CENSUS OF INDIA 1981

SERIES - 28

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Part-'X C

SURVEY REPORT ON VILLAGE

RUPA

A. PYRTU1I

DEPUIY DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS. ARUNACHAL PRADESH

FOREWORD

The Indian Census has a long tradition of providing population figures separately for rural and urban areas. There has been a growing need for such a dichotomous data especially after independence to formulate different policies and programmes for planned development especially in regard to rural areas. There has been, however, a dearth fordata relating to the way of life of the rural masses for making cross-cultural and cross-regional comparisons to understand the imbalances in the level of socio-economic development achieved by the people living in Indian villages situated in different geographical areas. To bridge this gap a socio-economic survey of about 500 villages from different parts of the cQUntry was taken up for study by the Census Organisation in connection with the 1961 Census.

The villages thus studied were selected on purposive sampling basis in order to give representation in the sample to villages with diverse socio-economic characteristics. These included multi-enthnic villages, tribal villages, villages inhabited by potters, fishermen etc., villages situated near urban centres and those situated in remote areas where people had been living in a state of isolation and continued economic and educational backwardness. It was envisaged that this study would provide bench-mark data on the living conditions of the people inhabiting different geographical areas of the country under diverse socio­economic conditions.

After independence, the country pursued the path of planned development for improv­ing the quality of life of her citizens and this transformation was sought to be achieved through the implementation of Five Year Plans. Economic emancipation, the main thrust of Five Year Plans was to be realised by increasing agricultural and industrial outputs as well as by generating more employment opportunities. While enhanced irrigation facilities and improved methods of farming were introduced to boost up agricultural production, genera­tion of employment opportunities and increase in industrial output were to be realised largely through industrialisation. Besides, a number of other social welfare programmes were impl~mented to provide additional facilities in the area of education, health, transport and communication, drinking water and power supply. Of late, famil,y welfare programme was also introduced to check population explosion which had all along been nullifying the result of planned development.

By the time of 1971 Census, it was envisaged that the socio-economic life of the people especial~y of villages would show perceptible changes under the impact of Five Year Plans. It was, therefore, decided to undertake a re-study of some of the villages which had been surveyed in connection with the 1961 Census to understand the manner~ and direction in which the Indian villages are changing under the influence of different developmental inputs. The main focus of this study, apart from probing deep into the patterns of change taking place in the life cycle events and economic pursuits, was to question penetratingly into matters relating to availability of amenities and services in the villages covered under these studies, attitude and opinion of the villagers in regard to education, health care activities and attitude, awareness and acceptance of family planning methods. In sh-ort, the study was aimed at to bring to relief the socio-economic processes taking place in the rural environment under the influence of planned development as well as industrialisation and urbanisation.

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The villages seleoted for the study were those whloh are situated either near to an urban oentre or away from any urban centre or those which are located In an already Identified dry belt area or In areas covered by Integrated Rural Development Programme and served by mlnQr Irrigation projects and rural electrification programme. Some of these orlterla for the selection of villages for the study were adopted at the Instance of the Planning Commission.

Although 78 villages were Initially Identified forthe restudy, due to certain constraints this project could not make much headway. Therefore, It was decided to continue these studies as an adjunct fo the 1981 Census.

The research design, tools for data collection and formats for tabulation of data required for the conduct of the socio-economlc survey of villages {aken up In connection with the 1961 Census were framed by Dr. B.K Roy Burman, who was then heading the Social Studies Division, as Deputy Registrar General. His successor Dr. N.G. Nag, assisted by Dr. KP. Ittaman, the present Deputy Registrar General, extendad technical guidance to the Directorates of Census Operations for undertaking the. re-study of the villages. !,take this opportunity to cnngratulate all of them for organising these studies.

The work1'elating to the scrutiny of the draft reports received from the Directorates of Census Operations and communication of comments thereon was undertaken by Shri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer, Social Studies Division under the guidance of Dr. K.P. Ittaman. Shri Jain was assisted in this task by Investigators S/Shri S. Sanyal and V..K. Jain. I am thankful to all of them.

The present report Is based on a re-study conducted on the village Rupa by the Directorate of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh. I take this opportunity to thank all my colleagues in the Directorate for the efforts taken by them for bringing out this publication.

New Delhi, 1st of June, 1988

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V.S. VERMA REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA

PREFACE

As an ancillary to the 1961 census, soclo-economlc surveys of over 500 villages were undertaken throughout the length and breadth of the Indian Union. In Arunachal Pradesh, soclo-economlc surveys of two villages, Rupa and Jara, were undertaken. In order to understand the manner and direction In which the Indian villages are changing under the Impact of the Five Year Plans and the various developmental 'Inputs, It was decided as an ancillary to the 1971 census to conduct a restudy of some of those villages studied earlier which fulfilled the following criteria:

(I) One village near an effective urban centre with a population of 50,000 and above (proximity to industrial towns and cities preferred).

(ii) One village away from an effective urban centre which may, however, be near a small town (within a distance of 5 to 10 kilometres).

(iii) One village at a distance of not less than 24 kilometres from any urban centre,

Rupa did not fulfill any of the criteria mentioned above. But being a village where urban influence was noticed and where the population had changed from unl-ethnlc to mUlti­ethnic, it was selected for restudy. But due to certain constraints, the project made no headway and had to be dropped. However, as an ancillary to the 1981 Census, It was decided to continue the restudy of Rupa.

FieJd works were undertaken by SIShri B.K. Goswaml, Investigator, P.K. Gogoi, Statistical Assistant and Parimal Chandra Das, Computor. Tabulation of the data was done by S/Shri Prafulla Chandra Das, AC. Das, Statistical Assistants, Parimal Chandra Das, A. Choudhury, A.C. Haloi, Dhirendra Kumar Das and N. Sengupta, Computors under the supervision of SIShri AK. Paul, Assistant Director of Census Operations (T) and B.K. Goswami, Investigator. Preliminary draft of Chapter I and first draft of Chapter IV was prepared by Shri B.K. Goswami, Investigator and the rest by Shri A. Pyrtuh, Deputy Director. Typing of the draft was done by S/Shri AC. Paul, Sr. Stenographer, S.K. Lama, Jr. Stenographer and Mi'ss Basanti Rao, Assistant Compiler and mapping and cover design, by Shri A.R. Sharma, Draftsman. Finally, checking up of the proofs for printing the report was done by SIShri B.K. Goswami, Investigator and A.C. Das, Statistical Assistant.

We acknowledge with profound gratitude the constant encouragement and unfailing guidance rendered by Shri V.S. Verma, Registrar General, India. But for his encourage­ment, the report would not see the light of the day. We sincerely thank Dr. K.P. Ittaman, Deputy Registrar General (SS), 51lri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer for their valuable comments and 5hri B.P. Jain, Deputy Director (Printing) office of the Registrar General, India who had taken pains in printing the report.

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In this directorate we expressed our sincere thanks to Shri A.K. Paul, Assistant Director of Census Operations (Technical) who had been supervising the works in connection with the project right from the start till the tabulation of the data was completed and Shri I.N. Gohain, Investigator (C & T) who had prepared all the inset tables from the peA of 1971 and 1981, compared both the first and the second drafts including preparation of the contents of all chapters and inset tables.

Shillong, 14th September, 1988

A. PYATUH DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS,

ARUNACHALPAADESH

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

PREFACE

LIST OF STATEMENTS

VILLAGE AT A GLANCE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Location (1), the terrain and the climate (1), transport and communication (1), area and population (2), development of infrastructural facilities (3), historical event (4;,

reason for selection (4), micro-topography (4), settlement pattern (4), flora and fauna (5), general feel of the village (5). '

CHAPTER" SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND VITAL STATISTICS

Population growth (7), density of population (9), sex ratio (9), literacy (1 0), workers and non-workers (12), distribution of population by age and sex (12), size of hous,ehold (15), ethnic composition (16); size. of household (16), Composition of household (16), sex ratio (19), literacy and education (20), educational score (23), school enrolment (24), defaulting In school enrolment (24), marital status (26), age at marraige (27), population control measures (28), practice of family planning measures (29), attitude (29), desirable number of children (29), knowledge of Indian Social Legislations (29), health, sanitation and medical facilities (30), cause of death (31), migration by place of birth (34), migration by place of last residence (35), duration of residence at Rupa (36).

CHAPTER III ECONOMY

Economic resources (37), economic activity (37), work force at'Rupa (39), occu­pational diversity (41), occupation and distance to place of work (41), mode of transport of place of work (43), vehicles possessed (43), employment depth (45), un-employment depth (46), agriculture (47), soil type (47), type of land (47), cropping pattern (48), operation by season (48), sex-wise division of labour (48), production of food crops (49), tools and implements (50), utilization of produce (52), right over land (53), horticulture (53), forestry (53), animal husbandry (54), village and household industry (54), trade and commerce (54), household income (55), household expenditure (56), indebtedness (56).

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Pages

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(ix)

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1-5

7-36

37-58

CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

House types (59), household goods (61), furniture (64), dress (64), ornaments (64), food and drink (64), fuel and lighting (65), type of households (65), birth and naming ceremony (70), marriage (70), death (71), mourning period (71), social linkage (71), reason for stayIng outside (74), remittances (76), travel Index (79), religion (80), leisure and reoreatlon (81), power and prestige (81 ), gram panchayat (82), voluntary organisation (83), political parties (83), voting behaviour (84), range of contact with outside world (84).

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

APPENDIX TABLES

MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

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59-84

85-86

87-280

LIST OF STATEMENTS

Number Subject

1.1 Distribution of households population and Scheduled Tribes Population of Rupa during the 1961, 1971 and 1981 Census.

11.1 Variation In the number of households and population of Rupa, 1961-1981

11.2 Distribution of villages by distance upto 15 kms. from Bomdi!a and their population, number of households per 100 occupied residential houses, number of persons per occupied residential houses and the average size of a household, 1981.

11.3 Sex ratio

11.4 Sex ratio of villages by distance range from Bomdila town.

11.5 Literacy by sex, 1971 and 1981.

11.6 Literacy of villages by distance upto 15 kms. from Bomdila town, 1981.

11.7 Industrial classification of villages by distance from Bomdila town, 1981.

11.8 Population by age and sex, 1964 & 1986.

11.9 Percentage of the population by broad age-group and sex, 1964 & 1986.

11.10 Average size of households, 1986.

11.11 Households by number of members, 1964 & 1986.

11.12 Population by age, sex and relationship to head of household where the head is male, 1986.

11.13 Population by age, sex and relationship to head of household where the head is female, 1986.

It14 Sex ratio by religion/caste/tribe, 1986.

11.15 Sex ratio by age-groups, 1986.

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Page

2

7

8

9

9

10

11

13

14

15

15

16

19

19

20

Number Subject

11.16 Literacy rates of Rupaduring 1961, 1964, 1971, 1981 and 1986.

11.17 Distribution of population by sex, age and educational level, 1964 and 1986.

11.18 Population by broad age-group, religion/caste/tribe and educational level, 1986.

11.19 Distribution of households classified by religion/caste/tribe of head of households and average educational score.

11.20 Distribution of students by level of education, 1986.

11.21 Households defaulting in enrolling school-going children classified by castel tribe/religion of head of households.

11.22 Population by age, sex and marital status, 1964 & 1986.

11.23 Average age at marriage by sex and duration of marriage, 1986.

11.24 Average age at marriage by sex and educational level.

11.25 Knowledge about family planning measures as related to education, religion and caste/tribe of informant, 1986.

11.26 Incidence of different diseases treated in the dispensary, 1963 & 1985.

11.27 Cause of death (as locally believed) particulars of diagnosis and treatment and time of death (male) by religion and caste/tribe of head of household, 1986.

11.28 Cause of death (as locally believed) particulars of diagnosis a.nd treatment and time of death (female) by religion and caste/tribe of head of household, 1986.

11.29 Medical and para-medical staff in the health centre 1964 and 1986.

11.30 Households classified by size and migration status and place of birth of head of households, 1986.

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Page

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

27

28

30

31

32

34

34

Number Subject Page

11.31 Households classified by size and migration status and place of last

residence of head of households, ~ 986. 35

111.1 Workers of Kalaktang circle by four industrial categories, 1971 and 1981 38 ~

111.2 Workers of Rupa by four industrial categories, 1964, 1971 and 1981. 38

. 111.3 Working population by religion/caste/tribe according to their economic

activities and their percentage to total workers, 1986. 39

111.4 Workers and non-workers by religion/caste/tribe and broad age-groups,

1986 and 1964. 40

111.5 Household by number of workers and main occupational diversity, 1986 41

HI.6 Occupation and distance from place of works, 1986. 42

111.7 Occupation and mode of transportto place of work and time taken, 1986. 43

111.8 Households by employment depth. (Le. number of workers in the house-

holds), 1986. 45

IIt9 Households by unemployment depth (Le. number of non-workers in the

households), 1986. 46

111.10 Households by size of holdings, 1964 & 1986. 47

111.11 Distribution of land (cultivation holding) by nature ofterrain and by size group

of holding, 1986. 48

111.12 Manpower engaged in agricultural operations by religion and caste/tribe and

size of holdings, 1986. 49

111.13 Households by types of crops cultivated and quantity produced, 1964 and

1986. 50

111.14 Important tools and implements uS,ed for agricultural and horticultural

operations by religion/caste/tribe of h'ead of households, 1986. 51

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Number Subject Page

111.15 Tools and equipments for agriculture/horticulture by educational level of head of households, 1986. 51

111.16 Crop-production, consumption and marketing by religion and caste/tribe, 1986. 52

111.17 Households by religion and caste/tribe and right over land, 1986. 53

111.18 Collection of forest produce, hunting and collection of fuel wood, fishing, mining and quarrying by religion and caste/tribe, 1986. 53

111.19 Households by type of domestic animal owned, as reported during 1964 and 1986 surveys. 54

111.20 Statement showing various types of establishments as existed in Rupa during, 1986. 55

,111.21 Households by income range and source, 1986. 56

111.22 Household by income group and nature of expenditure, 1986. 56

1)1.23 .. Number of households indebted by occupation of head of households and purpose, 1 ~86. 57

111.24 Household indebted classified by source, terms and conditions, 1986. 58

IV.1 Household by predominant materials of floon. wall, roof, ceiling etc. by religion/caste/tribe, 1986. 59

IV.2 Households classified by duration of stay of head of household In present residence and per capita floor space. 61

IV.3 Households by number of members and number of rooms by religion and caste/tribe, 1986. 62

IV.4 Furniture by religion and caste/tribe and duration of present residence, 1986. 63

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Number Subject Page

IV. 5 Households by caste/tribe of head of households and tyt>e of Aeuseholds, 1986 and 1964. 65

IV.6 Households by type and educational level of head of households, 1986. 66

IV.7 Households by type and occupation of head of households, 1986. 68

IV.S Households whose close family members were staying outside by religion and caste/tribe and age of. head of households, 1986. 72

IV.9 Family members staying outside by nature of occut'ation and relationship to head of households, 1986. 72

IV.i0 Households by close family members staying outside by occupation and type of relation to head of household, 1986. 73

tV.ii Number of family members staying outside by marital status and relation to head of households, 1986. 75

IV.12 Family members by relationship to head of households and reason of staying outside, 1986. 76

IV.iS Households by remittance sent to members of family staying outside and the average amount sent per household, 1986. 77

IV.14 Members of family staying outside by relation to head of households and the average amount of remittances sent per member, 1986. 78

IV.i5 Travel index of pesons, males and females of age 5 and above by religion and caste/tribe, 1986. 79

IV.1S TraveJ index of persons, males and females by occupation, 1986. 79

IV.17 List of the influential and prestigious persons, 1986. 82

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VILLAGE AT A GLANCE-1981 CENSUS

1. Population

2. Decennial growth rate of population (1971-81)

3. Number of households

4. Number of occupied residential houses

5. Density of population per sq. km.

6. Sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males)

7. Literacy rate

8. Percentage of Scheduled Tribes to total population

9. Percentage to total population

(i) Main workers

(ii) Marginal workers

(iii) Non-workers

10. Crops

(i) Main crops

(ii) Cash Crops

11. Forest products collected by the villagers

12. Name and distance of:

~i) State 'tieadquarter$

(ii) District Headquarters

(iU) Sub-divisional Headquarters

Railway Station

Nearest Town

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Total

Males

Females

Maize

Nil

Timber, Bamboo, Cane

\\anagar {346 Kms)

Bomdila (18 Kms)

Bomdila (18 Kms)

Balipara (124 Kms)

Bomdila (18 Kms)

1,555

885

670

+ 9.66

393

311

757

22.51

39.10

40.13

59.87

(iv) Tahsil Kalaktang (75 Kms)

Community Development Block Kalaktang (75 Kms)

Police Station Headquarters Rupa

(v) Nearest city with population more than Guwahati (323 Kms) 100,000

13. Other Facilities:

(i) Medical Health Centre (one)

Veterinary Veterinary Aid Centre (one)

Secondary education Govt. High School (one;

Banking State Bank of India

LAMPS Office Located at District Headquarters, Bomdila

Telegraph facility -Do-

(Ii) Postal facility Post Office (Extra Departmental Agent)

Hat and Marketing facility No hat but Daily market available.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Location

In the district of West Kameng, in a depression at the confluence of the Ziging Kho river and its tributary, the Dunik Kho, surrounded by high and steep hills lies the sprawling village of Rupa predominantly inhabited by the 'Sherdukpen Tribe'. Rupa is situated about 346 kilom­etres west of Ita nagar, the state headquarters, 18 kilom­etres south-west of Bomdila, the district headquarters and about 75 kilometres north-east of Kalaktang, the circle headquarters. Rupa is connected with Itanagar and Bomdila by a black-topped road, and with Kalaktang

. by a metalled road. Rupa is situated in the Bomdila­Kalaktang road. The nearest town to Rupa is Bomdila, though only a census town declared as such in 1971 . The nearest railway station from Rupa is Balipara in Assam about 124 kilometres away. This station is a small one where passenger trains stop. Arunachal Express, the only express train on this line does not stop at this station, it stops at Rangapara about 132 kilometres from Rupa.

Being the district headquarters and the only town ,in the district, Bomdila is the only centre of trade and commerce in a small scale. Many of the commodities and articles that cannot be obtained at Rupa can be obtained at Bomdila. However, Rupa has quite a good number of shops wherefrom almost all types of commodities of day to day use can be obtained. Ru;. q has a daily market to which people from the nearby surrourlding vHJages come to sell their agricultural, horticultural and forest products and from where they purchase essential commodities for their daily consumption. Rupa has hotels and restaurants as well which provide both fooding and lodging. In 1964 there were only four shops in the village. In 1986, Rupa is noticed to have several shops selling variety of articles.

Rupa has nothing to offer to the tourists coming from other parts of the country. But if one happens to halt overnight at Rupa, one may not perhaps leave the village without paying a short visit to the Gompa, a Buddhist temple in the heart of the village. But the Gompa of Rupa

so far tourist interest is concerned may not fit to hold a candle to the Gompa of Tawang and the Dirang Dzong of Gorcham both in West Kameng.

The terraln and the climate

West Kameng is one of the most difficult districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The highest hills of the state are located here. Some of the hills are more than 6,000 metres in altitude above the mean sea level. The hills, besides being high, are steep, rugged and precipitous. Rupa is surrour:lded by high hills some of which are covered with thick vegetation. Through the village the Ziging Kho river and its tributary the Dunik Kho traverse in an eastward direction. The Ziging Kho, having been joined by the Dunik Kho aboLlt a kilometre and a half down s,tream after leaving Rupa, finally empties itself into the Kameng river, the river after which name the district was christened.

Generally, the climate of Rupa is healthy and salubri­ous. In winter, from October to February, the climate is extremely cold. While snowfall can be expected only during the peak of the winter months, frost can be expected frequently and when it occurs, it falls heavily. In summer, from March to September, the climate is warm and temperate and rain can be expected from July to September. Bomdila has a minimum annual average temp~rature of 9.8°e and a maximum annual average temperature of 18.1 °e. So Rupa can be expected to have more or less than same minimum and maximum annual temperature. Rainfall in the area around Rupa and_ Bomdila is not so heavy as it is in other part of Arunachal Pradesh. In 1985 the average annual rainfall of Bomdila was 343.45 mm.

Transport and Commwnlcatlon

In the last survey it was reported that Rupa was connected with Missamari, the nearest railway station about 132 kms. from Rupa, by a motorable road'_ That road is no longer in use by vehicles going up to Bomdila and Rupa. Instead a tarred road via Bhalukpong is now

1 Socio-Economic Survey of Rupa, Census of India, 1971, Series 1-lndia, Monograph No.1.

being used for vehicular traffics. This road appears to have been in use right from the early seventies. Daily buses run by the State Transport Deptt. and the Co­operative Society ply daily between Tezpur and Bomdila via Rupa though Rupa is not in the main road. Tezpur is situated about 24 kilometres beyond Balipara. A bus run by the Anchal Samity plies between Bomdila and Kalaktang via Rupa on every alternate day. In 1964 a trip to Bomdila was always on foot but now no one from Rupa ever walks to Bomdila.

In 1964 there was no post office in Rupa. The mail was de livered thrice a week by a dakrunner. A post office was opened at Rupa in 1972 which caters to the need of the villages. A change in the field of transport and communication is noticed during the last two decades.

Area and population

When the last survey was conducted, Rupa had 8

2

hamlets. But as 3 of them were already treated as separate villages in the 1961 Census, the remaining 5 hamlets only were included in the last survey. These are (1) Chellen (2) Gecham (3) Brokpoblang (4) Smugchi and (5) Gnau. In the 1971 Census while Gecham and Smugchi remained hamlets of Rupa, Brokpalang (Brokpoblang), Silepam (Chellen), Jomungpam (Gnau) were treated as separate villages. In the 1981 Census while Gecham still remained a hamlet of Rupa, Brokpal­ang (Brokpoblang), Chillipam (Chellen), Jungpam (Gnau) and Sumujchipan (Smugchi) were treated as separate villages. However, during the survey in early 1986, Gecham and Sumujchipam (Smugchi) were both found uninhabited. It was reported that the population of Gecham had migrated to Rupa and that of Sumujchipam (Smugchi) to Jungpam. Forthe sake of comparability the population of those hamlets of the 1961 Census who became villages in the two subsequent Censuses of 1971 and 1981 is included in this analysis.

STATEMENT 1.1

Distribution of households population and scheduled tribes population of Rl pa during the 1961, 1971 & 1981 Census

Census Name of No. of Population Scheduled Tribe population year village/hamlet house-

holds Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1961 Rupa 77 470 232 238 470 232 238

1971 Rupa ~96 1,339 897 442 675 437 238

Jomungpam (Gnau) 6 27 15 12 27 15 12

Silepam (Chellen) 11 31 15 16 31 15 16

Brokpalang 5 21 8 13 21 8 13 (Brokpoblang)

Total 318 1,418 935 483 754 475 279

1981 Rup~ 319 1,288 733 555 503 236 267

Jungpam 14 69 35 34 66 33 33 (Gnau)

i~

1 2 3 4

Chillipam (Chellen) 55 170

Brokpalang 3 21 (Brokpoblang)

Sumujchipam 2 7 (Smugchi)

Total 393 1,555

1986 Survey Figure 100 568

As can be seen from statement 1.1 there has been an increase in the population of Rupa and its erstwhile hamlets. The increase during the decade from 1961 to 1971 was very high. An increase of more than 200 per cent is noticed. After the Chinese invasion in the last part of 1962, during which the people of Rupa had to be evacuated to a safer place, a military camp was opened at Rupa across the Ziging Kho river. Now one can see a row of RCC buildings occupied by the Army running in a row up to 1 kilometres. The posting of the military per­sonnel there and government staff in a few offices had tremendously changed the population structure of Rupa besides increasing it incredibly. The increase during the decade from 1971 to 1981 is, however, low, it is less than 10 per cent.

In 1961, while the entire population of Rupa and its hamlets belonged to the Sherdukpen Tribe, at the subse­quent two censuses of 1971 and 1981 the Scheduled Tribe population formed only 53.17 per cent and 39.10 per cent respectively of the total population of Rupa and its erstwhile hamlets. The Scheduled Tribe population had increased by 60.43 per cent during the decade from 1961 to 1971 and decreased by 19.36 percent during the decade from 1971 to 1981.

In the 1961 Census the total population of the Sher­dukpens living in six Sherdukpen villages of Rupa, Thungre, Jigaon, Shergaon, Mukthung and Jomiam was 1,144. In 1981 the population of the Scheduled Tribes of those six villages was 1,194, an increase of 50 heads only over the 1961 figure. It was, however, reported that some of the Sherdukpens from Rupa, Jigaon and Sher-

3

5 6 7 8 9

102 68 12 8 4

11 10 21 11 10

4 3 6 3 3

885 670 608 291 317

295 273 495 256 239

gaon had migrated to other villages within the circle and to Kamengbari in Bhalukpong Circle and in this circle their number as per the 1981 Census was 467. In Kalaktang Circle their number was 1, 473 and in the entire State, 2,119.

Development of Infrastructural facilities

In 1964 river was the only source at drinking water. During the recent survey it was found that the source of drinking water of the village is water taps installed in 1974. In 1964 there were only four shops at Rupa. One can now see at Rupa a number of shops, hotels and restaurants owned by both tribals and non-tribals. In 1964 a mention was made about the Rajendra Ashram, an Adult Training Centre run under the auspices of the Adimjati Sewak Sangh from Delhi. The Centre is being runforthe welfare of the tribals and its sources of finance are grants from the Govt. of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. The Ashram has constructed an Assam-type pucca building to house the hostel for boys and girls, the training centre and Middle School run by the centre. The school has about 250 students on its roll and has 6 teachers. There is also a Govt. High School in the village. The school has about 500 students on its roll and 16 teachers. The school has hostel facilities for both boys and girls and eacll tribal hosteller is given a grant of Rs. 75/- by the Government besides granting subsidy of about 50 per cent on purchase of books. The Health Centre is being headed by an MBBS .Joctor assisted by 3 nurses, a pharmacist and 2 attendants. A Post Office managed by an Extra Departmental agent is functioning in the village since 1972. The Public Works Department

set up in the village prior to the last survey is functioning under an officer of the rank of Superintending Engineer assisted by an Executive Engineer and an Assistant Engineer. The office of the Assistant Engineer, Electricity too functions in the village. A branch of the State Bank of India is also functioning at Rupa since 1971. The majority of the villagers have stopped using kerosene for lighting and switched over to electricity. Out of 100 households surveyed, 69 households, used electricity for lighting. Approach roads from Rupa to two of the erstwhile ham­lets, Brokpoblang and Jungpam (Gnau) have been constructed. An Inspector of Agriculture has also been posted in the village whose principal function.is distribu­tion of seeds and fertilizers to the villagers in and around Rupa. A Veterinary Aid Centre is also functioning at Rupa.

Historical event

The most memorable and nightmarish event !hat had ever taken place in the village in recent time was the Chinese invasion in the late 1962. The Chinese had invaded the village on way to Assam. The entire villagers had to be evacuated to a safer place. After the vacation of the invasion when the villagers returned to their home, the NEFA Administration had to distribute horses and cows to them as a rehabilitation measure. The villagers might have endured untold hardships by forcing them to leave their hearth and home and losing their cherished livestock in the catastrophy. The trauma of the invasion still lingers in the memory of those who faced the situ­ation.

Reasons for selection of the village for study In 1964 and restudy In 1986

Rupa was a village predf.)minantly inhabited by the Sherdukpen Tribe, a single tribal community with one predominant occupation, cultivation. On this count it was selectedforthe 1964 Survey. As an ancillary tothe 1981 Census Villages selected for restudy should satisfy the following criteria:

(i) One village near an effective urban centre with a population of 50,000 and above (proximity to industrial towns and cities preferred),

(ii) One village away from an effective urban centre, which may, however, be near a small town (within a distance of 5 to 10 kms).

4

(iii) One viliage at a distance of not less than 24 kms from any urban centre.

Besides, the following suggestions of Planning Commission may also be kept in view:

It would be useful, if in each state villages are selected in such a way that-

(i) One is in a dry area;

(ii) The second, in I.A.D.P. area;

(iii) The third, having small irrigation facilities and rural electrification and

(iv) The fourth, where facilities of institutional financ­ing for agricultural operations has progressed well.

Rupa is selected for restudy in 1986 being a village where urban influence is noticed and where the popula­tion has changed from uni-ethnic one to that of a multi­ethnic. In addition to this Rupa also fulfils the criteria number (iii) Laid down by the Planning Commission as the village is electrified.

Micro-topography

The report on the last survey described the land of the village as rocky with the top layerof sand. Theneuses being environed by terraced cultivation. The fields are being dotted with rock prOjection. It was also reported in earlier survery report on Rupa that about 2 acres of land by the bank of the Ziging Kho river had been brought under wet cultivation but subsequently abandoned due to land being sandy and infertile. These physical aspects of the village remained unaltered and the wet land remained unreclaimed till 1986.

Settlement pattern

NO change over and above the main settlement pattern noticed in 1964 was noticed in 1986.

In the market area where the Rajendra Ashram, the Government offices, the staff quarters, the Police station, the Health Centre, the Inspection Bungalow etc., are located, conscious planning appeared to have been executed in the construction of houses intersticed with

motorable approach roads. Internal communication in the original village continues to be through footpath. The Gompa continues to imposingly stand in the original village. The Government High School is located about half a kilometre beyond the original village on the Rupa­Kalaktang road. Other institutions are located in the market area. The main village can now, therefore, be divided into two parts, the original village predominantly inhabited by the Sherdukpens and the market area inhabited by both the tribals and the non-tribals.

Tap-water supply is evenly distributed with taps fixed at vintage points and according to the convenience of the villagers. In the market area some households have water connections in their houses particularly those residing in Govt. quarters.

Flora and fauna

The flora of the area around the village were of two types, the deciduous forests and the ever-green forests. The area is abound in Pine, Oak, Deodar, Walnut, Rhodendrons, Citrus, Raspberry and Orchids. Owing to transport and communication difficulties lumbering and other commercial exploitation of the forests has not been taken up in the areas beyond domestic use of timbers for house construction purposes. The flora of the area remain unaltered as it was noticed in the last survey.

Rupa and its surrounding area abound in tiger, wild goat, barking deer, spotted deer, boar, mithun, fox, monkey, wild cat and porcupine. There are plenty of birds

5

like wild fowl, eagle, pigeon, dove, owl, wood peeker, bulbull, fork-tail and sparrow. The tribals are very fond of hunting and shooting of birds for consumption purpose.

General feel of the village

The village, though typical of the area of the Sher­dukpens, is a forward looking village. The Sherdukpens have been living in the village for the last many genera­tions and are considered to be authochthons of the area. Development programmes being implemented by the Government have reached Rupa in a rather big way. It is connected with the State headquarters, the district head­quarters and the nearest railway station by a black­topped road. It is connected with the Circle headquarters by a metalled road. The village has a high school, a middle school with hostel facilities. It has a health centre headed by a qualified doctor, a post office managed by an Extra Department agent, a police station and other Govt. offices. Being very close to the district headquar­ters, the village has automatically received its share of development activities. The work participation. rate has no doubt decreasedfrom61.92 percent in 1971 to 40.13 per cent in 1981. The migratory nature of the Sher­dukpens perhaps has contributed to the decrease in the work participation rate during the decade. Taking every­thing into account, Rupa by its very location, though in the interior of Arunachal Pradesh has, in it outward appear­ance, put on the garb of urbanity. This outlook has been enhanced by the presence of the military quarters and offices just across the river Ziging Kho. In the entire circle Rupa may be more forwarding than any other village including Kalaktang, the Circle headquarters.

PLATE 1

A view of a part of the Village

PLATE 2

The modern Government Secondary SchoQI Building of Rupa Village. Also seen in the picture are its teaching staff with some senior students and two staff of the Directorate who conducted

the field survey.

PLATE 3

The Village L.P. School Building. Some of the School Children are seen playing in the open field infront.

CHAPTER II

SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND VITAL STATISTICS

Population growth

The 1961 Census recorded the population of Rupa and its five hamlets as 470 persons, out of which 232 were males and 238 females living in 77 households. The 1961 Census showed the population of Rupa and its five hamlets as exclusively Sherdukpens. The 1964 Survey, however, recorded the population of Rupa and its five hamlets as 422 persons, out of which 205 were males and 217 females distributed in 74 households. The 1964 Survey indicated a decline of 10.21 per cent in the population of Rupa and its five hamlets. It also indicated a decline of 3.90 per cent in the number of households. The 1971 Census recorded the population of Rupa and its five hamlets as they existed in 1961 as 1,418 persons, out of which 935 were males and 483 females distributed in 318 households. In 1981 the population of Rupa and its five hamlets as they existed in 1961 was 1,555 persons, out of which 855 were males and 670 females.

From statement 11.1, it is noticed that the population of Rupa and its five hamlets as they existed in 1961, rose sharply from 470 in 1961 to 1,418 in 1971 accounting an increase of 201.70 per cent. The number of households too sharply rose from 77 in 1961 to 318 in 1971 account­ing an increase of 312.99 per cent. The growth of the population during the decade from 1971 to 1981 was, however, a very modest one. It increased from 1,418 in 1971 to 1 ,555 in 1981 accounting a moderate growth rate of 9.66 per cent. The increase in the number of house­holds during the decade was, however, comparatively higher constituting an increase of 23.58 per cent. The population of the Scheduled Tribes, however, rose from 470 in 1961 to 754 in 1971 accounting an increase of 60.43 per cent and declined from 754 in 1971 to 608 in 1981 accounting a decline of 19.36 per cent. The Sher­dukpens, in search of better land for Jhum cultivation, did migrate from place to place. This is one of the reasons of decline of the Scheduled Tribe population during the decade from 1971 to 1981.

STATEMENT 11.1

Variation In the number Of households and population of Rupa, 1961-1981

Year

1

1961

1971

1981

No. of No.of house- Variation hamlets holds

2 3

5 77

5 318

5 393

4

(+) 224 (312.99%)

(+)75 (23.58%)

Kalaktang, the circle where Rupa and its five hamlets are located has no town. Its population is entirely rural

"7

Population

5

470

1,418

1,555

Variation Scheduled Variation tribe popula-

6

(+)948 (201.70%)

(+) 137 (9.66%)

tion

7

470

754

608

8

(+)284 (60.43%)

(-) 146 (19.36%)

scattered in 53 villages as per the 1981 Census. West Kameng, the district where Rupa a nd its five hamlets are

situated, has only one Census town, Bomdila, the district headquarters, declared as such in 1971. Rupa is located very close to Bomdila at a distance of about 18 kilom­etres, while Kalaktang, the Circle headquarters, is situ­ated about 100 kilometres from Bomdila, the district headquarters. Bomdila, by its proximity to Rupa, has exercised more influence on Rupa than Kalaktang, the circle headquarters. As per the 1981 District Census Handbook of West Kameng, there are 4 villages within a radius of up to 15 kilometres from Bomdila. Of these 4 villages, 3 are in Bomdila circle and 1 in Kalaktang circle. From statement 11.2 it is noticed that while the households of two villages at a distance of 1 , 8 and 12 kilometre~ from BomdiJa do not have to share a house, one household of

8

a village situated at a distance of 11 kilometres from Bomdila have to share a house. Rupa, at 126 households per 100 occupied residential houses, seems to have the most acute house shortage. Besides, Rupa has the highest number of persons per occupied residential houses. The average size of a household at Rupa, at 4.0, is higher only to that of the village situated at a distance of 12 kilometres from Bomdila. While the number of hou5eholds per 100 occupied residential houses and the number of persons per occupied residential houses of Rupa is higher than both the rural circle and the district average, the average size of a household is lower than both the rural circle and the district average.

STATEMENT 11.2

Distribution of villages by distance up to 15 kms. from Bomdlla and their population, number of house­holds per 100 occupied residential houses, number of persons per occupied residential houses and the

average size of a household,1981

SI. No.

1

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name of of the Village/ Circle/ District

2

Rupa .1971 1981

Sera

Wanghoo

Dukumpani

Flangpam

All Villages

Kalaktang Circle (Rural)

West Kameng District (Rural)

Distance (in kms.) from the nearest town (BomdiJa)

3

1

8

11

12

Number of

Houses House-holds

4 5

305 318 311 393

78 78

20 20

49 50

6 6

153 154

1,660 1,855

13,149 13,589

Population Number of Number of Average house- persons size of a holds per house-per 100 occupied hold occupied residen-residen- tial houses tial houses

6 7 8 9

1,418 104 4.6 4.5 1,555 126 5.0 4.0

365 100 4.7 4.7

98 100 4.9 4.9

204 102 4.2 4.1

22,_ 100 3.7 3.7

689 101 4.5 4.5

8,206 112 4.9 4.4

59,442 103 4.5 4.4

Density of population

Owing to non-availability village/circle level area figures, the density of population at these levels cannot be calculated. However, the density of population at the district and State level is very low. It is 7 and 8 persons per square kilometres, respectively. Arunachal Pradesh is the least densely populated State of the Indian Union.

9

Sex-ratio

The sex ratio of Rupa and its hamlets in 1971 has decreased to 517 females per 1000 males from 1,059 females per 1000 males in 1964. In 1981 it rose to 757 females per 1000 males. However, inspite of this rise as can be noticed from statement 11.3 it is still below the corresponding figure for the State, the district and the circle levels.

STATEMENT 11.3

Sex Ratio

State/D istrictiC i rCI e

1964

2

Arunachal Pradesh

West Kameng District

Kalaktang Circle

Rupa 1,059

Comparing the sex ratio of 5 villages including Rupa by distance from Bomdila it is noticed from statement ".4 that the village situated at a distance of 12 kilometres from Bomdila has the highest sex ratio with 1,750 fe­males per 1000 males followed by the village situated at distance of 8 kilometres from Bomdila with 1,178 females

Sex Ratio(Females per 1000 males)

1971 1981

3 4

861 862

752 867

671 824

517 757

per 1000 males. The sex ratio of Rupa is the lowest among the 5 villages and is lowerthanthe rural sex ratios at both the circle and the district levels. It is noticed that the distance of village from Bomdila does not have direct bearing on its sex ratio.

STATEMENT 11.4

Sex ratio of villages by distance range from Bomdila town

SI. No. Name of the village/ Distance (in kms) Males Females Sex ratio (females circle/district from the nearest per 1 000 male~

town (Bomdila)

. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rupa 1971 18 935 483 517

1981 18 885 670 757

1 2 3

1. Sera 1

2. Wanghoo 8

3. Dukumpani 11

4. Flangpam 12

Kalaktang Circle (Rural)

West Kameng District (Ry.raI)

-Uteracy_

Comparing the literacy rates of Rupa by sex on the one hand with th~ total and rural literacy rates at circle, district and State levels on tne other it is noticed from

10

4 5 6

184 181 984

45 53 1,178

110 94 855

8 14 1,750

4,498 3,708 824

31,840 27,602 867

statement 11.5 that in 1971, the literacy rates of Rupa by total and sex are higher than the total rural literacy rates by sex at circle, district and State levels. In 1981 too the literacy rates of Rupa by persons, males and females are higher than" the corresponding rural literacy rates at circle, district and State 'levels.

STATEMENT 11.5

State/DistricV CirclelVillage

1

Arunachal Pradesh

West Kameng District

Kalaktang Cirlce

Rupa

Total Rural Urban

2

T

R

U

T

R

U

R

R

Literacy by sex 1971 & 1981

1971

Persons Males Females

3 4 5

11.29 17.82 3.71

9.79 15.77 3.00

50.46 59.28 31.18

16.17 23.08 5.73

12.32 18.19 3.90

51.32 59.82 29.89

15.48 21.36 6.72

27.72 36.79 10.14

1981

Persons MalEfS Females

6 7 8

20.79 28.94 11.32

18.51 26.36 9.60

53.22- 60.80 4'.18

20.97- 28.30 12.43 -19.17 26.70 -11.07

48.73, 58.27 35.57

18.83 26.70 9.28

22.51 28.14 '15.07 -~ ,

Ii

Statement 11.6 shows the literacy rates of 5 villages including Rupa by distance from the nearest town, Bomdila. From the statement, it is noticed that Wanghoo, a village situated at a distance of 8 kilometres from Bomdila, has the highest literacy rates by persons, males and females with 30.61 per cent, 44.44 per cent and 18.87 per cent respectively and Flangpam, a village situated at a distance of 12 kilometres from Bomdila, has the lowest literacy rates by persons and males with 4.55 per cent and 12.50 per cent respectively. No literate female was recorded at Flangpam during the 1981 Census. The literacy rates of Rupa by persons and males with 22.51 per cent and 28.14 per cent respectively are

higher to the corresponding literacy rates of the village situated at a distance of 1 and 12 kilometres from Bomdila but lower than the corresponding literacy rates of the villages situated at a distance of 8 and 11 kilom­etres from Bomdila. By females, however the literacy rate of Rupa is higher than the corresponding literacy rates of the villages situated at a distance of 1, 11 and 12 kilometres from Bomdila but lower than the corre­sponding literacy rate of the villages situated at a distance of 8 kilometres from Bomdila. The literacy rates of Rupa by persons, males and females are higher than the corresponding rural literacy rates at circle and district levels.

STATEMENT 11.6

Llte~acy of villages by distance upto 15 kms from Bomdlla town, 1981

SI. No. Name of village/ Distance (in kms) Literacy rate (in percentage) circle/district from the nearest

town (Bomdila) Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6

Rupa 1971 18 27.72 344 49 (36.79) (10.14)

1981 18 22.51 249 101 (28.14) (15.07)

1. Sera 16.16 39 20 (21.20) (11.05)

2. Wanghoo 8 30.61 20 10 (44.44) (18.87)

3. Dukumpani 11 25.00 37 14 (33.64) (14.89)

4. Flangpam 12 4.55 1 (12.50)

Kalaktang Circle (Rural) 18.83 1,201 344

(26.70) (9.28)

West Kameng District (Rural) 19.18 8,341 3,055

(26.20) (11.07)

Workers and non-workers

The numberof main workers at Rupaand its hamlets in 1971 was 878, out of which 690 were males and 188 females. The number of main workers decreased to 624 in 1981 out of which 469 were males and 155 females, thereby, accounting an over all decline in the number of main workers by 28.93 per cent. In the entire Kalaktang Circle the numberof main workers in 1971 was4,273, out of which 2,837 were males and 1,436 females. Like Rupa, in 1981 the number of main workers decreased to 4,172, out of which 2,647weremales and 1 ,525 females. The decline at circle level was, however, low just a meagre 2.36 per cent when compared to that of Rupa. In 1971 ,the highest percentage of main workers of both Rupa and Kalaktang Circle, at 47.11 per cent and 32.35 per cent respectively, engaged in other works. By sex, it is noticed that while the highest male ma.in workers of both Rupa and Kalaktang Circle at 62.99 per cent and 45.28 per cent respectively, engaged in other work, the highest proportion of the female main workers at both village and circle level at 22.36 per cent and 39.53 per cent respectively, engaged in cultivation. In 1981, the same trend is noticed except that while the majority of females main workers at circle level still engaged them­selves in cultivation, at village level the majority of the female main workers had shifted from cultivation to other works as their main occupation.

Comparing the workers and non-workers of 5 vil­lages by distance from the nearest town, Bomdila, it is noticed from statement II. 7 that the highest proportion of the main workers, at 53.06 per cent, is in the village situated at a distance of 8 kilometres from Bomdila. Rupa, at a distance range of 18 kilometres, has a propor­tion of the main workers, at 40.13 per cent, higher only than that of the villages at a distance of 11 kilometres from Bomdila. The proportion of the main workers of Rupa, is also lower than the rural circle and the district average. By sex, however, the village at a distance of 12 kilometres from Bomdila has the highest proportion of male main workers, at 75.00 per cent and the village at a distance of 1 kilometer from Bomdila has the highest proportion of female main workers, at 50.83percent. The proportion of the male main workers of Rupa is higher only to that of the village situated at a distance of 1 kilometer from Bomdila and is below both the rural circle

12

and the district average. That of the female main workers is higher only to that of the village situated at a distance of 11 kilometres from Bomdila and is below the rural circle and the district average. By industrial categories, it is noticed that the majority of the male main workers of the villages at a distance of 1, 8 and 11 kilometres from [lomdila engaged in cultivation. The majority of the female main workers of the villages situated at a distance of 1 and 8 kilometres from Bomdila also engaged in cultivation. But the majority of the female main workers of the villag'e situated at a distance of 11 kilometres from Bomdila and the majority of both male and female main workers of the village situated at a distance of 12 kilom­etres from Bomdila and that of Rupa situated at a dis­tance of 18 kilometres from Bomdila engaged in other works.

Distribution of population by age and sex

The 1964 survey covered 74 households with a population of 422, out of which 205 were males and 217 females against the 77 households and a population of 470 as recorded in the 1961 Census. The 1986 survey covered 100 households with a population of 568, out of which 295 were males and 273 females against 393 households and a population of 1,555 as recorded in the 1981 Census. Out of 100 households covered in the 1986 survey, 87 of them bel9nged to the Sherdukpen Tribe, a Scheduled Tribe Buddhist by religion. The re­maining 13 households belonged to the non-tribals who might have migrated to Rupa from other states of India and neighbouring State of Assam and a few even from Nepal. These 13 households have a total population of 73 persons, all Hindus by religion. The households and population of Rupa covered by the 1986 survey can, therefore, be conveniently divided into tribals/Buddhists and non-tribals/Hindus. It is seen from statement 11.8 that in both the surveys the male population in age-groups 5-9, 25-29, 35-44 and 45-54 is higher than the female population. Again in both the surveys, the female popu­lation in the age-group 20-24 is higher than the male population. In the 1964 survey, while the male population in the age-group 0-4,10-14,15-19,20-24,30-34 and 55+ was lower than the male population, in the 1986 survey it~ was the other way about. However, the male and female population in the age-group 30-34 were equal in the 1986 survey.

13

STATEMENT 11.7

Industrial classification of villages by distance from Bomdlla town, 1981

SI. Name of village/ Distance (in kms.) Total main workers Cultivators Agricultural No. circle/district from the nearest labourers

town (Bomdila) Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Rupa 1971 18 878 690 .188 89 108 (67.92) (73.80) (37.27) (9.52) (22.36)

1981 18 624 469 155 74 75 (40.13) (52.99) (23.13) (8.36) (11.79)

1. Sera 1 179 87 92 72 89 3 (49.04) (47.28) (50.83) (39.13) (49.17) (1.63)

2. Wanghoo 8 52 28 24 23 24 (53.06) (62.22) (45.28) (51.11) (45.28)

3. Dukumpani 11 81 69 12 31 3 9 1 (39.71 ) (62.73) (12.77) (28.18) (3.19) (8.18) (1.07)

4. Flangpam 12 11 6 5 2 2 (50.00) (75.00) (35.71) (25.00) (14.28)

Kalaktang Circle 4,172 2,647 1,525 1,128 1,237 20 1 (Rural) (50.84) (58.85) (41.13) (25.08) (33.96) (0.44) (0.03)

West Kameng District 30,533 ~9,262 11,271 8,910 9,580 345 249 (Rural) (51.37) (60.50) (40.83) (27.99) (34.71) (1.08) (0.90)

SI. Name of village/ Distance (in kms.) Household Other Marginal Non-workers No. circle/district from the nearest Industry workers workers

town (Bomdila) --------Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Rupa 1971 18 12 1 589 79 245 295 (1.28) (0.21 ) (62.99) (16.36) (26.20) (61.08)

1981 18 7 388 80 416 515 (0.79) (43.84) (11.94) (47.01) (76.87)

1. Sera 1 11 3 97 89 (0.54) (5.98) (1.66) (52.72) (49.17)

14

1 2 3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2. Wanghoo 8 5 17 29 (11.11) (37.78) (54.72)

3. Dukumpani 11 29 8 41 82 (26.37) (8.51) (37.27) (87.23)

4. Flangpam 12 4 3 2 9 (50.00) (21.43) (25.00) (64.29)

Kalaktang (Circle) 22 10 1,477 277 1 1,850 2,183 (Rural) (0.49) (0.27) (32.84) (7.47) (0.02) (41.13) (58.87)

West Kameng District - 115 29 9,892 1,413 209 674 12,369 15,657 (Rural) (0.36) (0.10) (31.07) (5.12) (0.65) (2.44) (38.85) (56.73)

STATEMENT 11.8

Population by age and sex, 1964 & 1986

1964 Survey 1986 Survey

Age-group Total Males Females Total Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7

0-4 67 33 34 84 44 40

5-9 59 35 24 109 56 53

10-14 56 26 30 77 39 38

15-19 39 19 20 48 26 22

20-24 40 19 21 42 18 24

25-29 32 20 12 51 22 29

30-34 28 9 19 32 16 16

35-44 44 24 20 58 33 25

45-54 26 14 12 42 26 16

55+ 31 6 25 25 15 10

All ages 422 205 217 568 295 273

Adissimilarity in the percentage distribution of popu­lation by sex and broad age-group in the 1964 and 1986

: iurveys is noticed. From statemenfII.9 it is seen that in the 1964, the proportion of the males in the age-groups 0-14 and 15-59was higherthanthat of the females. In the

15

1986 survey, the proportion of the females was higher than that of the males. In the age-group 60+, while the proportion of the females was higher than that of the males in the 1964 survey, the proportion of the males was higher than that of the females in the 1986 survey.

STATEMENT 11.9

Percentage of the population by broad age-group and sex, 1964 & 1986

Age group

1964 survey 1986 survey

Total Males Females Total Males Females

2 3 4

0-14 43.1 45.9 40.6

15-59 49.5 51.2 47.9

60+ 7.4 2.9 11.5

All ages 100.0 100.0 100.0

It is seen from the above statement that while on the one hand the percentage of population in 0-14 age-group during the 1986 survey has increased when compared to the corresponding figures for the 1964 survey on the other hand, the proportion of the population 60 years and more has decreased over the two survey periods.

5 6 7

47.5 47.1 48.0

49.7 49.5 49.8

2.8 3.4 2.2

100.0 100.0 100.0

Size of household

As can be seen from statement 1'.10 no change in the average size of household was found when compared the data of the present survey with the corresponding fjgure of the 1964 survey.

STATEMENT 11.10

Average size of households, 1986

Religion/caste/tribe Number of households Population Average size of household

1 2 3 4

Tribals 87 495 5.7

Non-tribals 13 73 5.6

Total 100 568 5.7

1964 survey 74 422 5.7

Ethnic composition

Out of 100 households surveyed in 1986,87 house­holds belongedto the Sherdukpen communitywith a total population of 495 persons. Three households belonged to the Kalita community with a total population of 13 persons and two households each, to the Brahmin and the Gorkha community witt'; a total population of 13 persons and 9 persons respectively. One each of the households belonged to the Agarwal, Dhobi, Jogi, Kaibartta, Rajput and Kayastha community with a total population of 12 persons, 9 persons, 6 persons, 4 per­sons,4 persons and 3 persons respectively.

Size of households

Classifying the households by size, it is noticed from

16

statement 11.11 that while no single member household was recorded in 1986 as against 2 in 1964, the number of members of the 100 households covered in the 1986 survey varied from 10 to 12 members as against 1 to 8 members as recorded in the 1964 survey. In both the surveys, the majority of the households had 6-7 mem­bers followed by those with 4 members in 1986 and 8-9 members in 1964. The number of households with 1-3 members and 8-9 members in 1964 was higher than that in 1986. However, the number of households with members from 4 to 6 was higher in 1986 than in 1964. Whereas no household had more than 8 membars in 1964, there were 3 households with 10-12 members in 1986.

STATEMENT 11.11

Households by number of members, 1964 and H186

Size of households (No. of members)

1964 Survey Number of households

1986 Survey Number of households

1 2

One

Two 4

Three 9

Four '7

Five 14

Six-Seven 21

Eight-Nine 17

Ten-Twelve

All Sizes 74

Composition of households

Analysing the population by age, sex and relation­ship to the male heads of households il IS noticed from statement 11.12 that 88 households were headed by a male member. The sons, the daughters and the wives

3

6

25

21

27

15

3

100

being the bulk of the relationship. Brothers, son's wives and Sisters again in order of magnitude formed the second rank of the relationship to the male head of household. The majority of the male heads of households belonged to the age-group 25-44. It is also noticed that sons, brothers and sisters up to the age of 25 to 44 still live with their father or brother as the case may be.

17

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18

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19

In the 12 households where the heads were females, ers. In four cases, the females functioned as heads Ui

it is noticed from statement 11.13 that daughters and sons households even when husband was one of the relation-in order of magnitude formed the majority of the relation- ship to the female heads of households. In this case too ship to the female heads of households which indicates the majority of the female heads of households belonged that the female heads of households were mostly moth- to the age-group 25-44.

STATEMENT 11.13

Population by aae, sex and relationship to head of household where the head Is female, 1986

Number of persons who are related to the head of the household

Age- Head of the Husband Son Brother Daughter Other males Other females group household (Specify) (Specify)

Daughter's Daughter's son daughter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0-9 9 11 1

10-14 2 6 1

15-24 2 2 3

25-44 8 4 1 1

45-59 1

60+ 1

Total 12 4 13 1 21 1 1

Sex ratio Rupa went down to 925 females per 1 000 males which in-dicates the prevalence of the female seasonal migration. By religion/casteltribe, it is noticed from statement 11.14

The 1964 survey recorded the sex ratio of Rupa as that the sex-ratio of the tribals, at 933, was higher than 1,059 females per 1000 males. In 1986, the sex ratio of that of the non-tribals, at 872.

Caste/tribe

Tribal

Non-tribal

Total

1964

Males

2

256

39

295

205

STATEMENT 11.14

Sex ratio by religion/caste/tribe, 1986

Population

Females

3

239

34

273

217

Sex ratio (Females per 1000 males)

4

933

872

925

1,059

By age-groups, it is noticed from statement 11.15 that the sex ratio in the age-groups 20-24 and 25-29 was high and that in the are-groups 30-34 and 70+ was favourable. The sex ratio of the population in the age-groups 35-44 to 55-69 was low.

STATEMENT 11.15

Sex ratio by age-groups, 1986

Age-group Sex Ratio (Fema!es per 1000 males)

1 2

0-4 909

5-9 946

10-14 974

15-19 846

20-24 1,333

25-29 1,318

20

1 2

30-34 1,000

35-44 758

45-54 615

55-69 6i5

70+ 1,000

Total 925 -~~.~ .~ .. -~

Comparing the literacy rates of Rupa over the years fr0;'n 1961 to 1986, it is noticed from statement 11.16 that th ~ literacy rates in 1964 by persons and sex declined below those of 1961. The rates, however, sharply in­creased in 1971. In 1981, the rates in respect of persons 8rd males again declined below those of 1971 but that in respect of females rose above that of 1971. In 1986 the literacy rales of the 100 households surveyed were by persons and sex 50.70 per cent, 56.27 per cent and 44.69 per cent respoctively.

STATEMENT 11.16

Literacy rates of Rupa during 1961, 1964, 1971, 1981 and 1986

Year Total population

1961

1964

1971

1981

1986

Persons

2

470

422

1,418

1,555

568

Literacy and education

Males Females

3 4

232 238

205 217

935 483

885 670

295 273

Persons

5

42

30

393

350

288

From statement 11.17 it is noticed that in the 1964 survey, none in the village had an education above the middle level. Those with middle as level of education were 4 in number, all males. Those with primary as level of education were 5 in number, 4 males and 1 female. Those who were literate without educational level were 21 in number, 19 males and 2 females. The 1986 survey recorded 5 males and 1 female in the category of gradu-

Literates Percentage of literates to total population

Males Females Persons Males Females

6 7 8 9 10

31 11 8.94 13.36 4.62

27 3 7.11 13.17 1.38

344 49 27.72 36.79 10.14

249 101 22.51 28.14 15.07

166 122 50.70 56.27 44.69

ate and above as level of education, 7 males and 4 females with Higher Secondary/lntermediate/Pre-Uni­versity as level of education, 16 males and 4 females with matriculation as level of education and 33 males and 23 females with middle as !Ievel of education. Those with Primary as level of education were 89 in number, out of which 50 were males and 39 females. Those who were literate without any educational level were 106 in num­ber, 55 males and 51 females.

21

STATEMENT 11.17

Distribution of population by sex, age and educational level, 1964 and 1986

Age-group Year Educational level

Total Illiterate Literate (without Primary educational level)

Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0-9 1964 68 58 68 58 1986 100 93 60 55 34 34 6 4

10-14 1964 26 30 20 30 6 1986 39 38 4 7 10 10 18 18

15-19 1964 19 20 12 18 4 2 2 1986 26 22 5 7 1 2 7 6

20-24 1964 19 21 13 20 4 1 1 1986 18 24 7 14 2 3 3

25-34 1964 29 31 21 31 5 1 1986 38 45 4 23 3 1 8 6

35-49 1964 30 28 30 28 1986 39 35 23 29 3 2 4 2

50 and 1964 14 29 14 29 above 1986 35 16 26 16 4 4

All ages 1964 205 217 178 214 19 2 4 1 1986 295 273 129 151 55 51 50 39

Age-group Year Educational level

Middle Matriculation/ Higher Secondary/ Graduate and Secondary Intermediate and qbove

Pre-University

Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

0-9 1964 1986

10-14 1964 1986 7 3

22

1 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

15-19 1964 1 1986 8 7 4 1

20-24 1964 1 1986 4 2 2 1 2 2

25-34 1964 2 1986 8 9 8 3 4 2 3

35-49 1964 1986 5 2 2 2

50 and 1964 above 1986

All ages 1964 4 1986 33 23 16 4 7 4 5 1

Statement II .18 shows the effective literacy rates by Among the tribals, the total effective literacy rate was broad age-groups (excluding 0-4 age-group) among the 53.61 per cent. That of the tribal males was 60.93 per tribals and non-tribals. From the statement it is noticed cent and that of the tribal females 45.77 per cent. Among that the total effective literacy rate of the 100 households the non-tribals, the total effective literacy rate was 95.59 surveyed was 59.50 per cent. That of the males was per cent. That of the non-tribal males was 97.22 per cent 66.14 per cent and that of the females, 52.36 per cent. and that of the non-tribal females 93.75 per cent.

STATEMENT 11.18

Population by broad age group, religion/caste/tribe and educational level, 1986

Religion/ Age Sex Educational Level caste/tribe group

Illiterate Literate Primary Middle Matriculate/ Higher Graduate Total without Secondary Secondary/ and educat- I ntermediate/ above ional Pre-university level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -9 10 11

Sherdukpen/ 5-14 M 20 37 17 6 80 Buddhist F 22 32 18 2 i'4

15-59 M 53 10 23 20 6 5 4 121 F 86 7 13 14 1 4 1 126

60+ M 11 1 1 1 14

F 1

All M 84 48 41 27 6 5 4 215

Ages F 109 39 31 16 1 4 1 201

23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Non-tribaV 5-14 M 7 7 1 15 Hindu F 12 4 1 17

15-59 M 1 2 5 10 2 1 21 F 2 4 6 3 15

60+ M F

All M 1 7 9 6 10 2 1 36 Ages F 2 12 8 7 3 32

Total All M 85 55 50 33 16 7 5 251 Ages F 111 51 39 23 4 4 233

Total 196 106 89 56 20 11 6 484

Educational Score Secondary/lntermediate/Pre-University =4 Graduate and Post-graduate degree = 5

The average educational score per head and per household was calculated by giving points as under to As can be seen from statement 11.19 the average each Individual with reference to the educational level educational score of the non-tribals is higher than that of attained by him : the tribals either per head or per household. The average

educational score of the tribals was below both the Illiterate • 0 population average and the household average and that

Literate without educational level = 1 of the non-tribals was above the population and the

Primary and middle • 2 household average and in case of the household

Matriculation/Secondary and Higher - 3 average the difference was by a wide margin.

STATEMENT 11.19

Distribution of households classified by religion/caste/tribe of head of households and average eauca-tlonal score

Religion/ No. of Population Average educational score caste/tribe house-

holds Persons Males Females Per head Per household

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sherdukpenl 87 416 215 201 0.94 1.10 0.76 4.48 2.72 1.76 Buddhist

Non-tribaV 13 68 36 32 1.90 2.17 1.59 9.92 6.00 3.92 Hindu

Total 100 484 251 233 1.07 1.25 0.88 5.19 3.15 2.04

SChool enrolment

When the 1964 survey was conducted, Rupa had a Lower Primary School established on 9.4.1949 and run by Education Department of the NEFA Administration. That primary school was subsequently upgraded into a middle school and in 1974 into a full-fledged high school with hostel facilities for boys located within the school complex. The school was headed by a headmaster with post-graduate degree in arts a'3sisted by an Asstt. head­master, a graduate in Arts and 10 teachers, one of whom was a science graduate, 6 arts graduates, 2 matriculates, 1 intermediate and 1 under-matric. Of the 13 teachers including the headmaster, 2 teachers belonged to the Sherdukpen Tribe, a graduate and an under-matric. In all

24

levels the male students were more than the female. The medium of instruction was English and Hindi. Another language taught was Assamese. Dropout of students was not much in Rupa.

In 1964, that primary school had five teachers. Three of them were Assamese, a male and two females and the other two, both males, were tribals. The school had 60 students in its roll, 24 in Class A, 11 in Class B, 7 in Class 1,4 each in Class II and III. The pre-basic school started by the Women Welfare Association, Tezpur in 1963 had 2 lady teachers and 31 students in its roll. Statement II. 20 shows the distribution of the students by level of education in respect of the 100 households surveyed.

STATEMENT 11.20

Distribution of students by level of education, 1986

Level of education Persons

1 2

1. K.G.lPre-Primary 83

2. Primary 53

3. Middle 28

4. Secondary 4 ---

Total 168

Defaulting In school enrolment

The number of households with children of school­going age was 66, outof which 56 were tribal households and 1 0 non-tribal households. Of the tribal households 15 had only male children of school-going age, 19 females only and 22, both males and females. Of the non-tribal households, 2 had only male children of school-going age, 1 female only and 7, both male and female. From statement 11.21, it is noticed that two heads of households showed default consistency in enrolment of both their male and female school-going-age children. Four male heads of households showed default inconsistency in

Males Females

3 4

44 39

26 27

17 11

3 1

90 78

enrolment of their female school-going-age children. Two heads of households showed default inconsistency (u nstructured) in enrolment of both their male and female school-going-age children. Both default consistency and inconsistency was prevalent among the tribal cultivators. Two heads of households with default consistency did not send their school-going-age children to school on account of economic hardship. Four heads of house­holds with default inconsistency did not send their female school-going-age children to school because they were engaged in household duties. Two heads of households with default inconsistency (unstructured) did not send some of the male and female school-going-age children to school because they helped the parents in cultivation.

25

STATEMENT 11.21

Households defaulting In enrolling school-going children classified by caste/tribe/religion of head of households

Casteltribe religion

Sherdukpen/ Buddhist

Non-tribal! Hindu

Total

Casteltribe religion

Sherdukpen/ Buddhist

Non-tribal! Hindu

Total

Number of households

Having children of school With only male With only female going age 5-14 years children of children of

school going school going Male Female Male age and failing age and failing only only & to send them to send them

female to school to school

2 3 4 5 6

15 19 22 9 10

2 1 7

17 20 29 9 10

Number of households

Having both With both male With male and With both male male & female & female children female children and female children of of school going of school going children of school going age and failing age and failing school going age and failing to send male to send some age and failing to send some children only of male children to send only of the male and to school to school female children female children to school to school

·8 9 10 11

2 3 4

2 3 4

Having both male & female children of school going age and failing to send both to school

7

2

2

--------With both male and female children of school going age and failing to send some oi the female children to school

12

1

1

The 1986 survey recorded a total of 484 school­going children out of whom 251 were males and 233 females. Out of a total of 484 school-going-age children, 413 were tribals of whom 210 were males and 203 females. The remaining 71 children were non-tribals of whom 41 were males and 30 females. The number of tribal school-going children who were studying was 138 of whom 74 were males and 64 females. A total of 275 tribal school-going children, 136 males and 139 females were not studying. The number of non-tribal school­going children who were studying was 38 of whom 23 were males and 15 females. The number of non-tribal school-going children who were not studying was 33 of whom 18 were males and 15 females.

Marital Status:

From statement 11.22, it is noticed that in the 1964 survey, the never married population formed 60.4 per cent of tile population of Rupa, the married population, 33.2 percent, the widowed, 6.2 percent and the divorced or separated, 0.2 per cent. In the 1986 survey, while the proportion of the never married population, at 61.8 per cent, and the married population, at 33.5 per cent, was slightly higher than the corresponding figure of the 1964

26

survey, the proportion of the widowed population was slightly lower than that of the 1964. I n the 1986 survey no divorced or separated person was recorded. In both the surveys, the population in the age-group 0-14 was found to be totally never-married. In both the surveys, the never-married males in the age-group 0-14 and 15-34 was more than the fefN'.les. In the 1964 survey, no never­married male in the ag£-group 35+ was recorded. In both the surveys, the number of the married males in the age­group 15-34 was lower than that of the married females which indicates that early marriage might have been prevalent among the females. In the age-group 35+ the number of the married males was, however, higher than that of the females in both the surveys. The number of widow in the age-group 15-34 was, however, negligible in both the surveys. The number of widowers recorded in the 1964 survey in the age-group 35+ was 3 and in the 1986 survey, 14 and that of the widows was 22 in 1964 and 12 in 1986 which indicate that husband's incidence of death in 1964 in this age-group was higher than in 1986. The incidence of death among both husbands and wives in 1986 was almost equal though that of the husband was still higher. The fact that no divorced or separated in the 1986 survey was recorded indicates the stability of marriage among the population of Rupa. Even the 1964 survey had recorded only one female divorcee.

STATEMENT 11.22

Population by age, sex and marital status, 1964 and 1986

Marital status 1964 Survey

Age groups

0-14 15-34 35+ All ages

Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Never Married 94 88 38 32 3 132 123

Married 29 38 41 32 70 70

Widowed 1 3 22 3 23

Divorced/separated 1 1

~--------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 94 88 67 72 44 57 205 217

27

Marital status 1986 Survey

Age groups

0-14 15-34 35+ All ages

Males Females Males

1 10 11 12

Never Married

Married

139 131 46

35

Widowed

Divorced/separated

1

Total 139 131 82

Age at marriage

From statement II. 23 it is noticed that the average age at marriage of those who were married 15-29 years ago was the highest among both males (25 years) and females (21 years). The average age at marriage of those who married up to 15 years ago among both males and females was higher than the average age at mar­riage of those who married 30 years or more ago. This indicates that while 30 years or more ago, late marriage was prevalent among both males and females, early marriage was in vogue 15-29 years ago. During the last 14 years or less, late marriage among both males and females 'appeared to have reasserted itself though only 10 a lesser degree.

Females Males Females Males Females

13 14 15 16 17

29 4 2 189 162

62 56 37 91 99

14 12 15 12

91 74 51 295 273

STATEMENT II. 23

Average age at marriage by sex and duration of marriage, 1986

Duration of marriage Average age at marriage

Males Females

1 2 3

Within 15 years 24 19

15 - 29 years 25 21

30 + years 22 17

From statement 11.24 it is noticed that the average age at marriage has got no direct bearing upon the educational level attained by both males and females.

STATEMENT 11.24

Average age at marriage by sex and educational level

Educational level Average age at marriage Ever married males who married at

Males Females 15-29 Within 15 years years

1 2 3 4 5

1. Illiterate 22 19 41 2. Literate without 23 23 3

educational level 3. Primary 21 19 14 4. Middle 22 19 12 5. Matriculation/Secondary 24 19 11 6. Higher Secondary/ 21 3

Intermediate/Pre-University 7. Graduate degree other 25 22 3

than technical degree 8. Post graduate degree 26 1

Ever married females who married at

15-29 Within 15 years years

6 7

66 4 3

14 1 11 6

1

Population control measures

The Health Centre at Rupa was being provided with family welfare facilities. Those desirous of availing the facilities could very well do so. However, not all the informants were aware of the possibility and measures of controlling or preventing births. Among the tribals, out of 87 informants, 41 of them claimed to have been aware of the possibility of prevention of births and about the existence of the family planning measures. Among the non-tribals, out of 13 informants, 12 claimed to have knowledge of the possibility of preventing birth and the existence of family planning measures. Among the tribal illiterates 38.3 per cent of them claimed to have known the possibility of preventing births and the existence of

28

family planning measures. Among the tribal literates who had read up to matric standard and from matriculation and above, 59.1 percent and 100 percent respectively claimed to have known the possibility of preventing births and the existence of the family planning measures. Among the non-tribal illiterates and the literates up to matric standard and from matriculation and above, 100 per cent, 50 per cent and 100 per cent respectively claimed to have been aware of the possibility of prevent­ing births and the existence of family planning measures. Among the tribals, knowledge about population control measures seemed to have some relation with education, among the non-tribals whether literate or illiterate almost all have knowledge of population control measures as can be seen from statement 11.25.

STATEMENT 11.25

Knowledge about family planning measures as relat~d to education, religion and caste/tribe of Informant, 1986

Religion & castel Education status Total number Number of Informant tribe of informant

Possibility of Family Planning prevention of birth measures

1 2 3 4 5

Sherdukpen/ Illiterate 60 23 23 Buddhist (38.33%) (38.33%)

Literate upto Matric 22 13 13 (59.09%) (59.09%)

Matric and above 5 5 5 (100.00%) (100.00%)

Total 87 41 41

Non-tribal/Hindu Illiterate 1 1

Literate upto Matric 2 1 1

Matric & above 10 10 10

Total 13 12 12

Grand Total 100 53 53

Practice of family planning measures

The practice of family planning measures among the fribals, though still very low, did not seem to have any relation with their education. One illiterate tribal male and another whose educational level was matriculation and above were using condom. Two illiterate tribal females and another who had read up to matriC standard under­went tubectomy and another with matriculation and above as educational level used oral pills. None of the non-tribal illiterate practised any methods of family planning. Among the non-tribal males whose educational level was matriculation and above, one underwent va­sectomy and 3 were using condom. Two non-tribal fe­males who read up to mat ric standard were using oral pills. Of those with matriculation and above as educa­tionallevel, one underwent tubectomy, one used loop and two oral pills. Among the tribal males one cultivator and one constable used condom and among the females tribals, 3 cultivators underwent tubectomy and 1 used loop and another non-worker took oral pills. Among the non-tribals males, one clerk underwent vasectomy and another 2 used condom. Another retail trader also used condom. Among the female non-tribals, one draftsman underwent tubectomy and one non-worker used loop and another 4 non-workers took oral pills.

Four males, one of whom was a tribal, were in the age-group 30-39 years and another, a tribal, in the age­group 50+ years. One non-tribal was in the age-group 40-49. All of them practised family planning during the period less then 5 years ago. Five females, one a tribal, were in the age-group 20-29, another 5,3 tribals were in the age­group 30-49 and one tribal in the age-group 40-49. Eight of them, 4 tribals had been practising family planning during the period less than 5 years ago, and the remain­ing 3, one tribal, during the period 5-9 years ago.

While no side effect was reported by the males, 4 females, 2 tribals and 2 non~tribals reported to have a feeling of physical weakness by the practice. One was a cultivator and 3 non-workers.

Attitude

One illiterate male and one literate male with up to mat ric as level of education and another five literate males with matric and above as level of education were

29

happy with the family planning measures because they did not have to take any trouble and their wife did not have any bad effect in controlling future birth. Two literate males with up 1.0 matric as level of education and two males with mabie and above as level of education were happy with the measures as they control future birth without their having to take any trouble.

Among the females, one illiterate female was satis­fied and happy because the measures had help her to avoid facing financial problem of rearing future children. Two literate females with up to matric as level of educa­tion claimed the measures to be satisfactory. Two literate females with up to matric as level of education were satisfied and happy with the measures for having freed them from the anxiety of having more issues. One literate female with matric and above as level of education was feeling happy as the measures controlled future birth without her having to take any trouble.

Desirable number of children

Among the Sherdukpens the desirable number of children ranges from one son and one daughter to six sons andthree daughters. The majority of the tribals (23) prefer two sons and two daughte rs followed by those (18) who prefer three sons and two daughters. Not much difference in the number of children desired by persons of different educational levels is noticed.

Knowledge of Indian Social Legislations

Sixteen informants reported to have knowledge of the various Indian SOCial Legislations of whom 3 are tribals, 2 males and 1 female and 13 non-tribals, all males. All are literate with matriculation and above as level of education except one non-tribal, a Scheduled Caste, who is illiterate. All the non-tribals feel that the legal action to remove social evil is adequate. One tribal feels that they are inadequate. Fifteen informants feel that Dowry causes economic hardship to the girl's par­ents, child marriage causes health problem to both mother and child, child labour causes early death and untouchability is against the unity of India. Eleven infor­mants feel that the Hindu Marriage Act is good. All the 15 informants adhered to the provisions of the Indian Social Legislation except one who is not in favour of the Un­touchability Act. But no informant actually implement the various legislations except the Child Marriage Act.

Health, sanitation and medical facilities

The climate of the village is salubrious and the general health condition of the people is good. Their active work habit has made them healthy and strong.

In regard to the sanitary and hygienic condition of the villagers, among the poor, the illiterates and the cUltiva­tors belonging to the Sherdukpen Tribe living in the original village, it was noticed during the survey in 1986 that their dwellings were not neat and clean. The inside of their houses was covered with black soot and refuses and rubbishes were seen lying here and there. Their body looked as if they had never taken bath for years and their clothes as though they had never been washed for months. Those of the literates had, however, improved their personal as well as their surrounding cleanliness.

30

They took frequent bath with soap, washed their cia regularly and used hair oil and combed their hair. Government employees residing in Government ters daily sweep their houses and compound. Swee were regularly engaged to sweep the roads and market area.

However, clean or hygienic one may be, one is I to suffer from one disease or another. As is evident statement 11.26 incidence of diseases was frequen the people w~re suffering from various types of ail during 1985 as per information collected from the cal Officerofthe Rupa Health Centre. It may, howev understood that the Health Centre does not cater t medical needs of the inhabitants of Rupa only but surrounding villages whether near or far.

STATEMENT 11.26

Incidence of different diseases treated In the dispensary, 1963 and 1985

Name of disease Number of outdoor patients

1963 1985

1 2 3

1. Amoebic dysentery 70

2. Bacillary 216 130

3. Diarrhoea 316 1,255

4. Influenza 366 240

5. Pyrexia 30 1

6. Goitre 9 2

7. Disease due to deficiency 245 350

8. Skin diseases 304 1,750

9. Disease of respiratory system 1,008 1,130

10. Disease of digestive system 326 1,224

11. Injury 397 137

12. Others 623 5,625

Total 3,910 11,844

I

The Health Centre has facilities for treatment of indoor patients as well and has 8 beds. During 1985, 152 patients were admitted to the Health Centre for treatment as indoor patients. The majority of the indoor patients, 53 in number, sliffered from diseases of the respiratory sys­tem followed by those suffering from Gastro-enteritis and Diarrhoea,41 in number. Those suffering from Bacillary Dysentery, Injury, Helminthisis and Bronchitis who re­ceived treatment as indoor patients were 16, 12, 10 and 7 in number respectively. The number of those suffering from Tuberculosis was 5, and the number of those

31

suffering from other diseaseS was below 5 in each case.

Causes of death

From Statement 11.27, iUs noticed that, other than old age as the cause of death, the majority of the males, who had died less than 10 years ago and more than 10 years ago, had died of stomach ache (6+4) and diarrhoeal dysentery (5+4). Fever also was the cause of death of the majority of males (4) who died less than 10 years ago. The majority of those who died of these diseases had sought allopathic treatme'nt.

STATEMENT 11.27

cause of death (as locally believed), particulars of diagnosis and treatment and time of death (Male) by religion and caste/tribe of head of household, 1986

Causes of death

1

Fever

Heart disease

Stomachache

Religion/ casteltribe

2

Tribal Non-tribal

Tribal Non-tribal

Tribal

Type of treatment received

Number of deaths less than 10 years ago

Allopa- Magic- Indigen- No treat-thic ian ous divi- ment

nation

3

4 2

4

4

1

1

5 6

1

1

Number of deaths 10+ years ago

Allopa- Magi- Indigen- No treat-thic cian ous divi- ment

nation

7 8 9 10

1

3 1 Non-tribal 1

Tuberculosis

Plague

Tribal Non-tribal

Tribal Non-tribal

DiarrhoealDysentery Tribal

Joundice

Non-tribal

Tribal Noo-tribal

2

1

5

2

4 1

32

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Typhoid Triba! 1 Non-tribal

Train accident Tribal Non-tribal 1

Old age Tribal 1 4 1 4 Non-tribal

Causes not stated Tribal 2 Non-tribal i

Total Tribal 19 2 4 4 9 4 4 Non-tribal 3 1 3 1

From statement 11.28, it is noticed that unlike the diarrhop-aJdysentery (5) in case of those who died I males, the cause of death of the majority of the females than 10 years ago. Like the males, the majority of th who had died less than 10 years and more than 10 years who died of the these diseases had sought allopc ago was fever (8+7) followed by stomachache (6) and treatment.

STATEMENT 11.28

Cause of death (as locally believed) particulars of diagnosis and treatment and time of death (Female: religion and caste/tribe of head of household, 1986

Causes Religion and Type of treatment received of death casteltribe -

Number of deaths less Number of deaths than 10 years ago 10+ years ago

AIIopa- Magi- Indigen- No treat- AIIopa- Magi- Indigen- No! thic cian ous divi- ment thic cian ous divi- mer

natien nation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1(

Fever Tribal 8 6 1 Non-tribal

Heart disease Tribal 1 2 Non-tribal 1

Stomachache Tribal 3 1 2 1 1 Non-tribal

Tuberculosis Tribal 1 Non-tribal

.

33

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

DIarrhoea/Dysentery Tribal 3 2 2 Non-tribal 1

!Cancer Tribal 1 Non-tribal

Bnake bite Tribal 1 NOf'l-trlbal

Skin disease Tribal 1 Non-tribal

Gastric Ulcer Tribal 1 Non-tribal

Blood pressure Tribal Non-tribal

Pox Tribal Non-tribal

Cholera Tribal Non-tribal 1

Liver disorder Tribal Non-tribal 1

Asthmatic Tribal Non-tribal 1

Causes not stated Tribal 1 Non-tribal

Total Tribal 20 2 6 9 4 Non-tribal 1 1 3

The Health Centre though still managed by a gradu- panded as can be seen from statement 11.29. Medical as ate medical officer the building had been improved and well as surgical facilities had also been improved to a expanded. The number of para-medical staff too ex- certain extent.

34

STATEMENT II. 29

Medical and para-medical staff In the health centre, 1964 and 1986

81. No. Designation Number of post sanctioned

1964 Survey 1986 Survey

1 2 3

1. Civil Asstt. Surgeon 1 2. Compounder 1 3. Medical Attendant 1 4. Health Assistant 5. Nurse 6. Peon 1 7. Chowkidar

Migration by place of birth

From statement 11.30, it is noticed that out of 100 households, the majority (82) are permanent residents of Rupa. Only 5 heads of households were born outside the village but within the Circle, 12 outside the state but within the country. One head of household had given Nepal as his place of birth. His name is Ram Kumar Thapa aged 34 years. He is having 3 daughters aged 4 to 7years. He had migrated to Rupa from a village 58 kms from Rupa. He is literate and read up to Class III. He is employed as work­charge Mohorrir in a Private Saw Mill.

4

1 1 3 2 2 1 1

It is further noticed that the majority of non-migrant as well as migrant heads of households by place of birth had a household size, In order of magnitude, 2-5 and 6-10. Two non-migrant and one migrant heads of households born outside the state but within the country had a household size of 11 + members.

In contrast to the present survey, the earner survey recorded only one head of household who had shifted to Rupa permanently from another village located 58 kms away from Rupa.

STATEMENT 11.30

Households classified by size and migration status and place of birth of head of households, 1986

Migration status and place Total Size of household of birth of head of house- Rural hold Urban Single 2-5 6-10 11+ Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I. Non-migrants T 43 37 2 82

R 43 37 2 82

U

II. Migrants

1. Birth place outside T 4 1 5 the village but within the circle R 4 1 5

U

1

2. In other states

3. Outside the country (Nepal)

2

T

T

Migration by place of last residence

3

From statement 11.31 it is noticed that four heads of households had their place of last residence outside the village but within the circle, 4 in other circles but within the district, 5 in other districts but within the State and 5 outside the State but within the country. No head of migrant household had his place of last residence outside the oountry. This indicates that one head of household

35

4 5 6 7

7 4 1 12

born outside the country had not directly migrated to Rupa. Four heads of households had their place of last residence in urban area of the district. As is the case with place of birth of the migrant heads of households, the majority of the migrant heads of household by place of last residence had a household size, in order of magni­tude, 2-5 and 6-10. Only one head of household whose place of last residence was outside the State had a household of 11 + numbers.

STATEMENT 11.31

Households classified by size and migration status and place of last residence of head of households, 1986

Migration status and place Total Size of household of last residence of head Rural household Urban Single 2-5 6-10 11+ Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I. Non-migrants T 43 37 2 82

R 43 37 2 82

U

II. Migrants

1. Last residence T 2 2 4 outside the village but within the circle R 2 2 4

U

2. In other Circle T 3 1 4 but within the district R

U 3 4

1 2 3

3. In other district T but within the State

R

U

4. In other state T

5. Outside the country T

Duration of residence at Rupa

Of the heads of households whose place of last residence was in rural area, one head of household had lived at Rupa for less than 1 year, 8 heads of households

36

4 5 6 7

5 5

5 5

3 1 1 5

had lived from 1 to 5 years, 2 from 6 to 10 years and 1 for more than 20 years. Of the heads of households whose place of last residence was in urban area, one head of household had lived at Rupa from 1 to 5 years, 2 from 6 to 10 years, 3 from 11 to 20 years.

CHAPTER III

ECONOMY

Economic resources

The economic activities of the people of an area or a region largely depends on its natural resources. Rupa, being situated in a depression surrounded by high and steep hills, has very limited land forwet rice cultivation but ample land for jhum or dry cultivation. Arunachal Pradesh has not so far been cadastrally surveyed. Nothing, there­fore, is known about the land-use pattern in the village beyond what had been reported in the 1964 survey of the village. The area of administrative units helow district level is not available not to speak of the area of a village. Even the land tenure system does not exist in Arunachal Pradesh. l.and is being used by the people under cus­tomary laws and traditional system, either individually or collectively. Neither has any land legislation been passed in Arunachal Pradesh.

The 1961 Census, however, made an attempt to collect information on two types of land under permanent cultivation, land under wet rice cultivation and land under terrace rice cultivation at village level. Rupa had been showed as having no land either under wet rice cultiva­tion or terrace land cultivation. The 1961 Census further showed that out of a total of 207 Sherdukpen house­holds, in the entire erstwhile Kameng Frontier Division which later on became the Kameng district and in the 1981 Census, the West Kameng and the East Kameng districts, 51 households engaged in cultivation. The area of land used by them for wet rice cultivation was 1.00 acre and no land was put under terrace rice cultivation. This land appeared to be located at Shergaon, another Sher­dukpen village about 42 kilometres from Rupa.

The 1964 survey report of Rupa had, however, mentioned that in 1963 about 320.5 acres of land was put under cultivation, 45.0 acres under permanent cultivation and 275.5 acres under jhurn cultivation. The report fur­ther mentioned about the 2.0 acres of land by the Ziging Kho river which was brought under wet rice cultivation and the land completely abandoned the following yearon account of its poor yield. It appeared that that land had

37

never been recultivated again. The repol1 also m~n­tioned about the introduction 01 a dry terrace cultivation in the village which can still be seen today. Agricultural labour, Trade and Commerce and Service are also the main sources of economy of some of the rlouseholds surveyed in 1986.

Rupa is no doubt rich in forest resources and has deposits of quartzite and dolomite. But both the forest resources and mineral resources of Rupa remain to be commercially exploited. Forest produces are used only for domestic and consumption purposes. The 1964 sur­vey report did mention about the local sale of honey collected from the forest and the sale of jabrang (local condiment) at Doimara. But this cannot be taken to determine the economic activity of the Sherdukpens.

Economic activity

Looking at the distribution of workers by four indus­trial categories as recorded in the last two decennial censuses of 1971 and 1981 in Kalaktang Circle, it is noticed from statement 111.1 that in 1971, the proportion of the cultivators was second to the proportion of other workers. But that trend did not continue for in 1981 the proportion of the cultivators to the total workers increased from 48.14 per cent in 1971 to 56.69 per cent in 1981 and the proportion of other workers to the total workers decreased from 51.06 per cent in 1971 to 42.04 percent in 1981. The change was necessitated by the influx into the circle of the people from outside the state including the armed forces after the Chinese invasion in late 1962 to take up employment in the construction of roads and buildings mainly for use of the armed forces and in trade and commerce and left the circle after completion of the work in late seventies. The armed forces, however, continue to remain in the circle. But the census reports would not give the actual fact about the economic activi­ties of the tribals. The cultivators of the circle both in 1971 and 1981 were mostly tribals and other workers were both tribals and non-tribals from outside Arunachal Pradesh including the Tibetans from Tibet.

38

STATEMENT 111.1

Workers of Kalaktang Circle by four industrial categories, 1971 and 1981

SI. No. Industrial categories 1971

Number of workers

1 2 3

1. Cultivators 2,057

2. Agricultural labourers 12

3. Household industry 22

4. Other workers 2,182

Total 4,273

Coming to the economic activities of Rupa, it is noticed from statement 111.2 that in the last survey, agriculture was the primary means of livelihood of the people as 94.42 per cent of the workers had to depend on cultivation for their livelihood. However, when we look at the data generated from the last two decennial censuses of 1971 and 1981, other work was the main and principal sources of livelihood of the people of Rupa. Agriculture as the primary sources of livelihood of the people had been pushed into the background forwhile in 1971,22.44 per cent of the total workers were cultivators, 76.08 per cent of the total workers were other workers. The propor­tion of cultivators to the total workers slightly rose to 23.88 per cent in 1981 and that of the other workers declined to 75.00 per cent in 1981. As stated earlier, the census data would not give a correct picture about the economic

1981

Percentage to Number of Percentage to total workers workers total workers

4 5 6

48.14 2,365 56.69

0.28 21 0.50

0.52 32 0.77

51.06 1,754 42.04

100.00 4,172 100.00

activities of the tribals. The changes in the balance in the economic activities of Rupa was necessitated by the influx of the armed forces into the village after the Chinese invasion including the Government Officials and others for trade and commerce. Expansion of Govern­ment offices to accelerate development works and up­gradation of Government offices and schools did no doubt bring officials from outside to man the various posts. Even traders from outside did come to Rupa to open business there, but their influence would not have changed the economic structure of the population so much. But the armed force personnel did. Agricultural labour and household industry either in 1964 or 1971 and 1981 seemed to have played a low key in the economic activities of the people so also industrial categories III, V (b) to VIII.

STATEMENT 1Ir.2

Workers of Rupa by four industrial categories, 1964, 1971 and 1981

SI. No. Industrial categories 1964 Survey 1971 Census 1981 Census

Number of Percentage Number of Percentage Number of Percentage workers to total workers to total workers to total

workers workers workers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Cultivators 237 94.42 197 22.44 149 23.88

2. Agricultural labourers

1 2 3 4

3. Household industry 3 1.20

4. Other workers 11 4.38

Total 251 100.00

The data based on the restudy of the village under­taken in early 1986 gave a different picture of the eco­nomic activities of the 100 households and 568 popula­tion covered. It is noticed from statement 111.3 that cultiva­tio n continued to be the primary source of livelihood of the tribals of Rupa, though it was not as it was in 1964. In 1986,72.12 percent of the total workers were cultivators, all tribals and 26.55 percent were other workers, 40 were

39

5 6 7 8

13 1.48 7 1.12

668 76.08 468 75.00

878 100.00 624 100.00

tribals and 20 non-tribals. The tribals had during the period from 1964 to 1986 showed marked preference for other work. It further Indicates that given an opportunity occupational mobility was not at all rigid among the Sherdukpens. However, agricultural labour and house­hold industry continued to playa low key in the economic activity of the Sherdukpens so did industrial categories III, V(b) to VIII.

STATEMENT 111.3

Working population of Rupa by religion/caste/tribe according to their economic actlvllles and their percentage to ~otal workers, 1986

Religion/ Population Workers caste/tribe

p M F P M F

2 3 4 5 6 7

Tribal 495 254 241 206 113 93

Non-tribal 73 41 32 20 19 1

Total 568 295 273 226 132 94

Work force at Rupa

The 1971 Census recorded the working population as 878 persons of which 690 were males and 188 females. The number of non-workers was 540 persons of which 245 were males and 295 females. The number of workers of Rupa rose to 624 persons in 1981, of which 469 were males and 155 females. The number of non-

Economic activities Non-workers

Culti- Agricul- House- Other p M F vator tural hold worker

labourer industry

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

163 1 2 40 289 141 148 (72.12) (0.44) (0.89) (17.70)

20 53 22 31 (8.85)

163 1 2 60 342 163 179 (72.12) (0.44) (0.89) (26.55)

workers rose to 931 persons, of which 416 were males and 515 females.

The 1986 survey recorded a total of 226 workers, of which 132 were males and 94 females. The number of non-workers recorded in the 1986 survey was 342 per­sons, Qf which 163 were males and 179 females. In J3ercentage the pr~portion of the workers was 39.79 per

40

cent and that of the non-workers, 60.21 per cent. The male workers formed 58.41 per cent of the total workers and the female, 41.59 per cent. The male non-workers constituted, 47.66 per ce, • of the total non-workers and the female, 52.34 per cer,(. Of the workers, the majority of them, 212 in number, were in the age-group 15-59, 11, in the age-group 60+ and 3, in the age-group 0-14. Of the non-workers the majority of them, 267 in number, were in the age-group 0-14 and 70, in the age-group 15-59 and 5 in the age-group 60+. By Religion/Caste/Tribe, the order of magnitude of both the workers and non-workers was in the same age-group. But while among the tribals, there were workers in the age-group u-, 4 and 60+, there was none among the non-tribals. Again while there were non-workers in the age-group 60+ among the tribals, there was none among the non-tribals. This indicates that non-tribals did not participate in any economic activities below 15 years of age and tha non-tribals who were mostly migrants did not have anI' member of their house­holds with age above 59 years.

From statement 111.4, it is noticed that in the 1964

survey, 251 persons (59.48 per cent) of the population covered were workers and 171 persons (40.52 per cent), non-work\3rs against 226 persons (39.79 per cent) and 342 persons (60.21 per cent) respectively in the 1986 survey. During the period from 1964 to 1986, the propor­tion of workers had decreased by a wide margin and the proportion of non-workers increased by an almost equal margin. As in the 1986 survey, in the 1964 survey too the majority of the workers, 209 in numbers (23.70 percent), were in the broad age-group 15-59, 28 workers (6.64 per cent), in the board age-group 0-14 and 14 workers (3.32 per cent), in the broad age-group 60+. The majority of non-workers, too, 154 in numbers (36.49 per cent), were in the broad age-group 0-14, 12 non-workers (2.84 per cent), in the broad age-group15-59 and 5 (1.18 percent), in the broad age-group 60+. Whereas the number of workers in the broad age-group 0-14 was higher in 1964 than In 1986, the number of non-workers in the broad age-group 15-59 was higher in 1986 than In 1964. The number of non-workers in the broad age-group 60+ in 1986 was the same as In 1964.

STATEMENT 111.4

SI.No.

1

1.

2.

Total

1964 Tribals

Workers and non-workers by religion/caste/tribe and broad age-groups, 1986 and 1964

Religion/ caste/tribe

2

Tribal

Non-tribal

0-14

3

3 (0.61%)

3 (0.53%)

28 (6.64%)

Workers in age-groups

15-58

4

192 (38.79%)

20 (27.40%)

212 (37.32%)

209 (23.70%)

60+

5

11 (2.22%)

11 (1.94%)

14 (3.32%)

0-14

6

230 (46.46)

37 (50.68%)

267 (47.01%)

154 (36.49%)

Non-workers in age-groups

15-59

7

54 (10.91%)

16 (21.92%)

70 (12.32%)

12 (2.84%)

60+

8

5 (1.01%)

5 (0.88%)

5 (1.18%)

Occupational d'ver.,ty

From statement "1.5, It Is notloed that out of 100 households surveyed In 1988, 19 households had re­ported main occupational diversity among the working members of their family and one househo Id had reported

41

subsidiary occupational diversity among the working members of the family. The main oocupatlonal diversity In the 19 households of Rupa broadly covered cultlvallon and other work and the subsidiary occupational diversity In one household covered knlttlng-weavlng-Iabour, This may be due to cumulative effect of spread of education and urbanisation,

STATEMENT 111.5

Household. by number of work'rs and main occupational diversity, 1988

SI. No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

e. 7.

8,

9.

10,

11.

12.

13.

Description of occupational diversity

2

Cultivator· Carpenter

Driver· Hotel Business

Cultivator· Peon

Tailor· Cultivator

Teacher· Cultivator

Works Inspector· Cultivator

Contractor· Cultivator

Clerk· Draftsman

Saw Mill Business· Cultivator

M.L.A .• Shopkeeper

Constable· Cultivator

Road Labourer - Agricultural Labourer

Fitter - Cultivator

Total

Occupation and distance to place of work

From statement 111.6, it is noticed that out of 226 workers, 88 workers had their place of work within 1 kilometre from Rupa, 49, at a distance of 1 - 2 kilometres, 58, at a distance of 3·5 kilometres, 19, at a distance of S·10kilometres, 7, at a distance of 11 -15 kilometres, 3,

No. of households No. of members

3 4

2 8

1 3

5 12

1 2

1 2

2 5

1 2

1 2

1 3

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

19 45

at a distance of 16-25 kilometres and 2, at a distance of 26+ kilometres. The majority of the workers who had to travel between 1 and 26 kilometres to their place of works were the cultivators. This was but natural as cultivable land by the village would not be sufficient for all. The place of work of a contractor, a Work Inspector, a Driver and an MLA is not fixed but keeps on changing.

42

STATEMENT III. 6

Occupation and distance from place of work, 1986

Occupation Number of workers by distance of place work (in kms)

Less than 1 km 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 16-25 26+ Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Cultivator 33 47 55 19 7 2 163

Teacher 4 4

Contractor 2 1 3

Hotel Business 2 2

V.F.A /Nurse/Health

Asstt.lNursing Asstt. 4 4

Peon/Record keeper 7 7

Launderer 1 1

Tailor 1 1

Carpenter 2 2

Work Inspector 4 4

Driver 3 1 4

M.L.A. 1 1

Clerk 3 3

Shop Keeper 11 1 12

Saw Mill Business 1 1

Dak Runner 1 1 2

Draftsman 1 1

Domestic Servant 1 1

Salesman 2 2

Political Interpreter 1 1

Household Industry 1 1

Doctor 1 1

Labourer 1 1

Agricultural Labourer 1 1

Fitter 1 1

Constable 1 1 2

Total 88 49 58 19 7 3 2 226

NB: VFA stands for veterinary Field Assistant.

Mode of transport to place of work

From statement 111.7 it is noticed that all the cultiva­tors but one had to walk to their place of work and 27 of them had to spend more than one hour and a half on the journey. Two other workers had to walk to their place of work by spending 31. to 60 minutes on the journey. One worker travelled by bus, two, by car and another one cultivator by motor cycle spending between 31 minutes to 1.5 hours on the journey.

Vehicles possessed

As many as 6 households possessed vehicles in­cluding motorcycle. The vehicles possessed were trucks

43

(4), cars (2), jeep (1), and motor cycle (1). All are tribal households except one non-tribal household who pos­sessed a truck and a car. All the vehicles were purchased except a car allotted to the MLA by· the Government. The price of trucks ranged from Rs. 80,0001- to Rs. 163,000/-, that of car, Rs.60,000/-, jeep, Rs. 30,0001- and motor cycle, Rs. 10,000/-. All the trucks were used for commercial purposes and the annual income earned ranged from Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 50,0001-. Four house­holds reported to have obtained loan from the State Bank

. of India, Rupa for purchase of the vehicles. The average amount received was Rs. 81,813/-. Repayment was on instalment basis at an interest rate of Rs. 15/-percent per annum. Repair of the vehicle had to be done outside the village at a distance of Rlore than 11 kilometres.

STATEMENT 111.7

Occupation and mode of transport to place of work and time taken, 1986

Occupation

1

Cultivator

Teacher

Contractor

Hotel Business

V.F. A./Nurse/Health Asstt.l Nursing Asstt.

Peon/Record keeper

Launderer

Tailor

Carpenter

Works Inspector

Driver

M.L.A.

Clerk

.Shop Keeper

Constable

Transport to place of work and time taken to reach

30 minutes 31 minutes-or less 1 hour

2 3

63 52

4

2

2

4

7

1

1

2

4

3

3

11

2

On fOi.lt

1 hour-1 1/2 hours

4

20

More than 1 1/2 hours

5

27

44

2 3 4 5

Saw Mill Business 1 -Dak Runner 2

Draftsman 1

Domestic Servant 1

Salesman 2

Political Interpreter 1

Household Industry 1

Doctor 1

Labourer 1

Agricultural Labourer 1

Fitter 1

Total 120 54 20 27

Occupation Transport to place of work and time taken to reach Total =-=.-~=-==-=

By, Bus B1Car By motor cyCI~ __

31 mlnutes·1 hour More than 30 minutes More than 1 1/2 hours or less 1 1/2 hours

1 6 7 B 9 10

Cultivator 1 163

Teacher 4

. Contractor 1 3

Hotel Business 2

V.F. A.lNursel Health Asstt.lNurslng Asstt. 4

Peon Record keeper __, 7

Launderer 1

Tailor 1

Carpenter 2

Works Inspector 4

Driver 1 4

M,L.A. 1 1

Clerk 3

1

Shop Keeper

Constable

Sawmill Business

Oak Runner

Oraftsman

Oomestlc Servant

Salesman

Polltlcallnterpreter

Household Industry

Ooctor

Labourer

Agricultural Labourer

Fltter

Total

Employment d.pth

e

1

From statement 111.8 It Is noticed that all the 100 households covered In the survey, had at least one or more worker In the household. The total number of adults In the 100 households was 293 out of which 226 were workers, thus making an employment depth of 77.13 per cent. The employment depth of 34 households (having 70 adults) with a worker In each was 48.57 per cent, that of the 30 110useholds (having 78 adults) with two workers

45

7 e 9

2 1 1

10

12

2

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

226

In each, 76.92 percent, that of the 20 households (having 68 adults) with three workers In each, 88.24 per cent, that of the 8 households (having 32 adultS) with four workers In each, 100.00 per cent and that of the remaining 8 household~ (having 45 adults) with five workers In each, 88.89 per cent. It Is noticed that the employment depth of the households rose with the rise In the number of workers In the households till It reached Its peak In the households with four workers In each to moderately decline In the households with five workers In each.

STATEMENT 111.8

Ho.u.eholda by employment depth (I.e. number of workers In the households), 1986

Number of All households Households by size and number of adults workers In ..... _ ... -.-__ .. the household 1--3 4-e 7-10 11 and above

2 3 4 5 6

NIL

1 34 6 25 3 (70) (13) (49) (8)

2 30 1 21 8 (78) (2) (44) (32)

46

1 2 3

3 20 1 (68) (3)

4 8 (32)

5 8 (45)

4

8 (29)

3 (12)

1 (5)

5

9 (28)

5 (20)

5 (30)

6

2 (8)

2 (10)

Note: Figures within parenthesiS indicate the number of adults.

Unemployment depth

From statement 111.9 it is noticed that out of 293 adults, 67 of them were unemployed which made the unemployment depth of 22.87 per cent. In fact all the adults of 57 households were employed. The unemploy­ment depth in 19 households with one adult unemployed was 29.69 per cent and that in 24 households with 2 adults unemployed, 67.61 per cent. No household had more than two adults unemployed.

Two households, one belonging to the Sherdukpen community and another to the Brahmin community re­ported to have a member each seeking employment. Both were males and were in the age-group 20-34. The job-seeker belonging to the Sherdukpen community had passed Pre-university and the one belonging to the Brahmin community, middle. The type of job sought for by the former was service of any type and had been in th:e village for more than 20 years and that sought for by the latter was business of any type and had been in the village for less than 4 years.

STATEMENT 111.9

Households by unemployment depth (i.e. number of non-workers In the household), 1986

Number of All households Households by size and number of adults non-workers in the household 1-3 4-6 7-10 11 and above

1 2 3 4 5 6

Nil 57 2 39 14 2 (158) (5) (95) (48) (10)

1 19 5 5 7 2 (64) (11 ) (8) (37) (8)

2 24 1 14 9 (71 ) (2) (36) (33)

Note: Figures within parenthesis indicate the number of adults.

Agriculture

Though agriculture might no more be the predomi­nant economic activity of the population of Rupa as a whole in 1986, it continued to be the primary economic activity of the 87 households of the Sherdukpens covered in the survey. Owing to hilly and undulating tracts, the Sh­erdukpens are forced to practise cultivation on steep slopes as the limited flat land available at the foothills was sandy and infertile. It was arduous and the villagers had to adapt themselves to an inhospitable environment. Depending on the nature of the slope and the nearness of the land to the village, cultivation was carried out in two ways, the permanent type, which was usually practised on land on gentle slope and close to the village and adjacent to the house and the shifting type commonly known as jhum which was practised far away from the village. As stated earlier, the 1964 survey reported that a total of 320.5 acres or 129.8 hectares of land was put under cultivation of which 45 acres or 18.2 hectares was put under permanent cultivation and 375.5 acres or 111.5 hectares, under shifting cultivation or jhum. In the 1986

47

survey it was recorded that about 114.5 hectares of land was put under cultivation, both permanent and shifting, a little lesser than that in 1964. In the 1964 survey it was reported that 74 households had cultivated land and in the 1986 surley, out of 87 tribal households surveyed, 80 reported to have owned land. Arduousness of cultivation appeared to have made it less attractive to the few tribal households who could by some means or other avoid it. The size of land holding is small ranging from 0.99 hectares to 4.99 hectares. A glance at statement 111.10 will reveal that while the number of households with a size of holdings up to 0.99 hectare has risen from 16 in 1964 to 25 in 1986, the number of households with a size of holdings from 2.00 to 2.99 hectares has declined from 25 in 1964 to 16 in 1986. While the number of households with a size of holdings from 1.0 to 1 .99 hectares has increased from 27 in 1964 to 29 in 1986, the number of households with a size of holdings from 3.00 to 3.99 hectares has declined from 5 in 1964 to 3 in 1986, the number of households with a size of holdings from 4.00 to 4.99 hectares had increased from 1 in 1964 to 6 in 1986. Transfer of land was not reported by any house­hold during 1986 survey.

STATEMENT 111.10

Households by size of holdings, 1964 and 1986

Size of holdings 1964 Survey (in Hectare)

Number of households

1 2

0-0.99 16

1.00-1.99 27

2.00-2.99 25

3.00-3.99 5

4.00-4.99

Soli type

As per scientific classification of soil published by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Nagpur entitled "Soils of India," Rupa seemed to have "high base status soils of humid regions"-UDALFS or Red Loamy soils of the old classification of soils.

1986 Survey

Number of households

3

25

29

17

3

6

Type of land

Rupa, being Situated in the lofty Himalayas, had three types of cultivable land by nature of terrain, upland, slope and flat. From statement 111.11 it is seen that the largest proportion of cultivated land accounting for 65.59 per cent was upland. The slope land accounted for 23.84 per cent and the flat land, 10.57 per cent. The smallest

48

size of land owned by the hose holds In different size groups of holdings, except the 12 households In the size group of holdings 0.50·0.99 hectare, was flat land, The smallest size of land owned by the 12 households In the

size group of holding 0.50 - 0.99 hectare was slope land. Availability of flat land at Rupa was limited and the land was sandy and Infertile.

STATEMENT 111.11

Distribution of land (Cultivation Holding) by nature of terrain and by .'z. group of holding, 1;88

Size-group Total No. of of holding households (in hectare) owning land Total

1 2 3

Below 0.50 13 5.80

0.50-0,99 12 7.20

1,00-1,99 29 30.50

2,00-2.99 17 35,00

3,00-3.99 3 10.40

4,00-4,99 ~ 25,60

Total 80 114,50

Cropping pattern

Maize and millet were grown by the majority of the households during both In 1964 and 1986 surveys. Chilli, barley, vegetables and pulses appeared to be quite popular In 1964, In fact chilli and millet were cultivated by the same number of households In 1964. In 1986, culti· vation of chilii, barley, vegetables and pulses had be­come less popular most probably due to poor yield where the quantity produced was not proportionate to the amount of labour spent. In 1986, the cultivators appeared to have preferred CUltivation of wheat, foxtail (alopecurus) and potato instead.

Operation by season

The agricultural operations were seasonal. Maize and millet were sown in jhum fields in April/May and in terrace fields in May/June but at both fields, they were harvested at the same time in September/October, In warm climate the crops rip ad earlier. In cold climate, late. So at Rupa, the jhum fields were always located at higher lltituGle than the terrace fields. Areas H) higher altitude was colder than areas in lower altitude. Hence crops

Land by nature of terrain (In hectare)

Upland Slope Flat

4 5 6

4.00 1.80

3.10 1,60 2,50

21.40 6.30 2.80

20.40 12,60 2,00

5,80 3,60 1.00

20.40 3,20 2,00

75.10 27.30 12.10

sown In terrace fields situated at lower altitude, rlped earlier than crops sown In jhum fields situated at higher altitude, Wheat and barley were sown In Jhum fields In November/December and were harvested In April/May,

Sex·wlse dIvIsIon of labour

The 1964 survey reportea mat agricultural activities In the village was corporate one, Cutting or clearing of Jhum land, weeding and watching the crops or harvesting was so difficult and time consuming that nobody could do it alone. Hence, mutual help and cooperation was the only way to tide over these difficulties. Both males and females In the households undertook various agricultural operations. But males usually took up tasks that required more ph~sical strength and sustained labour. Females usually undertook lighter tasks. Feiling of trees and their burning, removing of logs, carrying of cane and bamboo were exclusively the male's job. Clearing of undergrowth and weeding were exclusively the females tasks. Har­vesting was done by both males and females, In terrace field while ploughing was done by males, sowing, weed­ing and manuring were carried out by females. But the corporate activities in the village appeared to be on the

~vane for as can be seen from statement 111.12, out of 80 [fIouseholds, 34 households, that is 42.50 per cent of the ItJouseholds engag~d family workers only in agricultural :operations, 43.75 per cent of the households engaged both family and hired workers and 11 households that is 13.75 per cent, hired workers only. The highest propor­tion of the households engaging family workers in agri­cuhural operations, at 92.31 per cent, were those with a size of holdings below 0.50 hectares followed by those households with a size of holdings of 0.50 to 0.99 hectar~. The highest proportion of households engaging both family and hired workers, at 66.67 per cent, were

49

those with a size of holdings 3.00 to 3.99 and 4.00 to 4.99 hectares followed by those households with a size of holdings 1.00 to 1.99 hectares, at 58.33 per cent. The highest proportion of households engaging only hired workers in agricultural operations, at 33.33 per cent, were those with a size of holdings 3.00 to 3.99 hectares followed by those with a size of holdings 2.00 to 2.99 hectares, at 29.42 per cent. Engagement of hired work­ers in agricultural operations seemed to relate to the size of holdings owned by the households to some extent though not in all cases.

STATEMENT 111.12

Manpower engaged In agricultural operations by religion and caste/Tribe and size of holdings, 1986

Religion Size of Number of Number of households where and castel holding households agricultural operations carried on by tribe (in hectare) owning land

2 3

BuddhistlSherdukpen Below-0.50 13

0.50-0.99 12

1.00-1.99 29

2.00-2.99 17

3.00-3.99 3

4.00-4.99 6

Total 80

Production of food crops

From statement 111.13 it is noticed that the main crops cultivated and produced by the cultivators of Rupa du ring both 1964 and 1986 surveys were maize, millet, wheat, chilli and barley. While maize and wheat were cultivated by the majority of the households in both 1964 and 1986, chilli which was cultivated by 65 households in 1964, was cultivated by 3 households only in 1986. So also barley which was cultivated by 38 households in 1964, was

Family Family Hired worker worker worker

and hired alone worker

4 5 6

12 1

7 4 1

7 19 3

6 6 5

2 1

2 4

34 35 11

cultivated by 7 households only in 1986. Vegetable, pulses and onion which were cultivated by 37, 22 and 1 households respectively in 1964 appeared to have been completely abandoned in 1986. Cultivation of wheat seemed, however, to be more popular in 1986 for the 13 households who cultivated wheat in 1964 rose to 32 in 1986. Foxtail (alopecurus), was cultivated by 34 house­holds in i 986. Potato, which was not at all mentioned in the 1964 report was cultivated by 25 households in 1986. Rice was conspicuous by its absence from the list of

crops cultivated and produced in both 1964 and 1986. The quantity of each crop produced seemed to relate to size of land put under cultivation ot that particular crop and not with the fertility of land, for the higher the number of households cultlvtlng that particular crop, which means larger acreage, the higher the quantity produced.

50

Production of the two main crops, maize and millet, cultivated by 74 and 65 households respectively in 1964 and by 77 and 64 households respectively in 1986 was high in 1986 when compared to that of 1964. Introduction of the crops of the high yielding variety might have been the reason.

STATEMENT 111.13

Households by types of crops cultivated and quantity produced, 1964 and 1986

Crops grown 1964 Survey 1986 Survey

Number of households producing

1 2

• 1. Maize 74

2. Millet 65

3. Wheat 13

4. Chilli 65

5. Barley 38

6. Vegetable 37

7. Pulses 22

8. Onion 1

9. Foxtail (Alopecurus)

10. Potato ~

ToolS and Implements The important tools and implements used in agricul­

tural and horticultural operations were the plough (locally called the Ganga), the dao (Handu), the axe (Flu), the spade (Chhigi), the rake (Breksing), the hoe (Kor), the sickle (Brachok), the grinding stone (Rauthok) and the mortar and the pestle (Chem-Chanke). The same tools and implements used in 1964 continued to be used in 1986. No new types of agricultural implements were used. The cultivators of Rupa are satisfied with usage of their age-old tools and implements and a pair of bullocks in tilling and ploughing their land. Use of tractor or power tiller can no doubt increase production and save labour but their use can be useful only in the plain and not in the hills areas especially at Rupa where flat land was scarce and infertile because of its being sandy. While sickle, an

Quantity produced (In quintal)

3

337.07

142.08

9.25

25.62

40.33

20.72

3.76

0.09

Number of households producing

4

77

64

32

3

7

34

25

Quantity produced (in quintal)

5

1500

305

132

6

13

138

114

implement used in harvesting of crops, an.d axe, in felling of trees, and dao, in cutting and felling of undergrowth in jhum cultivation were used by all the households, spade which is one of the most important implements in agricul­tural and horticultural operations used for digging the soil was used by 76 households only, and hoe, by 66 house­holds. This indicates that some households might have to borrow these two implements from their neighbours. Rake, which is used for cleaning of dry leaves and grass, was used by 18 households. Rake is not an indispen­sable implement in agricultural operations. Grinding stone, mortar and pestle were used for making flour and pounding paddy and other grain. With the setting up of husking mills, these implements have lost their useful­ness and utility in many villages and so the former was

.1;

used by 5 households and the latter, by 12 households.

STATEMENT 111.14

Important tools ana Implements used for agrlcul" tural and hortIcultural operations by rellglon/caste/

tribe of head of households, 1986

Name of tools and implements

1

1. Plough

2. Dao

3. Axe

4. Sickle

5. Spade

6. Hoe

7. Rake

Number of households • u~ing tools/implements

BuddhistlSherhukpen Tribe

2

25

80

80

80

76

66

18,

51

1

8. Mortar & Pestle

9. Grinding stone

It

2

12

5

Note: .Only Buddhist (Tribals) are cultivators. Hindus (Non-tribals) do

not practise cultivation.

Whether the cultivator-head of households was illit­erate or literate without educational level or with educa­tional level, the types of tools and implements used in cultivation were the same. The traditional tools and implements were used by one and all. However, from statement 111.15, it is noticed that plough was mainly used by the illiterate and by two heads of households each with primary and middle as level of education. Plough, Rake, mortar and pestle were not used by heads of households with matriculation/secondary and above as level of edu­cation and grinding stone by the heads of households with middle and above as level of education. The literate without level of education did not use plough, rake and grinding stone.

STATEMENT 111.15

Tools and equlpments for agriCUlture/horticulture by educational level of head of households, 1986

Educational levels ) Total number Number of house- Number of households using of head of households of households holds owning land Plough Dao Axe

1 2 3 4 5 6

Illiterate 52 49 21 49 4~

Literate withoUl 6 6 6 6 educational level

Primary 13 12 2 12 12

Middle 10 9 2 9 9

Matriculate/Secondary 12 2 2 2

Higher Secondary] 4 1 1 1 Intermediate/Pre-uniVersity

Graduate and above 3 1 1 1

Total 100 80 25 80 80

52

Educational levels of Number of households using head of households

Spade Rake Hoe Sickle MOitar and Grinding pestle stone

7 8 9 10 11 12

Illiterate 49 15 42 49 9 4

Literate without 6 3 6 1 educational level

Primary 8 1 12 12 1 1

Middle 9 2 5 9 1

M atricu late/Secondary 2 2 2

Higher Secondary/ 1 1 1 Intermediate/ Pre-university

Graduate and above 1 1 1

Total 76 18 66 80 12 5

Utilization of produce

From statement 111.16, it is noticed that produce like maize, millet and wheat etc. were mostly used for con-

sumption and what was left over after making provision of seed was sold in the market. The quantity of apples sold was, however, higher than the quantity consumed. Chilli and barley were cultivated for consumption only.

STATEMENT 111.16

Crop-production, consumption and marketing by religion and caste/tribe, 1986 --------------------------------------------------------------------------Religion and Total number Number of Crops Number of Yield per Consumption Marketing per caste/tribe of households households cultivated households cultivating per cultivating cultivating

2

Buddhist! 87 Sherdukpen

having agric- cultivating household household household ultural or (in quintal) (in quintal) (in quintal) horticultural land

3 4 5

80 Maize 77

Millet 64

Wheat 32

Foxtail 34

Potato 25

Chilli 3

Apple 1

Barley 7

6

19.48

4.76

4.12

4.06

4.56

2.00

40.00

1.86

7

13.79

4.23

4.03

3.50

4.32

2.00

2.00

1.86

8

5.69

0.53

0.09

0.56

0.24

38.00

53

Right over land

From statement 111.17, it is noticed that the villagers of Rupa are owners of the land which they cultivate. They own both jhum and permanent land. However, while per­manent land owned in the village can also be sold, jhum

land owned can never be sold under any circumstances. Besides land owned by individual, there was also land owned by the clan and by the village as common land. So all land which is neithei individual nor clan land is com­mon village land. The common village land is being used for pasture and firewood, bamboo and timber were collected by the villagers from its forest.

STATEMENT III. 17

Households by religion and caste/tribe and right over land, 1986

Religion and caste/tribe

Households having land Land owned

Buddhist/ Sherdukpen

Total

Horticulture

Number

2

80

80

Apart from apple no other fruit tree was seen in the village. Apple was a new introduction into the village under the auspices of the Agriculture Department, Gov­ernment of Arunachal Pradesh. Only one household owns apple orchards.

Forestry

Rupa is rich in forest resources. Common species found in the forest are pine, oak, deodar, walnut, rhoden­dron, cane and bamboo. The villagers have absolute

Area of land Number of Area of land (in hectare) households (in hectares)

3 4 5

114.50 80 114.50

114.50 80 114.50

right over their forests and the Government does not impose any restriction on use of forests. The main forest produces are timber, firewood, bamboo and cane.

From statement 111.18, it is noticed that collection of firewood for cooking and for warming was the only activity that attracted many households. Hunting, fishing and quarrying appeared to have become less attractive to the Sherdukpens. Collection of forest produce was done in the winter months from November to March each year, the time when the villagers were a bit free. Collec­tion of timber, bamboo and cane was done only when the need arose as construction of houses was not a seasonal or annual feature.

STATEMENT 111.18

Collection of forest produce, hunting and collection of fuel wood, fishing, mining and quarrying by relig­Ion and caste/tribe, 1986

t

Religion and caste/tribe

!Buddhist! rSherdukpen

Description of activity

2

Collection of fuel wood Hunting Fishing Quarrying Total

Number of households where the activity is undertaken by

Male only Female only

3 4

18 12

5 4 3 1

30 13

Male and Children only female both

5 6

23

23 1

All category of members

7

20

20

54

Animal husbandry

In the 1964 survey it was reported that the livestock in the village were mainly cow, bullock, horse, goat and' fowl. In the 1986 survey, besides the above list of livestock, sheep, yak and donkey were reported to have bee!1 (eared by some of the households. From statement 111.19 it is noticed that during the period from 1964 to 1986 while the number of households rearing fowl and horse had declined from 37to 23 and 35 to 24 respectively, the number of households rearing cow, bullock and goat had increased from 39 to 60, 28 to 33 and 17 to 25 respec­tively. Sheep, yak and donkey which were not reported in

the 1964 survey, were reared by 9,9 and 1 households respeytlvely. With the Improvement In transport, use of horse for carrying load appears to have become less popular. Cow was reared for milking, bullock and horse, for ploughing and carrying load respectively. Fowl, goat, sheep and yak were reared for sale and also for domestic consumption in case of fowl and on special occasion in case of goat, sheep, yak and cow.

Feeding of livestock is by grazing and household wastes. The househo.Js rearing livestock reported that they had no problem in feeding them.

STATEMENT 111.19

Households by type of domestic animals owned, as reported during 1964 and 1986 surveys

Name of animals owned/reared Number of households rearing dul1hg

1964 Survey 1986 SurVey

1 2

1. Cow 39

2. Bullock 28

3. Sheep

4. Goat 17

5. Yak

6. Horse 35

7. Donkey

8. Fowl 37

Village and household Industry

In the 1986 survey a saw mill was reported to have been set up at Rupa in 1980 by a local tribal. The number of workers engaged in the saw mill was 4. However, at the time of the survey that saw mill was temporarily closed on the orderfrom the Deputy CommisSioner, West Kameng.

Out of 100 households surveyed, two households reported to have engaged in household industry as a secondary occupation. Their main occupation was culti­vation. These two households belong to the Sherdukpen

3

60

33

9

25

9

24

1

23

community and owning land up to 2.5 hectare each. On househ. old engaged in tailoring and another in distilliJ indigenous beer locally known as Apong. The tail reported to have stitched abov! 90 garments annua and the distille~ reported to I",ave produced about 2 litres of Apong per annum.

Trade 'and commerce

In 1964 it was reported that there were four ret shops in the village owned by the local residents, on] which was owned by a Nepali. From statement 111.20, i noticed that in 1986, there were 38 establishments in village. While one tailoring shop and one hotel-cu

restaurant>cum-bar were owned by the local Sher­QJkpen Tribe, the remaining 36 establishments were iowned by non-trlbals hailing from Nepal, Tibet, Rajast­~han, Bihar, Punjab, Assam, West Bengal and Haryana.

55

Biharls and Tibetans formed the majority of the owners. In these 38 establishments, a total of 83 workers were engaged. Grocery shops formed the majority of shop followed by hotel/restaurant and tailoring.

STATEMENT III. 20

Statement showing various types of establishments as existed In Rupa during, 1986

SI.No. Name of establishment Number Total number of workers

Rellglon/caste/ tribe of owner

2 3 4 5

1. . Dry cleaning shop 1 1 Hindu/Non-tribal

2 HoteVRestaurant 4 9 Hindu/Non-tribal

3. Grocery shop 6 15 Hindu/Non-tribal

4. Stationery shop 2 3 Hindu/Non-tribal

5. Cloth-cum-stationery shop 2 5 BuddhisVSikh/Non-tribal

6. Cloth-cum-shoe shop 1 3 BuddhisVNon-tribal

7. Electrical-cum-repairing shop 1 1 Hindu/Non-tribal

8. Grocery-cum-cloth shop 3 8 BuddhisVNon-tribal

9. Tailoring shop 4 7 Hindu/Non-tribal/Sherdukpen

10. Sh6e shop-cum-repairing shop 2 4 BuddhistlHindu/Non-tribal

11. Saloon 1 3 Hindu/SC

12. Cloth shop 2 7 Hindu/Sikh/Non-tribal

13. Grocery-cum-vegetable shop 2 5 Hindu/Non-tribal

14. Pan shop 1 1 Hindu/Non/tribal

15. Quilt and mattress making shop 1 2 Muslim/Non-tribal

16. Ready-made garments-cum-shoe shop 1 2 Muslim/Non-tribal

17. Hotel-cum-restaurant-cum-bar 1 4 Sherdukpen

18. Goldsmith shop 1 1 Hindu/Non-tribal

19. Stationery-cum-pan shop 1 1 Hindu/Non-tribal

20. Photo studio 1 1 Hindu/Non-tribal

Total 38 83

HousehOld Income is further noticed that the majority of the households (23) who derived their income solely from cultivation were in

From statement 111.21, it is noticed that the majority of the income .range 1500-5000, those from cultivation and the households (57) derived their income solely from service and solely from service in the income range of QJhivation followed by households (18) who derived their 5,001-10,000/- and 10,001-20,000/-. It is also noticed :Income from cultivation and service. The numger of that the number of households by income range de-:households who derived theIr income solely from service creased with the rise in income range. was 12 and those solely from trade and commerce, 7. It

Income group (Rs. per annum)

1

1,500-5,000 5,001-10,000 10,001-20,000 20,001-30,000 30,001-50,000 50,000 +

Total

56

STATEMENT III. 21

Households by Income range and source, 1986

Total Cultiva-number tion of house-holds

2

25 30 27 10 5 3

100

3

23 15 13 4

2

5i .

Cult iva- Cultiva­tion and tion and business service

4

2

2

5

1 7 7 2

1

18

Source of income

Cultiva­tion and house­hold industry

6

1 1

2

Trade Service Profess- Service and and co- ion horticulture mmerce

7

2 1 2

2 7

8

5 6

1

9 10

1

1 1

Household expenditure lowed by the expenditure on other items in case of households with an annual income of 5001 and above. The proportion of expenditure on food declines with the

From statement 111.22, it is noticed that as can be rise in income and expenditure on clothes, travel, educa-expected,foodfromthe largest proportion of expenditure tion, medical and on other items rises with the rise in of all the 100 households surveyed. It ranges from 40.00 income. The proportion of expenditure on ornaments to 75.00 per cent depending on the annual income of the rises with the rise in income up to 20,001-30,000 and households. Expenditure on clothings comes next fol- comes down thereafter.

STATEMENT 111.22

Household by income group and nature of expenditure, 1986

Income group (Rs. per annum)

Number Total Household whose expenditure on (in percentage)

1

1,500-5,000 5,001-10,000 10,001-20,000 20,001-30,000 30,001-50,000 50,000 +

Indebtedness

of house-holds

2

25 30 27 10 5 3

3

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Food Cloth

4 5

75.00 10.00 70.00 10.00 65.00 12.00 60.00 15.00 50.00 25.00 40.00 25.00

From statement 111.23, it is noticed that 13 heads of households were in debt in 1986. The majority of them, 7 in number, was cultivators. The remaining 6 heads of households were an MLA, a contractor, a grocery-cum­cloth shopkeeper, a carpenter and a driver. The majority of the heads of households were in the income range of

Ornament Travel Education Medical Fuel and Others light

6 7 8 9 10 11

5.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 5.00 5.00 2.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 11.00 6.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 11.00 6.00 3.00 1.00 1.50 2.50 11.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 12.00 3.00 3.50 3.00 2.00 4.50 19.00

Rs. 5001 and above. The majority of the heads of . households (4) had taken loan for purchase of new trucks. They were an MLA, a grocery-cum-cloth shop­keeper, a cultivator and a carpenter. One cultivator had taken loan for agricultural development and 2, for pur­chase of cows and another 2, for construction of house. A cultivator and a contractor had taken loan for starting contract works, a driver for starting a hotel/restaurant and, a proprietor of a saw mill for purchase of saw.

57

STATEMENT 111.23

Number of households Indebted by occupation of head of households and purpose, 1986

Occupation Total number of Number of households indebted in the income group of head of households by household occupation of upto 1000 1001-2000 2001-3000 5001 and above

head of household

1 2 3 4 5 6

.M.L.A 1 1

Contractor 1 1

Grocery and cloth shop keeper 1 1

Cultivator 7 2 5

Proprietor, Sawmill 1 1

Carpenter 1 1

Driver 1 1

Total 13 3 10

Occupation Purpose for which loan is taken of head of household For agriculture Purchase Contract Hotel/ For purchase For construc· Purchase

development of cows work Restaurant -~ new truck tion of house of saw

1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

M.L.A 1

Contractor 1

Grocery and cloth shop keeper 1

Cultivator 1 2 1 1 2

Proprietor, Sawmill 1

Carpenter 1

Driver

Total 1 2 2 1 4 2 1

From statement 111.24, it is noticed that of the 13 heads of households who had taken loan or who were in debt in 1986, 8 of them had taken loan from the State Bank of India, Rupa Branch, one from the Cooperative Apex Bank, Itanagar, 3 from friends and 1 from relatives. All of them had taken a loan of Rs. 501 and above. Two households had taken loan at a rate of interest of 10.00 per cent and 7, at a rate of interest of 15.00 per cent per annum. Those who had borrowed from friends/relatives

58

did not pay any interest. Twelve households had taken loan on terms and conditions of repaying, H in equal monthly instalments and one household, in two in­stalments. Nine households had to mortgage their land as security with two guarantors each to stand surety for them,' 4 households obtained loan without security.

Thus it may be said the loans taken are used for useful and,productive purposes.

STATEMENT 111.24

,tI~usehold Indebted classified by source" terms and conditions, 1986

Source Number of Number of households No. of households· No. of households households , who have taken loan who have taken loans who have taken taken loan at the interest of on terms and condition loan on

Rs.501/- @10% @15% No To repaying To repaying Loan and No and above interest interest interest in equal in two guarantor security

monthly instalments instalments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. State Bank of India 8 1 7 8 8 (Rupa)

2. ' Co-opera-tive Apex" Bank Itanagar 1 1 1 1

3. Friends 3 3 2 1 3

4. Relatives 1 - 1 1 1

Total 13 2' 7 4 12 1 9 4

PLATE 4

Ploughing the field by Yoked Oxen for wet rice Cultivation.

PLATE 5

A woman is seen busy Nursering baby Maize plants.

PLATE 6

Women folk seen working in their cultivation field.

PLATE 7

A view of a Maize field on the Backdrop of High Hills.

PLATE 8

Harvested Cobs of Maize are hung over the Hearth for Drying.

PLATE 9

Cattle Grazing by the Cultivation field.

-

CHAPTER IV

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

House types

As stated earlier, construction of house in the original VIllage and its hamlets was done without proper planning, In one area, houses were seen to cluster very close to each other and in another, they were seen scattered here and there in a haphazard- manner. Construction of houses in the market areas was quite systematic and planned. In this area the Government staff quarters, offices are found and the Govemment while constructing these quarters and offices did apply systematic planning to some extent. All the quarters and offices were lined up on both sides of the village lanes, foot-paths and roads,

In the 1964 survey it was reported that there were three typ~s of houses in the village, stone houses, plank houses and huts, Their number was 6, 54 and 14 respec­tively, In 1986 two more types of houses were seen to have come up, Assam type houses and reinforced cement concrete houses. The materials used in con­struction of houses may be seen in statement IV,1 The plank houses did not have windows. There was no

difference in the materials used for construction of houses of the tribals and non-tribals. However, houses with mud floor, brick wall, mud and stone wall, bamboo roof, thatched roof, bamboo ceiling, gunny bag ceiling were exclusively of he Sherdukpens and houses with plywood ceiling were exclusively of the non-tribals. Forty­eight houses had compound and 52 houses were without compound. Of the 48 houses with compound, 38 houses were Sherdukpen houses and of the 52 houses without compound, 49 houses were Sherdukpen houses. All the 100 households surveyed in 1986 reported to have a separate kitchen, The number of houses with a bathroom were 26 and 74 houses were without bathroom. The number of houses with lavatory was 21 and that without lavatory, 79. The Sherdukpen uses jungle as latrines. Tap water was available to the villagers during the 1986 survey. Seventeen houses had water connection in the houses or within the compound and 83 houses had to fetch water from common village taps set up at conven­ient points in the village. Sixtynine houses had electrical connection of which 56 belonged to Sherdukpens, while 31 houses belonged to Sherdukpens did not have elec­tricity.

STATEMENT IV.1

Household by predominant materials of floor, wall, rOOf, ceiling etc. by religion/caste/tribe, 1986

Predominant materials Religion/Caste/Tribe Total

BuddhisVSherdukpen tribal Hindu/Non-tribal

2 3 4 5

Floor Plank 76 6 82

Cement 9 7 16

Mud 2 2

Wall Plank 56 4 60

59

60

1 2 3 4 5

Bamboo 19 2 21

Brick 2 2

Cement 5 7 12

Mud& Stone 3 3

Cement 2 2 & Stone

Roof C.G.I. Sheet 24 10 34

Wood 51 2 53

Bamboo 11 11

R.C.C. 1 1

Thatch 1 1

Ceiling Wood 35 1 36

Plywood 3 3

Bamboo 29 29

Gunny Bag 3 3

Hesian cloth 4 7 11

R.C.C. 1 1

Without ceiling 15 2 H

Ooor& Wood 85 13 98 Window

Wood & Glass 1 1

Bamboo 1 1

61

From statement IV.2 it is noticed that the per capita metres was also 12 but with only 56 members. The per floor-space of 71 households with 412 members was 16 capita floor-space of 4 households .vith 1? IT'.embers was square metres and above and that of 12 households with 4 to 5 square metres and that 0: one hOllsehold wilh 4 79 members, i 0 to 15 square metres. The number of members, 2 to 3 square metres. households with a per capita floor-space of 6 to 9 square

STATEMENT IV.2

Households claSSified by duration of stay of head of househcld in present residence and per capita floor space

Duration of Total Per capita floor space stay

No. of No. of 2-3 Sq. mtr. 4-5 Sq. mtr. 6-9 Sq. mtr. 10-15 Sq.mtr. 16+ Sq mtr. house- mem-holds bers No. of No. of No. of

house- mem- house-holds bers holds

2 3 4 5 6

Less than 1 year 2 13

1-4 years 8 39 4

5-9 years 5 27

10-19 Years 7 40 1

20+ years 78 449 3

Total 100 568 4 4

From statement IV.3, it is noticed that all the 100 households surveyed consisting of 568 members had a total of 233 rooms. The number of households with a room each was 20 with 114 members. That with 2 rooms each was 41 with 225 members. That with 3 rooms each was 26 with 150 members. The number of households with 4 rooms each was 12 with 70 members and one household with nine members had 5 rooms and above.

Household goods

The costly and lUXUry household goods possessed. by the villagers was the wrist watch which was pos-

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. or mem- house- mem- house- mem- house- mem-bers holds bllrs holds bers holds bers

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 6 1 7

1 4 6 31

5 27

5 2 10 1 12 3 13

12 10 46 9 57 56 334

17 12 56 12 79 71 412

sessed by 76 households in 1986. The radio/transistor was possessed by 42 households. Truck, car, jeep and television were also possessed by a few households. Possession of trUCk, jeep and television was equally shared by tribals and non-tribals. Sewing machine, camera, tape recorder were also possessed by some households. In 1964 only a household each possessed a radio and a camera. None possessed truck, car, jeep, televiSion, sewing machine in 1964. seventeen house­holds belonging to local Sherdukpen possessed gun which were used for hunting purposes. Twentyeight cultivator households possessed wrist watch. There is one motor cycle and one bicycle in the village. In

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possessing luxurious goods the difference between the tribals and non·tribals did not exist. The Sherdukpens had also vatious types of basket used for storing of grains and other article&. Besides, t'1ey possessed agricultural implements like dao, axe, sickle, plough etc. as well as fishing and hunting implements.

Different l!tensils were usually used for cooking and serving purposes. The cooking and serving utensils are generally made of a1uminium cast iron, stainless steel, china clay and bell metal. Utensils made of stainless st8el and cast iron appeared to be Oile ~f tile several introduc­tions made into Rupa after 1964.

Furniture

From statement iVA it is noticed that the villagers used various types of furnitures of which the most com­mon one was the cot. Out of 100 households surveyed as many as 85 households had cot which was used for both sleeping and sitting purposes. Table was pos­sessed by the 74 households. The number of households who possessed pira was 73, that of chair, 65, bench, 19, sofa, 17, almirah, 11. The other furnitures used by the households are dewan cot, murah, newar cot. stool, meat-safe, as well as dining set.

Dress

The males, both tribals end non-tribals in general, wear shirts, shorts, trousers, coats, jackets, sweaters, banyan etc. in their day to day life. The "Sape" the traditional long piece of cloth used by males to diagonally wrap the upper part of their body and the traditional head­gear made of yak hair were used only during festivals. The change in male dress was noticed even in 1964. In 1986 it was noticed that the lierates had completely abandoned their traditional dress and replaced them by . trousers, shirts, coats, sweaters etc.

The females continued using their traditional dress the luduk, the Sinkoo etc. on all occasions. They also used sweaters, woollen or endi scarf. The school children put on trousers, shirts, sweaters in case of males and frocks, tunics, blouses and sweaters in case of females. Wearing of shoes and chappals made of rubber or leather is a common sight among both males and fe­males in their daily activities. As per data collected in 1986, use of traditional dress by the Sherdukpen males,

64

both adults and minor was on the wane. But use of traditional dress by the adult women was still the order of the day.

Ornaments

The Sherdukpen males simply wear a necklace on ceremonial occasions. The women wear various types of traditional ornaments made of silver exported from Tibet or made locally. A few ornaments locally known a Ningao (a cylindrical shaped necklace) were procured from the plains of Assam. BefNe marriage the Sher­dukpen females normally do not wear any ornament. A few school-going girls appeared to have developed a fashion to wear earings and ordinary chains available in the village market. The married females of the non-tribals wear earings, ring, chain, necklace, bangle made Of gold. Unmarried females wear ordinary head necklace, ear­ings, bangles made of plastic and other materials in their

. day to day life.

Food and drink

The Sherdukpens are non-vegetarian. Their diet consists of cereals, fish, vegetables, local beer (phak) a drink weaker than Apong, brewed from maize, rice and millet. They relish the meat of sheep and yak. However, Buddhism influence has created certain food taboos. So they do not take beal,'pork, goat and fowl. Maize is the staple food of the Sherdukp~n which they themselves cultivate. Rice is another staple food but it has to be purchased from the market. So a meal in the Sherdukpen households normally consist of cooked maize or rice, vegetables, local beer and fish. Meat is only taken occasionally. Food is normally prepared by women. It is the duty of the housewife to serve food to all the members of the household. The Sherdukpen normally take their meal thrice a day. Even if they go to field for work food is carried along with them. With many 'of the households adopting the habit of taking tea, this item of drink has become common in many households particularly the well-to-do and the literate households. Tea is also served to Iriends and guests. In 1964 tea was exclusively the drink or beverage of the rich Tibetans, but in 1986 it has become that of the Sherdukpens too. Phak with low percentage of alcohol continues to be the favourite drink 01 the Sherdukpens. This drink is normally taken twice a day, in the morning and evening.

t:uel and lighting

The main fuel used for cooking is fire-wood which is used by all the 100 surveyed households. In addition to firewood, non-tribal households used kerosene also for cooking and one tribal household used gas and another used electricity for cooking. For lighting 69 households Used electricity of which 56 were tribal households. While all the non-tribal households used electricity for lighting purposes, of the 31 tribal households who,did not use electricity, 2 tribal households used fire-wood for lighting and 29 used kerosene.

Type of households

The comparative figures for different types of house­holds are presented in statement IV.S. In 1986, the type

65

of family were of 9 types, the most popular type being the nuclear family, 57 in number, followed by the sub-nuclear family, 15 in number and the supplement nuclear family, 12 in number. Of the remaining 6 types of family the lineal joint family was 5 in number, the collateral jOint family, 4 in number, the supplemented sub-nuclear family, 3 in number, the supplemented lineal joint family, 2 in number and the lineal collateral jointfamily, 1 in number. One type of family where the married head of household lived with his widowed mother, married aunt and unmarried brother and sons was also reported to be in existence at Rupa among the 100 households surveyed. Of the 13 non­tribal households surveyed, 10 of them were nuclear tamily, one supplemented nuclear, one sub-nuclear and another one, supplemented lineal joint family. The num­ber of supplemented nuclear family was higher in 1964 so also the number of lineal collateral family.

STATEMENT IV.5

Households by caste/tribe of head of households and type of households, 1986 and 1964

Type of household Number of households by religion/caste/tribe of head of household Total

Tribal Non-tribal 1986 1964

1986 1964 1986 1964

2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Nuclear 47 39 10 57 39

2. Supplemented nuclear 11 32 1 12 32

3. Sub-nuclear 14 1 15

4. Single-person

5. Supplemented sub-nuclear 3 3

6. Collateral joint 4 4

7. Supplemented collateral joint

8. Lineal 5 5

9. Supplemented lineal joint 1 1 2

1 2 3

10. Lineal collateral joint 1 3

11. Supplemented lineal-collateral

12. Couple, Widow mother, married aunt, unmarried brother and son 1

Total 87 74

From statement IV.6, it may be seen that out of 100 households surveyed, 52 heads of the households were illiterate, 6 were literate without educational level, 13 were primary level, 10 were middle level, 16 were ma-

66

4 5 6 7

1 3

1

13 100 74

triculates and 3 were graduates and above. It is also noticed from the statement that nuclear type of family is the most prevalent form of family at Rupa.

STATEMENT IV.6

Type of household

I 1

1. Nuclear

2. Supple-mented nuclear

3. Sub-nuclear

4. Single person

Households by type and educational level of head of household, 1986

Number of households by educational level of head of household

Illiterate Literate Primary Middle Matriqulation/ Non-technical Technical Degree Total without higher diploma or diploma and educa- secondary certificate and above tional not equal to certificate level degree not equal

to degree

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

26 2 7 7 13 2 57

7 2 2 12

9 1 3 2 15

1 2 3 4 5

5. Supple-mented sub-nuclear 2

6. Collateral joint 2 1

f

7. Supple-mented collateral joint

8. Lineal 4 1

9. Supple-mented lineal joint 1

10. Lineal collateral joint 1

11. Supple-mented lineal collatoral

12. Couple, widow mother, married aunt, unmarried brother and son

Total 52 6 13 10

From statementlV.7 it is noticed that the heads of households can be classified into 21 occupations as per the NCO 2-digit -code. In all the 9 types of households the

67

6 7 8 9 10

3

1 4

5

2

1

16 3 100

cultivators formed the majority and the majority of the heads of householus by 21 occupations belonged to the nuclear family.

68

STATEMENT IV,7

Households by type and occupation of head of households, 1986

Occupation of Number of households by type of household head of household

Nuclear Supple- Sub- Single Supple- Colla- Supple-mented nuclear person mented teral mented nuclear sub- joint . collateral

nuclear jOint

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Physician 1

Health AssU.!Nurse/ 2 1 1 Nursing Asstt,/VlW

Imterpreter 1

Teacher 4

MlA 1

Contractor 2

Clerk 3

Peon/Record keeper 5 1

Oak-runner 2

Shop keeper 1 1

Launderer 1

Constable 1

Cultivator 29 9 8 3 2

Saw Mill Business 1

Household industry

Tailor

Carpenter 1

Fitter 1

Works Inspector 2

Driver 2 1

Labour

Total 57 12 15 3 4

67

69

Occupation of Number of households by type of household Total head of househola

Lineal Supple- Lineal Supple- Couple, widow mented collate- mented mother, married lineal ral joint lineal aunt, unmarried joint collateral brother and sons

9 10 11 12 13 14

Physician 1

Health Asstt.lNurse/ 4 Nursing Asstt.IVLW

Imterpreter 1

Teacher 4

MLA 1

Contractor 1 3

Clerk 3

Peon/Record keeper 6

Oak-runner 2

Shop keeper 1 3

Launderer 1

Constable 2

Cultivator 3 1 1 1 57

Saw Mill Business 1

Household industry 1

Tailor 1

Carpenter 1

Fitter 1

Works Inspector 3

Driver 3

.aboUT 1

Total 5 2 1 1 100

Birth and naming ceremony

Delivery is attended either by local dia or by doctor and trained midwife from the Health Centres. The Sher­dukpens as well as the non-tribals seem to prefer delivery at home to delivery in the Health Centre. The day the child is born, the women of the same clan and some other womencometo see the child and bring phakand offerthe same to the mother. The male members of the village are not permitted to see the child until it is three-day old. It is a taboo for the father to touch the new-born baby during the first seven days. Afterbirth, the mother is not to suckle the baby during the first three days. This job is done by a woman attending on her.

Christening ceremony is performed on the third day after birth. On this day in the early morning the mother takes her first bath after delivery. The mother is to dress on new clothes, the confinement place is to be cleansed and the dirty clothes washed with ash and husk of millet by the women attending on her. The name to the baby is given by the Lama after consulting the holy book, the Karchik. An offering of 1 litre of phak is made for this by the father of the baby. On the fifth day one more cere­mony called menui satpa is performed by the Lama and the baby brought outside on the platform of the house. After the ceremony, scarves are offered to the baby by the women of the same clan. The woman who had attended the mother during delivery is also seen off after an offer of food and drink. When the baby is one year c;d, hair cutting ceremony is performed on a day fixed by the Lama of the village. Hair is being cut either by the maternal grand-father or the maternal uncle of the child who is offered the choicest quality of food and drink in return. The cut hair is preserved in the house.

Marriage

Among the Sherdukpens marriage is of two types­by negotiation and by elopement. In the marriage by negotiation initiative has to come from the boy's side first. When the boy indicates to his parents about his desire to marry such and such a girl, the parents move accordingly if no serious objection is there. On the appointed day, the father and some of his clan members capture the girl and bring her to the boy's house and confine her there for

70

three days. During this period of three days the elderly women requestthe girl to agree to the marriage proposal. During this period the girl is being fed by her clan members as she is not supposed to take anything cooked from herwould be groom's house. It is also a taboo for her would be groom to stay at home during this period. On the fourth day the girl is allowed to go home. A tactful mediator (Khiapa) is then selected to continue the nego­tiation.lf the negotiation failS, the village council imposed a fine on the party responsible for the breach of the negotiation. If the negotiation is successful, the Lama is consulted to find out an auspicious day and time on which the nuptial ceremony is to be performed. The long proc­ess and multi-stage marriage ceremony is then per­formed in the boy's house with attended pomp and extravaganza. The groom is conspicuous by his absence from the sceM in all the stages of the marriage cere­mony.

Marriage by elopement take place only if the boy and the girl decided to marry against the will and consent of the parents of both or either of them particularly when a thong boy wants to marry a chhao girl. Though the parents acquiesce to the marriage at a later stage, the father of the boy cannot escape the penalty of paying a fine on the act committed by his son. Marriage payment among the Sherdukpens continues to be paid and re­ceived by both the parties either in cash or kind the amount of which depends on the economic condition of the party concerned.

Among the Sherdukpens, participation in marriage ceremonies by persons of the same class isthe highest. It ranges from 50 to 74 per cent. Participation by other categories of class, relatives and friends is less than 10 percent.

Among the She(dukpen any person can be selected to perform the merriage ceremony. A person selected is always from the village. Ritual objects are obtained neither by the groom nor bride apart from payment of bride-price by the groom in kind either sheep or yak the quantity of which depends on the economic condition of the groom.

For a majority of marriages, participants'at marriaqe

ceremonies irrespective of class and relations sit to­gether. But of late the people seem to be more conscious about their class position as during the last five years, the number of marriages where the participants of various categories sit together is equal to the number of mar­riages where they sit separately.

~Death

The dead bodies are generally cremated. But the dead bodies of the children are buried. The Lama plays· a vital role in performing the various rites connected with death. After death the Lama consults the holy book and decides the manner of disposal of the dead body consid­ering the cause and circumstances of death. The chhao (lower class) of the Sherdukpen tribe are given the responsibility of disposing the dead body as the Thong (higher class) does not touch the dead body. In case of the death of the chhao the dead body is, however, cremated by themselves. The dead body is washed Inside the house and is wrapped with a piece of cloth and then taken out from the house. The corpse is then carried by the chhaos to the cremation ground. The Lama and the members of the family as well the clan members alongwith the villagers proceed to the cremation ground. As instructed by the Lama, oil and incense are sprinkled over the corpse and the fire is lit on the pyre. When the corpse catches fire, aU persons except the Lama and the

. chhao (lower class) leave. When the corpse is com­pletely burnt to ashes, the Chhaos collect some ash throw the same into the nearest river. The pollution period last for seven days and ceremonial mourning for 21 days. During pollution period the members of the family are restricted to take fried food, oil or ghee. On the seventh day the clothes of the deceased are taken to the Gompa and the Lama performs Khro puja there in which the father·in·law, if alive, the maternal uncle and other members of the family, relatives, clan members and villagers who attended the funeral procession assemble in the (3ompa and take part in the ceremonial rite. A big feast is also thrown by the members of the family to entertain the people attending the rite. A flag post is also erected on this day outside the Gompa. The Lama is paid an amount of Rs. 30/· -50/- in cash. However, the amount paid depends on the economic condition of the

71

family. There is no fixed rate or demand from the Lama for rendering his services in funeral or post funeral rites.

Mourning period

Depending on the cause of death of either male or female, the period of mourning is usually for 21 days. In case of death due to old-age and dysentery, the mourn­ing period is for 30 days. The mourning period of those who die of fever and Cholera is for 11 days.

It has been observed that traditional custom in re­gard to disposal of the dead body, mourning and post funeral rites of the dead remains unchanged among the Sherdukpen.

Social linkage

Rupa is situated in the interior of Arunachal Pradesh in the centre of the Himalayas but very close to the census town of Bomdila, the district headquarters. It is very far from the state headquarters. Itanagar and the nearest railway station, Balipara. Yet the people of Rupa had a long intercourse with the Kacharis of Assam and for economic reason they frequently visit Te2pur, a town in Assam beyond Balipara to db some shopping there . Their temporary annual winter migration to Doimara indicates that the people of Rupa had quite a vast contact with the outside world. From statement IV.8 it is noticed that out of 87 Sherdukpen households covered iii the 1986 survey, 60 heads of households had close relations who were staying outside Rupa. The majority of the heads of households who had close relations staying outside were in the age group 35---44 and 45-59 in case of the tribals and in the age group 30 - 34 in case of the non-tribal migrants. The number of the tribal heads of housel'lolds having close relations staying outside in the age group 25-29 was 7 and in the age group 60+, 6. Only 2 tribal heads of housenolds in the age group below 25 years had close relation staying outside. The non­tribal heads of household in the age group up to 29 and 60+ had no close relations staying outside. Those in the age group 35-44 and 45-59 we re 3 and 2 respectively.

72

STATEMENT IV.8

Households whose close family members were staying outside by religion and castltrlbe and age of head of households, 1986

Religion Total Number of households by close relation staying and castel No.of outside and by age-group of head of household is tribe house-

holds Below 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60+ 25 years years years years years years

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

BuddhisV 60 2 7 11 17 17 6 Sherdukpen (ST)

Hindu/Non-tribal 10 5 3 2

Total 70 2 7 16 20 19 6

From statement IV.9 it is noticed that among the non­workers, students constituted the majority of the mem­bers of the family of the heads of households reported to be staying outside. They were 81 in number, 49 were

sons, 12 daughters, 14 brothers, and 6 sisters. Among the workers, cultivators formed the majority, with 34 i~ number, 1 t were fathers; 9 mothers; 3 sons; 7 brothers; and 4 mothers.

STATEMENT IV.9

Family members staying outside by nature of occupation and relationship to heads of households,1986

Occupation Total Number of close relations staying outside by type of relation to head of household

Father Mother Husband Wife Son Daughter Brother Sis:er

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nurse 1 1

Interpreter 1 1

Secretary of trade union 1 1

Constable 3 2 1

Cultivator 34 11 9 3 7 4

Labourer 1 1

73

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

,Non-workers

Student 81 49 12 14 6

Looking after property 14 3 6 4, 1

Household 2 1 duties

Dependent 11 1 6 2 2

Tot&1 149 17 22 3 1 56 13 24 13

From statement IV.1 0 it is noticed that the heads of relations staying outsicie. They were 38 in number fol-households whose occupation was cultivation formed lowed by the number of the heads of households who the majority of the heads of households having close wer'3 peons.

STATEMENT IV.10

Households by close family members staying outside by occupation end type of relation to head of household, 1986

Occupation Total Number of households by close relations staying outside and of head of number relation to head of household household of house-

holds Father Mother Son Daughter Brother Sister Husband Wife

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Physician 1 1

V.F.A /Health Asstt.lNursing Asstt.lNurse 4 1 2 2 1 3 1

Teacher 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

Member of Legislative Assembly 1 1 1

Clerk ~ 1 1 1

Oak runner 1 1 1

74

1 2 3 4 5

Peon 5 3 3 2

Shop keeper 3 1 3

Launderer 1

Constable 2 1 1

Cultivator 38 8 11 33

Proprietor of Saw Mill

Household Industry

Tailor

Carpenter

Fitter

Work Inspector

Driver

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

2 1 1

2 1

Total 70 17 22 47

It is also observed from statement IV.11 that the never-married formed the majority of family members staying outside. They were 98 in number followed by the married, 36 in number and the widowed, 15 in number. Among the never-married members of the family, son constituted the majority of the members of the family staying outside.

It is further noticed from the statement that the majority of the members of the family staying outside was in the age group 15-24 followed by those in the age group 10-14. The family members staying outside in the age group 0-9 to 15-24 were exclusively sons, daughters, brothers and sisters and those in the age group 60+ were exclusively fathers and mothers.

6 7 8 9 10

1 2 1

1

1

[> 6 8 1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

11 18 13 3

The majority of the close relations staying outside whose mother tongue is Sherdukpen speak two subsidi· ary languages (45) followed by those speaking one subsidiary language (39) and those speaking three subsidiary languages (25). Nineteen of them have no subsidiary language. The majority of the close relations speaking one or more subsidiary languages are the sons. The majority of those with no subsidiary language are the brothers and sisters.

Re~son for staying outside

From statement IV.12 it is noticed that study was the reason of staying outside of the majority of sons, daugh· ters, brothers and sisters of the heads of households followed by 'cultivation', 'looking after property', etc.

(t) CC> (,') ,.. 'U (5 .c C) If) :l 0 .c: .... 0 '0 III n ..c 0 -c: 0 :;:; ~ ~ ... ,., --«(l If) :::l -(\l -.... III ....

~ ~~ :!;;; ...

f- ('(I Z E w ::;! :>.

.n W f- (1)

~ :'Q If)

(/) oJ :::l 0 Cl C;

'>, ctl .... en en ... Cl) ,0 E Cl)

E ~

E ctl .... -0 ... ~ .a E :::l z

32 c 0 0 .c (f) <;J) (/)

:J 0 .c (5 -0 ctl (\) .c .8 c 0

~ (J) ..... "C c ctl (/)

:::1 Cil --(/) ..... CO (J)

'c J::

"6 ctl E ~ :>. .0 (j) "0 '(j) ....... :J 0 Ol C ';:;" (\j -(/)

~

I~ ctl --0 (/) '-(j) ... .0 (j) E .c: (j) ....

(\j ~ LL

(/)

c o (1) ... ,_ '0 (j)"'" ._

.o$!2 E (j) :J .... 0 :J OJ Ol ;:: (/)

CO o,!: _ <3 :>. o_;g I-O(/)

,0. (j) :J 010 <{a,

-0 (]) 'C co ,_ ,... -.r ctl ~

"C I.- (j) (j) 'C > eol"- eo c.o cry -.r <;J) ..... C\J z E

"C <;J)

s: c.o 0 ,... 0

"0 ~ ~>

"0 (j) 'C LO c.o LO ... ctl :;!

"C (])

s: 0 -.r ..... cry "0

~

"0 (J) 'C \,.. cry -.r 0'> (\j

~

C\J LO cry cry -.r l"- I'--..... cry -.r ..- ..... C\J

75

LO

..-LO

..... .....

,... ,...

-.r

cry ,-

0) -.r ,...

-0 (j)

<;J)

... - 'C

~ '-ctl ~

-0 c "C

:Q (j) ctl 'C

0 .0 I.-.c (/) ctl (j) :J ~ (/) :c :J 0 .c -0 "C ctl (j) J:: -0 0

<;J) - 'C ... ..... C ctl (]) 0 - E ~ (/)

US ..... a; (j) ... , > "0

OJ z C

ctl (/) :J -ctl -0 (i) (j)

CO 'C:; ...

....... ctl .c:; E (\j

E ... <;J)

:>. > .0 ... (J)

(J) Z <;J) .c "C .... '(j) 0 ..... '5 a:J 0

"0 C) C (j)

';:: 's;.. ... ctl (\j 0- ~ (/)

:>.

E ctl --0

~ -0 (j) (j)

.0 ,_ 'C (j) ....

E .E (\j (1) E ~

Ol :J ... ctl (j)

0 > (j)

Z

... (l) (/)

c (j) (/) Ol(j) -.0 OC-o EO:;:; ,_ ,_ (\j +-' <3 (\j :>. (/) 0 :J_'Q)$'5 I- COl.-(/)O

,0. (j) :J 010 <{o,

-.r ..-

C") ..- C\J C")

C\J ..... ..... -.r l"- T"" cry ..-

..... cry I'-- 0'> C\J T"" ..... C\J

0 C\J cry

0'> cry c.o cry ..- cry

(T) C\J LO C") cry "'" "- "- '<'l' ..... C') "<l" ..- C\J

76

STATEMENT IV.12

Family members by relationship to heads of households and reason of staying outside, 1986

Relation Total to heads of house- Cultivation Service holds

2 3 4

Father 17 11 2

Mother 22 9

Son 56 3

Daughter 13 1

Brother 24 7 1

Sister 13 4

Husband 3 3

Wife 1

Total 149 34 7

Remittances

Staying outside by members of the family involves sending remittances to family members or receiving from them. It is noticed from statement IV.13 that the majority of HIe heads of households, 43 in number sent remit­tances to their sons who were students. The average amount of the remittances sent to son staying outside per hoysehold was Rs. 1,305/-. The number of the heads of households sending remittances to mothers, daughters and brothers staying outside was 7 each. The average

. amount sent per household was Rs. 30711-. Seven heads of households sent remittances to their daughters. The average amount sent per household was Rs. 603/­Seven heads of households sent remittances to broth­

ers staying outside, The average amount sent per house-

Reasons for staying outside

Study Looking Household Dependent after duties property

5 6 7 8

3

6 1 6

49 4

12

14 2

6 1 2

1

81 14 2 11

hold was Rs. 1,857/-. The number of the heads of households sending remittances to fathers, sisters and wife staying outside were 2, 3 and 1 respectively. The average amount sent per household was Rs. 2,700/-, One head of household sends to wife, the amount sent was Rs. 1200/-.

The number of members of family staying outside who sent remittances to head of household was lower when compared to the number of the heads of house­holds sending remittances to members to their family staying outside. As can be seen from statement IV.14 in this case remittances were sent only from father, son and husband of the heads of households. They were 2,3 and 3 in number respectively.

E e >­,g t/)

:2 o .c (l) t/) ::J o J:

<P .c: -~~ "w E ..... :J :J 0 Ou

<P .c. -c: Q)

:COl _C1:l

~ ">

C\J

..-

C\J

C\J

. -­..... " q (')

C\J C\J

'­<P .c: (5 :i!:

. --LO o ~ .,...

<0 LO

C\J

(') ,....

.... <P +-' ..c: OJ :J CU Cl

77

LO

C\J

.... Cl>

..c: e a:l

(') ,....

.... Q) -C/l

US

"0 c C'd .0 C/l :J I

~ o C\J

,...

,...

E C],) .... -o ..... !: :;, o E C'G (J.) C)

~ Cl)

fa (J.) .c -'0 !: C'G (/) '0 '0 .c (I.) en ::J o

.c: -o "0 ca (l) .c o -!: .Q 1\1 Q) .... >­

..0 (l) "'0 0ii) ..... ::J o 0) !: ':;' ca Ci)

~

E C'G --o (/J .... (l)

.0 E (I.)

:E

CD .c. -

CD .c. ..-c CD ..cOl _CO ~ .:;:

U?

, ..._ o o ..-N

C\.I

,_ Cl> ..c CO u..

C\J C\I

C\I

c o (/)

78

.... CD -.c: OJ ::J co o

..... CD .c: e OJ

.....

"'0 C co .0 (J)

::J J:

Travel Index For calculation of the travel index of the persons, ajj

persons aged 5 years and above are taken into account whether they have travelled or nottravelled any distance. For those who have not travelled any distance zero paint is given. To calculate travel index, the distance travelled by all persons is added up and divided by the number of persons.

79

From statement IV.15 it is noticed that by relation! caste/tribe, travel index among the non-tribals was higher than that among the tribals. By sex, while among the tribals, travei index of the males was higher than that of the female by a wide margin, among the non-tribals, travel index of the females was higher thall that of the males, though by a narrow margin only.

STATEMENT IV.15

Travel Index of persons, males and females of age 5 and above by religion and caste/tribe, 19&6

Religion and casteltribe

1

BuddhistlSherdukpen, Scheduled Tribe

Hindu/Non-tribal

Total

Persons

2

262

434

286

From statement IV.16 it is noticed that by occupation, travel index of the male and female physician was the highest followed by the male tailor and female member of

Travel Index

Males Females

3 4

456 53

413 458

450 109

Legislative Assembly and female shopkeeper. Travel index in respect of the workers ranges from 0 to 875 in case of males and from 0 to 591 in case of females.

STATEMENT IV.16

Occupation

Physician

Nurse/V.F.AI Health Asstt./ Nursing Asstt.

Village level workers

Teacher

Travel Index of persons, males, females bv occupation, 1986

Persons Travel Index

Total Males Females Total Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7

3 1 2 2.667 4,000 2,000

17 7 10 184 219 160

2 1 1 73 145

13 6 7 100 217

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Member of Legislative Assembly 6 4 2 1,167 875 1,750

Contractor 12 5 7 39 94

Clerk 11 7 4 512 466 591

Peon/Record k~eper 24 13 11 268 390 123

Dak-runner 9 6 3 44 67

Shopkeeper 20 14 6 1,090 807 1,750

Launderer ..a 3 5

Constable 10 4 6 700 1,750

Caltivator 285 146 139 231 441 11

Proprietor of sawmill 4 1 3 50 200

Household Industry 2 1 1 73 145

Tailor 3 1 2 1,167 3,500

Carpenter 8 5 3 500 800

Fitter 5 4 1 75 94

Work inspector 20 13 7 98 115 64

Driver 18 7 11 54 138

Labourer 4 2 2 5 9

Total 484 25", 233 286 450 109

Religion various situations of life like illness, death, barrenness, crop failure, draught as well as for the general welfare of the community as a whole.

The Sherdukpens are Buddhist by religion. They belong to the Gelukpa sect of Mahayana School of The village has a Gompa which symbolises the Buddhist. They are also animists and have strong belief strong religious faith of the Snerdukpen people of the in local deities and evil spirits who are propitiated in village as well as the people of other villages.

The three storyed Gompa mentioned in the reported ofthe 1964 survey, constructed about 160 years ago had been dismantled and a two storyed Gompa has been erected in the same site in the core of the village. The material of wall and roof of the Gompa is stone with mud plaster. TAe floor is made of plank.

A big image ot the Lord Buddha alongwith the Immages of Buddhist dignitaries of Tibetan Buddhists is installed in the Gompa. Most of the images including the image of Lord Buddha are made in the village by a Monk belonging to the Tawang Monastery about 200 km away from Rupa.

There are two apartments in the premises of the Gompa which are used for cooking and feeding the faithful during community worships. There is also a separate small building nearthe Gompa which is used as residence of the Lamas.

The management and control of the Gompa rests with the village council and mainly the village headman. Foodgrains, silver, gold, cash and other articles collected inlhe name of the Gompa are kept in the Gompa itself. The senior village chowkidar is entrusted with the re­sponsibility of keeping the key of the Gompa.

The Lama, being the religious head in the village, presides over all the re~igious functions and ceremonies and reads from religious book written in Tibetan script. He performs all the day to day religious rites and ceremo­nies. He offers water to the deites and lights the butter lamps in the temple. The Lamas had to undergo training for acquiring knowledge in performing pujas as well as reading of Buddhists religious books written in Tibetan scripts. The Lama of the Gompa of Rupa received 5 years training atTashigoan, Bhutan.The importantcetemonies observed in the Gompa are Chhekar, Losar, Wang and Khiksaba.The first three are Buddhist ceremonies and the last, non-Buddhist ceremony and is celebrated at the outskrits of the village. The Khiksaba ceremony is con­summated not by the Lama but by the local priests (Khikjis). Chhekar is a traditional festival of the Sher­dukpens and is celebrated every year for one week in the month of May for a happy' and prosperous life of the community and also for good harvest. Losar is a new year festival celebrated by the Sherdukpens every year for seven days during the last part of January and first part of February. It is performed to have a good life after death and for the welfare of the entire village communities.

81

All the 87 tribal Buddhist households partiCipated in the performance of Losar and Chhekar. Among the 13 non-tribal Hindu households, Durga Puja was performed by 11 households and Holi/Diwali by 2 households. Joint performances of religious ceremonies by the tribal and non-tribal Hindus does not exist.

Leisure and recreation

During leisure time, the activities of the workers are mainly household duties, weaving, knitting, fishing, kitchen gardening and so on. Thirteen Sherdukpen cul­tivators reported to have spent their leisure in kitchen garden activities. Fishing is also a leisure time activity of 3 males and 1 female whose occupation was cultivation. One female cultivator engaged in weaving during leisure. One male office peon took up basketry during his leisure. Two females engaged in knitting as their leisure. Out of 132 male workers and 94 female workers, 36 males and 49 females had activity during leisure. The majority of the workers of both sex who had leisure time activity were in the 25-44 age-group. The workers who did not have any leisure time activity simply rested idly.

Recreational activities of the young children are mainly playing foot-ball, volley-ball, hide and seek. The organised games are foot-ball and volley-ball which are very popular among the youngsters. Competitions are held with different villages/localities. Gossiping is also a most popular part-time activities of the adult male.s and females. The people in the evening get together in the market area and gossip on various topics which includps village scandal.

The Sherdukpens perform many pantomime dances. Such dances are generally exhibited at the time of their annual festivals. The main dances are Aijilamu dance, Yak dance, deer dance and Eagle dance.

Power and' prestlCle

The socio-political power and prestige in the village seems to concentrate in the hands of only a few persons. These individuals have been able to acquire special position in the village through their religious. political, economic and educational position. The most powerful and prestigious personalities exercising tremendous influence in the affairs of the village are the member of Legislative Assembly, the member of the Zilla Parishad the three village headmen, tt:Je Govt. and private Doctors

and Government officers like the Engineers, the Teach­ers and the wealthy Contractors and businessmen. The Lamas are also considered powerful and prestigious in

82

religious sphere and are well revered in the village.

A iist of the influential and prestigious persons in the village IS furnished in statement IV.H.

STATEMENT IV.17

SI. No. Name

2

1. Sri R.K. Khrime

2. Sri P.D. Thungon

3. Sri Chumbi Thongok

4. Sri R.D. Khrime

5. Sri P. Musobi

6. Dr. P.K. Khrime

7. Sri SA Dorjee Thongok

8. Sri Wancho Thongok

9. Mrs. Pema Chum Thungon

Gram Panchayat

List of the Influential and pres'Uglous persons, 1986

Age Sex

3 4

38 M

62 M

58 M

57 M

45 M

32 M

50 M

60 M

23 F

Reli~ionJ castE!ltribe

5

Buddhism/ Sherdukpen (ST)

II

II

"

"

"

"

Educational qualification

6

M.A.

Literate

II

II

MBBS

Class VIII

Literate

Higher Secondary

Occupation

7

MLA

Village Headman No.1, Cultivator & Businessman, 'Gram Panchayat Member

Village Headman No.2, Cultivator & Gram Panchayat Member

Village Headman No.3, Cultivator & Gram Panchayat Member

Saw Mill Business

Doctor (Private)

Teacher, Rupa High School (Primary Section)

Contractor

Mistress Rupa Primary School

of the members of the Village Council at Rupa, the method of election of its members and its functions

The report of the 1964 survey had given an exhaus- remained unchanged, however, with the promulgation of tive account of the traditional Village Council at Rupa, the North-East Frontier Agency Panchayat Raj Regula-about the composition of its members, method of election tion, 1967 the traditionat Village Council was given the of its members and its functions. While the composition status of "Gram Panchayat" without changing its struc-

ture anq functions that were given to it under the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation; 1945. The North-East Frontier (Administration) Supplementary Regulation, 1971 introduced the elective system in the Gram Panchayat and with it ended the era of leadership of hereditary Chiefs wherever they had existed. In the place of the traditional village authority, the Gram Pan­chayat came into being as a body of persons elected according to the traditional customary methods by the permanent residents of the viHage or a group of villages as the Deputy Commissioner may specify on this behalf. Maintenance and repair of roads and footpaths in the village, improving the sanitary condition of the village were done annually. Funds for meeting the expenditure of such works were kept with the Headman of the village. For implementing the Integrated Children Development Scheme the Village Mahila Samity was organised in the village. The Mahila Samity distribute nutritious food like milk power, egg, rice etc. to the children of the village.

According to provisions of the Regulation, 1967, the Governor and such officers appointed by him in this behalf controlled the Gram Panchayats. The Governor or his authorised agents would inspect, supervise and control the performance of the function of the Gram Panchayats. An officer of the Government was ap­pointed by the Governor as Inspector of the Local Works for one or more sub-divisions. The duty of the Inspector of Local Works was to advise in regard to construction or repair works undertaken by the Gram Panchayats. The Gram Panchayats were bound to submit ~nd furnish such statements, estimates and reports as required by him. In all matters of technical details, the Gram Pan­chayats were guided by the Inspector of Local Works. The disputes between an Anchal Samity, which existed at block level and Gram Panchayats or between two or more Gram Panchayats were to be referred to the Gov­ernor, whose decision thereon was final and binding.

When Statutory Panchayats were formed and pro­grammes of community development were entrusted to the Gram Panchayats great stress was laid on the importance of self help. But later on when budget fund were given to the people they engaged labourers for community development works. Panchayats were en­trusted with the responsibilities of looking after commu­nications, schools and other development works in the

village.

83

Voluntary organisation

The traditional village organization knpwn locally as Bhu-blastill exists. All heads of households are members of this organization. It is divided into four groups locally known as 'Thuik', 'Yusir', Thonosa'and 'Ghuiklong'. For conducting village activities the headman assigns duties to the different groups. This organization is based on Buddhist theology and folk religion: Its primary functions are construction and maintenance of religious shrines, Gompa, etc.

The Rajendra Ashram, a voluntary organisation set up under the aegis of the Adimjati Sevak Sangh, Delhi a mentioned of which was made in the 1964 survey report, still exists. It has expanded its activities. It runs a school upto class VI with the provision of hostel facilities for both tribal boys and girls. It runs a shop where variety of articles are sold. The women's organization Tezpurtoo is still functioning in the village. A new organization known as Sherdukpen Socio-Cultural Organization has also been established in the village. It is aSSOCiated with the traditional music and dance of the Sherdukpens.

Political Parties

Antecedence of party politics in Arunachal Pradesh is absent. Party politics is of a recent development and the people of Rupa in particular and that of Arunachal Pradesh, in general have entered the age of politics only recently. The North-East Frontier Agency Panchayat Raj Regulation, 1967 had no doubt laid a political infrastruc­ture in the Agency as the members of the three tier panchayats, the Gram Panchayat, the Anchal Samity and the Zilla Parishad, were to be elected, but e'tection to these bodies were not on party system. It was only in October 1972 that a unit of the Indian National Congress was founded in Arunachal Pradesh., The party was immediately joined by the two nominated members of Parliament form Arunachal Pradesh. 'When the North­East Frontier Agency, which has constitutionally a part of Assam run by the President o(i'ndia through the Gover­nor of Assam acting as his Agent and the latter assisted by an Adviser, was granted the status cjf a Union Territory on 21.1.1972 under the North Eastern Areas (Reorgani­zation) Act, 1971 and rechristened as Arunachal Pradesh from that date, the union .territory was still without a Legislative Assembly. A 30 members Legisla-

tiv~ Asser, lbly was ceremonially inaugurated only on 15-8-1976, the Pradesh Council set up under section 57 of the North-East Frontier Agency Panchayat Raj Regula­tion, 1967 converted into 30 member provisional Assem­bly and the five counsellors apPointed by the Chief Commissioner from among the members of the Pradesh Council (formerly Agency Council) were constituted into an interim 5 member Council of ministers headed by Prem Khandu Thungon, a 29 year old educated young­man belonging to the Sherdukpen tribal community and a Buddhist by religion hailing from Shergaon, a village about 32 kilometres from Rupa. It was only on this day that the people of Arunachal Pradesh achieved a new political status and Thungon himself described the day as a red letter day in the socio-political life of the people of Arunachal Pradesh. When the seat in the Lok Sabha was raised from 1 to 2 in 1975 and provision for filling both the seats by election was made and not by nomination by the President of India as provided earlier under the North Eastern Areas (Reorganization) ACt, 1971, the first ever parliamentary election was held in March 1977. It was in the same month that a Regional Political Party by the name of the People's Party of Arunachal Pradesh came into being. In the 1977 parliamentary election, the people of Rupa did not get the opportunity to exercise their franchise as the Congress nominee was returned unopposed. Even in the first ever Assembly election held in February, 1978, the people o,f Rupa did not get the opportunity to exercise their franchise as Prem Khandu Thungon, their fellow-tribe was returned unopposed as a nominee of the Janata Party. By virtue of his being the leader of a political party commanding the majority of seats in the Assembly, Prem Khandu Thungon, a fellow­tribe of the people of Rupa became the first Chief Minister of properly elected Government in Arunachal Pradesh besides having been a Chil:!f Minister of the interim Government.

Voting behaviour

The people of Rupa get their first ever opportunity to cast their vote only in the Lok Sabha election of 1980. In this election their f&lIow-tribe candidate, Prem Khandu Thungon who had contested the election on Congress (I) ticket after defecting the Janata Party was elected. In the 1984 parliamentary and Assembly election the candi­dates of the Congress (I)'were elected and one of them happen to be a Sherdukpen from Rupa itself. In the

84

election the people appeared to have a pref~rence for an individual irrespective of his party affiliation.

Range of contact with outside world

The 1964 survey makes a mention about the annual winter migration of the Sherdukpen to Doimara and their, trade with the Kacharis of Assam from whom they had procured rice both for consumption in their migration Camp and fortaking to Rupa what was left over. With the improvement in transports, the people of the village were always on the move. They frequently visit Bomdi/a for administrative purpose as well as for marketing. Kalaktang and Itanagar are very often visited for admin­istrative purposes. For marketing they frequently visit Tezpur, Rangapara and other nearby towns in Assam.

. Educated Sherdukpens of Rupa are found working in the office .of the State Government at Shillong, Itanagar, Bomdila etc. The Sherdukpens of Rupa are seen visiting Delhi frequently either on LTC, excursion or on private affairs. Their children are studying in different parts of the states and in various states of the country. Knowledge attitude and opinion about important matters of public interest.

The change and circumstances that has swept the village demands a more extensive, intensive, dynamic and pragmatic approach in research. The Rupa of 1964 was at the threshold of change in various direction. This was because of the growth of knowledge, attitudes, outlook of the general people and their common interest in the developmental activities and services provided by different agencies of the Government and the role the peop(e plays in developmental activities. The matters of major public interest are the activities of the schools, the Panchayat, the politicalleadei'S, the village council and the Gompa.

The people are aware of the happenings in their village and outside. The common mass mostly the poorer sections are unhappywith the activities ofthe Panchayat. One Oak runner while interviewing had reported that we poor people were deprived of the facilit!es meant for us like agricultural loan from the Government while the wealthy and affluent ones were availing all the benefits. The people felt that Panchayat had not taken any interest in improving the sanitation of the village. The people could not derive any benefit from the Panchayat as reported by most of the villagers.

Frontal & Lateral view of a typical Sherdukper. house constructed on raised platfrom with matted roof and wooden plank walls.

PLATE 10

,

". --.. "" -

PLATE 11

An Improvised Bamboo Dwelling Hut.

PLATE 12

A SherduKpen girl carrying fire wood from the forest.

CHAPTERV

CONCLUSION

Rupa spreads and exercises jurisdiction over a vast area 'consisting of 8 hamlets. Three of these hamlets were treat-ed as separate villages in the 1961 Census, another three , in the 1971 Census and another one, in the 1981 Census. The only hamlet which was not treated as a separate village in the 1981 Census was non-existence in 1986, when the survey of the village was conducted. Though all but one hamlet were treated as separate villages in different censuses, the headman of Rupa continues to be the headman of all the hamlets.

Rupa which was a uni-ethnic village in the 1961 Census as well as in the 1964 survey became a mUlti­ethnic village in the 1986 survey. Out of 100 households surveyed in 1986, 87 households belonged to the Sher­dukpen (ST) community, 3, to the Brahmin community, 2, to the Kalita community, one each, to the Kayastha, the Jogi, the Agarwal, the Gorkha, the Rajput, the Kaibartta (SC). and the Dhobi (SC) communities.

The population of Rupa and its 5 hamlets, which were included in the 1964 survey, increased sharply from 422 in 1964 to 1,418 in the 1971 Census accounting a growth rate of 236.02 per ceflt. The population again moderately increased from 1,418 in 1971 to 1,555 in 1981 accounting a growth rate of 9.66 per cent. The population of the 100 households surveyed in 1986 was 568, of which 295 were males and 273, females.

The population of the Scheduled Tribes increased from 422 in 1964 to 754 in 1971 accounting a growth rate of 78.67 per cent. From 754 in 1971, the population decreased to 608 in 1981 accounting a growUlTate of (-) 19.36percent. The population ofthe Scheduled Tribe covered in the 1986 survey was 495 out of which 256 were males and 239, females. All the Scheduled Tribes belong to. the Sherdukpen community.

The sources of drinking water in the village are taps installed in 1974. In 1964 the sources of drinking water were rivers. The village was electrified in 1974 and 178 houses have been electrified. OLit 01 100 households

85

surveyed, 69 households use electrICity for lighting pur­pose of which 56 households belong to the Sherdukpen community. In 1964 kerosene was used for lighting by almost all the households. A post office was opened in the village in 1972. A branch of the State Bank of India started functioning in the village from 1971.

o

In 1986 there were 20 shops at Rupa against 4 in 1964. The pri"1ary school was upgraded as a high school in 1974. Approach roads to two hamlets have been constructed. The Office of Assistant Engineer (ElectriC­ity) and the office ofthe Inspectorof Agriculture have also been opened in the village.

The literacy rate of the population covered in the 1986 survey was 50.70 per cent. That of the males 56.27 per cent and that of the females, 44.69 per cent. The literacy rate in 1964 was 7.11 per cent. That of the males was 13.17 percent and that of the females, 1.38 per cent. The literacy rate according to the 1971 Census was 27.72 per cent. ThiS rate decreased to 22.51 per cent in tM 1981 Census:TM male literacy rate too decreased from 36.79 percent in 1971 to 28.14 percent in 1981. But the female literacy rate increased from 10.14 per cent in 1971 to 15.07 per cent in 1981. Out of a total of 568 persons covered in the survey in 1986, 6 persons, 5 males and 1 female attained Graduate and above as level of education. Those with Higher Secondaryllnter­mediate/Pre-University as level of education were 11 in number, 7 males and 4 females. The number of those with matriculation/secondary as level of education was 20, 16 males and 4 females. Those with middle as level of education numbered 56, 33 males and 23 females. The number of those with primary as level of education was 89, 50 males and 39 females and that of the literates (without educational level) 106, 55 males and 51 fe­males.ln the 1964 survey, the highest educational level attained by 4 persons, all males was middle. The number of those whose educational level was primary was 5, 4 males and 1 female and that of .the literates (without educational level) 21, 19 males and 2 females.

Cultivation continues to be main occupation and the main sources of income of the Sherdukpen though it is not as it was in 1964. In 1986 , 72.12 per cent of the total workers engaged in cultivation against 94.42 per cent in 1964. However, according to the 1971 Census and the 1981 Census, 22.44 percent and 23.88 percent respec­tively of the total workers engaged in cultivation while the percentage of the workers engaged in other works was 76.08 per cent and 75.00 per cent respectively.

Out of 100 households surveyed, only 80 house­holds own land, all belonging to the Sherdukpen commu­nity. The remaining 7 Sherdukpen households and 13 non-tribal households do not own land. Agricultural labour, Trade and Commerce and Service are the sources of economy of those 20 households. The total area of land owned by the 80 households is 114.5 hectares, against 129.8 hectares in 1964. The average size of holding per household is 1.43 hectares against 1.75 hectares in 1964. Transfer of land was not reported by any household owning land. One household reported to have owned apple orchard in the village against nil in 1964. The main occupational diversity is noticed to revolve between cultivation and service.

The village does not have any industry apart from a Saw Mill employing 4 persons and was temporarily closed during the survey on the order of the Deputy Commissioner.

Food form the largest proportion of expenditure of all the 100 households, followed by expenditure on clothings.

Thirteen persons were in debt in 1986 against 2 in

86

1964. The purpose of taking loan by the 13 households is for constructive purposes. Six households, 5 tribal households, reported to have owned motor transport including a motor cycle. The number of motor transport owned are Trucks (4), Cars (2), Jeep (1) and Motor Cycle (1). In 1964, none of the households owned vehicles.

The general housing pattern in the core village ha~ not undergone any change. There has been improve­ment in cooking and serving utensils. While tea was the beverage of the rich Tibetans in 1964, in 1986 many households reported to have made it a habit to take tea daily.

A perceptible change in the dress of the literate males is noticed. Disgarding their traditional dress, the literate males are seen putting on coat, shirt, sweater and trousers. They are also seen putting on shoes made of leather and socks made of nylQn. Many young ladies are seen wearing modern ear-rings, bangles etc. which they could easily purchase from the market of Rupa and even from outside the State.

In fine, the general feel one gets from the restudy of Rupa is that the village has undergone great changes in the field of social, economic, political and infrastructural developments. These changes are also accompanied by a remarkable change in the population structure of the village. Rupa is moving towards progress and urbanism. The Sherdukpen are proud of their fellow tribe being the first Chief Minister of the interim Govemment as well as the properly elected Government of the State. The village is privileged of being represented in the Legislative Assembly by a Sherdukpen hailing from the village itself.

APPENDIX

HOUSEHOLD TABLES BASED ON SURVEY DATA

89

HOUSEHOLD TABLES BASED ON SURVEY DATA

Table Title Page

1. Distribution of population classified by,age, sex and marital status 96

2. Distribution of households classified by distanc'e of place of birth of head of 98 household

3. Distribution of households classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and mother tongue of head of household 99-

4. Distribution of households classified by nuimber of members and age of 100 head of household

5. Distribution of households classified by number of members and migration status and place of birth of head of household 101

6. Distribution of households classified by nl,lmbers of members and migration status and last residence of head of household 102

7. Distribution of households classified by number of members and migration status of the head of household and last residence and duration of stay of any member of the household who has stayed the longest in the present residence 103

8. Distribution of households classified by migration status and place of birth of head of household and composition by sex and age status of members (Minor upto age 14, adult 15 and above) 105

9. Distribution of households classified by nature of relation of members to head of household and migration--status of head of household 106

10. Distribution of households classnied by type and educational level of head of household 107

11. Distribution of households classified by type and occupation of the head of household 109

12. Number of persons by age, sex and who are studying/not studying in educational institutions by caste/tribe and other communities 111

13. Number of persons by age, sex and study is educational institution by migration status as determined by place of birth 114

14. Number of persons by age, sex and study in educational institution by occupation of head of household 115

90

Table Title Page

15. Distribution of households classified by caste/tribe/community of head of household and average educational score 119

16. Distribution of households by occupation of head of household and average educational score 120

17. Distribution of households classified by migration status by place of last residence of head of household and average educational score 122

18. Knowledge of subsidiary language and average educational score 124

19. Distribution of students by course/level/class and age 127

20. Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste/tribe/ community and broad age groups 128

21. Distribution of workers and non-workers by migration status with reference to last residence by broad age group and sex 132

22. Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational level 136

23. Distribution of non-workers by sex, age and type of activity 145

24. Travel Index of persons, males and females of the village classified by religion and caste/tribe/community (Add up maximum distance travelled by all persons, males and females aged 5 and above and divide by the number of persons of the same sex aged 5 and above to determine the travel index) 146

25. Employment status of workers classified by religion and caste/tribe/ community 147

26. Households defaulting in enrolling school going children classified by castel tribe/community of head of household 149

27. Never attendance and discontinuation after ever attendance at children of school going age by age and sex and reason 151

28. Nature of activity of children aged 5-14 who are not attending school classified by caste/tribe/community of head of household 152

29. Age at marriage as related to distance of place of birth from the village 153

30. Age at first marriage as related to present age 155

31. Average age at marriage as related to caste/tribe/community and time of marriage 156

91

Table Title

32. Age at first marriage as related to age at effective marriage and time of marriage

33. Households whose close relations are staying outside the household classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and age of head of house­hold

34. Households whose close relations are staying outside the household classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and state of origin of head of household

35. Households whose close relations are staying outside the household classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and place of last residence of head of household

36. Particulars of close relations staying outside the household classified by occupation of head of household and nature of relation with head of house­hold

37 Particulars of close relations staying outside the household classified by age, marital status and relation to head of household

38. Particulars of close relations staying outside the household classified by educational level and relation to head of household

39. Particulars of close relations staying outside the household classified by occupation and relationship with head of household

40. Number of close relations staying outside the household classified by length of time, reason and relation to head of household

41. Remittances sent by close relations outside the household classified by relationship to head of household and present address

42. Types of houses of selected households classified by religion and caste/ tribe/community of the head of household

43. rlouseholds classified by duration of stay of head of household in present residence and per Gapita floor space

44. Households classified by occupation of head of household and per capita floor space

45. Nature of right, time and cost of construction and valuation of house as related to religion and caste/tribe/community and occupation of head of household '

Page

157

158

159

160

161

163

165

166

167

169

170

171

173

175

92

Table Title Page

46. Year and cost of construction and present value of houses with reference to religion and casteltribe/community of the head of the household 183

47. Distribution of houses by predominant materials of floor, wall, roof and ceiling classified by religion and casteltribe/community of head of the household 184

48. Distribution of houses cross classified by predominant materials of floor and materials of wall and roof 186

49. Households classified by number of members, number of rooms occupied and religion and casteltribe/community of the head of the household 187

50. Availability of amenities classified by occupation of head of household 189

51. Existence of furniture classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and duration of present residence of head of ho~sehold 193

52. Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by religion and caste/tribel community of head of household 195

53. Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by educational level of head of household 197

54. Presence of luxury and costly goods classifed by occupation of head of household 199

55. Important tools and equipments for agriculture and horticulture as related to educational level of head of household 201

56. Amount of marriage payments received by household in case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of mar-riage 203

57. Amount of marriage payment given by household in case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage 205

58. Amount of marriage payment received by household in case of marriage of female classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage 207

59. Amount of marriage payment given by household in case of marriage of female classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage: 209

60. Nature of marriage payment received by household in case of marriage of male classified by occupation of groom 211

93

Table Title Page

6~. Nature of marriage payment given by household in case of marriage of male classified by occupation of groom 212

62. Nature of marriage payment received by household in case of marriage of female by occupation of groom 214

63. i'llature of marriage payment given by household in case of marriage of 'emale by occupation of groom 215

64. Nature of marriage payment received by the household in case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of mar-riage of groom 217

65. Specialfunctionaries as related to time of marriage of person married (male) classified by religion and caste/tribe of head of household 219

66. Particulars of special functionaries in marriage of person (male) by castel tribe and religion of the head of household 221

67. Special functionaries as related to time of marriage of person married (female) classified by religion and caste/tribe of head of household 222

68. Categories of persons from whom ritual objects were obtained during marriage of person (female) classified by occupation and time of marriage 223

69. 'terns of food served to different categories of participants as marriage feast classified by religion and caste/tribe/community of the head of household and time of marriage of person married (male) 224·

70. Items of food served to different categories of participants at the marriage feast classified by religion and caste/tribe/community of the head of house-hold and time of marriage of person married (female) 226

71. Rituals connected with birth of persons classified by religion, caste/tribe/ community and educational level of head of household (male) 229

72. Rituals connected with birth of persons classified by religion, caste/tribe/ community and educational level of head of household (female) 231

73. Inter-generation occupational shift 233

74. Evaluation of Inter-generation shift of occupation classified by religion, casteitribe/or community of informant 239

75. Expectation about occupation of son as related to occupation of informant classified by religion and caste/tribe of the head of the household 242

94

Table Title Page

76. Expectation about occupation of daughter as related to occupation of informant by religion and caste/tribe 245

77. Desirable number of sons and daughters as reported by married persons classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and education 246

78. Practice of family planning measures by religion, caste/tribe and age and sex 248

79. Practice offamily planning measures by religion, caste/tribe, education and sex 250

80. Practice of family planning measures by religion, caste/tribe and Industrial category and sex 251

81. Knowledge about Indian Social legislations as related to religion and caste/ tribe/community and education of informant 252

82. Knowledge about Indian Social Legislations as related to occupation and education of the informant 253

83, Distribution of land (cultivation holding) by nature of terrain and by size-group of holding 255

84. Distribution of households classified by religion, caste/tribe, community possession and size-group of cultivation holdings and number of plots 256

85. Trade and commerce by description classified by religion and caste/tribel cvmmunity of head of household and volume of transaction 257

86. Trade and commerce classified by ownership of cultivation land in and around the village 258

87. Location of shop or trading centre with reference to religion and caste/tribel community of head of household 259

88. Households reporting problems in obtaining loan by source 260

89. Outstanding loan paid back during the year 261

90. Sale of valuable assets during last five years classified by occupation of head of household 262

91. Source of finance for capital expenditure 265

95

Table Title Page

92. Distribution of households with reference to income group and average income from each source in each income group 268

93. Distribution of households with reference to income group, occupation and casteltribe/community of head of the household 271

94. Distribution of households income group and nature of expenditure 274

95. Distribution of households classified by caste/tribe/community and nature of expenditure 277

96

Table 1

I')lstrlbution of population classified by age, sex and marital status

Age groups Never married Married

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 .I!- 5 6 7

0-4 84 44 40

5-9 109 56 53

10-14 77 39 38

15-19 42 25 17 6 5

20-24 20 14 6 22 4 18

25-29 12 6 6 38 15 23

30-34 31 15 16

35-44 4 2 2 49 28 21

45-54 ..31 19 12

55-69 13 9 4

70+

Total 351 189 162 190 91 99

Note: Information on divorced/separated and unspecified status is nil.

97

Table 1 (Contd.)

Distribution of population classified by age, sex and marital status

-Age groups WidowNlidower Total

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

8 9 10 11 12 13

0-4 84 44 40

5-9 109 56 53

10-14 77 39 38

15-19 48 28 22

20-24 42 18 24

25-29 51 22 29

30-34 32 18 16

35-44 5 3 2 58 33 25

45-54 10 8 4 42 28 16

55-89 7 3 4 21 13 8

70+ 4 2 2 4 2 2

Total 27 15 12 568 295 273

Same Village

82

98

Table 2

Distribution of households classified by distance of place of birth of head of household

Other village/urban area in the same circle within distance

Same districl but other circle

Less than 5-9 kms. 10 + kms. Within 10 kms. 10+ kms. 5 kms.

2 3 4 5 6

2 3

Other stlites

Assam Bihar Punjab

Within 50 50+ Within 50 50+ Within 50 50+ kms. kms. kms. kms. kms. kms.

9 10 ~ 1 12 13 14

9 2

Other circle of the district

Within 20 kms.

7

Other country

Nepal

15

20 + kms.

8

Total

16

100

99

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Table 9

Distribution of households classified by nature of relation of member. to head of household and migration status of head of household

Nature of relation of members to head of household

1. Self

2. Self, spouse

3. Self, spouse, unmarried sons and daughters

4. Self, spouse, married son and son's wife with or without ul)married Sons and daughters

5 Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife, with or without unmarried sons and daughters

6. Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife married sons, son's wife with or without unmarried sons and daughters

7. Self (Males), unmarried son/daughter

8. Self (Females), unmarried son/daughter

9. Self, spouse with or without unmarried son/ daughter and widow father

1 Q. Self, spouse with or without unmarried sonl daughter and widowed mother

11. Sel1 (Males), unmarried brother/sister

12. Others (spec~y) selt, spouse, unmarried sons, dauthers and brothers

13. Self (Males), unmarried son, widow brother's wife and unmarried brothers, sons and daughters

14. Self, spouse, widow mother, married aunt, unmarried brother and sons

'Iotal

Number of households where migration status of head of household is

Non-migm: Migrant

2 3

2

41 14

5

6

4

7

1

4 1

6

4 1

1

82 18

Total

4

2

55

5

2

6

4

7

1

5

6

5

100

107

Table 10

D,lstrlbution of households classified by type and educational level of head of household

Type of households Number of households where educational level of head of household is

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Nuclear

Supplemented nuclear

Sub· nuclear

Single Person

Supplemented sub-nuclear

Collateral joint

Supplemented collateral joint

Lineal

Supplemented lineal joint

lineal collateral joint

Supplemented lineal collateral

Other, couple, widow mother, married aunt, unmarried brother and sons

Total

Illiterate

2

26

7

9

2

2

4

1

52

Literate (without educational level)

2

2

6

Note: Information of non-technical diploma and technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree is nil.

Primary

4

7

1

3

1

1

13

108

Table 10 (Contd.)

Distribution of households classified by type and educational leva I of head of household

Type of households Number of households where educational level of head of household Is

Middle Matriculationl Graduate Total Higher Secondary and aoove

5 6 7 8

1. Nuclear 7 i3 2 57

2. Supplemented nuclear 2 12

3. Sub-nuclear 2 15

4. Single Person

5. Supplemented sub-nuclear 3

6. Collateral joint 4

7. Supplemented collateral joint

B. lineal 5

9. Supplemented lineal joint __,. 2

10. Lineal collateral joint

11. Supplemented lineal collateral

12. Other, couple, widow mother, married aunt, unmarried brother and sons

Total 10 16 3 100

Nota: Information of non-technical diploma and technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree is nil.

109

Table 11

Distribution of households classified by type and occupation of the head of household

Occupation of head of household Number of households where type of household is

Nuclear Supplemented Sub-nuclear Single Supplemented Collateral nuclear Person sub-nuclear joint

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Physician

Hea~h Asstt., Nursing Asstt., 2 VLW, Nurse

Pol~ical Interpreter

Teacher 4

Member of Lagislative Assembly

Contractor 2

Clerk 3

Record Keeper/Peon 5

DakRunner 2

Shop Keeper 1

Launderer

Constable

Cultivator 29 9 8 3 2

Saw mill proprietor

Household Industry

Tailor

Carpenter

FItter

Work Inspector 2

Driver 2

Labourer

Total 57 12 15 3 4

110

Table 11 (Contd.)

Occupation of head of household Number of househokls where type of household is Total

Supplem~oted Lineal Supplemen- lineal Supplemen- Others (specify) collateral joint ted lineal collateral ted lineal couple, widow

joint joint collateral mother, married aunt, unmarried brother and sons

1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Physician 1

Health Asstt. Nursing Asstt. VLW, ~

Nurse

Political Interpreter

Teacher 4

Member of Lagislative Assembly 1

Contractor 3

Clerk 3

Record Keeper/Peon 6

Oak-Runner 2

Shop Keeper 3

Launden~r

Constable 1 2

Cultivator 3 1 57

Saw mill proprietor

Household Industry

Tailor

Carpen~r

Fitter

Work Inspector 3

Driver 3

Labourer

Total 5 2 1 100

111

Table 12

Number of Persons by age, sex and who are studying/not studying In educational Institutions by caste/tribe and other community

Name of castel Age groups Total Number studying Number not studying ,tbe/community

Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sherdukpen (S.T.) 5-9 42 44 31 27 11 17

10-14 34 32 29 24 5 8

15-19 22 22 9 11 13 11

20-24 16 23 4 2 12 21

25+ 96 82 95 82

Brahmin 5-9 4 4

10-14

15-19

25+ 2 2 2 2

~ayastha 5-9 2 2

10-14

15-19

25+

:l(alita 5-9 2 2

10-14

15-19

25+ 3 3 3 3

DhobilKaibartta (SC) 5-9 4 4

10-14 S 3

25+ 2 2 2 2

113

Table 13

Number of Persons by age, sex and study In educational Institution by migration status as determined by place of birth

Migration status and Age groups Total Number studying Number not studying

place of birth Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A. Non-migrant 5-9 39 43 30 27 9 16

10-14 34 30 29 23 5 7

15-19 22 22 9 11 13 11

20-24 15 19 4 2 11 17

25+ 90 74 89 74

Total 200 188 73 63 127 125

B. Migrant

I. Born outside 5-9 3 2 the village but In the same taluk 10-14 2 (a), Rural

15-19

20-24 4 1. 4

25+ 8 8 6 8

Total 10 15 9 14

II. Born In other State

1. Assam 5-9 9 5 9 5

10-14 3 3 3 3

15-19 4 4

20-24

25+ 9 10 9 10

Total 25 18 16 8 9 10

114

Table 13 (Contd.)

Number of Persons by age, sex and study In educational institutions by migration status as determIned by place of birth

Migration status and Age groups Total Number studying Number not studying

place of birth Males Females Males Fem':.ties Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 B

2. Bihar 5-9

10-14 2 2 2 2

15-19

20-24

25+ 2 2 2 2

Total 5 5 3 3 2 2 ,

3. Punjab 5-~ 2 2

10-14

15·19

20-24 2 2 1

25+ 4 2 4 2

Total 8 4 2 1 6 3

III. Born in other 5·9 2 2 2 2 country

10·14 1

15·19

20·24

25+

Total 3 3 2 3

Grand Total 251 233 97 79 154 154

115

Table 14

No. of Persons by age sex and study In edl,cational institutions by occupation of head of household

Occupation of head of household Age groups Total No. studying. No. not studying

M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Physician 5-9 1

25+

2. Nursing Asstt.!Health Asstt.! V. FA 5-9 3 2 3 2

10-14 4 4

15-19

25+ 3 4 3 4

3. Political Interpreter 15-19

20-24

4. Teacher 5-9 1 3 1 3

10-14 5 5

20-24

25+ 3 3 3 3

5. Member of Legislative Assemblv 25+ 4 2 4 2

6. Contractor 5-9

10-14 1

15-19

20-24 1 3 3

25+ 3 3

7. Clerk 5-9 4 4

10-14

25+ 3 3 3 3

116

Table 14 (Contd.)

No. of Persons by age, sex and study in educational Institutions by occupation of head of household

Occupation of head of household Age groups Total No. studying No. not studying

M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B. Record Keeper/Peon 5-9 4 4

10-14

15-19 1

20-24 2 2

25+ 7 4 7 4

9. Dak Runner 5-9 2 2

10-14 2

15-19 2

20-24

25+

10. Shop Keeper 5-9 2 2

10-14 4 4

15-19

20-24 3 3

25+ 8 3 .8 3

11. Launderer 5-9 3 3

10-14 2 2

25+ 1

12. Constable 5-9 4 3 4 3

25+ 3 3 3 3

117

Table 14 (Contd.)

No. of Persons by age sex and study In educational Institutions by occupation of head of household

Occupation of head of household Age groups Total No. studying No. not studying

M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

13. Cultivator 5-9 25 27 15 10 10 17

10-14 25 22 21 14 4 B

15-19 19 16 9 8 10 8

20-24 11 15 3 2 8 13

25+ 62 55 61 55

14. Saw Mill Proprietor 15-19 2 2

20-24 2 2

25+ 2 2

15. Household Industry 5-9

25+

1ft Tailor 25+

17. Carpenter 25+ 3 3

18. Fitter 5-9 2 2

10-14 1

25+

19. Works Inspector 5-9 3 3 2 3

10-14 3 3

15·19 3 2

20-24 1

25+ 3 3 3 3

118

Table 14 (Contd.)

No. of Persons by age~. sex and study in educational Institutions by occupation of head of household

Occupation of head of household Age groups Total No. studying No. not studying

M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20. Driver 5-9 2 6 2 6

10-14 2 2

15-19

25+ 5 3 5 3

21. Labourer 5-9 1

10-14

25+

Total 251 233 97 79 154 154

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127

Table 19

Distribution of students by courselJevel or class and age

Course/level and class Age groups Number of students

Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5

. K,G.tPre-Primary 5-9 69 35 34

10-14 13 8 5

15-19

20-24

25+

Primary 5-9 9 5 4

10-14 32 12 20

15-19 12 9 3

20-24

25+ -Middle 5-9

10-14 11 8 3

15-19 13 6 7

20-24 3 2

25+ 1

Secondary 5-9

10-14

15-19 1

20-24 3 2

25+

Total 168 90 78

128

Table 20

Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste/tribe or community and broad age-groups

Caste/triba or community All ages

Workers Non-workers

Parsons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7

Sherdukpen (ST) 206 113 93 284 141 143

Brahmin 2 2 11 7 4

Kayaatha 2

Kalita 4 3 9 4 5

Jogi 1 . 5 2 3

Rajput 3 3

Dhabi (SC) 8 2 6

Kaibartta (SC) 3 2

Agarwal 6 6 Q 3 3

Gorkha 3 3 11 2 9

Total 226 132 94 342 163 179

129

Table 20 (Contd.)

Dlatrlbutlon of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste/tribe or community and broad age-groups

~teltribe or community 0-14 years

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

8 9 10 11 12 13

$herdukpen (ST) 3 3 226 119 107

Brahmin 7 5 2

Kayastha

~lita 7 4 3

Jogi 4 2 2

Rajput 2 2

Ohobi (SC) 7 2 5 ( r , ~ibartta (SC) 2 , ~"

!Agarwal 3 3

~

Oorkha 8 2 6 \ l

Total 3 3 267 139 128

130

Table 20 (Contd.)

Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste/tribe or community and broad age-groups

Caste/tribe or community 15-59 years

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females . Persons Males Females

14 15 16 17 18 19

Sherdukpen (ST) 192 104 88 53 21 32

Brahmin 2 2 4 2 2

Kayastha

Kalita 4 3 2 2

Jogi

Rajput

Dhabi (SC)

Kaibartta (SC)

Agarwal 6 6 3 3

Gorkha 3 3 3 3

Total 212 123 89 70 23 47

13'(

Table 20 (Contd.)

Distribution of workers and non-workers cla·ssifled by, ~~~, , groups

caste/tribe or community and broad age-

Caste/tribe or community 60 + years

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persof1s Males Females

20 21 22 23 24 25

Sherdukpen (ST) 11 9 2 5 4

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kalita .......

Jogi

Rajput

Dhobi (SC)

Kaibartta (SC)

Agarwal

Gorkha

Tota! 11 9 ~ 5 L .::

132

Table 21

Distribution of workers and non-workers by migration status with reference to last residence by broad age-groups and sex

Migration status with Workers and non-workers by age-groups and sex reference to last residence

AU ages

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Fl'lmales Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7

A. Non-migrant (Born 183 102 81 278 135 143 in the same village)

B. Migrant

I. Last residence outside 16 7 9 23 12 11 the village but within the same circle

II. Others circles of the district

Bomdila (R) 4 2 2 3 2

(U) 4 2 2 7 3 4

III. Others districts of the State

1 . Tawang (R) 4 2 2

2. East Kameng (R) 4 4 11 4 7

IV. Other states of the country

1. Bihar 2 2 6 5

2. Haryana 6 6 6 3 3

3. West Bengal 6 6 4 1 3

Total 226 132 94 342 163 179

133

Table 21 (Contd.)

Distribution of workers and non-workers by migration status with reference to last residence by broad age-groups and sex

Migration status with Workers and non-workers by age-groups and sex reference to last residence

0-14 years

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

8 9 10 11 12 13

A. Non-migrant (Born 3 3 226 115 111 in the same village)

B. Migrant

I. Last residence outside 15 10 5 the village but within the same circle

II. Others circles of the district

Bomdila (R)

(U) 6 3 3

III. Others districts of the State

1. Tawang (R) 3 2 1

2. East Kameng (R) 7 4 3

IV. Other states of the country

1. Bihar 4 1 3

2. Haryana 3 3

3. West Bengal 3 1 2

Total 3 3 267 139 128

134

Table 21 (Contd.)

Distribution of workers and non-workers by migration status with reference to last residence by broad age-groups and sex

Migration status with Workers and non-workers by age-groups and sex reference to last residence

15-59 years

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males FAmales Persons Males Females

14 15 16 17 18 19

A. Non-migrant {Born 171 95 76 49 19 30 in the same village}

B. Migrant

I. Last residence outside 15 6 9 6 2 4

the village but within the same circle

II. Others circles of the district

Bomdila (R) 4 2 2 3 2

(U) 4 2 2

III. Others districts of the State

1 . Tawang (R) 1

2. East Kameng (R) 4 4 4 4

IV. Other states of the country

1 . Bihar 2 2 2 2

2. Haryana 6 6 3 3

3. West Bengal 5 5 1

Total :- 212 123 89 70 23 47

135

Table 21 (Contd.)

Distribution of workers and non-workers by migration status with reference to last residence by broad age-groups and sex

Migration status with Workers and non-workers by age-groups and sex reference to last residence

60 + years

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

20 21 22 23 24 25

A. Non-migrant (Born 9 7 2 3 2 in the same village)

B. Migrant

I. Last residence outside 2 2 the village but within the same circle

II. Others circles of the district

Bomdila (R)

(U)

III. Others districts of the State

1. Tawang (R)

2. East Kameng (R)

IV. Other states of the country

1. Bihar

2. Haryana

3. West Bengal

Total 11 9 2 5 4

136

Table 22

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

Mother tongue Educational levels

All levels

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Sherdukpen 206 113 93 288 142 146

2. Bhojpuri 8 2 6

3. Assamese 5 4 1 15 8 7

4. Bengali 4 4 15 8 7

5. Hindi 7 7 8 2 6

6. Nepali 3 3 4 2 2

7. Monpa 4 4

Total 226 132 94 342 164 178

137

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

bihar tongue Educational levels

Illiterate

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

8 9 10 11 12 13

Shardukpen 140 62 78 127 60 67

Bhojpuri 2 2

Assamese 2

Bengali 3 2

Hindi 2 2

Nepali

Monpa 2 2

Total 141 63 78 139 66 73

138

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educatl~nal levels

Mother tongue Educational level

Literate without levl;ll

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

-_. 14 15 16 17 18 19

1. Sherdukpen 13 7 6 76 42 34

2. Bhojpuri 5 1 4

3. Assamese 2

4. Bengali 4 2 2

5. Hindi

6. Nepali 2 1

7. Monpa 2 2

Total 13 7 6 92 47 45

139

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

Mother tongue Educational level

Primary

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

20 21 22 23 24 25

1. Sherdukpen 25 19 6 49 22 27

2. Bhojpuri

3. Assamese 3 2

4. Bengali 6 3 3

5. Hindi 3 3

6. Nepali

7. Monpa

Total 27 21 6 63 28 35

140

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

Mother tongue Educational level

Middle

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

26 27 28 29 30 31

1. Sherdukpen 17 15 2 26 13 13

2. Bhojpuri

3. Assamese 6 4 2

4. Bengali 2 2

5. Hindi 2 2 2 2

6. Nepali

7. Monpa

Total 20 18 2 36 17 19

Mother tonglll'J

1. Sherdukpen

2. Bhojpuri

3. Assamese

4. Bengali

5. Hindi

6. Nepali

7. Monpa

Total

141

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and education<ll levels

Persons

32

5

3

4

3

16

Workers

Males

33

5

2

4

3

15

Educational level

Matriculation/Secondary

Non-workers

Females Persons Males

34 35 36

2

2

4

Females

37

1

2

3

142

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

Mother tongue Educational level

Higher Secondary/Pre-university

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

38 39 40 41 42 43

1 . Sherdukpen 2 7 4 3

2. Bhojpuri

3. Assamese 1

4. Bengali

5. Hindi

6. Nepali

7. Monpa

Total 4 3 7 4 3

143

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

Mother tongue Educational level

Graduate & above

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

44 45 46 47 48 49

1. Sherdukpen 3 3

2. Bhojpuri

3. Assamese

4. Bengali

5. Hindi

6. Nepali

7. Monpa

Total 4 4

144

Table 22 (Contd.)

Workers and non-workers by mother tongue, sex and educational levels

Mother tongue Educational level

Post Graduaterr echnical Degree

Workers Non-workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

50 51 52 53 54 55

1 . Sherdukpen

2. Bhojpuri

3. Assamese

4. Bengali

5. Hindi

6. Nepali

7. Monpa

Total

145

u.. to V .q-~ ...

-c :E II)

ell ..-.E

a. "Of \() LO 1;\1 N

U. (I') co C\I V LO ... V II)

-c:; GI

l' -0 :E (\j Ol C") LO I: y-

"> <II "<t It)

0-

1i <II

III 0

'0 !l.. ,... l"- t") It) 0

Ol y-

II ..... A. >-.. " C III U. 0 C') co co C'? N .-

M ~ t")

= ::J \:)

or -0

'" "0 ::E ~ ..c Ol

CII 10 <II (/I

i ::J

>- 0 .D :J: co co C")

~ a. !Xl C') <'II .....

C')

" .. I» JI! .. 0 • u. "- co .... CIJ en I C co ,.... t: 0 ell C "'0

::I ... W 0 <II ~ <C Ol C") '<t I"-

& r-.. y- Ol

C .2 .. "'5 ::J U. \() '<t <0 (Q

:9 CL. II) V N ,.... .. -• is u.. -.t co C") \() co <£J C') CIJ .q- ell

f? N ,... ,....

~ ~ :E Ol to ll'I C\I fa c C") C") ,... 0 c

10 ~ I"- 01 0 0 co C") N IJ) N

CL. N 0:.0 N N (;I; CIJ

UJ iil 0- w -::J ~ ~ e Q)

Ijll v Ol v O'l Ql Ol Ol >. ,... ":' ":' C") .... IJ) 3 CD ,... , , , , Ol 6 IJ) ~ ~ g ~ 0 < ,... IJ) 0:.0

146

Table 24

Travel index of persons, males & females of the village classified by religion, caste/tribe or community (add up maximum distance travelled by all persons,

males & females aged 5 and above and divide by the number of persons of the same sex aged 5 and above to determine the travel Index)

Religion CastefTribe or community Travel Index

Persons Males Females

2 3 4

HINDUISM

Brahmin 150 150 150

Kayastha 450 900

Kalita 503 528 ~73

Jogi 450 450 450

Agarwal 318 438

Rajput 3,500 3,500 3,500

Dhobi (S.C.) 300 600

Kaibartta (S.C)

Gorkha 38 68

BUDDHISM

Sherdukpen 262 456 53

147

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III ::J :; as .1ij

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c

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~ ·iii a.. III .! u III ... CD

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(/) r:: iii Q) CD o:?: ro C')

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a..

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~ .D «i Q 0 (j) a.. ttl 0iij

~ c: 0 I .::t:: ~ c: ..c «i :liC o ... :::J ::> °E 7ij !l) o_ 0 Cl 1:: (II ~ :5 ..c :5 ~1l C1 0 ..c (II

o~ .lII: a.. Q) ~ !l) >..

«i Ol ttl 0 (5 o~ ::> ..c en ttl ,0 . Ol ..c a: os !Xl (j) I :liC :liC -, « Cl " a:

~ C :::J E e o o ... o CD :e ... --. CD 7ii III (.)

r:: .Q .21

CD ...

-o III ::J -III -(/I -c CD E >-.2 c..

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a: ·s

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(/) <D

Cii E <D u..

(/)

c o (/)

W 0..

(Jl c. o C/) ... (II

c.

N

N

o ..-

co C\I

~ (J)

5 Cl z 5:

148

I·

N

C\I

C\I

ttl .1::

~

...

.....

.~ ""')

149

Table 26

Households defaulting In enrolling school going children classified by caste/tribe/community of head of household

Casteltribel : community of ~ head of household

Sherdukpen (ST)

Kalita

Jogi

Agarwal

Gorkha

Dhobi(SC)

Kalbartta (SC)

Total

No. of households having children of school going age-(5-14)

Male only

2

15

17

Female only

3

19

20

Male & Female both only

4

22

2

1

29

No. of households having only male children of school going age and failing to send them to school

5

9

9

No. of households having only fe'male children of school going age and failing to send them to school

6

10

10

150

Table 26 (Contd.)

Households defaulting In enrolling school going children classified by caste/tribe/community of head of household

Casteltribel No. of house- No. of house- No. of house- No. of house- No. of house- No. of house-community of holds having holds having holds with both holds with holds with holds with head of household both male and both male and male and female male and both mala both male

female children female children children of female and female and female of school going of school going school going children of children of children of age and failing age and failing age and failing school going school going school going to send both to send some to send male age and failing age and failing age and failing to school of the male and children only to send some to send only to send some

female children to school of male female children of the female to school children to to school children to

school school

7 8 9 10 11 12

Sherdukpen (ST) 2 2 3 4

Bhahmin

Kalita

Jogi

Agarwal

Gorkha

Dhobi (SC)

Kaibartta (SC)

Total 2 2· 3 4

c S III Gl .. 'a C III

= 'a C III

Gl til III

>­.Q

CD til III I

til C '0 til

'0 o .l! U III

C GI .. ~ .c u

'0 GI U C III 'a C GI

~ .. GI > GI .. GI .. -III C .2 ... III :::s c :;: c o u !! 'a

'a C ftI

~ C III 'a C GI .. .. III .. ! z

(I)

.... 0 (I) c: > III (1)"0 Z c:

(I)

~

(/) (I)

(ij E (I)

IJ...

(/) (I)

(ij ~

(/) Q) (ij ~

(/) , III

c:~~ Cl Q) ._ 0 .S m "3 ~ _g. a. 0 c: !!!. 0 c: .Q ~ +-' .- ....

(I)

III g C III (I) .... .... 0 III c:

ll...!i2>

.~ a. E .­o..c c: III

8~ W..c

Cl c: .s;: _ III 0

..c 0 - ..c o 0 Z III

III III (I) c: -g ~

III , c III (I) ....

(.,; g B ll.. .SiP c:

151

.,

C\I

o

co

C\I C\I

C") C\I

10

co

10 co o ,...

152

Table 28

Nature of activity of children aged 5-14 who are not attending school classified by caste/tribe/community of head of household

Caste/tribe/ community of the head of household

Sherdukpen (S.T.) fLocal Tribe)

Age-group of children not attending school

2

5-9

10-12

13-14

Total

Nature of activity of children not attending school

Helping to parents Look after the in cUltivation work baby

3 4

4

2

4

6 5

Having no activity

5

24

6

31

153

C\J

C;I) .- en C') C\J .-6 C')

en C\J 0 U') C\J '<t I C\J U') C\J

GI '<t 01 0 0

~ C\J en N Cl C\J C')

"> <'J Q)

CD ~ .s:. ... Q)

E -5 .-0 (ij C\J 0 0 ... d> 00 - ] C') C')

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0 Q)

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CD E J:., I'- 0 0 u (5 .! c. ~ -.~ 0 E

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0 ... "0 • ... C\J IV .-.. 6 U') ... '" III

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co

... III

• CI I/)

II( Q) C') 0 0 0 0 (ij (ij C') to 0 0 to U')

Q) E en ci .- r...: ai Cl Q) C\J <'J !\'J u.. Q) Q)

Clg> ~ .~ I/) to 0 to Q) .... OJ "": 0 to > III

Iii C\J C') M U') ~ E

:::2 '" <'J C\J

ui E -'" <Ii ui ui

(5 U') E E E <Ii c:: -'" -'" -'" E

Q) - !\'J -'" (ij () (5 <Ii -s 0 0 0 + ~ c:: E .- ~ ~ .-!\'J ~..c:: -'" II) Ii> .- .- U') iii !\'J't= II) .- C\J Ci 0.:0

c:: Q) <:::- _j

.-N

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CII "lilt Q ~ eo

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CII Ii» .c .! .. -E 111 ..... 0 1 ~

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154

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155

~ i"'-....

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I .,... .... '0 ex> ... 1J E ...... ::::J T"" N M <0 co ex> <0 ('t) C\! ,..._

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.II

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T"" ..... - CD i III CD

~ 0 .-.. C-

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(I) 0 - Q) ('t)

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Q) ')I ...... 0 M .-III .c co :c III - It) .... N

III iG N

I- (I)

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Q) - 16 III E .. 01 :;: '0 .- N ·co N ...... <0 I to - ... co ...... III ~ (I) E C) :J c( Z ......

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~ It)

CD

11'1 Q)

0 ...... co N It) N 0 M Q) "iii C! 0 C! O'l It) 0 M O)Q) E cO cO c) N r-..: r-..: It! 01 It) O'l (I) .!1!. Q) .... .... .,.... .... N C\! .... .... 0) .... U. lIS ... ... It!

~i 11'1 (I) 0 0 co M C') N ('t) 0

16 N 0 L() ""': It) ...... ...... co Ll:! ::E r-..: c) .- C") C") -.i ai .,.... N N N N C\! N N

(I)

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co c: ... c: '<t 01 ..,. ..,. O'l ...,. (5 ... .... + (I) lIS ~ ')I ')I "? ...,. u;> t9 I-11'1 0 It)

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'0 ~ N N C') M ...,. <0

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156

(/)

Cii Q)

>- .. ll'l

(J) ll'l ll'l c:

-5 ~

(/) Q)

ro E ~ 2 C\l ""0

Q)

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Cii N Q) E J, Ol a:s (jj ... > ... w c a:s C\l E -5 ~

~ C\l r---- <.D N C') C') N - -~ Q) (J) T""

0 ~

>-0

CD W C')

E -" ~ c C\l a:s Q)

>-~ ll'l

<.D C oS; :::J

E -5 E 3 0

(/) () -- Q)

CD <ii .0 E ... ~

T"" - ""0 C\l -- Q) Q) M CII - -;:: >-.

(/) Cii m ll'l • C') C') C') N <.D

Q.l C'G (J) 0

.0 U E ~ 1Il Q; ll'l I- 0 > - W

"C CD c: - C\l 1Il .1:: ~ CII -... ~ C\l -q- C') C') C') C\I <.D

:21 Q.l (J) 0 (/) >-. 1Il Cii 0'

w C')

CD Ol 1Il ... Q) (/)

ll'l 0 0 0 0 C') 0 0 0 0 ... O'l Q) 1Il C\l ro N ~ 0 ll'l 0 M 0 ~ 0 0

E· -;:: 0) 0) r--: r--: 0) cD ui 0 Cii E .- .-

Q) N N N N N - E LL. 1Il

CD ro

Ol Q)

as rn C\l

CD Q)

Ol rn Ul a:s ~ Q) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... Q) ro "': 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD > <Xi cD r--: ui 0) M ..,f > « ::2 ex> <t N N N N N N N N

;::::-~ Q

(D c: ~ .£ Q) Q _o a. C\l C\l .;:: c: .::.:: ~ E .S; .c ro , ~ ::l (i) C\l

Q) E E ~ +-' .c "E :.0 C\l C\l .~ ::l

(i) E Q.l 0 _o .c >-. C\l a. ~ ro

C\l .c .c 'iii C\l C\l ro rn Ol 'iii" 0 ~ 0 cD 0

0 u CI) 0 ~ ~ ~ -, « II (.!)

Age at first marriage

Below 10

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35+

Age not stated

Total

157

Table 32

Age at first marriage as related to age at eff(!ctive marriage and time of marriage

Number of ever marrfed

Average age at effective marriage of ever married males who married

Average age at effective marriage of ever married females who married

Males Females 30 years 15-29 years within 15 years 30 years 15-29 years within 15 years

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 14.00 14.00

22 56 18.00 18.00 16.72 16.72

49 37 21.86 21.86 21.06 21.06

21 12 26.52 26.52 26.50 26.50

12

2

106 111

158

Tabl. 33

Households whose close relations ara staying outside the houlehold cla.slfled by ,.IIglon and caste/tribe or community and age of head of houllhold

Religion, castel Total No. Number of households whose close relations are staying outside and where age group tribe or commu- of house- of head of household is nity holds

Below 25 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-44. years 45-59 years 60 + year's

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

BUDDHISM Sherdukpe (ST) 60 2 7 11 17 17 6

HINDUISM Kayastha 1

Kalita 2

Jogi

Agarwal 1

Dhobi (SC)

Kaibartta (SC)

Gorkha 2 2

Rajput

Total 70 2 7 16 20 19 6

159

Tabl. 34

HOUI.holdl whole cloll relatlonl arl staying outside the household classified by religion and clltl/trlbe/communlty and state of orlglon of head of household

Religion and casteltrlbe/ community

BUDDHISM Sherdukpan (ST)

HINDUISM KaYl8tna

Kallta

Jogi

Agarwal

Kalbortta (SO)

Ohobl (SO)

Gorkha

Rajput

Total

Total No. of house· holds

2

60

1

2

2

70

Number of households whose close relations are staying outside and where head of housahold belongs to

Within the state Assam Bihar Haryana Other countries-Nepal

3 4 5 6 7

60

2

.....

60 6 2

160

Table 35

Households whose close relations are staying outside the household classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and place of last residence of head of household

Religion, castel tribe/community of the head of

household

BUDDHISM Sherdukpen (S.T.)

HINDUISM Kayastha

Kalita

Jogi

Agarwal

Kabartta (S.C)

Dhabi (S.C)

Rajput

Gorkha

Total

Tot 2.1 number of households

2

60

2

2

70

Number of households whose close relations are staying outside the classified by religion, casteltribe household or community and place of last reside nco of head of household is

Within the same State

3

60

2

2

67

Other states of the country

Bihar Haryana

4 5

2

c o ;: I'll -; .. -o GI .. ::I .. I'll C

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= :I o .c -o "CI I'll CD .c .. o c .2 .. I'll a. :l

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161

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= J :J o .c (I) .c -ell 'C "iii -::::I o en c >. ; III C o :; .! GI ....

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163

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164

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_c - "C ~ .;: Q)

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166

Table 39

Particulars of close relations staying outside the household classified by occupation and

relationship with head 01 household

Nature of occuptation Number of close relations staying outside who are related to head of household

Father Mother Husband Wife Son Daugh~er Brother Sister

2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9

Nurse

Interpreter

Secretary Trade Union

Constable 2

Cultivator 11 9 3 7 4

Casual Labour

NON·WORKERS

(a) Study 49 12 14 6

(b) Look after property 3 6 4

(c) Household duties

(d) Dependent 6 2 2

Total 17 22 3 56 13 24 13

167

Table 40

Number of ,CIOIl relaUona stayfng outside tile household classified by length of tim., rea80n and relation to head of household

Relation 10 Number of close relations staying outside for head of household Less than 1 year 1-4 years

Reason· Reason

Study Service Cultivation Dependant Cultivation Study Service Lookafter properly

2 3 .. 4 5 6 7 8 9

Father (17) 1

Mother (22) 4

Son (56) 2 38

Daughter (13) 9

Brother (24) _8-

Sister (13) 2

HUiband (3) 3 -'-

wne (1).

Total 3 4 2 1· 2 57 2 6

168

Table 40 (Contd.)

Number of close relaUons staying outside the household classified by length of time, reason and relation to head of household

Relation to Number of close relations stay~ng outside for head of household 5-9 y-&aFS 10-19 years ,20 + years

Reason Reason Reason

~ervica Study Curti- Depsn- Look after Study Service Culti- SGrvice Culti- Oepe- House- Study vation dent property vation vatlon dent hold

duty

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Father (17) 6 2 2 3

Mother (22) 4 2 2 6

Son (56) 2 9 2

Daughter (13) - 2

Brother (24) 4 5 2 2

Sister (13) 4 4

Husband (3)

Wife (1)

Total 2 19 21 3 4 1 2 2 7 7 2

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i

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170

Table 42

Types of houses of selected households classified by religion and caste/tribe/community of head of household

Religion and caste/tribe/community of head of the household

HINDU

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kalita

Rajput

Agarwal

Jogi

Gorkha

HINDU-SCHEDULED CASTE

Kaibartta

Dhobi

BUDDHIST -SCHEDULED TRIBE

Sherdukpen

Total

Number of households

2

2

3

2

87

100

Number of households having

Separate houses with com!->vulI ...

3

2

3

38

48

Separate houses without compound

4

49

52

171

Tabl. 43

Households classified by duration of stay of he.d of household in present residence and per capita floor space

Duration of stay Total Per capita floor space

No. of No. of 1 or less than 2-3 sq. mtr. 4-5 sq. mtr. house· memo one sq. mtr. holds bers

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of house- mem- house- mem- house- mem-holds bers holds bers holds bers

2 3 4 5 6 -7 8 9

Less than 1 year 2 13

1-4 years 8 39 4

5-9 years 5 27

10-19 years 7 40 5

.20+ years 78 449 3 12

Total 100 568 4 4 17

172

Table 43 (Contd.)

Households classified by duration of stay of head of household In present residence and p1H capita floor space

Duration of stay

less than 1 year

1-4 years

5-9 years

10-19 years

20+ years

Total:

6-9 sq. mtr.

. No. of households

10

2

10

12

No. of members

11

10

46

56

Per capita floor space

10-15 sq. mtr .

No. 01 houseLolds

i '2

9

12

No. of members

13

6

4

12

57

79

16+ sq. mtr.

No. of households

14

6

5

3

56

71

No. of members

15

7

31

27

13

334

412

173

Table 44

Households classified by occupation of head of household and per capita floor space

Occupation of Total Per capita floor space head of the household No. of No. of 1 or less than 2-3 sq. mtr. 4-5 sq. mlr.

house- mem- one sq. mtr. holds bars

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of house- mem- house- mem- house- mem-holds bers hold bars holds bers

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Physician 4

Nursing Assistant, Health Asstt., V.F.A. 4 18

Village Level Worker 2

Teacher 4 16 4 2

Member of Legislative Assembly 7

Contractor 3 16

Clerk 3 13

Peon, Record Keeper 6 30

Oak Runner 2 9

Shop Keeper 3 21

Launderer 9

Constable 2 11

Cultivator 57 337 2 10

Saw Mill Proprietor 5

Household Industry 3

Tailor 4

Carpenter 9

Fitter 6

Work Inspector 3 23

Driver 3 20

Labour 5 5

Total 100 568 4 4 17

I

174

Table 44 (Contd.)

Households classified by occupation of Head of Household and per capita floor space

Occupation of head of the

Per capita floor space

household 6-9 sq. mtr. 10-15 sq. mtr. 16+ sq. mtr.

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of households members households members households members

10 11 12 13 14 15

Physicion 4

Nursing Assistant.

Health Asstt., V.F.A. 4 18

Village Level Worker 2

Teacher 2 10

Member of Legislative Assembly 7

Contractor 4 2 12

Clerk 3 13

Peon. Record Keeper 3 4 4 23

Oak Runner 4 5

Shop Keeper 2 16 5

Launderer 9

Constable 6 5

Cultivator 7 34 7 51 41 242

Saw Mill Propitor 5

Household Industry 3

Tailor 4

Carpenter 9

Fitter 6

Work Inspector 3 23

Driver 3 20

Labour

Total 12 56 12 79 71 412

l

175

Table 45

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to religion caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, caste/tribe Occupation of No. of households Households whose houses or community of the head of household whose nature of were constructed at head of household right over house is

0-4 yrs.

Govt. quartor Rented Owned No. Average cost Rs.

2 3 4 5 6 7

BUDDHISM

Shesrlukpen (ST) Doctor 15,000

Nurse!V.F.A.

V.L. W.lPolitical 2,000 Interpreter

Teacher 4,500

M.L.A.

Contractor 3 2 6,000

Peon 4 2 3,250

Oak Runner 2

Shop Keeper

Laundry Business

Constable 2 7,000

Cultivator 2 54 15 11,547

Saw Mill Business

Household Industry

Tailor 1 7,000

Carpenter

Work Inspector

Driver

Casual Labour

176

Table 45 (Contd.)

of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to religion, caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, caste/tribe or community of the head of household

HINDUISM

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kalita

Jogi

Agarwal

Kalbartta

Gorkha

Rajput

Buddhism

Occupation of head of household

No. of households whose nature of right over house is

Govt. quarter Rented

2 3 4

L.D.C.

Work Inspector

U.D.C.

Teacher 2

L.D.C.

Record Keeper

Shop Keeper

Health Assistant

Work Inspector

Driver

Shop Keeper

Fitter

Total 14 8

Owned No.

5 6

78 32

Households whose houses were constructed at

0-4 yrs.

Average cost Rs.

7

35,000

30,000

5,000

42.000

8,000

10,000

12,000

40,000

177

Table 45 (Contd.)

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to religion caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, caste/tr'ibe Occupation of Households whose houses were constructed at or community of the head of household head of household 5-9 yrs. 10-19 yrs. 20+yrs.

No. Average No. Average No. Average, cost Rs. cost Rs. cost Rs.

2 B 9 10 11 12 13

BUDDHISM

Shesdukpen (ST) Doctor

NurseIV.F.A. 1,800 2 1,800

V.L.W./Political Interpreter

Teacher 2,000

M.L.A. 1 1,50,000

Contractor 15,000

Peon 2 3,250 5,300

DakRunner 1,000 4,500

Shop Keeper 12,000

Laundry Business 400

Constable 10,500

Cultivator 8 3,025 23 5,263 11 4,030

Saw Mill Business 1,000

Household Industry 2,000

Tailor

Carpenter 1,25,000

Work Inspector 1,000

Driver 18,000 4,900

Casual Labour 1 7,000' -

178

Table 45 (Contd.)

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to religion, caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, caste/tribe Occupation of Househol(ls whose houses were constructed at or community of the head of household head of household 5-9 yrs 11")-19 yrs. 20+yrs.

No. Average No. Average No. Average cost Rs. cost Rs. cost Rs.

2 8 9 10 11 12 13

HINDUISM

Brahmin L.D.C. 45,000

Work Inspector

Kayastha U.D.C.

Kalita Teacher 8,000

L.D.C.

Jogi Record Keeper

Agarwal Shop Keeper 12,000

Kaibartta Health Assistant

Gorkha Work Inspector

Driver

Rajput Shop Keeper 4,000

Buddhism Fitter 4,000

Total 15 38 15

179

Table 45 (Contd.)

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation o"ll1ouses as related to religion, caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, Occupation No. of households whose houses currently valued casteltribe of head of orcommu- household VallJe-1 Value-2 Value-3 Value-4 Value-5 Value-6 nhy of the Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. head of 1,000 3,001 6,001 9,001 15,001 21,001 household to to to to to to

3,000 6,000 9,000 15,000 21,000 33,000

2 14 15 16 17 18 19

BUDDHISM

Snerdukpen Doctor (S1)

Nurse/V.F.A.

V.L.W.lPolitical Interpreter

Teacher

M.L.A.

Contractor

Peon 2

Oak Runner 1 1

Shop Keeper

Laundry Business

Constable 2

Cultivator 12 11 12 7 3 3

Saw Mill Business

Household Industry

Tailor 1

Carpenter -

Work Inspector

Driver

Casual labour

180

Table 45 (Contd.)

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to rellglon, caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, caste/tribe orcommu­nity of the head of household

HINDUISM

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kalita

Jogi

Agarwal

Kaibartta

Gorkha

Aajput

Buddhism

Occupation of head of household

2

L.D.C.

Work Inspector

U.D.C.

Teacher

L.D.C.

Aecord Keeper

Shop Keeper

Health Assistant

Work Inspector

Driver

Shop Keeper

Fitter

Total

Value-1 Value-2 As. As.

1,000 3,001 to to

3,000 6,000

14 15

No. of households whose houses currently valued

Value-3 Value-4 Value-5 Value-6 As. As. As. As.

6,001 9,001 15,001 21,001 to to to to

9,000 15,000 21,000 33,000

16 17 18 19

181

Table 45 (Contd.)

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to reJlglon, caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, Occupation No. of households whose houses currently valued casteltribe of head of orcommu- household Value-7 Value-S Value-9 Value-10 Value-11 nhy of the Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. head of 33,001 45,001 75,001 1,25,001 3,00,000 household to to to to &

45,000 75,000 1,25,000 2,99,999 avobe

2 20 21 22 23 24

BUDDHISM

Sherdukpen Doctor (ST)

NurseIV.F.A.

V.L.W.lPolitical Interpreter

Teacher

M.L.A. ,

Contractor . .,.

Peon -+

Oak Runners

Shop Keeper

Laund~v Business

Constable

Cultivator 5 3

Saw Mill Business

Household Industry -

Tailor

Carpenter

Work Inspector

Driver

Casual labour

182

Table 45 (Contd.)

Nature of rights, time and cost of construction and valuation of houses as related to religion, caste/tribe or community and occupation of head of household

Religion, casteltribe orcommu­nity of the head of household

HINDUISM

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kalita

.. Jogi

Agarwal

Kaibartta

Gorkha

Rajput

Buddhism

Occupation of head of

. household

2

L.D.C.

Work Inspector

U.D.C.

Teacher

LD.C.

Record Keeo"'f

Shop Keeper

Health Assistant

Work Inspector

Driver

Shop Keeper

Fitter

Total

Value-? Rs.

33,001 to

45,000

20

11

No. of households whose houses currently valued

Value-8 Value-9 Value-10 Value-11 Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

45,001 75,001 1,25,001 3,00,000 to to to &

75,000 1,25,000 2,99,999 aviobe

21 22 23 24

183

Table 46

/Year and cost of construction and present value of houses with reference to religion, caste/tribe or community of the head of household

Religion, casteltribe or Time of Total number of houses Average cost of Average value per community construction construction house at present

per house (in Rs.) (in Rs.)

2 3 4 5 -. BUDDHISM

Shardukpen (ST) 4 years & less 24 4,583 11,112

5-9 years 23 9,052 11,043

10-19 years 36 8,902 21,119

20-39 years 3 20,150 61,633

40+ years i 1,000 6,000

HINDUISM

Dhabi (SCI 10-,:9 years 1 400 1,200

Gorkha 4 years & lass 2 26,000 27,000

Brahmin 4 years & less 1 35,000 40,000

5-9 years 1 45,000 72,000

Kayastha 4 years & less 1 30,000 40,000

Kalita 4 years & less 2 23,500 25,000

10·19 years 8,000 16,000

Jogi 4 years & less 1 a,ooo 15,000

Agarwal 5·9 years 1 12,000 20,000

Kaibar2ta (SC) 4 years & less 10,000 15,000

Rajput 10-19 years 4,000 8,000

184

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Table 51

Existence of furniture classified by religion, caste/tribe/community and duration of present residence of head of households

Religion, Duration Total No. of No. of Number of households having casteltribel of present households households community residence having no Chair Table Diwan Cot Newar Sofa of the head furniture cot of household

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8' 9 10

BUDDHISM

Sherdukpen less than 1 year (S.T.) 1-4 years

5+ years 84 54 63 2 70 16

HINDUSIM

Brahmin less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Kayashta Le~s than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Kalita less than 1 year 1-4 years 2 2 2 2 5+ years 1

Agarwal Less than i'year 1-4 years 5+ ye~rs

Jogi Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Rajput Less than 1, year 1-4 years 5+ years

DhobV Less than 1 year Kaibartta (SC) 1·4 years 2 2

5+ years

Gorkha Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Total 99 65 74 5 85 2 17

194

Table 51 (Contd.)

existence of furniture classified by religion, caste/tribe/community and duration of present residence of head of household

Religion, DUration Number of households having casteltrlbel of present community residence Pirah Almirah Bench Stool Meat Dining Mat Murah of the head ~afe Sets of household

1 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

BUDDHISM

Shardukpen Less than 1 year (S.T.) 1-4 years

5+ years 72 10 19 2 8 2

HINDUSIM

Brahmin Less than 1 year 1-4 years

·5+ years

Kayashta Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Kalila Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Agarwal Less than 1 year '1--4 years 5+ years

Jogi Less than 1 year 1-4 years 5+ years

Rajput Less than 1 year -1-4 years 5+ years

DhabI! Less than 1 year Kaibartta (SO) 1-4 years -

5+ years

Gorkha Less than 1 year 1-4 years -5+ years

Total 73 11 19 2 2 8 S

195

Table 52

Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by religion and caste/tribe/community of head of household

Religion and Total No. of households Number of households possessing caste/tribe/ number naving no lUxury community of households and costly goods Wrist Table Radio Camera

watch clock

2 3 4 5 6 7

HINDUISM

Brahmin 2 2

Kayastha

Kalita 3 3 3

Jogi

Agarwal

Rajput 1

Gorkha 2 2 2

Kaibartta 1SC) 1 1

Dhabi (SC)

BUDDHISM

Sherdukpen 87 17 64 3 32 4 (ST)

Total 100 18 76 3 42 5

196

Table 52 (Contd.)

Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by religion and caste/tribe/community of head of hou.ehold

Religion and Number of households possessing caste/tribel community Other (specify)

Record Player Sewing machine Taprecord T.V. Car Wall Clock Gun Truck Jeep Bicycle

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

HINDUISM

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kalita

Jogi

Agarwal

Rajput

Gorkha

Kaibartta (SC)

Dhobi (SC)

BUDDHISM

Sherdukpen 8 2 17 (S1)

Total 3 3 11 2 2 17 2

197

Table 53

Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by educational level of head of household

Educational Total No. of households Number of households possessing level of head number having no lUxury of household of households and costly goods Wrist Table Radio Camera

watch clock

2 3 4 5 6 7

Illiterate 52 17 29 12

Literate without educational level 6 5

Primary 13 13 7

Middle 10 10 2 ·6 2

Metriculation! 16 16 13 Secondary

Non-teachnical . diploma or certificate not equal to degree

Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree

Graduate and 3 3 3 above

Total 100 18 76 3 42 5

198

Tabl, 53 (Contd.)

Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by educational level of head of household

Religion and Number of households possessing castaltribel community Other (specify)

Record Player Sewing machine Taprecord Truck Car Jeep T.V. Gun Wall Clock Bicycle

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

lIIiterata 3 10

Literate without educational level 2

Primary 3 2

Middle 2 3

Metriculationl 3 2 2 Secondary

Non"teachnical diploma or certificate not aqual to degree

Technical dipiomaor certificate not equal to degree

Graduate and above

Total 3 3 11 2 2 2 17 1

199

Tabla 54

Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by occupatlon of head of household

Occupation Total number No. of households Number of households possessing of head of the of househo'!ds ·having no luxry household and costly goods Wrist Table Radio Gramo- Camera

watch clock phone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Doctor 1 1 1 1

N:.Jlsing Assistant! 4 4 4 Heabh Assistant

Village level worker 1

Junior Teacher 4 4 4

M.LA. 1 1

Contractor 3 3 2 1

Clerk 3 3 -"2

Record Keepar/Peon 6 5 3

Oak Runner 2 2 1

Shop Kaeper/Buslness 3 3 3

Laundry business 1

,Constable 2 2 2

Cultivator 57 15 37 14

Saw'mill busIness 1 2 2 1

, Household Industry 1

Tailor 1 1

Carpenter 1 1

Fittar

Works Inspector 3 2

Driver 3 3 2 2

CllUaI Labour 1 1

Total 100 18 76 3 42 5

200

Table 54 (Contd.)

Presence of luxury and costly goods classified by occupation of head of household

Occupation Number of households possessing of head of the household Others (Specify)

Record Sewing Tap Truck Car Jeep T.V. Gun Wall Bicycle Player machine record clock

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Doctor

Nursing Assistant/ Health Assistant

Village level worker

Junior Teacher

M.L.A.

Contractor 2

Clerk 2 2

Record Keeper/Peon

Oak Runner

Shop Keeper/Business 1 2

Laundry business

Constable

Cultivator 2 14

Saw Mill business

Household Industry

Tailor

Carpenter

Fitter

Works Inspector

Driver 2

Casual labour

Total 3 3 41 2 2 2 17

201

Table 55

Important tools and equlpments for agriculture/horticulture as related to educational level of head of household

Educational level Total No. of Number of households using of head ot' household Number of households

households owning land Dao Axe Rake Morter & Pestle

2 3 4 5 6 7

Illiterate 52 49 49 49 15 9

L~erate without educational 6 6 6 6 level

Primary 13 12 12 12

Middle 10 9 9 9 2

Matriculate/Secondary 12 2 2 2

Higher Secondary! 4 1 Intermedlatel Pre-University

Post Graduate degree , other than Technical degree

Degree & above 2

Total 100 80 80 80 18 12

202

Tlbl. 55 (Contd.)

Important tool. Ind equlpm.nte for .grlculture/horlleulturt .. r.llt.d to .due.tlonll l.v.1 of head of houllhold

Educationaillvel Numb.r of houllholdt utlng of head of household

Sickle HOI Spade Plough Grinding Stone

B 9 10 11 12

illiterate 49 43 49 21 4

Literate without 6 2 6 educational level

Primary 12 12 8 2

Middle 9 5 9 2

Matriculate/Secondary 2 2 2

Higher Secondary/ Intermediate' Pre-University

Post Graduate degree other than Technical degree

Degree & above

Total 80 66 76 25 5

203

Tlbll 58

Amount of marrlag. paym.nt r.cllv.d by hou'lhold In e .. 1 of marrllg. of mall cl .. alfl.d by religion and caatl/trlb./communlty and time of marrlag.

Religion, castel Number of households receiving In caah or caah value during marriage of male held at tribe/community

Less than 5 years 5·9 years

Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment range range range range range range Rs.2oo· RS.501· Rs.1001· Rs.200· Rs.501· RS.1001· 500 1000 & above 500 1000 & above

2 3 4 5 8 i

HINDU

Brahmin

Kalila

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kalbartta (SO)

Gorkha

Dhobl (SO)

RaJput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST) 2 3 3 3 8 4

Total 2 6 3 3 6 5

204

Table 56 (Contd.)

Amount of marriage payment received by household in case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage

Religion, caste/ Number of households receiving in cash or cash value during marriage of male held at tribe/community .

10-19 years 2(j-39 years

Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment range range range range range range Rs.200- RS.501- RS.1001- Rs.200- As. 501- Rs. 1001-500 1000 & above 500 1000 & above

8 9 10 11 12 13

HINDU

Brahmin

Kalita 2

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kaibartta (SC)

Gorkha

Dhabi (S;:)

RaJput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST) 5 12 3 2 9 17

fatal 5 17 7 2 9 17

205

Table 57

Amount of marriage payment given by household In case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage

Religion castel Number of households gave in cashlcash value during marriage of male held at tribe/community

Less than 5 years 5-9 years

Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment range range range range range range Rs.200· Rs.501- Rs.1001- Rs.200- Rs.501- RS.1001-500 1000 & above 500 1000 & above

2 3 4 5 6 7

HINDU

Brahmin

Dhobi (SC)

Kalita

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kaibartta (SC)

Gorkha

Rajput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST) 2 3 J 3 6 4

.. Total .2 6 3 3 6 5

206

Tlbl. 57 (Oontd.)

Amount of mlrrla". paym.nt alven by hou •• hold In ca •• of mlrrla". of mal. cl ... lfl.d by r.llglon Mnd calt,/trlb./communlty and tim. of mlrrll,,'

Religion, castel Number of households glv. In ca.h/ca.h value during marriage of mal. held at tribe/community

10·19 years 20·39 years

Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment range range range range range range Rs.200· Rs.501· RS.1001· Rs.200· Rs.501· Rs. 1001 500 1000 & above 500 1000 & above

a 9 10 11 12 13

HINDU

Brahmin ,1

Dhobl (SO)

Kall!a 2

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kalbart!a (SO)

Gorkha

RaJput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST) 5 12 3 2 9 17

Total 5 17 7 2 9 17

201

Table 58

Amount of marrIage payment received by houe.holCi In elle of marriage of flmale cla.alfled by religIon and caete/trlb./communlty and tim. of marrlag.

Religion, castal tribe/community

Number of houllhold. rec.lvlng In ca.h or ca.h value during marriage of female hald at

L ••• than 5 year. 5·9 year.

Payment Payment Payment Payment range range range rang. R •. 200· R •. 10(l1· RI.200· RI,1oo1-1000/- & above 1000/· 81 above

2 3 4 5

HINDU

Brahmin

Kallta

Kaya8tha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kaibartta (SO)

Gorkha

Dhobi (SO)

Rajput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (STl 8 3 8 3

Total 8 6 9 4

208

Table 58 (Contd.)

Amount of marriage payment received by household In case of marriage of fem~ ",' classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage

Religion, castel tribe/community

Number of households receiving in cash or cash value during marriage cif t(.!male helr1 at

10-19 years 20-39 years 40+ years

Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment

range range range range range range Rs.200- Rs.1001- below Rs.200- RS.1001- RS.200-1000 & above 200 1000 & above 1000

6 7 8 9 10 , 1

HINDU

Brahmin

Kalita

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kalbartta (SO)

Gorkha

Dhobl (SO)

RaJput

BUDDHIST

Shardukpen (ST) 13 7 12 5 4

Total 16 11 13 5 4

209

Table 59

Amount of marriage payment given by household In case of marriage of female classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage

Religion, castel tribe/community

HINDU

Brahmin

Kalita

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jogi

Kaibartta (SC)

Gorkha

Dhobi (SC)

Rajput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST)

Total

Number of households which gave in cash/cash value during marriage of female held at

Less than 5 years 5-9 years 10-19 years

Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment Payment range range range range range range Rs.200- Rs. 1001· Rs.200- Rs.1001- Rs.200- Rs. 1001 1000 & above 1000 & above 1000 & abovt1

2 3 4 5 6 7

2

7 2 11 2 14 5

7 5 12 3 17 9

210

Table sa (Contd.)

Amount of marriage payment given by hous_,hold In case of marriage of female classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage

Religion, castel Number of households which g~ve in cashlcash value during marriage of female held at tribe/community

20-39 years 40 + years

Payment Payment Payment ~ayment Payment range range range range range below Rs.2oo- RS.1001· below Rs.200-Rs.200 1000 & above Rs.200 1000

8 9 10 11 12

HINDU

Brahmin

Kalita

Kayastha

Agarwal

Jagi

Kaibartta (SC)

Gorkha

Dhabi (SCl

Rajput

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST) 1 15 3 3

Total 16 3 3

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217

Table 64

Nature of marriage payment received by household In case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and time of marriage of groom

Time of marriage Number of grooms belonging to-

Religion: Hindu

Brahmin Kayastha Kalita Jogi Agarwal Rajput

Kind only Kind only Kind only Kind only Kind only Kind only

2 3 4 5 6 7

Less than 5 years -

5-9 years

10·19 years 2 2

20·39 years

40+ years

Total 2 3 2

218

Tabl. 64 (contd.)

Nature of marriage payment received by household In case of marriage of male classified by religion and caste/tribe/community and tlma of marriage of groom

Time of marriage Number of grooms belonging to

Religion: Hindu

Gorkha S.C. Kaibartta S.C. Dhobi

Kind only Kind only Kind only

8 9 10

Less than 5 years

5-9 years

10-19 years

20-39 years

40 + years

Total

Remarks

Religion: Buddhist

~.T. Sherdukpen

Kind only

11

8

13

20

28

69

12

Since there is no data regarding the items­Service only. Cash and kind, cash & service, kind & service, and cash, kind & service, the same are not shown against each religion, caste/tribe/community In the table.

219

Table 65

Special functionaries as related to time ·'of marriage of persons married (Male) classified by relglon and caste/tribe of head of household

e of marriage person married

~ r

bas than 5 years

5-9 years

10-19 Years

20-39 years

40 + years

Total

Caste Brahmin

Special functionary

Brahmin priest

2

Number of marriages where the head of the household belongs to-

Religion: Hindu

Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Kayastha Kalita Jogi Agarwal Rajput

Special Special Special Special Special functionary functionary functionary functionary functionary

Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin priest priest priest priest priest

3 4 5 6 7

2

2 3

220

Table 65 (Contd.)

Special functionaries as related to time of marriage of persons married (Male) classified by relglon and caste/tribe of head of household

. Time of marriage Number of marriages where the head of the household belongs to-

Religion: Hindu Buddhist

SC SC Gorkha S. T. Sherdukpen Dhabi Kaibartta

Special Special Special Special Special functionary functionary functionary functionary-1 functionary-2

Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Khippa (Media- Dochao priest priest priest tor to feast with (Orator)

singing and dancing)

8 9 10 11 12

Less than 5 years 9 9

5-9 years 12 12

10-19 years 2 22 22

20-3,9 years 30 30

40 +,},ears 3 3

Total 2 76 76

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222

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223

Table 68

Categorle8 of peraons from whom ritual object. were obtained during marriage of persons (female) classified by occupatlon and time of marriage

Occupation of head Number of marriages that took plElce durIng of household

Less than 5 years 10-19 years

Earthen Pot, Cloth Marriage cloth Marriage cloth Earthen pot (Kumar)

Obtained from groom Father Bride Parent Obtained from groom and uncle house and Mother-in-law house

Kalita ·Brahmin Kallta Rajput

Obligatory by custom Obligatory by custom Obligatory by Obligatory by. custom custom

2 3 4 5

Junior Teacher

Works Inspector

Shop Keeper

Total 1 1

224

Table 69

Items of food served to different categories of participants at the marriage feast classified by religion, caste/tribe/community of the hesd of household and

time of marriage of person married (Male)

Religion, caste/ Categories of Less than tribe and community participants 5 years

Non Veg.

2 3

BUDDHISM

Sherdukpen (ST)

Brahmin

Kayastha

Kaltta

Lineage members

Affinal kin

Class fellow

So-called higher class-a) Thungon

b) Khrlme

So called lower class-Dlngla

HINDUISM

Lineage members

Affinal Kin

Caste fellow

Friends

So-called lower caste­Kayastha

Lineage members

Affinal kin

Friends

So-called higher casta­Brahmin

Li!leage members

Affinal Kin

Caste fellow

So-called higher caste­Brahmin

4

4

4

2

2

1

Number of marriages during

5-9 years

Non Vag. Veg.

4 5

9

9

9

3

1

10-19 years

Non Veg.

6

16

16

16

4

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

20-39 years

Non Vag.

7

11

11

11

8

1

8

225

Table 69 (Contd.)

Items of food served to dUterent categories of participants at the marriage feast classified by religion, caste/tribe/community of the head of household and

time of 'marriage of person married (Male)

Religion, castel tribe and community

Dhobi (SC)

Kaipartta (SC)

Jogi

Agarwal

Gorkha

Rajput

Categories of partictpants

2

LineagEilmembers

Affinal kin

Caste fellow

So-called higher caste a) Brahmin b) Kayastha

Lineage members

Affinal kin

Caste fellow

So-called higher caste Brahmin

Lineage member

Affinal kin

Caste fellow

Friends

Lineage members

Affinal kin

Caste fellow

Lineage members

Affinal kin

Caste fellow

Friends

Lineage members

Affinal kin

Caste fellow So-called higher caste Brahmin

So Called lower caste­Teli

Less than 5 years

Non Veg.

3

5-9 years

Non Veg.

4

Veg.

5

10-19 years

Non Veg.

6

20-39 years

Non Veg.

7

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Table 70

Expectation about occupation ot daughter II r.lated to occupation Clf Informant by religion and c •• tt/trlbe

Occupation of Rellglonl Number Number expeotlng daughter to be In Informant oaste/trlbe

Teacher Doctor Govt. Sarvlce Cultivator Public Leader Households Duty

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BUDDHISM

Phvslclan Sherdukpan (ST)

Nursing Asatt. -do-

M.L.A. -do-

Contractor -do- 2

Peon/ Record Keeper -do- S 2

Oak Runner -Clo-

Oonetable -do- 2

Cultivator -do- 35 2 2 10 20

SawMill

BUllntas (Prop.) -do-

Tailor -do-

Driver -do-

Caaual Labour -do-

Fitter -do-

HINDUISM

CI.rlcal Job Brahmin

Olerlcal Job Kaya.tha

Tlach.r Kallta 2 2

Plonl Record Kuper Jogi

Head A.att. Kalbartta

Work Inap.e10r Gorkha

Drlv.r Gorkha

Total 69 9 4 19 24 2

246

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248

Tabla 78

Practlc. of family pl.nnlng m •• lur .. by r.llglon, calte/trlb. and. age and IIX

Religion and casteltribe

HINDU

Brahmin

Kayastha

Age group

2

Below·20

20·29

30·39

40·49

50+

Balow·20

20·29

30·39

40-49

50+

Kalita Below·20

Jogi

Agarwal

20·29

30·39

40·49

50+

Below·20

20·29

30·39

40·49

50+

Below·20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50+

Number of males adopting Number of females adopting

Vasectomy Condom Tubectomy Loop Oral Tablet

3 4 5 8 1

249

Table 78 (Contd.)

Practice of family planning measures by religion, caste/tribe and age and sex

Religion and Age group Number of males adopting Number of females adopting casteltribe

Vasectomy Condom Tubectomy Loop Oral Tablet

2 3 4 5 6 7

Gorkha Below-20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50+

Rajput 8elow-20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50+

Kaibartta (SC) Below-20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50+

Dhabi (SC) 8elow-20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50+

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen Below-20

(ST) 20-29

30-49 2

40-49

50+

Total 5 4 2 5

250

Table 7Q Practice of family planning measures by religion, calte/trlbe, education and sex

Religion and casteltribe

HINDU

Brahmin

Kayasth

Kalila

Jogi

Agarwal

Educational level

2

lIIeterate literate upto matric Matric and above

Illiterate literate upto matric Matric and above

Illiterate Literate upto matric Matric and above

Illiterate Literate upto matric Matric and above

Illiterate literate upto matric Matric and above

Gorkha Illiterate Literate upto matric Matric and above

Rajput Illiterate Literate upto matric Matric and above

Kaibartta (SC) Illiterate literate upto matric Matric and above

Dhobi (SC) Illiterate

BUDDHIST

Sherdukpen (ST)

Literate upto matric Matric and above

Illiterate literate upto matric Matric and above

Total

Number of males adopting

Vasectomy Condom

3 4

5

Number of females adopting

Tubectomy

5

2 1

4

loop

6

2

Oral Tablet

7

2

5

251

Table 80

Pr~etide of family planning measures by religion, caste/tribe and Industrial category and sex

Religion and Industrial Number of males adopting Number of females adopting

caste/tribe category Vasectomy Condom Tubectomy loop Oral Tablet

2 3 4 5 6 7

HINDU

Brahmin . Clerical work ,-

Kayastha Clerical work

Kalita Draughtsman Non-worker 2

Jogi Clerical work

Agarwal Retail trade

Rajput Non-worker

Gorkha Non-worker

Kaibartta (Sel Non-worker

Dhabi (SC) Non-worker

BUDDHIST

Shardukpen Cultivator 3

(ST) Law and Order Non-worker

Total 5 4 2 5

T'"

co CIl

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252

OJ o

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lI)

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o o

253

Table 82

Knowledge about Indian Legislations as related to occupation and education of' the Informant

Occupation of the informant

1

Physician

Nursing Assistant

Village Level Worker

Teacher

Member of Legislative Assembly

Contractor

Clerk

Peon

Dak Runner

Shop Keeper

Laundry Business

Police Constable

Cultivator

Saw Mill Business

Household Industry

Tailor

Total Number of illiterates number of having knowledge/no informants knowledge about

Indian Social Legislations

Number of literates upto matric standard having knowledge/no knowledge about Indian Social legislations

Number of educated mat ric & above having knowledge/no knowledge about Indian Social legislations

Aware dowry Prohibition Act and Child Marriage Restraint Act

Not aware Aware Dowry Prohibition Act and Child Marriage Restraint Act

Not aware Aware Dowry Not aware

2 3 4 5 6

4

4

3

3

6

2

3

2

57 48

2

3

4

2

8

Prohibition Act and Child Marriage Restraint Act and Untouchability Offence Act

7

3

3

2

8

254

Table 82 (Contd.)

Knowledge about Indian Legislations as related to occupation and education of the Informant

Occupation of the Total Number of illiterates Number of literates Number of educated informant number of having knowledge/no upto matric standard mat ric & above having

informants knowledge about having knowledge/no knowledge/no knowledge Indian Social legislations knowledge about Indian about Indian Social·

Social legislations Legislations

Aware dowry Not aware Aware Dowry Not aware AwarQ Dowry Not aware Prohibition Prohibition Prohibition Act Ad and Child Ad and Child and Child Marriage Marriage Marriage Restraint Act Restraint Act Restraint Ad and Untouchability

Offence Act

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Carpenter

Fitter

Works Inspector 3

Driver 3

Labour

Total 100 52 27 14 5

255

Table 83

Distribution of land (cultivation hoidlng), nature of terrain and by size-group of holding

Size group of holding Total No. of Land by nature of terrain covered by the size (in hectare) as per agricultural households census (in hectare)

Total Upland Slope Flat

2 3 4 5 6

Below 0.50 13 5.80 (14) 4.00 (8) 1.80 (6)

0.50-0.99 12 7.20 (18) 3.10 (8) 1.60 (3) 2.50 (7)

1.00-1.99 29 30.50 (47) 21.40 (15) 6.30 (10) 2.80 (22)

2.00-2.99 17 35.00 (36) 20.40 (12) 12.60 (7) 2.00 (17)

3.00-3.99 3 10.40 (7) 5.80 (2) 3.60 (2) 1.00 (3)

4.00-4.99 6 25.60 (11) 20.40 (3) 3.20 (2) 2.00 (6)

5.00-7.49

7.50-9.99

10.00-19.99

20.00-29.99

30.00-39.99

40.00-49.99

~O.OO and above

Total 80 114.50 (133) 75.10 (48) 27.30 (24) 12.10 (61)

256

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259

... .. ..- III

Occupation of head of the household

Cultivator

Contractor

Driver

Carpenter

Proprietor of Saw Mill

M.L.A.

Proprietor of Grocery and cloth shop

Total

260

Table 88

Household reporting problems In obtaining loan by source

Total number of households in debt

2

7

13

Source of obtaining loan

Relative State Bank of Co-operative Friend India, Rupa Bank, Itanagar

3 4 5 6

3 2

8 3

Number of households reporting problem in obtaining loan

Without problem

7

7

13

Number of households who incurred debt during

261

Table 89

Outstanding loan paid back during the year

Households who are

In debt (in money value) Loan paid back (in money value) --------- ----------

501 and above RS.201·500 Rs. 500 +

Wholly P"l'lially WhoHv --------------------------------------------------- -----

2 3 4 5 6

Within 6 months

6 months-1 year 2

1-2 years 6 3

2-5 years 4 4

5 years and above

Total 13 9

262

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267

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268

7able 92

Distribution of households with reference to income group and average income from each source in each income group

Income group Number Source of Income

of house-holds Cultivation Service Trade and commerce Profession

No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average

house- income per house· income per house- income per house- income per holds household holds household holds household holds household

receiving of the HHS re(:elvirl~; .)1 the HHS receiving of the HHS receiving of the HHS

income deriving inccnle deriving income deriving income deriving

from the means ;ro:" t:,P. ,neans from the means from the means source from the sOU:-CG ~~;Jm the source from the source from the

source source source source

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1,500-5,000 25 22 3,142.86 .. ~.l)OO.OO

5,001-10,000 30 19 3,333.33 13 :',',)34.62 10,000.00

10,001-20,000 27 18 7,569.44 16 11,080.63 4 6,000.00

20,001-30,000 10 4 16,900.00 4 14,700.00 3 28,000.00

30,001-50,000 5 4 9,250.00 13,200.00 3 30,000.00 32,000.00

50,000 + 3 3 19,666.67 24,200.00 2 55,000.00

Total 100 70 36 13

269

Table 92 (contd.)

Distribution of households with reference to income group and average income from each source in each Income group

Income group Number Source of Income of house-holds Livestock Transport Rent Remittance/Investment

No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average house- income per house- income per house- income per house- income per holds household holds household holds household holds household receiving 01 the HHS receiving of the HHS receiving 01 the HHS receiving of the HHS income d~riving income deriving income deriving income deriving from the means from the means from the means from the means source from the source from the source from the source from the

sour(.;9 source source source

2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1,500-5,000 25 11 937.50 3,000.00 2,000.00

5,001-10,000 30 8 575.00 3 3,800.00

10,001-20,000 27 5 1,B80.00 1,750.00

20,001-30,000 10 2 7,750.00

30,001-50,000 5 2 4,500.00

50,000 + 3 25,000.00

Total 100 26 7

270

Table 92 (Contd.)

- Distribution of households with reference to Income group and average Income from each source In each Income group

Income group Number Source of Income of house-holds Fishery Forestry Selling of Local beex

No. of Average No. of Average No. of Average house- income per house- income per house- income per holds household holds household holds household receiving 01 the HHS receiving of the HHS receiving of the HHS income deriving income deriving income deriving from the means from the means from the means source from the source from the source from the

source source source

2 19 20 21 22 23 24

1,500-5,000 25 2 3,500.00

5,001-10,000 30 2 500.00 1,ooo.bo 3,600.00

10,001-20,000 27 2 2,875.00 2 300.00

20,001-30,000 10 2 75.00

30,001-50,000 5

50,000+ 3

Total 100 6 3 3

271

t:: .2

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