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OAI'I+L A **;--^*^ -*f +L ^ ]lfi^* ^^I: ^* C+^B00th Annivsrsary?l-lire M*ngalian State ruffiEditors: BtilsntAn & SetimAslanta; _ffi

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TnTMONGOLSHistory and Culture

for the

800th Anniversary of the Mongolian State

*

Editors: Biilent Arr & Selim Aslantag

6clteolb

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY, MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM

Publications of Directorate - General of Research and Training

t6i+e,t,l

The Mongols

Prepared for Publication: Arr, Btilent & Selim Aslantag

Ankara : Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2006.

320 pages : L6x24 cm. (Ministry of Culture and TourismPublications; 3059 Publications of Directorate - General ofResearch and Training: 349 History and culture series; 12

ISBN 975-L7-3209-3

I. An, BUlent & Selim Aslantag.

PUBUCATIONS OF MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM: 3059DIRECTOMTE GENEML OF RESEARCH AND TMINING: 349HISTORY AND CULTURE SERIES: 12

PROJECT MANAGERCelil Gring6r

MINISTRY CULTURE AND TOURISMANKAM. O.2006

ISBN 975-17-3209-3

ismet in6nU Butvan No:5Emek 06100 / Ankara

Tef : (+90 3t2) 221 44 76 - Zzr 33 25Fax : (+90 312) 22t 33 Z0e-mail : arastirmaegitim@kulturturizm.gov.trwebsite : htpp ://www. kulturtu rizm. gov.tr

htpp ://www. culturetourism. gov. tr

Produced byOrient YaynclhkBUklUm Sok. No: t9 1206660 Kavakhdere - AnkaraTel: (+90 312) 4LB 54 74

Printed byCantekin Matbaasl

Published with the C.ontibution of Repubic of Turkey Prime Minis0y Adveftising Fund

Contents

InrznooucrroN

Pnnracn

Chinggis Khan and the Mongols 1

isenbike Togan

Mongolian (or Turco-Mongolian) Khanate 59

Ahmet TemirThe Chagatay Khanate 85

Mustafa Kafalr

The Timurids IL7ismail Aka

Central Asia after the Mongol Invasion-Islam andSedentary Life as a Consequence 163

6zkan izgiTurkification of Anatolia and the Mongolians 185

Abdiilkadir Yuvalr

Die sozial-militiirische Organization der Mongolenum 1200 n. Chr. 20tAhmet TemirElements Common to Turkish and Mongolian and thePlace of Mongolian in Turkish Language Studies 209Korkmaz Zeynep

An Assesment of 'Secret History of the Mongols'and'Aftan Topgr'from the Viewpoint of the Turkish 227Lingual and Cultural HistoryTuncer Giilensoy

Marriage Customs among the Mongolians 2396zkan izgiAccording to Certain Chinese Sources Customs andTraditions of Mongolian Communities Living in ChineseTurkestan Today 249Muhaddere N. Ozerdim

Bibliography of Mongolian Researches in Turkey 26LSerkan $avk

VII

XI

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Arnnna KOt{SyrR Hafrparragax Typx Ync

Co6n, a*nan xyynqnanHH RaM

IITTnODUCTION

The relationships between the Turks and the Mongols

base on a deep-rooted past. States, communities and cultures

of the Turks and the Mongols have confronted on a vast ge-

ography ranging from Central Asia to Anatolia, and inte-

grated in many respects. These relationships had deep ef-

fects on the cultures, languages, lifestyles and bureaucratic

structures of both nations throughout history. This inter-

relationship was influential to such an extent that it is almost

impossible to understand the Mongolian history without in-

volvement of the Turks, and vice versa. Both the Turks and

the Mongols coincide the traces of deep-rooted relationship,

each time they look at their past.

The researchers and scholars of both countries are exam-

ining the character and the nature of these relations for

many years with a great enthusiasm. Our ministry would

like not only participate in the celebrations with a little

bunch from the above mentioned researches, on the occasion

of.the 800th Anniversary of the foundation of the Great Mon-

golian State, but also encourage the similar publications in

the future.

Atilla KOqRepublic of Turkey

Minister of Culture and Tourism

Pnnr,+cn

The Mongolians emerged as an enormous Power to the

scene of the history in early XIII. Century, under the leader-

ship of Chinggis Khan, and conquered a vast geography

ranging from Eastern Europe to China in a short time. A

high volume of research literature has been accumulated

both in the East and the West on the political, social, cultural

and economic history of this great empire and its successors.

Researches are still being made with great enthusiasm in

various universities and institutes in the World to expand

the existing literature in this field. Turkish scholars have also

made considerable qualitative and quantitative contribu-

tions to these researches.

The interests of the Turks to the history of the Mongols

rely on a special basis than other peoples. There has been an

intensive process of interactivity between the two nations, so

that the history of the Turks and the Mongols cannot be ana-

lyzed, in case one of them is neglected. For this reasory the

Turks have not examined the Mongolian history as an inde-

pendent subjec! but considered it as a constituent element of

their owrr history. In modern sense, the Mongolian re-

searches began in the first quarter of the XX. Century. As a

result of intensification of Republican Turkey's scholars on

the Turkish history on the Middle Ages, Mongolian re-

searches also accelerated.

u

Certain historians consider the Mongols as a disaster forthe Turkish history. Almost dissolution of ottoman state af-

ter the Timur stroke in 1402, is the major reason of this opin-ion. Nevertheless, majority of the historians are reasonable

in this regard, and underline the positive effects of the Mon-

golians on Turkish history. on the other hand, there are nu-

merous studies particularly in the field of philology and

close relationship between the Mongolian language and

Turkish.

Turkish historians have published monumental workson Mongolian invasion of Anatolia. Furthermore, immigrantscholars from various regions of Turkish world, such as Zekivelidi rogan and Ahmet Temir have made considerable con-

tributions to the enrichment of Mongolian researches. Inearly Republican period, researches were intensified on pre-

ottoman era, while parallel to the rise of ottoman researches

in Turker, in 1960s and zOs, the historians inclined to involvethe Mongolian factor in their studies.

This anthology, which is prepared for the 800th Anniver-

sary of the foundation of the Great Mongolian state, consti-

tutes only a little portion of the Mongolian researches inTurkey.

without any doubt, there many other precious studies

that we are unable to include in this anthology. Certain

monumental works remained out of this book for the lack oftime and space. For instance, Faruk siimer's valuable article,

x

titled Anadolu'da Mofollar (The Mongols in AnatoliA 147

pagesf that cannot be included here his among these

publications. However, the bibliography that is added at the

end of this anthology gives an opinion about the volume of

such researches in Turkey. While composing this anthology,

articles from different topics are selected to give a general

idea. Abstracts in Mongolian language for each article would

facilitate the evaluation of the readers. We hope this book

would make a positive impact on the extension of the rela-

tionship between the two friendly nations.

Btilent ARI, Selim ASLANTA$

XI