Survey KN2006: Analysis of the Roman Byzantine Pottery sherds of Ain Ikrine, North Lebanon

Pp. 103-129

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Survey KN2006: Analysis of the Roman Byzantine Pottery sherds of Ain Ikrine, North Lebanon

AliA FARES

The site of Qasr Naous is located in North Lebanon, at an altitude of ca. 670 ASL and comprises two distinctively separated antique sanctuaries, lying on a hill overlooking the Al-Koura Valley in the Lebanon mountain range. Archaeological research on site has been confined to an architectural description by a German Expedition beginning of the 20th c. following a visit by Emperor William the 2nd. Excavations and a simple restoration were then attempted by the department of Antiquities during the 1950Õ s and 1960Õ s. Due to the minimal documentation at the time, no pottery was collected. This article aims at introducing part of the roman and byzantine pottery recovered during the ground survey (Kasr Naous 2006).

I. Introduction

This article introduces the Roman pottery sherds collected during the ground survey Ò KN2006Ó , which was carried out on the premises of the sanctuaries of Qasr Naous, North Lebanon1. The survey is part of the first phase of a PhD dissertation attempted at the department of Archaeology or the Roman Provinces, Cologne, Germany with the title The Roman Temples of Ein Ikrine: A Study about the History, Function and Chronology of the Site („Die Kaiserzeitlichen Heiligtümer von Ein Ikrine: Untersuchung zur Baugeschichte, Funktion und ChronologieÒ ) under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Fischer from the University

of Cologne, Germany. The primary aim of the survey is to understand the typology of the pottery found on site. This in turn should help in creating a chronology of the use of the sanctuary from the Hellenistic up to the Byzantine period. All Islamic and Ottoman evidence shall not be taken into consideration, to be studied at a later stage.

II. Research Status The first archaeological activity started with a German expedition at the beginning of the 20th Century (Fig. 1). A complete architectural study and

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Survey KN2006: Analysis of the Roman Byzantine Pottery sherds of Ain Ikrine

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Mediterranean. It was widely spread and many types circulated on ships for number of centuries. Excavations in Berytus, Byblos and Tell Arqa offera lot of evidence for the production and distribution of amphorae in the region. The typical form had a bulky rough profile with a very thick base in order to indure long distances, with Ó long necks, pointed toes, handles bearing name-stamps, a pale surface colour...Ó 7. The area of Qasr Naous is surrounded from the West and the North by a very fertile plain of olive trees. The presence of an olive press on site needed large vessels for storage purposes, indicating as well a local production and probable export around the region. Similarly, towards the southern end of the Lebanon mountain range, another Roman Byzantine site known as Chhim offered local olive oil production8. The dominating amphora type of the late Roman and early Byzantine period in the Levant and throughout the Mediterranean was definitely the Gaza amphora9. The main characteristics were a hard, rough fabric, with abundant sand and limestone temper, varying somewhat in color, but often with a dark brown surface. It had a cylindrical `cigar-shapedÕ form with two small loop handles and coarse ribbing

the areas adjacent to the West Temple included barely any sherds. A large amount of Medieval Islamic sherds were also found, to be examined at a later stage. Due to the lack of stratigraphy, the collected sherds cannot be referred to any archaeological layer. Yet it is possible to infer several archaeological information concerning the chronology, typology, production centres and origins. The most common types of sherds found are late Roman Byzantine amphorae, Roman jar sherds and some Byzantine “brittle ware” (Fig. 6, A2-1). Very few fine ware pottery sherds were found, the socalled Ò eastern Terra SigillataÓ 6. Due to the absence of kilns in Qasr Naous, it can be assumed that local coarse ware pottery was produced in nearby sites and circulated in the region. Furthermore, pottery production centres from neighbouring coastal sites as well as publications from excavations from nearby regions such as Syria, Jordan, Israel, Cyprus and Turkey offer a high number of references as to the production and distribution areas.

1. Amphorae

The amphora was the most commonly distributed form of storage element known throughout the

constructed. Furthermore, the area around the so-called Byzantine convent and the East temple was much more extensively exploited than that of the West temple, as can be seen from the remaining structures, such as walls, olive press, staircases, door slabs, ect...

III. Working procedures The pottery of KN2006 was collected from the surface, which was divided into 12 parcels (Pl. 1). The borders of each parcel depended on both archaeological and geographical criteria, such as the inclination of the geological surface as well as the extensive use of certain areas in/around the temple precincts.

IV. Analysis of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Pottery

The pottery varies tremendously. Areas 1 to 7, which include the East Temple, its vicinities and the so-called Byzantine convent towards the West, offered a high number of Roman and Byzantine sherds, whereas

description of the sanctuaries was published in 19382. The researchers, however, were only interested in the architecture. The pottery was not taken into consideration. Almost half a century later, that is, in the 1950`s and 1960`s, archaeological excavations were attempted on site during the architectural restoration activity by Dr. Haroutioune Kalayan3. The diggings revealed many archaeological structures, walls and inscriptions. The architectural techniques of the walls and rooms, as well as the concentrated number of sherds, especially those Northwest of the East Temple, dating to the late Roman/Byzantine periods strengthened the assumption that the area around it was reused at the time as a Byzantine convent/monastery4. During the excavation and restoration period, no pottery was archaeologically documented5. A large number of sherds, however, was collected during the excavations and placed in a corner of a room in the so-called Byzantine convent (area 7 on plan 1). As a result, these sherds are out of context. Yet their presence in the temple precincts and around them offers a valuable source of information to the actual function of the sanctuaries before, during and after the Roman era, the period during which they were

Fig.1- The East Temple as it was found beginning of the 20th c. by the German expedition. Notice the amount of rubble and debris surrounding the temple.

Pl. 1- Ground Survey „KN2006“. Both temples have the same East-West orientation with their entrance slightly tilted towards the Northeast. The numbers refer to the divided areas.


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Finally, due to the survey around area 1, which had resulted in a large amount of sherds belonging to various periods and the geological formation of this part of the hill being rather flat in comparison to the rest, leads to the assumption that during the Hellenistic/Roman period, the settlement around the sanctuaries must have probably developed in area 1. Further topographic investigation and surveying of the area will lead to more evidence in order to locate the Hellenistic Roman settlement.

The Catalogue

C: Colour, S: Surface, D: Decoration, Pr: Profile, H: Height, L: Length, W: Width

fortress. On first impression, the sanctuaries of Qasr Naous seem to be an isolated roman sanctuary. There is no direct evidence of any ancient settlement in the adjacent villages of Ain Ikrine or Rechdebbine and those two present rural communities have evolved in the last 2 centuries. According to several European travellers from the early 19th century, there is an indication to an ancient settlement with a few antique houses22. However, as mentioned earlier, the pottery survey revealed the definite use and reuse of the hills and that a probable roman settlement might have developed in area 1. After the sanctuary and the roman village were abandoned at some point after the fall of the Roman Empire, pottery and wall remains revealed that the settlement shifted its activities towards area 6 and 7 west of the East Temple. This area remained in use throughout the Byzantine, Islamic and probablyOttoman period. It also might have had an important economic role in the province in Al-Koura valley. A lower neighbouring village, Amioun, offers remains of the foundations of a roman temple, on which a church saint Georgius resides. Furthermore, Qasr Naous lies very close to the trade routes that connected the coast to the settlements up in the mountains of Qannoubine, the Cedars and the Beqaa Valley to the East. The valley of Qannoubine indicates an activity going back to the Palaeolithic period23. Furthermore, sanctuaries lying up the mountains towards the East, such as Hardine and Hadchit were built during the same period, as their architecture reveals. They must have had strong trade connections with neighbouring sites such as Qasr Naous from the lower valleys. These pagan sanctuaries had surrounding settlements dating to the Roman Byzantine period, proof of the religious, economic and agricultural activity at the time. The Roman sanctuary of Bziza was not only built during the same period, but was also reused as Christian basilica later on, another clear indication of continuous religious activities in the region throughout the centuries24. However, further surveys of those sanctuaries as well as the study of their pottery in the future will offer more information about the production centres and trade connections between the various settlements in the adjacent Al-Koura, Qadisha and Qannoubine valleys.

Qasr Naous close from the coastal sites that produced their own fabric, such as Byblos and Bothrys made it easily accessible for caravans travelling towards the nearby mountains, carrying goods and food in amphora. As a result, there was no need to produce pottery for local use. The rise of Christianity had a strong influence in the early byzantine period on pottery production in the region, as monasteries were established in the Qadisha and Qannoubine valleys adjacent to the temples. However, there is no evidence of a direct reuse of the sanctuaries as a church, as was the case with Bziza, a neighbouring temple in Al-Koura valley, West East of the sanctuaries. This extremely fertile and highly agricultural region in olive oil and wine was populated since the Palaeolithic period and is one of the main routes that led up to the Cedar forests, which were continuously deforested due to the highly demanded Cedrus trees. Furthermore, pottery production centres from neighbouring ancient settlements such as Tell Arqa19 in the Akkar valley on the Levantine coast were only able to support themselves, whereas larger colonies, yet more distant ones, such as Cyrrhus the in region of Cilicia, Southern Turkey, as well as sites such as Dura Europos, Apamea and Palmyra from the Eastern Syrian plateau produced pottery enough to support many of the settlements in the Lebanon and Antilebanon mountain ranges20. Further towards the South, other colonies with local production such as Byblos, Bothrys and Berytus produced and exported amphora, coarse ware as well as Brittle ware21.

V. Results

As mentioned earlier, there is a higher amount of pottery found in areas 1 to 7 in comparison to areas 8 to 12, a direct indicator for a greater use of this sector of the hill from the late Hellenistic up to the modern times than the rest of the site. The presence of an olive press and the extensive reuse of blocks in building structures facing the West fa• ade, that is, in areas 6 and 7 further indicate that the temple has been much more liable to spoilage and reuse most probably as a

on the lower body in a rough fabric. It spread between the 4th and the 7th C. A.D10. Excavations in Beirut revealed several new amphora types, which circulated in the Mediterranean between the 1st and the 7th c. A.D11. One or two sherds from Kasr Naous could have been a Beirut type Amphora (Fig. 12, A6-01; Fig. 14, A6-03). One spiral cone-shaped amphora base was found and was identified as Amphora type A174 (Fig. 12, A6-01), dated in the Early Byzantine period12 and might also have been produced in the district of Gaza.

2. Coarse Ware

Coarse ware on the other hand, such as cooking pots/jars for daily usage, also known as Brittle ware, seems to have dominated in Kasr Naous (Fig. 16, A7-02; Fig. 19, A7-05). It was usually produced locally and was not transported over long distances or overseas, due to its fragile thin profile. It is defined, after comparison with sites in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon as being a: Ò ...rich mineral temper resulting in rough surfaces which show red-brown to brick-red colour, often turned to black or scorched by secondary firing”13. Other names for this type of daily ware is also Ò cooking pot wareÓ or coarse wareÓ . According to Bartl, this type of pottery should not be associated with Ò cooking pot wareÓ . It is a form of wheel-made pottery, which was first mentioned during the Dura Europos excavations in Syria14. It designates a type that was very common in the syro-palestinian region. Brittle ware was mostly utilized for cooking due to its non-calcareous clay and mineral ingredients15. It was also in use during the Umayyad and Abbasid period, phases that can be attested for in Kasr Naous due to the presence of early Islamic sherds. Brittle Ware was also found in stratified layers from sites such as Umm Qais16, Northern Jordan and Tell Arqa, North Lebanon17. This pottery circulated in neighbouring areas in the Lebanon and Antilebanon mountain ranges. Further to the South of the levantine coast, byzantine ware, both fine and bulk are strongly attested for in Jerusalem and were distributed in the coast between the 5th and the 9th c. A.D18. There is no evidence of kilns inside or around the temple precincts pointing out to a local production of any of the pottery found. However, the presence of


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Area 1

TYPE DESCRIPTION DATING PRODUCTION CENTER FIG.NO.

1. body sherd

Body sherd of an Amphora.

C: Reddish brown with mica inclusions.

S: rough with an eroded coating and

thumb imprints. Pr: thick. L:10cm,

H:8.5cm.

Late roman/ early

Byzantine

Local kiln production? 2 (A1‑1)

2. body sherd Eastern Terra Sigillata A/late roman C

of a plate. C: Yellowish light brown

clay. S: smooth reddish undecorated

surface, eroded coating. D: Wheel

alignments. Pr: thin. L: 8.2cm, H:4.5cm.

Early roman, 1st‑3rd

c. A.D

Asia Minor? 3 (A1‑2)

3. body sherd Terra Sigillata “Red slip ware” of a

reliefed plate. C: Dark red. D:

Alignment and an oval shaped circle in

the form of tongue leaf. Pr: Very thin. L:

4cm, H: 2.5.cm.

Early roman, 1st‑3rd

c. A.D

Local coastal production? 4 (A1‑3)

4. Amphora

handle

Amphora handle. C: Mid brown with

white mica inclusions. S: Very eroded

and corrugated. Pr: thick. L: 4.6 cm, H:

5.6 cm, W: 1.5 cm.

Late roman/ early

Byzantine


Area 3


1. Body sherd

Storage jar. C: dark brown coat, reddish

brown inside. S: burned with mica

inclusions. D: horizontal alignment

with single ribb braided‑like finger

impressions.. Pr: Thick. L:5.9cm,

H: 5.4.cm.

Late Roman/very

early Byzantine

northern syrian production? 9 (A3)

Area 2


1. body sherd “brittle ware”. C: Dark reddish brown

fabric, over fired. S: rough and

corrugated with tiny mica and sand

inclusions. Pr: very thin. L:3.2cm,

H.:4.5cm.

Byzantine 5th ‑ 8th c.

A.D.

Local production, but no

evidence of a kiln.

6 (A2‑1)

2. Body sherd Body sherd. Storage Jar. C: reddish

brown. D: Zigzag wavy combing lines.

Pr: thin. L: 1.9, H: 3.7cm.

Byzantine, 6th 8th c.

A.D.


3. Rim sherd Amphora. C: Dark red. S: Corrugated

and eroded with mica inclusions.

Pr: thick. L:4..2cm, H: 6.1cm.

Byzantine/early

Islamic

Local production, but no

evidence of a kiln.

8 (A2‑3)

Area 4


1. Body sherd

Storing jar. C: brownish.

S: strongly corrugated. D: Ribbed.

Pr: Thin. H: 4.2 cm, L: 3.8.

Late Roman/early

Byzantine

Local coastal Production,

Berytus?

10 (A4)

Area 5


Body sherd Jar “thin cooking ware” C: reddish

light brown. D: Ribbed S: corrugated.

Pr: thin L:2.8cm, H:4.2 cm.

Late Roman/early

Byzantine

Northern Syria 11 (A5)

Area 6


1. Body sherd Amphora sherd. C: brown reddish S:

corrugated with mica inclusions. D:

ribbed. Pr: Thin. L: 8.8cm, H: 8.2cm.

Late Roman/early

Byzantine

Local production, Berutus? 12 (A6‑1)

2. Body sherd Cooking ware/storage jar. C: Dark

burned surface, reddish brown filling.

D: Wavy combing alignment. S.:

Eroded. Pr: thick. L: 4.7cm, H:3.5 cm.

Early Byzantine Local coastal production? 13 (A6‑2)

3. Amphora Amphora base. C: light brown. D: Spiral

conical. S: Corrugated with mica

inclusions and black minerals. Broken

at the bottom end. Diameter: 7.5cm.

H.:9cm.

Late Roman/early

Byzantine

Local coastal production,

Berytus?

14 (A6‑3)


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Area 7

TYPE DESCRIPTION DATING ORIGIN FIG.NO.

1. Body sherd Basin/Jar. C: Red brown. D: Wavy‑

combing with one rib at the top under

the neck. S: Eroded. Pr: Thick. L:6cm,

H:4.2cm.

Early Byzantine Palestine 15 (A7‑1)

2. Body sherd Coarse ware /amphora? C: greyish

brown. S: Eroded. Pr: Thick. D: Wheel

alignments. Pr: Thick. L: 5.3cm, H:

5.7cm.

Early Byzantine North Eastern Syria? 16 (A7‑2)

3. Body sherd Storage Jar. C: reddish brown. S: Rough.

D: wavy‑combing. Pr: Thick. L.:5.6cm,

H: 3.5cm.

Late Roman/early

Byzantine


4. Rim sherd Amphora rim sherd. Color: dark

reddish brown. Pr: Thick. S: Rough

ribbed surface with mica inclusions.

L:3.8, H: 3.5.

Late Roman/early

byzantine

unknown 18 (A7‑4)

5. Rim sherd Cooking ware. C: dark red. Thick

protruding lip, thinner at the neck. A

hole penetrates it at a lower section,

probably in order to tie it to another

sherd. Pr: thick. S: smooth eroded.

L: 7.7cm, H: 10.2cm

Late Roman

Byzantine

North Eastern Syria? 19 (A7‑5)

6. Rim sherd Cooking ware. C: reddish bordeau.

S: eroded with mica inclusions. Pr: thin.

L:4.5cm, H: 3.3cm.

Late Roman Local coastal production? 20 (A7‑6)

Area 8


1. Rim sherd Dish rim. Strange glazing with mica

inclusion. Color: reddish brown. D:

non. Pr: Thin. L: 7.8cm, H:3.3.

early Islamic unknown 21 (A8‑1)

2. Rim sherd Jar “bag‑shaped” Color: dark reddish.

S: rough, eroded with mica inclusions.

D: ribbed. Pr: Thick. L:7.6cm, H: 8.9cm.

late Roman/ early

Byzantine

unknown 22 (A8‑2)

3. body sherd Ja/ coarse ware. C: orange reddish.

S: rough, eroded with mica inclusions

and minerals. D:ribbed. Pr: thin. L:3.4,

H:5.1cm.

Late Roman

Byzantine


Fig. 2- Fig. 6-

Fig. 3- Fig. 7-

Fig. 4- Fig. 8-

Fig. 5- Fig. 9-


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Fig. 10- Fig. 14-

Fig. 11- Fig. 15-

Fig. 12- Fig. 16-

Fig. 13- Fig. 17-

Fig. 18- Fig. 22-

Fig. 19- Fig. 23-

Fig. 20-

Fig. 21-


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23- Garrard A. & Yazbeck C., 2008. Qadisha Valley Prehistory Project, Lebanon. The 2004-2008 Excavations at Moghr el-Ahwal. Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises 12. p. 5-15.

24- Krencker, 1938. However, some of the temples that were reused as churches with very little evidence of previous pagan structures were not mentioned by the German expedition, such as that of church is found in Amioun, south west of Qasr Naous.

Varsovie-Beyrouth.

9- Regev, D. 2002. The Phoenician Transport Amphora p.346-352.

10- Majchereck, G., 1995. “Gazan Amphorae: typology reconsideredÓ . In: Ò Hellenistic and roman pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean - Advances in scientific studies. Acts of the II Nieborów pottery worskhop, ed. H. Meyza and J. Mlynarczyk, Research Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw pp. 163-178.

11- Reynolds, P. 2006. Ò The Beirut Amphora Type, 1st c. BC-7th c. AD. An Outline of its formal development and some priliminary observations of regional economic trends. In: Rei Cretariae Romanae Faurorum ACTA 36. P. 387-955.

12- LŸ dorf, G. 2006. Rš mische und frŸ hbyzantinische Gebrauchskeramik im westlichen Kleinasien. Typologie und Chronologie. Plate 19, Catalogue nr. A174.

13- Bartl K., G. Schneider, S. Bš hme: Notes on «B rittle Wares` in North-Eastern Syria p. 166

14- Dyson, S. 1968. „The common ware pottery, the Brittle Ware”. In: The excavations at Dura Europos, final report IV, part 1, fasc.3.

15- Bartl, Ibid

16- Appreciated comments made by F. Kenkel.

17- Thalmann, J P.. 1978. Tell Ô Arqa (Liban Nord) Campagnes I-III. Syria 55, p. 1-52.

18- Magness, J., 1993. Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology. Circa 200-800C.E. p. 193-195.

19- Thalmann, ibid.

20- Vokaer, A., 2009. Ò Brittle ware trade in Syria between the 5th and the 8th centuries”. In: Byzantine Trade, 4th

-12th Centuries. The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange. Papers of the thirty-Eighth Spring Symposium about of Byzantine Studies, Saint John`s College, University of Oxford, March 2004. p. 121-136.

21- Reynolds, P., Y. Waksman, 2007. ã Beirut Cooking Wares, 2nd to 7th Centuries: Local Forms and North Palestinian ImportsÒ in: Berytus, Vol. L, P: 59-82.

22- Burckhardt, J. L. 1822 Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. p.173

Notes

1- I would like to thank the Directorate General of Antiquities of Lebanon for granting me the permission to work on the sanctuaries of Qasr Naous. My gratitude goes to Mrs. Samar Karam for giving me the chance to study the survey pottery placed inside the premises of the Citadel of Tripoli. I also would like to thank Mr. Frangieh for assisting me in creating part of the site survey as well as Mr. F. Wakim and Mrs. H. Younes for their support during the preliminary map.

2- D. Krencker und W. Zschietzschmann 1938. Rš mische Tempel in Syrien. P 8-19, Fig.5-11.

3- R. Saidah 1967. Ò Travaux de Restauration et de Conservation des MonumentsÓ in, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 20, 175. Mr. Saidah mentions that during the excavation and restoration phase in the mid 1960«s , coins and inscriptions carved in ancient Greek were found, of which only photographs from the photographic Kalayan archives at the department of Antiquities are still available. There is, however no evidence remaining of the crusader coins.

4- R. Donceel 1966. Recherches Archéologiques au Liban in L’Antiquité Classique 35. Mrs. Donceel notes the possible presence of a Byzantine “Convent” (Area 7), which was uncovered during the excavation and restoration works of Qasr Naous in 1965. Remains of walls and stairs, various rooms, as well as an oil press can be seen now. Most of the blocks were re-used material, taken from the templeÕ s walls. Mrs. Donceel mentions further the discovery of Armenian and Arabic coins, further fragments of inscriptions. Contrary to Mr. Saidah, the inscriptions are in Latin, which no photographs are available of.

5- The main aim of the excavation was to expose all hidden structures in and around the sanctuaries and attempt a restoration rather than to excavate the site and document it archaeologically.

6- Dragendorff, H., 1895.Terra Sigillata. Ein Beitrag zur griechischen und rš mischen Keramik. Bonner Jahrb. 96/97, 18-15.

7- Hayes, J. 1997. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. British Museum p.28

8- Waliszewski, T., Tarazi, R. O., 2002. Chhim, 2000 ans d`Histoire au cœur d`un village antique au Liban, p. 53-67,


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Reynolds, P., Y. Waksman, 2007. Beirut Cooking Wares, 2nd to 7th Centuries: Local Forms and North Palestinian ImportsÒ in: Berytus Vol. 50

Saidah, R. 1967. Ò Travaux de Restauration et de Conservation des MonumentsÓ in, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 20

Thalmann, J P.. 1978. Tell Ô Arqa (Liban Nord) Campagnes I-III. Syria 55, p. 1-52

Vokaer, A., 2009. Ò Brittle ware trade in Syria between the 5th and the 8th centuries”. In: Byzantine Trade, 4th -12th Centuries. The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange. Papers of the thirty-Eighth Spring Symposium about of Byzantine Studies, Saint John`s College, University of Oxford, March 2004

Waliszewski, T., Tarazi, R. O., 2002. Chhim, 2000 ans d`Histoire au cœur d`un village antique au Liban, Varsovie-Beyrouth

Bibliography

Donceel, R. 1966. Recherches Archéologiques au Liban in L’Antiquité Classique 35.

Dragendorff, H. 1895. Terra Sigillata. Ein Beitrag zur griechischen und rš mischen Keramik. Bonner JahrbŸ cher 96/97, 18-15

Burkhardt, J. L. 1822 Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. p.173f

Dyson, S. 1968. ã The common ware pottery, the Brittle WareÓ . In: The excavations at Dura Europos, final report IV, part 1, fasc.3.

Garrard A, Yazbeck C., 2008. Qadisha Valley Prehistory Project, Lebanon. The 2004-2008 Excavations at Moghr el-Ahwal. Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaises 12.

Hayes, J. 1997. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. British Museum, London.

Krencker, D. und W. Zschietzschmann 1938. Rš mische Tempel in Syrien. P 8-19, Fig.5-11Bartl K., G. Schneider, S. Bš hme: Notes on «B rittle Wares` in North-Eastern Syria.

LŸ dorf, G. 2006. Römische und frühbyzantinische Gebrauchskeramik im westlichen Kleinasien. Typologie und Chronologie. Plate 19, Catalogue nr. A174R.

Magness, J., 1993. Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology. Circa 200-800C. E. p. 193-195

Majchereck, G., 1995. “Gazan Amphorae: typology reconsideredÓ . In: “Hellenistic and roman pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean - Advances in scientific studies. Acts of the II Nieborów pottery workshop, ed. H. Meyza and J. Mlynarczyk, Research Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw

Regev, D. 2002. The Phoenician Transport Amphora: (the late roman/byzantine Period). In: “Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean: Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26-29, Vol.5

Reynolds, P. 2006. Ò The Beirut Amphora Type, 1st c. BC-7th c. AD. An Outline of its formal development and some priliminary observations of regional economic trends. In: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum ACTA 36

Survey KN2006: Analysis of the Roman Byzantine Pottery sherds of Ain Ikrine, North Lebanon

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Transcript of Survey KN2006: Analysis of the Roman Byzantine Pottery sherds of Ain Ikrine, North Lebanon