Table of contents

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MIGRATION AND CRIME (PANEL SESSION OVERVIEW) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IJ I

HUMAN SMUGGLING AND THE REFUGEE CRISIS IN THE EU · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IJ I

INfERNAL MIGRATION, CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IJ I

COCAINE HOPPERS. THE NIGERIAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE GLOBAL COCAINE TRADE ........ · ......... · ......... .. ........ · ......... ·.... IJ2

CRIME TO CURE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 02

,,., ..........................•.......................................•..............................•....•... •... .......... .......... ... ....•....•........................ 1!3

CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT IN SOUTH KOREA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 113

THE STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELEcrR.ONIC MONITORING OF SOUTH KOREA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 113

CHANGES OF KOREAN LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL ASSAULT .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... .. . ... .... .. . ... .... .. . ... ....... ....... .. . ... .... .. . ... .... 113

THELIGHTANDSHADEOFANTI-TERRORLAW ....................................................................................... .... .................. 113

INTIMATE VIOLENCE AND ABUSE IN KOREA: CRIMINAL LAW AND PUBLIC POLICY · .. · ......... · ......... · ................... · ......... ·.... 114

&i••·············································································································································· ························· 115

AWARENESS REGARDING JlNENILE CRIME AND JUVENILE SUPPORT AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. ·.... 1J 5

A STUDY OF STATUS OFFENSE JUVENILE AND JUDICIAL TREATMENT IN TAIWAN · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · II 1·

DIVERSION OF THE CHILD OFFENDER AS A CRIME REDUCTION METHOD: A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE CO PRESENTER

MICHELLE OVENS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IJ 5

MALTREATMENT AND DELINQUENCY AMONG MIGRANT ADOLESCENTS IN CHINA: A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GENERALSTRAINTHEORY .......................................................................................................................................... or,

PARENTAL DISCIPLINE AND DELINQUENCY AMONG CHINESE ADOLESCENTS ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · · · ·· · ·· ·· · · · ·· · ·· ·· · · · ·· · ·· ·· fi(,

LEISURE ACTIVI'lY AND JlNENILE DELINQUENCY IN CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IJ(,

&i••············································································································ ······· ··· ······· ··· ······· ··· ······· ··· ······· ··· ······· ·· IJ7

SOCIAL BOND AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: A TEST OF SOCIAL BOND THEORY IN CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · II 7

UNDERSTANDING ADOLESCENT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR: CLUES FROM BRAIN RESPONSES TO OSTRACISM INDUCED BY THE CYBERBALL TASK · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · II 7

THE INFLUENCE OF PATRIARCHAL CULTURE ON WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT AND SPOUSAL VIOLENCE IN PRC CHINA-­

FINDINGS FROM 544 QUESTIONNAIRES OF A PEARL RIVER DELTA CITY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · II 7

PARTNER VIOLENCE: ITS IMPLICATION TO REPUBLIC ACT 9262 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1!8

MULTI-AGENCY COOPERATIVE INTERVENTION MODEL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HIGH-RISK FAMILY VIOLENCE OFFENDERSINTAIWAN .............................................................................................................................................. liS

FATHERS' CONCERN FOR CHILDREN AND THE CHINESE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ABSTINENCE PROCESS .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · .... · M

&i•i······································································································································································· /II

THE URGENT NEED TO CHANGE THE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN REALIZING THE CHINESE DREAM · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I IJ

FROM KOBANS TO NPPS TO NPCS: THE STORY OF COMMUNITY POLICING IN SINGAPORE · ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· Ill

PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE IN TAIWAN .... · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · .. .... · .. · .. .... · .. · .. .... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · .. .... · .. ·.... I IJ

"JOB PERFORMANCE AND WORK- RELATED PROBLEMS OF POLICEWOMEN" · · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· I 1J

MORAL ECONOMY, LIQUID CONTROL AND BROKEN TACIT AGREEMENT: A SITUATIONAL ACTION PERSPECTIVE ON CHENGGUAN VIOLENCE IN CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · II

STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND PRODUCTION OF CHENGGUAN VIOLENCE IN GUANGZHOU, CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I I

&i«)······································································································································································· 12

VICTIM'S ROLES AND CONTROVERSIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I 2

A STUDY ON THE SURVEY OF THE LAY AND THE PROFESSIONAL COGNITION WHILE PRACTICING LAY PARTICIPATION IN CRIMINAL TRIAL- SOME FINDINGS OF THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCHES FROM SIX MOCK TRIALS IN CHIA-YI DISTRICT COURT

OF TAIWAN · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I 2

APPLYING DEMATEL TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FACTORS AFFECTING DECISION-MAKING OF PAROLE

BOARDS: MEN'S VS. WOMEN'S PRISONS · · · · · .. · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... ·.. 13

A STUDY ON INCARCERATED OFFENDERS OF NEW GENERATION MIGRANT WORKERS IN CHINA · · · ·· ·· · ·· · · ··· ·· · ·· · · ··· ·· · ·· · · ··· ·· 13

EFFECITVENESS OF TilE PRISON SYSTEM TO CONTROL TilE CRIME RATE IN SRI LANKA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13

PERCEIVED SOCIAL JUSTICE, TRUST IN GOVERNMENT, AND PERCEIVED SAFETY IN CHINA: TilE CASE OF GUANGZHOU · · · · 14

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DIFFERENTIAL REGULATIONS IN TilE STUDY OF CROSS-NATIONAL DATA: USING HOMICIDE AS AN EXAMPLE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Is

TilE AMBIGUITY OF COOPERATION: A WORKING DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IS

INVESTIGATION, PREVENTION AND SERVICE TRINITY THEORY USE BASIC RESEARCH · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · IS

2015VICTIMSURVEYINTAIWAN ··································································· ····································· ······ ···· ·········· ····· 16

TilE CURRENT STATUS OF ABOLISHING RECIDIVISM RELATED PROBLEMS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I 6

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EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF REHABILITATION PROGRAMS FOR ADULT OFFENDERS IN JAPAN .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 22

CHILD SEX OFFENDER'S CRIME PATHWAYS UNDER OSAKA PREFECrURAL ORDINANCE · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· 22

CHILD SEX OFFENDER'S DESISTANCE PROCESSES UNDER OSAKA PREFECrURAL ORDINANCE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 23

LONG-TERM DESISTANCE FROM CRIME IN JAPAN: A CASE STUDY OF HOW EX-OFFENDERS GO BACK INTO SOCIETY ·· ·· ··· ·· 23

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TilE FRIENDLY AUTHORITARIANISM OF CRIME PREVENTION VOLUNTEERING IN JAPAN ....... .. ...................................... 24

TilE LATEST CRIME PREVENTION ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN · ..... · ......... · ......... · ......... · ......... · ......... ·.... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 24

ACl1VITIES OF CRIME PREVENTION VOLUNTEER GROUP AND TilE SUPPORT BY TilE POIJCE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 24

COMMUNTIY BASED CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH SOCIAL CAPITAL; 2015 KYOTO CITY NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION SURVEY ....................................................................................................................................... .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ 25

WILL TilEY PREVENT SEX CRIME AGAINST CHILDREN IN THE COMMUNITY?: EXAMINING ORDINANCES FOR SAFETY OF

CHILDREN IN NARA, OSAKA AND TOCHIGI · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 S

THE FRIENDLY AUTHORITARIANISM OF CRIME PREVENTION VOLUNTEERING IN JAPAN ................................................ 26

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JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND NETWORK REGULATION -THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINA, AMERICA AND JAPAN ··· ·· 2 7

SELF-ESTEEM AND DISTRESS TOLERANCE OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF BOHOL, S.Y. 2015- 2016 · · · · · · · · · · · · 2 7

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT (DSWD) PERSONNEL IN HANDLING CillLD IN CONFIJCfWITH THE

LAW(CICL) ·································································································· ··· ······· ·········· ·········· ······· ··· ······· ··· ······· ··· ·· 27

REHABIIJTATION OF CHILDREN IN CONFIJCT WITH THE LAW (CICL) · ..... · ......... · ......... ·.. ... .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. 2S

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND WELFARE DEVELOPMENT IN CABANATUAN CI'IY: ITS COMPETENCE ON

CICI.S' REINTEGRATION · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 11J

REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN IN CONFIJCT WITH THE LAW IN THE PROVINCE OF NUEVA ECIJA · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · .. ·...... 31!

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THE INFLUENCE OF PATRIARCHAL CULTURE ON WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT AND SPOUSAL VIOLENCE IN PRC CHINA-­

FINDINGS FROM 544 QUESTIONNAIRES OF A PEARL RIVER DELTA CITY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · i I

EXPLAINING DEATH PENALTY CLEMENCY IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM FROM 1986 TO 2015 .... .. · .. · .... · .. ... .. .. 3 I

RISK AND THE EROSION OF WESTERN PENAL AND CRIMINAL LAW VALUES .... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · .... .. · .. · ...... ·.. i I

MENTAL HEALTH AND PRISONERS- MANDATED TREATMENT OPTIONS ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ·· · ·· .!2

AMERICAN AND CHINESE COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS: A COMPARATIVE VIEW · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · i 2

THE COMMUNITY-BASED TREATMENT OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS IN TAIWAN ....... · ......... · ......... · ......... ·.. .. ... .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. ... .. 32

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GOVERNMENTALI'IY AND MAINTAINING SOCIAL STABILI'IY IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA:A CASE STUDY OF X COUN1Y IN

SOUTH CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13

PROPAGANDA AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CRIME: THE CASE OF POLICE STREET BANNERS/SLOGANS IN GUANGZHOU .13

VERIFICATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SELF-ANTICRIME ACTIVITIES BASED ON A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .! .i

MODERN SOCIETY AND CRIME-PREVENTION VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN · ........................................................... 34

MODERN CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 4

'JW)······················································································································································ ················· 3S

CRIME VICTIMIZATION IN BAGUIO CITY, PHIIJPPINES: PROBE ON VICTIM PROFILES · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · iS

THE IDEA OF A SOUTHERN CRIMINOLOGY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .i.i

THE CRIMINOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SYED HUSSEIN ALATAS IN A GLOBAIJSED DISCIPIJNE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · i(J

SOUTHERN CRIMINOLOGY AND GLOBAL JUSTICE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · > r. LOST IN DEVELOPMENT: CHINA'S CRIMINOLOGY ON THE ROAD TO INTERNALIZATION · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .i 7

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AN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON CAUSES OF CORPORATE CRIME · · · · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · ...... · .. · ...... · .. ·.. 38

THE SURVEILLANCE SOCIETY: THE METADATA DEBATE .. · .... · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · 3 8

METADATA RETENTION AND THE CYBER THREAT · · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· ··· 38

SENTENCING POIJCY AND PUBLIC OPINION OVER TERRORISM CRIME IN NETWORK ERA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .>I)

CORRUPTION IN CHINA AND THE UNITES STATES: A COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 411

,,.; •.............................................................................................................................................. .......... .......... ..... 41

THE ROLE OF INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS IN WOMEN'S DRUG USE: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF WOMEN DRUG USERS

IN CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 'II

CRIMINALIZATION AGAINST DRUG ABUSE IN JAPAN .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · 41

A TYPOLOGY OF SEX OFFENDING AGAINST MINORS & CRIME PREVENTION MEASURES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF RAPE AND

MOLESTATION CASES IN CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 41

THE RISING COST OF TRAVEL: WOMEN AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON CHINESE TRANSPORTATION NE'IWORKS .. · .... · .... · 41

SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF ADOLESCENTS IN TANZANIA: A CRIME OF COERCION, POSmONS OF POWER AND TRUST, AND

ECONOMIC STATUS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 42

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THE INFRINGEMENT OF PERSONAL INFORMATION AND ITS SPATIAL SUPERVISION AND PREVENTION IN THE BIG DATA

ENVIRONMENT --FROM THE PERSPEcriVE OF THE SPACE OF FLOW · · · · · · · · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · · Pi

,, ••.............................................................................................................. .. . ...... . .. . ...... . .. . ...... . .. . ...... . .. . ...... . .. . .... 46

THE REVIEW OF EXISTING STATE AND TREATMENT OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN JAPAN · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 46

DEVELOPMENT OF A TREATMENT GROUP PROGRAM FOR DELINQUENT YOUTH IN A JUVENILE RESIDENTIAL FACUlTY AND

ITS BASIC FRAMEWORK · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4 ri A REVIEW ON EFFEcriVE PRACTICE OF TREATMENT GROUPS FOR DELINQUENT YOUTH IN A JUVENILE RESIDENTIAL

FACIIJTY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4 7

INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH WHO HAVE SEXUAL BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS IN COMMUNITY ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ·· · 47

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THE ROLE OF VOLUNTEER PROBATION OFFICERS IN JAPAN ............................... . ......... . ......... . ......... . ......... . ......... . ....... 4~

THE ROLE OF VOLUNTEER PROBATION OFFICERS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Sl!

THE ROLE OF VOLUNTEER PROBATION OFFICERS · · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .. .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .... · Sl!

AcriVE PARTICIPATION OF EX-OFFENDERS IN THE PROVISION AND IMPROVEMENT OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION ·· ·· · Sl!

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TEST OF SELF-CONTROL IN CHINESE CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE PREDICTING FACTORS TO JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

AND CRIM:E · · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · ...... · 51

RISK FACTORS FOR DELINQUENCY AND ALCOHOL USE IN ADOLESCENTS: RESULTS FROM THE ISRD3 IN FINDINGS FROM

INNER MONGOLIA, CHINA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 I

THE OVERLAP BETWEEN OFFENDING AND VICTIMIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF HONG KONG ADOLESCENTS 5 I

COMPARISON OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' DELINQUENCY BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN TAIWAN: TO ANAL~ ROBERT AGNEW'S GENERAL STRAIN THEORY .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ..... ... .. ..... ... .. ..... ... .. ..... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... S2

THE IMPACTS OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT ON SUBSTANCE USE AND VIOLENT DELINQUENCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS · · · · · 52

STREET CHILDREN AND 'ILUCIT LABOUR': CONSIDERING NEW WAYS TO PREVENT YOUNG PEOPLE'S INVOLVEMENT IN

ORGANISED CRIME · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 53

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CAN UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION BE UNIVERSAL? THE PROBLEM OF JUSTIFICATION FOR PUNISHING FOREIGNERS · · · · · · · · · · 54

LEGAL ANALYSIS ON CHINESE SENTENCING GUIDEUNES: A COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL LAW STUDY ON JUDICIAL

DISCRETION COVERING SELECI'ED JURISDICTIONS · .. · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · .... · ...... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · .. .. · .... · 54

"TTIERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODAIJTY PROGRAM: TOWARDS TRANSFORMATION OF RESIDENTS IN IFUGAO DISTRICTJAIL" ................................................................................................ .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ .. ...... 55

A PREUMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ANGER MANAGEMENT VIRTUAL REALITY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPYPROGRAMONEEGPATI'ERNS ............................................................ .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ .. ........ .. ................ 55

FROM CONFUCTS TO CONSENSUS: NEGOTIATIONS AND ACCOMMODATIONS INSIDE A PHILIPPINE CITY JAIL · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 56

,, • ., .............. . .... . .................................. ..... . .................................. ..... . .... .......... .......... .. . ....... .................... ............. 57

A STUDY ON THE APPUCATION OF TRINI1Y THEORY OF INVESTIGATION, PREVENTION AND SERVICE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 57

INVESTIGATION, PREVENTION AND SERVICE TRINITY THEORY USE · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 57

15 YEARS INTO THE 'WAR ON TERROR': FROM THE LOCAL TO THE GLOBAL · .... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... 58

CHINA'S NEW COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN THE POST -2001 ERA: LEGAL DEVELOPMENT, PENAL CHANGE

AND PO UTI CAL LEGITIMACY · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ss MEASURES TO ENSURE EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TERRORISM INVESTIGATIONS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 58

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FACTORS EXPLAINING TAIWAN'S CRIME RATE TRENDS FROM 1991 TO 2013 · ... . ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ....... ... ril!

PATHWAY TO EVADE SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: ENSURING THE PROTECTION OF CHILD

VICTIMS OF CRIME IN SRI LANKA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 60

MORAL PANIC AND STRIKE-HARD CAMPAIGNS IN MAINLAND CHINA · ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· 61

HARMFUL CULTURAL PRACI1CES IN SOUTH AFRICA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 61

HISBAH AND URBAN KANO INSECURITY: A QUAIJTATIVE ANALYSIS APPROACH BY ALI ADO SIRO · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 61

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MIDDLEMAN IN GUANXI-FACILITATED CORRUPT TRANSACI10NS: TilE SI'UDY ON MILITARY CORRUPTION IN CHINA ·· · ·· · · (,2

TilE VALUE OF SOUTHERN PERSPECTIVES IN CONCEPTUALISING BEST PRACI1CE NGO ANTI-TRAFFICKING MEASURES ·· · · o2

STATE-ORGANIZED AND STATE EMPLOYEE-ORGANIZED CROSS... BORDER TRADE CRIMINAIJTY IN TilE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES' REPUBUC OF KOREA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 62

CRIMINAIJTY PERSPECI1VES OF ILLEGAL FORESTRY ACTIVITIES IN TAIWAN · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 6!

INTERNET VIGILANTES (NETILANTES): FOR FUN OR REAUSING SOCIAL JUSTICE? · · · · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · ...... · .. · .... 6!

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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, INDIVIDUAL STRAIN AND DRUG OVERDOSE: INTEGRATING GENERAL STRAIN TIIEORY AND

INSTITUTIONAL ANOMIE TIIEORY · ··· ······· ··· ······· ··· ······· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· ··· ··· ···· 64

A TEST OF SOCIAL BOND TIIEORY AMONG CHINESE DRUG USERS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 01

PROSTITUTION IN CABANATUAN CITY-PHIUPPNES: A BASIS FORA PROPOSED ACI10N PLAN · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 64

PROSTITUTION AS 'VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN'?: TilE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN WHO BUY SEX · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · o 5

BONDED MODE AND TENANCY MODE OF SEX WORK: TilE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF SEX WORKERS IN A BANGLADESHI

BROTIIEL · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · r. ~

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MIGRATION AND CRIME (Panel session overview)

Panel chair: T. Spapens (Professor of Criminology

Tilburg University, the Netherlands)

Authors: D. Siegel (Professor of Criminology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands)

T. Ma (PhD researcher, Utrecht University)

D. van Uhm (Assistant Professor, Utrecht University)

J. Oboh (PhD researcher, Utrecht University)

s 1 -1

Abstract: The current refugee crisis in the European Union once again put the topic of migration and crime high upon the

agenda. An influx oflarge amounts of refugee groups consisting predominantly of young single males confronts communities

in countries such as Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands resulting in fear that crime will increase and women will be

sexually harassed. Authorities on their part fear that Islamist terrorists will misuse the flow of refugees to enter Europe unde­

tected. Migration may also create opportunities for crime groups involved in human smuggling. From a criminological

perspective, we can identify additional aspects of migration and crime. Crimes against humanity and ecocide may for example

cause large-scale migration. Historically, migrant groups have played an important role in international trade but this also

applies to the trade in illegal goods. A final example is that migrant groups 'import' customs considered criminal in their new

homelands, such as the trafficking in protected flora and fauna for use in traditional medicine and rituals. In this panel, the

authors present and discuss four examples of crimes related to migration: human smuggling; crimes committed by migrants

in China; the involvement of Nigerians in cocaine trafficking; and the poaching of protected wildlife destined for the manufac­

turing of traditional Chinese medicine.

Human smuggling and the refugee crisis in the EU Dina Siegel

The present refugee crisis in Europe brings with it fears on organized crime, which allegedly expands with the migrations

wave. Human smuggling is one of such fears. This presentation focuses on the current human smuggling activities, based on

empirical data from an on-going international comparative study. How do different European countries deal with this

phenomenon? Is there a discrepancy between the image of a criminal smuggler and the assisting service? What is the role of

human smuggling in the present migration crisis?

Internal migration, crime and criminal justice in China TianMa

In China, according to official statistics internal migrants are consistently and drastically overrepresented in all stages of the

criminal justice system. For instance, in a county-level city near Shanghai migrants represented 4296 the population but were

accused of committing 7296 of the criminal offences from 2oo6-2oo8. In my ongoing research, I explore this disproportional

situation from the perspective of the criminalization process of the population. Empirically, it is based on systematic fieldwork

including 6o interviews with legal professionals in China, i.e. the police, protectorates, criminal judges, criminal lawyers and

staff working in prisons and jails. In my paper, I present the main results. To begin with, cumulative discrimination against

migrants exists at every decision point in the criminal justice system. Second, in China, judicial discretion is limited, and to

explain this finding we should therefore take into account the context of the bureaucratic hierarchy, the quantitative-favoured

evaluation of institutions and staff, and the responsibility system of the leadership. Therefore, 'governing through crime' must

be discussed in the context of Chinese society.

• •

• •

Cocaine Hoppers. The Nigerian Involvement in the Global Cocaine Trade JudeOboh

In recent decades, Nigerian criminal drug 'barons' and 'gangs' have come to dominate international cocaine trafficking via

West Africa to destination countries globally, a trend that presents a serious security threat to Africa and the world. In my

paper, I will explain the role of Nigerians in a new style of illicit brokerage in supplying global demands for cocaine. Beginning

with an investigation into the criminogenic environment created by the Nigerian 'state crisis,' this work traces the geographic,

demographic, economic, historical, political, and cultural factors that have contributed to the cocaine culture in Nigeria. These

elements have led to a society that relies on 'reverse social capital,' wherein wealth and power are achieved through illegal

means, and solely benefit the individual. In my research I have conducted extensive interviews with Nigerian drug traffickers,

law enforcement agents (in Nigeria and abroad), politicians, and the Nigerian Diaspora to addresses the root causes that have

led to Nigerians' enthusiasm for international cocaine trafficking, especially in relation with Brazil and China. It concludes

that further emphasis should be placed on addressing the use of Nigeria's wealth in diversifying the economy by creating

employment opportunities and a basic infrastructure that could provide jobs as deterrent factor for the pool of potential drug

traffickers in the international cocaine trade.

Crime to Cure Daanvan Uhm

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is deeply rooted in the Chinese society. Although thousands of species of animals and

plants find use in medicines legally, some medications contain forbidden elements: illegal animal or plant ingredients of

protected species. This paper focuses on the social organisation, modi operandi and trade routes of the actors involved in

wildlife trafficking intended for use in TCM. I conducted the empirical research in China in trading areas of TCM. The paper

focuses on the illegal trade in tiger bones, rhino horns, saiga antelopes and pangolin scales destined for the TCM industry .

s 1-2

Session Title: Recent Trend in Crime Prevention and Control of South Korea

Child Abuse Prevention and Punishment in South Korea Yong Chul Park

Sogang University Law School

Abstract: In a part of Asian culture, there used to be a blurry line between disciplining and abusing a child. Korean culture

was no different in tenns of allowing maximum discretion of parents and teachers in case it seemed to be related to educating

a child. To some degree a form of physical abuse, beating, had been accepted as a proper form of disciplining and harsh words

had also been admitted without fathoming adverse impact it could bring. In South Korea law has slowly and abruptly changed

to meet the society needs of not condoning parents' and teachers' abuse however the government policy of preventing child

abuse does not seem to be orchestrated in order to have the most effective outcome. Rather by making it easier to give harsher

sentence the society has changed to have no-mercy policy when it comes to child abuse.

The Study on the Effectiveness of Electronic Monitoring of South Korea YounohCHO

Dongguk University

Abstract: Sex offenders under electronic monitoring are assumed to be highly dangerous in terms of their additional crime

rates in South Korea. This study aims at exploring the characteristics of sex offenders who wore electronic monitoring super­

vising device in South Korea by analyzing data set of Korean Ministry of Justice. In particular, the current study concentrates

on investigating the effectiveness of EM system comparing recidivism rates of sex offenders with EM and those of sex offend­

ers with non-EM. This outcome indicates that the crucial factors that are related with recidivism rates among offenders with

EM are different from those of sex offenders without EM. Further policy implication will be discussed.

Changes of Korean Laws against Sexual Assault WuYeKANG

Korea Maritime and Ocean University

Abstract: This topic is about changes of Korean laws against sexual assault and sexual custom. Korean laws against sexual

assault and custom have been dramatically changed. That change looked too dramatic but has not gotten reasonable assess­

ment until now. Most of all, laws of sexual assault have formed a new and distinctive path of development of Korean criminal

justice system. The way of our understanding the phenomena should be one of the most important issues, over which from

right now started to be discussed seriously. My paper and presentation would trace the developmental form and path and try

to suggest a reasonable resolution of it.

The light and shade of Anti-Terror Law Bong-SuKim

Chonnam National University Law School

Abstract: A bill for enacting the Anti-Terror Law that had been on hold due to the controversy over human rights abuse was

passed by the National Assembly on 2 March 2016. Although the bill for Anti-Terror is passed by the National Assembly, the

debate still goes on. Particularly, controversial issues are as follows. Terror is an evil and a menace that threatens the state and

society. But We need to keep in mind that allowing the unlimited surveillance for anti-terror actually is able to destroy the

social fundamental value called "Freedom" which to keep from terror. The society only searching for safety is never safe.

• •

• •

Intimate Violence and Abuse in Korea: Criminal Law and Public Policy SeongkiLEE

Sungshin University

Abstract: Intimate violence, including date rape, domestic violence and child abuse, persists in Korea despite extensive

efforts at prevention, intervention, and punishment. This research reviews the efficacy of current criminological policy of

Korea targeting intimate violence and discusses meaningful measures to improve the overall societal response to intimate

violence. Despite numerous laws that have been enacted to prevent, intervene, and punish intimate violence perpetrators

relying primarily on criminal law to prevent reoccurrence of violent incidents in intimate relationship, the prevalence of these

crimes continues to rise with multitude of the perpetrators being recidivists. The presentation analyses currents criminal law

and public policy of Korea in an effort to prevent reoccurrence of intimate violence and introduces Korean law enforcement

strategies .

s 1-3

Awareness Regarding Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Support among University Students MikaYamada

Nagoya city university

Abstract: This report is about awareness regarding juvenile crime and juvenile support among university students. BBS

associations under the management of the probation office under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice have organizations

established in various locations at universities, etc. They mainly conduct support activities for juveniles with minor problems.

In this report, the results of a 2016 awareness survey regarding awareness among university student members of BBS associa­

tions and among general university students regarding juvenile crime and juvenile support are reported. Aichi prefecture is

an area with high industrial output, stable income, high rates of three-generation-family households, and is very strongly

locally-oriented. According to 2015 Aichi prefecture police statistics, the number of crimes is not low, with 2.454 criminal acts,

390 minor infractions, 13 pre-delinquent acts, and 54,585 delinquent acts. As society undergoes changes, support for students

who cause problems is after the fact, with them only able to receive limited support such as receiving probation through

judgment at a family court, or participating in activities such as BBS associations through references by officials without

taking legal measures. Juvenile support is conducted using only limited resources. Students who are BBS association mem­

bers were not very concerned with juvenile crime at first, but gradually they showed interest. General students are not very

concerned with juvenile crime and support, but they understand the factors behind juvenile crime, and understood what kind

of support should be conducted well. Regardless of whether they had received specialized education, they understood juvenile

crime well.

A Study of Status Offense Juvenile and Judicial Treatment in Taiwan

( MU~~Y~hl~Q.~ m~~) W'fWi1: ( Mr Xu)

~~~*~ff]$(W:~~~

Abstract: The number of status offense juvenile in Taiwan has significantly increased in recent years, in which the majority

are frequently skipping school or running away from home and smoking, sniffing or injecting hallucinogenic drugs other than

opiate or narcotic drugs, accounting for over 9096 of all cases with a growing trend. This shows the growing complexity of

juvenile crime prevention. Therefore, if we hope to reduce the number of status offense juvenile, judicial treatment for status

offense juvenile should emphasize administrative measures first and limit intervention, strengthen the guidance function of

schools, and strengthen the treatment function of Juvenile Guidance Committees with respect to treatment of misconduct and

status offense juvenile.

Key Word: Status Offense Juvenile, Juvenile Delinquency ,Juvenile Proceeding Act ,Administrative Measures First, J.Y.

Interpretation No.664

Diversion of the Child Offender as a Crime Reduction Method: A South African perspective Co

presenter Michelle Ovens Cynthia Dlamalala

UNISA

Abstract: Incarceration of children has been a societal problem over the years, and no more than South Africa. According to

the Department of Correctional Services' 2012j2013 annual report, more than a third of those incarcerated in correctional

centres were youths including children as young as 17 years old, who have committed serious crimes. Besides the increase in

children in conflict with the law is the concern about the profile of children in trouble with the law which sees an increase in

children committing serious offences. This state of affairs would indeed according to the sentencing guidelines warrant that

• •

• •

harsh sentence of imprisonment be imposed based on the nature of these crimes. This paper highlights the crucial role of the

probation officer to assist key role players in the criminal justice system in making decisions which will be in the best interest

of the child and to divert children from the criminal justice system.

Maltreatment and Delinquency Among Migrant Adolescents in China: A study from the

Perspective of General Strain Theory Yunjiao Gao, Fengyuan Shi, Huimin Gao, Shu Guo

Department of Sociology, Wuhan University of Technology

Abstract: A myriad of local official statistics suggest that the incarcerated juvenile delinquents are overwhelmingly migrant

adolescents. Maltreatment among migrant adolescents is prevalent in China according to media reports. The positive effect of

maltreatment on juvenile delinquency has long been demonstrated in academia, but the mechanism still warrant further

investigation. Drawing data from 667 migrant adolescents in Shenzhen City, the study explores how maltreatment increases

the level of delinquency from the perspective of general strain theory. The results show that maltreatment exerts a strong

impact on delinquency, and the relationship between maltreatment and delinquency is moderated by deviant belief, delin­

quent peer affiliation, and neighborhood environment. The findings suggest that maltreated migrant adolescents who have

deviant belief, associate with deviant peers, and live in low-risk neighborhood are at high risk for delinquency.

Parental Discipline and Delinquency among Chinese Adolescents RuthLiu

San Diego State University

Abstract: This study investigates parental use of physical and verbal punishments on adolescents in mainland China and

whether parent-adolescent effects are gender-specific. Drawing on survey responses of over 2,700 middle school students

from Fuzhou City, China, regression analyses yield results consistent with the hypotheses: 1) Parent use of physical and verbal

discipline significantly increase adolescent participation in delinquent activities; 2) The effects of parental physical and verbal

punishments are gender-specific. Father's physical discipline is more strongly associated with adolescent son's delinquency

than mother whereas mother's physical discipline is more predictive of daughter's delinquency. For verbal discipline, mater­

nal punishment is more predictive of son's delinquency while father's verbal discipline is related to daughter's aggression. The

findings are discussed in light of social strain theory, gender role expectations, and policy implications.

Leisure Activity and Juvenile Delinquency in China Tang Wei

University of Macau

Abstract: Related factors of juvenile delinquency have been widely explored by various researchers using different theories.

Studies indicated that some leisure activity involvement will increase the likelihood of juvenile delinquency in Western.

Besides school and family time, adolescents spent a lot time playing outdoors. Self-reported questionnaire was used to collect

sample data from in-school students from one of the big cities in southwest China. This study will explore the type of leisure

activity and its impact on juvenile delinquency in China .

Social Bond and Delinquent Behavior: A Test of Social Bond Theory in China

s 1-4

Liangmin University of Macau

Abstract: Juvenile delinquency has become a serious problem and its reasons also become an imperative study. This

research aimed at examining the four dimensions of Hirschi's Social Bond Theory and comparing the difference between

migrate children and non-migrate children in China. Data applied in the current study were 3042 adolescents collected from

12 middle and high schools in a southwest city of China in 2015. The results show that social bond have some difference among

different groups of students.

Understanding Adolescent Aggressive Behavior: Clues from Brain Responses to Ostracism

Induced by the Cyberball Task Cheng-Hung Ko1, Chiao-Yun Chem, Neil G. Muggleton

~IE**

Abstract: Ostracism refers to being ignored and excluded from a group of people, and results in threats to the fundamental

needs of belonging, self-esteem, control, and of having a meaningful existence. Previous studies indicate the brain dynamics

of positive and negative feedback may modulate human behavior under conditions of social exclusion. As such, it is important

to examine whether the feedback resulting from ostracism is an important factor for aggression in violent adolescents.

Accordingly, this study examined the association between experiencing social exclusion and event-related brain potential

(ERP) activity. Nine violent adolescent offenders, and nine normal adolescents were recruited for this study and performed

the Cyberball task and completed the Need Threat Scale (NfS). The Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPAQ),

Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire for Children (RSQ), and Negative Mood Regulation Scale (NMR) were also completed

before performing the task. The Cyberball task included a social exclusion and a social inclusion condition and ERPs were

collected during taks performance. The RP AQ showed that the scores of the reactive (p<.OOl) and proactive (p=.003) aggres­

sion scale for the violent adolescent offenders were significantly higher than those of normal adolescents (p=.049). The scores

of meaningful existence from the NrS of the violent adolescent offenders were significantly lower than for controls. The mean

amplitude of the feedback-related negativity ERP component, typically of larger amplitude when performance is worse than

expected, for the violent adolescent offenders was significantly higher than that of controls (p=.036). Ostracism induced by

the Cyberball task seems to result in threat to the need for meaningful existence in violent adolescents. These adolescent may

also have a deficient in solving cognitive and emotional conflict for the modification of inhibitory control. The findings are

consistent with aggression of violent adolescents being related to having the perception of higher levels of threat to meaning­

ful existence and altered subjective evaluation of the outcome events in a social context.

The influence of Patriarchal Culture on Women's Empowerment and Spousal violence in PRC

China--Findings from 544 uestionnaires of a Pearl River Delta Cty ChenXuan

University of Macau

Abstract: Based on a survey with a sample size of 544 from a Pearl River delta city in China, this research attempt to identify

the influence of patriarchal culture on women's empowerment and spousal violence, the principle analytic model were struc­

tural equation model with bootstrapping standard error and interaction model. The consequence indicates that the direct

effect of patriarchal culture identity on spousal violence was negative; But women's empowerment played a mediator of the

relationship, patriarchal cultural identity decreased women's empowerment, further increased the risks of spousal violence

; Total effect of patriarchal culture identity on spousal violence was positive; then the presence of a moderator effect of educa­

tion level on the association between patriarchal cultural identity and spousal violence, when patriarchal cognitive conditions

were identical, women's education level would play a protective role.

• •

• •

Partner Violence: Its Implication to Republic Act 9262 MayV. Miguel

Araullo University

Research Abstract: This study used descriptive type of research. The respondents of the study were seventeen victims of

intimate partner violence selected through purposive sampling. The study was conducted from the month of June to October

School Year 2013 in Cabanatuan City, Philippines. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following: socio-demographic profile of

the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment; causes of intimate partner violence; effects

of intimate partner violence; and the implication of the study in the implementation of Republic Act 9262. The study showed

that the respondents who cooperated in the study are within the Age Bracket of 26-30 or 36.5% which means that respondents

are still new in their relationship and have not yet properly adjusted from single to married life, Legally Married are 11 or 64%

which means that most victims of violence are those legally married, and Elementary Undergraduate are 6 or 35.2% which

means that low level of educational attaimnent affects understanding and awareness on the rights of either spouse; among the

ten indicators, most of the respondents strongly agreed that the main cause of violence in a relationship is due to low level of

educational attainment by the aggressor; and the predominant effect of partner violence to the victim are the suffering of fear,

anxiety, and disturbance that may affect their social life. Therefore, the study implicates that the Republic Act 9262 which is

otherwise known as Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children is loosely and narrowly implemented. Thus, the

recommendations are as follows: education on the moral and legal roles of both (Men and Women) before marriage is deeply

encouraged; establishment of accessible complaint portal or desk to easily facilitate complaints of women and their children

concerning violence; and broaden the implementation of R. A. 9262 in order that it protection could reach the concerned

individuals or families it intended to protect most especially those wives and their children.

Multi-agency Cooperative Intervention Model for the Management of High-risk Family

Violence Offenders in Taiwan Jui-Lung Cheng

National Chung Cheng University

Abstract: Since over 100 thousand cases reported to the official evecyyear, family violence has become a serious social issue

as well as a domestic criminal problem. Over dozens of women and children were killed by their intimate partners or their

parents. Many professionals have been required by the law to intervene into family violence cases. To identify, monitor, and

control the dangerousness of the domestic offenders, a multi-agency cooperative intervention model had been launched since

2009. Under the model, social workers, policemen, prosecutors, judges, and therapists, including psychologists, clinical social

workers, and psychiatrists) were called together and regularly held case conference for discussing and evaluating the riskiness

of the monitored offenders. The present study was undertaken based on participant observation approach during the past

three years when the researcher was invited to serve as a professional consultant when all monitored offenders were discussed

and evaluated. The meeting was generally held at a local court once per month and a police officer and a senior social worker

moderated the meeting interchangeably. Three hundred and sixty domestic violence offenders had been evaluated and being

classified as highly risky, moderately risky, and lowly risky. The instrument used for determining risk classifications is

TIPVDA and the cutting point score is generally being set at 8 (15 as the maximum score). The key feature of the model is

believed to be effective in monitoring and controlling the dangerousness of the offenders and lowering down the lethality of

the victims. The possible causes of its success in treating the serious offenders of Taiwanese family offenders are comprehen­

sively discussed in this paper .

Fathers' Concern for Chlldren and the Chinese Domestic Violence Abstinence Process Hsien-Huei Chiou,

Associate Professor, Department and Graduate Institute ofCriminology,National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Abstract: Purpose: Western studies have constructed models to describe the process of domestic violence (DV) abstinence.

The stage descriptions in the DV abstinence process model were insightful as they provided subtle rationales for DV measure­

ment and treatment. Although DV has cultural connotations, existing stage models lacked cultural considerations. Concur­

rently, cultural considerations were also neglected when these models were applied to Chinese offenders; their DV reflected

the traits of traditional Chinese values and social changes. Father's concerns for children are one of the most obvious cultural

traits intertwined with Chinese DV. No studies have focused on how children concerns change during the stages of DV

abstinence; thus, this study explores this process.

Method: The data originated from the author's research project, Probing the Stopping Process of Intimate Partner Violence

and Constructing the Batterer Intervention Program. This project was reviewed and permission was obtained to conduct it by

the National Cheng Kung University Researcher Ethics Committee for Human Behavioral Science. It is based on the scientific

philosophy of constructivism. Twenty DV offenders who were issued restraining orders and had no relapsed reports for six

months were interviewed. To develop a dialectical dialogue and obtain clarification to practice the spirit of constructivism, the

interview scripts were analyzed by means of the Consensual Qualitative Research method.

Results: The results for children concerns related to DV abstinence could be constructed in five stages: (1). Identify traditional

Chinese values: Interviewees followed traditional role expectations of sustaining their marriage to meet children's develop­

mental needs. (2). Reflect traditional values: Interviewees perceived the side effects of sustaining their marriage without

affection, including sanctioning restraining orders and father-children relationships worsening. (3). Relieve self: They found

an alternative functional way to deal with couple conflict, or chose divorce if that is a better choice. (4). Reconstruct beliefs of

a nurturing environment: Interviewees managed to provide a non-DV family atmosphere to nurture children. (5). Maintain

stable and non-violent care-giving conditions: Interviewees were kept alert to prevent provocation leading to DV based on the

considerations of raising children.

Discussion for Application: Previous studies have shown that children concerns were associated with Chinese DV. This study

further described the changing stages of children concerns in the DV abstinence process. Results of this subtler description

could provide valuable information for researchers to measure children concerns while exploring related issues among

Chinese DV offenders in the future studies. Furthermore, this study could benefit practitioners of the Chinese batterer

intervention program to empathize with and for a better understanding of offenders to improve treatment.

• •

• •

s 1-5

The Urgent Need to Change the Role of the Police in Realizing the Chinese Dream MengyanDai

Old Dominion University

Abstract: This paper presents an argument for the change of the police role in China in order to realize the Chinese Dream.

It draws upon the sociological and criminological research on the relationship between the American Dream and crime, the

philosophy of the roles of the police in modem societies, and the practical concerns of what is needed in policing to realize the

Chinese Dream. This study conducts a systematic analysis of the Chinese police and offers policy recommendations for the

police to make prompt adaptions to current social needs, improve police citizen relationship, and enhance police legitimacy.

From kobans to NPPs to NPCs: The story of Community Policing in Singapore Jimmy Fan Zai Fu

University of Liverpool

Abstract: The paper looks to trace the development of community policing in Singapore as a policing philosophy and public

policing strategy adopted by the Singapore Police Force, from the early 1980s to present day. The paper will look to examine

the reconceptualization of community policing and its implications as a public policing strategy in Singapore through the

years and suggest that one might gain a better appreciation of the centrality of community policing approach in the psyche of

senior police leadership when viewed as a piece of a broader social-cultural puzzle as Singapore society develops. Given the

longevity of community policing as a key public policing strategy in Singapore, can we say that community policing remains

more rhetoric than reality? Can the Singapore's 'success story' in community policing be exported? Is there any lesson that

other countries can draw from Singapore?

Public Attitudes Toward the Police in Taiwan Lai, Yung-Lien

Central Police University

Abstract: Public attitudes toward the police in Taiwan Abstract Public attitudes toward the police (P ATP) is one of the most

important issues in a democracy society. Since 1980s, there has accumulated a rich body of research on this issue accompany­

ing with the development of community policing (COP) in U.S. Unfortunately, the limited studies have been found in Taiwan

society. This paper would like to extend the current knowledge of PATP by applying the theoretical models (demographic,

police-citizen interaction, and neighborhood contexts) and significant factors to a non-U.S. context in Taiwan. Given the fact

that the population is 23 million distributed in Taiwan Island with 20 cities and counties in July 2015, this study which has

bed sponsored by National Police Agency attempts to collect a research population of 18,000 respondents aged more than 18

years by using stratified random sampling via computer-assisted technique interview (CATI). Results indicated that more

than 8o96 of respondents reported that they were satisfied with police performance, which is the highest one compared to

previous three-wave surveys which have been conducted in 2000, 2005, and 2010, respectively. In addition, neighborhood

contexts and citizen-police contact experiences impacted the levels of satisfaction with the police after controlling for demo­

graphic variables in Taiwan. More findings and policy implications would like to be presented in 2016 ACS annual meeting

held at Beijing, China .

"Job Performance and Work- Related Problems of Policewomen" Janice Parasmilo

Ifugao State University

Abstract: The study dealt with the job performance and work-related problems of policewomen of Bagnio City and the

province of Benguet. Job performance rating was based on self-evaluation and those given by their immediate superiors. A

descriptive-survey method using a questionnaire as a data gathering tool showed that the job performance level of the police­

women is very good. Counseling and communicating with the members of the community are the tasks with the highest mean

ratings. There is also a slight difference between the self-evaluation rating of the policewomen and that of their immediate

superiors. Inadequate materials and equipment such as firearms, hand-held radio, computers and network systems, crime

investigation and detection instruments, laboratory equipment, and the like, which are needed in the job, and the lack of

cooperation from the people in the community are the foremost problems encountered by the police women. These problems

are due to less quantity of supplies, unavailability of such equipment in the country, and prolonged period of purchase of

endorsed materials and equipment. It is recommended that policewomen be provided with continuous training on police

work to maintain and even improve their very good job performance. Moreover, the police department may monitor and

provide the lacking equipment to be used by the police force in performing their duties. Provision of the needed equipment

can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the police officers as law enforcers.

Moral Economy, Liquid Control and Broken Tacit Agreement: A Situational Action Perspective

on Chengguan Violence in China Dr. Jianhua Xu;Miss Anli Jiang

University of Macau

Abstract: Chengguan (urban management staff) violence has been widely reported in China. Based on extensive fieldwork

and in-depth interviews with chengguan and street vendors, this research aims to explore micro-situational factors in shaping

chengguan violence towards street vendors in Guangzhou. We argue that due to the nature of moral economy of street

vending, local government adopts a strategy of a five-dimensional liquid control: liquid temporal control, liquid spatial

control, liquid target control, liquid issue control, and liquid punishment. As a result of liquid control, a tacit agreement

between chengguan and street vendors has been achieved, which can explain over 99 per cent of time there will be no violence

during the interaction between chengguan and street vendors. We argue that chengguan violence tends to occur when the tacit

agreement is broken. Factors in shaping the broken of the tacit agreement will further be examined in the research.

Structural Inequality and Production of Cheng guan Violence in Guangzhou, China XuJianhua

University of Macau

Abstract: Although urban management staff (Chengguan, the para-police in China) violence toward street vendors has been

widely reported in China but how the violence is socially produced is under-studied. With the data collected from participant

observation, systematic social observation, interviews with Chengguan and street vendors and content analysis of newspaper

reports in Guangzhou, we find that most of violence towards vendors is conducted by Chengguan assistants: the so-called

temporary staffs. While the official discourse attributes the occurrence of violence to the low quality of Chengguan assistants,

we argue that such claims tend to individualize social problem and blame the weak. This research reveals that the reason why

most of violence towards street vendors is conducted by Chengguan assistants lies in the unequal division of labor resulted

from unequal power structure between official Chengguan and Chengguan assistants. While Chengguan assistants are

overwhelming forces of street law enforcement, the official Chengguan stay away from the street. The convergence of likely

offenders (Chengguan assistants) and suitable targets (vendors) on the street naturally leads to the possible violence occur

between them. We further disclose that when official Chengguan do appear on the street, it becomes a contributing instead of

a containing factor of violence as they tend to give orders to Chengguan assistants and the latter feel backed and pressured

with institutional power, and therefore are more likely to use violence in law enforcement. This research contributes to an

understanding of how Chengguan violence occurs in China. It also contributes to an understanding of why violence tends to

occur within the underclass as both Chengguan assistants and street vendors belong to the urban poor.

• •

• •

s 1-6

Victim's Roles and Controversies in Criminal Justice Susyan Jou; Yusheng Lin; Hung-En Sung; Lewei Deng

National Taipei University

Abstract: By participating a police killing one-year trail, facilitating 2 restorative justice meetings among 4 selected accused

(out of 66) and victim's family, and conducting the first pilot 66 pre-sentencing reports in Taiwan, this paper intends to

demonstrate the legal roles and controversies of victim in the criminal justice system. The paper argues that at the trail phase,

victims at court serving as one of witnesses to provide factual information about the crime, however, victims' family mem­

bers/friends have little or no role at this stage. At the sentencing phase, courts could imply the general penal principles to all

crimes, that is the seriousness of crimes, with consideration of victim/family impact statements, the outcome of restorative

justice meetings, and pre-sentencing reports as various information/evidence in the sentencing decision-making process.

Victims or their family impact statements should not dominate the aggravating or mitigating factors, but to enhance the

understanding of crime nature and harm. At the parole phase, victim/family statements have very little contribution to the

risk-need-assessment for prison parole board, thus, should not be considered as a part of the parole decision. However, prison

parole board can use them as conditioning or restriction orders for granting the early release permissions. In conclusion, the

paper recommends that courts could establish standardized procedures of victim impact statements, conduct compulsory

pre-sentencing reports, and explicitly regulate the outcome of restorative justice meetings as aggravating /mitigating sentenc­

ing factors.

A Study on the Survey of the Lay and the Professional Cognition while Practicing Lay Partici­

pation in Criminal Trial- Some Findings of the Empirical Researches from Six Mock Trials in

Chia-Yi District Court of Taiwan Wang Jiang Jia

National Chung Cheng University

Abstract: Since 2012, catching up with the world trend and other factors, Judicial Yuan that the highest administrative

organization of judiciary in Taiwan has issued a draft law oflay participation in criminal trial (also called" Statute on the Pilot

Implementation of the Advisory Assessor System in Trial"). Meanwhile mock trials began to practice in two tentative district

courts (Chia-Yi and Keelung) at the beginning and expanded to other several courts later. The author followed up and

observed them. There have been many experiences and data accumulated. It goes without saying that comparing to foreign

studies, they were still tiny. But they are so original and prime ones that this topic could be the focus of criminal jurisprudence

as well as of criminal justice in Taiwan no matter now or future.In this article, the author begins with some findings which

were emerged from empirical research on six mock trials in Chia-Yi District Court during 2012-3. Some cognitive problems

are found. The author refers to regarding American and Japanese research results, mainly the Story model, and tries to

explain the reasons. Afterward, the ways finding possible resolutions can be led. The article specifically focuses on five

questions: 1. To explore the aim of lay participation in criminal trial and ask that it can be achieved or not in the participants'

cognition. 2. If the mock trials help the participants to understand cognitive meaning of lay participation in criminal trial. 3.

In the professionals' cognition, can the lay participate in criminal trial. 4.The lay cognition about selfs participation in crimi­

nal trial and its gap with the professionals'. 5. The reasons and the solutions of cognitive deference between lays and profes­

sionals.It is hoped by the author that feedbacks from the local experiences and data can also promote the system oflay partici­

pation in criminal trial steadily and promptly in Taiwan .

Applying DEMATEL to Investigate the Relationships between Factors Affecting Decision-Mak­

ing of Parole Boards: Men's vs. Women's Prisons

Shuping Tzeng

Department of Criminology, National Chung Cheng University

Abstract: The parole rejection/approval of inmates is subject to the decision-making of parole board members of respective

prisons. Studies have found that parole decision-making is affected by multiple factors. However, it is rarely discussed the

relative importance and mutual influences among the factors that parole board members consider during the parole

decision-making process. Furthermore, the studies of decision-making of parole mainly focus on the parole board of men's

prisons. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the possible differences in factors influencing parole decision-making of

parole boards between men's and women's prisons. The results showed that the major factors affecting the decision-making

of parole boards are "crime characteristics" and "criminal record." Comparing to the parole board of men's prisons, parole

board members of women's prisons put more attention to inmates' behaviors at prison.

A Study on Incarcerated Offenders of New Generation Migrant Workers in China ~ (Mr Jin)

wruw~~~

Abstract: Using both quantitative and qualitative empirical research methods based on Social Disintegration Theory (SDT),

this thesis, with 1936 stratified random cases of incarcerated offenders from 4 prisons in Zhejiang Province, studies the

correlations of positional recognition, moral recognition, emotional recognition and voluntary acceptance of norms of non-vi­

olence on incarcerated offenders of new-generation migrant workers. It is hypothesized that incarcerated offenders of

new-generation migrant workers will report more offence than incarcerated offenders of first-generation migrant workers,

and that there will be cross-generation differences in sentenced violent crime and recidivism. Finally, the three dimensional

independent variables will impact the cross-generation differences.

Effectiveness of the Prison System to Control the Crime Rate in Sri Lanka Bandula Manju Shri Nishshanka

Sri Lanka

Abstract: According to the statistics of the Prison Department of Sri Lanka, it was observed that the expected outcome has

not been achieved as the numbers of reconvicted prisoners have increased up to a considerable amount since year 2007. The

study was conducted to prove the fact that effective rehabilitation can decrease the amount of reoffending and it will achieve

result at the end, the reduction of the crime rate of the country. At the end it was proved that enhancing the existing proce­

dures and methods for rehabilitation in the prison system can decrease the number of re offenders and thereby able to

contribute to the reduction of the crime rate of Sri Lanka. It was also identified during the research that the government has

to play a major role in creating a disciplined society as a base, without which any correction programs conduct by the prison

system of a country not going to be a success.

• •

• •

Perceived Social Justice, Trust in Government, and Perceived Safety in China: The case of

Guangzhou Yunran Zhang, Hua Zhong, Junxiu Wang

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Abstract: Perceived safety, also known as fear of crime, is one of the oft-studied issues in Criminology. In the last few

decades, China has witnessed the rapid economic development as well as the increasing inequality in wealth, which contrib­

utes to people's sense of relative deprivation and decreases people's perception of social justice. The low level of perceived

social justice may then endanger their subjective feeling of security living in such a society. Furthermore, the recent vaccine

scandal in China is a good example that threatens people's trust in government as well as their perceived general safety as

citizens living in China. Besides a lot of studies explaining people's perceived safety by their physical and social vulnerability

in various societies, there is a scarcity of research examining perceived safety from the above social conflict approaches,

especially in China. Using a cross-sectional survey collected from Guangzhou in 2015, the present study aims to examine the

effects of perceived social justice and people's trust in government on their perceived safety in urban China. Here perceived

safety mainly refers to people's perceptions of personal/household property safety, personal safety, and social security in

general. The perceived social justice contains the extent of justice people perceive in citizens' political rights, criminal justice

system, and income distribution. The trust in government includes trust in local police, trust in local judges, trust in local

party/government leaders, and trust in local governmental staff. We also control important socio-demographic factors such

as gender, age, income, education, and perceived social status. The preliminary results suggest that the perceived level of

justice (esp. criminal justice system) and trust in government (esp. police) have more impacts on citizen's perceived personal

safety compared to perceived property safety and social security. Implications for social conflict theories and policies are also

discussed .

s 1 -7

Differential Regulations in the Study of Cross-national Data: Using Homicide as an Example WangJie

~t:J.?:rP't±~M~

Abstract: Difference on scoring offences in various countries and regions increases the difficulty of transnational crime data

comparison. Findings or conclusions that based on that crime data are easily misleading relevant public policy. By comparing

the method of Chinese and American's crime data collection, this study analyzes the significant differences within the statisti­

cal concepts and statistical regulations, and then points out that updating the theory of statistical collections by focusing more

on the victims, will be more conducive to enhance the accuracy comparison of transnational crime.

The Ambiguity of Cooperation: a Working Draft for Discussion Dr Mark A Edwards

Lancaster University Law School

Abstract: Preventing crime in a global context relies on understanding crime in a global context. The apparent heterogeneity

of cultural drivers - global and parochial - often confounds explanation but universal behavioural mechanisms exist and can

be accessed if the right questions are asked and the right tools used. The generic question that dominates the concerns of

criminologists is, 'why people break the rules'. The more realistic question, 'why people conform to different rules' receives

little attention. An adaptionist perspective demonstrates the importance of the latter by grounding it in the human condition,

and highlights the ambiguity of cooperation as it stands. However, adaptionist ideas can be provocative. So be it. This paper

adopts an adaptimnst: explicans to argue why enquiry into the nature and causes of criminality should be focused not on the

social-cheater dynamic but on the notion of what the author conceives as selective cooperation. Critical responses are invited.

Investigation, Prevention and Service Trinity Theory Use Basic Research

Abstract: With the development of science and technology,improvement in the level of information technology and modus

operandi of the update,difficulty in solving criminal cases increase,crime prevention requires increased,serve the public

pressure on the rise, detecting, preventing, and complexity of the difficulties faced by a surge in service work, their ability to

solve their own problem areas in decline, the reason, I believe, mainly because people neglect from the investigation, preven­

tion, service perspective view of the Trinity policing activities.Nowadays, with the public security system reform, the police not

only charged with the heavy responsibility of combating crime, should actively from the perspective of crime prevention point

of view, reflection eradicate crime from the source to reduce the incidence of crime, maintain public personal and property

safety, meet the expectations of society and the people. Detecting, preventing, and services three seemingly unrelated, in fact

inseparable, although these three different, yet there is a strong complementary relationship of interdependence, with some

theoretical basis for use. According to the basic theocy of the nature of the Trinity, which can be divided into the theoretical

foundation in the theory of deterrence, crime hot spots, Compstat model for the content of the theocy of rigid, rigid theoretical

basis to facilitate criminal investigation as the main foothold; to routine activity theory, rational choice theocy, situational

crime prevention theory neutral content to crime prevention as the main foothold; community policing, broken windows

theocy, restorative justice for the content of the theory of soft, flexible theory to serve the people as the main goal, three

complement each other, complement each other, together they constitute the detection, prevention, service Trinity theocy use

basis, make full use of the theoretical basis helps to enhance the criminal investigation, crime prevention, public services

effectively carey out the work.

• •

• •

2015 Victim Survey in Taiwan Tyan-muh, Tsai

Central Police University

Abstract: Crime victimization survey can be used as a crime statistics. It also can be understand the characteristics of

victims, damage and factors of report behaviors. It collected information may also help to make crime prevention policy.

Taiwan Crime victimization surveys were sponsor by the Ministry of the Interior Police Department. After 2000, 2005, 2010

and 2015 surveys, investigation accumulated a lot of valuable data and research results. Highlight the victim needs and police

responding. The type of personal victimization survey include: theft, injury, robbers and snatch. The victim rate: theft(5.57%

), injury( 0-40% ), robbers( 0.14 %) and snatch( 0.03). In terms of reporting rate: high severity, the relatively high reporting rate

• Reporting rate: robbers(4o.oo%), snatch(33.33%), injury(26.73%), and theft(19.35%). Household victimization types

include: residential burglary, motorcycle theft, car theft and fraud victim. The victim rate: residential burglary (1.49%), fraud

victim (1.33%), motorcycle theft (0.71%) and motorcycle theft (0.37%). In terms of reporting rate: residential burglary (

38.64%) , motorcycle theft ( 90.11%) , car theft ( 92.31%) and fraud victim (58.25%)

The Current Status of Abolishing Recidivism Related Problems

Abstract: For a long time, the recidivism has become the main targets of serious and chronic crime. On the material law, the

following problems exist recidivism: (1)The main principles of criminal, criminal law system is constructed on the principles

of behavioral principles and guilt, contrary to the provisions of the above two principles of recidivism.(2) If for fear of the

offenders must be aggravated criminal legal punishment ago after the crime, the fear of punishment in violation of the princi­

ple of "ne bis in idem" .(3) The reason people commit acts of recidivism, not the whole system simply weak reactivity of the

penalty of imprisonment or social factors have not received the treatment effect, probably due to the fact there are not attrib­

utable to the behavior of people affected due. Much larger than it needs to help penalty. (4) According to criminal Law 57(5),

"the offender's conduct," including a criminal record already included, such as in cases of discretionary judgment of the

specific reference to the trial, the right amount of punishment can be achieved by proper purpose, without depending on

recidivism aggravate the punishment necessary.(s) Germany 1986 amendments to the Criminal Law, the provisions of which

have been deleted aggravated criminal recidivism, the criminal record of it for reference only sentencing. In this study, hoping

substantive and procedural problems, and re-examine the necessity of the existence of recidivism, or, if there is still need to

exist, how to adjust the difference entity program, nor is the future focus .

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National Taipei University Graduate school of Criminology

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s 2-1

Session I Title: Crime and Desistance of Adults in Japan-Practice Researches and Desis­tance Theories Report for Preventing Recidivism and Recovering of Ex-offenders.

Effects and Problems of Rehabilitation Programs for Adult Offenders in Japan Junko Fujioka

Osaka University

Abstract: In 2012, Japanese government set a goal to reduce recidivism rate more than 4% until 2021. Thus, national and

local governments put some effort to develop effective rehabilitation programs. National Prisons have introduces

evidence-based programs for Sex Offenders. One of Four Private Finance Initiative Prisons implemented therapeutic

Communities for inmates. For community correction, Osaka government has made a system to assist sex offenders released

from prisons and lived in Osaka. Self-Help groups are also important figure for Japanese Correction scene especially for

addicts. The effects and problems of Japanese rehabilitation programs for adult offenders today will be discussed.

The Effect of Prison Therapeutic Community: A case study of a prison TC in Japan Ms. MORI, Mayumi and Dr. FUJIOKA, Junko

Hiroshima International University. Osaka University

Abstract: TC has evidence to reduce recidivism rate for drug abusers and violent offenders in Western countries. SARPC has

introduced TC program in 2009 for the first time in Japan. This presentation evaluates the effect of the TC program in Japan.

(method) Subjects are162 men graduated from TC program from Feb. 2009 to Mar. 2014. The change of inamtes are evaluet­

ed by three instruments; 1 Group dynamics, 2 psychological measures, and 3 residivism rate. (results) 1 Safe therapeutic

community to contain inmates, to support them talk and listen thier stories, and to help them to grow out of criminal lives

could be established in a Japanese Prison. 2 Their social skills have been developed and the sympton of PTSD were dimin­

ished. 3 The residivism rate for TC graduates is significantly lower than the inmates having similer criminal tendency.

Child Sex Offender's Crime Pathways under Osaka Prefectural Ordinance Ikeda, Yuko

Osaksa prefectual government

Abstract: [Background] The registration and counseling support system of child sex offenders of ex-prisoners have being

performed at Osaka prefecture, Japan, since 2012. This research aims to clarify the reason why they had committed a sex

crime to children (Crime pathways). At the same time, it tries to find out which problems are related to their re-offend after

the incarceration (desistance processes). Once those are clarified, it would be useful to prevent re-offend and promote their

re-adaptation to the society. [Method] Qualitative analysis was conducted by using the data of the record of counseling

processes with 15 ex-child sex offenders from 2012 to 2015. [Result] Regarding Crime pathways, a number of sex offenders

have experienced traumatic events, such as overprotection, excessive interference, violence, hulling by their peers, and abuse

by their parents or their partners, etc. Consequently, they've lost sense of security or trust. Instead, they've started to have fear

and hostility against others. As adults, they started to feel more safe and comfortable with children who thought to be less

intimidating and powerless. Therefore, we can conclude that one of the crucial factors for ex-offenders to distance from sex

crimes is to regain the emotional safety and security in their lives. Once they realize they are in the safe places, they might be

able to think it's needless to live in hannfullives, but worthy to believe in good lives.

Child Sex Offender's Desistance Processes under Osaka Prefectural Ordinance Takeshi Okuda

Osaka University & Osaka Prefectural Government

Abstract: [Background] The registration and counseling support system of child sex offenders of ex-prisoners have being

performed at Osaka prefecture, Japan, since 2012. This research aims to try to find out which problems are related to their

re-offend after the incarceration (desistance processes). It would be useful to prevent re-offend and promote their re-adapta­

tion to the society. [Method] Qualitative analysis was conducted by using the data of the record of counseling processes with

15 ex-child sex offenders from 2012 to 2015. As analyze, NVIVO was used, and some theme was clarified by using 2D cluster

mapping, then coded their narratives following those themes. [Result] As for a desistance processes, ex-offenders had experi­

enced the turning point where they had decided never to commit a crime, for example, reconsidering meaningful lives like

good lives model (e.g., word, 2002). However they have concerned about a possibility of re-offend. Also, most of them have

expressed interpersonal problems. Presumably, those problems are related to lack of their skills or the activation of dysfunc­

tional beliefs derived from their post traumatic events. As a result, they have addicted to unhealthy behaviors to avoid psycho­

logical burden. However, by using various social capitals including counseling support system, they have retrieved more

stable lifestyles by feeling safety in the relationship and remembering their meaningful lives.

Long-Term Desistance from Crime in Japan: A Case Study of How ex-Offenders Go Back into

Society

Hiromi Okura Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University

Abstract: (1) Title of the paper Long-term desistance from crime in Japan: a case study of how ex-offenders go back into

society (2) Name of the author Hiromi Okura (3) Author Affiliation Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University (4)

Brief bio of the author Doctoral candidate in Educational Psychology Lab, Osaka University Research Fellow of the Japan

Society for the Promotion of Science (2014-2015) (5) Abstract In Japan, the re-entry of ex-offenders and the prevention of

reoffending have gathered heightened attention since the mass stabbing committed by an ex-inmate in Osaka in 2012. To

achieve a goal of reducing recidivism by 20% over the next decade that Japanese Ministry of Justice set, it is required to tum

away from the static models of people as 'offenders' or 'criminals' to comprehensive approaches which view ex-offenders as

people with possibility of change. Understandings of how and why ex-offenders stop crime (the desistance process) offer the

prospect of developing better criminal justice practices, processes and institutions (McNeil, Farrall, Maruna, 2012). However,

the previous study on desistance process is limited in Japan resulting that correctional professionals have few evidence to plan

the policy of effective support for ex-offenders. This is an exploratory case study that clarifies the desistance process from the

interviews of slong-term desisters who committed serious offenses approximately 20 years ago. They are now succeeded in

positive re-entry of crime-free life with their social role and people who support them. By examining their life-story, several

findings were formed as positive factors such as: (1) turning points that affect both psychological and behavioral, (2) a person

who affirms them as it is in the society, and (3) transformation of their identity. These findings suggest that the receiving

community's open-mindedness and the availability of peer support were critical to positive re-entry in Japan.

• •

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s 2-2

Session 1: Crime Prevention Volunteering in Japan

The Friendly Authoritarianism of Crime Prevention Volunteering in Japan Erik Herber

Leiden University

Session Abstract: Crime Prevention Volunteering in Japan In recent years crime prevention volunteering has become a

widespread phenomenon in Japan, as the nwnber of volunteers involved in crime prevention has risen from around 20o,ooo

in 2003 to almost 3,ooo,ooo in 2014 (National Police Agency, 2015). This is a remarkable phenomenon not only in terms of

its scale but also in view of the fact that in Japan, like in many other industrialized countries, "public demand" has in recent

years lead to a more punitive criminal justice climate, and more public attention for victims' rather than for offenders' needs

(Miyazawa, 2008; Hamai and Ellis, 2006; Herber, 2014). This session aims to provide a criminological, sociological, urban

planning- and governance studies based perspective on this phenomenon. More concretely, the sessions will address (I) the

nature and rationale of police and local governments' involvement in crime prevention volunteering activities; (II) the shape

that these activities in practice take as well as their impact in criminological, sociological and urban planning terms, and (III)

the issue of the viability of crime prevention volunteering in an ageing society, as well as issues of power, privacy and personal

freedom.

The Latest Crime Prevention Activities in Japan Kimihiro Hino

The University of Tokyo

Abstract: According to the National Police Agency (NPA), the nwnber of crime prevention volunteer organizations in Japan

has continued to increase since 2003. These volunteers have contributed to the mitigation of both crime and the fear of crime

in communities. However, other statistics show that the majority of volunteers are men in their late seventies. Although the

NP A has tried various recruitment programs to involve younger people in crime prevention activities, these have not been

successful. In response to this situation, the author advocates the "Plus Bouhan" (Plus Crime Prevention) program, which

adds aspects of crime prevention to daily community activities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether two activities

carried out by Plus Bouhan could diversify the range of crime prevention volunteers. The first practice added a crime preven­

tion aspect to a daily gardening activity carried out in Anjo City. The second practice added a crime prevention aspect to

walking/jogging to increase the number of eyes in communities in Tsukuba City. The volunteers completed questionnaires on

the two activities, and the results showed that residents who had previously been indifferent to crime prevention activities

took part in the activities based on Plus Bouhan. In particular, many office workers in their thirties and forties took part in the

second activity. These results show the utility of Plus Bouhan in diversifying the range of crime prevention volunteers.

Activities of Crime Prevention Volunteer Group and the Support by the Police Takanori Tsuji

Police Policy Research Center

Abstract: Penal code offenses has increased from 1996 to 2002 and has reached about 2,Bso,ooo in 2002. After that, this

number has decreased from 2003 and approximately 1,1oo,ooo cases are reported to the police in 2015. Ministerial Meeting

Concerning Measures Against Crime, composed of all Cabinet members established the "Action Plan for the Realization of a

Society Resistant to Crime" in 2003 and tackle the crime reduction as a whole society. Among these measures, activities of

crime prevention volunteer group have a significant meaning. Crime prevention volunteer group conducts a crime watch

patrol, secures the safety of children at school-commuting roads and so on. The police supports these groups in various points.

For example, the police provide crime information, bear the cost of the insurance of crime prevention volunteer.

Community Based Crime Prevention through Social Capital; 2015 Kyoto City Neighborhood

Association Survey Anna Matsukawa

Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation institution

Abstract: The main theme of this research is to describe the effect of social capital (SC) in community. In our previous

researches we conducted the Neighborhood Association Survey in Kobe and find out that SC can give some advantage for

communities to reduce incivilities and actual crime rate (arson, snatching, sneak thief, and car break-in). In our last research,

we conducted the same survey in Kyoto and revealed SC has significant impact on community livability to not only reduce fear

for crime but also increase comfort for families with small children and age-friendliness. In this study, the eleven types of

street crime (robbery, extortion, indecency assault, vandalism, motor vehicle theft, motorcycle theft, bicycle theft, snatching,

vehicle load theft, vehicle parts theft, and vending machine theft) and three types of burglary theft (break in resident while

absent, sleeping, and unaware) data from Kyoto Police were added to analysis. The actual crime data can be the objective

index of this study. The Correspondence (dual scaling) analysis and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis are

used to analyze. In the results, we confirmed that 1) there are five important factors of community empowerment to enhance

SC, 2) SC has significant impact on community livability to reduce fear for crime, and increase comfort for families with small

children and age-friendliness, 3) each community has their own suitable way of community empowerment and the differences

between those suitable ways are depends on the community characteristic based on the relationship between neighborhood

associations and inhabitants of apartment complexes. Also the results indicate that 1) the effect of SC differ in the types of

crime, 2) the types of crime effect differently to community fear for crime, comfort for families with small children and

age-friendliness. This study confirms the importance of problem solving methodology for crime prevention. In Japan, many

community organizations conduct crime prevention volunteering activities but most of those activities are not problem

solving style. These findings will be some help to those activities more effective and workable.

Will They Prevent Sex Crime Against Children in the Community?: Examining Ordinances for

Safety of Children in N ara, Osaka and Tochigi. Marl Hirayama

Hakuoh University

Abstract: Preventing sex crime against children has been always and will be one of the top priority issues in most society,

and, of course, Japan is no exception. One of the newest issues there is, how to supervise sex offenders in community properly

and keep society safe for children. There was one important case in Nara Prefecture in December 2004 (hereinafter Nara

Case) where 7 years old girl was kidnapped and murdered by a man who lived in same community who had a twice conviction

histories of sex crime. As many people may notice, Nara Case was very similar to Megan Kanka Case in 1994 in the US, which

eventually enacted Megan's Law in all states. There has been also quite a strong outcry for safe and secured community for

children, aiming to protect children from ex-offenders and potential sex molesters in community. These outcries resulted in

prefecture-level ordinances for safety of children. At the moment (April2016), three prefectures have such kind of ordinances;

The Ordinance for Protecting Children from Crime Victimization in Nara (2005), The Ordinance for Protecting Children from

Sex Crime (2012), and The Tochigi Prefecture Ordinance for Protecting Children from Crime Victimization (2013). What

these ordinances have in common is, they prohibit behaviors which make children feel anxious or being threatened; such as

using honey words, intimidating children and so on. The big problem here is, the behaviors prohibited by these ordinances are

quite ambiguous. Just greeting to children might be regarded as "behaviors give children anxiety", which may cause them

being arrested. On the other hand, we also know that caring community where not only parents but also other adults paying

attentions to children and keeping good communications with children is the ideal setting to prevent crime victimization of

children. In this paper, I am going to examine these three Ordinances. First, I will analyze how these ordinances have been

operated so far, and then I will discuss effectiveness and issues there. I will also compare these three Ordinances. Nara is the

first to enact this type of Ordinance because of the Nara Case. On the other hand, in December 2005 in Tochigi, 7 years old

• •

• •

girl was kidnapped and murdered (the Imaichi Case). Since there were concrete cases behind these two Ordinances, I will

compare background debates behind them. The suspect was finally arrested in 2014, after more than 8 and a half years, and

he was sentenced to the indefinite sentence in April 2016. I will also discuss how the community sentiment for the Imaichi

Case trial play a role for discussion for the community safety especially under the Tochigi Ordinance. On the other hand, the

Osaka Ordinance is a bit different from other two. The Osaka Ordinance is interesting as it aim for the balanced approach;

public safety and rehabilitation of sex offenders((Article 13 Paragraph 1). The goal of this paper is to analyze how these

Ordinances aiming safe and secure community play roles in crime prevention, and prospects and issues there.

The Friendly Authoritarianism of Crime Prevention Volunteering in Japan Erik Herber

Leiden University

Abstract: Brief Biography Erik Herber MA Japanstudies (Leiden University), PhD Sociology (Tsukuba University, Japan);

currently working as an associate professor at Leiden University, teaching courses on Japanese law and society, crime in

Japan, as well as general (non-Japan related) courses on socio-legal studies. My research interests generally concern crime

and criminal justice in Japan and East Asia. More specific research interests: lay participation in criminal justice (broadly

conceived); legal refonn. Abstract The number of Japanese citizens involved in crime prevention volunteering currently

numbers close 3.ooo.ooo people. This presentation will briefly highlight the societal background against which this "crime

prevention volunteering boom" has come about. Specific focus, however, will be on concrete practices of crime prevention

volunteering. In doing so the presentation will address the three following questions: 1) how do volunteers go about trying to

prevent crime; 2) how can their modus operandi be understood, and 3) how do volunteers' activities impact the environment

within which these activities are employed? These questions will be addressed on the basis of data gathered through

interviews, participant observation and material provided by three Tokyo based crime prevention volunteering groups. The

presentation will bring into focus how volunteering activities exhibit characteristics of "friendly authoritarianism" (Yoshimo­

to, 2003). Regular patrols, consisting of small groups of citizens who walk around the neighborhood in readily identifiable

crime prevention gear, constitute the core of volunteering activities, that are typically coordinated in close cooperation with

the local police. These activities allow for mutual surveillance through which people are encouraged and urged to abide by the

law, "rules of crime prevention" as well as the requirements of responsible neighborship. While based on citizens' positive

intentions and conducive to increased social capital, volunteering activities also convert neighborhoods to increasingly closed

"communities on guard" that allow for easy state monitoring .

s 2-3

Juvenile Delinquency and Network Regulation -The comparative study of China, America and

Japan SuMingyue

BeiJing Normal University

Abstract: As unhealthy network environments may contnoute to juvenile delinquency. Network regulations are necessary.

And the problems are how the government to do and how much the government to do. In China there are quite a few depart­

ments to be responsible for regulating network. while related laws are not complete. In U.S.A. based on the idea of the

legalism, the government would rather not govern the net directly, instead of depending the functions of society. In Japan

there are developed laws to regulate network and different department plays various roles. In the respect of education for

internet ethics, technique is much emphasized, while moral education is almost ignored under the pressure of entrance exams

in China. Internet ethics education is conducted on campus in U.S.A. and Japan. And the role of parents is much paid atten­

tion to in Japan. There should have a line for the government in regulating network. to do or not to do. The role of the indepen­

dent society should be encouraged. "Self-discipline" conducted by the industry society may promote the healthy network

environments and make the burden of government less.

Self-Esteem and Distress Tolerance of Criminology Students, University ofBOHOL, S.Y. 2015-

2016 Shirley Ochea- Molina University ofBOHOL

Abstract: SELF-ESTEEM AND DISTRESS TOLERANCE OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF BOHOL, S.Y.

2015 - 2016 CRMGST. SHIRLEY 0. MOLINA, MSCRIM, MPA FACUL1Y MEMBER COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

UNIVERSITYOFBOHOLshirleyocheamolina@yahoo.comMARKJAYO. CELOCIA, UniversityofBoholJOHNVINCENTD.

CUYACOT, University of Bohol CHRISTIAN DE LA SERNA, University of Bohol JIMBIE A. DELOS SANTOS, University of

Bohol ALCHITO G. FELICIA, University of Bohol REGINA MAE A. GATAL, University of Bohol It is indispensable that

policing profession is one of the most pressuring, stressful and risky jobs among other jobs in the whole world. Thus, some law

enforcers engage themselves to various misbehavior, vice and not to mention, corruption, if not being coped up. Hence, it is

but fitting to primarily prepare and inculcate disciplinary measures, if possible, our future law enforcers especially our crimi­

nology students in order to become efficient, morally upright and effective policing professionals. Accordingly, this study aims

to determine the level of self-esteem and the degree of distress tolerance of Criminology Students, specifically in University of

Bohol, Bohol, Philippines. It focuses on Criminology Students who are officially enrolled in the First Semester of S.Y.

2015-2016. Particularly, the proponents gathered 240 respondents thru the aide of the two standardized tools, namely:

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale by Dr. Rosenberg and the Distress Tolerance Scale by Dr. Simons. It seeks to measure global

self-worth by measuring both positive and negative feelings about the selfs. This study utilizes the quantitative approach

through the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents.

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) personnel in handling Child in

Conmct with the Law (CICL) May V. Miguel and Jesster P. Eduardo

Araullo University and Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology-Philippines

Abstract: The respondents were the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) personnel and

Parents/Guardians of the Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) from Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. It was

conducted from April to December 2015. The descriptive method of research was mainly used as the gathering tool and aided

by interview and observations. Thus, among the ten listed problems, the most occurring problem encountered by DSWD

• •

• •

personnel in handling CICL cases is the absence of rapport and cooperation from the family and community in attending the

needs of CICLs, and insufficient financial resource to support DSWD programs which implies that parental affection, care and

guidance, and community support predominantly play a vital role in reintegrating the CICL into the mainstream of the

society. The DSWD personnel are very efficient in handling Children in Conflict with the Law specifically in informing the

parents/guardians to the behavioral development of CICL undergoing treatment programs which means that the DSWD

personnel recognized the dynamic role of CICL's parents in reformation. Through Pearson Correlation Coefficient, it showed

that there is no significant relationship between the problems encountered by the DSWD personnel to their level of efficiency

in handling the CICL. Thus, the study recommends the following: DSWD personnel should seek the active and constant

participation of the immediate family of CICL and the community on their rehabilitation; intensify dynamic connection of

immediate family members of CICLs in order to ultimately develop intimate or parental attachment, love, and care between

the parents and the CICLs; create an open-house rehabilitation center for the CICL in order to effectively deliver a family-type

or home-based programs of rehabilitation free from physical confinement and psychologically conducive avenue of restoring

the CICLs; DSWD personnel shall create methodical parental or family-care programs that could develop and strengthen

family ties to probably minimize the occurrence of CICL if prevention is not possible; and in connection to the preceding

recommendation, the crafted parental or family-care programs shall be echoed and conveyed to the families or parents

located in various areas of the City where most of the CICLs reside.

Key words: Efficiency, Competence, reformation, Rehabilitation, and Reintegration

Rehabilitation of Chlldren in Conflict with the Law (CICL) J esster P. Eduardo

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology-Philippines

Research Abstract: This research study was conducted in the Province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines wherein Rehabilitation

Centers were identified and visited. The respondents were 30 CICLs, 20 DSWD personnel, and 30 CICLs' Parents selected

through purposive sampling. Descriptive method of research was employed; the main gathering tool was question­

naire-checklist aided by interview and observation. This was conducted from June to October Academic Year 2015-2016.

Thus, most of the CICL stayed in the rehabilitation center from one to four months (So%) which gives limited time to CICL to

completely obtain rehabilitation programs. Respondents agreed that rehabilitation of CICL are greatly affected by: feeling of

abandonment or feeling like nobody's cared about the child; lack of education services; anger towards parents due to

infrequent visit; and overcrowding due to increasing numbers of CICL. T -test analysis showed that there was a significant

difference between the assessments of the two groups in terms of the factors that affect the rehabilitation ofCICL. The impli­

cation is that, CICL who underwent rehabilitation manned by inexperienced and informally educated personnel would make

rehabilitation programs ineffective. Therefore, the recommendations are: CICL must feel family support as part of rehabilita­

tion process; DSWD must consider regular visitation and communication between CICL and their family; DSWD should

intensify its rehabilitation programs through constant endowment of care, love, technical/skills education, religious inclina­

tion, guidance and counseling, socio-economic activities, and social programs; DSWD should maintain a facility conducive for

rehabilitation; and DSWD shall provide its personnel with relevant trainings, seminars, workshops, and other related educa­

tional programs towards professional competence.

Key words: Rehabilitation, assessment, competence, and implication

Department of Social and Welfare Development in Cabanatuan City: Its Competence on CICLs'

Reintegration MayV. Miguel, MS Crim. (Presenter)

Faculty, College of Criminology Araullo University-PHINMA

Abstract: This study aims to determine the efficacy of Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) personnel in

handling Child in Conflict with the Law. Specifically, it sought to answer the following: the problems encountered by the

DSWD personnel in handling CICL cases, the level of efficiency of DSWD personnel in handling CICL cases, and if there is a

significant relationship between the problems encountered to the level of efficiency of DSWD personnel in handling CICL

cases. The respondents were the DSWD personnel and Parents/Guardians of the CICL from Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija,

Philippines. It was conducted from April to December 2015. The descriptive method of research was mainly used as the

gathering tool and aided by interview and observations. Thus, among the ten listed problems, the most occurring problem

encountered by DSWD personnel in handling CICL cases is the absence of rapport and cooperation from the family and

community in attending the needs of CICLs, and insufficient financial resource to support DSWD programs which implies

that parental affection, care and guidance, and community support predominantly play a vital role in reintegrating the CICL

into the mainstream of the society. The DSWD personnel are vecy efficient in handling Children in Conflict with the Law

specifically in informing the parents/guardians to the behavioral development of CICL undergoing treatment programs which

means that the DSWD personnel recognized the dynamic role of CICL's parents in reformation. Through Pearson Correlation

Coefficient, it showed that there is no significant relationship between the problems encountered by the DSWD personnel to

their level of efficiency in handling the CICL. Thus, the study recommends the following: DSWD personnel should seek the

active and constant participation of the immediate family of CICL and the community on their rehabilitation; intensify

dynamic connection of immediate family members of CICLs in order to ultimately develop intimate or parental attachment,

love, and care between the parents and the CICLs; create an open-house rehabilitation center for the CICL in order to

effectively deliver a family-type or home-based programs of rehabilitation free from physical confinement and psychologically

conducive avenue of restoring the CICLs; DSWD personnel shall create methodical parental or family-care programs that

could develop and strengthen family ties to probably minimize the occurrence of CICL if prevention is not possible; and in

connection to the preceding recommendation, the crafted parental or family-care programs shall be echoed and conveyed to

the families or parents located in various areas of the City where most of the CICLs reside.

• •

• •

Rehabilitation of Children in Conmct with the Law in the Province of Nueva Ecija P. Eduardo, Ph.D.

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Abstract: This research title is entitled, "Rehabilitation of Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL)". The study sought to

answer the following problems: the socio-demographic profile of the respondents, the factors affecting the rehabilitation of

CICL, if there is significant difference between the assessments of the two groups of respondents (Department of Social and

Welfare Development (DSWD) Personnel or Parents of CICL [1st group] and CICL [2nd Group]), and the implication of the

study. This research was conducted in the Province ofNueva Ecija, Philippines wherein Rehabilitation Centers were identified

and visited; the Centers are residential institutions that provide protection, care, treatment, and rehabilitation to abused

children as well as CICLs (respondents). The respondents were twenty CICLs, ten DSWD personnel, and fifteen CICLs'

Parents selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive method of research was employed; the main gathering tool was

questionnaire-checklist aided by interview and observation. This was conducted from June to October Academic Year

2015-2016. Thus, most of the 1st group are ages 26-30 (33.3396) which means that they are young and has limited experience

while most of the 2nd group are ages 14 to 17 (73.3396) which means that CICL are on their prime of adolescence, physically

matured and abled; 1st group was dominated by females (73.3396) which means that rehabilitation of CICL fitted women due

to their loving caress while the 2nd group was dominated by males (66.67%) which showed that young men are more prone

to crime commission due to easy bonding among males; 1st group was controlled by College Undergraduate (33.33.96) which

means that rehabilitation programs were improperly carried out due to inadequate education while most of the 2nd group are

Elementary Undergraduate (53.3396) which means that illiteracy is contributory to CICL; and most of the CICL stayed in the

rehabilitation center from one to four months (8o96) which gives limited time to CICL to completely obtain rehabilitation

programs. Both groups agreed that rehabilitation of CICL are greatly affected by: feeling of abandonment or feeling like

nobody's cared about the child; lack of education services; anger towards parents due to infrequent visit; and overcrowding

due to increasing numbers of CICL. T-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the assessments of

the two groups in terms of the factors that affect the rehabilitation of CICL. The implication is that, CICL who underwent

rehabilitation manned by inexperienced and informally educated personnel would make rehabilitation programs ineffective.

Therefore, the recommendations are: CICL must feel family support as part of rehabilitation process; DSWD must consider

regular visitation and communication between CICL and their family; DSWD should intensify its rehabilitation programs

through constant endowment of care, love, technical/skills education, religious inclination, guidance and counseling,

socio-economic activities, and social programs; DSWD should maintain a facility conducive for rehabilitation; and DSWD

shall provide its personnel with relevant trainings, seminars, workshops, and other related educational programs towards

professional competence .

S2 -4

Spatial Clustering and Temporal Variation in Sentencing: An Analysis of the Sentencing Docu­

ments of Traffic Offence in China Xia Yiwei

University of Macau

Abstract: Judicial sentencings are long believed to be inconsistency due to the limited information, time and capacity of

decision-maker. Sentencing researchers in the West (mainly US) had found that regional disparity accounts for some of the

variations, but they either provide no explanation or merely attribute such variation to the character. Little attention had been

paid on the spatial clustering effect and whether such effect varies across time. Applied spatial multilevel analysis technique,

current research aimed at exploring the spatial clustering and temporal variation of the sentencing in China after controlled

legal and non-legal factor. Traffic offence is chosen as an illustration of such variation. Results indicated that both spatial and

temporal effects are significant in judicial sentencing in China.

Explaining Death Penalty Clemency in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1986 to 2015 Daniel Pascoe

City University of Hong Kong

Abstract: With regard to the operational specifics of death penalty policy, Johnson and Zimring have argued that it is

extreme left or right wing authoritarian states' aversion to a limitation of their own powers that determines high rates of

executions in countries such as Vietnam, Singapore, China and North Korea as opposed to other, less-punitive Asian nations

which share similar cultural and religious characteristics. For a regime like Vietnam's, the swift carrying out of a death

sentence, especially when performed in public, serves to highlight the state's power over life and death and enhance political

control over the domestic constituency. At first glance then, little scope for the exercise of the clemency power as a form of

lenient reprieve from the death sentence by the executive government appears possible under a repressive regime of this

nature. However, wilike China (one of the world's few countries with no formal system of executive clemency) and Singapore,

a notable feature of Vietnam's death penalty practice since the Doi Moi reforms of 1986 has been the executive's willingness

to reprieve a large minority of prisoners sentenced to death through Presidential clemency, even though executions them­

selves have continued. Vietnam's liberal use of clemency, yet continuing harsh use of executions forms a puzzle for death

penalty scholars. In order to solve it, in this paper I address two under-researched questions: what official and unofficial

justifications have been given for grants of Presidential clemency in Vietnam, and relatedly, what structural and cultural

factors explain Vietnam's use of clemency in a noticeable proportion of death penalty cases? Throughout the course of the

paper I demonstrate that, despite the fact that clemency grants have been a prominent feature of Vietnam's post-Doi Moi

death penalty practice, each and every justifiable clemency grant from 1986-2015 appears to have been granted on the state's

terms, rather than the prisoner's. Although it has benefited the prisoners who have received it, clemency very much remains

an instrumental tool of authoritarian governance in Vietnam, enabling the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) to achieve the

results it seeks in death penalty cases.

Risk and the Erosion of Western Penal and Criminal Law Values john pratt

Victoria University

Abstract: Western societies often refer to their penal and criminal Justice systems and their emphasis on protecting the

rights of individuals as a way of distinguishing themselves from non-Western societies. In the West, longstanding principles

of law and practice have insisted that punishments should thus be finite rather than indefinite, for example; there should no

retrospective legislation; hearsay evidence should not be allowed; there should be presumptions in favour of bail and prison­

ers must be released at the end of any finite prison sentence. However, across all the main English speaking societies, these

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principles are being eroded as risk-based penal arrangements are put in place. In so doing, understandings of human rights

are shifting from protecting individuals from excesses of the state's power to punish to protecting communities by using those

powers against individuals thought to put their well-being at risk. The paper examines these developments and explains why

risk is coming to be so influential in the penal and criminal justice systems of these societies.

Mental Health and Prisoners - Mandated Treatment Options Carmel Brown

Victoria University

Abstract: The intersection of mental health incidence and prison populations is well established (Fazel and Danesh 2002).

More recently, 18 percent of Australian prison entrants under 25, and at least 2896 of entrants aged 25 or over reported

currently taking mental health related medication (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2015). Victoria, Australia

operates a registered forensic mental health service external to prisons, and a non-compulsory treatment service within

prisons. Legislation ensures that involuntary treatment is only able to be provided by registered health and mental health

service providers; in-prison treatment units are not registered health services. In the face of a regular and substantial waiting

list for admissions of prisoners suffering from severe mental health disorders or conditions to the one registered mental

health service, the issue is how to optimise treatment for people on that list. A systematic review of surveys of mental disorders

in prisons and of non-compulsory treatment options in international jurisdictions was undertaken. While a significant

proportion of jurisdictions restrict involuntary treatment to specialized and registered mental health service providers,

various jurisdictions do have legislative or administrative capacity to provide involuntary treatment, and some do provide

treatment. The challenge is whether health services maintain the underpinning conditions of treatment and what are the

implications of either for the incidence of mental health and offending.

American and Chinese Community Corrections: A Comparative View Shanhe Jiang

Wayne State University

Abstract: This study compares and contrasts the American and Chinese community corrections. Although China has long

used community corrections, this practice was informal and used for a small scale of offenders before 2003. Probation

originated in the U.S and parole first emerged in Europe in the mid-19th century, it was not until the early 20th century that

these community correctional practices became finnly rooted in the U.S. Today, America has numerous community correc­

tions related laws and the largest community correctional staff in the world. China has been moved toward formalization and

professionalization of community corrections since 2003. This paper presents various types of community corrections in the

U.S. and China. It also investigates the evaluation of community corrections and the correlates of the evaluation in the two

nations.

The Community-Based Treatment of Sexual Offenders in Taiwan Hsu, Hua-Fu

National Chung-Cheng University

Abstract: The treatment of sexual offenders in Taiwan includes Pre-sentencing evaluation, treatment during incarceration

and community treatment of offenders.In 2005, Taiwan passed legislation on registration, reporting and consultations for sex

offenders, but because of fierce opposition from human rights groups it fell far short of what women's groups had hoped for.

What they wanted was something like Megan's Law in the US, laws requiring public access to information on registered sex

offenders. Currently, ??authorities must keep track of 3,552 registered sex offenders and check in on them regularly for?a

period of 5 to 7 years. The problems of the community-based treatment in Taiwan include the lack of training and communica­

tive competence for community-based treatment professionals. Also, the high heterogeneity of the treatment for sexual

offenders is a difficulty. Moreover, sexual offenders who drop out of the treatment cannot be restrained by the regulation

effectively.

S2 -5

Governmentality and Maintaining Social Stability in Contemporary China: A Case Study of X

County in South China YANG Yunyun; ZHONG Y. Lena

City University of Hong Kong

Abstract: The past two decades in China has witnessed rising popular protests and the oveiWhehning importance of

"weiwen" (maintaining social stability) in Chinese political and social life. Most existing literature on weiwen, however, tends

to investigate protests and weiwen, from either a state-centered or society-centered approach, without bridging the gap

between these two approaches to illustrate the transforming governance and the formulation of a dynamic social order. This

inadequacy calls for an analysis of the triangular relationship of power, subjectivity, and social order under the context of

weiwen. Drawing upon the framework of governmentality, this study aims to understand the governmental rationality of

weiwen at the county level in terms of three dimensions: power configuration, technologies adoption, and rule formulation.

Data used in this study are collected through in-depth interviews with so persons (including local officials, village cadres,

protesters, and ordinary people), 4-month participation observation, and official records and documents about weiwen in X

County, South China. This study firstly introduces the weiwen apparatus and analyzes the technologies that the local govern­

ment adopts to handle social unrest both from physical and biopolitical dimensions. It goes on to illustrate the conflicting

discourses involving weiwen which inform the activities of different participants, and make such activities legitimate or, at

least, reasonable. Lastly, it discusses the formation of individual subjectivity during the protest process and the effects of

protesters' participation on shaping the performance of local government in handling social disorder.

Propaganda and Social Construction of Crime: The Case of Police Street Banners/Slogans in

Guangzhou Dr.Jianhua Xu, Miss Lu Qiao

University of Macau

Abstract: Police banners/slogans are a unique way of crime prevention in China. They serve multiple functions of increasing

crime prevention awareness to potential victims, having alleged deterrence to offenders, mobilizing the mass to political

campaigns as well as showing evidence of their performance. Banners may also serve the latent function of reducing recorded

crime rate, showing off the state power, and shared responsibility of victimization. As a feature Chinese authoritarianism,

their widely existence is just part of many other street banners/slogans. In Guangzhou, we find that banners may also affect

citizens' perception of crimes as it may over-represent some crimes while under-represent others.

Verification of the Effects of Self-Anticrime Activities Based on a Questionnaire Survey AiSuzuki

K.eio Research Institute at SFC

Abstract: Purpose: In this study, I conducted a questionnaire survey to verify the effects of self-anticrime activities in

Kameoka, Kyoto, Japan, especially the strength of correlation between the participation rate of activities and the evaluation

of communities, such as fear of crime. Methods: 1. Kyoto Prefectural Police conducted questionnaire surveys on community

safety. I made a comparison between results from all responders and responders who live in Kameoka. 2. I distributed

questionnaires to Kameoka. Responses were received from a total of 930 residents. Results: ?The people ofKameoka are more

likely to evaluate their communities negatively than these of Kyoto. ?Looking at the whole sample from the survey in Kameo­

ka, there were relationships between the participation rate of activities and the evaluation of communities. However, the

effects of the involvement in activities and the extent of how it affects the evaluation of communities differ by areas in Kameoka.

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Modern Society and Crime-Prevention Volunteer Activities in Japan Nobuhito Yoshinaka

Faculty of law, Hiroshima University

Abstract: Although the crime rate in Japan is lower than most Western countries, Japanese people are concerned about

particular crimes such as kidnapping, identity frauds, cyber-related crimes, crimes against the elderly and so forth. This

presentation is an examination of the history of crime-prevention activities in Japan and the features of the country's society

after the Second World War, when an informal social control network was-one that has been growing weaker than ever

before. To restore cohesion in the community and thereby reduce the crime rate, the presenter discusses the instrumental role

of crime-prevention volunteer activities as well as the concrete challenges they face. He also suggests that non-profit -organi­

sations dealing with crime prevention could be incorporated into communities, contingent upon the situation and type of

issue that the community is concerned about. This presentation concludes that the mutual assistance between the traditional

type of volunteers and a new type of mechanism that maintains communities is necessary for creating safer and more caring

communities in Japan.

Modern Crime Prevention and Control Strategies: Implications For Developing Countries

OSUAGWU Ugochukwu Emmanuel ST FRANCIS XAVIER SOLICITORS AND ADVOCATES

Abstract: Crime is a universal social problem which goes beyond the general notion of theft, murder, assault, rape, fraud and

other unwholesome behaviour. This paper posits that whatever definition one gives to crime, the concept suggests a decline

of public security and steady descent into social chaos. The paper argues that crime control and prevention must dovetail into

the entire region of security management.In this analysis, it has been posited that crime has become a universal, social

problem which implies beyond the general notion of theft, murder, assault, rape, fraud and other unwholesome behaviour.

The concept of crime is indeed, culturally determined, making it a complex concept to define. By whatever definition one gives

to crime, this paper has argued that crime suggests a decline of public security and a steady descent into social chaos. Crime

control dovetails into the entire region of security management. In order to proffer proven and reliable strategies of crime

prevention and control, some causal theories of crime have been critically examined. The various strategies in modem times

now in use especially in scientifically advanced societies for preventing and controlling crime have also been highlighted.

Their implication for crime reduction in developing nations is legion. One, true security is not inherent in the mere provision

of electronic equipment, offensive operatives, increased police surveillance, supply of more street lights, etc, but much more

in social justice, equity, employment opportunities for all and sundry as well as gender justice. The paper concludes by main­

taining the true security goes beyond the provision of modem electronic equipment and increased police surveillance, etc, but

involves much more of social justice, equity, employment opportunities and gender justice in the society .

Crime Victimization in Bagnio City, Philippines: Probe on Victim Pror.J.es

S2 -6

Janice paras milo Ifugao state university

Abstract: Thls study presented the state of crime victimization in Baguio City by looking into the victims' profiles from the

local police records. It covered 22, 237 cases of index and non-index crimes from January to December of 2012 and 2013 as

well as from January to April of 2014. Through data mining, the collated data were grouped according to age, gender, marital

status, and occupation. These were analyzed with regard to their impact to the status of victimization in the City. The research

revealed that the most common time of victimization is around afternoon until night time and peaks at about 7:ooPM to

7:59PM. Most victims were found to be young adults with the age bracket of 20 to 39, mostly males, and married. There is an

observed seasonality in the data, wherein victimization is observed more during schooldays, city events, and holidays. The

researcher recommends that profiling victims should be maintained by the law enforcement agencies as they keep up the

profiling of offenders or crime suspects. In this case, they may have a basis of crafting strategies and programs to curtail

victimization of individuals. Additionally, the rate of victimization and time of victimization can be utilized in establishing

schemes for deployment of personnel such as of patrol officers, barangay tanods, and the like. Furthermore, the constituents

of the community, either in the private or public sectors should initiate individual and collaborative efforts to COWlter victim­

izations as they combat various crimes. Moreover, the government and community systems should encourage the creation of

more associations to cater assistance for victims and assist the criminal justice system of the country in providing support to

the same. This study serves as a springboard for other studies related to crime victims and poses an imminent contribution to

the formulation of victimization prevention programs.

The Idea of a Southern Criminology Max Travers

University of Tasmania

Abstract: Southern Criminology is a theoretical perspective recently advanced mainly by western, critical criminologists that

shifts the focus from the state criminal justice process to the treatment of minorities, environmental issues and postcolonial

politics (for example, Franko 2012, Carrington et al2016). While recognizing the importance of this shift in perspective for a

globalizing world, this paper asks two difficult questions. Firstly, how easy is it to generalize about whole regions of the world

in advancing a political viewpoint? In Asia, for example, there are impoverished rural societies, but also rapidly industrializing

countries, such as China and India; and even one post-industrial society, Japan. Secondly, is it possible to imagine an alterna­

tive criminology, if non-Western societies really do have different cultural values and epistemologies? For example, is a

Confucian criminology a contradiction in terms? These questions may make a Southern Criminology sound impossible in the

same way as other varieties of critical theory (Geuss 1981). They are just as applicable to claims made by criminologists to

represent oppressed groups in western com1tries. But this paper is intended to strengthen this emerging tradition by acknowl­

edging, and working through, potential difficulties. Carrington, K., Hogg, R. and Sozzo, M. 2016 "Southern Criminology".

British Journal of Criminology. Vol.s6, pp.1-20. Franko, K. 2012" 'The earth is one but the world is not': Criminological theory

and its geopolitical divisions". Theoretical Criminology. Vol.16, No.s, pp.5-19. Geuss, R. 1981 The Idea of a Critical Theory.

Cambribge University Press, Cambridge.

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The Criminological Significance of Syed Hussein Alatas in a Globalised Discipline Leon Moosavi

University of liverpool

Abstract: Syed Hussein Alatas (1928-2007) was a Malaysian social theorist who has been celebrated as a pioneering intellec­

tual due to his original scholarship. There is an emerging recognition of Alatas as an underestimated Asian sociologist but

until now his relevance as an Asian criminologist has not been suggested. In this paper, some of Alatas' key works will be

discussed in order to make the case that Alatas was indeed a pioneering Asian criminologist whose work may be useful for

contemporary studies. For instance, Alatas' focus on racist myth-making within the context of 'colonial capitalism' illustrates

an approach that was dealing with 'social harms' and 'crimes of the powerful' way before they became popular criminological

approaches. Moreover, Alatas' focus on 'the problem of corruption' drew attention to an important criminological area that is

only recently being tackled on a global level by authorities to the extent that many may desire, but which is still arguably not

given enough attention by criminologists despite its wide-ranging criminal consequences. Thus, although Alatas did not

self-identify as a criminologist, the topics he addressed almost 50 years ago will be highlighted as trailblazing criminological

studies that still remain relevant today. These arguments will be made alongside a recognition that for criminology to truly

provide a globalised perspective it must also acknowledge and include the important contributions made by Asian criminologists.

Southern Criminology and Global Justice Kerry Carrington, John Scott and Reece Walters,School of Justice, Faculty of Law, QUT, Australia

Abstract: Almost 85% of the world's population live in what might be termed the 'global south', comprising three continents.

A large proportion of the world's police and around half of the world's 10.2 million prisoners are detained in the continents of

the global south, across Asia, Africa, Oceania and South America (Walmsley, World Prison list (1oth Edition). Yet criminolo­

gy has concentrated mostly on problems of crime and justice in the Global North. Where criminology has taken root in the

global South it has tended to borrow and adapt metropolitan assumptions. Consequently criminologies of the South have been

oriented to vertical integration, accepting their subordinate role in the global organisation of knowledge, at tlte expense of

horizontal collaboration. This has stunted the intellectual development and vitality of criminology, both in the South, across

Asia and globally. It has also perpetuated the relative neglect of pressing criminological issues which affect both North and

South, as well as the neglect of crimes outside the metropole.

In this panel session we aim to explain the metropolitan biases of criminology, what is meant by southern criminology, how it

differs from post-colonialism, what impact it might have for the discipline of criminology going forward, and why we should

all embrace it. Our purpose is not to dismiss the conceptual and empirical advances in criminology, but to more usefully

de-colonise and democratise the toolbox of available criminological concepts, theories and methods. The panel participants

will each talk about a particular project of southern criminology. Kerry will discuss the ilistinctive patterns of violence against

women in the global sou tit, Reece will discuss tlte justice impacts of eco crime in tlte global south, and John will discuss some

of distinctive patterns of crime and punishment outside the metropole with a focus on rural crime .

Lost in Development: China's Criminology on the Road to Internalization Moulin Xiong

Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

Abstract: As an academic discipline, to date criminology in China is a relative newcomer to most students, scholars and

policy makers, but not to his establishment. The purpose of this article is to take a short retrospective look at some of the main

developments and challenge of Chinese Society of Criminology (CSC) in the last twenty years, as they have been reflected in a

few of journals, databases, conferences, and programs, and to note deficiency in areas of concern. Founded in April1992, CSC

is currently a branch of China Law Society, and affiliated to National Prosecutors College, and supervised by Supreme People's

Procuratorate. In contrast with the asserted boom in official propaganda, the esc is at a standstill or low level of development

after taking look at publications such as papers, thesis and annual review of meeting, with compared to Chinese Sociological

Association and Chinese Association of Criminal Law. Why this has happened, why scholars should care, and what, if

anything, members of the esc can do about it. Searching publications in CNKI, this article identifies more empirical reasons

causing the dilemma, despite its flourishing literatures, including rare doctoral program and thesis, lower quality publications

focusing on theory but less actual justice, non-mainstream journals in given system of evaluation, seldom criminological

scholars even if more adjunct law professors, position on legal properties and block out other fields, less attractiveness and

single forum in annual meeting, and weak influence on criminal justice system. Most importantly, management deficiencies

of the esc might be found in official website, for example, less confidence to maintain its influence on criminal justice and

inactive update to introduce new scholars and their outputs. To the internalization of the esc in near future, criminology in

North America, Oceania and Europe provide China useful experience for learning the route of development. Overall, the

author addresses (a) board members of the esc should make effort to manage its strategies in training new generation,

attracting members to participate conference with more forum and topics, and creating more doctoral program in criminology

and criminal justice and an or more influential journals; (d) university with program of criminology or criminal justice might

gather more scholars abound China mainland together, and add methodological course to criminology curriculum; (c) schol­

ars can involve more empirical findings to shape criminological features, and write for professional journals like Chinese

Criminological Review to represent academic proliferation, and communicate frequently each other to extend the potential of

cooperation.

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s 2-7

An Empirical Research on Causes of Corporate Crime Mon, Wei-Teh

Central Police University

Abstract: Street crimes are primary concern by most criminologists in Taiwan. In recent years, however, crimes committed

by corporations have increased greatly. The harm created by corporate crime includes tremendous economic and physical

costs. Ironically, corporate crime did not attract enough academic attention. Sponsored by the Ministry of Science and

Technology of Taiwan, this research is a systematic empirical study concerning corporate crime. This study employs the

empirical approach to collect data about causal factors of corporate crime. The research sample was selected from a corpora­

tion with criminal record and another corporation without criminal record (as a control group). The corporation with criminal

record released toxic chemicals and caused hundreds of people, including employees and neighborhood residents, to develop

cancer. Interviews were conducted to obtain the primary qualitative data. The main sample of interviews included 8 managers

and 10 employees in each corporation, i.e. 16 managers and 20 employees. Some other related people were also included

(members of some non-profit organizations). In addition to interviews, secondary data were collected from various official

agencies, such as Environment Protection Agency, Ministry of Labor Affairs, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Furthermore, this

study also employed content analysis method to analyze the representation of both corporations in the main newspapers.

Finally, the quantitative data were collected from a survey. The sample of survey was 300 employees randomly selected from

each corporation. Thus totally 6oo employees were randomly selected from both corporations. According to qualitative and

quantitative data analysis, this research indicated the causal factors of corporate crime as: 1.the failure of government regula­

tion; 2.the lack of self-regulation in corporation; 3.the lack of public concern about corporate crime; 4.the mechanistic struc­

ture of corporation; and s.the low self-control tendency of corporation managers.

The Surveillance Society: the Metadata Debate Rick.Sarre

Law School

Abstract: Legislation was passed in Australia in 2015 to require telecommunications service providers to retain their 'meta­

data' for two years. But there are problems associated with the plan, including the threat to privacy, and a threat that the

retention system can be circumvented entirely. All the while there is doubt that the expensive legislative scheme will actually

do what it is designed to do: forestall terrorism. This paper will outline some appropriate legal, political and technological

questions that will need to be asked (and answered) in order to help policy-makers and citizens generally to work through the

issues and to resolve the contradictions. Are there better ways that we can conduct surveillance in order to meet the require­

ments oflaw enforcement without engaging in activities that are counter-productive to the task?

Metadata Retention and The Cyber Threat Rick.Sarre

Law School

Abstract: Legislation was passed in Australia in 2015 to require telecommunications service providers to retain their 'meta­

data' for two years. But there are problems associated with the plan, including the threat to privacy, and a threat that the

retention system can be circumvented entirely. All the while there is doubt that the expensive legislative scheme will actually

do what it is designed to do: forestall terrorism. This paper will outline some appropriate legal, political and technological

questions that will need to be asked (and answered) in order to help policy-makers and citizens generally to work through the

issues and to resolve the contradictions. Are there better ways that we can conduct surveillance in order to meet the require­

ments of law enforcement?

Sentencing Policy and Public Opinion over Terrorism Crime in Network Era Liu Chun-hua

(School of Humanities and Law, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013)

Abstract: Purpose of this study is to explore how to adjust and improve the sentencing policy for anti-terrorism crimes in

order to adapt to the new situation of terrorism crimes in the Internet age and the public's new expectation of social security.

Research methods used in this essay include the event description method, the case statistics method, the literature analysis

method and the reasoning method.

Conclusion of this essay is that "Strike hard &heavy sentence" is obviously not a permanent solution, therefore the sentencing

policy for the terrorist crimes should reposition itself and should be restated, then the public opinion will be led to more

rational development.

The main points are as follows:

In the internet age terrorist activities and crime present the trend of globalization, and the criminal justice response to global­

ization should become a choice of course, and a must choice. China's current severe anti-terrorism policy and public opinion

"severe punishment" tendency have obvious drawbacks, to some extent they hinder the effective implementation of interna­

tional cooperation against terrorism. Penalty-discretion involves whether the state responds to crime method is valid or

rational. Public opinion influences sentencing policy formulation and implementation. Sentencing policy also influences the

formation of public social crime situation, law and order and the basic attitude of public security. "Strike hard &heavy

sentence" is obviously not a permanent solution, and sentencing policy of the crime of terrorist activities should therefore be

reorientated, and the public opinion be a rational guide.

Key words: Network; Anti-terrorism; Sentencing Policy; Public Opinion

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Corruption in China and the Unites States: A Comparative Criminological Analysis Henry N. Pontell

Distinguished Professor Chair, Department of Sociology

John Jay College of Criminal Justice

The City UniversityofNewYork

Abstract: The utility of a comparative criminological perspective in studying corruption and infonning policy was examined

in some depth by Zimring and Johnson (2007) who noted that the value of a such work is not simply to document differences

and similarities among countries and systems, but to effectively analyze the distinctive character of one's own domestic

practice and policy. They use the example of extraordinary rates of life-threatening violence in the U.S. that becomes

highlighted when cross-national comparisons are made (Zimring and Hawkins, 1997). Comparison highlights more than

simply observed variations between countries. "It is an essential device for understanding what is distinctive (and problemat­

ic) about domestic arrangements." (2007:457).

The second important point they make about a comparative perspective in studying crime and criminal justice practices

regards who might use it, and that the incentives to conduct such comparisons are not evenly distributed throughout devel­

oped nations. Smaller countries may be more easily convinced of the necessity for comparative work than larger ones, but the

value of comparisons in understanding and potentially reducing various domestic problems may be just as important for big

countries as it is for small ones. They note:

The less natural a comparative perspective seems in the study of social behavior, the greater the chances that errors are made

and opportunities for understanding are nrissed because of its absence. Similarly, the more students of a system assume its

own uniqueness, the easier it will be to avoid evidence of non-uniqueness and the harder it will be to identify differences that

are dysfunctional and problematic. The assumption of uniqueness thus frequently defeats opportunities to study how Ameri­

can behavior and institutions are exceptional (2007:457-458).

This paper uses a comparative perspective to identify forces affecting modalities of corruption and official responses in the

U.S. and China. First, it considers factors that have been identified as responsible for corruption in the U.S., and discusses

general issues related to political and organizational corruption and white-collar crime. It uses the example of police corrup­

tion in the U.S. in order to highlight both individual and organizational elements of corrupt acts and the specific social forces

associated with them. It then considers corporate codes of conduct in the U.S. as they relate to the prevention of corrupt acts

by business, including foreign bribery. Following this, it examines the problem of white-collar crime and corruption in China,

focusing on general issues and patterns, including the relationship between gambling and corruption in the world's most

lucrative casino industzy in Macau. The paper then considers the theoretical and practical issues of system capacity and

non-issue making in relation to corruption and other white-collar crimes, and compares enforcement and detection practices

and concerns in China and the United States. Finally, the paper examines the utility of enforcement campaigns designed to

deter corrupt practices, and presents a research agenda for the comparative study of corruption .

s 2-8

The Role of Intimate Relationships in Women's Drug Use: An Ethnographic Study ofWomen

Drug users in China HuanGao

California State University, Stnaislaus

Abstract: The globalization of the drug issues has posed a big challenge to human well-being and development. Although

the intensive research has examined the importance of the intimate relationships among drug users in the Western societies,

very little research has investigated the same relationship among women drug users in China. The study explores the role of

intimate relationships in women's drug use, and whether it varies based on the drug consumed. A qualitative method was

employed for data collection and analysis. The study suggests that intimate relationship was a major contributor to the initia­

tion, continuation and desistance of women's drug abuse; in particular, the stability and quality of intimate relationships and

male partner's drug use status are very critical. The impacts of intimate relationships on women's drug use showed interesting

similarities and differences between women heroin users and club drug users.

Criminalization against Drug Abuse in Japan Minoru Yokoyama

Kokugakuin University

Abstract: In Japan the abuse of a stimulant drug has been a big social problem since the end of World War II. On the other

hand, youngsters enjoyed sniffing thinner. To suppress such drug abuse Japan carried out the criminalization. I will analyze

how criminalization has be carried out. Recently, fewer youngsters are arrested for the drug abuse. On the other hand, many

middle- and old-aged are caught for abuse of a stimulant drug. I will analyze this social phenomenon and discuss the measures

against the drug abuse.

A Typology of Sex Offending Against Minors & Crime Prevention Measures: An Empirical

Study of Rape and Molestation Cases in China Bin Liang

Oklahoma State University

Abstract: Efforts to classify sexual offending and offenders continued to evolve over the years based on criteria such as

offenders and victims' characteristics, offender-victim relationships, the nature of sexual offenses, and other situational

factors. This current study draws up a typology of sexual offending against minors based on 436 adjudicated rape and child

molestation cases in China. Specifically, sexual offending against minors are classified into six major categories, including

serious predatory offenses, opportunist offenses, gang/party offenses, dating couple offenses, educator abuses, and incest

crimes. Based on this empirical typology, a number of crime prevention measures are suggested. These suggestions are

tailored towards each typology and aimed at involving multiple players and institutions to focus on education, target harden­

ing, and crime investigation and punishment. This study makes a significant contribution to comparative studies in this field,

and the results could be potentially applied in other cultures.

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The Rising Cost of Travel: Women and Sexual Harassment on Chinese Transportation Networks Darrell Irwin

Central China Normal University

Abstract: Uncharacteristically, for China, transportation authorities' acknowledge the crime of sexual harassment of women

on city subways, trains and buses. Harassment and assaults on female crime has provoked a national dialogue seeking

solutions. This paper utilizes interview data from Chinese railway personnel to analyze problems faced by women travelers.

Chinese authorities responded to a fluny ofnetizen complaints in Guangzhou, a coastal mega- city. Women asked the trans­

portation authorities in Guangzhou to follow the example of Japan with its separate carriages for women. Women, colloquially

use the Chinese, ftllZ~'¥. or 'sweaty pig hands' to refer to the groping from men and unwanted physical contact. Public

officials' statements and internet webchat have displayed intolerance towards ignoring harassment of women on public trans­

portation. It can be argued public perception of this women's issue is important to Chinese planners and politicians to counter

perceptions of persistent sexism in China and a historical lack of concern regarding issues facing China's female population.

Sexual Exploitation of Adolescents in Tanzania: A Crime of Coercion, Positions of Power and

Trust, and Economic Status. Budeba Petro Mlyakado

City University of Hong Kong

Abstract: Sexual exploitation of adolescents is an on-going serious crime against human rights, which has drawn attention

and concerns of international communities. In Tanzania, socio-cultural and economic contexts are likely to reinforce sexual

exploitation of adolescents. Sexual exploitation of adolescent students has been prevalent in Tanzania, which indubitably

infringes the psychological wellbeing, the health as well as social, emotional, and cognitive development of adolescents.

However, this problem has rarely been systematically studied in Tanzanian contexts. The present study, based on a cross-sec­

tional survey conducted in Tanzania involving 1,116 adolescent students, presents the findings on the analysis of data from

selected cases of 234 'sexually exploited' adolescent students aged 13-17 years. The analysis was perfonned to determine the

kinds of sexual exploitation these students experienced in their lifetime from when they were 12 years to their current ages.

Results indicated that, 67.5% of sexually exploited were female students and 32.5% were male students. The victims indicated

that, sexual exploitation occurred because the perpetrator used their economic status (46.2%); the victim had sex while they

did not want to (42.3%), the perpetrator misused the position of trust (40.6%); the perpetrator forced the victim (34.6); the

victim was afraid of the perpetrator (20.9%), the perpetrator misused their position of power (20.9%); and the perpetrator

threatened the victim (15%). The findings showed there were students who experienced multiple victimisations. Further

analyses revealed that, in these kinds of sexual exploitation female students especially those aged above 15 years suffered the

most. Based on these findings, it was concluded that, sexual exploitation of adolescents was due to coercion, misuse of power

and trust, and economic asymmetries. These findings are very important for interventional strategies towards protecting

adolescents particularly students against sexual exploitation in Tanzania .

S2 -9

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• •

The Infringement of Personal Information and Its Spatial Supervision and Prevention in the Big

Data Environment--From the Perspective of the Space of Flow PI Yong ,Wang Su-zhi

Law Shool ofWuhan University

Abstract:: The space of flow is a concept that is opposite to the material space, which is a mapping space. In the big data

environment, personal information of the space of flow is inevitable to be recorded and utilized while the infringement of

personal information in the space of flow has changed. First, the scope of potential criminal has been enlarged, including the

state, specific units and organizations, internet service providers and individual citizens. Second, the potential victim is gener­

alized, which means any personal information relating to person, property and behavior are likely to be infringed. Third, the

harmful consequences are more severe, including the quantity of personal information that are infringed is very large and the

group victimization is more general. These changes have internal relations with the space of flow, which means we have to

analyze them basing on the perspective of the space of flow. These potential criminals including the state, specific units and

organizations, internet service providers and individual citizens have different characteristics. In addition to the enlargement

of the scope of potential criminal, potential victim lacks the awareness and capacity of information security is also an import­

ant reason for this. In the aspect of crime atmosphere, it mainly presents the absence of legal system of prevention and

control, the insufficient internet service providers' protection to personal information, the lack of participation of social

organizations and the absence of national information security technology. In the big data environment, it is necessary to put

forward some suggestions pertinently basing on the perspective of the space of flow. First, the perfect legal protection system

of personal information must be built, which includes the defintion of the scope of protection of personal information and the

improvement of the information security legal system. Second, the personal literacy of information security must be

improved, which includes the awareness and capacity of information security. Third, the defending system of personal

information security must be perfected, which includes improving national technology security ability and social protection of

personal information .

s 3-1

Session II Title: The Treatment of Juvenile Delinquency in Japan : Considerations from the Practice of Institutional and Community Treatment

The Review of Existing State and Treatment of Juvenlle Delinquency in Japan

Abstract: The Juvenile Law was first enacted in 1948. The legislation aimed for the "sound development" of minors, focusing

on education and reform rather than punishment. In Japan, a juvenile or a minor, is any person under the legal adult age (20

years old), and "juvenile delinquent" refers to juveniles subject to a family court hearing. A 2014 white paper on crime shows

that the number of arrests of minors has been dropping steadily for a decade from 135818 in 2004 to 48887 in 2014. The

juvenile rates of penal code offenses has been 48.9% (t/2) in 1997, and fell to 19.4%(1/5) in 2014. However, the recidivism

rates rise these years, meaning that effective treatment for preventing recidivism is significantly necessary. As is known, most

juvenile offenders come from broken homes and abusive environments, on a social service level, juvenile offenders consume

much of the resources of the child mental health, juvenile justice and special education systems (Shufelt and Cocozza, 2006).

Various forms are utilized in juvenile justice in Japan, including treatment in facility and community. We would like to give

presentations about a group intervention in a child correctional facility, and then introduce an out-patient group intervention

for teenagers who have sexual behavioral problems at a child consultation center, discussing the effectiveness and future

challenges of the approach on the prevention of recidivism. References White Paper on Crime 2014. Shufelt, J .S. and Cocozza,

J .C. (2006) Youth with mental health disorders in the juvenile justice system: Results form a multi -state, multi-system preva­

lence study, National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice, Delmar. (3) Author Affiliation: Osaka University, doctor­

al course (4) Briefbio of the author(s): A doctoral candidate on Educational Psychology of Osaka University, and also an exter­

nal counselor of the child consultation center of Osaka, engaging in the treatment of boys who have sexual behavioral

problems. (5) Contact e-mail, tel. & address jinbo_424@hotmail.com Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Prefecture.

Development of a Treatment Group Program for Delinquent Youth in a Juvenile Residential

Facility and its Basic Framework Mie Nakanishi

Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University

Abstract: A juvenile residential facility known as "children's self-reliance support facility" is a child welfare institution for

providing necessary care and guidance to children who have either committed delinquent acts, those at risk of committing or

require proper guidance, having grown up in an inappropriate family setting (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 2012).

There are 58 such facilities in Japan most of which a public. These facilities have a unique feature in which resident children

live with actual married couple with their own children in a small scale residential facility in a family-like environment or in

small scale residential facilities with staff working on shifts. Resident children live a "structured life", but in a family-like

environment with an aim of re-nurturing these children through proper care and affection and to promote their recovery and

self-reliance (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare homepage). Re-nurturing is a key concept in this particular type of

facility. This treatment group program was collaboratively developed by a juvenile residential facility and Osaka University in

a view towards targeting directly at behavioral change in addition to re-nurturing strategy which still remains core of its

correctional efforts. The program first began in 2011 and 9 treatment groups have been completed as of the end of 2015. Each

treatment program is composed of a ninety minute 12 weekly sessions as a basic format. Approximately 5 to 8 gender specific

children form one group facilitated by 4 staff members. A review meeting is organized to select the participants among

resident children, discuss their problem tasks and modify curriculum to suit the member children's needs before beginning a

new group. At the end of each session, facilitators and observers hold a review meeting to discuss on the positives and

negatives. The staff team receives supervision from a senior staff member to improve the quality of program delivery. Refer­

ences: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2012) "Children's self-reliance support facility management guideline".

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare homepage viewed on 15 Apr. 2016.

A review on effective practice of treatment Groups for Delinquent Youth in a Juvenile

Residential Facility Nozomi BANDO

Osaka University

Abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that early trauma histories and repeated victimization are important factors to

understanding and preventing juvenile delinquency, in conjunction with other contributing factors. This study focuses on

reviewing the practice of treatment group intervention, based on Cognitive Based Therapy (CBT), on delinquent youth (boys

and girls) in a juvenile residential facilities, and tries to examine the effective intervention to support their self-awareness and

behavioral change. Childhood adversity in the group participants include various hardships such as family fragmentation,

addiction and mental illness of their parents, physical and sexual trauma, and etc., which lead them not to be taken basic care

of, not having experienced of being soothed their negative emotions, and even taking care of their caregivers or siblings. Child­

hood trauma effects can help to understand many features of the problematic behavior or difficulties in their life, including

lack of emotional regulations, relationship and communication skills. For these delinquent youth, it is useful to review them­

selves with the feelings of connection and safety in the group, as they are often overwhelmed by the feelings of isolation and

helplessness. Group intervention is useful also because it can provide them now and here experience through the issue of

relationships and social skills in the group which would give them a chance to practice and experience a new fonn of relation­

ships. The key factor of effective group intervention is to build a safe group where the members trust each other. Tasks for the

management of the effective group intervention are a) program adjustment for individual differences in youth, b) creating a

good condition of staff team including training in the area of assessment of delinquency and management of the group, c)

connection between the program and daily life, d) collaboration with caseworkers who deal with the family coordination and

leaving care support in their life.

Intervention for Children and Youth Who Have Sexual Behavioral Problems in Community

Sachiko Nosaka Osaka University

Abstract: Among children and youth who have sexual behavioral problems or sexual offence, cases which their act was not

accused or cases which the family court decides to send to Child Consultation Centers would be referred to out-patient

treatment program in community in Japan. In the past, problematic sexual behavior in youth used to be misinterpreted as

normal sexual behavior, nowadays, it is recognized as social problem because victims and their parents claim the offense. In

cases of out-patient treatment, Child Consultation Centers is in charge of assessment and continued counseling. Our private

organization also gives group intervention and individual program for these youth. It is needed for doctors, psychologists,

teachers, and staff in residential facilities to understand about sexual behavioral problems in order to implement early

intervention. Environment management is more important for relapse prevention of harmful sexual behavior of children and

youth compared to adult. In cases of children, there is victimization such as sexual abuse and inappropriate modeling of

violence and sexual behavior in their background of sexual behavioral problems. Specially, it has become a social issues that

young children can easily get access to pornography on the internet. Inappropriate communication in their family is also

common features of them. Not being able to safely express their emotions in their family can lead to heighten their stress

which result in raising risks of sexual behavioral problems. Therefore, it is significant for children for healthy development

and relapse prevention that children can live in environment with feelings of protected and safety and live in the trusted

relationship. Not only children but also their parents are the target of intervention to build such safety environment. For

parents, the program provides them to review communication and boundaries in family and support for appropriate monitor­

ing. Both individual and group therapy are basically based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Besides, trauma-informed

care is useful for children who have victimization of school bullying, child abuse, and other adversities in their early childhood.

Comprehensive family support in collaboration with various agency is required, as there are cases which trauma care are need

also for their parents.

• •

• •

s 3-2

Session II: Reintegration Volunteering in Japan

Reintegration Volunteering in Japan Erik Herber

Leiden University

Session Abstract: the supervision of probationers and parolees is entrusted to approximately 1,000 professional probation

officers. Their work is strongly supported, however, by around 48,oooo volunteer probation officers. In addition, another

5,000 citizens are as volunteers involved in so-called Big Brother and Sister Movements that provide juvenile delinquents

with various kinds of support in daily life (White Paper on Crime, 2015). In addition, thousands of Japanese citizens serve as

volunteers for non-profit organizations that provide offenders and juvenile delinquents with various kinds of support in daily

life. This sessions aims to address these various volunteering activities from a criminological, sociological and governance

studies perspective. The sessions will in particular bring into focus (I) the societal and governance context within which

offender support volunteering is currently taking place; (10 the functioning of so-called rehabilitation support centers in

supporting volunteer officers' activities, and finally (III) the challenges faced in terms of, among others, probationers' and

parolees' increasingly complicated needs, the consequences of weakening social bonds and community support as well as the

increased difficulty of recruiting new volunteer probation officers.

The Role of Volunteer Probation Officers in Japan Satoshi Minoura

Unafei

Abstract: Mr. Minoura has is a professor at the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention and Crime and

the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI). He was assigned to UNAFEI in April 2015, prior to which he had been working as a

probation officer in Tokyo Probation Office and as the chief of the legal and general affairs sections of the Rehabilitation

Bureau in the Ministry of Justice, Japan. (Abstract) The Probation Service in Japan is characterized by its unique system of

utilizing volunteers, particularly volunteer probation officers (VPOs). In Japan, the supervision of probationers and parolees

is performed by approximately 1,000 professional probation officers (PPOs), who are full-time officers employed by the

Ministry of Justice, and by approximately 48,ooo VPOs, who support the efforts of the PPOs by providing offenders with

additional supervision and assistance. Although the VPOs system in Japan has attracted much attention as an effective and

efficient system of offender treatment by criminologists and practitioners in other countries, offender support is not only

provided by VPOs: the prevention of recidivism is implemented through law enforcement and offender support by PPOs

supported by VPOs. Although the VPO system is working very effectively, it cannot stand alone. Thus, it may be necessary to

clarify the role of VPOs in the context of the whole probation scheme. About ten years ago, probation service in Japan was

criticized that it did not effectively prevent recidivism. One of the reasons was that the PPOs relied on the VPOs too much.

Afterwards, the relationship between PPOs and VPOs was discussed in many places, and some solutions were proposed by the

Council for Offender Rehabilitation Reform in 2006, and the role ofPPOs and VPOs was clarified through legislation. Howev­

er, the rate of repeat offenders has been increasing and the prevention of recidivism is an urgent issue in criminal justice in

Japan. Was the overreliance solved through the Offender Rehabilitation Reform? The presentation will consider whether

further clarification of the roles of VPOs and PPOs is needed in terms of their legislated status, caseloads, and personnel

matters as well as their characteristics in the community. Secondly, an ideal function of the PPOs and appropriate relationship

between PPOs and VPOs will be examined. Finally, the presentation will address how PPOs can properly manage the activities

ofVPOs.

The Role of Volunteer Probation Officers Fumiko Akashi

United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders

Abstract: Japan's corps of 48,ooo volunteer probation officers (VPOs) plays a fundamental role in offender rehabilitation

and crime prevention in the community. Supporting the work of Japan's 1,ooo professional probation officers, VPOs directly

supervise probationers and parolees in the community, making use of three key characteristics: (i) local character, (ii) person­

al interaction with offenders and (iii) continuity of activities. VPOs meet with offenders on a regular basis, and listen attentive­

ly to them with compassion. Developing pro-social relationships with VPOs encourages the offenders to regain their self-re­

spect and identity, and these relationships sometimes last long after the expiration of the supervision period. On the other

hand, due to recent economic and societal changes, the VPO system is now facing various challenges such as the diversified

and complicated needs of probationers/parolees, the declining the number of VPOs, the aging of the VPO population and

weaker bonds within the family and the community. In order to reduce burdens on VPOs and support VPOs' activities, proba­

tion offices are taking various measures: e.g. establishment of support centres for VPOs' activities and holding VPO candidate

information meetings. The presentation will focus on the roles of VPOs in offender rehabilitation and crime prevention, as

well as recent challenges facing the VPO system.

The Role of Volunteer Probation Officers TakaoSAKAE

Tokyo Probation Office

Abstract: Mr. Takao Sakae is a professor of philosophy and ethics, and he has also served as a Volunteer Probation Officer

(VPO) in Japan for 28 years. During his presentation, Mr. Sakae will use a case study to explain how VPOs supervise and offer

support to offenders in the community. The case study tracks the somewhat turbulent life of a boy named Ken from junior

high school through the time that Ken ended up with a steady job. In addition to addressing the facts and circumstances

surrounding Ken's offence, the case study will demonstrate the local nature of Mr. Sakae's activities as a VPO and will also

explore the importance of personal interaction between the VPO, the juvenile and the juvenile's family.

Active Participation of Ex-offenders in the Provision and Improvement of Offender rehabilitation Hiroshi Tsutomi

University of Shizuoka

Abstract: Recently, ex-offenders started to organize themselves to provide mutual assistance in Japan. I, ex-correctional

worker, have been involved in the development process of this movement. In 2009, I founded an organization called Second

Chance! (SC, hereafter) with ex-inmates of juvenile training schools (JTCs) with an assistance of some professionals. SC is

now run solely by ex-offenders aims to provide opportunities to participate in safe and comforting meetings for ex-inmates of

JTCs, and has set up local chapters which hold meetings regularly in several areas of Japan. Except for DARCs (Drug and

Alcohol Rehabilitation Centres) which is a self-help organization for drug addicts, SC has become the first organization recog­

nized by official agencies as representing reformed ex-inmates of correctional institutions including JTCs. Now, core mem­

bers of SC occasionally are not only invited to give speeches to inmates in correctional institutions and to professionalsfvolun­

teers involved in offender rehabilitation in the community, but also asked to attend government committees to deliver their

opinions. However, SC is just the beginning of the involvement of ex-offenders in offender rehabilitation. New organizations

have emerged while SC and DARC is setting up their stage. First, some ex-offenders have started to provide direct services in

the community such as a group home while maintaining a formal link with criminal justice agencies. Before the SC, there were

ex-offenders who provided direct services in the community, but they mostly lacked official recognition by criminal justice

agencies. Actually some SC members started to provide direct services in their community while retaining some official

relationship with probation/parole agencies. Second, ex-offenders started to raise their voices to change the criminal justice

services. As service users, they have hands-on experiences with the system and they can contribute to the improvement of the

current services provided by the criminal justice organizations. I myself held an experimental workshop to hear the voices of

ex-offenders. I would like to provide some results from this workshop.

• •

• •

s 3-3

Test of self-control in Chinese circumstances and the predicting factors to juvenile delinquency

and crime tEO

~f1:*~tf:~~~

Abstract: Juvenile delinquency has been researched a lot and many theories can be applied to explain it, such as self-control

theory, social control theory, social learning theory and strain theory. It is still in dearth both in empirical study and theory

contribution in Chinese circumstances. Based on data collected from different sites in Guangzhou and Guangxi, we use multi­

variate analysis to explore some potential predicting factors to juvenile delinquency and crime. We specially have a focus on

the test of self-control I Chinese circumstances. Some factors and theories are verified and the result reflects complicated

situation in China society. Further policy and theory implications are also proposed.

Risk Factors for Delinquency and Alcohol Use In Adolescents: Results from the ISRD3 in

Findings from Inner Mongolia, China ~~Wf XU XINGDI

~f1:*~ University of Macau

Abstract: The goal of the article is to research that risk factors for delinquency in adolescents. This study presents a partial

test of the theory using a Chinese sample. 'This study uses data from the third International Self-Report Delinquency Study

(ISRD-3), a school-based sample 1555 of adolescents in grades 7-12. A series of multivariate, multilevel models are run exam­

ining variation in the adolescents and attempting to explain why variations exist. The results show that the risk factors

proposed by social bonding theory, social disorganization theory, routine activities theory, and self-control theory are related

to delinquent behavior in adolescents. When all thet factors are combined together, three interaction terms are found to be

statistically significant; family and deviant behavior of peergroup have more influence on delinquent behavior of left-behind

children.

The Overlap between Offending and Victimization: An Empirical Examination of Hong Kong

Adolescents CHAN Heng Choon (Oliver)

City University of Hong Kong

Abstract: 'This study aims to explore the phenomenon of overlap between offending and victimization among adolescents in

Hong Kong. Using a sample of 892 secondary schools students from 12 schools, the prevalence of offending and/ or victimiza­

tion is first explored. In order to examine the potential victim-offender overlap, bivariate and multivariate analyses are

perfonned to identify the psychosocial and situational factors that explain the joint occurrence of general, violent, and nonvio­

lent offending and victimization. Implications for research and practice are also discussed .

Comparison of Junior High School Students' Delinquency between Urban and Rural Areas in

Taiwan: To Analyze Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory

11M~ (Tung Yuk-Ying) ,QtJ:JJ:*-JJ Institute of Education at National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan

Abstract: This study is theoretically based on "general strain theory", to understand the variety of intense pressures on the

youth in their living environment and the impact of their deviant behaviors. This study focused on the pressure which may

affect juvenile deviation but included the relevant intervening variables to discuss the juvenile deviation. This study tested the

impact of school life hassles, negative relations with teachers and peers, bullying experiences, association with deviant peers,

and identification of illegal means on delinquency. Total of fifteen schools were selected randomly - seven schools in urban

area and eight schools in rural area at Tainan in Taiwan. Stratified cluster random sampling was used to collect the students.

Structural equation model (SEM) was applied to analyze the direct and indirect effect of strain factors on youth deviant behav­

iors. The foundlings of this study are as follows: (1) comparing to rural areas, students in urban areas are more likely to engage

in deviant behaviors when face strain factors, (2) when students in rural areas face more strain factors, they are more likely to

use an indirect way in react to deviant behaviors and through contacts deviation peer or identity illegal means, and (3) the

impact of illegal means recognition on the delinquent development between students in rural and urban is not different.

Strain factors have direct effects on the development of junior high school students' delinquency, and junior high school

students are more likely to engage in deviant behaviors when frequently in contact with delinquent peers.

The Impacts of Corporal Punishment on Substance Use and Violent Delinquency among Adolescents Yi-FangLu

National Taipei University, Department of criminology

Abstract: Corporal punishment is considered as necessary evil by many parents, especially in eastern countries. That is,

corporal punishment is something unpleasant, but such unpleasantness must be accepted in order to achieve a good result.

Despite the fact that corporal punishment is widely practiced in many eastern countries, it is still unclear if there is any

long-term negative effect of corporal punishment. The aim of this research is to deepen our understanding of the effects of

corporal punishment on substance use and violent delinquency among adolescents. Based on General Strain theory, this study

examined the relationship between corporal punishment and adolescents' substance use behavior and violent delinquency

respectively. In the substance use model, depression is the mediator, whereas in the violent delinquency model, anger is the

mediator. The data analyzed in this study were from the project of The Etiology of Adolescent's Substance Abuse: A Social

Learning Model provided by Survey Research Data Archive. In the current study, only the first wave and the third wave were

analyzed. The results provided empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that the corporal punishment practiced by

mother was related to substance use behavior via its relationship with depression. However, the effect of corporal punishment

on violent delinquency was partially mediated by anger.

• •

• •

Street Children and 'Illicit Labour': Considering New Ways to Prevent Young People's Involve­

ment in Organised Crime Dr. Sally Atkinson-Sheppard

King's College London

Abstract: This paper explores the involvement of street children in organised crime. By drawing on interviews with 22 street

children, So interviews with criminal justice practitioners, NGO workers and community members and over three years of

participant observation of the Bangladeshi criminal justice system and wider society the paper argues that street children

operate as the 'illicit labourers' of Bangladeshis organised crime groups, the 'mastaans' and are hired to carry out a variety of

crime and violence. In doing the paper develops a new way to conceptualise young people's involvement in organised crime.

The paper argues that it is necessary to use this conceptualisation of 'illicit labourers' to prevent children's involvement in

organised crime on a global scale.

There are two reasons why street children's involvement in mastaan groups should be considered labour. Firstly, the partici­

pants of this study conceptualised what street children do on behalf of m.astaan bosses as work; there was rarely any mention

from the interviewees that this work involves committing crime. Secondly, the ways in which mastaan groups are organised,

with clearly defined structures, hierarchies and bosses, means that they operate as criminal businesses and street children are

their workers. This was how the children, in particular, described these groups.

The labour that street children are hired to do is often menial, unskilled or semi-skilled and demeaning. It denies their right

to an education and puts them at risk of harm on both a physical and psychological level. Mastaans hire street cause distur­

bance during political rallies or occupy land during land-grabbing incidents. Young people are also paid to sell and carry

drugs, collect extortion money and on some occasions, commit contract killings. The children who carry out these acts follow

the strict instructions of their boss; in doing so there is no regard for the safety of the children, nor the victims of these crimes.

The long-term consequences of children's involvement in organised crime remain unknown. However, protection for street

children who commit crime must be sought. Yet there are barriers to achieving this. Street children's involvement in organised

crime is not sufficiently documented within the International Labour Organisation (ILO) definition of the Worst Forms of

Child Labour, nor is the issue given the attention it deserves on an international stage. This means that opportunities to

protect millions of children are missed, both in Bangladesh and on a global scale.

This paper makes the following recommendations: Firstly, more studies should be conducted to test whether the conceptuali­

sation of 'illicit labourers' is useful outside of Bangladesh. Secondly, there is an urgent need to ensure that children involved

in organised crime are better represented in the ILO definition. Thirdly, children involved in organised crime must be made

more visible in policy and legislation. Finally, the lessons learned from this study should be more widely used to generate

debate and prevent the involvement of children in organised crime on a global scale .

83-4

Can Universal Jurisdiction be Universal? The Problem of Justification for Punishing Foreigners SangOhKirn

Seoul National University

Abstract: This study is about the problem of punishing foreigners with state authority. Foreigners' crimes can be divided into

two types: those that are committed upon foreigners - on which universal jurisdiction is asserted - and those committed on

natives for whom their state asserts jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction came to stand in the limelight as globalization

proceeds, and in Korea it was legislated into criminal law in 2013. According to these new articles, the authority can punish

abduction and hwnan trafficking by a foreigner in extraterritorial area. Here, I adopt two principles to deal with the problem.

The first principle is that law is justified only when the legitimate measures to revise it are guaranteed to people under its rule.

This, on the other hand, can imply that foreigners are not obliged to follow the law as they do not have the chance to affect it.

Therefore, a state punishing foreigners to protect safety and security of the nation or its people can be better explained with

self-defense, where a state is facing the foreigners with whom it has made no contract. The state law, as a firm declaration, can

account for territorial and protective jurisdiction but not universal jurisdiction. Still, there remains a possibility of justifica­

tion if each state is given universal jurisdiction that is based on the universal justice. The second principle is that law should

treat same cases as the same, different ones as different. It can be derived from the notion of formal justice. If universal

jurisdiction originates from the universal justice, the whole system should follow the second principle. However, there are

manifold substantive and adjective laws in various countries, and offenders are treated contingently although their crimes are

of a same kind. As a result, the assumption is refuted that each state can assert universal jurisdiction which comes from single,

universal justice. The strength of this research is that it explains punishment using the justifying conditions of 'law' unlike

previous studies which use that of 'criminal law'. Lastly, an alternative for current form of universal jurisdiction will be

suggested.

Legal Analysis On Chinese Sentencing Guidelines: A Comparative Criminal Law Study On

Judicial Discretion Covering Selected Jurisdictions Angel Alfonso Puente Reyes

Puente Reyes & Galarza Attorneys At Law

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the Chinese Sentencing Guidelines, on a comparative perspective, in order

to outline alternative models to deal with the referred subject, looking forward to constrain discretion and achieve consistency

and parity accordingly. The focus of the comparative approach on the literature reviewed, since 1970s, is directed in Punish­

ment Rationale and its overlap with Judicial Discretion, both of which constitutes the justification of the Sentencing Guidance

policies and regulations. The Common Law systems chosen for this study are the United States of America, the United

Kingdom. From the continental perspective, the German System on Sentencing is outlined as an alternative model for

responding to discretionary powers, albeit the fact that does not comply with sentencing guidelines. The German system

illustrates compliance with a high degree of methodological grounds, in the application of the so-called two-track system and

the application of day fines on sentencing; compying with a progressive consistency according to the findings.From a dogmat­

ic perspective, as a contribution, the present study suggests as an inspiration on the aforesaid German model, further research

in order to opt for a restrictive approach in which the outcome of the sentence might be a fine over imprisonment, aligned with

a cardinal and ordinal proportionality test; which theoretically follows a Modern Retributivism approach on punishment

rationale according to the doctrine of Prof. A Von Hirsch. The findings confirm the willing of the Chinese Government in

strength and implement legislation provisions in order to acquire material Justice and Rule of Law, as a consequence of a

constant and progressive legal development.

• •

• •

"Therapeutic Community Modality Program: Towards Transformation of Residents in Ifugao

District Jail" Janice Paras Milo

Ifugao State University

Abstract: This study dealt with the implementation of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) in the District

Jail of Ifugao located at Tiger Hill, Kiangan. Through descriptive phenomenological inquiry, the researcher was able to elicit

and verify data concerning the specific problems of the study. Personal interview, focus group discussion, and participative

observation were utilized to gather the data from 105 residents, 3 jail personnel, and the warden. Findings revealed that the

TCMP was just recently implemented in the jail due to the lack of orientation of officers on its concept, nature and scope.

Female officers who have undergone training-workshops on therapeutic community are usually assigned to facilitate the

program once or twice a month. The modules in the manual can be modified or innovated however such flexibility depends on

the needs of the residents and the different strategies of the implementers. The study also highlights the perceptions of the

residents about the program and the activities they undertake, the factors that influence them to participate in the program,

how they respond to the program, the problems they encounter in relation to TCMP, and the impact of the program to them

and to the jail. In conclusion, the TCMP is being implemented and practiced regularly in the Ifugao District Jail. It had been

observed that it contributes to the transformation of the residents. To ensure the implementation ofTCMP in jails, correction­

al administrators should motivate personnel sending them on trainings and providing necessary resources. Continuous moni­

toring and evaluation of the implementation of the program will be beneficial in order to augment the conduct of activities and

the processes.

A Preliminary Study of the Effectiveness of an Anger Management Vu1ual Reality Cognitive

Behavioral Therapy Program on EEG Patterns Chang Hyun Ryua and Seong-Jin Yeonb*

aDepartment of Addiction Rehabilitation with Social Welfare, Eulji University, Seongnam City, Gyeonggi-do Province, South Korea b Korean Institute of Criminology, South Korea

Abstract: The lack of self-control of emotions and behaviors can lead to disruptive and impulse-control anger. A result of

inappropriately managed and controlled emotions and behaviors such as anger also makes adverse effects on pulse, stomach

acid secretions, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, domestic violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, and criminal behav­

iors. Integrative cognitive behavior therapy is a well-known and useful tool for the treatment of hostility, anger and aggres­

sion. Recent clinical evidence suggests that an immersive anger management virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy

program (AMVR-CBTP) is a more effective approach to treating anger management and destructive and impulse-control

disorder (DICD). The purpose of this clinical trial was to verify the effectiveness of AMVR-CBTP on cortical activation

patterns and associated anger control using advanced QEEG brain mapping and the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2

(STAXI-2) measurements, respectively, among 7 participants with DICD. The intervention included 90 minute sessions three

times a week, for a total of six sessions. EEG data were acquired from the scalp using the Geodesic EEG system (GES) Net

Amps 400 amplifier and a 32 EEG channels HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net. EEGs were recorded from 19 electrode sites based

on a standard internationalt0/20 system at a sampling rate of 1000Hz. Outcome measures indicated that the main differenc­

es between the pre-and post-QEEG maps are characterized by notable decrements in slow waves (theta and delta bands).

Compared to the pre-QEEG maps, the post-QEEG maps showed normalized delta bands in absolute power and markedly

decreased theta bands in both absolute and relative power, which were centered in the vicinity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

area. This finding was also associated with anger reduction. These results suggest that the intervention may have inhibited

impulsive anger control disorder by means of normalizing abnormal brain signals in the PFC area. In conclusion, the

AMVR-CBT intervention was effective for restoring abnormal brain activation waves and increasing associated anger control

among individuals with DICD. The present QEEG mapping data provide clinical insights indicating that the QEEG mapping

analysis was accurate and sensitive to minute changes in the intervention-related progress in both normal and pathological

brain electrical signals and activation patterns.

From Confficts to Consensus: Negotiations and Accommodations Inside a Philippine City Jail Hannah Glimpse N arlo

University of the Philippines - Diliman

Abstract: The recent expose in the Philippine's New Bilibid Prison and the "lavish" conditions of VIP detainees poses a

puzzle on the real life of inmates and prisoners under the custody of the country's criminal justice system. While many seek

justice, take the side of the victims, and believe that human rights in penitentiary and detention centers must be minimal,

some are also concerned of the continually dwindling subhuman conditions in Philippine prisons and jails and how these

affect the delivery of rehabilitative justice. This paper is an extension of that interest.

Specifically, this paper shifted the spotlight towards the other side of the bars-toward the officers who also experience the

same dismal conditions. The focus of this research is on the jail officers and provides an alternative way of looking at the

effects of the structural deficiencies of the Philippine criminal justice system to jail management and down towards the daily

delivery of custodial work among officers. This research is limited to the one specific jail, the Quezon City Jail (QCJ), under

the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and does not include the prison system from the Bureau of Corrections.

This study employed qualitative sociological tools such as infonnal interviews, focus group discussions, and the study of

official documents to inquire on the following themes: (a) standard routines, dealingwithjaillife and unexpected situations;

(b) order and disorder in jail life; and (c) conflicts and consensus.

This paper found that in the QCJ, officers are constantly faced with the added challenge of assuming their responsibilities in

stressful and hazardous conditions with little and vacillating staff support from the government. Everyday, they have to

negotiate their custodial roles by accommodating good parcels of the 'jail culture' while observing stringent rules to promote

order within the confines of the facility.

• •

• •

s 3-5

A Study on the Application of Trinity Theory of Investigation, Prevention and Service WANG Kangqing

postgraduate of Chinese People's Public Security University

Abstract: With the development of technology and the improvement of informationization degree, the modus operandi has

been updated constantly, adding to difficulties in investigation. Accordingly, under great pressure, the Chinese police are

faced with more difficult and complicated challenges in criminal investigation and crime prevention. Moreover, the Chinese

police's ability to solve the problems in their fields has also been decreased. This study found that most Chinese police fail to

reflect on police affairs from the perspective of investigation, prevention and service. At present, as systematic reform of

Chinese police approach, the police should not only bear responsibility for fighting crime, but also reflect on the methods of

declining and eradicating crime rate from the perspective of crime prevention. Actually, investigation, prevention and service

have close inter-connections between each other. This study proposed that trinity theory can be basically classified as rigid

theory, neutral theory and soft theory. Rigid theory includes deterrence theory, crime hotspots theory and Compstat model,

based on investigation and case solving. Neutral theory includes routine activity theory, rational choice theory and situational

prevention theory, based on crime prevention. Soft theory includes community policing, broken windows theory and restor­

ative justice, based on public service. Supplementing and accelerating each other, these three theories are the foundation of

trinity theory of investigation, prevention and service. The full application of trinity theory can contribute to activities in

criminal investigation, crime prevention and public service.

Investigation, Prevention and Service Trinity Theory Use Wang Kangqing

College of Criminal Investigation Southwest University of Political Science and Law

Abstract: With the development of science and technology,improvement in the level of information technology and modus

operandi of the update,difficulty in solving criminal cases increase,crime prevention requires increased,serve the public

pressure on the rise, detecting, preventing, and complexity of the difficulties faced by a surge in service work, their ability to

solve their own problem areas in decline,the reason, I believe, mainly because people neglect from the investigation, preven­

tion, service perspective view of the Trinity policing activities.Nowadays, with the public security system reform, the police not

only charged with the heavy responsibility of combating crime, should actively from the perspective of crime prevention point

of view, reflection eradicate crime from the source to reduce the incidence of crime, maintain public personal and property

safety, meet the expectations of society and the people. Detecting, preventing, and services three seemingly unrelated, in fact

inseparable, although these three different, yet there is a strong complementary relationship of interdependence, with some

theoretical basis for use. According to the basic theory of the nature of the Trinity, which can be divided into the theoretical

foundation in the theory of deterrence, crime hot spots, Compstat model for the content of the theory of rigid, rigid theoretical

basis to facilitate criminal investigation as the main foothold; to routine activity theory, rational choice theory, situational

crime prevention theory neutral content to crime prevention as the main foothold; community policing, broken windows

theory, restorative justice for the content of the theory of soft, flexible theory to serve the people as the main goal, three

complement each other, complement each other, together they constitute the detection, prevention, service Trinity theory use

basis, make full use of the theoretical basis helps to enhance the criminal investigation, crime prevention, public services

effectively carry out the work.

Key words: investigation; prevention; services; Trinity

15 years into the 'war on terror': From the Local to the Global shamila ahmed

University ofWestminster

Abstract: The paper examines how the fluidity between the local level and the global level is an intrinsic feature of the 'war

on terror'. Through using cosmopolitanism, the paper examines how firstly, the 'war on terror' involves the intersection of

fear, security, threat, risk and social control as features of both the international 'war on terror' and intra state policies.

Secondly, it is demonstrated how groups such as ISIS highlight perceived injustices against Muslims locally and globally and

therefore exploit the globalisation process to promote their ideology. Finally, the paper analyses how the features of globalisa­

tion prevalent in the 15 years of the 'war on terror' and Islamist terrorism have shaped the criminalisation and marginalisation

of refugees and have therefore turned an ethics of responsibility towards humanity into a discourse of social control and

denying the rights of refugees to be world citizens.

China's New Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework in the Post-2001 Era: Legal Development,

Penal Change and Political Legitimacy Enshen Li

The University of Queensland

Abstract: Since 2001, terrorism has become a frightening phenomenon, posing major threats to stability, peace and security

of China. This article aims to explore a new legal framework against terrorism the Chinese government has adopted over the

last decade or so. It examines the development, formation and functionality of this mechanism within the context of the state's

new political agenda of maintaining social harmony and stability. By assessing the rhetorical and practical changes in China's

recent counter-terrorism strategies, it concludes that China has begun to implement more punitive laws and punishments to

combat terrorism in the post-2001 era than in the reform era (198os-I990S). This increased level of punitiveness is pursued

by countless legislative amendments to criminalize a new suite of terrorist offences, the expansion of police powers to investi­

gate terrorism and the intensification of punishment and sentencing on terrorist offenders.

Measures to Ensure Efficiency and Effectiveness of Terrorism Investigations Soung Jea Hyen

Korean Institute of Criminology

Abstract: The development of information and communication technology and the progress of globalization in modem

society have generated diverse issues in which international community faces to tackle. In particular, human security has been

significantly destabilized as the process of globalization has facilitated an increase in transnational organized crimes, which

threatens to shake world peace and security. Among various challenges in the era of globalization, terrorism is one of the most

significant issues whereby international cooperation is crucial. Given the fact that nature of terrorist activities are constantly

evolving and the motivations, financing as well as methods of attacks are consistently changing, combatting the threat of

terrorism is much more difficult. Before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, activities of terrorists used to aim at desta­

bilizing central governments and undermining economic and social development of Western society. However, as appears by

the Paris terror attacks in November 2015, recently terrorist acts have not been happened in governmental institutions or

economic hub but it has aimed to attack the general public in everyday life. In this respect, Korea needs to recognize that the

country is not safe from the treats of terrorists and find comprehensive and systematic countermeasures to prevent terrorism.

Given the complexity of recent aspects of terrorist acts, strong coordination and cooperation within national governments as

well as between individual states and organizations at the regional and international level is critical to effectively address

terrorism. Furthermore, it is important to share best practices and lessons learned and to assist with the investigations and

prosecutions of terrorism cases.

• •

• •

Therefore, this paper will examine security environment of South Korea and its terrorist threats as well as review current

anti-terrorism measures in South Korea and all countries in order to suggest effective, preemptive, systematic and compre­

hensive responses against terrorist attack.

There are three major strategies to eradicate the threats from terrorist attacks which are Mutual legal assistance in criminal

matters, strengthening efficiency for the criminal investigations, and improving prediction system to prevent terrorism and

constructing defense system against cyber-terrorism.

South Korea passed the Anti-Terrorism Act on March 2, 2016. This act aims to regulate the needs related to prevent and

respond to terrorism so as to protect life and property of the general public and ensure the safety of the country and the

people. Due to the fact that anti -cyber terrorism legislation differ its occurrence patterns and measures from those of terror­

ism in reality, enactment of the anti-cyber terrorism law is significant.

Prevention is the most important factor to establish countermeasures against terrorism. Moreover, measures to guarantee the

freedom and security of law-abiding citizens are responsibility of the country .

S3 -6

Factors Explaining Taiwan's Crime Rate Trends from 1991 to 2013 DorisChu

National Chung Cheng University

Abstract: Previous studies have utilized various theories to explain variations in crime rates. Some studies have linked crime

rates to economic stress (e.g., Roberts and Lafree, 2004), to income inequality (e.g., Messner et al., 2002; Chamlin & Cochran,

2006; Chu & Thsalem, 2013) to labor market opportunities (e.g., Gould, Weinberg, & Mustard, 2002), to social disorganiza­

tion variables, such as poverty, percentage of single parent households, population turn over (e.g., Bursik. 1988), and to sever­

ity and certainty of punishment (Becker, 1968; Nagin, 1998). Using data derived from National Police Agency and National

Statistics ROC, Taiwan, this study tests an integrative perspective that includes deterrence variables that measure certainty of

punishment (police clearance rates, prosecution rates, conviction rates, and incarceration rates), anomie variable (income

inequality), and proxy variables of economic stress (e.g., poverty and unemployment rate) to provide explanations of the

changing crime rate trends over between 1991 and 2013. It was found that number of incarcerated population was positively

correlated with property and overall crime rates. On the other hand, conviction rate and percentage oflow income households

were negatively correlated with property, violent, and overall crime rates. Police-citizen ratio was negatively correlated with

overall crime rate. Policy implications are discussed.

Pathway to Evade Secondary Victimization in Criminal Justice System: Ensuring the

Protection of Child Victims of Crime in Sri Lanka Muthukuda Arachchige Dona Shiroma Jeeva Shirajanie Niriella

Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka

Abstract: The necessity of protection of the rights of victims of crime is a matter of concerns in Sri Lanka today. Unlike other

victims of crime, child victims are more vulnerable due to their immaturity and dependency. Although there were some provi­

sions in traditional penal laws to protect the rights of child victims of crime, more often these victims are still re-victimized in

the criminal justice system. In Sri Lanka, rights of the suspects, accused and convicts are recognized and guaranteed by the

constitution under equality and fair trial norms nevertheless no such similar provisions are elucidated as far as the victims of

crime are concerned. However, the Assistance to and Protection of Victims of Crime and Witnesses Act No 4 of 2015 (APVCW)

enacted to give effect to such norms and best practices relating to crime victim protection. To some extent this victim protec­

tion law could be regarded as a curative measure taken to ensure the protection of victims of crime including child victims.

However, a close examination of the Act demonstrates that there is no clear guidelines and policy stipulated in the statute to

protect these victims. Especially, policy guidelines for protection of child victims of crime from the vicimological perspective

are deficient. Hence, it is important and required to introduce policy guidelines and criteria relating to protection of child

victims of crime in order to strengthen the contemporary victim protection law. The paper intends to provide an exploratory

understanding of the problems of child victims of crimes have experienced prior to APVCW and after, which is essential in

formulating a clear policy guidelines. To achieve this goal the study will explore the special reasons for crime victimization of

children, typologies of child victims, gravity of harm suffered by these victims under different types of crimes, and the

relationship between victim and offender, specific assistance and protection they need in different stages (phases) such as pre

trial, trial and post trial stages of criminal justice system. etc.

Randomly selected 25 child victims from the decided cases in last two years( from 2014 to 2016), police officers from 5 police

divisions where the highest numbers of crimes were reported against children in last two years (2014-2016) and the judicial

officers both Magistrates and High Court Judges from the same judicial zones are interviewed in this regard. Further, crime

statistics in last five years pertaining to crime committed against children are also collected to evaluate the gravity of the issue.

All these data will be analyzed in order to find out the reasons for victimization, the needs of these victims in various stages of

the criminal justice system, relationship between victimization and offending and the difficulties and problems that the child

victims are faced in the criminal

• •

• •

Moral Panic and Strike-hard Campaigns in Mainland China Mengliang Dai, Lena Y. Zhong City University of Hong Kong

Abstract: The economic reform in China in the past four decades has run in parallel with rising crime. The most prominent

approach to the rise of crime has been strike-hard campaigns as launched by the Chinese authorities. The existing literature

on the Chinese strike-hard campaigns is centered on an objectivist approach in that strike hard campaigns are mostly

analyzed in terms of rational choice of government, path dependence, and political struggle. This study employs a construc­

tionist approach to apply the concept of moral panic to the examination of the strike-hard campaigns as official responses to

crime. Combining with Goode and Ben-Yehuda's (2009) model-the attributional model and the elite-engineered model, it

identifies the five elements of concern, hostility, consensus, disproportion and volatility to demonstrate how moral panic was

constructed in the process of the first national strike-hard campaign during 1983-1986. In particular, this study examines how

the elite-engineered model of moral panic can fit into the Chinese context. The above inquiries are based on archival materi­

als, interviews and content analysis of newspaper reports. The implications of this study are discussed under the context of

controlling crime in transforming China.

Harmful Cultural Practices in South Africa Johannes Hendrik Prinsloo

Unisa

Abstract: Male circumcision in traditional African culture is considered as a traditional and sacred rite of passage into adult­

hood. One of its objectives is to (more) fully initiate individuals into the community and to bestow identity to individuals and

groups. It, therefore, coincides with community responsibility and social obligations. With the release of the Report on Public

Hearings on Male Initiation Schools in South Africa on June 26, 2014 it emerged that since 2008 more than half a million boys

have been hospitalized in the aftermath of traditional circumcisions, with a minimum of 419 boys who died as a consequence

thereof. These practices are contributing to serious transgressions and an abuse of human rights in South Africa.

Hisbah and Urban Kano insecurity: A Qualitative analysis Approach By Ali Ado Siro

A PhD Fellow, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800, Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia

Department Of Criminology and Security Studies Federal University, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Abstract: Insecurity has been a common feature of northern Nigerian states. As an affected state, Kano introduced His bah

to assist the implementation of Islamic Shari' a since the year 2000 at the boil of public agitation in launching the Shari'a in

the state. This study assesses the contribution of the organisation in fighting crime to ensure security for the populace. The

area comprises of eight local government areas out of the forty four owned by the state. The data were collected from the

organisational relevant departments of crime, surveillance, investigation, operation and welfare. The interviews revealed that,

the organisation has been helpful not only in curbing insecurity but had a great achievement in the resolution of civil cases and

welfare issues within and outside the state jurisdiction. This picture proves the importance of Hisbah which calls for

re-strengthening the organisation to ensure a lasting solution to insecurity problem. A task that lies not only in the hands of

relevant authorities but the general public .

s 3-7

Middleman in Guanxi-facilitated Corrupt Transactions: the Study on Military Corruption in China LiLi

Tinghua University

Abstract: Guanxi facilitates corrupt transactions. Little is known what and how the functions of the middleman involved in

the Guanxi-facilitated corrupt transaction. Using fieldwork data and criminal cases in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) ,

this paper investigates the following three problems: 1) who worked as middleman;2) why middleman existed in the

Guanxi-facilitated corrupt transactions; 3) and how the middleman employ the Guanxi as means to facilitatle the corrupt

transactions. The paper finds that three key functions of middleman facilitate corrupt transactions: Predictability,exchange

and monitoring. Middleman can play an important predictabile role to screen and select partner costs,exchange resources

using Guanxi, and monitor the risk of transactions.

The value of Southern Perspectives in Conceptualising Best Practice NGO anti-trafficking Measures Harriet Horsfall

Qut

Abstract: Southern epistemologies are a valuable lens through which to examine the differing practices oflocal and Interna­

tional non-government organisations (NGOs) working in the Global South. This paper examines the efficacy of national and

International NGOs as institutions of crime control in the context of a case study of human trafficking across the India{Nepal

border. This paper draws upon empirical research which examined the public docwnents of a number of NGOs working to

intercept cases of trafficking in the India/Nepal border region. I undertake critical discourse analysis upon how each organisa­

tion conceptualises and justifies the act ofborder-centric trafficking intervention in their activities, and the consequences of

this within an operational context. I pay particular attention here to the work of a grassroots local NGO and a faith-based

International NGO. Using a Southern theoretical lens, along with Third World Feminist perspectives I argue that national

NGOs serve as more informed in conceptualising the trafficking problem and developing empowered, grassroots based

intervention measures.

State-Organized and State Employee-Organized Cross-Border Trade Criminality in the

Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea Charles A. von Denkowski

Ruhr-University Bochurn, Faculty of Law

Abstract: I. Topic of the Presentation The presenter publishes results from a qualitative doctoral study on state crimes,

committed by the personnel of the authorities of the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) on behalf of the state and

for personal profit. The research design combined face-to face interviews with 16 former employees of the state and with the

discussions of eight focus groups of its former citizens. The theoretical framework included several theories and concepts that

aim to explain economic crimes. All of them were modified for their use in the Northeast Asian cultural context. II. Findings

Several cross-border trade crimes, organized on behalf of the North Korean state and such, organized by its personnel, lower

the public security in China's Dongbei border provinces. Unfortunately, the informal supply chains which the offenders from

the DPRK used for their private trade crimes did not become subject to a stronger external control by the United Nations

Security Council Resolution 2345. Especially in the case of a system collapse within the DPRK. the risk of a nuclear prolifera­

tion will create threats of severe dangers to the public security of all parts of China. Brief Bio Charles A von Denkowski holds

a Police University Diploma (2001, FH?V Hamburg), a University Diploma in International Nuclear Law (2016, Faculty of

Law, University Montpellier/France) and a M.A in Criminology and Police Science (2011, Faculty of Law, Ruhr-University

Bochum). He served 14 years in the German police, including anti-terrorism investigations. After that he served as an

assistant to a vice-president of the German Federal Parliament. After receiving his M.A he lectured criminology for four years.

At present, he is writing up his thesis.

• •

• •

Criminality Perspectives of Illegal Forestry Activities in Taiwan Lanying Huang

National Taipei University

Abstract: The current study aims to depict the criminality of Forest Act offenders based on interviewing 57 forestry criminals

in 9 correction facilities. The results categorize the offenders according to their criminal history, motivation, choice of target,

risk evaluation, cost and benefit, role in the activity, perception of harm, sense of shame, and likelihood of relapse. This paper

considers the adverse effect of stiffer penalty and huge amount of fines upon disadvantaged and/or minority groups under the

absolute ban on logging and collecting. It calls for an integrative investigation into the infrastructure that generates and

nurtures illegal forestry activities, including rural poverty and drug problems, underground timber market, human traffick­

ing, corruption, judicial discretion, and under-enforcement of law. Some policy and legal implications are also addressed in

responding to this complicated and sensitive issue.

Internet vigilantes (Netilantes): For fun or realising social justice? Dr Lennon Y.C. Chang

School of Social Sciences, Monash University

Abstract: Internet vigilantism (netilantism), which is known as renrou sousou (A~~) in Chinese, literally "human flesh

search" (HFS), has emerged as a new phenomenon in recent years. It refers to the direct involvement of netizens collectively

tracking down and publishing on the Internet information that might help to solve a crime or the personal information of

someone who has engaged in corrupt practices or immoral behaviours, often with the aim of shaming and punishing them in

order to reinstate legal or moral justice. It has also been argued that netizens sometimes do it just for fun or to fulfill their

curiosity. Based on Psychological Empowerment theory, this paper aims to test whether netilantes possessed higher level of

self-efficacy, perceived criminal justice system as more ineffective and more tend to accept internet vigilantism as an effective

tool in serving social justice .

s 3-8

Social Organization, Individual Strain and Drug Overdose: Integrating General Strain Theory

and Institutional Anomie theory Yinzhi Shen

SUNY Albany

Abstract: This paper attempts to theoretically integrate general strain theory and institutional anomie theory to elaborate

how macro-level economic dominance combined with adverse economic conditions can increase negative emotional impact

of unemployment and poverty at individual level, and how individual unemployment and poverty are more likely to result in

death by drug overdose when there is economic dominance in the institutional balance of power at the macro level. This study

fills in the gap in theoretical development and empirical application ofiAT and GST. Despite a number of studies testing IAT

on violent and property crime rates, few have done a multilevel research on institutional anomie theory and none have used

IAT to explain drug use or death by drug overdose. At the micro level, Agnew's general strain theory's emphasis on strain,

negative emotions and the factors that condition criminal coping is useful in understanding individual drug use. However, the

theory lacks elaboration of the effects of macro-level social organization on strain and responses to strain. By integrating

institutional anomie theory and general strain theory, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of the influence of

macro-level social organization on micro-level strain and coping and to help institutional anomie theory better explain how

social organization impacts mortality by drug overdose and crime rates in general.

A Test of Social Bond Theory among Chinese Drug Users

Abstract: Drug abuse has become an international problem in recent decades. This paper concerns drug abuse in Mainland

China. This study is an examination of the relevance of the social bond theory among drug addicts at a Chinese Compulsory

Isolation and Detoxification Center, and of the elements that determine their drug abuse. A questionnaire survey was

conducted among 202 drug addicts at a center in 'A' Province. The collected data was analyzed for correlations between four

elements of social bond theory- commitment, attachment, belief, and involvement - and the addicts' frequency of drug use.

The results were generally consistent with those indicated in prior research studies. A correlation was found between the

frequency of drug use, and the respondents' age, marital status, employment, and beliefs. However, there were no significant

relationships among supportive attachment, involvement and the frequency of drug use. This might be due to cultural and

conventional practices in Mainland China and the limitation of the study. The demographic characteristics, drug consumption

and treatments received of the residents inside the center were also observed so that a more sufficient understanding of

Chinese drug users could be attained.

Prostitution in Cabanatuan City-Philippines: A Basis for A Proposed Action Plan

J esster P. Eduardo Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Abstract: This study looked on the reasons why they engaged in prostitution, the level of effectiveness of Cabanatuan City

Police Station (CCPS)-Philippines in preventing and/or reducing prostitution, and the problems encountered by the CCPS in

preventing and/ or reducing prostitution. The participants of the study were prostitutes from Cabanatuan City and Policeman

from CCPS. Questionnaire-checklist was the main tool in gathering information from the respondents and accompanied by

personal interview. This study was conducted within Academic Year 2013-2014 in Cabanatuan City. Thus, 1) most prostitutes

Strongly Agreed that Poverty and Unemployment are the most common reasons and not Human Trafficking nor Illegal

Recruitment; 2) the CCPS was Very Effective in reducing and/ or preventing prostitution. They were Very Effective in terms of

Night Foot Patrol, Night Mobile Patrol, Surprise Inspection, and Implementation of Curfew; and 3) CCPS has different

• •

• •

problems encountered in reducing and/ or preventing prostitution. Thus, the researcher recommends the following: 1) Prosti­

tutes should undergo trade/skills training to land into a better and decent job; there must be more livelihood programs and

provide seminars on awareness regarding the ill effects of prostitution; 2) The government (national to local) must provide

more job opportunities, and capital to those prostitutes or families within the poverty line for them to start their own

businesses. The Women and Children Protection Desk of Philippine National Police must initiate constant seminars relative

to prostitution prevention to different public and private schools; 3) CCPS must maintain regular conduct of Night Patrol in

the City. 5) The Cabanatuan City Chief of Police should monitor or evaluate the performance of his policemen to insure

effectiveness in their respective functions; and 6) The CCPS should provide police outpost/precinct to areas in the city where

prostitution is prone.

Key words: Prostitution, Effectiveness, Prevention, Reduction, and Problems

Prostitution as 'Violence against Women'?: The Experiences ofWomen Who buy Sex Sarah Kingston

Lancaster University

Abstract: Prostitution is commonly conceptualised by some scholars as a form of 'violence against women' (Raymond, 1998;

Farley, 2004). From this standpoint it is held that prostitution is a patriarchal institution that exploits and objectifies women

involved, as well as more broadly reinforcing and perpetuating gendered stereotypes and 'the unequal status of ALL women'

(End Violence Against Women, 2016:1). Yet, these debates have notoriously assumed that women are only sex workers and

clients male. This is despite previous research on female sex tourism that has identified how women travel to exotic locations

to engage in sexual relations with local males. Findings of the Women Who Buy Sexual Services in the UK project further

questions the assertion that prostitution is a form of 'violence against women'. Female clients instead identified experiences

of intimacy, companionship and pleasure in their accounts. For some it also elicited feelings of empowerment and control.

Bonded Mode and Tenancy Mode of Sex Work: The Lived Experiences of Sex Workers in A Bangladeshi

Brothel Habiba Sultana

Queensland University of Technology

Abstract: Feminist commentators on sex work are divided into two opposing streams. On the one hand there are those who

consider sex work as degrading and dehumanizing to women, on the other hand there are those who consider it as a legitimate

employment option that involves skills. Based on field work in a Bangladeshi brothel, this paper looks at the living and work­

ing conditions of sex workers. I argue that living and working conditions of sex workers in Bangladesh are not homogenous,

and differ widely based on the modes of operation, i.e., bonded and tenancy mode. I argue that even though abusive condi­

tions are widely reported, there are instances in which sex workers resist, negotiate and come out of the state of victimhood.

Such an understanding of the modes of work in the Bangladeshi brothel can add diversity to the feminist theories by showing

that conditions of work in the brothel are heterogeneous .

S3 -9

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