The effect of chronic prolactin administration upon the blood sugar, insulin and free fatty acid...

14
INSTITUTO DE FtSIOLOG*A, FACULTAD DE MEDICINA UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES (Director Int.: Prof. R. A. CHIERI) THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC PROLACTIN ADMINISTRATION UPON THE BLOOD SUGAR, INSULIN AND FREE FATTY ACID RESPONSE TO A GLUCOSE LOAD IN THE DOG * AURORA ~ENAULD ** RITA C. SVERDLIK LILIANA L. ANDRADE * * * Already long ago HoussAY and BIA- SOTTI *~ reported that prolactin has a diabetogenic effect in vivo, and this has since been studied by many investi- gators. Thus, it was found that chronic proIactin therapy induces an increase in the fasting blood sugar levels in partially pancreatectomized dogs and cats ~3,~4. ~5, in hypophysectomized dogs ~" ~8and also in juvenile type diabetic patients a. ,.,~. This transient, very mild effect of pro- lactin, which may be accompanied by glycosuria a, ~s, requires prior sensitiza- tion of the animal through partial pan- creaLectomy; it was not found in hypo- physectomized dogs with intact pan- creas r, and in normal sheep zo; it is very modest (6%) in normal dogs a4 and is definitely not connected with the ac- tivity of thyroid ~8 and adrenal glands ". In hypophysectomized 7 and adrenal- ectomized-hypophysectomized ~' 8 dogs proIactin treatment corrects the hypo- glycemia which follows the high blood sugar level induced by an i.v. glucose tolerance test but does not provoke a diabetic" type blood sugar curve; only EFECTO DE LA ADMINISTRACION CRO- NICA DE PROLACTINA SOBRE LA RES- PUESTA GLUCENIICA~ INSULINEMICA Y DE LOS AGIDOS GRASOS LIBRES CIRCU- LANTES, A LA SOBRECARGA DE GLUCOSA EN EL PERRO. HOUSSAY y BIASOTTI ~s demostraron hace ya rnuchos afios que la prolactina tiene un efecto diabetdgeno in vivo, que fu6 estudiado posterior- mente por diversos invesdgadores. Asl se observ6 que el tratamiento cr6nico con prolactina provoca un aumento en fa glucemia de ayuno en perros y gatos pancreatoprivos ,a, ,4, ~5, en perros hipo- fisectomizados ~6. ,a como asf tambidn en pacientes hipofisoprivos con diabetes ju- venil" 22. Este efecto leve y pasajero de la prolactina est~ eventualmente acom- pa~ado de glucosuria 2. ,a, requiere una previa sensibilizaci6n del animal pot medio de una pancreatectomCa parcial, no habiendo sido hallado en perros hipo- fisectomizados con p~ncreas intacto 7, en ovejas normales =0 yen muy pequefia proporci6n (6%) en perros normales =4, siendo independiente de la actividad ti- roidea ~8 Y de Its gl~ndulas adrenales C * This work was partially supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient~ficas y Tdcnicas, Argentina, Res. Grant. no. 2304-D. ~:* Established Investigator, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientfficas y T~cnicas, _Ar- gentina. *** Post-Graduate Fellow, University of Buenos Aires. Key-zoords: Blood sugar; Dog; ProIe.ctin; Serum free fatty acids; Seru~n immunomactive insulin. Data di arrivo in Redazione 10-9-1973. Acta dither, fat. 10, 1286, 1973. 1286

Transcript of The effect of chronic prolactin administration upon the blood sugar, insulin and free fatty acid...

INSTITUTO DE FtSIOLOG*A, FACULTAD DE MEDICINA UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES

(Director Int.: Prof. R. A. CHIERI)

THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC PROLACTIN ADMINISTRATION UPON THE BLOOD SUGAR, INSULIN AND FREE FATTY ACID

RESPONSE TO A GLUCOSE LOAD IN T H E D O G *

AURORA ~ENAULD ** RITA C. SVERDLIK LILIANA L. ANDRADE * * *

Already long ago HoussAY and BIA- SOTTI *~ reported that prolactin has a diabetogenic effect in vivo, and this has since been studied by many investi- gators. Thus, it was found that chronic proIactin therapy induces an increase in the fasting blood sugar levels in partially pancreatectomized dogs and cats ~3, ~4. ~5, in hypophysectomized dogs ~" ~8 and also in juvenile type diabetic patients a. ,.,~. This transient, very mild effect of pro- lactin, which may be accompanied by glycosuria a, ~s, requires prior sensitiza- tion of the animal through partial pan- creaLectomy; it was not found in hypo- physectomized dogs with intact pan- creas r, and in normal sheep zo; it is very modest ( 6 % ) in normal dogs a4 and is definitely not connected with the ac- tivity of thyroid ~8 and adrenal glands ". In hypophysectomized 7 and adrenal- ectomized-hypophysectomized ~' 8 dogs proIactin treatment corrects the hypo- glycemia which follows the high blood sugar level induced by an i.v. glucose tolerance test but does not provoke a diabetic" type blood sugar curve; only

EFECTO DE LA ADMINISTRACION CRO- NICA DE PROLACTINA SOBRE LA RES- PUESTA GLUCENIICA~ INSULINEMICA Y DE LOS AGIDOS GRASOS LIBRES CIRCU- LANTES, A LA SOBRECARGA DE GLUCOSA EN EL PERRO. HOUSSAY y BIASOTTI ~s demostraron hace ya rnuchos afios que la prolactina tiene un efecto diabetdgeno in vivo, que fu6 estudiado posterior- mente por diversos invesdgadores. Asl se observ6 que el tratamiento cr6nico con prolactina provoca un aumento en fa glucemia de ayuno en perros y gatos pancreatoprivos ,a, ,4, ~5, en perros hipo- fisectomizados ~6. ,a como asf tambidn en pacientes hipofisoprivos con diabetes ju- veni l" 22. Este efecto leve y pasajero de la prolactina est~ eventualmente acom- pa~ado de glucosuria 2. ,a, requiere una previa sensibilizaci6n del animal pot medio de una pancreatectomCa parcial, no habiendo sido hallado en perros hipo- fisectomizados con p~ncreas intacto 7, en ovejas normales =0 y e n muy pequefia proporci6n (6%) en perros normales =4, siendo independiente de la actividad ti- roidea ~8 Y de Its gl~ndulas adrenales C

* This work was partially supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient~ficas y Tdcnicas, Argentina, Res. Grant. no. 2304-D. ~:* Established Investigator, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientfficas y T~cnicas, _Ar- gentina. *** Post-Graduate Fellow, University of Buenos Aires. Key-zoords: Blood sugar; Dog; ProIe.ctin; Serum free fatty acids; Seru~n immunomactive insulin. Data di arrivo in Redazione 10-9-1973. Acta dither, fat. 10, 1286, 1973.

1286

A. RENAULDj R.C.

moderate glucose intolerance was ob- served after treatment in pituitary dwarfs during an oral glucose tolerance test "-. I t is a well known fact that while treatment induces the development o] a very mild insulin resistance since although it improves, and even nor- realizes, the sensitivity o/ hypophysec- tomized ~" 8 and adrenaIectomized-hypo- physectomized dogs ~' 8 to the hypo- gtycemic action of exogenous insulin, it fails to affect it in infantile panhypo- pituitarism ~ and in normal dogs 24

As far as we know, the effect of pro- lactin on insulin secretion has received little attention. The experiments o] Fo'a et aL ~o in dog have demonstrated that hypoglycemia and degranulation of pancreatic B-cells follow a single prolac- tin injection; nevertheless, hypergly- cemia and restoration o/ the granules occur whenever the treatment is con- tinued /or 3-4 days. Serum immunoreac- tire insulin levels in fasting dogs 2~ and sheep .,.o are unaffected by chronic pro- lactin treatment.

In the present paper we wish to show the results of the assay of blood sugar, serum insulin and circulating free/atty acid concentrations in dogs, in the course o/ an i.v. glucose tolerance test, both prior to and after prolactin treatment during 5-d days; the hormone was given in doses similar to those employed by other investigators in their classical studies on the metabolic effects o~ prolactin in dogs r, 9. ~. ~r, ~. ,.~

blATERIAL ANrD METHODS

Eig.bt mongrel dogs, fed on Pur;.n.n dog chow pellets and water ad tibimm were used.

SVERDLIK, L, L, ANDRADE

En perros hipofisectomizados ~ y adre- nohipofisectomizados 6. 8 el tratamiento prolact~nico corrige la hipoglucemia que sigue a la hiperglucemia durante una prueba i.v. de tolerancia a la glucosa pero no conduce a curvas glucdmicas diabetoides; solamente se observ6 una moderada intolerancia a la glucosa luego del tratarniento en el enanismo de origen pituitario durante una so- brecarga de glucosa por Ia vfa oral ~. Es bien conocido que el tratamiento con prolactina desarrolla una moderada re- sistencia a la insuiina mejorando, y afin normalizando, la sensibilidad a dicha hormona en los perros hipofisoprivos v' 8 y adreno-hipofisoprivos ~'8, como asl tambidn que la accidn hipogtucemiante de la insulina exdgena faha en casos de panhipopituitarismo infantil a y e n per- ros normales 24 despuds del mismo.

Dentro de lo que nosotros podemos saber, el efecto de la prolactina sobre la secrecidn de insulina ha sido muy poco estudiado. Los experimentos de Fok y Col. 10 han demostrado que, en el perro, una sola inyecci6n de prolactina va se- guida de hipoglucemia y degranulaci6n de las c4tulas B pancre&icas y que, si et tratamiento se continfa durante 3-4 dfas, ocurre hiperglucemia y se restituye la granulaeidn de las mismas. E1 nivel de in- sulina s&ica inmunoreactiva basal en per- ros = y ovejas 20 en ayunas no estd afec- tado pot la terapia prolactinica cr6nica.

En el presente trabajo deseamos ex- poner los resuhados de las mediciones de glucemia, Lnsulinemia y niveles de dcidos grasos libres circulantes en el per- ro durante una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa administrada por la v~a i.v. tanto antes como despu6s de un trata- miento con prolactina rnuy purificada d u r ~ t e 5-6 dfas. Esta hormona fu4 ad- ministrada en dosis similar a la emplea- da pot otros invesdgadores en estudios cl~sicos sobre los efectos metabdlicos de la prolactina en el perro v' "~' ~' ~7, la, 2 ,

MATERIALES Y METODOS

Se emplearon 8 perros cal!ejeros, machos excepto e! no. 94, alimentados con dieta sin-

1287

EFFECT OF PROLACTIN UPON BLOOD SUGAR~

Except no. 94 all were males. The experimen- tal procedures, i.e.i.v, glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), withdrawal of blood specimens, clotting and serum storage, blood sugar (BS), serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and free fatty acid (FFA) assays have been previously described in detail aL Similar experiments were per[ormed in unin]eeted controls (dogs no. 75, 77, 81, 82, 91 and 92) and in dogs treated with prolaetin /or 5 (no. 75, 77, 91 and 92) or 6 (no. 93 and 94) days. Prolactin * dose: 1.0 mg/kg body weight daily dissolved in one ml saline, s.c.; treatment was com- pleted 90-150 rain prior to experiments. Conard's k coefficient " was calculated accord- ing to BaNCROPT Q analysis of variance was performed on all our results according to LI- SON ~ in a I265W-1 model Nonroe Computer with CR-I.

INSULIN AND FFA RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE IN DOG

tdtica para perros Purina y ag-aa ad libitum. Las condiciones experimentales - - t&nica de la prueba de toleranda a la glucosa pot la via i.v. (IVGTT), obtenci6n de 1as muestras de sangre, extraccidn y conservacidn del suero, determinaci6n de la glucemia (BS), insulina sdrica inmuno-reactiva (IRI) y ~ddos grasos libres s&icos (FFA) - - ya ban sido descritas detalladamente pot nosotros en un trabajo anterior '~. Se efectuaron experimentos simi- lares en perros controles (no. 75, 77, 81, 82, 91 y 92) y e n perros tratados con prolactina durante 5 dfas (no. 75, 77, 91 y 92) o 6 d~as (no. 93 y 94). La dosis de prolactina * em- pleada fud 1,0 mg/kg peso corporal/alia, di- sueka en 1 ml de solucidn fisioldgica y ad- ministrada pot la via s.c. La terapia se com- plet6 90-150 min antes del comienzo de los expeKlmentos. La constante k de Conard s fu4 calculada de aeuerdo c o n B&NCROFT I y la variancia de Ios resultados fud analizada segtJn LtSON~9 en una computadora Monroe modelo 1265W-1 con Iectora de tarjetas CR-1.

RESULTS

1) Effect of prolact in on b lood sugar curve. Tab. I and fig. 1 shozo the results of blood sugar assays. I t was found that prolactin treatment did not affect the fasting BS level in dogs. Although treat- ment induced a modest but significant reduction in BS values during the first 15 rain following glucose loading, the average BS during the test as well as k# .... was unaffected (see tab. 2).

2) Effect of prolact in on serum in- sulin curve (see fig. 2 and tab. 1). As may be seen, in the uninjected control dogs a significant peak of hyperinsulin- emia, maximum 84-85 p~U/ml, was observed between 5 and 25 rain follow- ing glucose administration. Chronic pro- lactin administration did not affect serum IRI in these uninjected control animals neither in the post-absorptive

* NIH-P-Sg, mean potency 30.30 IU/mg; impurities: FSH < 0.0018 NIH-FSH-S1 U/mg; LH < 0.00036 NIH-LH-S1 U/mg; TSH < 0.00I U.S.P.U./mg; GH < 0010 U.S.P.U,/mg.

R E S U L T A D O S

1) E/ecto de la prolaetina sobre la curva de glucemia. En la tab. 1 y en la fig. 1 most ramos los resul tados de la me- dicidn de las glucemias. Encont ramos que el t ra tamiento no afect6 los niveles de gIucemia de ayuno de los perros. A pesar de que induj6 una reduc- ci6n pequefia pero significativa en los valores de glucemia duran te los prime- ros 15 min que siguieron a Ia sobrecarga glucosada, tanto la glucemia p romed io en el curso de la prueba como tam- bi~n k~!~1oo.~ no fueron afectadas (ver tab. 2).

2) E/ecto de la prolactina sobre la curva de insulinemia (ver fig. 2 y tab. 1 ). Como puede observarse, en los animales controles no inyectados hubo un pico de biper insul inemia entre los 5 y 25 rain despuSs de iniciada la prueba , con un mdMmo entre 84-85 ~tU/mI. La prolac- t ina, adminis t rada cr6nicamente, no afec- t6 !a I R I s&ica en estos animales con- tro!es no inyectados, ni en ta condicidn

* NIH-P-S9, potencia media 30,30 UI/mg; contaminaciones: FSH < 0,0018 NIH-FSH- S1 U/rag; LH < 0,00036 NIH-LH-S1 U/rag; TSH < 0,001 U.S.P.U./mg; GH < 0,0t0 U.S.P.U./mg.

1288

I-,d

O

o '.D

tim

e be

fore

or

afte

r i,v

. gl

ucos

e in

fusi

on (

min

) do

g su

bsta

nce

trea

tmen

t as

saye

d be

fore

af

ter

- 5

0 av

erag

e 5

15

25

45

60

90

--

BS

72

~6

7

7

73

31

15

"**

21

9±30

"~:'

* 1

33

±2

4"*

84

!-.1

2 6

7

62

±8

IRI

16-_

~ 7

14

±7

15

85

+_16

***

84

_+20

***

47

+ ]

.7 *

1

9

17

±8

1

8

FF

A

423_

q__ 1

92

413±

128

418

24

66

2

37

±6

9

13

34

*

18

44

2

16

±5

6

319±

127

prol

acti

n B

S

IM.

FF

A

79

!6

16_E

5

48

102

74

±6

8+

3

44

99

76

12

464

24

10

***

ooo

71

±1

4 *

**

220t

:56

*

17

15

"*'o

1

17

~1

2

96

±1

6 *

**

51

±1

6 *

...... 2

40--

+107

24

7 ±

79

72±7

21±6

250±129

67

±2

22_+

7

450±

115

66

±2

14

±5

483±

119

* **

***

lev

els

of s

igni

fican

ce

(p

<

0.05

, p

<

0.01

an

d p

<

0.00

1, r

espe

ctiv

ely)

o/

th

e di

ffer

ence

s fr

om

basa

l va

lues

*

** *

** n

ivel

es d

e si

gnif

ican

cia

(p <

0,

05,

p <

0,01

y p

<

0,00

1, r

espe

ctiv

amen

te)

de

1as

dife

renc

ias

resp

ecto

de

1 va

tor

basa

l o

ooo

leve

ls o

f si

gnifi

canc

e (p

<

0.

05 a

nd

p <

0.

001,

res

pect

ivel

y)

of t

he d

iffe

renc

es c

ompa

red

to u

nini

ecte

d co

ntro

ls (

sam

e li

me)

o

ooo

nive

les

de s

igni

fiea

neia

(p

< 0,

05 y

p

< 0,

001,

res

pect

ivam

ente

)de

las

dife

renc

ias

resp

ecto

de

lo

s eo

ntro

les

no

inye

ctad

os

(mis

mo

tiem

po)

all

othe

r co

mpa

riso

ns:

non

sign

ifica

nt

cada

otr

a eo

mpa

raei

&l:

no

sl

gnif

icat

iva

Tab

le

I -

Eff

ect

o/ p

roIa

etin

lr

ealm

ent

on

bloo

d su

gm,

seru

m

imm

unor

eact

ive

insu

lin

and

/ree

fat

ty a

cid

leve

ls i

n no

rmal

fa

stin

g do

gs

duri

ng

i.v.

gluc

ose

tole

ranc

e te

st.

[Glu

cose

do

se:

J g/

kg

(rap

id

i.v.

infu

sion

);

prol

aeti

n do

se:

1 m

g/kg

/die

fo

r 5-

6 da

ys

(s.c

.);

num

ber

of d

ogs

per

grou

p:

6;

the

figur

es i

n th

e ta

ble

indi

caze

ave

rage

±

SE

o/

blo

od

suga

r (B

S),

seru

m i

mm

unor

eact

lve

insu

lin

(IR

I)

and

free

fat

ty a

cids

(F

FA

), i

n m

g/lO

0 ro

t, l.t

U/m

l an

d t~

Eq/

I, r

espe

ctiv

ely]

. E

fect

o de

l tr

atam

ient

o co

n pr

olac

tina

so

bre

la g

luce

mia

, in

suli

na s

&ic

a in

nmno

-rea

ctiv

a y

~cid

os g

raso

s 1i

bres

cir

cnta

ntes

en

perr

os n

orm

ales

en

ayun

as

dura

nte

una

prue

ba i

.v.

de t

oler

anci

a a

la g

luco

sa.

[Dos

is

de g

luco

sa:

1 g

/kg

(i

nyec

d6n

i.v.

rd

pida

);

dosi

s de

pr

olac

tina

: I

mg/

kg

die,

du

rant

e 5-

6 dc

as (

s.c.

);

nfim

ero

de p

erro

s po

r gr

upo:

6;

la

s ci

fras

en

ta t

abla

ind

ican

los

val

ores

pro

med

io ±

SE

de

la g

luce

mia

(B

S),

insu

lina

s&

ica

inm

uno-

reac

- ti

va (

IRI)

y d

e lo

s dc

idos

gra

sos

fibr

es c

Jrcu

lant

es (

FF

A),

e~

rag/

100

ml,

IzU

/ml

y I~

Eq/

l,

resp

ecti

vam

ente

].

.>

r~

t~ ez C

a

t'O

M

O

O

s-

-

r be

st

fitt

ed

curV

e k

sk

trea

tmen

t (p

, <

0.00

1)

logd

3S =

a

~ kt

io

goB

S lo

gd3S

I)

none

--

- 0.

82

Iog,

BS

= 5.

53 -

- 0.

0187

t

--

0.01

87

0.00

19

4.78

33

0.05

52

II)

prol

acti

n --

0.

82

log~

BS

= 5,

27 -

- 0.

01,5

1 t

--

0,01

51

0,00

17

4.66

67

0.04

80

effe

ct

of

proi

acti

n (I

I-I)

--

--

+

0.00

34

--

--0.

1166

--

sign

ific

ance

of

di

ffer

ence

--

--

n.

s.

--

n.s.

--

Tab

le

2 -

Eff

ect

of p

rola

ctin

tr

eatm

ent

on t

he g

luco

se d

isap

pear

ance

ra

te ]

rom

bl

ood

(kgt

......

) in

no

rmal

do

gs.

[Glu

cose

do

se:

1 g/

kg,

rapi

d i.v

. in

- fu

sion

at

tim

e O

; pr

olac

tin

dose

: 1

mg/

kg/d

ie [

or 5

-ff

days

; nu

mbe

r of

dog

s pe

r gr

oup:

6.

The

bes

t fi

tted

cur

ve f

or t

he c

orre

lati

on

(r

=

corr

elat

ion

coef

- fic

ient

) of

blo

od s

ugar

(B

S)

to t

ime

(t)

afte

r gl

ucos

e lo

adin

g w

as c

alcu

late

d;

a =

co

nsta

nt;

k =

C

onar

d's

cons

tant

; -

aver

age

bloo

d s~

gar

duri

ng

the

test

(l

o&);

s~

and

s

~ =

er

ror

of e

stim

atio

n o

/th

e sl

ope

(k)

and

of

].

log~

BS

log,

BS

log~

BS

Efe

cto

del

trat

al~e

nto

con

prol

acti

na

sobr

e la

vel

odd

ad

de

desa

pari

cidn

de

la

glu

cosa

de

la

sa

ngre

(k

g~ ...

... )

en

perr

os

norm

ales

. [D

osis

de

gl

ncos

a:

i g/

kg,

in

yecd

6n

i.v,

r~pl

da

a ti

empo

0;

do

sis

de p

rola

ctin

a:

1 m

g/k

g di

e, d

uran

te

5-6

dfas

; nf

imer

o de

pe

rros

p

ot

grup

o:

6.

Se

calc

uld

la

cnrv

a m

ejor

aj

usta

da

para

la

co

rrel

acid

n (r

=

coef

iden

te

de

corr

elac

i6n)

en

tre

Ia g

luce

mia

(B

S)

y el

ti

empo

co

ntad

o a

pard

r de

la

ad

n~ni

stra

ci6n

de

gl

ucos

a (t

);

a =

cons

tant

e;

k =

cons

tant

e de

Con

ard;

--

gl

ucem

ia

prom

edio

du

rant

e la

pru

eba

(log

o);

s~ y

s ~

=

erro

r de

est

imac

ldn

de l

a pe

ndie

nte

(k)

y de

la

med

ia

( ...

...

)].

log~

BS

Iogo

BS

log~

BS

0 0 0 0

A, RENAULD~ R. C. SVERDLIK~ L. L. ANDRADE

300

g g g

} 2oo! m

g l u c o s e i.v. (Ig/kg)

.0-f

\

' "I

L \

7 r 0 50 1 O0

.rain

. . . . normal + pro lac t in (6) . . . . . normal (6)

Fig. 1 - Effect of chronic prolactin treatment (1 mg/kg/die ]or 5-6 days) on the blood sugar curve during an i.v. g[~eose tolerance test in the dog. (Number of animals per group in brackets). Efecto de un tra~amiento crdnico con prolacfina (1 rng/kg/die, durante 5-6 ddas) sobre la curva de glucemia durante nna prueba i.v. de tolerancia a la glucosa en el perro. (Nfimero de animales pot grupo entre pardntesis).

state nor at any # m e throughout the test.

3) Effect of prolactin on se~lm free fatty acid curve (see fig. 3 and tab, 1). Fasting serum FFA levels in the dogs

8,

post-absorptiva n~ en cualquiera de los tiempos durante la prueba.

3) Etecto de la prolactina sobre la curva de dcidos grasos libres (vet fig. 3 y tab, 1). Los niveles de ayuno de FFA

1291

EFtWECT OF PROLACTIN UPON BLOOD SUGAR~

rose ( 1 5 % ) after prolactin therapy; however, the increase was not significant in our experimental conditions. Glucose loading induced a fall in serum FFA in uninjected controls, a minimum was reached a~ 25 rain (68% reduction com- pared to basal values, p ~ 0.05) and the retuTn to baseline values had not yet occurred at 90 rain. After treatment, the /all was less marked than in normal con- trols, the minimum being reached at 5

INSULIN AND FFA RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE IN DOG

s~ricos circulantes aumentaron luego del tratamiento prolacdnico; sin embargo, este aumento no fu6 significativo en nuestras condiciones experimentales. La sobrecarga de glucosa provoc6 una calda de los niveles de FFA sdricos en los pe- rros controles no inyectados, alcanz~ndo- se un mlnimo a los 25 rain de iMdada la prueba ( 68% de reducci6n respecto del valor basal, p ( 0 , 0 5 ) , sin alcanzar afin la l~nea de base a los 90 rain. Luego del

B

g:

E

100

50

glucose i.v, (1 g/kg)

\,

10 16o rain

- - - - normal + prolactin (6) . . . . . . normal (8)

Fig. 2 - Effect of chronic prolactin ~reatmen~ (I mg/kg/die for 5-6 days) on the serum immuno- reactive insulin curve during an kv. glucose tolerance test in the dog. (Number o/ animals per group in brackets). E£ecto de un tratamiento prolacfiMco cr6Mco (1 mg/kg,/die, duraate 5-6 dlas) sobre la curva de insulina s&ica inmuno-reacfiva durante una pmeba i.v. de tolerancia a la glucosa en el perro. (N~mero de a~5_males pot grupo entre par~.ntesis).

t292

A. IRENAULD, R. C. SVERDLIK~ L. L. ANDRADE

E g

6 0 0 -

4~0 -

200 -

glucose i.v, (] g/k~))

I \

T /

/ "

'\/ !

/ ' / / / / 7 / {

- - n o r m e l + prolactin (6) rain

. . . . . . normal (8)

Fig. 3- Effect o/chronic prolactin treatment (1 mg/kg/die for 5-6 days) on the serum/tee fatty acid levels during an i.v. glucose tolerance test in the dog. (N.amber o~ animals per group in brackets). Efecto de tm tratamiento prolacttnico cr6~co (1 mg/kg/die, durante 5-6 d~as) sobre la cuba de ~cidos grasos libres circtdantes duraqte una pmeba i.v. de tolerar~cia a la glucosa en el perro. (Nfmero de animaIes pot grapo entre par~ntesis).

rain (55Uo reduction compared to basal values, p < 0.05) and serum FFA values returning to fasting values at 60 rain. Serum FFA levels were below noYmal 5 rain after glucose loading but turned

9.

tratamiento, el descenso fu4 menos pro- nundado que en Ios animaIes controles, IIegdndose a un mLqimo a los 5 rain de1 comienzo del experimento (55% de re- duccidn respecto del basal, p < 0,05) y

1293

EFEECT OF PROLACTIN UPON BLOOD SUGAR,

to be definitely above normal at the end of the experiment.

INSULIN AND FFA RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE IN DOG

retornando a los valores de ayuno a los 60 rain. Los valores de FFA sdricos fue- ron subnormales a los 5 rain de la ad- ministraciGn de glucosa y se hicieron su- pranormales hacia et final de la prueba.

DISCUSSION

From the foregoing results we may conclude that, in the dog, chronic proIac- tin treatment does not affect either the basal serum IRI levels - - which is in agreement with previous reports by RATHGEB et al. ~'~- - - or the insulin re- sponse to hyperglycemia.

This insulin response within the nor- real range was obtained during the pe- riod o/ regranulation o/ pancreatic B- ceils ~ and occurred without develop- ment of resistance to the hypogIycemie action of endogenous insulin, since kgl ...... remained unchanged. These re- sults are in line with previous reports by RAT~IG~B et al. 2~, who found that pro- lactin affects neither glucose uptake nor glucose release by tissues during an in- sulin tolerance test. However, these re- search workers found higher fasting BS values in prolactin treated dogs than in controls, a finding that was not confirmed by our results in dogs - - as illustrated above - - nor by those of M A ~ s and BODA 20 in sheep.

The effect of prolactin on serum FFA levels in fasting dogs was weak ( 1 5 % ) , and non significant. I / protactin con- centrations in the blood of fasted nor- mal dogs were as low as they are in the cattle a~, this should be evidence o/ the limited role played by this hormone in fat mobilization in the fasting state. On the other hand, our results co- incide with those obtained by other investigators in experiments in normal monkeys ~, sheep ao and, also, in juve- nile type diabetic patients ~2. The two fold-increase in serum FFA values of fasted normal dogs following prolaetin therapy reported by WINKLER et al. ~

DISCUSION

Segfin los resultados expuestos pode- mos conduir que, en el perro, el trata- miento crdnico con prolactina no afecta ni los valores basales de IRI s4rica - - en concordanda con los resultados obteni- dos por RATHaEB y Col. -~* - - ni la res- puesta insulinica a la sobrecarga glu- cosada.

Esta respuesta insulfnica dentro dd tango normal fu6 obtenida durante el perfodo de regranulaci6n de las c41ulas B pancre~ticas 9 y ocurri6 sin desenvol- vimiento de resistencia a la accidn hipo- glucemiante de la insulina end6gena, desde d momento en que kgl~o~ per- maneci6 inalterada. Estos resultados est~n de acuerdo con los hallados pot RATHGEB y Col. 24, quienes encontraron que la prolactina no afecta ni la capta- cidn de glucosa ni su iiberacidn de los tejidos durante una prueba de tolerancia a la insulina. Sin embargo, estos investi- gadores hatlaron valores de glucemia ba- sales m~s altos en los perros tratados clue en los controles no inyectados, lo que no fu@ confirmado por nosotros en el perro - - como mostramos aqui - - ni por Ma~ws y BoD~t =0 en la oveja.

E1 efecto de la prolactina sobre los niveles de FFA s&icos en el perro en ayunas fu~ ddbit (15 %) y no significa- fivo. Si las concentraciones de prolactina en sangre en estas circunstancias en el perro fueran tan bajas como en el bovi- no 21, estos resultados estarfan indicando el papel limitado que dicha hormona de- sempefia en la movilizaci6n de las grasas durante el ayuno. Por otto tado, estos resultados coinciden con los obtenidos pot otros investigadores que trabajaron con monos normales 1,, ovejas 2a y e n casos de diabetes juvenil en el huma- no 2a. Indiscufiblemente nuestros expe- rimentos no con.firman el aumento al

t294

A. R E N A U L D , R. C. S V E R D L I K ~ L . L . ANDRADE

was definitely not confirmed by our ex- periments. Although it is known that different techniques of purification of crude pituitary extracts may yield pro- lactin preparations exerting either ,n lipolytic or an anti-lipolytic action on adipose tissue incubated in vitro ~, this cannot expla& the discrepancy mentiot;- ed above, since for all these exper- i,wents, except those performed by McG,~RRY and B~CK =a, the prolactin preparations employed were those ob- tained from The National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Nd, U.S.A.). How- ever, the possible interference of mini- mal quantities of other pituitary hor- mones contaminating these prolactin preparations cannot be completely ruled out.

It is evident that combined glucose and insulin ~a at high concentrations in blood during the first 30 rain follow- ing the toad must definitely have en- hanced tipogenesis and reduced tdpolysis in the control dogs. It seems interest- ing that proIacfin treatment brought about a change in the FFA pattern of these animals: thds is borne out by the more rapid drop of serum FFA levels after the glucose load and by their return to basal values after the minimum had been reached, and is in agreement with the enhanced free fatty acid turn-over found by \XrINKLEa et aL ~'~ in dogs un- dergoing chronic prolactin treatment. A protactin-insulin synergism might ac- count for the quick initial fall in serum FFA after the glucose load; this ex- planation would Idaee prolactin among the anabolic hormones regulating lipid n,,etabolism and, since its anabolic action on protein metabolism is well known ~2 the elevation of protactin levels in blood du~'&g the absorptive condition ~'~ would be meaningful. Nevertheless, despite this insulin-like action of prolactin on serv, m FFA levels in the early stages of the test, a definite anti-insulin effect was observed during the remainder of the test. This anti-insulin effect was not very marked during the insulin and glucose

doble en los valores basales de FFA sdricos hallado pot WI~CKLER y Cot..~s en perros normales, luego de un tratamien- to pro!actlnico, h pesar de set bien co- nocido que las diferentes t,Scnicas de purificaci6n del extracto crudo de hip& fisis pueden con&Mr a preparados de prolactina que actfien tanto como agen- tes lipol~ticos como antitipollticos sobre el tejido adiposo ineubado in vitro ;2 este hecho no explicarla el desacuerdo anterior, puesto que todos estos experi- mentos - - excepto aqudtlos efectuados pot McGA~rc~" v BECK z~ __ emplearon preparaciones cle proiactina otorgadas por The National Institutes of Health ( Bethesda, Md, U.S.A. ). Tarnpoco debe descartarse rotalrnente Ia posible in~effe- rencia de mfnimas cantidades de otras hormonas hipofisarias, que pudieran contaminar estos preparados.

Es evidente que 1as ahas concentra- clones en sangre de glucosa e inst0dna =a durante los primeros '15 re_in que siguie- ron a la sobrecarga de glucosa deben haber provocado un aumento de la lipo- g&esis y una disminnci6n de la lipoli- sis en los perros no trataclos. Es inte- resante destacar queen nuestros experi- mentos la terapia prolact~nica modLfic6 los pericles de ~cidos grasos en estos animales durante la prueba. La acelera- ci6n de la cdda inicial de la concentra- cidn de FFA s4ricos luego de la sobre- carat glucosada corno asf tamb~4n de su re~orno a la I~nea de base despu4s de al- canzar un rn~nimo lo conffcman, en con- cordancia con eI aumento del intercam- bio de FFA hallado pot W e ~ L ~ y Col. ~8 en el perro tratado pot prolactina en forma crdnica. Un sinergismo h~snli- na-prolactina podria explice~" la r~p,_'da ca~da iniciaI luego de la sobrecarga de glucosa y colocarla a la prolactina entre 1as hormonas anab6J_{cas que r4gu]an el metabolismo lip~dico, y como su aeci6n anab6Iica t.,q, mbi4n sobre e1 metabolisrno pro~eico es bien conocida 2a, e! aumento de los niveles de prolactina en sangre durante la absorci6n de atimentos se~a

. . n 1 log*co °. Sin embargo, a pesar de esta acci6n insulSno-sLmi! de la prolactina so- bre los niveIes s4ricos de FFA a! prin-

1295

EFFECT OF PROLACTIN UPON BLOOD SUGAR, INSULIN AND FIVA RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE IN DOG

peak but became more intense at the end of the test, when the~e values had returned to baseline.

It is very difficult to explain this ap- parently paradoxical action of prolactin on serum FFA. t t i~ known that pro- lactin potentiates the stimulating effect o/ insulin on lipogenesis from glu- cose 4.2v and acetate 2e in adipose tissue but, on the other hand, highly purified PLR and PLC preparations were shown to promote/at mobilization. As far as we know, so far chronic prolactin injec- tions have never been shown to stimu- late FFA release /rom tissues in vivo, during hyperglycemia, but it is known to do so in the post-absorptive condi- tion. This last property has not been accounted /or from the physiological point of view 28 Not being lipolytic per se, prolaetin is likely to interact with other mechanisms which, acting pro- gressivdy, may accelerate FFA mobiliza- tion from fat stores.

cipio del experimento, se observ6 un neto efecto anriinsutfnico de la terapia durante d resto de la prueba; esta filti- ma accidn no es muy notoria durante el pico de insulinemia y glucemia pero se hizo evidente hacia el final de la misma, cuando se alcanzd la linea de base.

Resuha rods bien dificil explicar esta accidn paraddjica de la prolactina sobre los niveles de dcidos grams circulantes. Es conocido que la prolactina potencia el efecto estimulante de la insulina so- bre ta lipogdnesis a partir de la gluco- sa 4.2v y del acetato =6 e n d tejido adipo- so, pero tambi~n se sabe que preparados muy purificados de PLR y PLC promue- yen la movilizacidn de las grasas. Dentro de lo que podemos saber, hasta ahora nadie ha demostrado que la prolactina, administrada crdnicamente, estimula la liberaddn de los FFA desde los tejidos in vivo durante la hiperglucemia; se co- noce, en cambio, que lo hace en la con- dici6n post-absorptiva, pero esta pro- piedad no est~ muy clara desde el punto de vista fisioldgico2t No siendo Iipol~ti- ca per se, es probable que la prolactina interaccione con otros mecanismos que actfien progresivamente pudiendo acele- rat la movilizacidn de los FFA desde sus depdsitos,

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained in our study suggest that chronic prolactin treat- ¢;'lent:

a) does not affect the rate of disap- pearance o/glucose from blood in nor- real dogs during an IVGTT;

b) does not affect the simultaneously observed serum IRI profiles;

c) accelerates both the fall o/serum FFA levels during hyperglycemia and their return to baseline a~ the end of the test.

These findings would confirm that this chronic prolactin treatment does not have a diabetogenic effect in normal animals.

CONCLUSIONES

Los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio indican que el tratamiento cr6- nico con prolactina:

a) no afecta la velocidad de desapari- cidn de la glucosa de la sangre en el per- ro normal durante un IVGTT;

b) no modifica la curva de insulina s&ica inmuno-reactiva observada simul- t~neamente;

c) acelera la ca~da de los niveles de ~ddos grasos circulantes durante la hi- pergtucemia y su retorno a la llnea de base al fin de la prueba.

Estas observaciones suministran rods evidencias de la auseneia de un efecto diabetog4nico en el tratamiento crdnico con prolactina.

1296

A. RENAULD, R. C. SVERDLIK, L. L. ANDRADE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Robert W. Bates (Ph.D.) , from the Endocrinology Study Section, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md, U.S.A., is thanked for supply of prolacfin preparations; Cabeca S. A., for generous supplies of Purina dog chow pellets. The skilled technical assistance of H. R. de Casini and of E. V. de Prieto is fully appredated.

RIASSUNTO

Gii AA. hanno studiato l'effetto delia somministrazione cronica di pro!attina sulla glicemia e sui livelli sierici delt 'IRt e dei NEFA, in cani normali, prima e durante IVGTT. Essi hanno osservam che Ia somministrazione croNca di prolattina: 1) non modi~ca i tivelli glicemJci e di IRI, mentre produce soltanto nn lieve e non significativo aumento nella concentrazione sierica dei NEFA; 2) induce una moderata diminuzione della risposta glieemica nei primi 15 rain dopo it carico di glueosio, mentre la glicemia media, il valore k ed i livelli sierici di IRI non Hsultano modificati; 3) accelera lievemente sia Ia eaduta della NEFAemia che si osserva per effetto del carico, sia la sua r~salita verso i valori basali dopo il raggiungimenm di un minimo, e ci6 nono- stante la presenza di elevati livelli glicemici ed insulinemici. In eani sottoposti a trattamento cronico con pro!attina, Ia NEFAemia ~ pih devata di quelta che si osserva in animaH di con- trollo non trattati nella fase finale d d test, allorchd i livelli glicemici ed insulinemM sono gi~ tornati ai valori di partenza. Viene discusso il significato fisiologico di tail variazioni.

RESUME

On a dtudi4 l'eftet d'une thdrapie chronique avec prolaetine sur la glyc4mie et les niveaux d'insuline s&ique immunor~acfive et des acides gras libres des chiens normaax ~ jeun, avant et pendant une dpreuve de toi&ance au glucose i.v. On a observ~ que: 1) la thtra- pie semble ne pas affecter chez cos animaux ~ jeun les niveaux de glucose sanguin et d'in- suline s&ique immunor~active et produit seutement une Idg~re mais insigni6ante ~Idvation de la concentration des acides gras libres sdriques; 2) quoique la th~rapie induit une l~g~re d&cente des niveaux de la glycdmie pendant les premihres 15 rain apr~s la surcharge de glucose, ni la glycdmie moyenne pendant l'dpreuve n i l e k du glucose n'ont pas dtd affectds; la courbe d'insuNne sdrique immunor4active pendant l'@reuve s'est maintenne dgalement inalter&; 3) la th&apie aec41~re ldghrement la chute de la concentration des acides gras fibres s&iques suivant la surcharge de glucose; le retour ~ la Iigne de base apr~s nne descente au minimum est aussi accd1&d par la tMrapie en ddpit des hauts niveaux d'insuline s&ique et de glucose sanguin;

ia fin de I'exp&ience la concentration des addes gras libres s&iques est definifivement sur- normale, pendant que la glycdmle et l'insulintmie sont ddj~ revenuesfi la ligne de base, chez tes chiens trait&. La signification physiologique de cos changements est discutde.

RESUMEN

Se estudi6 el efecto del tratg.trdento crdnico con prolactina sobre los niveles de glucemia, insulins s&ica inmuno-reactiva y ~cidos grasos libres en perros normaIes en la condicidn post- absorptiva, antes y durante una prueba i.v. de toleranda a la glucosa. Se obseix'6: 1) en la condMdn post-absorptiva la terapi-~ no afectd ni los ~veles de glucemia ni los de insulina s&ica inmmno-reactiva, pero sf indujo un muy pequefio aumento, no significativo, en ia concentracidn de ~cidos grasos libres circulantes en estos animales; 2) ei tratamiento provocd una moderada dismi- nuddn en los niveles de glncemia alcanzados durante Ios primeros 15 rain luego de la sobreearga de glucosa, pero no afectd la glucemia promedio durante ta prueba, ni d valor k, ni tampoco el perfil de instgina s4rica inmm~o-reactiva; 3) e1 tratamiento aceler6 levemente la cafda de los niveles de -dcidos grasos libres pot la sobrecarga glucosada, como asf tambign su retorno a la Hnea de base iuego de pasar pot un mfnimo, a pesar de los elevados niveles de glueem~a e insuIinemaia existen- tes. La concentracidn de dddos grams libres en suero de los perros tratados con prolactina cr6- n i c~en t e fu4 mayor queen los con~roles no inyectados al fin de la prueba, momento en que la glucemia e insulinemia habfan retornado a sus valores basales. Se discute el significado iisioi6- gico de todos estos cambios ocasionados pot ta hormona.

ZUSAb~MENFASSUNG

Die Wirkung einer chroniscben Protactinbehandiung auf den Blutzucker, das immunologisch messbare Seruminsulin and die freien Fetts~uren wurde an normalen Handen im post-absorptiven

i 2 9 7

EFFECT OF PROLACTIN UPON BLOOD SUGAR, INSULIN AND EFA RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE IN DOG

Zustand und vor und nach intravenbser Glukosebelastung verfol~. Folgendes warde beobaehtet: 1) im post-absorptiven Zustand hatte die Behandlung keinen Einfluss auf Bhitzucker und Serum IRI, bewirkte abet einen sehr bescheidenen, nicht signifikanten Anstieg der zirkulierenden FFA; 2) die Behandtung bewirkte eine m~issige Verringerung der in den ersten 15 Min. nach der Glukosebelastung erreichten Blutzuckerwerte, ohne jedoch den mitderen Blutzuckerspiegel oder des IRI-Profil der Probe zu beeinflussen; 3) die Behandlung beschleunigte in geringem Ausmass den FFA-Abfall nach der GlukosebeIastung wie anch nach Erreichung eines Minimuns die RLickkehr zum Ausgangswert trotz der hohen Btutzucker- und Seruminsulin-Werte. Am Ende der Probe, d.h. im Moment, wo Blutzucker und Insulin~mie zu den Ansg~ngswerten zurilckge- kehrt sind, war die FFA-Konzentration im Serum der mit Prolactin behandehen t-tunde h~Sher als die der unbehandehen Tiere. Die physiologische Bedeutung dieser von dem Hormon ve- rursaehten Ver~nderungen wird besprochen.

SUMMARY

The effect of chronic prolactin treatment on blood sugar, serum immunoreactive insulin and free fatty add levels has been studied in normal dogs in the post-absorptive condition and during an i.v. glucose tolerance test. It was observed that: 1) the chronic administration of prolactin failed to affect either blood sugar or serum immunoreactive insulin levels in these animals in the post-absorptive condition and induced a very minor non-significant increase in serum free fatty acid concentration; 2) althoug]a prolactin chronic administration induced a moder- ate reduction in the blood sugar response in the first fifteen rain after the glucose load, the average glucose level, k~l ...... and serum IRt prone were unaffected; 3) prolactin administration sli~tly accelerated the fall of FFA levels during glucose administration as well as the return to baseline values in spite of the high blood glucose and insulin Ievels. tn dogs having undergone chronic prolactin treatment the serum FFA concentration was higher than in non injected animals in the final stages of the test, i.e. at the moment when blood ~ucose and insulin had returned to basal levels. The physiological significance of these changes is discussed.

REFERENCES

1) B,~'qCRO~T H.: tntroduccidn a la bioestadfstica - Editorial Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1960; p. 193.

2) BECK J. C., GONDa A., Has~ID M. A., MORGEN R. O., RUBINSTEIN D., McG.~RY E. E.: Some Metabolic Changes Induced by Primate Growth Hormone and Purified Ovine Prolactin

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12) I-~MtD M. A., RUBINSTeIN D., FERaUSON K. A., BECk: J. C.: The E~ect of Growth Hor- mone and Prolactin Preparations on the Intermediary MetaboIism of Rat Adipose Tissue - Biochim. biophys. Acta (Arnst.) i00, 179, 1965.

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14) Houssa-z- B. A., ANDE~SO.~ E.: Diabetogenic Action of Purified Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Endocrin4o~w 43, 627, 1949.

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A. RENAULD~ R, C~ SVERDLiK~ L. L. ANDRADE

15) HoussAY B. A., ANDERSON E., BATES R. W., LI C. H.: Diabetogenic Action of P£olaetin - Endocrinology 57, 55, 1955.

t6) HoussA'~- B. A., B~ASOTTI A.: Accidn diabee6gena de diversas hormonas hipofisarias - Rev. Soc. argent. Biol. 24, 297, 1938.

17) HoussAY B. k., Pe>1Hos J. C.: Diabetogenic Action of Pituitary Hormones on Adrenalec- toredzed ttypophysectomized Dogs - Ev_docrinology 59, 637, 1956.

18) Houss.~v B. A., ROD~GUEZ R. R., CA~DEZA A. F.: Acd6n diabet6gena de la hormona de crecimiento de la hipdfisis - Rev. Soc. argent. Biol. 29, 33, 1953.

19) LzsoN L.: Statistique apptiqude ~ la biologic expdrimentale - Gauthie>Villars, Paris, 1958; p. 132.

20) Ma~aqs 7. G., B o ~ J. M.: Effeccs of Ovine Growth Hormone and ProIactin on Blood Glu- cose, Serum Insulin, Plasma Nonesterified Fatw Acids and Amino Nitrogen in Sheep - En- docrinology 76, 1109, 1965.

21) McATEE J. W., Tm~:LE A.: Effects of Feeding, Fasting, Glucose or Arginine on Plasma Prolactin Levels in the Bovine - Endocrinology 89, 730, 1971.

22) McGA~.t~Y E. E., BECK C. J.: Growth I-Iormones and Prolacdns: Biodaemical, Imrnunological and PhysiologicM SimiIarities and D~erences - Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 148, 559, 1968.

23) Ra~mL~ P. J., G.~,F.LaND P. B., H ~ E s C. N., NE\VSHOLZv~E E. A.: The Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle and Diabetes Mellitus - Ciba Foundation Co]loquia on EndocrLnoto~w 15, 192, 1964.

24) R.~T>mZB L, WINKSER B., STEELE R., ALTSZUr, Fa N.: Effect of Ovine Pro!actin Administra- tion on Glucose Metabolism and Plasma Insulin Levels in the Dog - Endocrinology 88, 718, 1971,

25) R~N,<UL~ A., PINTO J. E. B., SWaDL!-~: R. C., FO~LIA V. G.: Studies on the Effect of Hy- perthyroidism on the Insulin Response to Hyperglycaemia in the Dog - Hormone metab, Res. 3, 247, 1971..

26) S~oNa C., Dins R., FoRsY~ I.: The Effects of Prolacdn on Fatty Acid Synthesis by Rabbit Mammary Gland in Vitro - J. Endocr. 51, :~x.-xii, 1971.

27) W~?v~ D. Y., Ha~,~,ov~s R. C., BE.~5~a J., STRONC C., D~,s R.: Effect of ProJaetin and Growth Hormone on Faery Acid Synthesis in Mouse Mamma~ Gland Exp!ants in Organ Culture - J. Endocr. 5I, z ,~, 1971.

28) WINKLER B,, t~AI'HGEB [., STEELE R., ALTSZU~E~ N.: Effect of Ovine Prolactin Administra- tion on Free Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Normal Dog - Endocrinology 88, 1349, 1971.

Reques~.s for reprints should be addressed to:

AURORA RENAULD Instituto de Fisiolog~a, Faczd~ad de Medicina

Universidad de Buenos Aires Paraguay 2155, 7 ° piso, B,.~enos Aires - Argentina

Traduzione a cura degli AA.

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