THE ORIGIN OF BOKO HARAM……UNISLAMIC PRACTICES…!! PART

THE ORIGIN OF BOKO HARAM……UNISLAMICPRACTICES……….!!!

Abbas M. [email protected] +2348032299462

Boko Haram (Western education is forbidden), officially calledJama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad (People Committed tothe Prophet's Teachings for Propagation and Jihad), is a militantIslamist movement based in northeast Nigeria. The group hasreceived training and funds from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,and was designated by the US as a terrorist organisation inNovember 2013. Membership has been estimated to number between afew hundred and a few thousand.[2][3][4]

Boko Haram killed more than 5,000 civilians between July 2009 andJune 2014, including at least 2,000 in the first half of 2014, inattacks occuring mainly in northeast, northcentral and centralstates.[5][6][7] Corruption in the security services and human rightsabuses committed by them have hampered efforts to counter theunrest.[8][9] 650,000 people fled the conflict zone by August 2014,an increase of 200,000 since May.[10]

"Since Boko Haram’s resurgence in 2010, the Nigerian governmenthas struggled to respond to the growing threat posed by thegroup." (US CRS, 2014)[4]

KanoMain article: Fourth Nigerian Republic

mailto:[email protected]

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Nigeria was governed by a series of ruthless militarydictatorships from its independence in 1960 until the advent ofdemocracy in 1999. Ethnic militancy is thought to have been oneof the causes of the 1967-70 civil war; religious violencereached a new height in 1980 in Kano, the largest city in thenorth of the country, where the Muslim fundamentalist sect YanTatsine ("followers of Maitatsine") instigated riots thatresulted in four or five thousand deaths. In the ensuing militarycrackdown Maitatsine was killed, fuelling a backlash of increasedviolence which spread across other northern cities over thecourse of the next 20 years.[11]

Mohammed Yusuf founded the sect that became known as Boko Haramin 2002 in Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern state ofBorno, establishing a religious complex with a school whichattracted poor Muslim families from across Nigeria andneighbouring countries. The center had the political goal ofcreating an Islamic state, and became a recruiting ground forjihadis. By denouncing the police and state corruption Yusufattracted followers from unemployed youths.[12][13][14][15]

He is reported to have used the existing infrastructure in Bornoof the Izala Society (Jama'at Izalatil Bidiawa Iqamatus Sunnah),a popular conservative Islamic sect, to recruit members, beforebreaking away to form his own faction. The Izala were originallywelcomed into government, along with people sympathetic to Yusuf.The Council of Ulama advised the government and the NigerianTelevision Authority not to broadcast Yusuf's preaching, buttheir warnings were ignored. Yusuf's arrests elevated him to herostatus.[16]

Inequality and the increasingly radical nature of Islam, locallyand internationally, beginning with the 1979 Ayatollah Khomeinirevolution in Iran, contributed both to the Maitatsine and theBoko Haram uprisings. Local politicians in Nigeria have theauthority to grant 'indigeneship', which determines whethercitizens can participate in politics, own land or work. Thesystem has been widely abused. It has been an aggravating factor


in riots with combined ethnic and religious dimensions in whichhundreds or thousands were killed and tens of thousands forced toflee their homes, for example in Zangon-Kataf in 1992, and in Josin 2002 and 2008.[17][18]:97–98[19]

Borno's Deputy Governor Alhaji Dibal has claimed that Al Qaidahad ties with Boko Haram, but broke them when they decided thatYusuf was an unreliable person.[16] The violence of Boko Haram hasalso been linked to the militancy of the Arewa People's Congress,the militia wing of the Arewa Consultative Forum, the mainpolitical group representing the interests of northern Nigeria.For decades, Northern politicians and academics have voiced theirfundamental opposition to Western education. The ACF is a well-funded group with military and intelligence expertise, and isconsidered capable of engaging in military action, includingcovert bombing. Co-founder of the APC, Sagir Mohammed, hasstated:

“We believe we have the capacity, the willpower to go to any partof Nigeria to protect our Northern brothers in distress. . .If itbecomes necessary, if we have to use violence, we have to use itto save our people. If it means jihad, we will launch ourjihad.”[20]

Ideology

Nigerian states with sharia law

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Boko Haram was founded as a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist sectadvocating a strict form of sharia law and developed into aSalafist-jihadi group in 2009, influenced by the Wahhabimovement.[4][21][22][23][24][25] It seeks the establishment of an Islamicstate in Nigeria, and opposes the Westernising of Nigeriansociety that has concentrated the wealth of the country among asmall political elite, mainly in the Christian south of thecountry.[26][27] Nigeria is Africa's biggest economy; 60% of itspopulation of 173 million (2013) live on less than $1 a day.[28][29]

[30] The sharia law imposed by local authorities, beginning withZamfara in January 2000 and covering 12 northern states by late2002, may have promoted links between Boko Haram and politicalleaders, but was considered by the group to have been corrupted.[18]:101[31][32][33]

Boko Haram kill people who engage in practices seen as un-Islamic, such as drinking alcohol.[31] In a 2009 interview, thefounder of the sect, Mohammed Yusuf, asserted his belief that thetheory that the Earth is round is contrary to Islamic teachingand should be rejected.[34] According to Borno Sufi Imam SheikFatahi, Yusuf was trained by Kano Salafi Izala Sheik Ja'afarMahmud Adamu, who called him the "leader of young people"; thetwo split some time in 2002-4. They both preached in Maiduguri'sIndimi Mosque, which was attended by the deputy governor ofBorno.[16][35] Many of the group were reportedly inspired by MohammedMarwa, known as Maitatsine ('He who curses others'), a self-proclaimed prophet (annabi, a Hausa word usually used only todescribe the founder of Islam), born in Northern Cameroon, whocondemned the reading of books other than the Quran.[36][37][38][39]

Boko Haram conducted its operations more or less peacefullyduring the first seven years of its existence, withdrawing fromsociety into remote north-eastern areas. The governmentrepeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militantcharacter of the organization.[21][40] In 2009 police began aninvestigation into the group code-named 'Operation Flush'. On 26July, security forces arrested nine Boko Haram members andconfiscated weapons and bomb-making equipment. Either this, or a


clash with police during a funeral procession, led to revengeattacks on police and widespread rioting. A Joint Military TaskForce operation was launched in response, and by 30 July morethan 700 people had been killed, mostly Boko Haram members, andpolice stations, prisons, government offices, schools andchurches had been destroyed.[7][18]:98–102[41][42] Yusuf was arrested, anddied in custody "while trying to escape". He was succeeded asleader by Abubakar Shekau, formerly his second-in-command.[43][44] Aclassified cable sent from the US Embassy in Abuja in November2009, available on WikiLeaks, is illuminating:[16]

"[Borno political and religious leaders] ...asserted that thestate and federal government responded appropriately and, apartfrom the opposition party, overwhelmingly supported Yusuf's deathwithout misgivings over the extrajudicial killing. Securityremained a concern in Borno, with residents expressing concernabout importation of arms and exchanges of religious messagesacross porous international borders. The government has proposeda preaching board which will certify Muslim preachers, but it hasnot yet been inaugurated. While most contacts described Borno asa "State of Peace" and did not expect additional attacks, theNortheast remained vulnerable to violence and extremist attacksdue to lack of employment opportunities for youth, exasperated byethnic and religious tensions."

Campaign of violence


Map from the CIA World Factbook

Government officials were aware of arms shipments coming intoBorno, and audio tapes were believed to be in circulation inwhich Yusuf's deputy threatened future attacks. However, manyobservers did not anticipate imminent bloodshed. Security inBorno was downgraded. Borno government official Alhaji Bogumabelieved that the state deserved praise from the internationalcommunity for ending the conflict in such a short time, and thatthe "wave of fundamentalism has been crushed."[16] In September2010, having regrouped under their new leader, Boko Haram broke105 of its members out of prison in Maiduguri along with over 600other prisoners and went on to launch attacks in several areas ofnorthern Nigeria. As had been the case decades earlier in thewake of the 1980 Kano riots, the government's reliance on apurely military strategy, once again executing the leader of amilitant group, would have unintended consequences.[11][45][46]

Under Shekau's leadership, the group continuously improved itsoperational capabilities. After launching a string of IED attacksagainst soft targets, and its first vehicle-borne IED attack inJune 2011, killing 6 at the Abuja police HQ, in August Boko Harambombed the UN HQ in Abuja, the first time they had struck aWestern target. A spokesman claiming responsibility for the

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attack, in which 11 UN staff members died as well as 12 otherswith more than 100 injured, warned of future planned attacks onUS and Nigerian government interests. Speaking soon after the USembassy's announcement of the arrival in the country of the FBI,he went on to announce Boko Haram's terms for negotiation: therelease of all imprisoned members. The increased sophisticationof the group led observers to speculate that Boko Haram wasaffiliated with AQIM, which was known to be active in Niger.[45][46]

[47][48][49][50]

Boko Haram have maintained a steady rate of attacks since 2011,striking a wide range of targets, multiple times per week. Theyhave attacked politicians, religious leaders, security forces andcivilian targets. The tactic of suicide bombing, used in the twoattacks in the capital on the police and UN HQs, was new toNigeria, and alien to its mercenary culture. In Africa as awhole, it had only been used by al-Shabab in Somalia and, to alesser extent, AQIM. Since early 2013 Boko Haram haveincreasingly operated in Northern Cameroon, and have beeninvolved in skirmishes along the borders of Chad and Niger. Theyhave been linked to a number of kidnappings, often reportedly inassociation with the splinter group Ansaru, drawing them a higherlevel of international attention.[48][51][52][53][7][2]

InaugurationMain article: Nigerian presidential election, 2011

Within hours of Goodluck Jonathan's presidential inauguration inMay 2011, Boko Haram carried out a series of bombings in Bauchi,Zaria and Abuja. The most successful of these was the attack onthe army barracks in Bauchi. A spokesman for the group told BBCHausa that the attack had been carried out, as a test of loyalty,by serving members of the military hoping to join the group. Thischarge was later refuted by an army spokesman, who claimed, "Thisis not a banana republic". However, on 8 January 2012 thePresident would announce that Boko Haram had in realityinfiltrated both the army and the police, as well as the


executive, parliamentary and legislative branches of government.Boko Haram's spokesman also claimed responsibility for thekilling outside his home in Maiduguri of the politician Abba AnasIbn Umar Garbai, the younger brother of the Shehu of Borno, whowas the second most prominent Muslim in the country after theSultan of Sokoto. He added, “We are doing what we are doing tofight injustice, if they stop their satanic ways of doing thingsand the injustices, we would stop what we are doing.”[54][55]

This was one of several political and religious assassinationsBoko Haram carried out that year, with the presumed intention ofcorrecting injustices in the group's home state of Borno.Meanwhile, the trail of massacres continued relentlessly,apparently leading the country towards civil war. By the end of2011, these conflicting strategies led observers to question thegroup's cohesion; comparisons were drawn with the diversemotivations of the militant factions of the oil-rich Niger Delta.In November, the State Security Service announced that fourcriminal syndicates were operating under the name 'Boko Haram'.[51]

[56][57][58]

The common theme throughout the northeast was the targeting ofpolice, who were regularly massacred at work or in drive-byshootings at their homes, either in revenge for the killing ofYusuf, or as representatives of an illegitimate state apparatusor for no particular reason. Five officers were arrested forYusuf's murder, which had no noticeable effect on the level ofunrest. Opportunities for criminal enterprise flourished.Hundreds of police were dead and more than 60 police stations hadbeen attacked by mid 2012. The government's response to thisself-reinforcing trend towards insecurity was not to restructureor reorientate the security services, but rather to investheavily in security equipment, spending $5.5 billion, 20% oftheir overall budget, on bomb detection units, communications andtransport; and $470 million on a Chinese CCTV system for Abuja,which has failed in its purpose of detecting or deterring acts ofterror.[57][59][60][61][62][63]


The election defeat of former military dictator Muhammadu Buharihad raised religious political tension, as it broke the terms ofa tacit agreement whereby, after two terms, the presidency wasexpected to change hands to a northern, Muslim candidate, thusdistributing the country's oil wealth more fairly, through thecustomary corrupt channels. The subsequent campaign of violenceby Boko Haram culminated in a string of bombings across thecountry on Christmas Day. In the outskirts of Abuja, 37 died in achurch which had its roof blown off. "Cars were in flames andbodies littered everywhere," one resident commented, words thatwere to be repeated in nearly all press reports, which speedilydelivered information about the aftermath of the bombings aroundthe globe. Similar Christmas events had occurred in previousyears. Jonathan declared a state of emergency on New Year's Evein local government areas of Jos, Borno, Yobe, and Niger, andclosed the international border in the northeast. On the nextday, he announced that he was scrapping fuel subsidies. The IMFhad recommended the move, but Nigerians believed that the savingsof $8 billion a year would be stolen. Fuel prices quicklydoubled, leading to widespread strikes and protests which werequelled a fortnight later, with army checkpoints throughout thecommercial capital Lagos and police firing live ammunition andteargas.

State of emergency

Lagos, sub-Saharan Africa's biggest city

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Boko Haram had carried out 115 attacks in 2011, killing 550. Thestate of emergency would usher in an intensification of violence.The opening three weeks of 2012 accounted for more than half ofthe death total of the preceding year. Two days after the stateof emergency was declared, Boko Haram released an ultimatum tosouthern Nigerians living in the north, giving them three days toleave. Three days later they began a series of mostly small-scaleattacks on Christians and members of the Igbo ethnic group,causing hundreds to flee. In Kano, on 20 January, they carriedout by far their most deadly action yet, an assault on policebuildings, killing 190. One of the victims was a TV reporter;information is limited. The attacks included a combined use ofcar bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, supported by uniformedgunmen.[4][72][73][74][75][76][77]

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch published reports in2012 which were widely quoted by government agencies and themedia, based on research conducted over the course of theconflict in the worst affected areas of the country. The NGOswere critical of both security forces and Boko Haram. HRW stated"Boko Haram should immediately cease all attacks, and threats ofattacks, that cause loss of life, injury, and destruction ofproperty. The Nigerian government should take urgent measures toaddress the human rights abuses that have helped fuel the violentmilitancy." According to the 2012 US Department of State CountryReport on Human Rights Practices,[9]

"...serious human rights problems included extrajudicial killingsby security forces, including summary executions; security forcetorture, rape, and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatmentof prisoners, detainees, and criminal suspects; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; arbitraryarrest and detention; prolonged pretrial detention; denial offair public trial; executive influence on the judiciary;infringements on citizens’ privacy rights; restrictions onfreedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and movement..."


"On October 9, witnesses in Maiduguri claimed members of the JTF“Restore Order,” [a vigilante group] based in Maiduguri, went ona killing spree after a suspected Boko Haram bomb killed anofficer. Media reported the JTF killed 20 to 45 civilians andrazed 50 to 100 houses in the neighborhood. The JTF commander inMaiduguri denied the allegations. On November 2, witnessesclaimed the JTF shot and killed up to 40 people during raids inMaiduguri. The army claimed it dismissed some officers from themilitary as a result of alleged abuses committed in Maiduguri,but there were no known formal prosecutions in Maiduguri byyear’s end."

"Credible reports also indicated... uniformed military personneland paramilitary mobile police carried out summary executions,assaults, torture, and other abuses throughout Bauchi, Borno,Kano, Kaduna, Plateau, and Yobe states... The national police,army, and other security forces committed extrajudicial killingsand used lethal and excessive force to apprehend criminals andsuspects, as well as to disperse protesters. Authoritiesgenerally did not hold police accountable for the use ofexcessive or deadly force or for the deaths of persons incustody. Security forces generally operated with impunity in theillegal apprehension, detention, and sometimes extrajudicialexecution of criminal suspects. The reports of state or federalpanels of inquiry investigating suspicious deaths remainedunpublished."

"There were no new developments in the case of five policeofficers accused of executing Muhammad Yusuf in 2009 at a statepolice headquarters. In July 2011 authorities arraigned fivepolice officers in the federal high court in Abuja for the murderof Yusuf. The court granted bail to four of the officers, whileone remained in custody."

"Police use of excessive force, including use of live ammunition,to disperse demonstrators resulted in numerous killings duringthe year. For example, although the January fuel subsidydemonstrations generally remained peaceful, security forces


reportedly fired on protesters in various states across thecountry during those demonstrations, resulting in 10 to 15 deathsand an unknown number of wounded."

"Despite some improvements resulting from the closure of policecheckpoints in many parts of the country, states with anincreased security presence due to the activities of Boko Haramexperienced a rise in violence and lethal force at police andmilitary roadblocks."

"Continuing abductions of civilians by criminal groups occurredin the Niger Delta and Southeast... Police and other securityforces were often implicated in the kidnapping schemes."

"Although the constitution and law prohibit such practices andprovide for punishment of such abuses, torture is notcriminalized, and security service personnel, including police,military, and State Security Service (SSS) officers, regularlytortured, beat, and abused demonstrators, criminal suspects,detainees, and convicted prisoners. Police mistreated civiliansto extort money. The law prohibits the introduction into trialsof evidence and confessions obtained through torture; however,police often used torture to extract confessions.

In late 2013 AI received 'credible' information that over 950inmates had died in custody, mostly in detention centres inMaiduguri and Damaturu, within the first half of the year.Official state corruption was also documented in December 2013 bythe UK Home Office:

"The NPF, SSS, and military report to civilian authorities;however, these security services periodically act outside ofcivilian control. The government lack effective mechanisms toinvestigate and punish abuse and corruption. The NPF remainsusceptible to corruption, commit human rights abuses, andgenerally operate with impunity in the apprehension, illegaldetention, and sometimes execution of criminal suspects. The SSSalso commit human rights abuses, particularly in restrictingfreedom of speech and press. In some cases private citizens or


the government brought charges against perpetrators of humanrights abuses in these units. However, most cases lingered incourt or went unresolved after an initial investigation."

State of emergency extended

Northern Cameroon borderMain article: Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping

In April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 female students fromChibok, Borno. More than 50 of them soon escaped, but theremainder have not been released. Instead Shekau, who has areward of $7 million offered by the US DOS since June 2013 forinformation leading to his capture, announced his intention ofselling them into slavery. The incident brought Boko Haramextended global media attention, much of it focused on thepronouncements of the US First Lady. Faced with outspokencondemnation for his perceived incompetence, and detailedaccusations from AI of state collusion, Jonathan famouslyresponded by hiring a Washington PR firm.

The state of emergency was extended in May 2013 to cover thewhole of the three northeastern states of Borno, Adamawa andYobe, raising tensions in the region. In the 12 months followingthe announcement, 250,000 fled the three states, followed by afurther 180,000 between May and August 2014. 210,000 fled frombordering states, bringing the total displaced by the conflict to650,000. Many thousands left the country. An August 2014 AI videoshowed army and allied militia executing people, including byslitting their throats, and dumping their bodies in mass graves.

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The US Bureau of Counterterrorism provides the following summaryof Boko Haram's 2013 foreign operations:

In February 2013, Boko Haram was responsible for kidnapping sevenFrench tourists in the far north of Cameroon. In November 2013,Boko Haram members kidnapped a French priest in Cameroon. InDecember 2013, Boko Haram gunmen reportedly attacked civilians inseveral areas of northern Cameroon. Security forces from Chad andNiger also reportedly partook in skirmishes against suspectedBoko Haram members along Nigeria’s borders. In 2013, the groupalso kidnapped eight French citizens in northern Cameroon andobtained ransom payments for their release.

Boko Haram has often managed to evade the Nigerian army byretreating into the hills around the border with Cameroon, whosearmy is apparently unwilling to confront them. Nigeria, Chad andNiger had formed a Multinational Joint Task Force in 1998. InFebruary 2012, Cameroon signed an agreement with Nigeria toestablish a Joint Trans-Border Security Committee, which wasinaugurated in November 2013, when Cameroon announced plans toconduct "coordinated but separate" border patrols in 2014. Itconvened again in July 2014 to improve cooperation between thetwo countries.

In 2014 Boko Haram continued to increase its presence in northernCameroon. In May, ten Chinese workers were abducted. In July theVice-President's home village was attacked by around 200militants; his wife was kidnapped, along with the Sultan ofKolofata and his family. At least 15 people, including soldiersand police, were killed in the raid. In a separate attack, ninebus passengers and a soldier were shot dead and the son of alocal chief was kidnapped. Hundreds of young locals are suspectedto have been recruited. In August, the remote Nigerian bordertown of Gwoza was overrun and held by the group. In response tothe increased militant activity, the Cameroonian President sackedtwo senior military officers and sent his army chief with 1000reinforcements to the northern border area.


Between May and July, 8,000 Nigerian refugees arrived in thecountry, up to 25% suffering from acute malnutrition. Cameroon,which ranked 150 out of 186 on the 2012 UNDP HDI, currently(August 2014) hosts 107,000 refugees fleeing unrest in the CAR,expected to increase to 180,000 by the end of the year. In 2013,a minister at the far north governor’s office stated, “We do nothave the resources to monitor all the borders.

Timeline of Boko Haram attacksMain article: Timeline of Boko Haram attacks in Nigeria

Between 2009 and beginning of 2012, Boko Haram was responsiblefor over 900 deaths.[103]

On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state ofemergency in the states of Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa in a bid tofight the activities of Boko Harām. He ordered the Nigerian ArmedForces to the three areas around Lake Chad.[104] As of 17 May,Nigerian armed forces' shelling in Borno resulted in at least 21deaths.[105] A curfew was imposed in Maiduguri as the military usedair strikes and shellings to target Boko Harām strongholds.[106]

The Nigerian state imposed a blockade on the group's traditionalbase of Maiduguri in Borno in order to re-establish Nigeria's"territorial integrity"

On 21 May, the Defence Ministry issued a statement that read ithad "secured the environs of New Marte, Hausari, Krenoa, Wulgoand Chikun Ngulalo after destroying all the terrorists' camps".Armed Forces Spokesman in Borno Lieutenant Colonel Sagir Musasaid that the curfew that had been imposed was not relaxed withthe curfew timings being 18:00 to 7:00, however there was minimaltraffic in Maiduguri.

On 29 May, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau, followingmilitary claims that the group had been halted,[109] released avideo in which he said the group had not lost to the Nigerianarmed forces. In the video he showed charred military vehiclesand bodies dressed in military fatigues. While he called on


Muslims from Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria to join hisjihad, he said in Arabic and Hausa:

My fellow brethren from all over the world, I assure you that weare strong, hale and hearty since they launched this assault onus following the state of emergency declaration. When they launchany attack on us you see soldiers fleeing and throwing away theirweapons like a rabbit that is been hunted down.

On the same day, Nigeria's Director of Defence InformationBrigadier-General Chris Olukolade said that Shekau's unnameddeputy was found dead near Lake Chad and that two others fromBoko Haram were arrested in the area. However, the military'sclaims were not verified.[111]

Satellite photos raise questions about the government'sretaliatory attack on Boko Haram on April 16–17, 2013. Over 180died, mostly from fires that appeared to be deliberately setduring the government attack. Boko Haram fighters and civiliansdied in the attack.[112][113] The people of Maiduguri were unhappywith the declaration of war on the group and instead said theissues of poverty and inequality needed to be tackled first.

It was reported in August 2013 that Shekau had been shot anddeposed by members of his sect,[115] but he survived. He had beendescribed as "the most dreaded and wanted" Boko Harām leader andthe United States had recently offered a US$7m bounty forinformation leading to his arrest.[116] He has taken responsibilityfor the April 2014 kidnapping of over 200 school girls.[117] On 6May 2014, eight more girls were kidnapped by suspected Boko Harāmgunmen.[118][119] In a videotape, Shekau threatened to sell thekidnapped girls into slavery.[120] On May 12, 2014 Boko Haramreleased a video which shows the kidnapped girls and allegingthat the girls had converted to Islam and would not be releaseduntil all militant prisoners were freed.[121] On May 17, 2014,Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan and the presidents of Benin,Chad, Cameroon and Niger met in Paris and agreed to combat BokoHaram on a coordinated basis, sharing in particular surveillanceand intelligence gathering. Chad President Idriss Deby said after


the meeting African nations were determined to launch a total waron Boko Haram. Westen nations, including Britain, France, Israel,and the United States had also pledged support.

On 22 May 2014 Boko Haram was officially declared a terroristgroup affiliated to Al-Qaeda and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrebby the United Nations Security Council.[124] Internationalsanctions including asset freeze, travel ban and arms embargowere imposed against the Islamist extremist group.[125]

On May 2014, Nigerian soldiers shot at the car of theirdivisional commander whom they suspected of colluding with BokoHaram and it was reported that nine Nigerian generals were beinginvestigated for suspected sale of weapons to Boko Haram.[126]

Amnesty International accused the Nigerian government of humanrights abuses after 950 suspected Boko Haram militants died indetention facilities run by Nigeria's military Joint Task Forcein the first half of 2013.[127]

On 11 August 2014, Boko Haram militants raided villages in BornoState in the northeast of Nigeria, killing 28 and kidnapping afurther 97. Scores of homes were set on fire.Boko Haram have saidto be taken over Gwoza town[128]

Name

The official name is ه��اد ة� ل�ل��دعوة� وال�ج� ل ال�س��ن� ه�� ماع��ة� ا� Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna ج��Lidda'Awati Wal-Jihad, a.k.a. Jama'atu Ahlus-Sunnah Lidda'AwatiWal Jihad, in an orientalist scholars' romanisation jamāʿtu ʾahli 's-sunnati li-d-daʿwati wa-l-jihād, meaning in a word by word translation"People Committed to the Prophet's Teachings for Propagation andJihad."[129] Since "Ahlus-Sunnah" ist the common word for adherentsto Sunni Islam and Daʿwa(ti) for proselytizing or preaching ofIslam, it means "Association of Sunnis for Proselytizing (ofIslam) and Jihad".


The group was originally also known as 'Yusifiyya', after itsleader, Mohammed Yusuf, until his death in 2009.[16] The name 'Boko

Haram', 'Western education is forbidden', is from the Arabic َرام ح�َḥarām, 'forbidden'; and the Hausa word boko [the first vowel islong, the second pronounced in a low tone], 'fake' (defined as"(a) Doing anything to create impression that one is better off,or that thing is of better quality or larger in amount than isthe case, (b) anything so treated... etc.")

Western education has always been dismissed as ilimin boko; aschool that teaches Western education is makaranta boko. Theuncompromising hostility of the northern Nigerian Muslims towardsanything remotely perceived as foreign, a mindset of boko haramthat has in the past been applied even towards vocal recitationof the Quran, has historically been a source of friction with theMuslims from the middle of the country.

Boko Haram has also been translated as "non-Moslem education isforbidden," Western influence is a sin,” and “Westernization issacrilege."[7]

Assessment

Motorbikes are a favored mode of transport for Boko Haram.

The US State Department designated Boko Haram and Ansaru asterrorist organisations in November 2013, citing various reasonsincluding links with AQIM, "thousands of deaths in northeast andcentral Nigeria over the last several years, including targetedkillings of civilians", and Ansaru's 2013 kidnapping and

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execution of seven international construction workers. In thestatement from the Department it was noted, however, "Thesedesignations are an important and appropriate step, but only onetool in what must be a comprehensive approach by the Nigeriangovernment to counter these groups through a combination of lawenforcement, political, and development efforts (sic)."[3] TheState Department had resisted earlier calls to designate thegroup, after the 2011 UN bombing.[136] Boko Haram is not currently(June 2014) believed by the US government to be affiliated to alQaeda.

Boko Haram gets funding from bank robberies and kidnappingransoms.[73][137] In February 2012, recently arrested officialsrevealed that while the organization initially relied ondonations from members, its links with AQIM opened it up tofunding from groups in Saudi Arabia and the UK.[138][139] The groupalso extorts local governments. A spokesman of Boko Haram claimedthat Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi stategovernor Isa Yuguda had paid them monthly.[140][141] In the past,Nigerian officials have been criticized for being unable to tracemuch of the funding that Boko Haram has received.[142] JamesCockayne, formerly Co-Director of the Center on GlobalCounterterrorism Cooperation and Senior Fellow at theInternational Peace Institute, wrote in 2012

"Given their appreciation of the contested nature of much Africangovernance, it comes as something of a surprise that Carrier andKlantschnig [Review of Africa and the War on Drugs, 2012] fiercelydownplay the impact that cocaine trafficking is having on WestAfrican governance. On the basis of just three case studies(Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho and Nigeria) the authors conclude that‘state complicity’ in the African drug trade is ‘rare’, and thedominant paradigm is ‘repression’. As a result, they radicallyunderstate the close involvement of political and military actorsin drug trafficking – particularly in West African cocainetrafficking – and overlook the growing power of drug money inAfrican electoral politics, local and traditional governance, andsecurity."


MRAP armoured vehicle in testing

The Nigerian military is, in the words of a former Britishmilitary attaché speaking in 2014, "a shadow of what it's reputedto have once been. It's fallen apart." They are short of basicequipment, including radios and armoured vehicles. Morale is saidto be low. The country's defense budget accounts for more than athird of the security budget of $5.8 billion, but only 10% isallocated to capital spending.[145] In a 2014 US DOD assessment,funds are being "skimmed off the top", troops are “showing signsof real fear,” and are “afraid to even engage.

In July 2014, Nigeria was estimated to have had the highestnumber of terrorist killings in the world over the past year,3477, killed in 146 attacks. The governor of Borno, KashimShettima, of the opposition ANPP, said in 2014

"Boko Haram are better armed and are better motivated than ourown troops. Given the present state of affairs, it is absolutelyimpossible for us to defeat Boko Haram."

REFRENCES

1. Jump up ^ "Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia". 12 June 2014. Retrieved 1 September2014., see interactive infographic

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FPCougar.jpg


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35. Jump up ^ Gérard L. F. Chouin, Religion and bodycount in the Boko Haram crisis: evidence from the Nigeria Watch database, p. 214. ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5

THE ORIGIN OF BOKO HARAM……UNISLAMIC PRACTICES…!! PART

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