THE RELIGIOUS

QUEST OF INDIA

EDITED BY . •

J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. LITERARY SECRETARY, NATIONAL COUNCIL .OF YOUNG MEN'S

CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS, INDIA AND CEYLON

• AND

H. D. GRISWOLD, M.A., PH.D. SECR&TARY OF THE COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN

IIISSIONS IN INDIA

UNIFORM \VITH THIS VOLUME

ALREADY PUBLISHED

INDIAN THEISM, FROM By NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., THE VEDIC TO ·THE D.Litt. Pp.xvi+292. Price M U 1:1 A M M A D A N 6s. net. PERIOD.

IN PREPARATION

THE RELIGIOUS LITERA- By J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A. TURE OF INDIA.

THE RELIGION OF THE By H. D. GRISWOLD, M.A., ~IGVEDA. PH.D.

THE VEDANTA •

HINDU ETHICS •

BUDDHISM •

ISLAM IN INDIA

• By A. G. HoGG1 M.A., Chris· tian College, Madras.

By JoHN McKENZIE, M.A., Wilson College, Bombay.

• By K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A., Literary Secretary, National Council of Y.M.C.A., India and Ceylon.

• By H. A. wALTER, M.A., Literary Secretary,N ational Council of Y.M.C.A., India and Ceylon.

EDITORIAL PREFACE-

THE writers of this series of volumes on the variant forms of religious life in India are governed in their work by two impelling motives.

I. They endeavour to work in the sincere and sympathetic spirit of science. They desire to understand the perplexingly involved developments of thought and life in India and dis­passionately to estimate their value. They recognize the futility of any such attempt to understand and evaluate, unless it is grounded in a thorough historical study of the phenomena investigated. In recognizing this fact they do no more than share what is common ground among all modern students of religion of any repute. But they also believe that it is necessary to set the practical side of each system in living relation to. the beliefs and the literature, and that, in this regard, the close and direct contact which they have each had with Indian religious life ought to prove a source ·of valuable light. For, until a clear understanding has been gained of the practical influence exerted by the habits of worship, by the practice of the ascetic, devotional or occult discipline, by the social organization and by the family system, the real impact of the faith upon the life of the individual and the community cannot be estimated; and, without the advantage of extended personal intercourse, a trustworthy account of the religious experience of a community can scarcely be achieved by even the most careful student.

I J. They seek to set each form of Indian religion by the side of Christianity in such a way that the relationship may stand out clear. Jesus Christ has become to them the light of all their seeing, and they believe Him destined to be the light of

a 2

iv EDITORIAL I>REFACE

the world. They are persuaded that sooner or later the age· long quest of the Indian spirit for 1·eligious truth and power will find in Him at once its goal and a new starting-point, and they will be content if the preparation of this series contri· butes in the smallest degree to hasten this consummation. If there be readers to whom this motive is unwelcome, they may be reminded that no man approaches the study of a religion without religious convictions, either positive or nega­tive: for both reader and writer,· therefore, it is better that these should be explicitly stated at the outset. Moreover, even a complete lack of sympathy with the motive here acknowledged need not diminish a reader's interest in follow­ing an honest and careful attempt to bring the religions of India into comparison with the religion which to-day is their only possible rival, and to which they largely owe their pre­sent noticeable and significant revival.

It is possible that to some minds there may seem to be a measure of incompatibility between these two motives. The writers, however, feel otherwise. For them the second motive reinforces the first: for they have found that he who would lead others into a new faith must first of all understand the faith that is theirs already,-understand it, moreover, sympathetically, with a mind quick to note not its weaknesses alone but that in it which has enabled it to survive and has given it its power over the hearts of those who profess it.

The duty of the editors of the series is limited to seeing that the volumes are in general harmony with the principles here described. Each writer is alone responsible for the opinions expressed in his volume, whether in regard to Indian religions -or to Christianity.

THE RELIGIOUS Q!JEST OF INDIA

THE

HEART OF JAINISM BY

MRS. SINCLAIR STEVENSON M.A., Sc.D. (DusuN)

01' Tlrll IRISB IIISSIOR Ill GUJARAt'

IOIIIITIIIII ICROIAR 01' SOMIIRVlLLR COLLIIGII, OIPORD

AUTUOR o• 'ROt'lll OR IIODBRR JAIRISII ', 'I'IRSt' STBPS Ill GUJARATi'

'011 801111 PAIII'I'IlRI o• t'RII RBUISSUCB ', ETC.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION

BY TRI

REV. G. P. TAYLOR, _M.A., D.D. PRIRCIPAI, 01' lt'IIVBRSOR COI.LBGII, AIJMADABAO

HUMPHREY MILFORD

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK

TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

1915

Fecisti nos ad te, et inquietum est cor nostrum donee requiescat in te.

(Conf. Div. Aur, Augu~lim'1 i. 1.)

TO MY HUSBAND

WITH

HAPPY MEMORIES

OF NINE YEARS' COMRADESHIP

JN WORK AND.PLAY

PREFATORY NOTE

AMONGST the many friends, Indian and English, whose help has made the production of this little book possible, the writer owes a special debt of gratitude to the Rev. G. P. Taylor, M.A., D.D., who years ago first directed her attention to Jainism as an almost untrodden field for research, and who ever since has allowed her to make the fullest use of his un~ivalled stores of oriental scholarship ; to Mr. J. N. Farquhar, M.A., from whom she has received constant help and suggestion, especially in the compilation of the Historical Summary and the paragraphs on Jaina writers; and to her husband, who, when she was hindered by illness, not only prepared the index, but also under· took, together with Mr. Farquhar, the whole of the proof correcting.

Amongst her Indian friends, the writer would .like to thank two Jaina pa~-,its, who successively lectured to her in Rajkot (KathiawM} almost daily during a period of seven years, for the patience and lucidity with which they expounded their creed. Each of these gentlemen, the one representing perhaps the more modem, and the other the more conservative, p9ints of view, most kindly re-read the MS. with her.

In her study of Jainism, however, the writer is not only indebted to pa~dits, but also to nuns in various Apasara, to officiants in beautiful Jaina temples, to wandering monks, happy-go-lucky Jaina schoolboys and thoughtful students, as well as· to grave Jaina merchants and their delightful wives. Nearly all.these informants spoke Gujarati,

X PREFATORY NOTE

but the technical words they used in discussing their faith were sometimes of Gujarati, sometimes of Magadhi and sometimes of Sanskrit origin. This • use', which seems to be one of the idioms of Jainism, the writer has tried to reproduce by transliterating the actual words employed, believing that thus her work would retain more o,f the character of field-study and have less of the odour of midnight oil than if she had standardized and sanskritized all the terms.

But whatever language they spoke, every one whom the writer asked showed the same readiness to help; indeed almost every fact recorded in this book owes its presence there to the courtesy of some Jaina friend, and every page seems to the writer water-marked with some one's kindness. The difficulty of the task has sometimes seemed over· whelming; but never perhaps does the magnificent old motto Dominus illuminatio mea prove a greater inspiration than when one is attempting sympathetically to decipher an alien creed; and to no one does it, together with its sister-saying Magna est veritas et praevalebit, ring a happier carillon of hope than to the foreign missionary.

MARGARET STEVENSON. DUBLIN,

St. Patrick's Day, 1915.

INTRODUCTION

To the general public Jainism is little more than a mere name, and even students of the Religions of India have often failed to give it the attention it well may claim. True, out of India's 315 millions less than one million and a quarter (1,248,162) to-day profess the Jaina faith, and the last twenty years have witnessed a steady decrease in the number of its adherents; but, its numerical weakness notwithstanding, Jainism can make its own distinct appeal for a more informed acquaintance with its special tenets. If Professor Hopkins is right, and we believe he is, in affirming that Jainism • represents a theological mean between Brahmanism and Buddhism ',1 then assuredly a serious study of Jainism becoines incu~bent on all who may seek to understand aright either the early Brahmanic ritual or the trenchant and for long effective Buddhist protest which that elaborate ritual evoked.

In that sixth century before Christ which in so many countries witnessed an earnest aspiration after higher truths and nobler lives, the country of Bihar was strangely agitated by the teachings of not a few bold reformers, men then styled heretics. Mahavira, Buddha, Go§ala, Jamali, all founded sects of their own, and others there were who vied with these either in propounding rival heresies or in establishing separate monastic organizations. Yet of all these ancient Orders one only has survived in India down to the present day, and that one is the Jainism founded whether by Mahavira himself or by his reputed master

• E. w. Hopkins, Tlrt Rtll"cio"' of /tUlia, p. 1183.

:xii INTRODUCTION

Padvanatha. It were surely at once an interesting and an instructive study to search out the causes that enabled Jainism thus to weather the storms that in India wrecked so many of the other faiths. Quietly, unobtrusively, Jainism has held on the even tenor of its way: but why? Here, for the student of Comparative Religion, lies a fascinating problem. Dr. Hoernle's discussion of this subject in his Presidential Address of I'8g8 before the Asiatic Society of Bengal was singularly luminous, empha· sizing as it did the place accorded from the very first to the lay adherent as an integral part of the Jaina organization. In the Buddhist Order, on the other hand, the lay element received no formal recognition whatsoever. Lacking thus any • bond with the broad strata of the secular life of the people', Buddhism, under the fierce assault on its monastic settlements made by the Moslems of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, proved incompetent to maintain itself and simply disappeared from the land. In contr;t.St there· with, Jainism, less enterprising but more specula.tive than Buddhism, and lacking the active missionary spirit t~at in early times dominated the latter, has been content to spend a quiet life within comparatively narrow borders, and can show to-day in Western and Southern India not only prosperous monastic establishments but also lay communities, small perhaps, yet wealthy and influential. Adopting the terms of present-day ecclesiastical discussion, one may say the survival of the Jainas has been due in large measure to their having opened the doors· of the Synod of their Church to lay representation.

Yet another reason that well may attract to the study of Jainism lies in the fact that a singular interest attaches... to its doctrines and i~s history. Its first home was near Benares, and thus lay to the east of that 1 holy land ' which was the seat of the Vedic cult. But with the pro.cess of years it has migrated westwards and northwards, with the remarkable consequence that to·day 1 there are no Jainas

INTRODUCTION xiii·

among the indigenous inhabitants of Bengal, which includes Bihar, where the religion had its origin, and Orissa, where the caves of Udayagiri and K.handagiri bear witness to its popularity in the early centuries of our era '.1 While to the north in Mathura, Delhi, Jaipur, and Ajmer, it is still fairly well represented, the chief seats of Jaina influence in modem times are the cities and trading marts of Western India. The mercantile communities of Gujarat and Marwar owe not a little of their prosperity to Jaina enterprise, and the Order is said to be largely recruited from the cultivators in the Camatic district of Belgaum. To trace through the centuries this westward trend of Jainism and to investigate its causes were surely a subject worthy of engaging the attention of students of the Indian religions.

Again, in its origin, Jainism was a protest on the part of the K~Jatriyas, or warrior caste, against the exclusiveness of priests who desired to limit entry into the mendicant stage (Sannyasin AJrama) to persons of the Brahman caste alone. As Professor Hopkins gr~phically puts it, 'The Kings of the East were impatient of the Western Church: they were pleased to throw it over. • The leaders in the •• reformation " were the youngef sons of noble blood ••• they were princes and had royalty to back them.' a .But time brings its revenges, and this Jaina religion, cradled in the aristocracy of a military caste, was destined to become the chief exponent of a grotesque exaggeration of the principle of ahims4, or 'non-injury' to any living being. The explanation of a change so radical cannot but prove of the deepest interest.

Yet once again Jainism, with its explicit belief in a plurality of eternal spirits, every material entity having its own individual spirit, jivii.tm4, no less expressly dis· believes in the Supreme Spirit, the Paramatmii. Jainism is definitely atheistic, if by atheism we mean the denial of

a l~~tjJn'iol GudkH of India (New Edition), i. 417. • E. W. Hopkins, op. cit., p. 282.

xiv INTRODUCTION

a divine creative spirit. In the philosophy of the Jainas no place is reserved for God. Indeed it seems probable that the first Jainas did not acknowledge gods at all. They early taught that one should not say • God rains j' but just • the cloud rains'. Thus one of their fundamental principles would seem to have been that there is no power higher than man. This principle, however, it is instructive to note, soon proved unworkable, and it has long since been practically abandoned. The J ainas do worship, yet are the objects of their worship neither God nor gods. Denying God, they worship man, to wit, the Venerable (Arhat), the Conqueror (Jina), the Founder of the (four) Orders (Tirthan· kara). Now this revolt from God-worship, and the acceptance in its stead of man-worship, this startling anticipation of Positivism, may well claim one's attention, if only as affording some idea of the possibilities of intel· lectual frailty.

Within the last thirty years a small band of scholars, pre-eminent amongst whom are the late Hofrath Professor BUhler, Professor Jacobi, and Dr. Hoernle, have effected a great advance in our knowledge of Jainism. For long it had been thought that Jainism was but a sub·sect of Buddhism, but, largely as a consequence of the researches · of the Orientalists just mentioned, that opinion has been finally ,relinquished, and Jainism is· nqw admitted to be one of the most·ancient monastic organizations of India. So far from being merely a modern variation of Buddhism, Jainism is the older of the two heresies, and it is almost certain that Mahavira, though a contemporary of Buddh~, predeceased him by some fifty years.1 A flood of light hail been shed on the origin of Jainism, on its relations both to_ Brahmanism and to Buddhism, on the sects of the Jainas,

1 As now generally accepted, the dates are for Mahiivira, 599-527 B.C. and for Buddha, 557-477 B.C.

If these dates be correct, then Mahavira and Buddha were for thirty years contemporaries.

INTRODUCTION XV

the ' white-clad • and the • space-clad ' votaries and the non-idolatrous Sthanakavasis, on the formation of the Jaina Siddhanta or Canon, and on the Councils of Patali· putra and Vallabhi that legislated regarding the Jaina Scriptures : also the highest linguistic scholarship has been brought to bear upon translations of a few of the Sacred Books of the Jainas. i',or all this good work accomplished, students of Jainism cannot be too grateful. But one whole department of this large subject stiU awaits elucidation, One can learn much concerning early Jainism and of its development in mediaeval times: but modem Jainism, its present·day practices and its present-day teachings, these still remain very much a terra incognita. Buhler's Indian Sect of tlu jainas and an article by Dr. Burgess on the Jaina Temple Ritual tell us something, but very much remains untold.

And just here a necessary caution should be given. It is not always safe to assume that the meaning a technical term bore in early times remains the same in the Jainism of to·day. For instance, the term nrtha-kara, or Ththailkara, would seem originally ·to have denoted the man who has ' made the passage ' across the· ocean of worldly illusion (samsara), who has re~ched that further shore where he is, and will for ever be, ·free from action and desire : th\.1!1, the man who has attained unto a state of utter and absolute quiescence, arid has entered into a rest that knows no change nor ending, a passionless and ineffable peace. But no Jaina whom I have ever consulted has assigned this meaning to the word nrthail· kara. Widely different is the explanation given me by those whom I have asked, and they all agree. A nrthail­kara, they say, is one who has • made', has founded, the four • tirthas •. But what then is a tirtha ? nrtha, derived from the root tr, 'to save', is, they affirm, a technical term indicating • the means of salvation •, the means par txcellmu ; and the taturvidha sailgha, or that • fourfold

· xvi INTRODUCTION

Communion 'within which all who take refuge find ultimate salvation, consists of the four tirthas, or • orders', namely, those of (1) sadhu or monk, (2) sadhvl or nun, (3) sravaka or lay-brother, and (4) sravika or lay·sister. These four tirthas are thus, as it were, four boats that will infallibly carry the passengers they bear unto the desired haven of deliverance (mok1a). Hence the Tirthankara is one who is the Founder (with a very large F) of the four' orders 1 that collectively constitute the Communion or Sangha.

Another illustration of a term whose meaning may have changed with time is Nirvana. Originally the prefix nir, or nis, was held to be intensive, and hence nirvana, from the root va, • to blow 11 came to mean' blown out, extinguished'. Thus, according to the early Jainas, Nirvana is that state in which the energy of past actions (karma) has become extinguished, and henceforward the spirit (jivatma), though still existent as an individual spirit, escapes re-embodiment, and remains for ever free from new births and deaths. But nowadays some Jainas at least regard the prefix nir as a mere negative, and thus with them Nirvana implies that state in which • not a breath ' reaches the emancipated one. The underlying conception is that of a constant steady flame with ' never a breath 1 to make even the slightest tremulous quiver.

Evidently, then, the study of the Jainism of the past, helpful though it be, does not of itself alone suffice to acquaint one accurately with the current phases of that faith, and accordingly some account, more or less detailed, of modern Jainism becomes a distinct desideratum. It is in the hope of supplying this felt need that Dr. Margaret Stevenson has prepared the present volume. She jlas named it 'The Heart of Jainism ', and aptly so, for in the writing of it she has been careful to indicate not so much the causes that contributed to the origin and development of that religion as the conditions that now obtain in it, and its present-day observances. The life-blood that is. coursing

INTRODUCTION xvii.

through its veins and is invigorating it, this she seeks to gauge. She would fain register, and not unsympathetically, its pulse-beats and its heart-throbs. For the execution of this self-imposed task Mrs. Stevenson has special qualifica­tions. More than eight years ago, on her arrival as a bride in Al)madabad, she and her husband visited with me the large Jaina temple erected in this city so recently as 1848, through the munificence of Seth Hatthisimha. We were on that occasion conducted past the enclosing cloisters (bhamaJi) with their fifty-two small shrines to the inner court, and then admitted to the temple itself, passing through first the open porch (ma1Jtfapa) and next the hall of assembly (sabha ma~ttfapa), till we stood on the very threshold of the adytum (gabhiiro), and there we witnessed the ceremonial waving of lights (arati). The pathos of this service and its sadness made a deep impression, and from that evening Mrs. Stevenson has been a keen and constant student of Jainism. Her knowledge of the Gujaratl language has enabled her to acquire much information at first hand both from the .Jaina paQ<;lits who have for years assisted her in her research-work, and from the vernacular text-books which have of late been· issuing from the local printing-presses. Her kindly sympathies have won her many friends in the Jaina community, and have even procured her a welcome entree into the seclusion of a Jaina nunnery. Time and again she has been present by invitation at Jaina functions seldom witnessed by any foreigner. Her long residence in Kathiiiwii<;l has afforded her opportunities for repeated visits to those marvellous clusters of stately temples that crown the holy hills of Gimar and Abil and Satrui'ijaya. In h~r admirable Notes on Modern Jainism, severely simple notes published five years ago, Mrs. Stevenson gave us a first instalment of the rich fruits of her patient research, but since then she has been able to glean a more abundant harvest. The contri· bution that she now offers to the public will prove simply

b

xviii INTRODUCTION

invaluable to the Christian missionary and to the student of the religions of India, but we further bespeak for it a hearty welcome from all who delight in fine scholarship and literary grace.

STEVENSON COLLEGE• AI}MA:DABAD.

GEO. P. TAYLOR.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY • The ideal of Indian thought death, not life-Attraction of

uceticism-Revolt against Brahman exclusiveness-Rise of Buddhist and Jaina orders.

CHAPTER II HISTORICAL SUMMARY

The 1ixth century-Mahavira-Order of Parsvaniitba­Sudharma and his successors-The great famine and conse­quent migration under Dhadrabiihu to Mysore-Sthiilabhadra and the Council of Pitaliputra-The Canon of Saiptures-The nudity question-ldolatry--5uhastin-Disruption into Svetiim· bara and Digambara sects-Council of Vallabhi-Tbe Scrip· lures-Zenith of Jainism-Decline under Mohammedan and ~iva persecution-Rise of Stbinakaviisl sect-Modem con­ditions.

CHAPTER Ill -THE LifE OF l\IAHAVIRA •

Birthplace-The fourteen dreams-Birth-Childhood and lcgends-lnitiation-Piirivaniitha's Order-Legends of Mahii­vlra'a asceticism-Enlightenment-Preaching-Death-Pre-vious incarnations. ·

CHAPTER IV

PAGE

7

21

MAHAVIRA'S PREDECESSORS AND DISCIPLES 48

Pi.rivaniitba-The Four Vows of Parivaniitha-The twenty­two earlier nrthailkara :-~i~abhadeva-Ajitanatha-Sam­bhavanitha- Abhinanda.na- Sumatiniitba-Padmaprabhu­Sup.iriva.natba-Ca.ndraprabhu-Suvidbiniitba-Sitala.natba­Sreyamsanatha-Viisupiijya-Vimalanatha-Anantanatba­Dharmanatba-Santinatha-Kuntbunatha-Aranatha-l\lalli· natha- Munisuvrata- Naminatha- Neminatba- The Fol· lowers of Mahavira :-GoSiila-Gautama lndrabhiiti-Sermon by Mahivlra-Sudbarma.

XX CONTENTS

CHAPTER V

HISTORY OF THE JAIN A CO~tMUNITY • The four Tirtha :-Monks-Nuns-Laymen-Laywomen­

The great leaders:-Jambii Svamt-Prabhava-Sayambhava­Bhadrabahu-Sthiilabhadra-The six Srutakevali-The Dasa· pl.irvi-The early Schisms:-Jamii.li's-Gosii.la's-Avyakta, K~a1,1ikavadi, and Ganga schisms-Mahiigiri-Samprati­Suhastin-Susthitasiiri- I ndradinna- Kalikacarya-S iddha· sena Divakara-Vajrasvami-Vajrasena-Digambara schism -Differences between Svetambara and Digambara-Hari­bhadra Sl.iri-Siddhasiiri-Silagul}asiiri- BappabhaUTsrtri­Stlangiicarya - Abhayadevasiiri - Hemaciirya- Epigraphic Corroboration-The later sects-Non-idolatrous sects: Lonka -Sthii.nakavasi.

CHAPTER VI INTRODUCTION TO JAINA PHILOSOPHY

PAGE

6s

Origin of Jaina ideas-The Sliilkhya and Vedanta schools­The Saptabhailgi Naya.

CHAPTER VII THE NINE CATEGORIES OF FUNDAMENTAL TRUTHS 94

i. JIV A (94): Prli1,1a-Divisions of }iva: into Siddha and Sarhsiiri-1\Iale, Female and Neuter-Hell-beings, Animals, Human beings and Gods-Ekendriya, Be-indriya, Tri-indriya, Corendriya and Paficendriya-Prithvikiiya, Apakaya, Teukiiya, Vayukaya, Vanaspatikiiya and Trasakiiya-Two artificial divisions-Lesyii division-Paryiipti division.

ii. AJIVA (106): Arrtpi: (Dhannastikiiya-Adharmiistikiiya -Akiisiistikiiya-Klila)-Riipi: (Pudga\iistikaya).

iii. MERIT (no): Nine kinds (giving food, drink, clothes, lodging and bed ; good wishes, kind acts, kind words and reverence)-Forty-two ways of enjoying the fruit of Merit.

iv. SIN (n6): Eighteen kinds (killing, untruth, stinginess, impurity, acquisitiveness, anger, pride, deceit, greed, attach­ment, hatred, quarrelsomeness, slander, tale-bearing, criticism, lack of self-control, hypocrisy, false faith)-Eighty-two results of Sin.

v. ASRAVA (Channels of Karma) (139): Seventeen major and twenty-five minor.

vi. SAI\-lVARA (Impeding of Karma) (144): Five points of

CONTENTS xxi

PAGE good behaviour '(Samiti)-Control of mind, speech and body (Gupti)-Twenty-two waya or enduring hardship (PiJ:ri~}-Ten duties ol A~eetics-Five Rules of Conduct (Ciritra)­Twelve important Reflections (Bhavana),

vii, BONDAGE to Karma (161): Four kinds. .iii. DESTRUCTION ol Karma (163): Sis Exterior Aus­

teritie.-Si.& Interior Austerities. i.&. MOK!jA (169): the Siddha-Final Bliss.

CHAPTER VIII KARMA AXD THE PATH TO LIBERATION

Four Sources of Karma-Nine ways of arresting Karma­Eight kinds of Karma-their arrangement -Ghat in and Aghatin -Three tenses of Karma-Fourteen steps to Liberation.

CHAPTER IX THE LIFE STORY OF A JAI!'ITA •

Babyhood and birth-ce~monies-Betrothal and marriage c~moni-The first cbild-De.a.th and funeral ceremonies.

CHAPTER X

173

193

THE JAI!'ITA LAYMA!'IT AXD HIS RELIGIOUS LIFE. zos The Twelve Lay Vows: Five Anuvrata .(against killing,

lal~ehood, dishonesty, unchastity and covetousness)- Three Stftngthening Vows (limiting tra\'tl and use of possessions and Jllarding against abuses)-Four Vows of Religious Ob­servances-How the vows are taken-Santharo (Religious suicide)-The eleven Pratima-Tbe perfect gentleman.

CHAPTER XI THE JAISA ASCETIC

Initiation-Daily dutiea--Begging-Confession-Leisu~ Study-Nunt-Goraji-The Five G~t Vows: (Son-killing -Truth-Honesty-Chastity-Detachment)-No meals after 1undown-The ideal monk.

CHAPTER XII THE ESD OF THE ROAD • 239

The Five C~t Ones: (Sidbu-Upidhyaya-Acarya-nro thailbra-Siddha)-Rules by which even non·Jainamay ~h Mok~A-The Three Jewels--The Three Evil Darts.

xxii CONTENTS

CHAPTER XIII PAGE

JAINA WORSHIP AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS 250

Temple worship (Digambara and Svetambara)-l'rivate wor­ship-Jaina holy days-Pajjnsat;~a-Sarhvatsari-Divflli­

Full-moon fasts-Dusting day-the Eleventh-Saint-wheel worship-Days of Abstinence-Consecration of an idol­Sn.i.vaQa Delgola festival-Oji-Hindu festivals-Sraddha­Superstitions: Evil eye-Demons and ~hosts-Pbgue and Small-pox-Childless women.

CHAPTER XIV

JAINA MYTHOLOGY Gods in Hell and Patala-Gods in Heaven-Divisions of

time: AvasarpiQi and Utsarpit;~i-The twenty-four Tirthan­kara to come.

CHAPTER XV

268

JAIN A ARCHITECTURE AND LITERATURE • 279 Wooden buildings-Stiipa-Cave-temples-The golden age

of architecture-The shadow of Islam-Modern architecture­Architecture of the South-Jaina writers-Hemacandra-1\Iodern literature.

CHAPTER XVI

THE EMPTY HEART OF JAINISM Attraction of Christ for the Jaina-Dissatisfaction with in·

adequate ideals-The problem of pain-Mah1ivira and Christ -The lack of Jainism-No Supreme God-No forgiveness­No prayer-No brotherhood of man-Difference in ideas of Heaven-Karma and Transmigration-Ahirhsa and service­Ethics-Personality and Life-The empty Throne.

APPENDIX

I. Analysis of the Nine Categories II. The Twenty-four Tirthankara of the Present Age .

• 299 312

INDEX 314

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barodia1 U. D., History and Literature of Jaim"sm, Bombay, 1909. Benll.ni Dass, Lila, Leclun onjaini.rm, Agra, 1902. Bhandarkar, R. G., Report on tk Stardtfor Sanskrit 11/anu.rcripls in

IA1 Bom/Jay Prmilmcy dun'ng lite year I88J-41 Bombay, 1887. Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix, part I. BUhler, J. G., On 1111 l111lian Sect of lite Jainas (translated and edited

with an outline of Jaina mythology by J. Burgess}, London, 1903• -- Ue!Jer dtU Le!Jtn dt.r Jaina·MiincAts Hemacltandra, Vienna, 1889. Colebrooke, H. T., 11/iscdlaneou.r Essays, voL ii, London, 1873, Crooke, W., Article on Indian Religions in the Imperial Gazetteer of

India, vol. i, Oxford, 1909. De MiUou~, E11ai sur/a religion tlesfiuns, Le Museon, Louvain,l884-Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (E.R.E.): articles on Jaina

topic1. Cirllllra MIIA!IIm7a (in Gujarll.tl). Gu~rinot, A. A., Emd tie IJi!JII'ograJAieJ'tUna, Paris, 1!)06. Hoemle, A. F. R., Annual Addre111 Asiatic Society of Bengal (~S.B.),

Calcutta, 1898. -- Uv4Jagadas4o, Calcutta, 1890-Hopkins, E. W., TAt Religions of India, Boston, 1895• Jacobi, H., Sat:rtd Books of tAt East (S.B.E.), vols; xxii and xlv. - TAt Mtlt~pAysks and EIAit:s of lite /tunas (Transactions of the

Congress for the History or Religion), Oxrord, 1!)08. - Edition of Htmatandra's PariJi,(a Part1an (Bibl. Ind.), Calcutta,

1891· jcJiffa DAarma PravtJa PoiAI Series, Ahmadabild, 1907 (in Gujarliti).

Jaini, Manak Chand, Life of 11/aAavlra, Allahabad, 1908. Jhavcri, J. L., First Principles of Jaina PAilosofJAy, Bombay, 1912, Latthe, A. B., An Jntroduclionlo Jainism, Bombay, 1905. 'Seeker', M1/11, 1/u StAmrakfva.ri or I At ~~~m•ltlolt~lrous SAwtlam!Jar

/••ins, India, 1911. Shah, Popatllil K.,fi,ina DAarma Ninipa'!a (in Gujarati).

xxiv BIBLIOGRAI>HY

Smith, Vincent A., Tilt Early History oflndl,, (third edition), Oxford, 1914·

Stevenson, Rev. J., Na1•a Tah•a, London, 1848.

Stevenson, Mrs. Sinclair, Nulutm lUotlern J••lnism, Oxford, 1910.

Weber, A., Sacred Lileralurt Qj lht Jaincu (tr.)1 Indian Antiquary (I.A.), xvi i(1888)-xxi (1892), ·

Jaina Architecture and Ar~haeology. Bi.ihler,.J. G. SjJtdmem t>f jm'na Sct1!plurts from Malhurit, Epi•

graphia Indica, i (1892) and ii (1894).

Burgess, J., Digam6.mt Jainl'4 Jcunograjlhy, 1. A., xxxii (1903).

Fergusson, J., History of Indian and Easltrn Arclu'ltelurt (new edition), London, 1910,

Fergusson, J., and J. Burgess, Cavt Templu, London, t88o.

Gu~rinot, A. A., Rlptrluirt d'ljdgrap!lit jm'na, Paris, 1908.

Smith, Vincent A., A History t>f Fint Arl in India and Ctylon, Oxford, l9JJ.

APPENDIX

I. ANALYSIS OF THE NINE CATEGORIES

FJilST CATEGORY: JIVA. It can be classified :

i. Ill lw!t~ di1>isitHU: a. Siddha. IJ. Samsan.

ii, Ill llrrH divisitHU: a. Male. !J. Female. e. Neuter.

iii. Ill ftn~r divisitHU: a, NarakL IJ. TiryaiiC. c. Manu~ya. tl. Devata.

iv. 111 jiv' di1JisiD111: a. Ekendriya. (Prithvikaya, Apakliya, Teukliya, Viiyukiiya, Vanaspatikiiya [Pratyeka, Siidhiira.J;la].)

IJ. Be-indriya (Dvindriya). c. Tri-indriya (Trindriya). d. Corendriya (Caturindriya). '· Paiieendriya [Samjiii and Asamjiii).

v. l11 siz dit•irilms: a. Prithvikliya. !J. Apakliya. c. Teukliya. d. Vayukliya. e. Vanaspatikliya. f. Trasakiiya.

vi. l11 ltvm lfllllnt~lral tvlijidal divisionsftJr l.)'mmdry. vii. Ill 'iglrl divisitHU: a. Sale5L

I. Those swayed by Kri~l'}ale§ya. c. ,. , , -Nilale5yi. tl. " ., ,. Kapotale5ya. e. ,. ,. ., Tejole5yi. f. ., ,. Padmaldya. K· ,. ,. ,. ~uklale5yi. A. ,. ,. , Ale.Si.

viii. Artijia'al division illlt~ ,,;u t/asus.

ix. 111 /m di'UisitHU: Ekendriya J !;:~~";a_

300 APPENDIX

i Paryapta. Be-indriya l Aparyapta.

Tri-indriya i Paryiiptii. l Aparyiipta.

Corendriya i Paryiiptii. l Aparyli.pta.

Paiicendriya i APary~uL_ l pary .. pta. x. In elevm divisions : Ekendriya.

Be·indriya. Tri-indriya. Corendriya. Niirakt. Tiryaiic. Manu~ya.

Bhavanapati deva. Vyantara deva. Jyoti~i deva. Vaimiinika deva.

xi. Arlijidal division into lweh1e dassu. xii. Artificial division into llu'rleen &lasses, xiii. Arliji,ial division into fourteen 'lasses, two lm'ng new, viz. :

Siik~~a ekendriya. Bli.dara ekendriya.

SECOND CATEGORY: AJIVA.

A. Arlipi Aji11a, 1. Dharmastikliya (Dravya, K~etra, Kii.Ja, Bhiiva, Gul}a).

Skandha. Des a. Prade5a.

2. Adharmiistikiya (Dravya, K~etra, Kala, Bhiiva, Gul}a). Skandha. Desa. Pradesa.

3· Akisistikaya (Dravya, K~etra, Ki]a, Bhiva, Gul}a). Skandha. De sa. Pradesa.

4· Kila (Dravya, K~etra, Kala, Bhiva, Gul}a).

B. RujJI Ajiva. Pudgalistikaya.

APPENDIX

THIRD CATWOI.Y: PUI::JYA.

NiiU Kinds tif PII'!YII· t. Anna JlW:.IYL J. Paqa JlW:.IYL J. V astra pW}ya. .... Laya.J)a PUJ})'3.

S· &ya.na puf.lya. 6. Mana JlW:.I)'a (Manas or Millasa pu!]ya). 7· Sarira or Kaya pllf}ya. 8. V atana pul}ya. 9- Namaskira pllf}ya.

Forly-twD Fr~~it1 tif PII'!YII.

1. tatavedaniya. 3. c iiCagotra. J. Manuf)'ll galL 4- !ofanuf)'ll anupiirvi. s- Venti galL 6. Devall anupiirvr. 7• Paiitendriyap&J.~udl. B.Audiri!Warira. 9- VabyaSarira.

10. AharakaSarira. II. Audirika ailgopiliga. 12. Vaikreya aiigopiilga. 1 J. Ahirab aiigopiliga. 14- Taijasa.Sarira. IS· KirmarpSarira. 16. Vrajrarifabb.an.iriCa sangbaY&J.la. 17. Sama.Caturastra sal}t}lil}a. 1&. ~ubba varna. 19- ~ubba gand.ba,. 20. ~ubba rasa. :n. ~ubba tpada. 22. Agurulagho n1makarma. 23- Par.ighita Dimabnna. 24- Ucchvasa nimakanna. 25- .Atapa nimak.arma. 26. AnUfl}a nimakanna. 27. ~obbavihiyogatL 28. N irmil}a Dimabnna. 29- Trasa llimalwma. JOo Bidara nimakarma.

APPENDIX

31. Paryapti namakarma. 32. Sthira namakarma. 33· Pratyeka namakarma. 34· Subha namakarma. 35· Subhaga namakarma. 36. Susvara namakarma. 37· A.deya namakarma. 38. Yasokirtti namakarma. 39· Devata ayu~ya. 40. Manu~ya iiyu~ya. 41. Tiryaiic ayu~ya. 42. Tirthankara namakarma.

FouRTH CATEGORY: PAPA.

Ei'gllteen Kinds of Sin. 1. Jiva himsa.

a. Bhava himsa. IJ. Dravya hilhsa.

2. Asatya or Mri~avada. 3· Adattadana. 4· Abrahmacarya. S· Parigraha.

Ka~iiya 16. Krodha.·lKinds { a. Apra5asta. orCa~- 7· Mana. IJ. Prasasta. qiila 8. Maya. Lmgt!t of time indulged in : Anantanubandhf, Cokagl. 9· Lobba. Apratyakhyiini, Pratyakhyiini, Saiijvalana.

10. Raga or Asakti. ' · 1 I. Dve~a or lr~ya. 12. Klesa. 13. Abhyiikhyiina. 14. Paisunya. IS. Nindii. 16. Rati, Arati. 17. Miiyamri~ii. 18. Mithyadar§ana Salya.

Some of the twenty-five divisions of Mithyiidar§ana Salya:

Laukika mithyiitva. Lokottara mithyatva. Abhigrahika mithyiitva. Ajiiiina mithyli.tva.

APPENDIX

Avinaya mithyitva. A.Satani mithyi.tva. Anabbigrahika mithyi.tva.

TA1 Eig'Aiy-l'll.oll Rtn~lts tJj s;,. : Five Jiitit14vtll'a1Jiya..

1, I. MatijiiinivaJ'a9iya. :I. :a. ~rutajiiini.vaJ'a9iya. 3· 3- AvadhijiiinivaraJ}Iya. 4- 4- Manal)paryayajfiinlivaJ'a9iYa. 5· S· Kevalajfiini.vaJ'a9iya.

Fiw A~rlariiya.. 6. 1. Dinintariya. 7· :a. Ubhantaraya. 8. 3· Bhogintariya. 9- 4- Upabhogintaraya.

10. S· Viryantariya.

• TA1 Ftn~r Darialliivaral}iya.. 11. 1. Cakfudarianavara.l}iya. u. 2. Ataqudariani.Vara.l}iya. 13. 3- Avadhidarianivara.I}Iya. 14- 4- KevaladarianavaraJ}iya.

TAl Fit•1 Nidrii. 15. L Nidri. 16. :a. Nidrinidra. 17. 3- Prai:ali. 1 a. ._ PraealipraCaia. 19- S· Styinarddhi (~~r Thi1Jarddhi).

Fh.•1 UIKiassijitd Rtn~lts. 20. Nieagotra. :n. Narabgati. 22. Asatavedaniya. 2 3- N arallnu piirvt. 24- Narak.iyu.

Tfllltlly-jive K~ya. 25-40. Siz'ltnt already discussed (Anger, Pride, Deceit, En,·y,

and their subdivisions)

41. Hiisya. and Ni111 No~ya. namely:-

42. Rati • . 43- Arati.

44· Bhaya. 45· Soka. 46. Dugaiicha. 47· Puru~aveda. 48. Striveda.

APPENDIX

49· Napumsakaveda.

Six Results a!ftcling CltiSS. so. Tiryaiic anupllrvi. S 1. Tiryaiic gati. s 2. Ekendriya nama. 53· Be-indriya nama. 54· Tri-indriya nama. SS· Corendriya nama.

Six PhysicallJ/emishes. 56. Asubha vihiiyogati. 57· Upaghiita nama. 58. Asubha van;ta, 59· Asubha gandha. 6o. Asubha rasa. 61. Asubha sparsa.

Five Saitghe')a.

62. ~i~abhanaraca sangheJ}a. 63. Naraca (or Naraya) sangheJ}a. 64. Ardhanaraca (-naraya) sangheJ}a. 65. Kilika sangheJ}a. 66. Sevartta sailgheJ}a.

Five Samsthana.

67. Nyagrodhaparimal}~ala samsthana. 68. Sadi samsthana. 69. Kubjaka samsthana. 70. Vamana samsthana. 71. HUI}~a samsthana.

72. Sthiivara. 73- Siik~ma. 74· Aparyapti. 75· SadharaJ}a. 76. Asthira. 77· Asubha. 78. Durbhaga. 79· Dusvara.

Sthiivara Dalaka.

APPENDIX

8o. Anadeya. 81. Aya5a. 82. Mithyitva mohaniya.

FirTH CATEGOJI.Y: ASRAVA.

ForiJ·Iwo Clliif Cllanne/1 by which Karma may enter. St11tnleen Major Airava.

J, Kina (Kart]a). } . 2. Ankha (Ak,a). 3· Nika (Nis). Karma enters through the Five Senses.

· 4• Jibha Uihvi). S· Spar4a.

6. Krodha.)

~: ~:;~ Karma enters through the Four K~aya. 9· Lobha. ·.

11' i~~ng: Kar~a enters through not taking the five

to, Killing. }

12' C Jevt~ng. vows to avoid these sins.

13. ove mg. 14- Unchastity. 1 ~· ~~d. } Karma enters through not maintaining the Three 1

' S y.h Yoga (control). · •7· peec • TwtniJ·five llfinor Airava.

1. Kiyikf. :a. AdhikaraQikr. 3· Pradve,iki. 4· Paritipaniki, S· Pril}iitipatiki. 6. Arambhiki. 1· Parigrahiki. 8. Mayapratyayiki. 9· MithyidarS.anapratyayiki.

10. Apratyikhyanikr. 11. Dri~tikL 12. Spri,!iki. 13- Pratityakl. 14- Simantopanipatiki. 15. NaiS.astrikL 16. Svahastikf. 17. Ajiiapanikt.

X

APPENDIX

18. VaidaraJ;,~iki. 19. Anii.bhogikl. 20. Anavakank~apratyayiki. 21. Prayogikr.

, 22. Samudayikl. 23. Premikl. 24. Dve~iki.

· 25. Iryapathiki.

SIXTH CAl'EGORY I SAMV ARA •.

Fifty-seven Ways of Impeding Karma.

1. lrya samiti. 2, Bha~a samiti. 3· E~aJ;,~ii samiti.

Five S11mt'li.

4· Adananik~epar;ta samiti. S· ParithiipaQika samiti (or Utsarga samiti).

Thr~e Gt~pli. 6. Manogupti •.

a. Asatkalpanaviyogi, 6. Samatabhavini. &. Atmarii.mata.

1· Vacanagupti. a. Maunavalamhi. 6. Vakniyami.

8. Kayagupti. a, Yathasiltrace~t1iniyami. 6. Ce~tanivritti.

Twenty-two ParfiJalza.

9· K~udhli. pari~aha. 1o. Tri~a u. Sita .. 12, Ufl}a , 13. Darosa 14, Vastra

" 15; Arati " 16. Stri " 17. Carya ,

18. Nai~idbiki (Nai~edhiki) pari~aha. 19- Sayya pari~aha. 20. Akrosa ,

APPENDIX

:ar. Vadha pari~ha. u. Yaiici (Yatana) pari,aha. 2.). Alibha 24- Roga :as. Tril;taapar5a 36. Mela 27. Satl~ara :as. Prajiia 29- Ajiiiina 30. Samyaktva

,,

, ,

Ten Dulitt tJj Monks (Da5a Yatidhnrma). 31, K~mi. · 32. Mardava. 33- Arjava. 34- Nirlobhati. 3S· Tapa (Tapas), 36. Samyama. 37• Satya. 38. SauCa. 39· Akirbcinatva. 40. Brahmatarya.

Fiv1 Ctln'lra or Rules of Conduct. 41. Samiyika Witra. 42. Chedopasthapaniya Ciritra. 43· Parihiiravisuddha l:aritra. 44· Suk,masampariya tiiritra. 4S· Yathiikhyita l:aritra.

Tweh-1 Blui~~antl (or Anupt~sii).

46. Anitya bhivani.. 47• A5aral}a , 48, Samsiira 49- Ekatva ,. so. Anyatva , sr. A5auta s:a. Asrava 53· Sarilvara 54- Nirjari

..

SS· Loka ,, 56. Bodhibija , 57· Dharma ,

Nine first Reflections.

} Three additional Reflections.

X2

APPENDIX

SEVENTH CATEGORY~ B.ANDHA. Bondage to Karma is of four kinds :

1. Prakriti. ::a. Sthiti. 3· Anubhaga. 4· Prade5a.

EIGHTH CATEGORY: NlRJARA.. Karma can be destroyed by :-Six Erlen'or (Bahya) Ausltrilies,

1. Anasana. a, Itvara. IJ. Yavatkathika.

2. Unodari. 3· viittisailk~epa.

a. Dravya. 6. K$etra. t. Kala. d. Bhii.va.

4· Rasatyii.ga. S· Kayaklesa. 6. Sarhlinatli..

a. Indriya sarhlinatli.. !J. Ka~aya sarhlinatli., c. Yoga sarhlinata. d. Viviktacaryli..

Sir lnlerior (Abhyantara) AusleriHes. 1. Praya5citta, 2. Vinaya.

a, Jiiana vinaya. IJ. Darsana' , c. Caritra a.·Mana

, ,

e. Vacana , f. Kii.ya ., g. Kalpa ,

3· Vaiyavacca (Vaiyavritya}. 4· Svii.dhyii.ya. S· Dhyii.na.

A.rta dhyana. } iJ Raudra dhyana. evJ • Dharma dhyiina.} d ~ukla dhyana. goo •

6 •. Utsarga.

APPENDIX

NlliTII C..nGORT: MO~A. Il~Wih41:? Fiftm~ Kuw 11/ SUI.Jk

1. Jioa Siddha. 2. AjiDa Siddha.. 3- Tutba Siddha.. ._ Atfnha Siddha. S. GrihaliDp. Siddha. 6.. Aay3liDp. Siddha. 7· Sr.aliDp. Siddha. S. Piilliilg:a Siddha. g. Suttiilg:a Siddba.

ta. :Sapuriwahljilg:a Siddba. 11. Baddhabobi Siddha. 12. Pn.l'J'dtabadcfh Siddha. 13- Snyambuddha Siddba. a._ IhSiddha. 1 S. Aaeb Siddha.

Ead u the Niue Catepies.

EigU Kii!Ub II/ K.-... A. Gla.Wtl Karma.

•• J fiiai'f'al"aa]fJ'a brma. ... Matijii.ini~ya.

UtpitikL Vainayiki. Piril}.inu'\1. K.imikL

I. ~rutajfiiAi.....-al]fJa. ' ~puyiyajfiiai'f'U2J}iJL ~ AndhijiiiniYaJ29Iya. ,. ICcnlajiiini~ f. )bti ajn.iaa. r- &uta ajn.iaa. .l. \'ibbaDga jiWaa.

310 APPENDIX

2. Darsaniivarat;~lya karma. 3· Mohaniya karma.

Some of the twenty-eight divisions : M ithyatvamohaniya karma. Misramohaniya karma. Samyaktvamohaniya karma. Dar5anamohaniya karma. Caritramohaniya karma.

4· Antaraya karma. B. Aghatin karma.

• 5· Vedaniya karma. Satavedaniya. Asatavedaniya.

6. Ayu karma. a. Deva 1i.yu karma.

Jyoti~i 1i.yu karma. Vyantara 1i.yu karma. Vaimanika ayu karma. Bhavanapati 1i.yu karma.

b. Manu~ya ii.yu karma.

! Asi, Karmabhiimi . Masi,

Kasi. Akarmabhiimi.

c. Tiryaiii: ayu karma. d. Naraka li.yu karma.

7. Nama karma. 8. Gotra karma.

Three Tenses of Karma.

Satta karma. Bandha karma. U daya karma.

Two types of Karma.

Nikai:ita and Sithila karma.

Fourteen Steps of liberation from Karma.

(Cauda Gul)asthiinaka.)

1. Mithyatva gul)asthanaka. Vyaktamithyatva gul)asthiinaka. A vyaktamithyatva gul)asthli.naka.

2. Sasvli.sadana gul)asthli.naka.

APPENDIX

3- Misra gul}astbanaka. 4- Aviratisamyagdril!ti gul}outhinaka. S· Deiarirati (,. Samyatasamyata) gui)3Stbanaka.

41. Jaghanya ddavirati. I. Madbyama de5avirati. e. Utkril!!a ddavirati.

6. Pramatta gui}3Stbanaka. 7· Apramatta gul}asthinaka. B. Niyatibidara (w Apiirvabral]a) guJ}asthanaka. 9- Aniyatibidara gul}asthanaka.

to. Siikfmasamparaya gui}3Stbanaka. 11. UpaS.lintamoha gui)3Stbanaka. u. K!il}amoba gul}astbinaka. 1]. Sayogikevali gul}astbinaka. .... AyogikevaU gul}asthanaka.

JJ. THE TWENTY-FOUR TIRTHANKARA OF THE PRESENT AGE 1

Name. Coloul'. Cognizance. Attendant Spirits. .Born at. Died at.

I. ~!.~abbadeva or Yellow or Bull Gomukha and Cakresvari Vinitiinagara A~tapada. Adinatha Golden

:. Ajitanatha Yellow or Elephant . Mabayak!a and Ajitabala Ayodhya Sameta Sikhara. Golden

3· Sambhavanatha Yellowt>r Horse Trimukba and Duritari (Di'gam- Sravasti Sameta Sikbara. Golden /Jara Prajiiapti)

4· Abhinandana Yellow or Ape Nayaka and Kalika (.Dig. Yak- Ayodhya Sameta Sikbara. Golden ~e5vara and Vajrasrinkhala)

S· Sumatinatha Yellow or Red Goose or Partridge, Ol' Tumburu and Mahakali: (.Dig. Ayodhya Sameta Sikhara. Golden Curlew Puru~adatt~)

6. Padmaprabhu Red Red Lotus flower Kusuma and Syama (Dig. Ma- Kau5ambi Sameta Sikbara.

1· Suparsvanatha Yellow or Svastika novegli. (MaiJogupti]) .

Sameta Sikhara. Matailga and Santa (Dig. Va- Benares Golden ranandi and Kli.li)

8. Candraprabhu White Moon Vijaya and Bhrikuti (Di',g. Jvii- Candrapura Sameta Sikhara.

9· Suvidbinatha lamalini)

Sameta Sikbara. White Crocodile (?Dig. Crab) . Ajita and Sutaraka (Dig. 1\la- Kiinal.Jcpna-

to. Sita}anatha Srivatsa figure (?Dig. Ficus biikiili) gara

Sameta Sikhara. Yellow cr Brahma and A5oka (Dig. 1\lli.· Bbadrapura Goldee l'elz'gi'osa) navi)

Sameta Sikhara. u. Sreyarilsanatha Yellow ur Rhinoceros Yak~eta and 1\Ianavi (Dig. IS- Sirilhapura Golden vara and Gauri)

. u. Vlaupiijya Red Male ButTalo Kumlra and Cat~41 (Dig. Gin· Campi purl Campi purL dhirl)

13. Vimalanltha Yellowtw Boar ~~!]~ukha and \-iditl (Dig. Kamptlya• Sameta ~ikhara. Golden Valrotl) pura

14. Anantanltba Yellowtw Hawk (? Dir. Dear) PlllUa and AnkuU ( Drg-. Anan· Ayodhyl Samet& ~ikhara. Golden· taman)

15. Dharmanltha Yellow Dr Thunderbolt Kinnara and Kandarpl (Dtg-. Ratnapurl Samet& ~ikhara. Golden Minas!)

16. ~antinltha Yellow or Deer 1 Garu<;la and N irvll}l ( Di.~r. Kim- Gajapura w Sameta ~ikhara. Golden puru•a and Mablmlnasl) Hastinlpura

17. Kunthunltha Yellow or Goat Gandharva and Bali (Dig. Vi- Cajapura or Samet& ~ikhara. Golden jayi) Hastinlpura

18. Aranltba Yellow Dr Nandavartta Diagram Yak~taand Dhanl(Dir. Ken- Gaja,Pura ., Sameta ~ikhara. Golden dra and Ajiti) • Hastmipura

19- Mallinitha (ace. Blue Water-jar Kubera and Dharal,''apriyli Mathurli Sameta Sikhara. to the Svetlm· (Dig. Aparljitii.) bara, a woman)

Tortoise Varul}a and Naradattli (Dig. Sameta Sikhara. 20. Munisuvrata Black Rljagriha

Blue Lotus (Dtg-. Asoka tree) Bahuriipi!]T)

Sameta Sikhara. 21. Naminlitha Yellow or Bhrikuti and Gandhiirt (Dig. Math uri Golden Camul}<;lt)

22. Neminltha Black Conch Shell Gomedha and Ambikll (Dig. Saurtpura Girnii.r. . Sarvihl}a and Kii,mat;uJ,int)

Sameta Sikhara. .23· Plrsvanatha Blue Snake Piirivayak~a or Dharal}endra Benares and Padmlvatt

24- Mablvtra or Yellow or Vardbnmana Golden

Lion Miitailga and Siddhlyikl KUI}Qagrii.ma Pavapurt.

1 For fuller particulars see Dr. Burgess's Appendix: to Bi.ibler,bu/ian S~cl of tlte Jai11as, pp. 66 ff. • According to Burgess, Antelope.

INDEX

Abhayadevasiiri, 84. Abhigrahika mithyatva, IJt. Abhikh~l}am itthil;tam kaham

kaha ttame, 236. Abhinandana, 52, 312. Abhyakhyana, 129. Ablutions, 228. Abotal}a, 195· Abrahmacarya, 119. Abstinence, 262 f. Abu, 2 s:z, 282 ff. ~C:ak~udarsanavaral}iya, 133· AC:aranga Siitra, 13, 16, 27n., 98 n., _ 99 n., 128 n. AC:arya, 8o n., 229, 240 f., 2 54,

262. Acarya, Thirty-six qualities of,

241. Account books, worship of, 261. Aceta pan~aha, 149 n. ~C:uya, 270. Adananik~epal}i samiti, 146, 234· Adattidana, ug. Adattadina virama9a vrata, 208. Addhasamaya Kala, 107. Adeya namakarma, 11 S· Adharma, to6 n. Adharmastikiya, 106 ff. Adhikaraniki asrava, 141. Adhogati,' 166. Adholoka, 271. Adinitha, see ~i~abhadeva. Adoration, Prayer of, 242. Adultery, see Chastity. Affection, see Attachment. Afghanistan, 74• Agamikagaccha, 87. Aghatin karma, 184, 190. Agnibhuti, 6s. Agni Kumara, 2691 277. Agriculture, 214. ~gurulaghu namakarma, 114. Ahara, 104. ~hiraka angopaiiga1 I 13. Ahiraka5arira, 1 13.

Ahithsa, 89, too, n6, 2341 294 ff. Ahirhsa dharma, 116. A~madabad, 19, 87, 163, 164,

283 ff., 293 n. Ahoratra, 272 n. Ailaka Sravaka, 224. Air, too. Ajayapiila, 17. Ajina Siddha, 170. Ajitaniitha, 51,312. ~jiva, 78, 961 to6, 300, Ajivika order, 58, 86. Ajiiiina, 175. Ajiiana mithyatva, 131. ~jiiiina parl~aha, 151. Ajiiipanikt asrava, 142. Akampita, 65, 65 n, Akarmabhiimi, 181. Akasastikaya, 1o6 ff. Akirilcinatva, 1 54· . ~kriyavada doctrine, 91. Akrosa pari~aha, 1 so. Ak~a iisrava, see Ankha asrava. Ak~ata pi.ija, 229, 250, 251, 252,

254· ~labha pari~aha, 1 so. Alabhika, 42, Ala·ud·din, 17. Alesi, 104. Alms, 133· Aloi pli.l}a bhoyana, 234· Atoka, 108. Alphabet, invention of, 274· Amama, 277. Amara, 232. Amara, 278. Amasa, 261. Amba, 268. Ambaga, 277• Ambarasa, 268. ~mbela, 263. Amohe, 270. Anabhigrahika mithyatva, 131. Anabhogiki asrava, 143· Anadeya, 138.

INDEX

Ananda, 276. Ananda.Sravaka, ::176. A~andavijayaji, 239 n. Anantanatba, ss, JI.J. Anantanubandbi, 12]. Anantavfrya, 278. ~napana pra~a, ¢. A~apannJ, 270. Anartba dal]~ vrata, 214-~ndana, 16,1. Anata, 270. Anatomy, Jaina ideas of, 137, Anavakanlif!l,pratyayikl ii.Srava,

14]. Aiii:alagallha, 76n., 87, Ancestors, :166. Anekantavadin, 91. Aneka Siddba, 171. Anga, 40. . Anga piija, .ret Angalufichana

piija. Anga, the eleven, 13, 64, 72,8on.,

84,240. Angaluncbana piija, 251. Anger,IOJ, 1191f.,17311811 187fr.;

.111 alsD Krodba. A~hilv~(la Patal.)a, m PiitaJ;~a

(Anh•lvida). Animals, rot, 102. Animals, asylums for, 296, 296 n. Animals, kindness to, 6r, to6,

294 If, ; .rtt a/sD Abirilsli. Animism, 89, 97· Anitya bhavana, I 56. Al]iyatibidaragul)asthinaka,t89. ~iijanaialaki., 263. Aiikha ii.Srava, 139-Anna pul.)ya, 110. Anoija, 29. Antaga4a Dwilga, 13. Antakritliiiga, I.J. Antaratyiga, I 54 n. Antarliya karma, 133, 183, 184,

1900. Antarmuhiirtta, 98 n. Anubhiiga, 162. A!]ubimabhisf, 235· AnuJli, 2g. Anukampa, 187. Anumatityigll pratima, 223. Anumodanavrata pratimii., 223 n. AI]UI)& vihapiil]a bhoyal]e, 236. AnuprekJli, SH Bhivana.

Anu~l)a nimakarma, 114-Anuttaravii.si Deva, 190. Anuttaravimina, 270, 272, Anuttaropapii.tika, 13. Anuttarovavai Da~anga, 13. A!]uvii mitoggaha jiti, 236. Anuvrata, the five, 2051 :no, 257· Anuyogadvii.ra, 14. Anyaliilga Siddha, 171. Anyatva bhii.vana, 158. Apaeakbil.)ii.varal.)iya,see Apratyi·

khyini. Apadhyii.na, 214. Apakaya, 971 9S, 102, 104, 105. Apii.pii., 61. Aparajita, Son., 270, Aparigraha vrata, 237· Aparyaptii., 104, tos, to6. Aparyii.pti, 13S. Apasii.ro, Apii.sarii., S1, 83, 146,

l ss. 21 s. :117,219, 232ff., 239fr., 254. 2SS, IS9fr.

Ape,sz. Apramatta gu!]astbii.naka, 18S. Apra5asta krodba, 120, Apratyakhyii.ni, 123. Apratyii.kbyiniki ii.Srava, 142. Apiirvakaral)a, 1SS. ~raja, .111 Nuns. ~rambhatyii.ga pratimi, 223. ~ambbiki ii.Srava, 141. Aral]a, 270. ~ranii.tha, 56, 313, Arati, 266. ~rati pari,aha, 149-Arati piijii., 250, 252, Arati, Rati, IJS• Architecture, 279 If. Arcot, 18. Ardha·Mii.gadhi, 15, 286. ~rdhaniriiea satighena, 137· Ardraka, 59-Arhata, 39-Arihanta, 391 220, 2291 2321 2411

254· ~ri~Ja Neminii.tha, 57· Arjava, 1 52· ~rmenia, :ass. Arta dhyana, r6S. Artha, 244 n. Artificers, Temple of the, 282. Aruhanta, 39· Ariipt Ajiva, ro6.

316 INDEX

Aryarak~ta, 78 n. ~~iidha ACarya, 7J. ~~ac;lht punema, ::161. Asakti, 126. Asarhjiii paiicendriya, tot, to6. Asaral)a bhii.vana, IS7· Asatana mithyatva, 131. Asatavedaniya, 134, 179. Asatkalpana viyogi, 147· Asatkarya doctrine, 90· Asatya, 118. Asatya tyaga, 23S· Asauca bhavana, 1S9· Ascetic, the idea~ 238. Asceticism, Ascetics, 1 tr., 23, 30,

32,34 ff., 40, 48, 73, 88, 112,131, 145fT., 188 ff., 225fT., 289 ff.

Ascetics, five vows of, 234fT. ten duties of, 1 S 1 fT.

Asi, t8t. Asipata, 268. Asoka, King, 12, 7on., 74, 74n.,

ss, 28o. ~soka tree, 31, 191, 225, 269. Asrama, 3· · ~srava, 216. Asrava, the forty-two, non., 139,

305f. Asrava bhavana, IS9· Assistant vows, see Gul}avrata. A~tapada, i.e. Kailasa, 51. ~steya vrata, 235· Asthii, 18 7. Asthikagrama, 41. Asthira, 138. Astikaya, 61. Astrologers, 193, 196. Astronomy, 70. Asubha, 138. Asubha asrava, 141. Asubha gandha, 136. Asubha karma, 139· Asubha rasa, 136. Asubha spar5a, 136. Asubha varl}a, 136. Asubha vihliyogati, 136. Asura Kumara, 26g. Asvamitra, 73· Asvasena, King, 48. ~svina, 266. Atapa namakarma, 114. Aticara, five, 205fT. Atirtha Siddha, 170,

Atithi sarhvibhiiga vrata, 218 f. Atm~, _37• 21, 94, 95, 176. AtmaramaJI, 239n. Atmaramata, 147. Attachment, 126, 130, 136. ~ttraction, su Adharmastikaya. Aturapratyakhyana, 1 S· Auction of ghr, 2S2. Audarika angopailga, IIJ. Audarika body, 111 Audarika·

sarira. Audarikasarira, 113, 2o6, Aupap1itika, 13. Auspicious signs, 23 ff. Austerity, 89, 153, ISS, t6o, 229,

254; see also Tapa. Austerities, the six exterior, 163 ff. -the six interior, 165 ff. Avadhidarbnavaral}iya, 133• Avadhi jiiana, 33· ~va~hijiianavaral}Iya, 132, 177. Avahka, 272 n. A vanti Kumara, 7 S· ~ varice, 152 ff. ; see also Lobha. ~vartana, 216, 220, Avasahi, 229. ~vasarpiQI, 68 n, 272 ff. Avasyaka, 14, 258. . Avatara, 298; see Incarnation. Avidya, 91. Avinaya mithyaha, 131. Avirati karma, 173· Aviratisamyagdri~ti guQasthli·

naka, 186. Avrata, the five, 140ff., 162. Avvaiyar, 287. Avyakta, 73-A vyaktamithyatva gul}astbanaka, _ 18s. Ayii.Qabha~4a nikheval}a, 235. Ayasa, 139. Ayodhya, 48, SJ, SS· ~yogikevali guQasthanaka, 191. ~yu karma, 18oft'., 184, 19on. ~ yu prii.Qa, 96. ~yu~paccakhlina, 1 S· Ayu~ya, u6.

Babyhood, 193· Badami, 281. Badara, to6. Badara namakarma, 1 J S· Bahubala, IS2·

INDEX

Baladeva, s6n., 58, 274,277. Bala pr.i.J}a, ¢. llandagf, 247· Bandha, 161 II'., 185, 3o8. Baniyi, !11 0 U, 240n. Banyan tree, 225, 269, Bappabhattlliiri, 83 It Dareilly, 28o. Baroda, 23J. Barodia, U. D., 92· Baati, 285. Dcads, telling of, 243,254, 258. Be·indriya jlva, 97, 99 tr., 104. Dc-indriya nama, 136. Begging, 219,229 It Benares, 48, 49, ;8. Benani Daa, Mr. Lila, 35, son.,

u6n., 118 n. Bergson, 107 n. Beaarb, 21. Betel nut, 1e1 Soparl. Betrothal ceremonies, 195 It Betta, 285. Dbadara vo, month of, see Bhiidra·

pad a. Bhadde, 270. Bhaddila, 64. Bhaddilapura, 53· Bhadrabahu, to, 18, 7olr., Son. Bhadrabahu Sarilhita, ;o. l!hadrajina, 2;8. Bhadrapada, ;6, 26o. Bhadriki, 42. Bhagavadglti, 112 n., 128, 2J9o llhagavatijl, 13, 2J9-Dhaiblja, 26.3-Rhairava, 264-Bhaktii.mara stotra, 8o n. Bhakti, u; If., 178. Bhii.l)ajf, 88. Bhandarkar, Dr., 81 n., 90n., 92,

95n., lo6n., 1790., Ibn., 1840. Bharata, i.e. India, 56, 216n. Bharata, King, 51, 121 o., 158,

1'/0. Bharat~tra, 170. llh~ 104-Bhl41 samiti, 145, 2J4· Bhava, 1o8, 164. Bhlva hi•i•si, 117. Bhavana, Paiiea, 234. Bhavana, the twelve, t 56ft: Bbavanapati, 105, 181, 269.

Bhava puji, 228 f. Bhivnagar, 13. Bhavya jiva, 242 n. Bhaya, 135· Bhayaril parijii.t:Jai, 235. Bbogantaraya, IJJ, 183. Bbopii.l, 226. Bhuta, 265 r., 269. Bhiitavayi, 270. Bihar, 8, 13, 17, 40, 41 1 84, 86. Bindusira, 10. Binh ceremonies, 19Jir., 200 If. Black statues, 58. Blemishes, physical, J 36. Boar, 54· Bodhibija bhavana, 16o. Bodhidurlabha bbavana, 16o. Bolachotba, 263. Bombay, 23~. Bondage to karma, 162 •. Dorsad, 2 51 n. Brahma, 31, 2;o. Brahmatarya, 154-Brabmatarya pratima, 223. Brahmaearya vrata, 236 f. Brahmans, 311:,17,18, ::n, 26, 31,

34, 35 n., 39, 46, 48, so, 52, 61, 63,67, ;o, 76,78,81 n.,86,89,94, 197, 199, 204n., 230, 234, 250, 279·

Brihmi, 274-Brihatkalpa, 14, 145· Broach, ;8. Brush, see Whisk. Buddha, 39, 40, 42, 43· Buddha (name of Mabii.vira), 27. Buddbahohi Siddha, 171. Buddha Kirti, so. Buddhimana, 8o n. Buddhism, J, 9, 12, 17, 18, 59, 6;,

74, ;;, 81, 82, 84, 86, 8'/, 89, 91, 94, u;, 172,217,234, 247,279f., 286.

Buffalo, 54-BQbler, Dr., 28, 86n., 1o6n. Burgess, Dr., 28o. Burma, 117, Buttressing clauses to vows, 2 34lr.

¢aitanya, 95· c;aitri punema, 261, 263. Caitya, 280, Caityavandana, 2:19.

INDEX

Caka, 198. <';akravarti, 25, s6, 274· <;:ak~udar5anavarai)Iya, 133· <;:aksurindriya, 96. Camari puja, 252. <;:ambay, 287. <;:ampaka tree, 269. <;:ampii.puri, 40, 41, 54· <;:al)c,lii.la cokac,li, 125. <;:andalo, 195, 199, 229. <;and ana, 61 n., 66, 66 n. <;:andana pujii, 229, 25o, 251, 254· <;:andapannati, 14. <;:andii.vijaya, 15. <;:andra, 270. <;:andragaccha, 8o n. Candragupta, to, 70, 70 n. <';andraprabhu, 53, 312. <;:andraprajiiapti, 14. Candrasuri, Son. <';andravedhyaka, IS. Cii.ngadeva, 287. Canon of Scriptures, u, 13 ff. -;- (Digambara), 16. <;:aral}iinuyoga, 16, 240 n. Caranasitarr, 240. <';arit~a, the five, 154 ff., 241. <;:aritramohaniya karma, 180. <;:aritra vinaya, t66. Cii.ritrya, 246. Caryii pari~aha, 149· Caste, 9, 21, 168, 182, 27of., 293. <;:ategories, the nine, 94 ff., App. I. <;:atul)saraJ.la, 14 .• <;:aturindriya, se! Corendriya. <;:aturmiisi, see Comiisi •. Caturvirilsatistava, see Cauvisant­. tho. Cauda Gul}asthanaka, 18 S ff., 2 t 9, . 222.

<;:audasa, see Kiilicaudasa. <;:aulakya dynasty, 288. <;:ausaral}a, 14. <;:auvisanttho, 255· Ciivac,la dynasty, 82. Cave-temples, 280. Celibacy, 68, 70; see also Brah­. macarya. <;:e~tanivritti, q8. Cetaka, King, 40, 66 n. Character, 162, 229, 254, 297 ff.

Charity, 202, 203, 244 n., 258. Chastity, 37, 59, 1171 118, 209,

236, 237, 241 ; see also Hrah­. macarya. Chaghr, Mother, set Sixth,

Mother. <';hedagrantha, 14, 16. Chedopasthiipanrya i:aritra, 1 SS· Childless Women, 267. Children, 131, 193 ff., 267. Cholera, 266. Christ, see Jesus Christ. Christianity, 122 n., 125 n., 127 n.,

144,189, 192,239,247 ff., 288 n., 289 ff.

<;:ircumambulation, 280. Citragupta, 277. Classification,] a ina genius for, 109, Cleanliness, 146 ff. Climate, 2. Clothing, 145, 149, 226, 231, 239,

239n.; see also Nudity, Cocoa-nut, 194 ff., 203 ff. Cold, enduring, see Sita pari~aha. Colour of lhe soul, 102, 124 ff. Colours, to8. Comiisi, 123, 166. Commerce, 213 ff. . · Committees, see Mahajana. Compromise, 126. Conceit, see Pride. Conch shell, 58. Copduct, the five rules of, sr:e

Cii.ritra. - Right, 205, 245 ff., 262. - Thirty-five rules of, 243 ff. Conferences, Jaina, 288 n.

the twelve, 191. Confession, so, lot, 120,123,166,

231, 256. Consecration of an idol, 263. Constellations, 270; see also N!t.k-

~atra. Contentment, 152 If. Converts to Jainism, 219n. <';orendriya jiva, 97, too, 104. <;:orendriya nama, 136. Cotali, 198. Covetousness, 1191 247• Crab, 53· Creator, Creation, 109, 128, 192. Cremation, see Funeral cere-

monies.

INDEX

Crocodile, 53· Crooke, W., 100. Cruelty, :t<j6. Cult, 18. Customs, 193 R:, 254 «. Cuuack, 8).

Dadhivahana, King, 61 n. Daily Duties of Atcetics, 228. Damia Parlfaha, 149-l>iinantaraya, 133. 183. Da~11Ja, 46. l>arbha gran, :a:zo. Dariana, 163 n., uS. l>arianamohaniya karma, 18o. Dariana pratimii, 222. Darianiivaral}iya karma, lj3, 17S,

184, 1<)00. Dariana winaya, 166. Daiapurvl, 72. l>aiafl}abbadra, 74-Daiasrutaslc:andha, 14-Daiavaikalilc:a, 14, 16. l>aia Yatidbarma, 111 Ascetics,

ten dutie• of. Dderli, :a6+ Dayi, 259-Death, beliefs about, 44-Death ceremonie1, 202 R: Deceit, I s:a, 173 ; Ill a/I(J Miiyi. Deer, 56. Deliverance, HI Moksa. Demi-gods, 101, 105,'268 R: Demons, 41, 54, 97, 268 R: Uda, to6 tr. Dda.Caritrya, 246. Deiiivakasika vrata, 216 «. Ddavirati gunastbiinaka, 1S7. Ddavr.&ti, :uo. Dewa, I o S• 22:1. Deva i yu karma, 180. Deval:andra, 287. Deva gati, 18:1.. Devajina, 278. Devakf, 26 n., 277• l>evaloka,6on.,t6o, 164-169,270,

273- 274- 276, 277, 278· -gods of, 270,272. Devinandi. 26, 46, 47• I>evapala, King, 77· Devarddhf, IJ. Devaslya Pa~ikamal}uril, :ass. Deva.Sruta, 276.

Devat.i, 97,97 n., 110, 114, 116. Devati anupiirvi, IIJ. Dewati gati, 113. Devati iyu~ya, 116. Deviyul}karma, 111 Deva iyu

karma. Devendrastava, IS· Devf, Queen, 56. Devindatbuo, IS· Dhamila, 64. DbanateraSa, 261. Dhanduki, 287. Dbanu, 268. Dhara, 52. Dharll}endra, 49· Dharma,Jo6n.,I§6,IS7, 222,244D. Dharma bhivani, 161. Dharmadisagal}l, S2. Dharmadhyana, 168. Dharma Llibha, 230. Dbarmanatha, ss. JIJ. Dharmasena, Son. Dbarmasena II, 8o n. Dbarmistikaya, 1o6 tr. Dhiitakl Khll}cfa1 1o81 132. Dbiitakl tree, 49· Dhritisena, Son. Dhumra prabha, 271. J;>hul}cfhlii, 19, S8. Dhiipa piijii, ug, 251, 254. Dhyana, 16S. Diagram of heaven, hell, &c.,

27lf. Digambara, 12, 18, 23, 24, :as, 2S,

30,31 D., 33, 36,40, 41,44, S3 R:, 67 n., 72, ]S, 79. 79 n., So, Son., 94t liOn., 122 n., I SSt 1§6, 169, l8S, 1<)0, :aoS, 217, 224, 226 f., 239 «.,:a so«., :ass, 281.

- Canon, 16, 72. - Worship, :a so. Dikf&, 1ee Initiation. _ Dilaviirii temples, lte Abu. Dinnasiiri, 78 a. Drpa piija, :azg, :as•, 252, 254. Disa Kumiira, :a6g. Di~pline, five rules of, 1ee

Ciiritra.. Dishonesty, 111 Honesty. D!sivrata parimiil}a, 211 «. Davalt, 44, 45, 227, 26o, 265. Dravi4a, uS. Dravi4a, 128.

320 INDEX

Dravya, 61, 95, 108, 164, 255· Dravya ahirilsa, 117. Dravya hirilsa, 117. Dravyanuyoga, 16. Dreams, the fourteen, 22 tT. Dri<j.haketu, 276. Dri~~iki asrava, 142. Dri~~ivada Ariga, 15. Dudhapiika, 195· Dugilficha, 136. Du~~amii, s11e Du~ama. Duppasahasiiri, 275· Durbhaga, 1J8. Du~ama, 163, 275, 276. Du?ama Du~ama, 275, 276. Du~ama Su?ama, 26, 51, 274,

276. Dusvara, 138. Duties of monks and nuns, 151 ff.,

228 ff. Dvaipayana, 277. Dvaraka, n2, 277. Dve~a, 128 ff. Dve~iki ii.srava, 143· Dvindriya, see Be-indriya. Dvipa Kumii.ra, 269.

Eka Siddha, 171. Ekantavadin, 91. Ekat va bhiivana, 158. Ekendriya jiva, 97, 104, 105,

1o6. Ekendriya nama, 136. Elephant, 51. Elephant of pride, the, 152. Eliira, 281. Emotion, 102. Endurance, Ways of, see Pari~aha. Enmity, see Dve~a. Envy, 103, 128. Epigraphy, 85. E~a~a samiti, 145, 234· Eschatology, 169 ff., 268 ff., 293· Eternity of the world, 272 ff. Ethics, Jaina, 122, 131, 297· Evening Worship, 258. Evil eye, 264. Evil spirits, 265 f. Excommunication, 211 n., iz4o. Extension of J ainism, 9 ff. Faith, 229, 248, 254· -false, see Mithyatva. - Right, 245 ff., 262.

F<1mine, the great, to, 70 tT. Fasting, 31, 32 n., 39, 253,259 tT. Fasts, ste Festivals. Fatalism, 6o, 73, 185. Fatherhood of God, 128, 192. Faultfinding, see Nindii. Fear, s11e Uhaya. Feeding ceremony, 195· Female division of jiva, 96. Female Tirtharikara, 56, 122. Fergusson, Dr. J., 280. Festivals, 259 tT. Ficus religiosa, S3· Fifth-day ceremonies, 193· Fifteenth-day ceremonies, 194· Fire, 98, 99· Five faults, 205 tT. Five Great Ones, the, su Pai'ica

Paramdvara. Five, Salutation to the, 187, 229,

258. Flemish art, 281. Flowers in Worship, Use of, set Pu~pa piija.

Food, 138, 148, 213, 219, 258. Forgiveness, 126 n., 2 59 f., 290,

292. Form, set Pudgalastikiiya. Fruit, 99, 252. · - Offering of, Sill! Phala piijii. FUhrer, Dr., :280. Full-moon fasts, 261. Funeral ceremonies, 203 ff.

Gabhiiro (or shrine), 281 ; see allo Temple Worship.

Gacchacara, 1 S· Gajapuri, 56. Ga!]a, 65. Ga~adeva, 8o n. Ga~adhara, 61, 65, 66. Gandharva, 269. Gandhi, Mr., 205 n. Ganga, 73· Ganges, river, 275· Ga~ividya, 1 S· Ga~ivijaya, IS· Gara~iji, set Nuns. Gardabbila, 75, 76. Gargari~i, 82. · Gati, 176, 182, 228, 251, 274· Gautama I ndrabhiiti, 40, 44, 50,

61, 65, 68, 127, 248.

INDEX

Gentleman, the ideal, 224-Genns, un, IO.J. Ghatin karma, 184, rgo. Ghrii.9endriya, ¢. Gifts to Religious, 231. Gimar, Mt., 17, ss, r68, 252, 282. Goat, 56. Goblins, 105. God, 128, 192; 246, 248, 292 tr. Gods, 97· - false, 246. Gomata, see Gomate5vara. Gomatesvara, 263, 285. Goose, Red, 52. Gorajr, 233· Go'ala, 36, ss tr., 65, 68, 72, 97 n.,

IO:Z, Ill, IJO, 185, Gossip, 188. Go?ta Mahal, 78. Gothic Architecture, 281 f. Gotra karma, 1821 184, 1gon. Gotrljr, 199, 301. Gotrijhii.ra9ii.ril, 195• Govara, 61. Govardhana, Son. Govindii.nanda, 179n.1 182n.,184n. Grace, :ago. Graha, 270. Graiveyika, 270, 272. Granthibheda, 186. Gravity, Laws of, 1o6. Greed, 122ft, 140,1731 181, 187ft;

111 also Lobha. Grief, see Soka. Grierson, Dr., 21. Grihalinga Siddha, 170. Grihastha, 67 n. Griswold, Dr., 107 n. Gujarat, Gujarii.ti1 171 68, 69n.,

84. 86, 162 n. Gu.,a, loS. Gu9asthanaka, 185 tr. Gunavrata, the three, 210, 257· Gupti, the three,147, 238, 241,257· Guru, 219, 246f. Guru, Reverence to, 1121 215,

255·

Habakkuk, 248 n. Haigh, Rev. H., 172 n. Hair, Removal of, 32, 165, 226. Hair-cutting (of infant), 194-Hajii.m, 230.

y

Hathsa, So. Hand, mark of, 200. Hanumii.n, 130. Harasatyaki, 277. Hari dynasty, 51· Haribhadrasiiri, So, 82. Har~a, 245 n. · Hasaril parijii.Qii.i, 235· Hastinapura, ss, 56. Hastipala, King, 43· Hlisya, IJS• Hatred, see Dve~a. Ha~hisirilha's temple, 2841 293 n. Hawk, SS· Heat, enduring, Sl!(f u~.,a pari~aha. Heaven, 6on., 16o, 164, 169,

171 tr., 270 ff., 293 tr. Hegel,92. Height of mankind, S 1 tr., 273 It Hell, 461 6o n., 1171 125, 229,

268tr., 276. . . Hell-beings, 1or, 102, 158, 16o,

268. Hemacandra, 17, 84 It, 86, 95,

287f. Hemacii.rya, see Hemaeandra. Heroes, sixty-three great, 56 n. Himalayas, Slo . Himavata, Mt., 23. Hirilsa, uo, 116 It, IJo, 206,

210 n., 220. Hirilsadana, 214. Hindu, Derivation of the word,

118. . Hinduism, Relations with, 67 n.,

71, 127 ff., 131 n., 174 It, 18o, 180 n., 254, 263 f., 264 It, 268 tr.

History, 71f., 65 If., 68 n. Hiuen Tsang, 18. Hoemle, Dr., 22, 28, 43 n., 58, 591

7on., 72, 79, 85. Holr, 264. Holiness, 144· Holy days, see Festivals. Honesty, 119 It, 2o8, 235· Honey, 21on, Hope, 248. Horoscope, 193· Horse, 52. Houselessness,ue Wandering life. Human beings, 1011 102. Humility, 152; see also Pride. Hu9~a sathsthii.na, 138.

INDEX

Hunger, 111 Ksudha Part~aha. Hylozoism, 89.' Hymnbook, 253. Hypocrisy, 130.

ICchamithami Kii.usagga, 256. Ideal ascetic, the, 123, 238. Ideal layman, the, 224. Idolatry, II, 19, 69, S1, 197· lk~vaku family, 57• Illness, 265. Illusion, 121. Images, 58, 250 ff.; se1 also

Idolatry. Immobile life, 102. Impeding of Karma, 144 ff. Impurity, set Chastity. Incarnation, 176, 291, 298. Incense, see Dhiipa piija. Income, Apportionment of, 244 n. lndra, 26, 26 n., 32, 32 n., 34, 38,

52, 54, 113, 18o, 191,242,271. Indrabhiiti, see Gautama. Indra Dhvaja, 24. lndradinna, 75, 78. lndriya, 95, 104, 136, 139· Indriya prii.t:,~a, 95· lndriya sathlinata, 165. Inertia, se1 Adharmastikii.ya. Initiation, 38 ff., S2 n., SS, ISS,

159,225. Insects, too, 146 ff. Institutions, Jaina, 2SS n., :zg6 n, Intoxicants, 146. Intrigue, 103; see also Mii.yii. Irish ornament, 285 f. Ir~ya, 128. Irya samai, see Irya samiti. lryii samiti, 144, 234. Isaiah, 125 n., 296 n. ISana, 270. I~atpragbhara, 96. Isrvayi, 270. Itthit:,~a~ puviirayaith puvakiliyiii

sumantae, 237· I tthi pasu paJJ<laga sathsatai sa­

yal}ii sal'}iiith sevitae, 237· I tvara, 163.

Jacobi, Dr., 28, 40, 91, 95, 97 n., 99n., 1o6n., t6sn.

Jaghanya de5avirati, 187. Jaina-Mahara~tri, 286.

Jainism, antiquity of, 97• -decline of, 17. -history of, see History. -zenith of, 17. J aipur, 87 n. Jaisalmer, 233· ] ala jatra, 262. Jala piija, 228, 25o, 251, 254,263. Jamali, 29, 72. J amal'}a, 196. . Jambiidivapannata, 14. Jambiidvtpa, to8, 132. Jambiidvipaprajfiapti, 14. Jambu Svii.mi, 44n., 64, 68ff., 72,

So. J asodhare, 270. Jasomau, 110. javakumii.ra, 277• Javanticayii.l'}aril, 229. Jayajinendra, 204 n. Jayanta, 270. Jayapii.la, Son. Jayasena, Son. Jaydikhara, 83. Jayasirilha, see Siddharaja. Jesus Christ, 128, 144, 171, 248,

291 ff. Jewels, the three, 16o, 161, 192,

205, 245. 252, 257. 262. Jibha asrava, 139· Jihvii. asrava, see above. Jina, 25, 27, 39, 1871 298. Jina Siddha, 170. JinakalpJ, 79· Jitakalpa, 14. }Iva, 45, 62, 78, 89, 91, 93, 94 ff.,

136, 176, 213, 214, 268, 299· -Divisions of, 96. Jivabhigama, 13. }Iva hi~sa, see H ithsii. Jivaka Cintamat:,~i1 286. Jiiana, 32. Jiianajr, S7. Jiiii.na paficami, 261. Jiiiinavarat;~Iya karma, 132, 177 (.,

184, tgon. Jiiiina vinaya, r66. Jiiatadharma Kathailga, 13, Jiiataputra, 27. John, St., 127n., 144n., i71n. - Revelation of, 172 n., 294 n. Jrimbhakagrama, 38. 1 rimbhikagrama, 38 n.

INDEX

Kadamba tree, :z6c), Kadrpafal}a, 82. Kaiti.sa, see A~tJipada. Kila, Kala, 61, Jo6, 107 fr., 164,

IJI. Kala (name o( a god), :z68. Kalak& Mata, 264, Kalreauda5a, 261. Kalikai:ll.rya, 75 IT. Kalikagai:i:ha, 7S· Kalhiga, 48. Kalodadhi Kha1,1da, IJ:Z n. Kalpa, division of Heaven, fJ.'ll. Kalpa Siitra, 15, 16, 28 n., 32 n,

37 n., 43 n., 44 n., 63, 86, :z6o. Kalpavantasika, 14-Kalpa vinaya, 166. Kalpa vrikp, :Z7J. Kama, 244 n., 245 n. Kamatha, 49-Kamikf, 177. . Karhsai:arya, So n. Kana Urava, IJC). Kal}ida, 78 n. Kanara, 285. Kanarese, 287. Kanauj,8J. Kandiye, 270. Kankalf, :z8o. · Kaflkanapura, s:z. Kiflkha, :zos. Kaflku, 194· Kanr.adana, 199· Kaptla, 46, I Sl· Kapotaldyi, IOJ, Kappavac.tr5ayyi, 14-Kappla, 14-Karal}inuyoga, 16, 240 n. Karanditarr, 240. Karemi bhante, 255, 256. _ Ki.rfgara, Temple or the (Abu),

111 Artificers, Temple of the. Karkala, 28 S· Karma, 5, 23, Jo, 31,39, 44.45 fl'.,

62, 89. 91_, 94, 9So 107, 1091 II:Z, 139 fl'., lbl fl'., 173 fl'., 2:z8, 242, 268 IT., 2941 309 ff.

Karma, arrangement of, 184. - bondage to, see Bandha. -destruction of, see Nirjari. -differing views or, 174 ff. -impeding of, 144 ff., 174· - sources of, 173 ff. -tenses of, 184, -the eight kinds or, 39. 177 tr. Karmabhiimi, 181. Karmajii., 1770, KiriJ!al}a body, see Karmal}a·

sanra. Kirmal}aSarfra, 114, :zo6. Kal'l?a iSrava, see Kana israva. Kantika5etha, 276. Kintikt punema, 129, :z6r. Ka~iya, 122, 135, 140, 162, 188,

241, 257· Ka~aya karma, 174-K~iya sarillinati, 165. Kashmir, 12. Kasi, 181. Kathiawi~, 13, 17, s8, 233. 236,

240. Kattavira, 79· Kaul}c.iinya, 79· Kaui}<Jinya gotra, 29. Kiusagga, 229, 233, 250, 256 ff. Kausimbi, 40, 52, 66. Kautika sect, 86. Kaya ba)a, 96. Kayagupti, 147· KiyakleSa, 165. • Kiya P!'l}f&, see Sarfra pul}ya. Kaya vmaya, 166. Kiyikl asrava, 141. . Kesara (saffron) paste, see Can-

dana piijii. Kevaladadanavaral}iya, 134· Kevala jiiana, 33, 38 ff., 44, 48,

49. 62, 63, 6s, 68, so. Kevalajiiinivaral}iya, 133, 178. Kevalr, 24, 33, 40, 63, 68, 97, 99,

143, 148, a7o, ass, 190 ff., 232, :zss.

Khamisamal}a, 229. Khai}<Jagirj, 85. Khaputa, Arya, 78. Kharasvara, :z68. Kharataragai:i:ha, 87. Kharivela, 85. Khatamba tree, 269. Khera, 247·

Y2

INDEX

Kho4iyara Mata, 264. Kholo bharavo, :zor. Kilika sanghel)a, 137· Killing, vow against, 205 tr., 234 ff. K!lvi~iya, 270. K1mp\1rU~a, 269. Kinnara, 269. Klda, 129. Knowledge, 132, 229, 254. - five kinds of, 32. - Right, 245 tr., 262. Kodaro grain, r8o. Koc;!Igactha, 8o n. Kohath parijii.l)ii.i, 23S· Kohal)c;!a, 270. Kollaga, 64. Kri~9a, 181 26, 28, ss, ru, 113,

2]7. Kri~l)alesya, ro:z. Kriyamii.l)a, 185 n. Kriyavada doctrine, 91. Krodha, 119 ff., 140, 245 n. K~ama, rst. K~a9ikavadi, 73· K~atriya, ~· 21, 26, 46, 230, 264. K~atriya Acarya, Son. K~etra, to8, 164. K~il)amoha gul)aSthii.naka, 190. K~udha pari~aha, 148. K~ullaka Sravaka, 224. Kubera, 191. Kubjaka sathsthana, 137· Kuc;j.asii.maii, 192, Kuladhipa, 33· Kulapura, 33· Kumii.ragrii.ma, 37• Kumarapala, 171 84, 86, 288. Kumii.rapura, 77• Kumbera, King, 56. Kumbha, 268. Kuna, 18. Kui)<Jagrama, 21, 31. Kui)<Jarika, x6o. Ku9ika, 40, 276, 277. Kunthunii.tha, 56, 313. Kurra1, 287. Kuvera, see Kubera.

Lii.bhantarii.ya, 133, 183. Lac;).u, 162, 197 ff. Laganapatra, 19(). Lak~mi, 23, 24, 26o, 261. Lak~mi piijii., 261.

Lli.lajt, Srt, 88. Lalitavistara, b. Lamps, 250, 252, 266. Liintaka, 270. Latthe, Mr. A. B., 161, 191. Laughter, 135· Laukika mithyiitva, IJO. Lay adherents, 661 145 ff., 188,

205 ff. -twelve vows of, Jo, 187, 205 ff, - twenty-one qualities of, 224. Laya9a pu9ya, 111. Leaders, the great, 68. Legends, 25 n., 27, 28. Le51i, 61 n., 102 n. Lesya, the six, 6t, 102, ros. Liberation, the fourteen steps to,

185 ff. Life, 95· -destruction of, so, 61,110, 147,

222, 223, 227, 230, 238, 239 n., 273, 294 ff.; see also Hirhsa.

- four objects in, 244 n. Lightning, 99• Lights in Worship, see Dipa piija. Limitation of Possessions, see

Parigraha viramaJ;Ja. - of travel, see Disivra~a pari­

mana. - oflise, see U pabhoga paribhoga

parimii.l)a. Lion, 23. · Literacy, standard of, 20. Literary influence of Jainism, 18,

84, 286 ff. • Literature, 81, 84, 286 ff. Lobha, 122 ff., 140, 173, 245 n. Loca, 165. Lodging, 149· Logassa, 2 33· Lohalh parijli.l)ii.i1 2JS· Loka, 108. Lokacarya, 8o n. Loka bhavana, 16o. Lokii.ntika, 270. Lokottara mithyii.tva, 131. Loneliness of Jaina, 158, 241. Lonka Sa, 87. Lonka sect, 19, 87f. Lotus, blue, 57· -red, 52. Love, 248. Luck, good and bad, 19 s, 202,

INDEX

Luther, 87. Lying, sl# Truth.

Madhyama deSavirati, 187. Magadha, 8, ao, 13, 40, 41, 1:z6, . 276. Magadhr, 4r, a6s, 187, 188, 228,

231 1 2411 254 ((. Magadbi, Arddha, u11 Arddba

Magadhr. 1\lagasara, I'll Mirga.Sif!a. Magavati, 277• Magha, 81. Mabagho,a, 268. Mahagiri, 73 ((. Mahajana, 199, 2001 240 n. MahW!a, 268. - Temple of, 75· Mahak.andiye, 270. Mahanisltha, 14. Mahii.puru(l&, see Sidhu. . Mah~trf, see Jaina-Mahii.ra~trf· Maharudra, :z68. Mahasall,see Nons. Mahasukra, 270. Mahasutaka, 277. Mahiivideha, 113, 170, 216, 256,

272· Mahii.vira, 8, g, I I, 21 ((., 56 n.,

ss«.,6s, 66, 67,68, 72, 79. ao,s5, 87, aoa, 111, 120n., 121 n., 126, 127, 142, 143, 144, 148, 151, 170, ass. 202, 217, 225, 233t 241, 245, 248, 26o, 275, 276, 278, 286, 291 ((., 29IJ.

- birth of, :u (f. - childhood of, 28 ((. - death of, 42 ((. - disciples of, 40 ((., 58 ((. - enlightenment of, 38 ((. - initiation of, 31 ((. - predecessors of, 48 ff. - previous incarnations or, 4 s (f. -IUIIlon by, 62f. Mahendra, 170. MahlyaSa, Son. Mahoraga, :z69. Maithuna virama9a vrata, 209· Makarasailkranti, 264. Mala, 1111 Beads, telling of. Male division of Jiva, ¢, 170. Mall (gardener), :zso. Mallinatha, 56, 121 ff., 276, 313.

Malliniitha II, 277. Milwii, 240, 288. Malyadeva, 277. Mamatva, 127. Mana, 104-Mana, 12of, 140, 245 n. ManabaJa, 96· Manadeva, Son. M~paryayajnana,33,68. M~paryaya jfiinii.var&l)iya,

132, 177. Manaka, 70o • • Manaparijil)ai, 235 n. Mana pul)ya, 111. Manas, se11 Mana. Manatunga, Son. Mana vinaya, 166. Ma94alika, King, 17. Ma9<;1apa, 281. Ma9<Japakriyii, 1¢. Mandara, Mt., 37· Mandii.ra Bowers, 2J. Mandvi, 233. Mangrol, 233. Mii.Dkhali Putra, 59-Manogupti, 147· MaJ.Iohatii.i indiyii.i iloetae, 236. Mantra, 23J. Manuscripts, 17. Manu~a, 971 105. Manu~a anupiirvi, 113. Manu~a ii.yu karma, 181. Manu~ayul].karma, seea/J()'tle. Manuna ayu1ra, 116. Manu,ya gau, 113, 182. Marathi, :z86. Mardava, 152. M ii.rga.Slll&t :z62. Marici, 45, 46, 121 n. Marks on images, 250. Marriage, 196 ff'., 209. Marudeva, 43-Marudevi, 111. Mii.rwir, 230. Masi,181. Miso, ISJ. M ita, :z64, 266, 267. Mathurii, 57, 85, 86, 28o. Mati ajiiana, 178. M ati jnana, 32. Mati jfiiniivaral)iya, 132, 177. Matsara, 245 n. Matter, see Pudgala.

INDEX

Matthew, St., 297 n. 1\launagyarasa, 262. Maunavalambi, I47· Maurya dynasty, to, 70, 85. Maya, 91, 121, IJO, t40, 172 n.,

175· Mayamri~a, 130. Mayapratyayiki asrava, I4I. Maya salya, ::146. Meditation, I55 1 168. Megharatha, 52. Mela deva, 266. Mela pari~aha, IS I, Meladi Mata, 264. Menial gods, 270, Mera, 247· Mercy, 296 f. ; see also Ahimsa. Merit, see Pul)ya. Meru, Mt., 25. Mesari Baniya, 230. Metal, prohibition of, 153, 226 f. Misra gut;~asthanaka, t86. Misramohaniya karma, t8o, 187. Mit hila, 2 n., 42, 56. Mithyadarsanapratyayiki · asrava,

14I. Mithyadarsana Satya, 130 ff. Mithyatva, 130 ff. Mithyatva gut;~asthanaka, 185. Mithyatva karma, 174. Mithyatva mohaniya, I39,I79,187. Mithyatva salya, 246, 267. Mithyiitvi, 27I. Miugaha jati, 236. Mobile life, I02, Mohammedans, 17, 18, 19, 87,

18o, 247· Mohaniya karma, 179, 184, 187,

tgon. Mok~a, 35, 38, 51 ff., 62, 68 ff., 91,

94, 104 If., IIOff., 1291 1Jt, 139, 143, 160, 161, 163 If., 169 If., 179, xss, 219, 220, 221, 239 ff., 252, 26o, 268, 272, 293 If., 309.

Molakata, 263. Money, I 53 n., 227, 260. Moneylending, 214. Monks, see Ascetics. -the duties of, 151 tr., 225 If. -the five vows of, 234ff. - the twenty-seven qualities of,

238. Monthly fasts, 259 ff.

Moon, 23 n., S31 270. Mosquitos, 149· Mother Sixth, su Sixth, Mother. Motion, to6, 108. Mourning, 203, 204. Mouth-cloth~ too, 147, 227. Mri~aviida, uS, t3o, Mri~iiviida viramat;~a vrata, 207. Mrityu Mahotsava, 43 n. Miidabidri, 285. Mughal architecture, 283 f. Muhapati, see Mouth-cloth. Muhiirta, 272 n. Mukhapanikii., see Mouth-cloth. Mukhtagiri, 284. Mii]agrantha, the four, 14. Mumati, see Mouth-cloth. Muni, 65. Munisuvrata, 57, 277. Mysore, g, to, 70n., 285. Mythology, 268 ff.

Naga Kumara, 269. N iiga tree, 269. Nagasena, 8o n. Nagila, 275. Naisastriki asrava, 142. N ai~edhiki pari~aha, see below. Nai~idhiki pari~aha, 149· · Naisri~tiki Mrava, 142 n. Naivedya piija, 229, :zso, 25t, 254,

266. Najarabhandhi, 265. Najarai javum, 264, Naka asrava, 139· Nak~atra, Son., 270, Nala~iyar, 287. Nama karma, 114ff., 182, 184,

190 ff. Niimaputra, 27. Namaskiira put;~ya, 112. Name, change of, 226. -choice of, 27, 194· N ami, King, I 58. Naminatha, 57, 213. Naming ceremony, 194· Namo arihantiil}um, 257· Namotthul)am, 258. Nandavartta svastika, 56. N andimitra, 8o n. Nandi~et;~a, 126. Nandi Siitra, 14, 177· Napumsakalinga Siddha, 171.

INDEX

Naputhaakaveda, 136. Naraca sai!gbel)ao 137· Narada, 277. N araka, '" HelL Naraka iyu karma., 181, Narakli.yu~ karma., 1e1 a/Jqve, Narakagau, 134. 18:1.. Narakiyu, I J4. Nirakl', 97, 105, N i.l i.Sra va, 1ee N ika i.Sra va. Nita, 219n. Nita clan, 22. Nitaputta., 27 n. Nitimapina bhoyal}a bboi, 237• Nature, Ia Prakriti. Nature (of a thing),1e1 Bbiva. Navakira mantra, 254, 256. Nava Tattva, 169; 1ee alto Cate·

gories, the nine. Nava Vi4a., the. 1$4· Navl dilqi, ISS· Niya clan, 22, 31. N iyaputra., 27 n. Nayasira, 4S• Neminitha., 17, 56 n,, 571 no,

112,313. Nepii.J, 72, 285. Neuter division of jiva, 96, 170, Nltagotra, 134· Nidina '-lya., 247• Nidri. the five, 134. Nidranidra, 134-Nigantba, 86. Nigo4a, 271, 27:z. Nigrantbagai:i:ha., se1 Nirgrantha. NikiCita karma, 185. Nika~ya, 277• N!laldyi; 103, Nindl. 130. ' Ninety-nine • Pilgrimage, the,

253· Ninth-day ceremonies, 194-Nirivalii; 14-N irayivali1 14. Nirgrantha, 36, 75, 218. Nir~ari; 153, 163 ff'., 219. 240, 3o8. N irlari bhava.ni, 16o. Nir obbati; IJ:Zo Nirmama, 277• N irmi1,1a nimakarma, 115. Nini1,1a, 36, 44, SS ff'., 6J, 171 If.,

191, 243-Ninega, 187.

Niryukti, 15, 70. Ni~pulika, 277. NiSibhojanatyiga pratimii, 222, N i~nha., 14, 145· Ni~tibidara Gu1,1astbinaka, 188, NOJiva, 78. Nojiva schism, 78. No~ya, 135, 174-Non-Jaina and mok'a., 243 If. North-east comer, 2161 255. Nudity, 111 35 If., 58, 711 791 So,

226. Nun, funeral o£ a, 232 f. Nuns, 66, 8o, 211 n., 232 f., 237. N yagrodhaparima94ala sams-

tbina, 137· Nyaya school, 91, 94-

0ff'ering to idols, .tee Piijii. Officiants in temples, 25oft: Ogbaniryuti, 14-0ii, 263. Omniscience, .tee Kevala jfiina. Organization, Jaina genius for,

18. Orissa., 85, 281. Onhodoxjaina., 25 n. Osavila sect, 69-

PaCakhana., 257. PacJ.i1:amal}uril, 1or, uon., 165,

220, 231, 265ft: Pa<Jimii, 221 D. Padmalesyi, to-t­Padmanabha, 276, 278. Padmaprabbu, 52. Pidopagamana santbaro, 168. Pahailga, 270. Pain, problem of, see Suff'ering. Paisunya, 129 If. Pajjusal}a, 76, :nB, 259-Pakkhi, 166. Pli.lasa Nagara., so. Palev&~,~a, 228, 231. Pli.litii.l}i, 78, 226, 284; see also

Satruiijaya. Palmistry, 82. Palya of time, s, 1021 272 D. Pampa, see Pavipuri. Pil,lapanni, 270. Pil}a pul}ya, 110. Pafita, 207 n. Pafita Astikiya, 61.

INDEX

Paiica Aticara, :zos fT. Paiica Avrata, 140 ff. Paiica Bhavana, 234· Paiica lndriya,.see lndriya. Paiicakalyal}a piija, 253. Paiica mahavrata, see Vows, the

five Ascetic. Paiicli.ilga, 216. Paiica Paramdvara, 141,239,256,

262. Paiica· samiti, see Samiti. Paiicatantra, 286. Paiicli.sara .Pli.rasanli.tha, 83. Paiicendriya )iva, 97, 101, 104,

105, Paiicendriyapanurh, 113. Paiicindljya, see Paiicendriya. Pii.r:t<;lu (Acarya), Son. Pii.r:t4usila, 32 n. Paiijarapoja, 296 n. Pailka Prabhli., 271. PannavaQii, 14, 73· Papa, u6 tr., 302fT. Papa, the eighteen kinds of, I t6ff.,

:zs6. . Papapurt, see Pavli.puri. Paper money, 190. Piipopadesa, 215. Pariighiita namakarma, J 14. Paramii.dhii.mi, 192. Paramaharilsa, So. Paramii.nu, 109-Parame~vara, 174· Paramdvara, Paiica, see Paiica

Paramdvara. Pii.ranuril, 33· Parapli.khat;~da parasamsii., :zos. Parapakhat;~4a santhana, 205. Parapravada ninda, see Nindii.. Pii.rasnatha Hills, 38, s6, 168. Parigraha, Jig. Parigrahatyaga pratimii., 223. Parigraha viramat;~a vrata, 209. Parigrahiki asrava, 141. Parihii.ravisuddha caritra, ISS· Parit;~amiki, 1 77. Parisaha, see Pari~aha. Pari~aha, the twenty-two, 148 ff. Paritii.paniki asrava, 141. Parithiipat;~ika samiti (samai), 146,

235· Parliament of Religions, 145 n. Pii.rsis, :zo, 247.

Piirsvanatha, 8, 31, 33, 35, 41, 48, §8, S9· 85, 241. ··

Parsvaniitha, M t., se1 Parasnatba, Partridge, red, s:z. Paryii.ptii, 104-6. Paryapti niimakarma, J 1 S· Paryiipti, 104, 105. Paryu~ana, stl PajjusaQa. Pii.ta 68 n. Patala, 112, 269. Pataliputra, Council of, 11, 16,

72. Pli.tal}a (At;~hilvii.4a), 83,287, 288. Piitha, 216. Patna, 11, n, 281. Pattli. valis, 8 S· Paul, St., 294 n. Paustiliicli.rya, So n. Pli.viipuri or Pli.pli., 42, 43, 45· Payanna, the ten, 14. Pedhli.la, 276. Penalties, 207 tr. Penance, ISS, 166. Pet;~tha, 76. Persia, 285. Personality, 297 ; see also Cha·

racter, Pessimism of J ainism, 27 S· Peter, St., 248 n. · Phala piijii, 229, 251, 254· Phalgusrr, 275. Philosophy, 89 tr., 1221 131. - six schools of, 90fT. Pilgrimage, 252 ff. • Pillar ' edict of Asoka, 8 s. Piiijarii.pola, see Pii.iijarii.poja. Pi pal tree, 26 S· Pisaca, 269. Place, see K~etra. Plague, 5 s, 266. Planets, 105, 270. Points of Compass, auspicio~

201, 203, 216, 255. Poiijal}i, 146. Popa~a Amaracanda, 210. Popatlli.l K. Shah, u6n. Population, Jaina, 20. Po~adha vrata, 217ff., 219, 259· Po~adhopavasa pratimii., 2:22. Posaha, ste Posadha vrata. Possessions (of' an ascetic), 145fT. - limitation of, see Parigraha

viramal}a vrata.

INDEX

·Posture, .~ee _Kausagga, Sampar.: ·: yanka, &c. .. . Potila, 276.· · ·Potter, 198. · Prabhii, 27.1. Prabhava,. 69 ff. ·· ·· · ·

. prabhiivatr (wife of Parsvanatha}, . 48 . . · . .

--'-(mother of Malliniitha}, 57· PraCala, I 34· · · Pracalapracala, 134· Pradak~il}ii, 228, 280. Prade5a, Io6 ff., I 62 .. Pradve~ikt asrava, I4I· . Praise worship, 253 ff., 255< · : Prajfuipana, 14. ·· , Prajfia parr~aha; 151 •.. -Pra~irna; the ten, 14: · ·. ·

· Prakrit, Is, 84, 288. · Prakriti, 91, .162. · Pramada, 162, 188. Pramada carya;-2I4-Pramatta Gul}asthanaka, I88. Pral}a; 95, 97, 99, too, xor, ios. ·Pral}ata, 270. . Priil}atipata viramal}a vrata, 205.

· Priil}iitipatikr asrava, I4I. Prarabdha, ·185 n. · Prasannajita, 48. · Pra5asta krodha, 'no. · Prasna Vyiikaral}a, 13 . . Prathamanuyoga, I6. . Pratikramana, see Padrkamanum. Pratima, the eleven, z2I ff., Z39· Pratisthiipana samiti, see Paritha-

"pal_likii samiti. · · · · ·· Pratityakt asrava, I42. · ·. ·.- ··: Prativasudeva, 56 n., 274· .- .. -: Pratyakhyiint; 123.-' ·· ·· · Pratyeka, 99· .. - : · · · · Pratyekabuddha Siddha, I7I. Pratyeka namakarma, 1 IS· Prayaga, 40 • . Prayascitta, 12on., 165. Prayer, 131, 242, 292. · Prayogiki asrava, 143· Preaching, 58, 62, 225. Premiki asrava, 143· Pride, IS21 I73; I8I, I87 ff.; see · also Maria. . . Pri~ticampa, 4I. ' · · Prlthivrkaya, ue Prithvtkiiya. Prithvikaya, 97198n., 102, I041 ros.

Priyadamsal_le, 270. Priyadar5ana, 29 • Processions, 260. Pudgala (Pudgala.), 91, to6, to8ff.,

I35, I6I ff. . . Pudgalastikaya, Io8 If. Piija, the eight-fold, 262 ; see also

Worship • Pujari, 225; see also Officiants. Piijya Becarajr, 205 n. Piillil'lga Siddha, 171 . . Punamryagaccha, 86. Pul_l4arika, 159· Punema, 261 . ... Punishment of sin, 268, 27I. Pul_litabhiimi, 42, - · Pul_lya; 1Ioff., '1:41, 30I. · Pul}ya, the fruit of, I 13 ff. . Pul}ya, the nine; uoff., 30~, Puphaculia, see Puppaculia. · Puppaculia, 14. · Pupphiya, 14. Purr, 78. Purity, 1.54; see also Brahma-

carya. Pumima, see Punema. Puru~aveda, 136. Piirva (of time), SI. · Piirva, the fourteen, 11, IS, 72,

8on., 240. Pu~kara, Io8, IJ2. Pu~padanta, 53· Pu~paciilika, I4 .. Pu~paka, 14-Pu~pa piijii, 229i 25I 1 254· Pyre, funeral, 204- ·. ·

Quality, see Guna. · · Quarrelsomeness, see Klesa.

·Raga, I26.-Rails, 279. ,· Rajagriba, 4I, 57, 63, 65, 68,

219· Rajapra5niya, 13. Riijkot, I63, 164, 205 n:, 211 n.,

240, Rajono, see Whisk. Rajput, SI If. . Rakha4I bandhana, 200. Rak~asa, 269. -· Rama, 18; .. · . Ramnagar, z8o. ·

330 INDEX

Rasabhi, 7S· Rasatyiiga, 164. Rasendriya, ¢· Ratha viraJlura, 791T. Rati Arat1, 130. Ratna Prabha, 371. Ratnapurf, SS· Ratna Traya, see Jewels, the

three. Ratribhojana tyaga, 338. Raudradhyana, 168. Raval}a, 377, Rayapasel}i. 13. Riy!Lsi paqikamal}Uril, 228. Rebirth, 30, 31, 94, 294-Reflections, see Bhivani. Reformation in Europe, 87. Reincarnation, 1, 294· Religion, true and false, 247· Re-ordination, ISS· Repentance, ISS· Results of sin, the eighty-two,

132 ff. Revati, 67, 277. Reverence, 166, 178. Rhinoceros, 54· Right Conduct, see Conduct, Right. Right Faith, see Faith, Right. Right Knowledge, see Knowledge,

Right. ~ijukula, 39 n. ~ijupalika river, 39· ~ijuviliki, 39 n. ~itmbhadatta, 26, S6 n. 1;\i~abhadeva, 22n., 4S. SI, 111,

152, ISS, 170, 216n., 274, 312. 1;\i~abhanarica sailghel}a, 137. Roga pari~aba, 150, Rohagupta, 78. Rohil}i1 26 n., 277• Rosary, 243, 254, 279· Rudra, 33, 268. Rules of conduct, the five, see

Ciritra. Rules for daily life, six, 188. Riipi Ajiva, 106, to8 ff.

Sabala, 26S. Sabhi mal}qapa, 281, Sacittaparihara pratima, 222. Sacred thread, 81 n. Sacrifice, law of, 295 ff, Sidhiral}a, 99, 138.

Sidhu, 45, 51 ff., 6s, 9S, too, 1o5, 11:1, 131,145 ff., 1S7 ff.; s11also Ascetics.

Sadhvi, 111 Nuns. Sadi sarilsthii.na, 137• · Sagii, 195· Sagara (of time), 51 ff. Sigaropama, 102, 27:1, 27::1 n. Sahasii.ra, 270. Saint-wheel worship, 262. Saitii.vafl}ana Stuti, 253· Saiva temples, 75· Sajhii.ya Stavana, 258. Sakaqala, 71, 111. Sala tree, 39· Salesi, 102 ff. Salutation, 204 n.; see a/so Five, "' Salutation to the. ~alya, 246, 257. Sarna, 1S7. Sima, 268. Samacaturastra Sal}thii.l}a, 114. Samidhi, 221, 222. Samii.dhista, 221. Samaga, 39· Samaka or Samaka, 39 n. Samakiti, 271. Samantabhadrasiiri, Son. Simantopanipatiki asrava, 142. Samatibhii.vini, 147· Samavasaral}a, 191. Samavayailga Siitra, 13. Samavega, 187. Samaya, 98 n., 27::1 n. Samiyika, 21 sIT., 228, 255· Samayika caritra, ISS. Samayika pratimi, 222. Sambhavanitha, 51, 312. Sambhiitivijaya, 70. Samedsikhara, see Sameta Si-

khara. Sameta ~ikhara, 49r 56 ff. _ Samiti, the five, 144 tr., 2341f., 241. Sariljfii paiicendriya, lor, 106. Sarillinati, 165. Samparyailka posture, 43· Samprati, 73 ff. Sarilsara, 241. Sarilsara bhivana, 158. Sarilsari, 96. Sarilskpt, see Sanskrit. Sarilsthana, the five, 137· Samudayiki, 143·

INDEX 331

331 INDEX

Siddha cakra ptija, Stl Saint• wheel worship.

Siddhariija J !!)'asithha, 17, 84, 288. Siddhiirtha (AC.irya), Son. Siddhiirtha(Mahiivira'sfather),22. Siddhiirtha (Mahavira's cousin),

38. Siddhartha R.fiQI, 52. Siddhasena (Acarya), 83. Siddhasena Divakara, 76. Siddhasila, 191, 271. Siddhasiiri, 81 ff, Sikhara, 281. Sik~avrata, the four, 215, 257· Silagul}asiiri, 82 ff. Silailgacarya, Silailkacarya, 84. Simandhara, 216. Simanta, 201. Si1nhagiri, 78 n. Sithhapuri, 54· Sin, see Papa. - results of, 132. Sitala Mata, 266. Sitalaniitha, 53, 312. Sitalasiitama, 263. Sita pari~aha, 148. Sithila karma, 185. Siva, 31. Sivabhiiti, 79· Sivalli.laji Maharaja, 240. Sivaraja, s6. Sixth-day ceremonies, 193· Sixth, Mother, 27, 193· Skandha, 1o6 ff. Slander, 129. Sleep, 134, 188. Sloka, 222, 235, 236, 238, 2441

245,248. Sloth, 134• Smallpox, 266. Smell, 96, 169. Smith, Vincent, 18 n., 85. Snakes, 48, 49, 105. Social service, 167,209,271, 288n. Soka, 135· ' Somacandra, 287. Somadatta, 34· Sonagarh, 284. Sopari, 194 tr., 212 ff. Sorath, uo. Soul, see )Iva. • Southern India, architecture of,

28$.

Southern India, literature ol,286tr. Space, .ru Akasastikaya. Spada asrava, 140. Sparsendriya, 96. Spri~tikl asrava, 142.

lrli.ddha, 264, ramal}a, 218. ramaQabhUta pratima, 2:14.

iravaka, 67, 210, 257· raval}a, 266, 276. rava1.1a Belgola, ro, 70, 263, 285. raval}endriya, 96.

lravasti, 42, 51, 59· ravikii, 67. rel}ika, 41, 126, 276.

Sreyathsanatha, 54, 312. Sri, 23, 261. Sridevt, s6.

irikha'.l4a, 186. riialaji, 239 n. rimila city), 81. rimila ~sect), 69.

Sripiijya, 87 n., 233· Srivatsa svastika, 53· Sruta ajiili.na, 178. Sruta jiiana, 32. Sruta jiiinivaral}iya, 132, 177. Srutakevali, 72. · Stambha, 285. Stars, 270. Stealing, see Honesty. Steps to liberation, the fourteen,

156, 185 tT. Stevenson, Rev. J., 169n., 172n. Sthinakavasi, 12 ff., 19, 23, 62,

.66, 76n., 791 87, 104n., Jl2, xss, 167,197, 2o6, 211 n., 226 tr., 239 ff., 254 tr., 260 ff.

Sthli.niiliga Siitra, 13. Sthanita Kumli.ra, 269-Sthiivara, 138. Sthavara Dasaka, the, 138. Sthavira kalpa, 79· Sthira namakarma, us. Sthiti, 162. Sthiilabhadra, 10, n, 71 tT. Stork, 130. Strlliilga Siddha, 171. Stri pari~aha, 149• Striveda, 136. Study, 167, 231. Stiipa, 279, 280, Styiinarddhi, 134·

INDEX 333

Subha u~va, 141. Subbadde, 270. Subhadeva, 8o n. Subbaga nii.makarma, 115. Subba gandha. 114-Subha kanna, 139-Subhala, 277. Subha Dimakanna, II S· Subha rasa, 114-

!ubba aparia, 114-ubha vai'J}a, 114-ubhavibiyogati, 115.

Subhilma, 122, Substance, IN Dravya. Sudadlsal)e, 270. Sudariana, 56. Sudbanna, CJ, « n., 63-9-Sudharml (god), 270. Sudbannan, 1ee Sudhanna. Suffering, problem of, 290 If. • Suffragette' movement, 166 n. Suhastin, 12, 74 ff., 85. Suicide, JO, 163, 168, 2g6 n.; ~ee

tJ./s(} Santhiro. Sujae, 270. Sukladhylna, 43, 168, 1901 191,

2.f2. Suklaldyi, 104. 242. Suklayoga, 242. Siik?ma, lOS, 138. Siik?masampariya Ciritra, 156. Siik,masampariya Gul}astha-

naka, 189. Sulas.i, 67. Sulasi II, 277. Sulasa tree, 269. Sumidhi, 277· Sumi!]ase, 270. Sumailgala, 52. Sumatinitha, 52, 312. Sumitra, 57· Sun, 270. Sunand.Urivaka, 276. Sundavana, 31 n. Supa4ibhadde, 270. Supirsva, 276. SupirSvanitha, 52, 312. Superstitions, 264ft". Supreme Being, 174. 292. Suradeva, 276. Surapannati, 14-Su~fra, IN Ki!hiawi<J. Surat, 88.

Siirya, 270. Siiryaprajiiapti, 14-Su~ 273, 276. Su~ma Du~ma, 51, 274-Su~ma S~ma, 272. Susimii., 52. Sustbitasiiri, 75, 86. Susvara nii.makarma, 11 S· Siitra, 78. Siitrakritiilga Siitra, 13, 59 n.,

154. 161. Suvai'J}a Kumii.ra, 269-Suvidhinii.tba, SJ, 312. Suyaga4i6ga Siitra, 13. Svii.dbyii.ya, 167. Svahastiki, I.f:l. Svaliliga Siddha, 171. Svarga, 270 If. . Svii.soCcbvlisa, Q6, 104-Svastika, 53, s6, in, 251, 279-Svayambuddha, 278. Svayambuddha Siddha, 171. Svayamprabhu, 276. Svetimbara, 12fT., 28, 29, 30,

31 n., 36, 40, 531f., 66, 7o, 72, 74. 79, 86, 87, •ss. 167, •69. 225 If., 239 If., 25off., 26o If., 281.

Sweeper·gods, 270. Sweeping-brush, 146. Syidvida, 92. Syimii.Cii.rya, 7J. Syria. 285.

Taijasa body, IN Taijasa.Sarira. Taijasa.Sarira, 114, 206. Tama Prabhi, 271. Tamatama Prabbii., 271. Tambola thii.l}t&J]am, 199. Tamil, 286fT. Tandulavaitirika, 15. Tandulaveyiliii., 15. Tii.Dkuril, 121 n. Tapa (Tapas), 153, 155, 184, 262,

298. Tapagactha, 24 n., 76 n., 87,87 n.,

211, 219. 239-Tirii., 270. Tassottan, 257. Taste, ¢, 16<}. Tattva, 61, 94t lo6. Tattvirtha Siitra, 73· Tixilii., Son.

33-4- INDEX

Tejolesya, 103, 114. Telugu, 287. Temple worship, 2 so ff. Temples, 22, 281 ff. Teukaya, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105. Thananga Siitra, 13. Theft, see Honesty. Theosophy, 131. Thit;,tarddhi, 134· Thirst, endurance of, 148. Three Jewels, see Jewels, the

three. Thunderbolt, 55· Tibet, 117. Tikkhuto, 216. Timbara tree, .269. Time, see Kala. Time, divisions of, 272. Tirtha, the four, 42, 65, 170, Tirthankara, 22 n., 26 n., 32 n., 33,

42, 48, so tr., s6 n., 79. 112, 113, 116, 121 n., 1221 IJO, 170ff., 178, 190 ff., 205, 216, 217, 222, 225,228,233,241 ff., 246,:an1t, 262, 271, 274. 275, :zso, :ass, 288 n., 312, 313.

-list of, 51 ff., 312, 313, - to come, the twenty-four, 276 ff. Tirthankara namakarma, 116. Tirtha Siddha, 170. TiruvaUuvar, 287, Tiryagayuhkarma, see Tiryani:

ayu karma. Tiryak jambrik, 270. Tiryak loka, 272. Tiryani:, 97, IOS. Tiryaii.i: anupiirvi, 136. Tiryafii: ayu karma, 181. Tiryani: ayu~ya, n6. Tiryafii: gati, 136, 182. Tolerance, I 78. Tortoise, 57· Touch, 95· Trades, 2 13 ff. Training of Sadhus, 225. Trana Yoga, see Yoga, the three. Transmigration, Bg, 104, 294· Trasakaya, 102, Ios. Trasa niimakarma, 1 IS· Travel, 145, 211 ff. Treason, II 9· Treasure houses for books, 87,

261.

Trees, the desire-fulfilling, 181, 273·

Tri-indriya, 97, 100, 104, Tri-indriya nama, 136, Trimiirti, 31. Trit;,taspar5a pari~aha, 151. Trindrtya, ste Tri-indriya. Triprista, 46, Triratna, see Jewels, the three. Trisa pari~aha, 148. Tri~alii., 22, 40, 471 66 n. Trivatur, 18, Truth, 118 ff., IS21 154, 207, 235 i

see also Satya. Turmeric, see Kanku. Twins, happy, 273 ff. Tyii.ga, 154 n.

Ui:i:hvasa namakarma, 114. Udadhi Kumara, 269. Udiii, 276. Udaya, 185. U dayaprabhu, 276. U ddhi~ta pratima, 224. U ggaharh siuggahitamsr, 236. Uggaharh vauggahithsa abhi·

khat;,tarh, 236. Ujjain, 33, 74, 77 n. Ujjayini, see Ujjain. UkaracJ.i Notari, 198. Umiisvati, 73· Unbelief, 139· 0 fii:agotra, 113. Unique step; the, 189. Ut;,todari, 164. Untruthfulness, see Asatya. Upabhogantaraya, 133, 183. Upabhoga paribhoga parimii.t;,ta,

212. Upadesamila, 82. Upiidhyiiya, 229, 239, 254, 262. Upaghiitaniima, 136. -Upakesa Piittana, 69. Upiinga, the twelve, 13, 64, 73,

240· . Upasaka Dasanga, 13, 16, 239· Upasama sankita, 186. U pasiintamoha Gut;,tasthanaka,

tgo. Upasarga Harastotra · Kalpa

Siitra, 70. U piisaro, see Apiisaro. Ordhvaloka, 272.

INDEX 335

Uae,limitation of, Itt Upabhoga paribboga parimil}a. u,,a pari~ba! 149-

Utkri~ deiaVII'lltl, 188, Utpatiki, 177· Utsarga, 168. Utsarga samiti, 146. u lsarpil}f, '1.12, 276ft Uttara, 79· Uttaridhyayana, 14,43, 62, 63, 94t

147 n., 148 n.,1490., •son., 239. Uvavii.i, 13.

V atana bala, 96. Vatanagupti, 147ft'. Vatana P!II]Y•• 112. Vaeana vmaya, 166. Vadba parl~ha, ISO. Vaidar&J]ikf i.Srava, 142. Vaikreya angopiiriga, 113· Vaikreya body, Itt Vaikreya·

Prlra. Vaikreya~ra, I 13, 2o6, Vaimiinika, 105, 181. Vainayild, 171· Vaisair, 21, 31, 41, 66 n. - government of, 22. Vaisaliya, 27. Vai~,ika school, 78, 90> 91, 94-Va!l9ava, 230. Va!Jr&maJ]a, 191. V&!taraJ]I,Itt VeyaraJ]I. Vatylvatta, 167. Vaiyl vrata, 218. Vaiylvritya, Itt VaiyivacCa. Vajrari~bhanaraea aailghaya9a,

114. Vajraaena, 78ft: Vajrasvamr, 78. Vakniyami, 147. Vallabhi, 13. 17. Vilu, 268. Vilu Prabhli, 271. \'imi, 48. Vimana salhsthiina, 137· Vanaraja, 83. Vanaspatikiiya, 97, 991 1021 104,

aos. Vanavisigaccha, 8o n. Vil}avyantara, 270. Vanda~;ti, 255. Van Eycks, the, 281. Vanhida$i, 14-

Vi!Jia, m Baniya. ViJ}ijyagJima, 21, 41o Vanitii, 52. Vara~;tiya, 132ft Vardhamiina, 27. VardhamiDa (village), 41. VirikhiUa, 128. Viisaqepa, 226. Vastra parl~ha, 149· Vastra pu~;tya, no If. Vasu, 54. 560. Vasudeva, King, 461 134-Vasudeva, the nine, 274-Vasumati, 61. . VasupiiJa, 54-VasupuJya, S4t 56 n. Vatiril parijil}iii, 234-Viyubhiiti, 6s. Viiyukaya, 971 99, 102, 104, 105. Viiyu Komara, 269. Veda, 16, 71. Vedaniya karma, 178, 179, 184,

19QDo Vedanta school, 90, 91, 95 n., 98 n.,

121, 185 Do Vedantists, 11!1! Vedanta school. Vegetable -life, 99· Vegetarianism, 2941 Vesiliya, Itt Vaisaiiya. · Vestments, 2281 251,254 (. Vetara~;ti1 268. Veyara9i, 192. Vibhailga jiiiina, 178. Vidartha, 193• Videha, 40. Vidyiidhara, 66. Vidyut Kumira, 269. Vijaya, 2JO. Vi~aya (ACiirya), Son. Vi~aya (coming Tlrthankara), 277. Vi~ayanta, 270. ViJya, S7• Vikramiiditya, 771 77 n. Vimalaniitha, 541 213. Vimiinavasi, 270, Vinaya, 166. Vindbya, 69-Vipika Siitra, 13. Vipra, 57· Viraji, 88. Virapasali, 26J. Virastava, 15. Virathuo, 15.

INDEX

Viryiintaraya karma, 133, 183. Visakhacarya, 8o n. Vi~':IU,jl. Vi~t;~u Acarya, Son. Vi~':ludeva, King, 54-Vitigaccha, 2os. · Vivihapannanti, 13. Vivikta carya, 165. Vows, 301 140 ff., 186. -the five ascetic, 39,155, 234ff.,

241.' - of laymen, see Lay-adherents. ~advantage of keeping, 220, - of Piirsvanatha, the four, 49· Vrata, 205, Vrata pratima, 222. Vriddhavadi, 77· Vrihatkalpa, 14. Vri~abhasena, 66. Vrittisailk~epa, 164. Vyaktamithyatva Gu~asthiinaka,

185. Vyantara, 105, 181, 269. Vyavahara SGtra, 14, 145· Vyavaharika Kala, 107 n •. •

Wag~wan, 41, 82, 12on. Wandering life, 28ff., 36, 149ff. Water, 98, no, 218. Water-jar, 57· Waves, 98n. Wedding ceremonies, 198 ff. Wheel, 279· Whisk for insects, 227, 25S· Widows, child, 203.

Williams, Sir M. Monier, 36. Wind, 99· Women, 56, 67, ur, I66ff., 169,

188, 20J, 26J. Wooden buildings, 279· Worship, 250 ff. -private, 254· - temple, su Temple-worship. Writers, Jaina, 286 ff.

Yiil:ana pari~aha, se1 Yaiica p. Yakanl, So. Yak~a, 269. Yani:a pari~aha, •so. Yasobhadra, 70. Yasobhadra II, Son. Yasoda, 29. Yasodhara, 277. Yasokirtti namakarma, I 15. Yasovatl, 29. Yathli.khyata i:aritra, 123, 156. Yathlisiitracestliniyami, 148. Yati, 233· · Yavatkathika, 163. Yenur, 285. Yoga, 141, 162, t6;, 1741 188,

242. -karma, 174· - sathlinata, 165. - Sastra, 288. -school, 91. -the three, 141, 162. Young Men's Associations, 288 n.

Zoroastrianism, see Parsis.

Printed in England at the Oxford University Press