TAD Modified Sowing Techniques in Soybean for Risk ...

TAD Modified Sowing Techniques in Soybean for Risk Minimization

Policy Paper on TAD Modified Sowing Techniques in Soybean for Risk

Minimization

S.R.K.Singh1, Anupam Mishra

2 and A.A. Raut

3

1 Principal Scientist,

2 Director

3 Scientist

ICAR-ATARI, Jabalpur

Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Planting method plays an important role in the seed germination and establishment of crop

seedlings besides affecting root development, soil aeration, temperature and water use

efficiency. Conventional flat bed is commonly used for growing soybean in India and irrigated

by flood irrigation, but it leads lower water use efficiency, poor crop stand, nutrient loss by

leaching, soil crust formation and poor aeration in crop root zone ultimate affects crop growth

and yield. Raised bed planting of soybean considered more appropriate in vertisol and

associated soils under rainfed condition for in-situ moisture conservation and yield

improvement. This is effective technology in water stress as well as water logging condition. The

farmer and research trial in India shows increase in soybean yield and growth over conventional

flat bed planting method. Additionally this land configuration has several benefits over

conventional flat bed plating i.e., reduced tillage operation, seed rate and crop lodging,

increases nutrient availability and control weed and pests effectively. The raised bed planting

method may be less susceptible to impact of climate change because it depicted good

germination with better root growth development, ability to stand in water stress condition and

drainage excess water by furrows. In Madhya Pradesh during 2018, this technology was adopted

by the farmers in 209455 ha area and spread over 2641villages in five district of Malwa Plateau

viz., Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Shajapur, Ujjain and two district of Nimar valley viz., Khandwa and

Burhanpur. Average yield under this technology was recorded 19.24 q/ha which was 21.21

percent higher in comparison to conventional flat bed planting .

Introduction

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) merril] is one of the economical and valuable seed legume which has

25 % contribution in global edible oil and in livestock feeding contributes two third parts of


Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW, GoI Fig 1.Area, Production and Productivity in major soybean growing state and

India during 2017-18.

world’s protein concentrate and feeds for poultry and fish. India ranks fourth after USA, Brazil

and Argentina in terms of soybean area while in terms of total production India comes in fifth

position after USA, Brazil, Argentina and China. Due to lower productivity of India (1.1 t/ha)

than world productivity (2.2 t/ha) contributes 4% in total production world production, However,

India contributes 10% in total soybean area at global level (Vision 2030, ICAR-DSR Indore,

2011).

Soybean is mainly

growing in Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Rajasthan,

Telangana, Karnataka, Gujarat

states and contributes about

90.00% in total soybean

production at country level.

In India soybean was

cultivated in 11.18 million ha

area with 13.16 million tonne

production and productivity as

1177 kg/ha during 2016-17,

however, in Madhya Pradesh, soybean covers an area 5.40 million ha with 6.65 million tonne

production and 1231 kg/ha productivity. Madhya Pradesh is leading state in area, production and

productivity at all India level known as soya state with contribution of 48. 30% and 50.53% in

area and production respectively, followed by Maharashtra which contributes 34.35% and 34.86

% in total area and production of India, respectively (Anonymous 2018).

Soybean also has unique chemical composition. It has highest protein content around 40

% among cereals and other legume species and contains 20 % oil content, second highest content

among all food legume. Other valuable components found in soybeans are phospholipids,

vitamins, minerals (K, Ca, Zn, Fe, B and P) and minor substances such as trypsin inhibitors,

phytates and oligosaccharides which are known for biologically active and isoflavons that

prevent from cancer and other diseases (Liu, 1997). High oleic acid and low linolenic acid are

desirable by oil industry because it contributed in oil stability and shelf life of oil (Bellaloui et al.

2015). The spread of the soybean in different regions of the country resulted into parallel growth

5.0

1

3.6

9

0.8

9

0.2

8

0.1

5

0.1

5

10

5.3

2

3.8

0

0.1

1

0.2

5

0.2

5

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11

1.0

6

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Area (Million ha) Production (Million Tonne)

Productivity (t/ha) Percentage to total production


of the oilseed industries and also earning foreign exchange through export of soy meal (Sharma

et al.2016, Singh et al. 2019). Soybean has a potential to take the edge off large scale protein

malnutrition prevailing in poor section of the society in the country because of its cheaper source

of high quality protein which is available in the form of its food derivates and provide both

specific and general health benefits.

The crop is facultative short day plant mainly growing in Kharif season in rainfed area in

vertisols and associate soils. Soybean-wheat/soybean –chickpea cropping system is following in

soybean growing areas. Being legume crop it is also add 25-30 kg nitrogen in the soil. The crop

is first and foremost choice among millions of small and marginal farmer because of its lucrative

nature and multiple benefits plays important role in socio-economic transformation in the

farming community (Dupare et al. 2009; Vinayagam and Dupare 2019).

But in past few years due to adversity in climate change soybean yield is declining. In

comparison to other countries, national productivity of soybean (around 1.1 t/ha) is very low.

The reasons for lower productivity are biotic and abiotic factors. Because soybean cultivated

mostly in rainfed areas, abiotic factors like erratic rainfall and uneven distribution of rainfall and

other adverse weather conditions affects its growth and production. Soybean is also sensitive to

waterlogged condition. Since water is primary limiting factor and hence, required management in

soybean production (Billaore 2017). Land configuration can play important role in enhancement

of soybean productivity by effective management of water and other resources. Resource

conservation technologies such as ridge and furrow and raised bed planting have been found very

effective in efficient use of water and minimizing soil erosion. (Negi et al. 2018; Sagar et al.

2017)

In conventional flat bed planting method 2-3 tillage operation and leveling required to

prepare field for sowing. This method not only increases cost of cultivation but also has poor

resource use efficiency. In case of furrow irrigated raised bed planting method, there is several

benefits over conventional method i.e., low weed infestation, aerated soil facilitate easy and good

germination, vigorous and better crop stands, less seed, reduced crop lodging and increased

nutrient use efficiency, in-situ moisture conservation and enhanced crop productivity.

Additionally under excess rainfall condition these furrows can be used for drainage and also can

be used for intercropping. The input use efficiency also enhanced and cost of production is

decreased due to lesser requirement of seed, fertilizer and irrigation water under raised bed


planting in comparison to conventional flat bed planting method (Kumar et al. 2015). The

soybean cultivation practice by FIRB seed drill was found superior in terms of plant population,

number of branches per plant, number of root nodules per plant, number of pods per plant at

harvest, seed index and harvest index as compared to conventional seed drill (Gupta et al. 2018).

Soybean yield was better in ridge and furrow than flat bed planting because of soil aeration,

moisture availability, ambient temperature, nutrient availability and nitrogen fixation by

increased nodulation (Dhakad et al. 2019).

Broad bed furrow helps to conserve moisture, increases infiltration and reduce runoff and

soil erosion. It provides effective drainage system during excess rain, while retains moisture

during dry spells thus reduces the effect of extreme situations with increase in yield and fetching

additional income (Chattopadhayay et al. 2016). Raised bed planting of crops is advantageous in

areas where groundwater level is low and herbicide resistance is problem in control of weed

infestation. This land configuration also facilitates crop diversification and intercropping of the

crops. Permanent bed planting is another option in soybean-wheat system for resource

conservation. Permanent raised beds provide opportunity of direct seeding, reduce tillage

operation costs. All these planting methods viz. ridge and furrow/broad bed planting/ furrow

irrigation raised bed system/permanent bed planting have been tried in soybean and other crops

to improve resource utilization and crop yield by farmers.

Soybean area, production and productivity in India

Yield increase in soybean could either result of genetic modification in the plant or crop

management. Development of improved variety and management practices are essential in

increasing yield. These result only realized when new technology adopted by the farmers to

minimize gap between potential and actual yield at farm level. This process of adoption can be

facilitated by timely input availability, suitable policy and strong extension system to spread new

technologies. The trends for area, production and yield of soybean crop was analysed using

secondary data on area, production and yield as depicted on fig. 2, 3, and 4, in India. The data

were presented from 1996-97 to 2017-18. The trend analysis showed that area and production of

soybean is significantly increasing while productivity shows no enhancement. Increase in

production could be attributed by expansion of area and may be due to significant contribution of

technological interventions with suitable extension strategies. Increase in area and production


indicates that farmers were adopting improved production technologies with in - situ moisture

conservation techniques.

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW, GoI

Fig 2: Soybean area trend in India


Fig 3: Soybean production trend in India

-4.11

3.12

-1.15

-3.75

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15.51

1.80

8.06 6.64 7.08

2.35

-1.37

5.29 7.24 8.08

-6.88

6.36

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-7.64

y = 320.95x + 5438 R² = 0.9052

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20

0

2000

4000

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12000

14000

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a (0

00

ha)

Year

Area (000 ha)

Percentage change

Linear (Area (000 ha))

-0.84

-25.42

12.93

-21.94

67.98

-12.06

20.32

6.98

23.92

-9.69

0.60

27.82

-4.11

20.08

-19.13 -12.54

-17.39

53.55

-16.91

y = 364.62x + 5535.9 R² = 0.6047

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

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Production (000 tonne) Percentage change Linear (Production (000 tonne))



Fig 4: Soybean productivity trend in India

Description of raised bed technology

The area under raised planting in soybean had been spread up to 3.2 million hectares in Madhya

Pradesh and this technology has to spread in 4.0 million hectares area by the year 2020

(Doubling Farmers Income by 2020- Strategy Document for Madhya Pradesh). Ridge and furrow

/furrow irrigated raised bed /broad bed furrow planting are synonymous word where crop is

grown in raised bed. This system is suitable for soybean crop in rainfed areas and vertisol soil

condition. Soybean sowing span in Kharif season is very limited because of uncertainty of

monsoon and hence, mechanized planting is necessary. If soybean is planted in plains during

rainy season may face water logging due to heavy rainfall and hence, may spoil soybean seed

during early age and may be reason of root-rot in later stage. Bed planting is a method of

planting a crop on the top of raised beds with a definite number of rows. Planting on raised bed

accelerate easy germination and development of nodules due to better aeration in the root zone.

The seed rate in this planting method reduced to 25-30%. These raised beds facilitates better crop

stand by reducing crop lodging and proper interception of solar radiation. The furrow made

3.41

-27.68

14.24

-18.90

56.47

-23.86

18.19

-1.00

16.21

-15.66

-1.72

29.60

-8.92

11.98

-25.17

-6.08

-22.33

59.33

-10.04

y = 4.4985x + 1009 R² = 0.0245

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

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0.000

200.000

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1600.000

Pro

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ctiv

ity

(kg/

ha)

Year

Productivity (Kg/ha)

Percentage change

Linear (Productivity (Kg/ha))


between raised beds facilitates safe drainage of excess rain water, percolation through field and

conserve moisture which may be utilized by crop during dry spell and also check soil erosion.

The conserved soil moisture is available in soil profile in later crop stage after withdrawal of

monsoon. The fertilizers can be placed conveniently and nutrient use efficiency is higher in this

method. Weed management operations can be easily performed due to space between beds

provide opportunity for mechanical weeding in early stage of crop life-cycle. Yield potential is

enhanced in raised planting over conventional method through higher nutrient and water

availability. An additional advantage is apparent when beds are permanent that it is maintain

over medium term and no tillage operation are performed for sowing of next crop. These

permanent beds give opportunity for resource conservation and saving of input cost. The system

of reduced tillage is followed in next crop of soybean can directly sown in raised bed without

field preparation. The advantage of this system is reduced cost, soil conservation, less soil

compaction and improvement in soil physiological properties. This technology is more suitable

in medium to heavy soils in plain topography.

The sowing of soybean is done with the help of raised bed planter. The machine has

adjustable blades for making raised of different widths and heights that can be adjusted by the

shifting of the blades on the frame and roller on the rear. This planter can make two rows at a

time and has seed-cum-fertilizer drilling mechanism for sowing in rows. The width of bed can

be adjusted from 65-70 cm. Raised bed planter forms two beds and three furrow in single

operation. These furrows have 25 cm top width and 15 to 20 cm depth respectively for medium

to heavy soils. Raised beds have top width 50 cm. This technology mainly adopted for mitigating

the effect of dry spell by holding of rainwater as well as drainage excess rainwater in water

logging condition during cropping season of soybean and for yield enhancement.


Promising characteristics of technology

Under soil management various tillage methods and modifications of land configuration

are resulted increase in crop production. Raised bed planting has many advantages including in-

situ moisture conservation of rainwater in furrow, removal of excess water and proper aeration in

ridge and root zone in vertisols (Basediya et al. 2020). Based on the field experiment conducted

by the KVKs of Malwa Plateau and Nimar Valley, promising characteristics of technology were

summarized in Table 2. Two improved varieties namely RVS2001-04 and JS 9560 used in field

experiment. It can be concluded that under raised bed planting plant height of soybean was

recorded 50-65 cm and number of pods/plant ranged between 80 to 100, whereas nodules at 50

DAS observed 30 to 35. Gupta et al. (2018) concluded that FIRB planting was found superior in

terms of plant population, number of branches per plant at 60 DAS, number of root nodules per

plant at 60 DAS, number of pods per plant at harvest, seed index and harvest index as compared

to conventional seed drill. Basediya et al. (2018) observed that growth and yield contributing

character viz. plant population, plant height, root length, root nodules, pods per plant, seed yield

weight per plant, seed yield, straw yield and harvest index (%) found higher in ridge and furrow

system compared to the normal flatbed sowing method. Thus, it can be conclude here that

growth and yield attributing characteristic were superior in raised bed planting method than

conventional flat bed planting.

It is concluded that over the locations under raised bed planting obtained yield was

ranged between 16 to 22 (q/ha). This finding is supported by study conducted by Lakpale and

Tripathi (2012). Bed planting may improve the resource use efficiency and increase the yield

potential of soybean. Dhakad, (2016) conducted on farm testing to assess the effect of raised bed

planting on growth characters and yield of soybean crop in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. The

analysis revealed that the yield (1606 kg ha-1

) was recorded significantly higher under raised bed

planting compared to normal flat bed sowing (1205 kg ha-1

) which subsequently resulted in yield

enhancement to the extent of 33.3 % for soybean. Negi et al., (2018) observed that improved

varieties and effective land configuration may have positive effect on soybean growth resulted

into yield enhancement.

Karunakaran and Behera (2015) concluded that ridge and furrow has beneficial effect on

soybean productivity by improved soil aeration, temperature, moisture, better root development

and nitrogen fixation. They also concluded that beds in wet land soil recorded significantly


higher dry matter and produces higher no. of pods/ plant resulted increase in seed yield. Jain

(2019) reported that planting of soybean in altered land configuration (broad bed furrow)

resulted increase in productivity by 21.19 % over conventional flat bed planting. Plant

population were higher (around 9-10%) on this method because of good germination count due

to proper aeration. Plant height, number of pods per plant, seed yield weight per plant, seed

index, seed yield, straw yield and harvest index (%) found higher in bed furrow method as

compared to flat bed and inclined planter methods (Verma et.al. 2018).

In rainfed areas in-situ moisture conservation techniques makes the moisture available to

sown crop. Further, it is stated that under raised bed planting moisture conservation was ranged

between 25-30 %. Parmanand (2017) observed that broad bed furrow technology has a lot of

potential to increase water productivity of soybean. In broad bed furrow 40 to 50% saving in

irrigation water was recorded in comparison with flood irrigation. Ram et al. (2011) observed

that raised bed, raised broad bed and ridge and furrow sowing of soybean were significant in

water saving over flat bed sowing. Total water use was recorded under raised bed planting (832

mm), raised broad bed (772 mm), ridge and furrow sowing (832 mm) and in flat bed planting

(877mm). Similarly water productivity under raised bed, raised broad bed and ridge and furrow

sowing and flat bed planting were 0.29, 0.31, 0.27 and 0.26 g seed yield/ liter of water. Bed

planting saves crop from moisture stress as well as drained excess moisture from field by

furrows during crop growth period in erratic rainfall condition. The results of experiment

indicated that sowing in raised bed system give better crop establishment with higher yield by

way of reducing impact moisture stress in soil as a result of conservation in furrows or drainage

of excess rainwater by using these furrows, creating better soil physical environment and

increased nutrient availability.

Table 2. Promising characteristics of technology

Characteristics Observation on soybean

Variety used RVS2001-4, JS 9560

Plant height (cm) 50-65

No. of branches/plant 6-10

No. of pods /plant 80-100

No. of nodules 50 DAS 30-35

Yield (q/ha) 16-22

% Moisture conservation(Kharif)/ water saving (Rabi) 25-30

Source of Data : Department of Agriculture , Govt. of MP & KVK


Large scale dissemination under convergence mode

Mechanization will help in timely completion of field operations, improving the efficacy of field

operations, increasing cropping intensity and economize the cost of cultivation. Use of raised bed

planter for planting soybean enables farmers to cover large area in a short period and utilization

of residual soil moisture. Timely availability of farm machine and inputs is necessary for large

scale dissemination of agricultural technology. Large scale dissemination of raised bed

technology was supported by both at central and state level. At central level it was supported by

National Food Security Mission which provides financial support for input supply and at state

level, it was supported by Directorate of Agricultural Engineering under Department of Farmers

Welfare and Agriculture Development, Government of Madhya Pradesh to provide raised bed

planter at subsidized rates. Custom Hiring Centers at district level also provide raised bed planter

on hiring basis. This facility is helpful to small and marginal who can hire raised bed planter

from custom hiring centers.

Comparison of Raised bed technology with conventional flat bed planting

The perusal of mean data presented in Table 3 showed comparison of raised bed

technology with conventional flat bed planting. It can be concluded that higher yield was found

under furrow irrigated raised bed planting method that is 16.40 q/ha followed by broad bed

planting and ridge and furrow planting was16.05 q/ha and 15.12 q/ha, respectively. Soybean

yield is higher in raised bed planting system that conventional flat bed planting (14.76). The cost

and return estimation of this technology and flat bed planting of soybean shows higher net return

Rs. 24995/ ha, Rs. 23842/ha, and Rs. 21664 in furrow irrigated raised bed, ridge and furrow and

broad bed furrow, respectively in comparison to conventional flat bed planting (Rs. 20638/ha). It

can be concluded here that net return and B:C ratio is also higher in raised bed planting system

over flat bed planting. The results are in consonance of the study conducted by Dhakad et

al.2020.

Singh et al. (2018) reported in his field experiments during the Kharif season of 2014-15,

2015-16 and 2016-17 at KVK, Indore under three land configuration, viz., T1 (FIRBS layout),

T2 (Ridge and furrow layout), T3 (BBF layout), net return is per ha of Rs. 24699 was recorded

for soybean crop under the FIRBS whereas lower net return per ha of Rs. 20808 was recorded


under BBF land configuration. Effect of FIRBS sowing method in soybean crop was found better

in comparison with ridge and furrow as well as broad bed furrow method. The FIRBS sowing

method recorded net return significantly higher over the ridge and furrow and broad bed furrow

for soybean crop.

Dhakad et al. 2019 concluded that net return is the best index of profitability of soybean

crop and higher net return per ha was recorded for soybean crop under ridge and furrow attach

seed cum fertilizer drill where as lower net return per ha recorded for soybean crop under normal

seeddrill sowing in his field experiments at Shajapur district of Madhya Pradesh to assess effect

of ridge and furrow seed cum fertilizer drill on growth characters and yield of soybean during

Kharif season 2016 and 2017. Hence, it can be conclude here that sowing raised bed planting

system gives higher yield and economic gains, should be popularized among the farmers for

cultivation of soybean crop and other crops to mitigate ill effect of natural vagaries of monsoon.

Table 3. Comparison of raised bed technology with conventional flat bed planting

S.No. Observation Flat bed

planting

Furrow

Irrigated

Raised Bed

Broad Bed

Furrow

Ridge and

furrow

1. Yield q/ha 14.76 16.40 15.12 16.05

2. Cost of cultivation 23642 24205 23696 25950

3. Gross income 44280 49200 45360 49792

4. Net income 20638 24995 21664 23842

5. B:C ratio 1.87 2.03 1.91 1.95

Source: KVK Dhar, Dewas and Ujjain (2017-2018)

Horizontal Spread of Technology in soybean in Madhya Pradesh

In Madhya Pradesh, soybean is mainly grown in Malwa plateau part, part of Deccan

plateau and Central highland in the state. Soybean in state mainly growing in kharif season under

rainfed condition. The perusal of data presented in Table 4 shown that raised bed technology in

soybean was adopted by 103430 farmers in 2641 villages and covered 209455 ha area in Malwa

Plateau zone districts viz. Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Shajapur, Ujjain and Nimar valley districts viz.,

Khandwa and burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh during 2018. Over the locations average yield was

recorded 19.24 q/ha under this technology. Maximum yield was recorded in Dhar KVK i.e. 22.0

q/ha and minimum yield recorded in Indore KVK i.e. 15.60 q/ha.


Table 4. Horizontal spread of technology in KVKs under Malwa Plateau Zone and Nimar

Valley

ACZs & KVKS No of villages

covered

No of farmers Area in ha Mean yield (q/ha)

Malwa Plateau

Dewas 102 2105 11745 18.6

Dhar 680 90000 122000 22.0

Indore 614 2550 17410 15.6

Shajapur 160 325 6240 19.3

Ujjain 675 5170 45000 19.20

Nimar Valley

Khandwa 340 2580 5010 21.0

Burhanpur 70 700 2050 19.0

Total 2641 103430 209455 19.24

Source of Data : Department of Agriculture, Govt. of MP

Economics of yield enhancement due to adopted technology in Soybean

Raised bed planting achieves lower production costs by reducing nitrogen loss, lowering

the number of tillage operations, less seed rate, reduced crop lodging and provide space for

mechanical and manual weeding with enhancement of crop yield (Gadge and Shinde, 2016). An

increase in yield over farmers practice would result in gaining more profit. The yield

enhancement varies from 15.0 % to 26.6%. An overall average was recorded 21.21% in adopted

technology. On the basis of area (ha) under raised bed planting, average yield and percentage

yield enhancement, speculative total enhanced production and total revenue generated in each

district was calculated. Total enhanced production was 898203 quintal and total revenue

generated in the districts was Rs. 273.94 Crore.

Table 5: Economics of yield enhancement due to adopted technology

KVKs Area under

Raised bed

(ha)

Average

Yield

(q/ha)

Yield

enhancement

(%)

Total production

enhanced

Quintal

Total revenue

generated in the

district

(Rs in Crore)

1 2 3 4 5= 2*3*4/100 6 =5 x 3050/

1,00,00,000

Dewas 11745 18.6 23.9 52211 15.92

Dhar 122000 22.0 20.0 536800 163.72

Indore 17410 15.6 19.0 51603 15.74

Shajapur 6240 19.3 20.0 24086 7.35

Ujjain 45000 19.2 24.0 207360 63.24

Khandwa 5010 21.0 15.0 15782 4.81

Burhanpur 2050 19.0 26.6 10361 3.16

Total 209455 19.24 21.21 898203 273.94


Impact of adopted technology

In raised bed planting of soybean, yield exhibited 21.21% increase as compared to

conventional flat bed planting and moisture conservation is 25-30%. Verma et al. 2017

concluded that yield enhancement in soybean crop was 28.38 % due to due to higher growth

character in broad bed furrow sowing over conventional flat bed planting. Similarly, 40 to 50%

saving in irrigation water was recorded with broad bed furrow method of soybean in comparison

with flood irrigation of controlled plots. Results indicated that broad bed furrow technology has a

lot of potential to increase water productivity of soybean Irrigation in the furrows is known to

improve water availability in the root zone and reduces water-logging resulting in higher yield. It

will also help in bringing fallow land under cultivation, thus giving further boost to production at

regional scale. Economics shows increase in net income by 86.18% over conventional flat bed

planting.

Raised beds also provide additional advantages like reduced weed infestation. Jha and

Soni (2013) reported that the weed density of monocot (25.1/m2 ) and dicot (18.7/m2 ) weed was

lowest in broad bed furrow (BBF) sowing method and application of pendimethalin (0.75 kg/ha)

fb imazethapyr (0.75 g/ha. BBF sowing method also recorded highest yield attributes and grain

and straw yield (1.47 and 1.51 t/ha). The BBF sowing method of soybean gave maximum net

monetary returns and B:C ratio (`16,584 /ha and 1.87, respectively). Bed plants facilitate

irrigation before sowing by furrow and thus provide opportunity to control weed. Mechanical

control of weed also performed between beds at early crop stage.

Ram et al. 2013 observed increasing trend in soil temperature on raised beds. It was

possibly due to exposure of more surface area to incident solar radiation in permanent beds than

in flat conventional treatments. The higher temperatures can help in early germination and

seedling emergence, particularly in winter season crops. It was also recorded that higher bulk

density and infiltration in soil under non-tillage and permanent raised bed plant. It may due to

minimal soil disturbance resulted in pore continuity. In soybean - wheat cropping system no

tillage and permanent bed systems were more profitable due to saving in labour, time, water and

energy cost.

Planting method also influenced the uptake of nutrients by the plants. The availability of

nutrients to crop root zone increased due to optimum water supply and it might be helpful in


sustaining crop yield with less seed rate, less fertilizer and less water requirement. Singh et al.

(2018) reported that maximum increment of available N, P, K and S in surface soil (0–15 cm)

was recorded under the BBF. The BBF method appeared beneficial in terms of assured higher

yield, improved water productivity and physicochemical properties of soil under variable

climatic conditions in Central India. Muhmood Abid et al. (2015) reported that the bed planting

of wheat not only saves water but improves fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield. In bed

planting, higher nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use, and agronomic and recovery efficiencies were

recorded 25.04%, 15.02%, 14.59%, and 29.83%, respectively, to flat planting.

On the basis of this study, raised bed planting is beneficial in terms of improving

physicochemical soil properties, water productivity and crop productivity. It is advantageous in

saving cost in field preparation, labour and time resulted increase in income. Crop productivity is

increased due to better growth characteristics, good germination and crop stand, less weed

infestation, increased nutrient use efficiency and water productivity. Crop on bed planting less

prone to crop lodging, more tolerable to water stress, thus making crop to withstand with

climatic abnormalities. Same bed can be used for next crop with reshaping in soybean-

wheat/soybean-chick pea system which conserves natural resources with minimal soil

disturbance. Thus, raised bed planting should popularized among farmers for improving yield,

water productivity, profitability and sustainability in soybean production system.

Recommendation for policy, Research and Extension Services

Specific technology is required of soybean production in changing scenario according to market

preferences, emerging new trends in farming due to climate change and different economic strata


of the country. To increase national productivity gaps in research and technology adoption

should be found out. The production technologies should to re-align to mitigate impact of

climate change and exploit beneficial opportunities by adoption of suitable practices in soybean

production. The technologies tuned with conservation agriculture for effective management of

resources should be conducted in soybean-wheat/soybean-rabi pulses cropping systems. Raised

bed planting with conservation agriculture is advantageous in saving input cost, erosion control,

reduced soil compaction and better soil physical structure. The permanent raised beds will

helpful in managing resource depletion and pollution in existing system. Effective technology

dissemination modules should be made to bridge the gaps in adoption by extension fraternity and

studies should be conducted to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities to further

improve conservation natural resources in soybean based cropping system in irrigated and

rainfed regions of India. These modules provide solution for the problems of soybean producers

according to their need. Rearranged extension programme required to fulfill the needs of all

categories of the farmers. A single approach would not be able to tackle the forthcoming

challenges of producing more food and oil with limited or reduced available water. Research and

extension strategies with suitable policy will tackle emerging issues in changing climate scenario

to meet the needs of soybean growers and achieving sustained soybean productivity.

Conclusion

Soybean is sensitive to water stress and sudden rainfall at the time of germination affects the

crop growth. The raised bed planting of soybean may be useful in rainfed areas. The planting of

soybean on changed land configuration i.e. raised bed planting has added advantage over flat

land planting by way of mitigating adverse effect of moisture stress and thereby improving the

yield levels of soybean. Additionally this method enhanced field access, which facilitates to

control weed and pests effectively, nutrient availability and reducing tillage. The improvement in

performance of crop and monetary benefit can be harnessed by the farmers by adopting viabel

management alternatives. Raised bed planting for soybean goes long way in achieving this.

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