cohortis I Thracum Syriacae, C. Cassius Lo[. . . .]130. The inscription has been dated to the end of the first

123 CIL III 7548 = ISM II 177 = Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 168, no. 157: Marius Celsus / miles c(o)h(o)r(tis) VII / Gall(orum) uixit annos / XXXX militauit / annos XXIIII / titulum possuerunt (sic!) liberti / uiuo Marius Merqu/rius et Maria Cale / et Marius Tara.124 A. Suceveanu, La défense du littoral de la Dobroudja à l’époque romaine (Ier - IIIe siècles de n. è.), Revue roumaine d’histoire 13, 1974, 2, pp. 230-231; idem, În legătură cu statutul juridic al oraşului Tomis în epoca romană, Pontica 8, 1975, pp. 120-121.125 C. C. Petolescu and A. T. Popescu, op. cit. (note 67).126 Tac., Hist. 2, 83-84; 3, 46, 4.127 AÉ 1957, 189 = ISM II 196.128 AÉ 1906, 104 = CIL VI 37274.129 CIL III 8261 = ILS 2733 = ILJug 1288 = IMS III/2 23: L. Vecilius Modestus C. f. Lemon. / Modestus / equo pub(lico) de quinq(ue) / dec(uriis) seuir aed(ilis) duouir / iure dic(undo) colon(iae) His/pellatium quaestor II / augur praef(ectus) fab(rum) trib(unus) mil(itum) / leg(ionis) VI Ferr(atae) in Syr(ia) praef(ectus) coh(ortis) / I Thrac(um) Syr(iacae) in Moesia eq(uitatae) / coh(ors) I Thrac(um) Syr(iaca) / praefecto suo ; PME V 59.130 ILJug 1299.

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century, but taking into account the name of the soldier, the formula used by the in-scription (the name of the soldier in the nominative case and the hic situs est formula) and the fact that C. Cassius Lo[. . . .] was already a retired soldier, I think that one can date his activity in Vespasian’s time (as his liberti were T. Flauius Feliculanus and Flauia Prima) or even a little bit earlier. It also was the case of an eques of the same co-hort, [. . . .]inus Dinit[ra]lis Tarsa[e f.], from the Longi turma, whose 28 years of service suggest that he was recruited under Nero131.

In the same fort from Timacum Minus has been discovered the tombstone of a prefect of the I Montanorum cohort, Ti. Claudius Ti. f. Quir. Mercurialis132. The unit was brought to Moesia from Pannonia by the end of Domitian’s reign. It is impossible to say if the I Thracum Syriaca cohort shared the same fort with the I Montanorum cohort133.

COHORS (I) VBIORVM Ti. Iulius C. f. Fab. Viator, praefectus cohortis Vbiorum equitatae, occurs under Ti-

berius in an inscription discovered at Aquileia134. M. Vergilius Gallus Lusius, a former praefectus cohort(is) Vbiorum peditum et equitum, is mentioned by an inscription from Venafrum (Regio I). He had received dona militaria from Augustus and Tiberius135. As he was primus pilus legionis XI before he became praefectus cohortis, it is possi-ble that the unit stationed under Tiberius in Dalmatia, where this legion is attested. The cohort is directly recorded in the province since Vespasian’s reign, but it could have been transferred there by Claudius. A former signifer, M. Cocceius Vitlus, died at Capidaua, where this cohort stationed by the beginning of the second century136. From the fact that he received his honesta missio in the year 97 one can infer that he was recruited in the year 72. The military diplomas of the province always attest this cohort without numeral.

The list of units attested only by military diplomas, starting with Vespasian reign, must be added as follows: cohortes - I Antiochensium, II Chalcidenorum, V, VIII Gallo-rum (one of its infantrymen, Secundo Attiuconis, is attested by a diploma from Feb-ruary 7, 78, and seems to have had a Gaulish origin, being recruited about 53), IIII Hispanorum, II Lucensium, I Raetorum (the diploma copied after one of the constitu-tions from April 28, 75, was awarded to an infantryman of this unit, Hera Serapionis f., from Antiochia, Syria, therefore, it might have been among the units brought from

131 CIL III 14579 = ILJug 1315: [. . . .]inus Dinit/[ra]lis Tars[. .] / [. . .]es eq(ues) coh(ortis) I / [Thra]c(um) Syr(iacae) tur(ma) Lon/gi uix(it) ann(is) LXI / mer(uit) stip(endia) XXVIII / ex testamen(to) / eius heres fac(iendum) cur(auit) / S(alue?).132 CIL III 14589 (only the left part); AÉ 1903, 289 = ILJug 1290 = IMS III/2 36; PME C 160.133 As M. Mirković, Die Anfänge (note 1), p. 259, suggested.134 Holder, Studies, p. 244, E 18; PME I 139.135 CIL X 4862 = ILS 2690: prim. pil. leg. XI, praef. cohort. Vbiorum peditum et equitum, donato hastis puris dua-bus et coronis aureis diuo Aug. et Ti. Caesare Aug., praef. fabr. III, trib. mil. cohort. primae, idiologo ad Aegyptum, IIuir. iterum, pontif. …; H.-G. Pflaum, op. cit. (note 2), p. 23, no. 7; PME V 66; G. Alföldy, Die Hilfstruppen (note 14), p. 73; B. Dobson, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 170-171, no. 9; Holder, Studies, p. 247, E 56.136 AÉ 1950, 46 = 1960, 330 = ISM V 24 = Conrad, Grabstelen, p. 190, no. 241 (funerary stele of Greek type, imported from one of the Greek cities on the Black Sea coast).

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the East by C. Licinius Mucianus137), I Sugambrorum ueterana, I Sugambrorum tironum and (I) Tyriorum. The cohorts created by Vespasian which are afterwards attested both in Moesia superior and in Moesia inferior stayed probably in the province be-fore Domitian: I Flauia Bessorum, II Flauia Bessorum, II Flauia Brittonum, II Flauia Com-magenorum, I Flauia Numidarum and II Flauia Numidarum. I can add a tiny fragment of a military diploma, mentioning at least three alae: [...]ET I GAL[...]/ [...G]ALLORVM [...] / [...]VESPASIANA [DARDANORVM]138.

Conclusions

To sum up, fifteen (or sixteen) cavalry units and thirty one cohorts are attested in Moesia before the year 85, of course, not all of them in the same time, as the two tables (I and II) show.

In the early period, the number of Gaulish cavalry units is remarkable: ala Gal-lica, ala Gallorum, ala II Gallorum, ala Atectorigiana, ala Capitoniana, ala Pansiana. These alae are not easy to equate with the units attested in the time of Vespasian (with the exception of the Atectorigiana and Capitoniana). All Gaulish cavalry units were raised in the time of Augustus from Gallia Lugdunensis and were thereafter supplied by new recruits also from other Gaulish provinces139.

Some cavalry units, like ala Augusta, ala Bosporanorum, ala Scubulorum and ala Pan-siana, were transferred to other parts of Empire before 69. In the context of the bellum ciuile, at least two unknown cohorts were lost.

Ala Hispanorum was transferred from Germania inferior to Moesia probably be-fore Trajan, since one of its veterans, a Tunger, was discharged in the province by Sulpicius Galba.

Ala I Asturum was possibly transferred from Germania inferior before Vespasian, as one of its veterans, attested in Tomis, is a Claudius. New recruits from Germania inferior were assigned to this unit also in Vespasian’s time, since an Vbius has been discharged in 99 (this does not imply that local recruitment was not in place, since another copy of the imperial constitution has been awarded to a Thracian horse-man). However, it seems more likely that this ala has been transferred under Vespa-sian. This seems to be also the case of the ala Pannoniorum transferred from Dalmatia to Moesia under the same Vespasian, since one of its veterans attested in Tomis is a Flauius.

The only pedestrian units directly attested before Vespasian are the cohorts I Sug-ambrorum ueterana (cohors Sugambra in 26), I Cantabrorum (ante 57) and I Cisipadensium (ante 57). The other units are epigraphically attested especially in the western part of the province and at Tomis starting with the reign of Vespasian. However, the cohors I Cretum and I Cilicum, directly attested in the province only in the Flavian period, might have stationed also before, as their veterans seem to have been discharged by

137 RMD I 2 and note 7.138 RMD IV 209.139 Holder, Studies, pp. 111 and 115.

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Nero. The cohors I Vbiorum is not directly attested in the province, but is one of the earliest units, raised probably under Augustus and probably transferred to Moesia by Claudius.

The Moesian units had also Thracia under their surveillance, even after the mak-ing of the province in 46. Two inscriptions from Castulo (Hispania Tarraconensis) and Iliberris (Baetica), unfortunately both very fragmented, attest Q. Cornelius M. f. Gal. Valerianus, praefectus cohortis and praefectus uexillariorum in Trachia XV / [praefec-tus uexillationibus auxilia]ribus equitum coho[rtium alarumque XV]. The legions of the province, IV Scythica, V Macedonica and VIII Augusta, are mentioned in the context of the honours awarded to him by the members of the vexillations and by the entire army of Moesia140. The expedition took place after 46, when the VIII Augusta legion was transferred to Moesia, and before 56/57, when the IV Scythica legion was trans-ferred to Syria.

Since Vespasian’s reign the picture is clearer thanks to the evidence of military diplomas (Table II). In this context, we must also remind that imperial constitutions for auxiliary units of Moesia were issued separately by alae, cohortes and classis: in 73, for the classis Moesica141; on April 28, 75, two different constitutions for the cohortes142; on February 7, 78, also two different constitutions for the cohortes143; and again in 78, a constitution for the alae144. One constitution from 82/83, at the beginning of Domi-tian’s reign, was issued for both alae and cohortes145.

The practice of parallel constitutions continued after Domitian’s administrative reforms for the army of Moesia inferior (on June 14, 92, two separate constitutions were issued, one for the auxiliary units and one for the fleet146), and even under Ner-va and Trajan, when in September 9, 97147 and August 14, 99148 two different imperial constitutions were issued for the auxiliary units (alae and cohortes together; in 99 the sailors were added in one of the constitutions). The same situation is attested on May 13, 105149, when three imperial constitutions were issued for the auxiliary units (the sailors being added to one of the constitutions), and possibly on September 25,

140 CIL II 3272; 2079 = ILS 2713; R. Saxer, Untersuchungen zu den Vexillationen des römischen Kaiserheeres von Augustus bis Diokletian, Epigraphische Studien, 1, Cologne – Graz, 1967, pp. 9-11, nos. 7-8. 141 W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Neue Diplome für die Auxiliartruppen in den mösischen Provinzen von Vespasian bis Hadrian, Dacia N. S. 50, 2006, pp. 93-97, no. 1.142 RMD I 2; Pferdehirt, Militärdiplome, no. 1; P. Weiss, op. cit. (note 34), pp. 270-273, no. 1; W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Moesia und seine Truppen II. Neue Diplome für Moesia, Moesia inferior und Moesia superior, Chiron 39, 2009, pp. 506-509, no. 1. 143 CIL XVI 22; RMD IV 208; W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Moesia und seine Truppen (note 42), pp. 319-321, no. 1; RMD V 325 (= W. Eck, D. MacDonald and A. Pangerl, Neue Militärdiplome zur Geschichte der Provinz Ger-mania inferior, Kölner Jahrbuch 35, 2002, pp. 227-236).144 RMD IV 209; W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Moesia und seine Truppen (note 42), pp. 324-325, no. 3.145 P. Weiss, op. cit., pp. 275-279, no. 3.146 C. C. Petolescu and A. T. Popescu, op. cit. (note 67); CIL XVI 37.147 RMD V 337 and 338; AÉ 2005, 1704; W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Moesia und seine Truppen II. (note 142), pp. 510-512, no. 2.148 CIL XVI 44 and 45, Pferdehirt, Militärdiplome, no. 8, W. Eck and A. Pangerl, Neue Diplome (note 141), pp. 97-99, no. 2.149 CIL XVI 50; Pferdehirt, Militärdiplome, nos. 10 and 11.

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111150, when at least two imperial constitutions were issued (the sailors being added to one of the constitutions). The reason still waits to be found. One explanation took into consideration a possible split between the two legions stationed in the province by 99, V Macedonica and I Italica. Now, after the discovery of the constitutions from May 13, 105, this explanation must be rejected, as the lists of the units are completely different. One could argue that also the XI Claudia p. f. legion has been brought to Moesia inferior by that time and, as a consequence, the auxiliary units were once again divided between the three legions. Nevertheless, it is highly probably that also in 99 three imperial constitutions have been issued, while only two legions are attested in that time in the province.

An important number of units are attested in the province starting with the reign of Vespasian. Besides the Flauiae units, all raised by Vespasian, an important number of regiments were brought from Syria by C. Licinius Mucianus, as it could be the case of the VII Gallorum (a soldier from Apamea recruited in 67), the I Raetorum (a soldier recruited from Antiochia in 50) and, possibly, the I Antiochensium. As for the cohors I Thracum Syriaca, it is impossible to say when it has been transferred from Syria to Moesia. Other units were transferred from Dalmatia, like ala Pannoniorum and cohors I Bracaraugustanorum. The cohors I Vbiorum seems to have been transferred at an earlier date, probably by Claudius. Under the same Vespasian the ala Claudia noua and the III Gallorum and V Hispanorum cohorts were transferred from Germania superior.

Two of the units attested under Vespasian seem to have perished, I Cantabrorum and VIII Gallorum, possibly in the context of the Dacian attack from 85. A cavalry unit, ala II Hispanorum et Arauacorum, is transferred to Moesia in the aftermath of this Dacian attack.

After the military and administrative reforms undertaken by Domitian, ten co-horts previously attested in Moesia appeared in Moesia superior. Besides these co-horts, the ala Claudia noua is also attested in Moesia superior. By the end of Domi-tian’s reign, two cavalry units from Syria (II Pannoniorum and praetoria singularium), five cohorts from Pannonia (III Brittonum, II Hispanorum, I Montanorum c. R., VI Thracum and VII Breucorum) and one from Macedonia (II Gallorum Macedonica) were added151 (during Trajan’s first Dacian expedition three alae and twenty one cohortes are attested, while other units were transferred to the province152).

A larger number of units previously attested in Moesia appeared in Moesia infe-rior: nine alae and nineteen cohortes. With the only exception of ala Claudia noua, all the cavalry units attested before Domitian became part of the army of Moesia infe-rior. However, from a closer look to the find spots of inscriptions mentioning cavalry units on the territory of Moesia, one can infer that all these units (with the exception of ala Gallica at Ratiaria) were stationed in the territory of the future Moesia infe-

150 CIL XVI 58; RMD IV 222.151 F. Matei-Popescu, The Auxiliary Units from Moesia Superior in Domitian’s time and the Problem of CIL XVI 41, Ephemeris Napocensis 16-17, 2006-2007, pp. 34-38. 152 F. Matei-Popescu and O. Ţentea, Participation of the Auxiliary Units from Moesia Superior in Trajan’s Da-cian Wars, Dacia N. S. 50, 2006, pp. 127-140.

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rior province. Little was added by Domitian (ala II Hispanorum et Arauacorum from Pannonia). Trajan added two cohortes milliariae (I et II Augustae Neruianae Pacenses milliariae Brittonum), but this action is to be considered in the context of his Dacian expeditions. The II Batauorum cohort attested by the inscription of the funeral altar from Adamclisi probably never stationed in the province, being only part of a larger vexillation of units sent in the context of a conflict.

In conclusion, it seems that the most part of the auxiliary units in Moesia, mostly starting with Vespasian’s reign, were stationed in the later territory of Moesia infe-rior; so, one can guess that Domitian did not changed anything in their distribution along the ripa Danuuii. The eastern part was the military core of the province, since two legions stationed there (V Macedonica and I Italica) vs. one in the western part (VII Claudia p. f.). In Moesia superior, the number of auxiliary units was increased by the end of Domitian’s reign and in Trajan’s first years of reign, especially with units transferred from Pannonia, since this province became the main base of attacking the Dacians.

In this context, the paucity of sources concerning the presence of the Roman army eastward from Nouae before Trajan’s reign is astonishing153. One can only mention a monumental inscription found at Appiaria (Rjahovo), dating back to 76 and men-tioning the commanders of two cohorts. Unfortunately, the names of the units are not preserved (they were restored as the cohorts Mattiacorum and Gallorum)154. In the legionary fortresses at Durostorum and Troesmis, auxiliary units seem to be at-tested before the transfer of the legions, but only by the end of the first century: the cohors II Flauia Brittonum (Durostorum , ante 106/107, when the XI Claudia legion was transferred )155 and the ala I Pannoniorum (Troesmis, only by a tile stamp, ante 102-105, when the V Macedonica legion was transferred)156.

Recently, archaeological levels corresponding, according to V. H. Baumann, to the period of Nero and Vespasian, were discovered at Nouiodunum157. Unfortunately, the image is less clear as it has been presented, as the dating elements, coins and fragments of terra sigillata158, have been found in disturbed archaeological contexts. The Roman fleet being active on the Danube since Claudius’ reign, as it will be ar-gued bellow, and taking into account that Nouiodunum was one of the most impor-tant fleet stations in the northern part of Dobruja, these archaeological discoveries could contribute to attest the presence of the Roman fleet from the middle of the first

153 See also B. Gerov, Die Grenzen der römischen Provinz Thracia, in ANRW VII 1, 1979, p. 214, who takes into consideration the idea that the Danube, east from Nicopolis, could have been the border of the Thra-cian kingdom.154 V. Beševliev, Epigrafski prinosi, Sofia, 1952, pp. 71-72, no. 122 (see also p. 83); AÉ 1957, 357: [Imp(erator)] C(a)esar Vespasian[(us) Aug(ustus) pont(ifex) max(imus) tr(ibunicia) pot(estate) VII im]p(erator) XV co(n)s(ul) VII p(ater) p(atriae) PGEE vel P. Gel[…] / [le]g(atus) Aug(usti) p(r)o pr(aetore) cohh(ortes) [Mattiacorum(?) et Gall]orum qu(i)bus pra[esunt …] / e(t) Q(uintus) Varius Secundus […]. 155 CIL III 6152 = 7478.156 CIL III 6242 = ISM V 214.157 V. H. Baumann, Despre începuturile vieţii romane la Noviodunum, Peuce S. N. 6 [19], 2008, pp. 191-192.158 For the terra sigillata dated in the first and second half of the first century AD see also idem, Ceramica terra sigillata de la Noviodunum, Peuce S. N. 6 [19], 2008, pp. 213-216.

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century (the headquarters of the fleet was moved from Ratiaria to Sexaginta Prista by Vespasian).

From the historical and epigraphic point of view, the image is widely more com-plex. The only inscription (so far as ala I Pannoniorum is recorded at Troesmis only by a tile stamp) attesting the Romans on the limes of Scythia Minor, before Tra-jan’s reign, was discovered at Aegyssus and dates from Titus’ reign159. For about fifty years, following an idea of G. Barbieri160, some Romanian historians have asserted that Scythia Minor or at least its Black Sea coast was under the command of an unattested praefectus orae maritimae. Some passages from Ovid and an inscription from Histria were put to work. Nevertheless, the passages from Ovid, as it has been already pointed out, do not support such an assumption. Therefore, it is clear that Iulius Vestalis was a primus pilus legionis161, that P. Vitellius was a legate of a legion162 (being attested at the head of two legions on the Rhine limes in the year 15)163 and that L. Pomponius Flaccus, belonging to the ordo senatorius, was possibly a praetorian legate of C. Poppaeus Sabinus164. None of them was a praefectus orae maritimae. On the other hand, the inscription concerning the horothesia of the Greek city of Histria mentions two praefecti (eparchoi in the Greek text), Asiaticus and Arruntius Flamma165. These were supposed to follow the orders of Flauius Sabinus, the governor of Moesia (53-60)166, concerning the tax exemptions of the Histrians at the Danube’s mouths. T. Sarnowski has argued that they could have been praefecti classis and, I add, also ripae Danuuii, as it was the case of M. Arruntius Claudianus (vide infra). It is likely that the praefecti classis have had under their control also the territory of the Danube Del-ta, as it will be later the case under the governor C. Ouinius Tertullus (198-201)167, who ordered to the fleet prefect Vindius Verianus to close the boundary dispute between the uicani Buteridauenses and a Roman landowner, Messia Pudentilla168. This could easily explain why the only epigraphic evidence from the limes of Scythia Minor before Trajan originates from Aegyssus and why important archaeological discover-ies belonging to the second half of the first century come from Nouiodunum, both

159 CIL III 6221 = ISM V 286: Imp(eratori) T(ito) Caes(ari) / pontif(ici) max(imo) trib(unicia) pot(estate) / p(atri) p(atriae).160 G. Barbieri, Ancora sul «praefectus orae maritimae», Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 74, 1946, pp. 166-171.161 Ovid., Ex Pont. 4, 7, 15: tendisti ad primum per densa pericula pilum; 4, 7, 48: pugnat ad exemplum primi minor ordine pili. Cf. B. Dobson, op. cit. (note 2), p. 171, no. 10162 Ovid., Ex Pont. 4, 7, 27-28: donec fluminea deuecta Vitellius, unda / intulit, exposito milite signa Getis.163 Tac., Ann. 1, 70, 1: at Germanicum legionum, quas nauibus uexerat, secundam et quartam decumam itinere terrestri P. Vitellio ducendas tradit, quo leuior classis uadoso mari innarent uel reciproco sideret; Suet., Vit. 2, 3.164 Ovid., Ex Pont. 4, 9, 75-80: praefuit his, Graecine, locis modo Flaccus; et illo / ripa ferox Histri sub duce tuta fuit. / Hic tenuit Mysas gentes in pace fideli: / his arcu fisos terruit ense Getas. / Hic raptam Trosmin celeri uirtute recepit, / infecitque fero sanguine Danuuium; 4, 9, 119-120: is quoque, quo laeuus fuerat sub praeside Pontus, / audierit frater forsitan tuus, L. Pomponius Flaccus. Cf. A. Stein, op. cit. (note 15), p. 19, no. 2.165 ISM I 67, 68, l. 12 and 20.166 B. E. Thomasson, Laterculi praesidum. Vol. I ex parte retractatum, Götteborg, 2009, p. 44, no. 20:018 (Tac., Hist. 3, 75, 1; ILS 984).167 B. E. Thomasson, op. cit., pp. 53-54, no. 20:107.168 ISM I 359, 360.

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settlements being important fleet stations at the mouths of the Danube. It seems, therefore, that the limes was protected only by the Roman fleet, which was supposed to secure the Danube in order to make possible the transfer of military forces from Moesia to the north shore of the Black Sea in case of necessity169.

A well known inscription from Ephesus mentions M. Arruntius Claudianus, prae-fectus classis Moesicae et ripae Danuuii (e[parco" tou' ejn Moisivai stovlou kai; th'" o[cqh")170. This is the expected testimony for assuming that, before Trajan’s reorgani-zation, the ripa Danuuii was under the protection of the praefectus classis. A. Suce-veanu has argued that the tenure of the fleet command must be separated from that of the ripa Danuuii (as part of his assumption that Scythia Minor was included in the Empire only at the beginning of Vespasian’s reign171), which is attested on the Middle Danube172. However, the commanders in charge with the command of ripa Danuuii were only at their first militia equestris (the case of L. Volcacius Primus173) or at their third militia equestris (the case of an unknown officer174), whereas M. Arrun-tius Claudianus’ command was at the rank of a centenary procurator175. I completely agree with E. Doruţiu-Boilă when she argues that this command must be located in the area of Lower Danube176, i. e. in the area of the tax district known as ripa Thra-ciae177. If we accept this idea, without having military units deployed on the field, probably the whole territory of Dobruja was under Roman control at least from the middle of the first century AD, when the first prefects are recorded by the just men-tioned inscription from Histria. Recently, T. Sarnowski has reiterated the idea that this command must have been extraordinary and he envisages in fact two separate commands178. Nevertheless, before Trajan the only visible presence on the limes of Scythia Minor is that of the Roman fleet. Having in mind that in this part of Moesia almost all the cavalry units of the province are attested, we must assume that the defence along the ripa was rather mobile than static. This could explain the lack of any inscription attesting Roman military units before Nerva and Trajan.

However, such an important number of units attested in the territory of the later province of Moesia inferior (nine alae and nineteen cohortes) must have stationed some-where. To conclude that most of them stationed between Ratiaria and Durostorum and

169 T. Sarnowski, Ti. Plautius Silvanus, Tauric Chersonesos and Classis Moesica, Dacia N. S. 50, 2006, p. 92.170 AÉ 1969-1970, 595 a = 1972, 572 = IDRE II 373. See also ILS 8821 (Xanthus), probably the same per-son. 171 A. Suceveanu, În legătură cu data de anexare a Dobrogei de către romani, Pontica 4, 1971, pp. 105-122; idem, De nouveau autour de l’annexion romaine de la Dobroudja, in I. Piso (ed.), Die römischen Provinzen. Begriff und Gründung, Kolloquium Cluj-Napoca, 28. September-1. Oktober 2006, Cluj-Napoca, 2008, pp. 271-279.172 Idem, M. Arruntius Claudianus et l’annexion romaine de la Dobroudja, Ancient Society 22, 1991, pp. 255-276 (= Opuscula Scythica. Grecs et Romains au Bas-Danube, Bucharest, 2009, pp. 97-114).173 CIL IX 5363 and 5364 = ILS 2737; PME V 124.174 AÉ 1926, 80; PME Inc. 64.175 C. C. Petolescu, Dacia. Un mileniu de istorie, Bucharest, 2010, p. 82.176 E. Doruţiu-Boilă, M. Arruntius Claudianus praefectus classis et ripae Danuvii, Studii clasice 17, 1977, pp. 89-100.177 ISM I 68, l. 67-73; B. Gerov, Die Grenzen (note 153), p. 216.178 T. Sarnowski, Ti. Plautius Silvanus (note 169), pp. 91-92.

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some units in the interior, especially in the Montana region, is probably not correct, but this is our today evidence. Moreover, the main argument of the annexation of Scythia Minor only in the time of Vespasian, namely the lack of military units stationed in forts, becomes useless in the context of a poor military presence in the area before Trajan.

Table I. The Units attested in Moesia before Flavian time

Previous attestation The Units Further attestation? ala Au[gusta] Egypt ?Syria ala Bosporanorum Moesia ? / Pannonia? ala Capitoniana Moesia? ala Gallorum Moesia ?

ala Gallica Syria ?? ala Gallorum Atectorigiana ? Moesia? ala (I Flauia) Gaetulorum MoesiaGermania/Pannonia ala Hispanorum MoesiaGallia ? ala Pansiana ?? ala Scubulorum Pannonia /Germania superior? cohors I Cantabrorum Moesia? cohors I Cisipadensium Moesia? cohors I Cretum Moesia? cohors IIII Gallorum MoesiaGermania inferior cohors Sugambra

(I Sugambrorum ueterana)Moesia

Dalmatia cohors (I) Vbiorum Moesia

Table II. The Units attested in Moesia in Flavian time

Previous attestation The Units Further attestationGermania inferior ala I Asturum Moesia inferiorGermania superior ala Claudia noua Moesia superiorraised by Vespasian ala I Vespasiana Dardanorum Moesia inferiorraised by Vespasian ? ala Gallorum Flauiana ? Moesia inferiorMoesia ala II Gallorum CappadociaPannonia ala II (Hispanorum et)

ArauacorumMoesia inferior

Pannonia ala I Pannoniorum Moesia inferiorSyria ? cohors I Antiochensium Moesia superiorraised by Vespasian cohors I Flauia Bessorum Moesia superiorraised by Vespasian cohors II Flauia Bessorum Moesia inferiorDalmatia cohors I Bracaraugustanorum Moesia inferiorraised by Vespasian cohors II Flauia Brittonum Moesia inferiorMoesia cohors I Cantabrorum ?Thracia? cohors II Chalcidenorum Moesia inferior

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Previous attestation The Units Further attestationMoesia cohors (I) Cilicum Moesia superiorMoesia cohors I Cisipadensium Moesia superiorraised by Vespasian cohors I Flauia Commagenorum Moesia inferiorraised by Vespasian cohors II Flauia Commagenorum Moesia superiorMoesia cohors I Cretum Moesia superiorGermania inferior/superior

cohors III Gallorum Moesia inferior

Moesia cohors IIII Gallorum Moesia inferior? cohors V Gallorum Moesia superiorSyria cohors VII Gallorum Moesia inferior? cohors VIII Gallorum ?? cohors IIII Hispanorum Moesia superior ?/ Dacia superiorGermania superior cohors V Hispanorum Moesia superior? cohors II Lucensium Moesia inferior? cohors I Lusitanorum Moesia superiorCyrene cohors I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica Moesia inferiorMoesia cohors II Mattiacorum Moesia inferiorraised by Vespasian cohors I Flauia Numidarum Moesia inferiorraised by Vespasian cohors II Flauia Numidarum Moesia inferiorSyria cohors I Raetorum Moesia inferiorMoesia cohors I Sugambrorum ueterana Moesia inferior? cohors I Sugambrorum tironum Moesia inferiorMoesia cohors Tyriorum Moesia inferiorSyria cohors I Thracum Syriaca Moesia superiorDalmatia cohors (I) Vbiorum Moesia inferior

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