The eschatological expectation of Matthew 24:34

Graham Stevenson Kings College London MA dissertation September 2014

The eschatological expectation of Matthew 2434

Abstract

The nature and timing of the eschatological expectation in Mt 2434 has been much

debated This paper highlights internal evidence from Matthewrsquos eschatological

discourse (Mt 24-25) and wider Gospel which strongly supports an interpretation

where Matthewrsquos Jesus declares that the eschatological woes and apocalyptic parousia

will occur within the timeframe of his contemporary generation Crucially whether

or not the ambiguous phrase πάντα ταῦτα (lsquoall these thingsrsquo) includes lsquothe Son of man

comingrsquo (v 30) lsquothe comingrsquo is tied to that generation This interpretation of the

nature and timing of Mt 2434 is further supported by external evidence from

elsewhere in the NT from the OT (especially the book of Daniel) and from post-

biblical Jewish apocalyptic and related writings Notably it is Matthewrsquos redactional

changes to the Markan discourse which make this interpretation of Mt 2434 beyond

reasonable doubt Since these changed verses clarify rather than alter the sense of

their Markan parallels the Matthean eschatological discourse is suggested to be the

interpretive key for the shorter and less clear Markan discourse such that Mk 1330

like Mt 2434 predicts an imminent apocalyptic end

Introduction

Debate and speculation over the nature and timing of the end has been a feature of

Christian eschatology ever since the days of those whom the Evangelists described as

lsquofalse prophetsrsquo and lsquofalse Messiahsrsquo In considering Mt 2434 this paper seeks to

1

understand the eschatological expectations of the redactor of Matthewrsquos gospel In

this verse Jesus declares lsquoTruly I tell you this generation (γενεὰ) will not pass away

until all these things (πάντα ταῦτα) have taken placersquo As Ulrich Luz notes lsquountil

well into the eighteenth century there were essentially two competing types of

interpretation of [Mt 2434]rsquo The first understands γενεὰ to mean lsquogenerationrsquo and 1

πάντα ταῦτα to refer to events up to and including the destruction of Jerusalem The

second considers that πάντα ταῦτα includes reference to the end-time parousia but

saves Jesus from error by broadening the definition of γενεὰ It was Hermann

Reimarus (followed by Johannes Weiss and Albert Schweitzer) who first heightened

the debate over this verse by concluding that Jesus mistakenly expected the end-time

parousia within the lifetime of his contemporaries 2

The exploration of the eschatological expectation contained within Mt 2434 will

begin with a textual analysis of the verse In particular this will seek to resolve the

questions over the meaning of γενεὰ and the antecedent for πάντα ταῦτα In the case

of the latter this will involve considering the function of v 34 in the wider context of

the pericope of which it is a part the eschatological discourse of Mt 24-25 This will

raise subsidiary questions over the relationship between the two main elements of the

eschatological discourse the period of tribulation and lsquothe coming of the Son of

manrsquo (hereafter lsquothe comingrsquo) Given that v 34 apparently expresses timing 3

expectations in concrete terms it is also necessary to consider the relationship

between this verse and v 36 in which Jesus admits ignorance regarding lsquothat day and

Luz 1989 2091

Reimarus in Talbert 1970 218-222

NB due to debate around the meaning of lsquothe coming of the Son of manrsquo this phrase has been abbre3 -viated above to lsquothe comingrsquo and not to lsquothe parousiarsquo

2

hourrsquo Furthermore comment will be made about the recurrent motifs of nearness

delay and watching

Having considered the timing expectations in v 34 it is necessary to consider the

nature of Matthewrsquos eschatological expectation contained in this verse In particular

if lsquoall these thingsrsquo includes lsquothe comingrsquo what is the nature of this coming

In conclusion this paper will present an interpretation of Mt 2434 and consider how

this relates to the interpretation of Markrsquos eschatological discourse upon which Mt

24 is heavily dependent

Rationale

Each of the Synoptic Gospels contains a parallel version of the eschatological

discourse and in recent years the Markan version has attracted the greatest attention

This perhaps reflects the popularity of Markan priority in accounting for the Synoptic

problem which thus makes Markrsquos text the most original Against the trend this 4

paper is deliberately focused on Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse as an early and

potentially illuminating interpretation of the redacted Markan text Matthew is

preferred to Luke since Matthewrsquos text is closer to the Markan discourse only

departing significantly from Mark with the additional material (Mt 2437-2546) A

similar study of Luke 2132 would be of great interest but demands more attention

than the limited words space available here While focused on Matthew arguments

from the interpretation of Mark 13 can be (and are) applied to Matthewrsquos text given

Indeed Matthew and Mark have particularly been the focus at times when these Gospels were each 4

understood to be the earliest Beasley-Murray 1993 2-33

their close parallels Where interpretations of Matthew have their basis in arguments

from Mark consideration will be given to Markrsquos text and relevant differences will be

noted

This paper is not a full exegesis of Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse but in

exploring the interpretation of Mt 2434 is focused on the nature and timing of the

eschatological perspective that discourse contains

Methodology

The approach of this paper is fundamentally historical-grammatical in that it attempts

to give the best account of the meaning intended by the final redactor (hereafter

lsquoMatthewrsquo) of the commonly accepted Greek text for Matthewrsquos eschatological

discourse This aim means that questions regarding the authenticity of Jesus logia 5

and questions relating to the source-criticism of the text are considered to be

secondary Regarding authenticity it is not as important (to this study) whether Jesus

said what he is recorded to have said as it is important that Matthew recorded that he

said it Regarding the speculative endeavour of source-criticism this paper is content

to make the assumption that Matthew constructed his discourse with intentionality

and that he was to some extent critical of the sources which he used and did not

simply include sayings which didnrsquot serve his rhetorical purpose and flow

This historical-grammatical criticism of Mt 2434 will draw on a number of different

approaches In the first instance it will involve a close reading of the verse and its

context in the wider discourse Exploring the nature of the eschatological

Novum Testamentum Graece (Stuttgart Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 27th edn 1993)5

4

expectations will involve drawing on rhetorical-critical studies which seek to account

for Matthewrsquos parenesis and also form-critical studies which explore whether

Matthewrsquos discourse can rightly be described as lsquoapocalypticrsquo This study is not a

redactional analysis but rather considers Matthewrsquos discourse in its own terms

However in conclusion the significance of a number of Matthewrsquos redactional

changes to Markrsquos prior version will be highlighted and redactional-criticism will be

suggested as a potential key to interpreting Mark 13

5

PART I THE ESCHATOLOGICAL TIMING OF Mt 2434

ἀmicroὴν λέγω ὑmicroῖν ὅτι οὐ microὴ παρέλθῃ ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη ἕως ἂν πάντα ταῦτα γένηται

Truly I tell you this generation will not pass away until all these things have taken

place

This emphatic statement of Jesus serves as the application to the brief parable of the

fig tree in the preceding verse and appears alongside another Jesus logia (v 35) that

lsquoheaven and earth will pass away but my words will not pass awayrsquo As Luz notes

the common catchword in these two sayings is lsquowill [not] pass awayrsquo and of the two

sayings lsquothe emphasis is on the amen saying of v 34 v 35 serves as corroborationrsquo 6

The interpretation of the eschatological timing in v 34 has been disputed principally

according to debates around the meaning of ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη and πάντα ταῦτα

1a) the meaning of γενεὰ

As early as the 5th century γενεὰ has been interpreted as other than simply

lsquogenerationrsquo (taken to mean lsquoall of the people born and living at about the same time

regarded collectivelyrsquo) For Jerome and others after him ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη referred to 7

the Jewish people in general As such the continuing existence of the Jewish people 8

serves as an assurance that the parousia is yet to come Alternatively γενεὰ has been

understood to refer to the church to faithless or to evil people In each case γενεὰ 9 10

Luz 1989 2076

This is the first meaning in the current Oxford English Dictionary7

Luz 1989 209 nt 19 gives references from Jerome to Zwingli8

Especially in the Eastern tradition Cf John Chrysostom Homily LXXVII available here lthttp9

wwwccelorgccelschaffnpnf110iiiLXXIVhtmlfnf_iiiLXXIV-p132gt

Cf Schweizer E 1976 457-8 Morris 1992 612 Gundry 199449110

6

is given a general referent rather than the specificity which would mean a reference to

contemporaries This generalising tendency somewhat dampens the emphatic nature

of Jesus statement in v 34 with its ἀmicroὴν λέγω ὑmicroῖν However the main reason that

these interpretations are commonly doubted relates to Matthewrsquos use of γενεὰ and its

cognates elsewhere in his gospel

According to Luz lsquoin the other cases where it is used γενεὰ clearly means

ldquogenerationrdquorsquo Additionally Luz notes that the Hebrew דור which is translated γενεὰ 11

in the LXX means primarily lsquohuman age generationrsquo Likewise for W D Davies 12

and Dale C Allison lsquoγενεὰ plainly refers to Jesusrsquo contemporaries in 1116 1239

41 42 45 164 and 1717 as well as close parallel in 2336rsquo This view is 13

commonly shared among modern scholars and by analogy γενεὰ in Mt 2434 is also

understood to be lsquogenerationrsquo (as in specifically that generation) In actual fact a

survey of the other uses of γενεὰ in Matthew shows that this case is overstated In the

majority of cases a general sense for γενεὰ fits as well as a specific reference to those

living at that time Descriptions such as lsquoan evil and adulterous generationrsquo (Mt

1239 164) have the effect of generalising the reference and the characteristics

attributed to the γενεὰ in Mt 1116 and 1717 are not seemingly particular to those

people living at the time of Jesus as opposed to any another generation The

exceptions which do point to a specific generation are Mt 2336 which gives an

analogous eschatological warning to Mt 2434 and Matthewrsquos genealogy which

indisputably relates γενεαὶ to specific lsquogenerationsrsquo

Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812

Davies and Allison 1997 36713

7

Word studies on γενεὰ are not sufficient to determine whether this word has a specific

or general referent It is possible although perhaps unlikely that Matthew uses γενεὰ

in different ways in different contexts sometimes speaking in general terms and

sometimes referring specifically to a particular lsquogenerationrsquo However while word 14

studies should not result in saying γενεὰ lsquoclearlyrsquo or lsquoplainlyrsquo means lsquogenerationrsquo 15 16

this interpretation is the most likely and is supported by other evidence Firstly the

discourse is launched in response to a question prompted by a statement about the

destruction of the Temple This event is arguably the climax of the tribulations and 17

did occur within a generation of Jesusrsquo ministry The timeframe of a generation thus

fits neatly with the way the discourse is rhetorically framed Secondly a lsquothis

generationrsquo timeframe makes the discourse especially pertinent to Matthewrsquos

audience Thirdly for those who include lsquothe comingrsquo within πάντα ταῦτα (lsquoall these

thingsrsquo) expected within ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη Mt 1628 makes the same substantive points

as Mt 2434 but worded differently and in a way which confirms the understanding of

γενεὰ In this case ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη (2434) is equivalent to τινες τῶν ὧδε ἑστώτων 18

(lsquosome standing herersquo) (1628) and so has a specific rather than general referent

NB from the perspective of an apocalyptic reading the general and the specific overlap significantly 14

For instance Mt 2434 could be a statement directed against the lsquoracersquo of the Jews and at the same time the discourse and genre indicates an imminent expectation of the end (without the lsquothis genera-tionrsquo statement)

Luz 1989 20815


See below17

Mt 1023 provides further evidence of Matthewrsquos imminent expectation18

8

1b) the meaning of πάντα ταῦτα

Two main positions have been argued with regard to the scope of the antecedent of

πάντα ταῦτα (lsquoall these thingsrsquo) As George R Beasley-Murray notes lsquothe majority

of exegetes through the centuries to the present day have viewed Mark 1330 [ Mt

2434] as relating to the events leading up to and including the parousia of Christrsquo 19

In this case lsquoall these thingsrsquo refers the whole discourse up to this point However for

other scholars lsquoall these thingsrsquo excludes lsquothe comingrsquo and refers instead to the

tribulations which culminated in the destruction of the Jerusalem in 70 CE 20

πάντα ταῦτα excluding lsquothe comingrsquo

A commonly held basis for excluding lsquothe comingrsquo from πάντα ταῦτα (v 34) involves

two steps firstly it makes sense to consider that the antecedent to πάντα ταῦτα is the

same as that for πάντα ταῦτα in the previous verse and secondly the πάντα ταῦτα in

this verse (v 33) evidently does not include lsquothe comingrsquo In Mt 2433 we read

So also when you see all these things (πάντα ταῦτα) you know that ithe is

near (ἐγγύς ἐστίν) at the very gates

As Edward Adams notes ἐγγύς ἐστίν refers either to lsquothe coming of the Son of man

that is the parousia or the Son of man in his comingrsquo As such it is clearly illogical 21

for the πάντα ταῦτα of v 29 to include lsquothe comingrsquo as a sign that lsquothe comingrsquo is to

come Furthermore Matthewrsquos redaction of Mark 1329-30 arguably tightens the

association between the two verses since in Mark there are two different phrases that

Beasley-Murray 1993 44319

This view was implied as early as the 3rd or 4th century in the Pseudo-Clementine Homily III sect15 20

available here lthttpwwwccelorgccelschaffanf08viivvixvhtmlgt Calvin influentially also held the view that Jesus was predicting the destruction of Jerusalem within a generation available here lthttpwwwccelorgccelcalvincalcom33iixixhtmlgt

Adams 2007 165 Commenting on Mk 132921

9

are seemingly related (ταῦτα v 29 and ταῦτα πάντα v 30) whereas in Matthew these

are both πάντα ταῦτα It is thus plausible that πάντα ταῦτα in Mt 2434 shares the 22

antecedent with the same phrase in v 33 and so excludes lsquothe comingrsquo from its

semantic scope Accordingly the timeframe of lsquothis generationrsquo is associated only 23

with the tribulations and comment on the timing of lsquothe comingrsquo is deferred until v 36

where Jesus describes the unknowability of the timing of the end 24

The principle reason that the exclusion of lsquothe comingrsquo from v 34 is doubted is due to

the position of Mt 2432-35 after the section on lsquothe comingrsquo As Davies and Allison

note lsquothe placement of [v 34] after a prophecy of the parousia is suggestiversquo 25

Similarly Thomas R Hatina does not find the view that lsquoall these thingsrsquo in Mk

1330 excludes lsquothe comingrsquo persuasive lsquoin light of the natural progression in the

discourse (ie from crises to climax)rsquo If Matthew had intended that lsquothe comingrsquo 26

should not be associated with the timeframe of lsquothis generationrsquo not passing away then

vv 32-35 are located at a point that invites misreading This issue could potentially

be mitigated if the verses describing lsquothe comingrsquo (vv 29-31) could be shown to be

temporally dislocated from the flow of the discourse as Gustavo Martin has recently

attempted to show with recourse to the lsquoprocedural registerrsquo changes in the Markan

parallel However as Martin notes these procedural register changes are not evident

The additional lsquoπάνταrsquo of Mk 1330 is understood to add emphasis by underlining that without ex22 -ception all these things will take place within a generation

Beasley-Murray offers two further reasons to exclude the parousia from lsquoall these thingsrsquo of Mk 23

1330 One reason depends on a non-eschatological reading of the disciplesrsquo question (an argument which is unlikely for Mark and certainly doesnrsquot apply to Matthew) The other depends on the purport-ed purpose of the coming judgment on Jerusalem (but this does not exclude the possibility of the parousia as the climax of the judgment) Beasley-Murray 1993446-8

Contra Werner G Kuumlmmelrsquos unfair criticism that for such a reading there is no lsquopronouncement 24

about the actual moment of the end which alone is of importancersquo Kuumlmmel 1957 60

Davies and Allison 1997 367-825

Hatina 1996 52 Also Gundry 1993 746-4726

10

in Matthewrsquos redaction Moreover contrary to Martinrsquos conclusion even if this is 27

the case for Mark it does not follow that procedural register change necessarily opens

lsquoa new temporal horizon in the speechrsquo It is more likely that textual variations 28

within Markrsquos (and consequently Matthewrsquos) discourse (including the switch to the

third person in the section on lsquothe comingrsquo) reflect different sources which were

nevertheless weaved into a consistent time frame running through the discourse 29

While the layout of the discourse may incline towards the inclusion of lsquothe comingrsquo in

πάντα ταῦτα of v 34 the alternative reading remains valid and logical For those who

maintain that πάντα ταῦτα excludes lsquothe comingrsquo there are two further related

questions what then does πάντα ταῦτα include and what difference does this make to

eschatological timing expectations

If not all the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo what would πάντα ταῦτα include

If πάντα ταῦτα does not include lsquothe comingrsquo the divisions in the discourse on the

tribulations are points which may indicate what is included in lsquoall these thingsrsquo

Davies and Allison consider that the period of tribulation described by Jesus is

subdivided into three sections which get progressively longer more intense and

focused on the Holy Land These three are described as

a) The beginning of the woes (4-8) (focused on the world)

b) The intensification of the woes (9-14) (focused on the church)

Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28

Beasley-Murray notes that lsquothe first observation to make on this description of the parousia [Mk 29

1324-27] is that it is a fragmentrsquo Beasley-Murray 1993 422 In his work of 1993 Beasley-Murray gives a comprehensive review of more than 100 years of source-criticism

11

c) The climax of the woes (15-28) (focused on Judea) 30

With regard to this division the two most likely candidates for the antecedent to lsquoall

these thingsrsquo (if excluding lsquothe comingrsquo) are vv 4-14 and vv 4-28 In the latter case

all the tribulations are expected before that generation passes away This view has the

advantage that the woes described in vv 15-28 appear to correspond to the historical

events leading up to and including the destruction of the Temple These events did 31

take place within the lifetime of Jesusrsquo contemporary generation Alternatively the

view that lsquoall these thingsrsquo refers to vv 4-14 has the advantage that v 14 appears to

account for the delay of the end and that vv 15-28 are more difficult to separate

temporally from lsquothe comingrsquo In v 14 Jesus announces that lsquothis good news of the

kingdom will be proclaimed throughout the world as a testimony to all the nations

and then the end will comersquo A minority view endorsed by futurist readers considers

that this verse anticipates a future completion of the yet unfulfilled task of gospel

proclamation to all people groups on the earth before the parousia However the idea

that in v 14 mission lsquothroughout the worldrsquo (ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουmicroένῃ) before the end

implies a long delay for lsquothe comingrsquo neglects the widely held understanding that

Matthew would have considered this task nearly or already completed As Luz

notes lsquothe perspective is the same as in 1022-23 with the Israel mission Thus

Matthew means exactly the opposite of that interpretation of the church that indices

that the mission to the nations is still unfinishedrsquo 32


Marcus 1992 44831

Luz 1989 195 nt 110 Col 123 suggests that Paul (or the author) considered that the gospel had 32

already been preached lsquoto every creature under heavenrsquo in his day (cf Rom 1519 23)12

Of the two possibilities for an antecedent for lsquoall these thingsrsquo which excludes lsquothe

comingrsquo vv 4-28 is most likely Although the description of the tribulations in vv

15-28 does not explicitly mention the destruction of the Temple the language used is

highly suggestive of this event Matthewrsquos redaction makes the obvious reference to

the Temple in Mark explicit by expanding lsquothe desolating sacrilege (τὸ βδέλυγmicroα τῆς

ἐρηmicroώσεως) set up where it ought not to bersquo (Mk 1314) to lsquothe desolating sacrilege

standing in the holy place as was spoken of by the prophet Danielrsquo (Mt 2415) The

addition of both lsquothe holy placersquo and the reference to Daniel confirm that the Temple

is in view The former describes an area within the Temple and the latter relates lsquothe 33

desolating sacrilegersquo (Mt 2434) to the lsquoabomination that makes desolatersquo (Dan

1131) which Daniel sets in the Temple Furthermore this discourse is presented as 34

Jesusrsquo continuous response to the question of the disciples (Mt 243) which clearly

refers back to Jesusrsquo comments on the destruction of the Temple buildings The

argument that the destruction of the Temple features implicitly within the lsquowars and

rumours of warsrsquo makes little sense of way the discourse is introduced of the clear 35

allusion to the Temple in vv 15-28 and of the great significance of this event for

Judaism and early Christianity

Once the reference to the Temple is recognised it becomes highly implausible that this

part of the discourse would be referring to events in our future If Matthew was

written before 70 CE then the correspondence between his discourse and events in the

Contra Willi Marxsen who considers that Matthew in emphasising the prophetic origins of the 33

phrase is distancing the reference from the destruction of Jerusalem Marxsen 1969 199 Marxsenrsquos conclusions seem based on an a priori assumption that Matthew must be writing in a post-70 CE peri-od

The lsquoabomination that desolatesrsquo is also mentioned in Dan 927 and Dan 1211 Cf 1 Mac 15434

Nineham 1968 34335

13

first century are sufficient to consider that this aspect of the prediction is fulfilled 36

If Matthew was writing after 70 CE it is not plausible that he would have described

the tribulations involving the Temple as a prophecy of Jesus which did not refer to the

events of 70 CE Furthermore if Matthew had intended to record a prophecy of an

additional tribulation involving the Temple but after 70 CE it would have been

necessary to include an editorial note to that effect While there is an editorial note in

v 15 (ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω lsquolet the reader understandrsquo) this hardly indicates

tribulations in Jerusalem after those in 70 CE This would be to suggest that Jesus in

response to a question from his disciples regarding the Temple gives a prophecy

which passes over the events of 70 CE in near silence only to predict tribulations in

Jerusalem in the distant future Furthermore Matthewrsquos phrase comes from the

Markan discourse which is widely understood to be pre-70 CE The most likely

interpretation of lsquolet the reader understandrsquo is as a cue to Mark and Matthewrsquos readers

that events they have witnessed subsequent to Jesusrsquo statements are the very ones

apparently predicted nearly 40 years previously 37

On the basis of the interpretation of v 14 and the Temple references in v15ff πάντα

ταῦτα (v 34) may perhaps not include lsquothe comingrsquo however it does include all the

tribulations from vv 4-28 The question that follows is what would this antecedent

for πάντα ταῦτα mean for eschatological timing expectations

Josephus in Whiston 1892 Wars of the Jews Book VI36

Of the main contenders for the identity of the desolating sacrilege Adams favours the Zealots occu37 -pation of the Temple as their base in 67-68 CE Adams 2007 144 Alternatives include Caligularsquos de-mand for a statue in Temple (but this is too far back in history and known to have failed) or Titusrsquo entry and erection of the Roman standards (but this did not precede the destruction by any great length of time and would hardly serve as a warning to flee)

14

Implications for timing

Notably if lsquothe comingrsquo is removed from the semantic scope of πάντα ταῦτα (Mt

2434) it does not negate the sense in Mt 2433 that lsquothe comingrsquo is near In fact by

identifying the two πάντα ταῦτα phrases this nearness becomes expressed in more

concrete terms it is to be near for Jesusrsquo contemporaries Combining the two verses

Jesus indicates that lsquowhen you see all these tribulations (that will all take place before

this generation passes away) then you will know that lsquothe comingrsquo is near at the very

gatesrsquo This is the case for both Markrsquos and Matthewrsquos discourses

Adams identifies the πάντα ταῦτα of v 34 with that in v 33 and concludes lsquothe

catastrophic coming of the Son of man is not therefore tied to the time frame of a

generationrsquo However if πάντα ταῦτα refers to the preceding tribulations then lsquothe 38

comingrsquo does precisely become tied to the time frame of a generation since v 34 tells

us all the tribulations will take place within a generation and v 33 tells us that when

all these tribulations have been seen then lsquothe comingrsquo is near Any attempt to argue

for a delay in lsquothe comingrsquo needs to stretch the meaning of lsquonear at the very gatesrsquo in

a way that is especially implausible if it is to account for nearly 2000 years 39

Furthermore while Markrsquos discourse indicates not delay but temporal continuity

between the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo Matthewrsquos redaction of the discourse

makes this continuity explicit

Matthew introduces the section on lsquothe comingrsquo with Εὐθέως δὲ microετὰ τὴν θλῖψιν τῶν

ἡmicroερῶν ἐκείνων (lsquoImmediately after the suffering of those daysrsquo) Matthewrsquos

Adams 2007 17138

James 59 offers a possible parallel here lsquothe Judge is standing at the doorsrsquo is an encouragement to 39

the readers to be patient in awaiting the parousia of Christ15

redactional addition of the word lsquoεὐθέωςrsquo indicates that lsquothe comingrsquo will follow

lsquoimmediatelyrsquo on from the tribulations Furthermore the use of both the definite

article τὴν in relation to suffering and the demonstrative pronoun ἐκείνων indicates

that lsquothe comingrsquo is to follow immediately after those particular woes previously

described rather than after a general indefinitely extending period of suffering

Consequently even if lsquoall these thingsrsquo does not include lsquothe comingrsquo it is clear that

the coming cannot be delayed when a) Jesusrsquo contemporaries will not pass away until

all the tribulations have taken place (Mt 2434) and b) lsquothe coming of the Son of

manrsquo will follow immediately after those tribulations (Mt 2429) Matthewrsquos addition

of εὐθέως means that in his discourse there is no difference regarding timing

expectations between the two understandings of the antecedent for lsquoall these

thingsrsquo (v 34) In this verse either Jesus explicitly states that lsquothe comingrsquo will be

within the generation of his contemporaries or Jesus implicitly states the same thing

Various scholars have found Markrsquos discourse to be more conducive to room for the

continuation of tribulations beyond the generation of Jesus and before lsquothe comingrsquo 40

However while Markrsquos discourse lacks the word εὐθέως it also indicates continuity

between the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo As with the Matthean parallel reading 41

Mk 13 vv 29-30 together indicates that within a generation all the tribulations will

have taken place and at this point lsquothe comingrsquo is near at the very gates 42

Furthermore the clear first century setting to the tribulations of the Synoptic

Wenham 1982 127 Geddert 1989 229 Adams 2007 16540

As in Matthew a definite article and demonstrative pronoun link lsquothe comingrsquo to the previous tribula41 -tions (Mk 1324)

David Wenham argues for a delayed parousia in Mark and disingenuously suggests that after 70 CE 42

lsquothe period of desolation is indeterminatersquo or lsquoa period of trouble of uncertain lengthrsquo without also noting that the coming of the Son of man is near in relation to this time Wenham 1982 132-3

16

eschatological discourses (including being handed over to synagogues and governors

and references to the Temple destruction) does not fit with the idea of these

tribulations continuing through history

In relation to Markrsquos discourse Timothy J Geddert makes the odd statement that lsquoa

growing number of scholars argue that Markrsquos whole point at 1324a is to untie the

two events [the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo] forging a gap between themrsquo 43

Geddert himself considers that lsquoif the primary error of the false prophets (1321f) was

their false announcement of the parousia (a conclusion they would have based on the

fact of the tribulation) then Mark would be insisting the events are to be separated A

time gap between 1323 and 1324 would be affirmedrsquo Geddert is wrong to 44

conclude that what makes the false announcements of these prophets false is their

timing expectation As vv 21f indicate their announcements are false by virtue of

their mis-identification of the Messiah Instead what these verses indicate is that in

first century Judaea there was a common expectation of a Messianic adventsecond

advent - a view which the eschatological discourse does not contradict Geddert 45

reads Mk 1324 ( Mt 2429) as written in such a way as to be deliberately

ambiguous neither denying continuity nor discontinuity between the tribulations and

lsquothe comingrsquo However his reasons for not denying discontinuity are weak and it 46

should be accepted that there is self-evidently continuity in Markrsquos discourse between

Geddert 1989 229 He backs up this claim by citing just one book without quotes or page numbers43

Ibid44

2 Pet 3 reflects the debate regarding the (non)appearance of Christ that was going on in the early 45

church Contra Adams 2005b 112-3 it is significant that the death of lsquothe Fathersrsquo that is given as a time marker (if lsquothe Fathersrsquo as OT Fathers were meant then the mention of their death is superfluous) and strongly suggests that there was an early expectation of Christrsquos return within a generation

Geddert 1989 23046

17

the two events It is a continuity that Matthew underlines in his redaction with the 47

addition of lsquoimmediatelyrsquo

Multiple focus

Since the discourse accommodates neither a long delay after the tribulations nor a

long delay within the tribulations the only way left to justify a delay in lsquothe comingrsquo

is some version of the idea of lsquoprophetic perspectiversquo In this case the discourse is a 48

prophecy which has a lsquodual focusrsquo and so can be already fulfilled in one sense without

that being the end of the scope of that prophecy The idea of dual focus can arguably

find precedence within the discourse itself Matthew has explicitly referenced the

prophet Daniel as the source for the idea of the lsquodesolating sacrilegersquo and also quotes

Dan 713 in lsquothe Son of man comingrsquo (2430) It is possible that Matthew understood

Danielrsquos prophecy to have a focus on both the events relating to Antiochus Epiphanesrsquo

desecration of the Temple in the second century BCE (like most modern scholars) and

the events that Jesus was foretelling We cannot be certain however whether 49

Matthew considered Danielrsquos prophecy to have been previously fulfilled (at least in

part) with a further fulfilment to come or whether that prophecy for Matthew simply

awaited its single fulfilment in his future Given that Daniel seems to expect the end

of the age to come approximately three and a half years after lsquothe abomination that

As Adams notes lsquoThere is no indication of a temporal gap between the close of tribulation and what 47

is about to be described The events of vv 24-27 it must be presumed directly follow the time of dis-tressrsquo Adams 2007 146

Caird 1980 25848

If prophetic perspective in Matthewrsquos discourse expects a third fulfilment for this event it can actual49 -ly be described as lsquotriple focusrsquo R H Mounce suggests multiple fulfilment with a future parousia on this basis Mounce 1991 228 Also Gundry 1994 491 finds a basis for double fulfilment in Jesusrsquo fulfilment of previously fulfilled OT prophecies and in the particular example of Dan 12 evident here

18

makes desolatersquo it would have been simpler for Matthew to apply the whole

prophecy to his time 50

For G B Caird prophetic perspective is by intentional design whereas A M

Ambrozic suggests that it is an unintended prophetic consequence The latter view 51

makes better sense of the fact that it is the evidence of hindsight rather than the texts

themselves which require the notion of dual focus However the idea of

unintentional prophecy is particularly problematic with the eschatological discourses

because it is no ordinary prophet who is making the announcement Jesusrsquo admission

of ignorance in v 36 is Christologically difficult enough without having to also say

that in addition to having a recognised limit to his knowledge Jesus unwittingly

prophesied a distant future event in the knowledge that he did claim

By contrast Geddert attempts to tread a middle way and considers that lsquoMark should

not be thought of as a victim of the lsquoprophetic perspectiversquo but a master of it enabling

him to see two great events but deliberately painting a picture in such a way that

Markrsquos own ignorance of the temporal relationship between the events was passed on

to the readerrsquo Geddert strongly overstates the case for deliberate ambiguity in 52

Mark Markrsquos text makes sense as a clear coherent and consistent discourse without 53

Dan 1211-1250

Intentional design Caird 1980 258 Unintentional A M Ambrozic considers that dual focus is 51

unintentional stating that lsquothe prophetic perspective must not be imagined to imply that the prophets were somehow aware that their words would be fulfilled only in the distant futurersquo Ambrozic 1972 220-2

Geddert 1989 23452

It is as if Geddert has built a case for deliberate ambiguity by calling points of scholarly debate tex53 -tual ambiguities Geddert has added up enough unlikely interpretations to suggest that the text is inten-tionally ambiguous However interpretative debates are settled according to what is most probable and probabilities are fractions that should be multiplied rather than added - with diminishing effects

19

ambiguity or tension Furthermore while deliberate ambiguity is unlikely in Mark

the redactional clarifications of Matthew make it virtually impossible to argue in his

discourse Where the text indicates a chronologically progressing discourse which

proceeds immediately from the tribulations to lsquothe comingrsquo prophetic perspective is

unwarranted eisegesis to superimpose a second focus of prophecy - particularly if

doing so only makes sense of the text if Jesus was unaware that he was giving a dual

prophecy Furthermore dual perspective is particularly difficult to apply to

prophecies of the end of the age given that they naturally cannot have fulfilment (in

the strict sense of the word) more than once

1c) Mt 2434 in relation to Mt 2436

The progression of Matthewrsquos discourse the notion of nearness tied to the first

generation and the problems associated with recourse to prophetic perspective means

that it is very difficult to account for a long delay between the predicted tribulations

which seem evidently to describe events in the first century and lsquothe comingrsquo (where

this is understood as an age-ending parousia) Beasley-Murray exemplifies those

scholars who argue for a delay and end up relying on Jesusrsquo admission of ignorance

regarding lsquothat day and hourrsquo (Mk 1332 Mt 2436) to resolve the difficulties 54

What is the extent of Jesusrsquo apparent ignorance and how should v 34 and v 36 be

related

The first question regarding v 36 is what does the phrase τῆς ἡmicroέρας ἐκείνης καὶ

ὥρας (lsquothat day or hourrsquo) mean Does this phrase signify the end itself or does it refer

more specifically to the timing of the end If it does refer to timing does it reflect

Beasley-Murray 1993 458ff Wenham 1982 134f Adams 2007 17154

20

absolute ignorance (lsquothe comingrsquo could happen at any time at all) or does it reflect

relative ignorance on Jesusrsquo part (he does know that lsquothe comingrsquo will be within a

generation but doesnrsquot know the precise moment - literally the day or hour) As

Beasley-Murray notes lsquoin the literature of Israelrsquos prophets and apocalypticists either

term [lsquothethat dayrsquo or lsquothe hourrsquo] can denote the day of the Lord the time of Godrsquos

ldquocomingrdquo to enact judgment andor salvation among humankindrsquo This connotation 55

suggests that Jesusrsquo admission of ignorance regarding lsquothe time of Godrsquos comingrsquo is

absolute rather than meaning literally the day or hour (relative ignorance)

However while relating v 36 to OT references may support a non-literal reading of

lsquoday and hourrsquo the usage of these terms in the following verses which v 36

introduces indicates the opposite This section (Mt 2436 - 2546) includes

illustrations and exhortations (2437 - 2530) which preface three parables on the

theme of eschatological delay (2445 - 2530) Davies and Allison note that lsquoall three

concern the delay of the parousia preparedness for the end and recompense at the

great assize Within this section there are a number of keywords including lsquoknowrsquo 56

lsquodaysrsquo lsquohourrsquo lsquocomesrsquo lsquoSon of manrsquo and the parenetic admonition lsquowatchrsquo The use

of these keywords indicates that the words lsquodayrsquo and lsquohourrsquo literally refer to moments

in time rather than denoting lsquothe day of the Lordrsquo Mt 2444 makes this clear and 57

also suggests the rhetorical purpose of v 36 lsquoTherefore you also must be ready for

the Son of Man is coming at an unexpected hourrsquo That the word lsquohourrsquo denotes a unit

of time and does not stand for lsquothe comingrsquo is clear from substituting lsquohourrsquo in v 44

Beasley-Murray 1993 457 Cf Ezek 302-3 Zeph 17-13 311-20 Zech 914-16 121-136 144-55

5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21

with lsquothe comingrsquo or parousia This point is underlined in Mt 2513 where Jesus 58

states lsquoKeep awake therefore for you know neither the day nor the hourrsquo The

lsquoneitherhellip norrsquo makes it clear that lsquodayrsquo and lsquohourrsquo are not two ways of denoting one

event but should be read as signifying moments in time 59

The theme that runs through the section from v 36 is clear the timing of the end

cannot be calculated - contrary to the practice evidenced in some apocalyptic texts 60

The purpose of this theme is also clear Matthewrsquos audience need to watch and be

ready because the end will come unexpectedly The relationship between not

calculating the end time and remaining alert makes most sense when v 36 is

understood to complement rather than modify or contradict v 34 As Luz notes lsquoFor

Matthew the uncertainty of the time does not negate its nearness which vv 33-34 had

announcedhellip only the two statements together can bring the church to that attitude of

ldquowatchingrdquo (v 42) that the evangelist wants to urge on his readersrsquo Likewise 61

Davies and Allison consider that v 36 lsquodoes not contradict v 34 Rather does the

uncertainty of v 36 interpret the certainty of the earlier verse although the end will

come upon lsquothis generationrsquo its exact time cannot be fixedrsquo In this regard 62

Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse is similar to the contemporary apocalyptic text 2

This would produce the illogical statement lsquothe Son of man is coming at an unexpected comingrsquo58

Oddly Davies and Allison donrsquot follow through this logic and state simply that lsquothat dayrsquo is the OTrsquos 59

lsquoday of the Lordrsquo which in the NT is the parousia and lsquothat hourrsquo is a further specification that is ef-fectively synonymousrsquo In their footnotes they then reference v 44 and 2513 - the very verses that suggest against this reading Davies and Allison 1997 378

Dan 11-12 Testament of Moses 1012 Apocalypse of Abraham 2860

Luz 1989 21361


22

Baruch which combines an imminent expectation of the end with a declaration that

only God knows when that time will come 63

Beasley-Murrayrsquos reading of the parallel verses in Mark is of interest because he

acknowledges that he has come to reject his former (and the majority) view that Mk

1332 ( Mt 2436) reflects relative ignorance of the precise timing Beasley-Murray

justifies a separation of the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo on the basis that lsquoin the

tradition [the day of the Lord on Jerusalem (the tribulations)] is clearly distinguished

from the parousia and coming of the saving sovereignty of Godrsquo In actual fact this 64

distinction is not so clear in the tradition and more importantly the judgments on

Jerusalem and lsquothe comingrsquo are not clearly distinguished in Mark and Matthewrsquos

eschatological discourses Furthermore Beasley-Murray seeks to let v 32 (= Mt

2436) lsquostand on its own feetrsquo as a reference to the unknown time of the end To

interpret lsquothat day or hourrsquo in these broad terms (not as units of time) he reads this

phrase in light of the tradition of lsquothe day of the Lordrsquo Doing so reveals a 65

fundamental contradiction in his interpretation on the one hand he justifies a

separation between the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo because lsquothe day of the Lordrsquo is

understood as judgment but not the end yet on the other hand lsquothe day of the Lordrsquo

alluded to in v 36 refers to the end

A fundamental reason to reject v 36 as communicating absolute ignorance of the

timing of the end is that such a statement would lead Jesus to undercuts his own

The end is imminent in 2 Baruch 821-2 Baruch asks God regarding the timing of the end in 2 63

Baruch 2219-25 and is given a cryptic answer in 2 Baruch 22-23


Beasley-Murray 1993 457-865

23

declaration that the parousia is at the very gates According to the absolute ignorance

view that announcement in v 29 must be tempered by the understanding that Jesus is

not in fact qualified to make such a statement (at least it carries no temporal

indications) All the evidence points in favour of v 36 complementing v 34 by

announcing that the precise time of the end is unknown and not to be calculated but

will nevertheless arrive within the lifetime of that generation

Summary

Matthewrsquos use of γενεὰ elsewhere in his gospel and the meaning of דור which the

LXX translates as γενεὰ suggest that Jesusrsquo prophecy in Mt 2434 refers to his

contemporaries specifically This interpretation makes this verse particularly

pertinent to Matthewrsquos first audience and is supported by the discoursersquos focus on

events in the first-century principally the destruction of the Temple The antecedent

for πάντα ταῦτα is ambiguous although this is not significant for the eschatological

timing expectations of the verse On the one hand by association with the πάντα

ταῦτα in the previous verse lsquoall these thingsrsquo may refer to all the tribulations which

precede lsquothe comingrsquo Since lsquothe comingrsquo follows immediately on from these

tribulations a statement about the broad timing of those tribulations is also by

implication a statement about the timing of lsquothe comingrsquo On the other hand πάντα

ταῦτα could include lsquothe comingrsquo so that just as v 33 refers to the tribulations (in

πάντα ταῦτα) and lsquothe comingrsquo (in ἐγγύς ἐστιν) v 34 also refers to both of these

events Jesusrsquo statement in v 34 therefore either implicitly or explicitly expects lsquothe

comingrsquo within the lifetime of his contemporaries There is no reasonable way to

extend the timeframe of this expectation beyond the first generation and the

progression of the discourse does not accommodate long periods of delay The notion 24

of prophetic perspective is unconvincing because it is not suggested by the text and

demands that we go beyond the text to expect lsquothe comingrsquo in the future when the

discourse requires that this be fulfilled within the first generation Mt 2436

complements the broad timeframe in v 34 by making it clear that the precise moment

of the end is not known and should not be calculated Thus in Mt 2434 Jesus

emphatically states that within the lifetime of his contemporaries the tribulations and

lsquothe comingrsquo described will be fulfilled This raises two important questions what 66

was lsquothe comingrsquo and did it happen within a generation

Cf 1 Cor 155166

25

PART II THE NATURE OF ESCHATOLOGY IN Mt 2434

2 a) What was lsquothe coming of the Son of manrsquo

The phrase lsquothe Son of Man coming (ἐρχόmicroενον) on the clouds of heavenrsquo (Mt 2430)

is commonly understood to be a reference to Christrsquos end-time parousia It is

described in the dramatic language of cosmic portents (v 29) will happen lsquowith

power and great gloryrsquo (v 30) and involves the gathering of the elect by his angels (v

31) Until this point the phrase has been abbreviated as rsquothe comingrsquo and not lsquothe

parousiarsquo because a number of scholars deny that the parousia is in view Instead they

consider that lsquothe coming of the Son of manrsquo is used metaphorically as a reference to

the fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple in 70 CE In this case the climax

of the discourse is the eschatological lsquoday of the Lordrsquo as judgement in the events of

history - but not as the end of history For Hatina this section is thus a metaphor for

judgement against the Temple hierarchy For R T France Jesus understood lsquothe 67

comingrsquo to refer to his future exaltation (after death) into a reign which manifest itself

in the judgement of Jerusalem For N T Wright lsquothe coming of the Son of manrsquo is 68

a metaphor for the vindication of the message of Jesus the destruction of the Temple

is a fitting sign that the functions of the Temple (as the place of worship and presence

of God) are now fulfilled in Jesus and that the church is the new Israel 69

Reading lsquothe comingrsquo as a metaphor for events in the first century has the advantage

that Mt 2434 can be affirmed as not containing error For Wright lsquohere we have the

Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26

solution to the problem of the timing of the kingdomhellip Already present in Jesusrsquo

ministry and climactically inaugurated in his death and resurrection the divine

kingdom will be manifest within a generation when Jesus and his followers are

vindicated in and through the destruction of Jerusalemrsquo The question however 70

must be asked is reading Mt 2429-31 without the parousia justified

lsquoThe comingrsquo as judgement in history the use of OT language

The principle basis for reading lsquothe comingrsquo of Mt 2429-31 as a reference to

judgement in history is the understanding of Matthewrsquos use of traditional language

from the OT In particular v 29 draws on Isa 1310 in its description of the heavenly

bodies and appears to be further influenced by imagery from Isa 344 in announcing

that both lsquothe stars will fall from heavenrsquo (cf LXX) and that lsquothe powers of heaven 71

will be shakenrsquo (cf LXX B and Theod) Furthermore Joel 210 and 415-16 may 72

have influenced the alternative order of the heavenly bodies 73

Mt 2429 Immediately after the suffering of

those days

the sun will be darkened

and the moon will not give its light

the stars will fall from heaven

and the powers of heaven will be shaken

Isa 1310 For the stars of the heavens and their

constellations

will not give their light

the sun will be dark at its rising

and the moon will not shed its light

Wright 1996 365 also France 2002 50170

The LXX of Isa 344 has πάντα τὰ ἄστρα πεσεῖται (lsquoall the stars shall fallrsquo) Gundry 1967 51-271

LXX B and Theod have καὶ τακήσονται πᾶσαι αἱ δυνάmicroεις τῶν οὐρανῶν (lsquoand all the powers of the 72

heavens shall meltrsquo)

Joel 210 415-16 share the same order of lsquosun moon starsrsquo73

27

Caird followed by Hatina France and Wright emphasises that the language of

cosmic upheaval is commonly used in the OT to describe the judgement of God

against nations within the events of history For Caird lsquoin [Mark 13] as in the book

of Danielhellip the coming of the Son of Man on the clouds of heaven was never

conceived as a primitive form of space travel but as a symbol for a mighty reversal of

fortunes within history and at the national levelrsquo Hatina highlights that Isa 1310 74

describes the darkening of the sun moon and stars in the context of an oracle against

Babylon as evidenced by the superscript (Isa 131) and wider discourse (Isa

131-1423) The focus on Babylon leads Hatina to consider that lsquothe cosmic

universal-type language [of Isa 1310] is used figuratively to describe the demise of a

political entity within history It is not a reference to the closing act of historyrsquo 75

Likewise Isa 344 is part of an oracle of judgment against Edom which also notably

includes a divine gathering of the elect after the destruction (Isa 3416-17 cf Mt

2431)

However others consider that the local references in Isa 13 and 34 do not mean that

the descriptions of global and cosmic catastrophe are necessarily metaphors for local

judgement For Adams this language of globalcosmic catastrophe is lsquobest explained

in terms of a strategy of particularisation which grounds the announcement of

impending local judgement in the genuine expectation of ultimate universal

Caird 1965 20-2 adapted in Caird and Hurst 1994 365f Cf Hatina 1996 54 See also Hoffmann 74

the meaning of lsquothe Day of the Lordrsquo in OT usage metamorphosed over time but was lsquonever a non-es-chatological termrsquo Hoffmann 1981 50

Hatina 1996 5575

28

judgement by global or cosmic catastrophersquo Adams notes that in Isa 13 and 34 the 76

narrowing in on Babylon and Edom respectively comes after descriptions of

worldwide judgement (Isa 1311 342) described in cosmic proportions (Isa 1310

344) As such lsquothe language of global and cosmic catastrophe could not be taken as

metaphorical for local socio-political upheaval it would form part of a description of

universal judgement which is subsequently (or was previously) localised within the

larger oraclersquo 77

The debate over whether the language of cosmic catastrophe in the key texts behind

Mt 2434 is metaphor for local judgement is not settled by other OT usage of this

language In some cases cosmic catastrophe language is best understood as metaphor

for judgement in history whereas in other cases it evidently has a universal and 78

eschatological reference This variety of use means that linguistic arguments alone 79

are not sufficient to settle whether the cosmic upheaval in Mt 2429 includes or

excludes the parousia

Indications from apocalyptic texts and related writings

It is important to note that even if the cosmic language of Isa 13 and 34 could be

proven to be metaphor for local judgement in history this does not mean that

Matthew necessarily used the traditional language in the same way For Adams lsquoit

was probably the immediate context of the prophetic verses the connection with

Adams is not dogmatic and concedes thatrsquoWright may be rightrsquo regarding metaphorical globalcos76 -mic catastrophe language in Isa 13 and 34 However while debatable for this period Adams insists that this language is not metaphorical in post-biblical Jewish apocalyptic and related sources Adams 2007 156

Adams 2007 15677

eg Ezek 327-8 and Amos 89 Hatina 1996 5678

eg Isa 24-2779

29

worldwide judgement rather than the wider context and the subsequent targeting of a

city which prompted the use of themrsquo Crucially in post-biblical Jewish 80

apocalyptic and related sources the language of cosmic and global catastrophe was

employed to mean universal eschatological judgement Wrightrsquos view that cosmic 81

language in these latter sources remains focused on socio-political upheavals is

unsustainable given that these texts regularly lack reference to cities or nations 82

France who acknowledges an lsquoend of historyrsquo sense in these texts prefers a

diachronic approach where the purported lsquotraditionalrsquo meaning is more determinative

for the evangelists than the meaning in more contemporary texts However a 83

synchronic comparison between the use of cosmic language in Matthew and

apocalyptic and related texts is justified and is the most illuminating

Indications from apocalyptic and related sources

Regardless of the debates and challenges around describing texts as apocalyptic

(including Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse) or even defining the Apocalypse 84

genre it is evident that by the first-century CE a body of post-biblical Jewish 85

literature existed which could be related according to common motifs and features 86

Debate over whether Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse should be called

Adams 2007 15780

Adams gives a range of references including those where cosmic portents are preliminary to the 81

End 1 En 804-8 and LAB 1913 (both part of lsquodrawn-out process of cosmic expirationrsquo) 4 Ezra 54b-5 (with the fall of stars in Ethiopic version) Sib Or 3796-804 5346-349 Also references which de-scribe cosmic events as part of the catastrophic end 1 En 13b-9 1021-3 1 QH 1119-36 T Mos 103-6 2 Bar 321 Apoc Zeph 125-8 Sib Or 3675-681 Adams 2007 158

Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383

Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse has unconvincingly been called a lsquofarewell speechrsquo but it lacks 84

reference to Jesusrsquo death Hooker 1991 297

See Collins 1984 ch 1 for more on the debates85

Semeia 14 1979 and Koch 197286

30

lsquoapocalypticrsquo has focused on whether it fulfils given criteria for Apocalypse genre 87

However in terms of generic allusions which indicate the meaning intended by the

language Matthew uses it would be more helpful to consider the insights of critical

theory on discourse to see that Matthew is free to adopt and adapt what Emma

Wasserman calls lsquoa set of shared concepts language motifs metaphors and

assumptions about their relationships that enable and constrain intellectual

productionrsquo The important point is not whether we can tick off every item in a 88

checklist of Apocalypse genre but rather that Matthewrsquos discourse has sufficient 89

commonalities to consider that he writes at least this discourse within the broad

stream of apocalyptic Matthewrsquos text shares the features of what David Sim calls

lsquoapocalyptic eschatologyrsquo lsquoa religious perspective which can be found both within

and without the apocalyptic genrersquo Sim identifies lsquoeight major characteristicsrsquo of 90 91

apocalyptic eschatology and finds that Matthew lsquoembraces a comprehensive

apocalyptic-eschatological world view which includes and emphasises all the eightrsquo 92

This commonality would have likely provided cues to Matthewrsquos audience that in the

absence of evidence to the contrary this cosmic language referred to the apocalyptic

end of history In fact far from indicating that Matthew intended to subvert the

common currency of this language the wider evidence from Matthewrsquos Gospel

Cf Horsley 1993 22487

Wasserman 2008 39388

eg Christopher Rowland writes lsquothe present form of the chapter makes it difficult to justify the de89 -scription of it as apocalypticrsquo Rowland 1982 43

Sim 1996 7090

Apocalyptic eschatology is 1) dualistic 2) deterministic It concentrates on 3) eschatological rever91 -sal in the 4) immediate future It is concerned with 5) the lead up to the End 6) the arrival of a saviour figure and 7) the final and universal judgement which brings about 8) rewards and punishments See Sim 1996 70ff

Sim 1996 17592

31

reveals a consistent apocalyptic expectation As Davies and Allison note 93

lsquoMatthewrsquos last major discourse is the only discourse to treat eschatology exclusively

But each of the other major discourses - 5-7 10 13 18 - concludes by turning to the

last thingshellip This reflects the conviction that the meaning of Matthewrsquos story is

determined not only by its literary ending but by the ending of history itselfrsquo 94

Matthewrsquos apocalyptic emphasis is a point of similarity between his community and

the Dead Sea sect which in the view of J J Collins lsquowas an apocalyptic

communityrsquo Collins highlights that the expression of apocalypticism may vary 95

between groups but lsquowhat is crucialhellip is the belief that its way of life is in accordance

with the angels in heaven that it will be vindicated in a final judgement and that it

will lead its members to everlasting lifersquo All of these features are represented in 96

Matthewrsquos discourse 97

A supporting argument from the direction of travel

In addition to his view of the traditional use of OT language Wright makes a

supporting argument to exclude the parousia based on the direction of travel of lsquothe

Son of manrsquo Wright notes that lsquothe Son of man coming on the cloudsrsquo (Mt 2429) is

a reference to Daniel 7 in which the lsquoson of manrsquo figure ascends to the throne of the

Ancient of Days lsquoHe comes from earth to heaven vindicated after sufferingrsquo 98

Guumlnther Bornkamm notes that Matthewrsquos understanding of the Church is lsquofashioned in expectation 93

of the coming judgementrsquo and that this end-expectation runs lsquothrough his whole Gospelrsquo Bornkamm 1963 16


For Collins lsquothe primary evidence is found in the major sectarian compositionshellip[which] are not in 95

the form of apocalypses but they are informed by an apocalyptic worldview and influenced by the apocalypses of Enoch and Danielrsquo Collins 1997 150

Collins 1997154 Cf also Collins 1998 1396

Accordance with the angels (Mt 2431) vindicated in final judgement (esp Mt 2531ff) everlast97 -ing life (Mt 2546)

Wright 1996 36198

32

However this argument is unconvincing as evidence against lsquothe coming of the Son

of manrsquo referring to the eschatological parousia In the other verse where Matthew 99

uses the Danielic form lsquocoming in the cloudsrsquo (Mt 2664) the high priests are told by

Jesus that they lsquowill see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power and coming

on the clouds of heavenrsquo The phrasing here implies that lsquothe comingrsquo is understood

to be earthward since it occurs after heavenly enthronement rather than before 100

Furthermore Mt 1928 and 2531 make it is clear that for Matthew the enthronement

of the Son of Man is an event which occurs in the eschatological future and is

associated with the end-time judgement of all Futhermore in Mt 1626 we see 101

that Jesus understands that the Son of man will come lsquowith his angelsrsquo (not into the

presence of the angels) lsquoin gloryrsquo (not to receive glory) and for the purpose of

judgment (that is at the end of history)

If further evidence were needed to demonstrate an earthward use of Dan 713 it can

be seen elsewhere in the NT and in apocalyptic and related texts Rev 17 clearly

applies Dan 713 to Jesusrsquo return as a lsquocoming with the cloudsrsquo from heaven to earth

Furthermore Adams has argued that the apocalyptic texts 1 Enoch 37-71 and 4 Ezra

131-13 make use of Dan 713 in their descriptions of humanlike figures In both 102

of these texts the figure has an active eschatological role and in neither text does the

Collins even highlights that the direction of travel is not actually clear in Daniel Collins 1993 311-99

12 Casey considers that lsquothe movement is downwards in the original Danielic text and this interpreta-tion was preserved by both the Jews and Christians of whom the latter saw here the parousia of Jesusrsquo Casey 1979 171

See also Maurice Casey lsquoThe whole of Mark 13 up to this point takes place on earthhellip if the Son of 100

man then comes he must come towards themrsquo Casey 1979 171

Cf Davies and Allison 1997 531 nt 77 France recognises that Mt 2531ff has an eschatological 101

application but insists that this is part of a heavenly judgement scene rather than an earthward lsquocoming of the Son of manrsquo France 1971 144

Adams 2005a102

33

humanlike figure come to God to receive glory These apocalyptic texts demonstrate

that Dan 713 was open to re-interpretation by first-century Jewish groups and while

not corresponding directly to a NT understanding of the coming as parousia offer a

partial parallel with the eschatological coming of God in judgment of the world 103

Accounting for Matthewrsquos use of παρουσία

Arguing that lsquothe comingrsquo does not refer to the parousia is especially difficult with

Matthewrsquos discourse since unlike the Markan and Lukan versions Matthew uses the

word παρουσία (four times 243 27 37 and 39) Wright and France deal with this in

different ways Wright accounts for it by considering that the word παρουσία lsquomeans

lsquopresencersquo as opposed to apousia lsquoabsencersquo hence it denotes the lsquoarrivalrsquo of

someonehellip and it is especially used in relation to the visit lsquoof a royal or official

personagersquorsquo However as France notes this view lsquois unconvincing in view of the 104

fact that by the time Matthewhellip wrote his gospel the word had become a recognised

technical term for Jesusrsquo second comingrsquo Furthermore France highlights that 105

Matthewrsquos extension of the discourse in chapter 25 makes it clear that Matthewrsquos text

does address lsquothe time of final and universal judgmentrsquo and not just the destruction 106

of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104

France 2002 501 Adams notes further that lsquoThe word is found 24 times in the New Testament 105

Only 7 cases are non-eschatological (1 Cor 1617 2 Cor 76 7 1010 Phil 126 212) Adams 2007 167 nt 178

France 2002 501 His point is well made apart from saying that this end time focus comes lsquoafter v 106

36rsquo While the material in ch 25 does suggest end-time events and so corroborate the understanding of parousia it doesnrsquot indicate at which point in ch 24 these events come into view

34

France recognises the reference to the universal judgement and the parousia in Mt 24

but excludes it from vv 29-31 based on his view that the discussion of end-time

events doesnrsquot begin until v 36 France considers that lsquobut of that day and hourrsquo (v

36) lsquomarks a deliberate change of subject from lsquothese thingsrsquo which have been

discussed in vv 33-34rsquo For France the disciplesrsquo two-part question in v 3 has two 107

separate and consecutive answers firstly lsquowhen will this [destruction of the Temple]

bersquo is answered in vv 4-35 including the concrete answer lsquowithin a generationrsquo

secondly lsquowhat will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the agersquo is

answered from v 36ff and includes the answer that this timing is unknown France 108

considers that the word parousia which is picked up in v 37 and v 39 lsquohas been

conspicuously absent from vv 4-35 (except to state in v 27 that the parousia is to be

distinguished from the period then under discussion) However France overstates 109

his argument regarding the location of the word parousia in the discourse Firstly the

absence of this word from the majority of the discourse is as we would expect given

that it deals mostly with the events leading up to the parousia Secondly the 110

correspondence between the dramatic description of the parousia in v 27 (lsquoas the

lightning comes from the east and flashes as far as the westrsquo) and the dramatic events

of lsquothe comingrsquo in vv 29-31 is highly suggestive and makes it difficult not to associate

these two Furthermore France does not give a good account of the introduction to v

France 1985 347 France reads περὶ δέ as adversative but among the NT examples he gives ne107 -glects to mention the other instances in Mark and Matthewrsquos Gospels where this is not the case Fur-thermore the distinction he highlights between lsquothat dayrsquo and lsquothose days of tribulationrsquo is not signifi-cant it is the difference between the events leading up to the parousia and the parousia itself and car-ries no implication of temporal separation France 2002 501

France 1985 337 By contrast France with Wright reads both parts of the Markan disciplesrsquo ques108 -tion (Mk 134) as referring to the fall of the Temple Cf Wright 2001 178 France 2002 506-7

France 1985 347109

We might add that even in the run up to the parousia this event is looming as in the announcements 110

of the false Messiahs and false prophets vv 24-2535

29 lsquoImmediately after the suffering of those daysrsquo In Francersquos understanding lsquothe

comingrsquo is a metaphor for the divine effect of the suffering of those days (including

the destruction of the Temple) - not a additional event lsquoafter the suffering of those

daysrsquo

lsquoThe comingrsquo as parousia

The arguments against the reference to the parousia in Mt 2429-31 are unpersuasive

we now turn to the arguments in favour Evidence from Matthewrsquos discourse and his

wider Gospel from elsewhere in the NT and from apocalyptic and related texts all 111

supports the understanding of lsquothe comingrsquo as the parousia of Christ

In Matthewrsquos discourse France draws too much significance from the observation

that in lsquothe Son of man coming (ἐρχόmicroενον)rsquo (v 30) lsquothe word parousia is not

usedrsquo In fact it is evident in the Matthean discourse itself that Matthew uses 112

cognates of ἐρχόmicroενον and παρουσίαν interchangeably including in the section which

France considers to be about the end-time parousia (v 36ff) Here lsquothe example of

Noahrsquo is compared with the ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ (lsquothe coming of the Sonrsquo) and the

parenetic conclusion is given lsquotherefore you also must be ready for the Son of Man is

coming (ἔρχεται) at an unexpected hourrsquo (v 42) Likewise Matthew uses a derivative

of ἔρχοmicroαι when he introduces the end-time judgement of the nations with lsquoWhen the

Son of Man comes (ἔλθῃ) in his gloryrsquo (Mt 2531) Matthew evidently uses both

ἐρχόmicroενον (v 30) and παρουσία (vv 27 36 37) with regard to the same end-time

Wider references from Matthewrsquos Gospel support a picture of lsquothe coming of the Son of Manrsquo as a 111

descent from heaven of the previously exalted and enthroned Christ coming in judgement at the end of age (cf Mt 1626 1928 2531 2664)

France 1985 344112

36

lsquocomingrsquo of the Son of Man His reason for varying the language is perfectly

explicable when it is noted that his use of ἐρχόmicroενον in 2430 is within a quotation

from Dan 7 (LXX) Matthewrsquos discourse nevertheless associates this clearly with the

parousia since he places this quotation in between the uses of παρουσία (v 27 37 and

39) and describes lsquothe coming of the Son of manrsquo in dramatic ways that relate to his

description of the parousia (v 27) 113

Further cause for reading lsquothe comingrsquo as the parousia comes from the disciplesrsquo

question which clearly anticipates the end of history Not only do the disciples

explicitly ask about the parousia but this is associated with lsquothe end of the agersquo

Rather than considering that the two parts of the disciplesrsquo question are distinct and

require a lsquochange of subjectrsquo it makes better sense to note that the one statement of

Jesus generated two connected questions from the disciples This implies that the

destruction of the Temple and the parousia were related in the minds of the disciples

Jesusrsquo reply confirms their assumption by describing tribulations which culminate in

the desolating sacrilege and which are followed immediately by lsquothe Son of man

comingrsquo Wright denies the end-time reference in the disciplesrsquo questions by

considering that συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος (lsquothe end of the agersquo) refers to lsquothe end of

Israelrsquos period of mourning and exilersquo This interpretation is unwarranted since as 114

Adams notes lsquothe phrase συντελεια του αιωνος is found several times in Matthewrsquos

Gospel and very clearly refers to the close of human history coinciding with the final

judgement (1339 40 49)rsquo This end-time reference and not the destruction of the 115

The book of Revelation provides further evidence that early Christians used ἔρχοmicroαι in relation to 113

the end-time coming of Jesus Cf Rev 14 18 (ἐρχόmicroενος) 17 (ἔρχεται) 216 311 1615 227 2212 2220 (ἔρχοmicroαι)

Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37

Temple is especially evident in Jesusrsquo promise to be with the disciples lsquoto the end of

the agersquo (Mt 2820)

Evidence from elsewhere in the NT suggests that lsquothe coming of the Son of man on

the cloudsrsquo should be understood as a parousia reference Maurice Casey notes 116 117

that the NT consistently attests to lsquobelief in the return of Jesus as an event often

referred to as his comingrsquo Paul demonstrates that Christians in the first century 118

already understood the parousia as a coming of Christ from heaven in Danielic terms

In 1 Thess 415-17 he describes the end-time lsquocoming (παρουσίαν) of the Lordrsquo as a

descent from heaven and a meeting of the faithful with Jesus lsquoin the cloudsrsquo (v 17) 119

Although hardly required further evidence that lsquothe comingrsquo relates to the parousia

comes from apocalyptic and related texts In addition to the evidence from 1 Enoch

and 4 Ezra for the reinterpretation of Dan 713 within apocalyptic eschatological

visions apocalyptic and related texts clearly relate periods of tribulation to the events

of the end As Adams notes lsquoin most examples of the schema which predate or are

close in time to Mark [and Matthew] the end-time tribulation or period of woes is

followed by an unmistakably lsquofinalrsquo eventrsquo The Testament of Moses is of particular 120

Regarding lsquoonrsquo (Mt 2430 2664 LXX Dan 713) lsquoinrsquo (Mk 1326) or lsquowithrsquo (Theod Dan 713 116

Rev 17) the clouds with Davies and Allison it is agreed that we should lsquohesitate to find theological differences in the stylistic variationsrsquo Davies and Allison 1997 361

For France and Wright such evidence is dismissed as it underlines the need to look outside the texts 117

and therefore suggest eisegesis France 2002 503 Wright 1992 462

Casey 1979 176118

Cf Rev 1414-15 where lsquoone like the Son of Manrsquo who is seated lsquoon the cloudrsquo appears for the har119 -vest when lsquothe earth is fully ripersquo (v 15)

Adams 2007 146 Adams notes lsquoGodrsquos eschatological advent (1 En 9015-19 917 T Mos 101-120

7) or his awesome intervention (Sib Or 6669-701) the day of judgement (1 En 1004) the destruction or re-creation of the cosmos (1 En 802-8 cf 721) In 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch the tribulation precedes the coming of the messiah 4 Ezra 51-13 613-25 etc 2 Bar 26-30 70 Regarding the 4 Ezra pas-sage Wright responds that lsquothere is interestingly a time-delay between the lionrsquos victory of the eagle and the final judgementrsquo Wright 2013 171

38

interest because like Matthew it alludes to the book of Daniel For Adams lsquolsquoit is

clear from the Testament of Moses that in the first century CE Daniel 12 was being

read in terms of the final time of trouble that marks the transition between the present

age and the age of blessednessrsquo By analogy with these apocalyptic and related 121

texts the tribulations in Matthewrsquos discourse (244-25) are eschatological woes As 122

such they anticipate just the sort of final event that we have if lsquothe coming of the Son

of manrsquo in vv 29-31 is the parousia of Christ for end-time judgement

In summary in part I it was shown that in Mt 2434 Jesus is said to expect

tribulations (including the destruction of the Temple) and also either explicitly or

implicitly lsquothe comingrsquo within the timeframe of his contemporary generation These

events were near in the view of Jesus and had become imminent for Matthewrsquos

audience who must remain alert and watch out because the precise moment of lsquothe

comingrsquo is known only to God the Father In part II it has been argued that this

lsquocomingrsquo is the parousia which Matthew further describes in vv 37ff Finally it is

asked what does the parousia entail and is it possible that it did happen as predicted

within a generation

2 b) The nature of lsquothe comingrsquo as the parousia

Matthewrsquos description of the parousia suggests that this is an event which brings

about the end of the age This arrival of the Son of Man will be preceded (or 123

accompanied) by cosmic upheaval (2429) a sign in the sky (2430) and will involve

Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122

For Adams the catastrophic cosmic upheavals lsquoboth announce and accompany the eschatological 123

comingrsquo Adams 2007 159 Cf Hooker 1991 301-239

the enthronement of the Son of Man in his judgement seat (2531) lsquoAll the tribes of

the earthrsquo will witness and mourn his arrival (2430) and there will be an angelic

gathering of lsquothe electrsquo (2431) There will be judgment and condemnation of the

wicked lsquoas in the days of Noahrsquo (2437) where lsquoone will be taken and one will be leftrsquo

(2441-42) in a separation (2532) of people from lsquoall the nationsrsquo (2532) The

judgment will result in either eternal punishment or for the righteous eternal life

(2546 2541) with a place in a prepared kingdom (2534) 124

Matthewrsquos discourse presents the coming of Jesus as the Son of Man for universal

judgment in the manner of the coming of God The imagery which is associated with

lsquothe comingrsquo (including clouds power and glory angels and a gathering of the elect)

is the imagery of OT theophany For Davies and Allison lsquoJesusrsquo coming is the 125

arrival of Godrsquos gloryrsquo Once again Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse conforms 126

to a common pattern in apocalyptic and related writings since these texts often relate

the coming of God to the end of history For Adams lsquothe comingrsquo as parousia 127

represents a lsquolsquoChristologizationrsquo of the eschatological hope of the coming of Godrsquo 128

While the OT texts which are directly behind the eschatological discourses are not

theophanic they do refer to lsquothe day of the Lordrsquo which as Adams notes was lsquoto a

Furthermore in the context of this discourse the saying that lsquoheaven and earth will pass away but 124

my words will not pass awayrsquo (2435) may reflect a literal expectation of the dissolution of the cosmos

See Adams 2007 151 for multiple references125


Adams notes that lsquoGodrsquos advent is clearly envisioned as the final intervention and is associated with 127

the last judgment (eg in 1 En 13-9 917 1004 T Mos 101-10) the appearance of the kingdom (T Mos 101-10) the resurrection of the dead (LAB 1912-13) and the transformation of creation (1 Jub 127-29) Adams 2007 150 nt 101

Adams 2007 133128

40

large extent fused with the idea of Godrsquos coming or the eschatological theophany in

Jewish apocalyptic and associated writingsrsquo 129

The language associated with lsquothe comingrsquo including the darkening of the sun and

moon and the falling of the stars from heaven may or may not be taken literally 130

Adams summarises the wide range of views regarding the meaning of the cosmic

language associated with lsquothe comingrsquo in Mk 1324-25 [= Mt 2429] and notes that

lsquomost favour a non-literal reading but there is no clear consensus on to what the

language actually refersrsquo Adams highlights that lsquoin Jewish apocalyptic and related 131

writings Godrsquos catastrophic intervention does not usually result in the destruction of

the cosmos at least not explicitly it does so only in Apoc Zeph 125-8rsquo However 132

Adams considers it natural to associate lsquothe comingrsquo with the statement that lsquoheaven

and earth will pass awayrsquo (Mk 1331 Mt 2435) For Wright and France this

phrase is a metaphor which adds emphasis However as Sim points out even if the 133

purpose of the phrase is to add emphasis to lsquobut my words will not pass awayrsquo it

works because of an assumption about lsquothe ephemeral nature of the present orderrsquo 134

Given that Matthew is describing the end of the age and that earlier tribulations seem

to describe real events (wars earthquakes etc) it is reasonable (although not

Ibid 159129

NB having recognised that Matthewrsquos discourse wrongly expected the imminent end of history the 130

question of whether the language used to describe this end is literal or not is one of academic rather than practical importance

Whether literally figuratively as apocalyptic language for the eschaton as portenteous rather than 131

cataclysmic as accompanying the parousia as theophany language metaphorically as a reference to the passion and as socio-political upheaval See Adams 2007 139 for references

Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41

essential) to expect that Matthew envisaged a real cosmic catastrophe with the

parousia 135

Conclusion

As part of Matthewrsquos eschatological discourse Jesus emphatically states that lsquotruly I

tell you this generation will not pass away until all these things have taken

placersquo (Mt 2434) This controversial statement with its synoptic parallels has raised

much debate with regard to the timing and nature of the eschatological events that it

describes This paper has shown that internal evidence from Matthewrsquos discourse and

wider Gospel supported by external evidence (especially Jewish apocalyptic and

related writings) leads to a confident interpretation of this verse Matthewrsquos Jesus

announces that both the eschatological woes and the parousia described earlier in the

discourse will take place within the lifetime of his contemporaries

It is notable that the confidence in this interpretation is based primarily on a close

reading of Matthewrsquos text The importance of internal evidence has been seen

throughout this study where the logic and structure of the discourse along with the

use of similar language elsewhere in Matthewrsquos Gospel points to the interpretation

given here In the case of γενεὰ alternative uses by Matthew provided evidence that

it is intended here to refer to lsquogenerationrsquo in the narrow sense In the case of πάντα

ταῦτα the logic of the discourse dictated that even if the phrase did not include lsquothe

comingrsquo this lsquocomingrsquo must still be expected within a generation This was evident

due to both the relationship between v 34 and v 33 (which made lsquothe comingrsquo near at

Cf 2 Pet 310 ff Whether Matthew literally expected the falling of the stars from heaven is less 135

important than the fact that evidence indicates an expectation of actual cosmic events42

the very gates within a generation) and the explicit temporal continuity between the

tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo In the case of lsquothe comingrsquo as parousia evidence from

Matthewrsquos discourse (the disciplesrsquo question the word παρουσία the dramatic

language and the later focus on universal judgement) along with other references in

Matthew to lsquothe comingrsquo and to enthroning for judgement all suggest that the lsquothe

Son of Man comingrsquo is a parousia reference

While the case from the internal evidence stands on its own external intertextual

evidence also supports the view that Matthewrsquos Jesus expected the end of the age

within the lifetime of his contemporaries Evidence has been drawn from other NT

texts which similarly use Dan 713 and which likewise indicate an expectation of

Jesusrsquo return Evidence from apocalyptic and related texts including Daniel and post-

biblical Jewish writings has been seen to be relevant due to the form of Matthewrsquos

discourse Conforming to the pattern of these texts Matthewrsquos discourse relates both

tribulations and the coming of God to the end of the age Matthew is also not unique

among these texts in presenting a Danielic human-like figure as an eschatological

agent There is no indication that Matthew intends to subvert the themes he shares

with apocalyptic writings but rather the latter support the view that Matthew

anticipates the end of the age The book of Daniel aside the OT texts related to

Matthewrsquos discourse are noteworthy as source material but ultimately a more

synchronic comparison with apocalyptic and related texts (including Daniel) is

deemed to be more illuminating since this is the discourse stream that likely informed

Matthew and his readers

43

In a number of cases redactional changes made by Matthew to the Markan discourse

play a key role in strengthening the interpretation of Mt 2434 offered here This is

most evident in Mt 2429 ( Mk 1324-25) where Markrsquos lsquoBut in those days after

that sufferingrsquo becomes lsquoImmediately after the suffering of those daysrsquo In this case

by making the tribulations and lsquothe comingrsquo continuous as Adams notes lsquoMatthew

only makes explicit what Mark impliesrsquo Further examples of redactional 136

clarification include Matthewrsquos explicit use of the word παρουσία and his changes to

the disciplesrsquo question In Markrsquos discourse the eschatological nature of the disciplesrsquo

question (Mk 134) is indicated by the allusion to Dan 126-7 in the phrase ταῦτα

συντελεῖσθαι πάντα (lsquoall these things [are about] to be accomplishedrsquo) This 137

eschatological focus is made explicit by Matthew with τῆς σῆς παρουσίας καὶ

συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος (lsquoof your coming and of the end of the agersquo) Furthermore in

Matthewrsquos ch 25 extension to the discourse parables are used to develop the

parenetic purpose evident in Mark (esp Mk 1323) that the hearers should remain

alert due to the nearness of lsquothe comingrsquo This extended discourse also develops the

theme of judgement thus making it clear that the end of the age is in view 138

In each of these redactional changes Matthew clarifies (rather than changes) the sense

evident in Markrsquos discourse This observation suggests that Matthewrsquos redacted

eschatological discourse may be the key to the interpretation of the shorter and less

clear discourse in Mark The apparent ambiguity in Mark has been a source for much

scholarly ink and has been particularly conducive to confessionally driven attempts to

Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137

For Mark this is evident in 1327 lsquoThen he will send out the angels and gather his elect from the 138

four winds from the ends of the earth to the ends of heavenrsquo44

absolve Jesus or the Evangelist from error However the ambiguities are

overstated and the arguments presented here for the meaning of γενεὰ the timing 139

significance of the antecedent for πάντα ταῦτα and the relative nature of Jesusrsquo

ignorance apply equally well for the parallel verses in Mark This study has

deliberately focused on Matthewrsquos discourse since his redactions take what is the

most obvious interpretation of Markrsquos discourse and place it beyond any reasonable

doubt The suggestion here is that Matthewrsquos discourse supports those who read Mk

1330 as likewise revealing the expectation of the imminent apocalyptic parousia and

end of the age

The interpretation of Mt 2434 offered here along with the suggestion of a close

correspondence in meaning between the discourses in Matthew and Mark raises

important questions about the dating of these texts particularly in relation to 70 CE

If it is assumed that the fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple are the climax

of the eschatological woes then Matthewrsquos lsquoimmediately after the sufferingrsquo (2429)

would suggest against the majority view a dating for Matthew not more than a few 140

years after 70 CE and quite possibly before Questions of the dating and temporal 141

relationship between Mark and Matthew deserve more space than is available here 142

Furthermore observations of the relationship between the eschatological discourses

Especially in Geddert 1989139

Duling 2010 298140

The most straightforward reading of lsquoimmediately afterrsquo would mean lsquoimmediately after the climax 141

- the destruction of the Templersquo This of course requires a pre-70 dating for Matthew However if after 70 CE a terminus ad quem could be argued from Matthew having a dependence on Dan 12 and assumption that the destruction of the Temple was the lsquodesolating sacrilegersquo which leaves a further 35 years (of suffering) until the end Contra Marxsen 1969 204

Notably the key argument that apparent animosity towards lsquothe Jewsrsquo in Matthew indicates a later 142

dating should be reevaluated given recent recognition of the diversity of first-century lsquoJudaismsrsquo and the conflict between these groups

45

of Matthew and Mark raise questions about how Lukersquos parallel discourse relates to

the other Synoptic Gospels Again further space is required to explore the similarities

and especially in this case differences between the eschatological discourses

The erroneous end-time expectations of Matthewrsquos Jesus have ramifications which

extend beyond the eschatological discourse since they are a key feature of the

apocalyptic worldview apparent throughout Matthewrsquos Gospel As such 143

Matthewrsquos eschatological perspective is of fundamental importance to interpreting the

words and actions of the Jesus he presents including the Kingdom of GodHeaven

sayings the nature of Jesusrsquo ethical exhortations the scope of election and 144 145

salvation and even the significance of Jesusrsquo death and resurrection 146 147

Furthermore just as Weiss recognised the gap between modern liberal sensibilities

and Jesus the apocalyptic prophet acknowledging that Matthewrsquos Jesus is

(mistakenly) dualistic and deterministic can have a negative impact on the appeal of

the Jesus character in his Gospel 148

For some the acknowledgement of such a significant and far reaching error may be a

fatal blow for the authority and thus revelation of Scripture However two different

For Schweitzer Matthewrsquos Jesus holds a konsequente (lsquoconsistentrsquo or lsquothoroughgoingrsquo) eschatology 143

(Schweitzer 1910 328ff) where lsquothe public ministry of Jesusrsquo was influenced by his escahtological perspective (Schweitzer 1910 350f)

For Weiss lsquothe establishment of the βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ will be mediated solely by Godrsquos supernat144 -ural interventionhellip For mankind and thus for Jesus also this means Pray that the Kingdom may comersquo This understanding of the Kingdom of God is applied throughout the Synoptics including the Lordrsquos Prayer and the Beatitudes Weiss 1971 82-3

Schweitzer writes of an Interimsethik Schweitzer 1910 349145

Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147

At least for those who are comfortable Alternatively dualist and deterministic portrayals of the 148

world can bring validation and comfort to those who struggle or who are oppressed46

types of response suggest ways forward for the confessional reader who views the NT

as authoritative Scripture and who neither denies nor downplays Matthewrsquos

apocalyptic Jesus The first response is to attempt to reach behind the text of 149

Matthew by attributing the error to Matthew or the early church and seeking to

recover the authentic Jesus contained within the NT This approach is exemplified by

some who hold a Realized Eschatology proponents of which have not traditionally

denied that Matthewrsquos discourse expects an imminent end of history but have

accounted for this as either a misapprehension of the words of Jesus by the early

church or as part of inauthentic additions to the words of Jesus Attempts to 150 151

determine the authenticity of Jesus logia depend heavily on source-criticism In this

vein debates over the significance of the Gospel of Thomas and the eschatological 152

emphasis of the Q source have led some scholars to argue that Jesus was not

apocalyptic in his message Rudolf Bultmannrsquos demythologising approach is an 153

alternative expression of reaching behind the text Bultmann acknowledged the

imminent apocalyptic expectation of the Synoptic Gospels but employed form-

criticism in order to recover the textrsquos gospel proclamation (kerygma) and so

lsquodemythologisersquo the early churchrsquos failure to appropriately express their existential

encounter with God through Christ 154

Contra Strauss the parousia is an apocalyptic event at the end of history Strauss 1860 658 Luz 149

downplays the apocalyptic emphasis in Matthew overall Luz 1989 204

For C H Dodd an early proponent of Realised Eschatology lsquolsquothe expectation of His early return 150

proved an illusion The Church was mistaken about the date of the great eventrsquo Notably in his early writing Dodd allowed for a future fulfilment for lsquothe comingrsquo Dodd 1951 6 20

Glasson 1947 63ff Robinson 1979 39 83f Cf Reimarus sect37 214151

Cf Crossan 1985 15-62 contra Meier 1991 127152

Crossan 1991 287ff153

Bultmann 1953 5 Bultmann 1957 47154

47

Rather than reaching behind Matthewrsquos Gospel the second broad approach involves

moving forward from the perspective he presents a move not unprecedented within

the NT itself This is to consider that the Scriptures attest to variegated and

developing eschatological perspectives within the early church and to recognise that

the modern reader is not the first to have to grapple with the problem of the non-

return (as yet) of Christ As such it is a faith approach which is positioned in the

trajectory of the (very early) tradition of the church Following Hans Conzelmann a

number of scholars have argued that Luke-Acts presents a revision of early Christian

eschatology which lsquoabandoned belief in the early expectationrsquo and projected the 155

parousia into the distant future Accordingly it could be argued that while 156

Matthewrsquos discourse does not sustain an Inaugurated Eschatology for today Luke-157

Acts is more conducive to considering that the end-time events of universal

judgement are in the lsquonot-yetrsquo rather than the lsquonowrsquo the promise awaiting

fulfilment The lingering problem of Matthewrsquos error can be circumvented by 158

following the view of 2 Peter 3 in which the delayed parousia is accounted for by

recourse to different concepts of human and divine time where lsquowith the Lord one

day is like a thousand yearsrsquo Alternatively Joachim Jeremias and more recently 159 160

Dale Allison have emphasised the contingent and conditional nature of prophecy 161

Conzelmann 1960 117155

Hiers argues that even Luke expected an imminent parousia despite revising expectations to justify 156

the delay until his (later in the first-century) time Hiers 1974 146

NB Allison described the eschatology of Matthew as Inaugurated from the perspective (and expec157 -tation) of Matthew for whom Jesus had established the Kingdom of God and would come imminently to consummate history at the parousia This is not grounds for modern day Inaugurated eschatological expectations

Kuumlmmel 1957158

Contra Adams 2005b the prevailing understanding of the scofferrsquos question as related to the non-159

appearance of Christ is assumed At least this is the significant point for Peter for whom lsquothe Day of the Lordrsquo and parousia of Christ are contemporaneous

Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48

as a way of accounting for the non-fulfilment of Jesusrsquo declaration in Mt 2434 and

its parallels

The first of these two responses grounds authority in the notion of a recoverable

authentic Jesus in Scripture while the second regards authority in Christian tradition

after Matthew which is nevertheless apparent within Scripture To change 162

analogy whether excavating the textual stratigraphy beneath Matthew or building up

from Matthew according to early tradition Matthewrsquos Gospel is neither dispensed

with nor rejected Both approaches involve reflection on the wider canon of 163

Scripture but without attempting to present a harmonised canonical reading These

options are not without difficulties but an evaluation of the merits and issues with

these approaches requires more space than is available here The point is made

however that acknowledging Matthewrsquos mistaken apocalyptic Jesus need not be the

end of faith

This paper has shown that Matthewrsquos discourse erroneously expected the imminent

apocalyptic end of history with the parousia Whether this error belonged to Matthew

or Jesus and what either or both of these possibilities means for Scriptural authority

and our future hope are questions for further discussion What has been shown is that

Notably there have been those whose approach to faith places authority in Christian tradition after 162

the NT age - without depending on explicit Scriptural or pre-Scriptural witness Weiss himself exem-plified a separation of history from theology which enabled him to move beyond the perspective of an apocalyptic Jesus While Weiss considered that the Jesus of history held a redundant eschatological expectation he was also open to the positive potential of the Realized Eschatology of liberal Protes-tantism notably allowing for the perspective of his father-in-law Albrecht Ritschl (R H Hiers and D L Holland in Weiss 1971 17-24) Weiss concluded his famous work with the hope that lsquothis world will evermore become the showplace of the people of Godrsquo Weiss 1971 135 Similarly Schweitzer concludes that we should heed the call of him lsquowho comes to us as one unknownhellip He speaks to us the same word Follow thou merdquorsquo Schweitzer 1910 397

However recognition of erroneous eschatological expectations does entail a rejection of the notion 163

of Biblical inerrancy Chicago Statement 1978 289-290 See esp statement 4 of the summary state-ments

49

the statement of Matthewrsquos Jesus in Mt 2434 was explicitly or implicitly in error

what he told them he evidently didnrsquot tell them lsquotrulyrsquo

50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams E 1997 lsquoHistorical Crisis and Cosmic Crisis in Mark 13 and Lucanrsquos Civil Warrsquo TynBul 482 329-44 2005a lsquoThe Coming of the Son of Man in Markrsquos Gospelrsquo TynBul 562 39-61 2005b lsquoldquoWhere is the Promise of his Comingrdquo The Complaint of the Scoffers in 2 Peter 34rsquo NTS 51 106-22 2007 The Stars will Fall from Heaven Cosmic Catastrophe in the New Testament and its World (LNTS 347 London and New York T amp T Clark International) Allison D C 1985 The End of the Ages has Come An Early Interpretation of the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus (Philadelphia Fortress Press) 1994 lsquoA Plea for Thoroughgoing Eschatologyrsquo JBL Vol 113 No 4 651-668 Ambrozic A M 1972 The Hidden Kingdom A Redactional-Critical Study of the References to the Kingdom of God in Markrsquos Gospel (Washington The Catholic Biblical Association of America) Bauckham R 1983 lsquoSynoptic Parousia Parables Againrsquo NTS 29 129-134 Beare F W 1981 The Gospel according to Matthew A Commentary (Oxford Basil Blackwell) Beasley-Murray G R 1983 lsquoSecond Thoughts on the Composition of Mark 13rsquo NTS 293 414-420 1993 Jesus and the Last Days The Interpretation of the Olivet Discourse (Peabody Massachusetts Hendrickson) Borg M J 1987 lsquoAn Orthodoxy Reconsidered The ldquoEnd-of-the-World Jesusrdquorsquo in L D Hurst and N T Wright (eds) The Glory of Christ in the New Testament Studies in Christology (Oxford Clarendon Press) 207-17 Bornkamm G 1963 lsquoEnd-Expectation and Church in Matthewrsquo in G Bornkamm G Barth and H J Held Tradition and Interpretation in Matthew (London SCM Press) 15ndash51 Bultmann R 1953 Kerygma and Myth a Theological Debate (Bultmann et al London SPCK) 1957 History and Eschatology The Gifford Lectures 1955 (Edinburgh The University Press) Brent A 2009 A Political History of Early Christianity (London and New York T amp T Clark International) Caird G B

51

1965 Jesus and God (with D E Jenkins London The Faith Press) 1980 The Language and Imagery (London Duckworth and Co) 1994 New Testament Theology (Completed and edited by L D Hurst New York Clarendon Press Oxford Oxford University Press) Casey M 1979 Son of Man The Interpretation and Influence of Daniel 7 (London SPCK) Collins A Y 1992 lsquoThe Eschatological Discourse of Mark 13rsquo in F Van Segbroeck et al (eds) The Four Gospels 1992 Festschrift Frans Neirynck (Leuven Leuven University Press) Collins J J 1979 (ed) Semeia 14 Apocalypse The Morphology of a Genre (Missoula MT Scholars Press) 1993 Daniel A Commentary on the Book of Daniel (Hermeneia Minneapolis Fortress) 1997 Apocalypticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls (London and New York Routledge) 1998 The Apocalyptic Imagination An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 2nd edn) Conzelmann H 1960 The Theology of St Luke (New York Harper Row) Cousar C B 1970 lsquoEschatology and Marks Theologia Crucis A Critical Analysis of Mark 13rsquo A Journal of Bible and Theology Vol24(3) 321-335 Cranfield C E B 1959 The Gospel According to Saint Mark An Introduction and Commentary (CGTC Cambridge Cambridge University Press) Crossan J D 1985 Four Other Gospels Shadows on the Contours of Canon (New York Winston) 1991 The Historical Jesus The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (Edinburgh T amp T Clark) Davies W D and D C Allison 1997 The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (Vol 3 ICC Edinburgh TampT Clark) Dodd C H 1951 The Coming of Christ Four Broadcast Addresses for the Season of Advent (Cambridge Cambridge University Press) 1961 The Parables of the Kingdom (London CollinsFontana Books) Duling D C 2010 The Gospel of Matthew in D E Aune (ed) The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament (Chichester Wiley-Blackwell) Evans C A 2001 Mark 827-1620 (WBC 34B Nashville Thomas Nelson) Fletcher-Louis C 1997 lsquoThe Destruction of the Temple and the Relativization of the Old Covenant Mark 1331 and Matthew 518rsquo in K E Brower and

52

M W Elliot (eds) lsquoThe reader must understandrsquo Eschatology in Bible and Theology (Leicester Apollos) 145-69 France R T 1971 Jesus and the Old Testament His Application of Old Testament Passages to Himself and His Mission (London Tyndale) 1985 The Gospel According to Matthew An Introduction and Commentary (TNTC Leicester Inter-Varsity Press Grand Rapids Eerdmans) 2002 The Gospel of Mark A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rapids Eerdmans Carlisle Paternoster Press) Geddert T J 1989 Watchwords Mark 13 in Markan Eschatology (JSNTSup 26 Sheffield Sheffield Academic Press) Glasson T F 1947 The Second Advent The Origin of the New Testament Doctrine (London Epworth Press) 1980 Jesus and the End of the World (Edinburgh The Saint Andrew Press) Gundry R H 1967 The Use of the Old Testament in St Matthewrsquos Gospel with Special Reference to the Messianic Hope (Leiden E J Brill) 1993 Mark A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross (Grand Rapids Eerdmans) 1994 Matthew A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church under Persecution 2nd ed (Grand Rapids Eerdmans) Hagner D A 1995 Matthew 14-28 (WBC 33B Dallas World Books) Hatina T R 1996 lsquoThe Focus of Mark 1324-27 The Parousia or the Destruction of the Templersquo BBR 643-66 Hiers R H 1974 lsquoThe Problem of the Delay of the Parousia in Luke-Actsrsquo NTS 202 145-155 Hirsch E D 1967 Validity in Interpretation (New Haven Yale University Press) Hoffmann Y 1981 lsquoThe Day of the Lord as a Concept and a Term in the Prophetic Literaturersquo ZAW 93 37-50 Hooker 1991 The Gospel According to St Mark (BNTC London A amp C Black) Horsley R 1993 lsquoWisdom and Apocalypticism in Markrsquo in L G Perdue B R Scott and W J Wiseman (eds) In Search of Wisdom Essays in Memory of John G Gammie (Louisville WestminsterJohn Knox Press) 223-244 Jeremias J 1971 New Testament Theology (trans J Bowden New York Sribnerrsquos) Koch K 1972 The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic (SBT 22 London SCM Press)

53

Kuumlmmel W G 1957 Promise and Fulfilment The Eschatological Message of Jesus (trans D M Barton London SCM Press) Ladd G E 1974 The Presence of the Future The Eschatology of Biblical Realism (London SPCK) Luz U 2001 Matthew 8-20 A Commentary (trans J E Crouch Minneapolis Augsburg) 1989 Matthew 21-28 A Commentary (trans J E Crouch Minneapolis Augsburg) Marcus J 1992 lsquoThe Jewish War and the Sitz im Leben of Markrsquo JBL Vol 111 No 3 441-62 2009 Mark 8-16 A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New Haven amp London Yale University Press) Marshall I H 1992 lsquoThe Parousia in the New Testament - and Todayrsquo in M J Wilkins and T Paige (eds) Worship Theology and Ministry in the Early Church Essays in Honor of Ralph P Martin (JSNTSup 87 Sheffield JSOT Press) 194-211 Martin G 2009 lsquoProcedural Register in the Olivet Discourse A Functional Linguistic Approach to Mark 13rsquo Biblica Filologia Neotestamentaria Vol 90 457-483 Marxsen W 1969 Mark the Evangelist studies on the redaction history of the Gospel (trans J Boyce et al Nashville and New York Abingdon Press) Meier J P 1991 A Marginal Jew Rethinking the historical Jesus Vol 1 (New York Doubleday) Moltmann J 1996 The Coming of God Christian Eschatology (trans M Kohl London SCM Press) Moore A L 1966 The Parousia in The New Testament (Leiden E J Brill) Morris L 1992 The Gospel According to Matthew (Grand Rapids Eerdmans) Mounce R H 1991 Matthew (New International Biblical Commentary 1 Grand Rapids Baker Books) Nineham D E 1968 The Gospel of St Mark (The Pelican Gospel Commentaries London A amp C Black rev edn) Otto R 2004 lsquoDealing with Delay A Critique of Christian Copingrsquo Biblical Theology Bulletin 34 150-160 Perry P S

54

2010 lsquoDisputing Enoch Reading Matthew 24 36-44 with Enochic Judaismrsquo Currents in Theology and Mission 376 451-459 Robinson J A T 1979 Jesus and His Coming Did the early Church misinterpret the original teaching of Jesus (London SCM Press) Rowland C 1982 Open Heaven Study of the Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity (London SPCK) Russell J S 1887 The Parousia A Critical Inquiry into the New Testament Doctrine of our Lordrsquos Second Coming (London T Fisher Unwin new edn) Schweitzer A 1910 The Quest of the Historical Jesus A Critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede (trans W Montgomery London A amp C Black First English Edition) Schweizer E 1976 The Good News According to Matthew (trans D E Green London SPCK) Sim D 1996 Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Gospel of Matthew (SNTS MS 88 Cambridge Cambridge University Press) Smalley S S 1964 lsquoThe Delay of the Parousiarsquo JBL 831 41-54 Strauss D F 1860 The Life of Jesus Critically Examined Vol II (trans M Evans New York Calvin Blanchard) Talbert C H (ed) 1970 Reimarus Fragments (ed C H Talbert trans R S Fraser Philadelphia Fortress Press) Various 1978 lsquoThe Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancyrsquo JETS 214 289-296 Wasserman E 2008 lsquoPaul among the Philosophers The Case of Sin in Romans 6ndash8rsquo JSNT 304 387-415 Weiss J 1971 Jesusrsquo Proclamation of the Kingdom of God (Lives of Jesus Series Philadelphia Fortress Press) Wenham D 1982 lsquo lsquoThis Generation will not passhelliprsquo A Study of Jesusrsquo future expectation in Mark 13rsquo in H H Rowdon (ed) Christ the Lord Studies in Christology presented to Donald Guthrie (Leicester Inter-Varsity Press) 127-150 1984 The Rediscovery of Jesusrsquo Eschatological Discourse (Gospel Perspectives 4 Sheffield JSOT Press) Whiston W 1892 The Works of Flavius Josephus (London Routledge) Wright N T

55

1992 The New Testament and the People of God Christian Origins and the Question of God Vol1 (London SPCK) 1996 Jesus and the Victory of God (Christian Origins and the Question of God 2 London SPCK) 2013 Paul and the Faithfulness of God Parts I and II (London SPCK) 167ff

Electronic citations from Christian Classics Ethereal Library Calvin J Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke - Volume 3 lthttpwwwccelorgccelcalvincalcom33iixixhtmlgt [892014] Schaff P 1882 St Chrysostom Homilies on the Gospel of St Matthew in History of Christian Church 8 Vols lt h t t p w w w c c e l o r g c c e l s c h a f f npnf110iiiLXXIVhtmlfnf_iiiLXXIV-p132gt [8092014] 1885 The Clementia in Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol 8 lthttpwwwccelorgccelschaffanf08viivvixvhtmlgt [892014]

56

understand the eschatological expectations of the redactor of Matthewrsquos gospel In

this verse Jesus declares lsquoTruly I tell you this generation (γενεὰ) will not pass away

until all these things (πάντα ταῦτα) have taken placersquo As Ulrich Luz notes lsquountil

well into the eighteenth century there were essentially two competing types of

interpretation of [Mt 2434]rsquo The first understands γενεὰ to mean lsquogenerationrsquo and 1

πάντα ταῦτα to refer to events up to and including the destruction of Jerusalem The

second considers that πάντα ταῦτα includes reference to the end-time parousia but

saves Jesus from error by broadening the definition of γενεὰ It was Hermann

Reimarus (followed by Johannes Weiss and Albert Schweitzer) who first heightened

the debate over this verse by concluding that Jesus mistakenly expected the end-time

parousia within the lifetime of his contemporaries 2

The exploration of the eschatological expectation contained within Mt 2434 will

begin with a textual analysis of the verse In particular this will seek to resolve the

questions over the meaning of γενεὰ and the antecedent for πάντα ταῦτα In the case

of the latter this will involve considering the function of v 34 in the wider context of

the pericope of which it is a part the eschatological discourse of Mt 24-25 This will

raise subsidiary questions over the relationship between the two main elements of the

eschatological discourse the period of tribulation and lsquothe coming of the Son of

manrsquo (hereafter lsquothe comingrsquo) Given that v 34 apparently expresses timing 3

expectations in concrete terms it is also necessary to consider the relationship

between this verse and v 36 in which Jesus admits ignorance regarding lsquothat day and

Luz 1989 2091

Reimarus in Talbert 1970 218-222

NB due to debate around the meaning of lsquothe coming of the Son of manrsquo this phrase has been abbre3 -viated above to lsquothe comingrsquo and not to lsquothe parousiarsquo

2


delay and watching







Rationale
















noted




Methodology
















4








5




place















Luz 1989 2076






6






















Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812


7



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


delay and watching







Rationale
















noted




Methodology
















4








5




place















Luz 1989 2076






6






















Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812


7



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56



noted




Methodology
















4








5




place















Luz 1989 2076






6






















Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812


7



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56








5




place















Luz 1989 2076






6






















Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812


7



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56




place















Luz 1989 2076






6






















Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812


7



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















Luz 1989 20811

Luz 2001 14812


7



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56



















Luz 1989 20815


See below17


8

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56

























9


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


























10




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56




















Martin 2009 46127

Ibid28



11






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















Marcus 1992 44831


























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56
























Nineham 1968 34335

13






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















14






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















Adams 2007 17138



























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56

























16





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56





















Ibid44



Geddert 1989 23046

17



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56



Multiple focus


















Caird 1980 25848


18


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


















Dan 1211-1250



Geddert 1989 23452


19



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56



















related





20























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56























5 Isa 27


Cf Mt 2438-39 42 44 50 251357

21






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















Luz 1989 21361


22

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56

























23







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56







Summary


























Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56









Cf 1 Cor 155166

25





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56





















Hatina 1996 4367

France 1971 14568

Wright 1996 36269

26















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56















those days






constellations









27














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56














2431)








Hatina 1996 5575

28





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56





















Adams 2007 15677


eg Isa 24-2779

29


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


















Adams 2007 15780



Adams 2007 159 82

France 2002 532-383





30






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















Sim 1996 7090


Sim 1996 17592

31


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


























Wright 1996 36198

32

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56

























Adams 2005a102

33

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56

















of Jerusalem

Adams 2005a 47103

Wright 1996 341104





34






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















France 1985 347109






daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56




daysrsquo



















France 1985 344112

36
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56
























Wright 1996 346114

Adams 2007168115

37





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56





















Casey 1979 176118




38
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56
















within a generation





Adams 2007 140-1121

Rowland 1982 43 Also Sim 1996 42-3122


























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56
























Adams 2007 133128

40


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


















Ibid 159129





Adams 2007 160132

Wright 1996 365 France 2002 540133

Sim 1993 8134

41


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


parousia 135

Conclusion











































43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56























43






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56






















Adams 2007 168136

Ibid 140137











end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56









end of the age











Duling 2010 298140





45





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56





















Ibid146

Allison 1985 169147





























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56



























47























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56























Kuumlmmel 1957158



Jeremias 1971 139-41160

Allison 1985 175161

48


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


its parallels











end of faith









49



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56



50

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56

BIBLIOGRAPHY


51


52


53


54


55



56


52


53


54


55



56


53


54


55



56


54


55



56


55



56



56

The eschatological expectation of Matthew 24:34

Documents

Transcript of The eschatological expectation of Matthew 24:34