Supporting paper: Bird species richness in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, Flores

Bird Species Richness on the Wae Wuul Nature ReserveFeri Irawan

145

Bird Species Richness on the Wae Wuul Nature Reserve :Using Simple Method in Helping the Official Authority do Long-Term

Monitoring1

Feri Irawan2

ABSTRACT

Wae Wuul Nature Reserve (WWNR) is one of the Important Bird Areas (IBA) in the northern part ofNusa Tenggara. This area represents the natural grassland ecosystem on the island of Flores.However, the data and information related to bird species diversity is still limited. The objectives ofthis study were to determine the bird species richness rapidly and introduce a simple survey methodto the official staff for further monitoring. The birds inhabiting the Wae Wuul area were surveyedbetween July, 31 and August, 4 2012 using random walk approach and 10 birds species list whichdeveloped from MacKinnon list method. A total of 1281 individual birds belonging to 36 families and61 species was recorded, including 10 restricted-bird species and one endangered species. Asignificant proportion of species in the Wae Wuul area were shrub and woodland specialists. Thespecies discovery curve shows the number of species in this area is possible rise up to 80 species.The results demonstrate that the method is good enough to determine the bird species richness andthe relative frequency of a particular bird species. In addition, this method is easy to use by anyoneand suitable for monitoring bird diversity further.

Keywords: Important Birds Area (IBA), bird richness, monitoring, methods

I. INTRODUCTION

Wae Wuul Nature Reserve (WWNR) is proposed to protect the dry grassland ecosystem which isa typical habitat of ancient reptile, the Komodo dragon ( ). In addition, thisregion is also home to one globally threatened species, Flores Crow ( ) and fourrestricted-range bird species (Trainor ., 2000). The existence of those birds makes the areaidentified as one of the Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Northern Nusa Tenggara according to BirdLifeInternational criteria (Sujatnika 1995, Rombang , 2000). Unfortunately, most of them arepoorly known to be entered on such records.

Since Wae Wuul area is proposed to be a conservation area by the FAO / UNDP 1982, theavifaunal survey are generally lacking. The existing data is a list of bird species recorded in 1998 by

1

Institute cooperated with Sam Ratulangi University, Secretariat of Forestry Research and Development Agency, GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF), Burung Indonesia, Government of North Sulawesi Province and SEAMEO BIOTROP.Manado 5 July 2013.

2 Burung Indonesia Mbeliling Program, c/o Jalan Dadali No 32 Bogor, West Java 16161Corresponding Author: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

146 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013

Trainor and Lesmana (2000) based on their one day visit. At least 37 species of birds were recorded.And the recent studies conducted in 2008 by Purwandana (2008) by involving official staff frommanagement. During ten days observation, they have collected 45 species of birds. Surprisinglyenough, although there are significant differences in effort but the number of species recorded is notmuch different. However, the information from both studies can be used as a reference for furtherresearch, especially related to bird species richness.

Species richness is simply a count of species present in a sample, community, or taxonomygroup (Mc Ginley & Duffy, 2010). It is also widely used as a criterion when assessing therelative conservation values of habitats or landscapes (Brook 2006).

Currently, the management of the area conducted by the Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber DayaAlam, Nusa Tenggara Timur based on Forestry Ministerial Decree Number 427/Kpts-II/1996 datedAugust 9, 1996 with an area of 1484.84 ha and under status as a nature reserves. The manager hasan important role in ensuring the critical value of the area is maintained in the future. Therefore, it isnecessary to assess and monitor biodiversity as part of the management aspects. However, theseneeds are still constrained by capacity issues and budget allocation. Thus, there is an urgent need todevelop a simple and inexpensive method to assess and monitor the condition of biodiversity in thelong term.

The objectives of the study were to conduct a rapid assessment on bird richness in WWNR andsurrounding areas. This study also try to shared knowledge to the official staff about a simplemethod that would be useful for monitoring in the future and it called listing methods.

II. STUDY AREA

Wae Wuul Nature Reserve (WWNR) is administratively located in two rural areas, Warloka andMacang Tanggar, Komodo district, West Manggarai regency. It is about 15 km to the south of thecity Labuanbajo. The location is accessible by dirt road during dry season or sea routes by motorboats from Labuanbajo to Warloka, the nearest villagest on the coast. The altitude of the areas from0m to 300m above sea level.

The annual rainfall less than 800 mm. The small river in the area will dry up during dry seasons.However, there some fairly large rivers in the north and eastern areas are still flowing. The monsoonforest vegetation is usually found along that river, e.g kesambi ( ), kelumpang( ), kapok ( ), asam ( ), dan Ara ( sp.).

WWNR has a diverse range of habitat. Almost the areas covering by natural grassland and insome places also found palm family inside, e.g gebang ( ) and lontar (

). WWNR also has limited area with characterize as deciduous forest, shrubland and inlandwater (swamp, riverine, lake). The landscape is also directly adjacent to the settlement andcultivation areas in eastern and northern part regions.


147

CAMP

Titik Pengamatan

Figure 1. Map of Wae Wuul Nature Reserves


III. METHODS

This paper is based on rapid bird survey that targeted closed-canopy forest. However largeexpanses of savanna and cultivation in this area were also given priority. Another site, Dolat wetland,was visited briefly in the last day and the results are quite significant for overall effort. This surveywas carried out in Wae Wuul Nature Reserves (WWNR), West Manggarai regency, East NusaTenggara, in three days observation, July 31st to August 2nd 2012.

The observations were made in the morning (from 06:00) and afternoon (from 15:00) by twoteams working who make observations on the path and walking the opposite direction at random.Observers are advised to walk slowly, exploring the areas and record all bird species identified in thelist. Each team consisting two person and lead by an experienced observer to avoid misidentification.Birds identification was refer to Coates and Bishop 1997.

Birds were recorded opportunistically. The relative abundance was assessed from 46 ten-species lists, which adapted from the 20-species lists described in MacKinnon . 2010. The ten-species lists were used to compensate for the relatively low number of species present at the fieldsites. Each lists only includes the first ten bird species observed in a sample area, but same speciesmay also be recorded on a different list. The bird species richness estimated using a speciesdiscovery curve (Bibby 2000). The curve drawn by replacing unit of survey effort with thenumber of lists and plotting this against the cumulative total number of species.

IV. RESULT

A total of 1,281 identifications of 61 bird species were recorded during this survey, yielding 46ten-species Mackinnon lists. These result includes ten resticted-birds species such as Flores Crow( ) which is one of endemic bird in Flores, Brown-capped Fantail ( ),Yellow-spectacled White-eye ( ), White-rumped Kingfisher ( ),Flame-breasted Sunbird ( -owl ( ), Flores minivet( ), Thick-billed White-eye ( ), Black-fronted Flowerpecker( ), and Golden-rumped Flowerpecker ( ). Detail information aboutthese records can be found in appendix 1. Summary of the study are shown in Table 1.

The relative abundance of each species was calculated, and found eleven birds species with thehighest value as shown in Table 2. The higher values of those birds gives a clear picture that theeleven species are fairly easy to find than other species during field observation. All those speciesare often found in open areas (eg cultivated areas, forest edges), and there are only a few speciesare also found in the forest area such as Common Whistler ( ) and WallaceanDrongo ( ).


149

Table 1. Summary of three days observations in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve and surroundingareas.

Distribution & Conservation status Number of species

Total of birds species 61

Total of individual birds 1281

Endemic to Northern Nusa Tenggara 10

Endemic to island of Flores 1

IUCN RedList Category (2011)

1. Least Concern

2. Near-threatened

3. Vulnerable

4. Endangered

61

1

-

1

Appendix CITES Category (2011)

1. Appendix II

2. Not evaluated

8

55

National Law Protection (PP no. 7 & 8 1999)

1. Protected

2. Not yet protected

17

46

The results above show clearly that the WWNR are important sites for bird conservation bothlocal, regional and global levels. New record for the five restricted-range birds species in this area

Wallacea region is getting stronger.

The relationship between the species and its habitat are also evaluated briefly. Based on theobservation, about 56 percent of the bird species that were observed live in a open-canopy system(see fig. 2). Bird species that live in the open areas more easy detected than areas with closed-canopy. The open canopy system involved savanna, cultivated area, shurb and forest edges. Theother classes of habitat was closed canopy system that typically as deciduous forest, and the last isinland water (eg. small river, swamp, ponds).


The species discovery curve in Figure 3 shows that the curve is likely to rise. This is due to 14new birds recorded in brief visit in wetland area on the last day observation. This suggests that themore varied habitats visited, the opportunities new species observed more increase.

Table 2. List of birds species with the highest relative abundance values.

No. Species List repeatedRelative

abundanceCategory

1 30 0.75 abundant

2 25 0.63 Common

3 24 0.60 Common

4 24 0.60 Frequent

5 24 0.60 Frequent

6 23 0.58 Frequent

7 22 0.55 Frequent

8 21 0.53 Frequent

9 21 0.53 Frequent

10 20 0.50 Frequent

11 19 0.48 Frequent

Finally, by using a logarithmic regression based on the curve, the estimated number of speciesthat can be found in WWNR and surrounding areas are 80 species of birds. Its meant about 76percent of the total birds in this area have been covered in this study. The equation was chosen

Closed area31%

Open area56%

inland water13%

Figure 2. preference.


151

because (i) the lack of information about the avifauna in the WWNR, (ii) the study area is quitespacious which is currently not possible to be done thoroughly and (iii) a heterogeneous habitattypes (Bibby 2000).

Figure 3. Species curves from rapid birds survey in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve and surroundingareas during three days observation.

V. DISCUSSION

This study found higher species richness of bird than the previous studies. A total of 61 birds specieswere recorded in the present study including 59 considered resident, and two migrant species suchas Sacred Kingfisher ( ), then Rainbow Bee-eater ( ). The fiverestricted-range bird species also recorded in this study as previously reported. And now, the total toten species because of the new record for the five other restricted-range in the region.

This rapid assessment on bird richness that was carried out in the major groups of habitat in WWNRserve as a valuable measure for determine changes in species richness in long-term bird monitoring.By using listing methods, less skilled observers can still produce lists of species as long as they want.They provide a simple measure of relative abundance as shown in Table 2. Common species willoccur on many lists, and the rare species on only a few.

As shown in Figure 3, the number of bird species will increase when the studies conducted in diversehabitat with sufficient duration of time. It is also important to remember that the detectionprobability of an individual species will be different depend on the habitat types. In an open area,the opportunity to detect the presence of a bird is better than area with dense canopy. In generally,the birds in the forest or closed-canopy system is a cryptic species so that why they are quite difficultto observe.

Although the species curve on Figure 3 shows that the curve is likely to rise, most of the bird speciesthat were common in the WWNR during the time survey had been recorded. It can be seen from thepercentage of the number of species recorded with an estimated value of species richness.

y = 12,329ln(x) + 5,4969R² = 0,9292

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46Number of lists


The results presented in this paper provide enough information that the method list is quite easilyapplied by anyone. In addition, The methods is low cost, simple and can provide useful informationfor conservation planning that easy to understand and explain to audiens. However, this approachhas the considerabel weakness to answer certain needs, such as population estimation.

VI. CONCLUSION

The present study gives signigicant results about bird species richness that can be found in theWWNR and surrounding areas. During three days observation using ten-species list, sixty-onespecies was recorded. It includes ten restricted-range birds species for the Northern Nusa Tenggara.Five of them are new records for this site such as White-rumped Kingfisher ( ),Flores minivet ( ), Thick-billed White-eye (Scops-owl ( ) and Flame-breasted Sunbird ( ). The observations of thosebird are valuable information to the ongoing IBA monitoring project as well as managementplanning.

A species richness approach using listing methods can be applied by anyone even for peoplewho have not been able to recognize any bird species well. The methods is low cost, simple and canprovide useful information for conservation planning. The resutl also can be displayed in variousforms of graphs or curves that are easy to understand and explain to others. They are not onlysuitable for rapid assessments of poorly known areas but also can be used in population for long-term monitoring.

ACKNOWNLEDGEMENT

I would like to thanks, Mr. Ora Yohanes, the Head of Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam

Wae Wuul NR. I am also greatful to my teammates; Nur Sita Hamzati (undergraduate student ofSepuluh November Technology Institute) and Faizal Abdul Aziz (undergraduate student of BogorAgricultural University), who assisted in data collection. The study was funded by the Ministry ofForeign Affairs of Denmarks DANIDA through joint program between Dansk Ornithologist Forening(DOF), based in Denmark and BirdLife Indonesian Association (Burung Indonesia).

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Brook, T.M, R.A. Mittermeier, G.A.B da Fonseca, J. Gerlach, M. Hoffmann, J.F. Lamoreux, C.G.Mittermeier, J.D. Pilgrim & A.S.L. Rodrigues. 2006. Global Biodiveristy ConservationPriorities. Science 313 (5783), 58 61.

Coates, B.J. dan K.D. Bishop. 1997. A guide to the Birds of Wallacea. Dove Publications.Queensland: Australia.

FAO/UNDP. 1982. National Conservation Plan for Indonesia.Volume IV: Nusa Tenggara. FieldReport of UNDP/FAO National Parks Development Project. FAO. Bogor.

Gould, W. 2000. Remote Sensing of Vegetation, Plant Species Richness and Regional BiodiversityHotspot. Ecological Application 10, 1861 1870.

Mackinnon, J., K. Phillipps, dan B. van Balen. 2010. Burung-Burung di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali danKalimantan. Burung Indonesia. Bogor.

Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton University Press.Princeton, New Jersey.

McGinley, M. & J. E. Duffy. 2010. Species Richness. In Cutler J. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth.(Washington, D.C. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science andthe Environment). Accessed on June, 10 2013. Retrieved from:http://www.eoearth.org/article/Species_richness.

Mees, G. F. 2006. The Avifauna of Flores (Lesser Sunda Islands). Zool. Med. Leiden 80-3,25.viii:1-261. ISSN 0024-0672.

Monk, K.A., Y. de Fretes, and G. Lilley. 1997. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku.Periplus: Singapore.

Mukwashi, K. 2011. Rapid Assessment of Bird Richness and Habitat Condition in Tourist Areas inChizarira National Park, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol.13.No.2. Clarion University. Pennsylvania.

Pilgrim, J.P, J.D. Leadley, dan Saifuddin. 2000. Bird Surveys and Conservation Status of FourForest on Flores, Indonesia. CSB Conservation Publications: Cambridge, U.K.

Purwandana, D., Suprihatna, A.A. Husen, K. Suwandi. 2008. Survei Keanekaragaman Hayati diCagar Alam Wae Wuul. Laporan Kegiatan. Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya AlamNusa Tenggara Timur/Komodo Survival Program. Labuan Bajo, Flores.

Reeve, A. 2011. Community Dominance by Range-restricted Bird Species in the Primary Forest ofFlores, Indonesia. unpublished report.

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Species_richness


Rombang, W.M., C. Trainor, dan D. Lesmana. 2002. Daerah Penting bagi Burung: NusaTenggara. PHKA/BirdLife Indonesia. Bogor.

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Sujatnika, P. Jepson, T.R. Harsono, M.J. Crosby, dan A. Mardiastuti. 1995. MelestarikanKeanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia: Pendekatan Daerah Burung Endemik [ConservingIndonesian Biodiversity: the Endemic Bird Area Approach]. PHPA/BirdLife International -Indonesia Programme. Jakarta.

Trainor, C., dan D. Lesmana. 2000. Gunung berapi, Burung-burung Khas, Tikus Raksasa, danTenun Ikat yang Menawan: Identifikasi Kawasan-kawasan yang Memiliki Arti Pentingbagi Keanekaragaman Hayati Global di Flores, Nusa Tenggara. Laporan No. 11.PKA/BirdLife /WWF. Bogor.

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Appendix 1. List of bird species that found in the Nature Reserve and surrounding Wuul Wae.

Bird list based on studiesConservation

status

No. Family SpeciesInggris

Name

Indonesia

Name

1

Megapo

diidae

Orange-

footed

Megapode

Gosong kaki-

merah x

x x

LC Y

2

Phasiani

dae

Green

Junglefowl

Ayam-hutan

hijau x x LC

3 Anatidae

Pacific

Black Duck Itik gunung xx x

LC

4 Anatidae Sunda Teal Itik benjut x LC

5 Anatidae

Lesser

Whistling-

duck Belibis batu x x LC

6 Anatidae

Wandering

Whistling-

duck

Belibis

kembang x LC

7 Anatidae

Green

Pygmy-

goose

Angsa-kerdil

hijau

x

x LC

8

Ciconiida

e

Wooly-

necked

Stork

Bangau

sandang-lawe x LC Y

9 Ardeidae

Cattle

Egret Kuntul kerbau x LC Y

10 Ardeidae

Javan

Pond-

heron Blekok sawah x LC

11 Ardeidae Great- Cangak laut x x x LC




status


Name

Indonesia

Name

billed

heron

12 Ardeidae

Pacific

Reef-egret Kuntul karangx x

LC Y

13

Falconid

ae

Spotted

Kestrel Alap-alap sapi x x LC II Y

14

Accipitri

dae

Brahminy

Kite Elang bondol x LC II Y

15

Accipitri

dae

Brown

Goshawk

Elang-alap

coklat xx

LC II Y

16

Accipitri

dae

Short-toed

Snake-

eagle

Elang-ular

jari-pendek x LC II Y

17

Accipitri

dae

White-

bellied

Sea-eagle

Elang-laut

perut-putih x x LC II Y

18

Accipitri

dae

Grey

Goshawk

Elang-alap

kelabu x LC II Y

19

Accipitri

dae

Black-

winged

Kite Elang tikus x

x

LC II Y

20

Accipitri

dae

Oriental

Honey-

buzzard

Sikep-madu

asia

x

x LC II Y

21

Accipitri

dae

Spotted

Harrier

Elang-rawa

totol x LC II Y

22 Rallidae

Common

Moorhen Mandar batu x x LC


157



status


Name

Indonesia

Name

23 Rallidae

Purple

Swamphen Mandar besarx

LC

24 Rallidae

White-

breasted

Waterhen Kareo padi x x LC

25

Turnicid

ae

Barred

Buttonquai

l Gemak loreng x x LC


Appendix 1. Continues

No. Family Species InggrisName

IndonesiaName

Bird List based on studies Conservationstatus

26

Scolopacid

ae

Common

Sandpiper Trinil pantaix x

L

C

27 Laridae

Black-

naped Tern

Dara-laut

tengkuk-

hitam

x x L

C

28 Laridae

Great

Crested

Tern

Dara-laut

jambul

x x L

C

29

Columbida

e

Spotted

Dove

Tekukur

biasa x xx x

L

C

30

Columbida

e

Emerald

Dove

Delimukan

Zamrud x x

L

C

31

Columbida

e

Green

Imperial-

pigeon Pergam hijau x x

L

C

32

Columbida

e

Island

Collared-

dove

Dederuk

jawa x x

x x L

C

33

Columbida

e

Barred

Dove

Perkutut

loreng x xx x

L

C

34

Columbida

e Zebra Dove

Perkutut

jawa x

L

C

35

Psittacida

e

Red-

cheeked

Parrot

Nuri pipi-

merah x

L

C II

36 Cuculidae

Rusty-

breasted

Cuckoo

Wiwik

uncuing x

L

C

Bird Species Richness on the Wae WuulFeri Irawan

159


IndonesiaName


37 Cuculidae

Himalayan

Cuckoo

Kangkok

ranting x

L

C

38 Cuculidae

Lesser

Coucal

Bubut alang-

alang x xx x

L

C

39 Cuculidae Asian Koel Tuwur asiax x

L

C

40 Strigidae

Wallace's

Scops-owl

Celepuk

wallacea x

L

C II

41 Apodidae

Glossy

Swiftlet Walet sapi x

L

C

42 Apodidae

House

Swiftlet

Kapinis

rumah x

L

C

43 Coraciidae

Asian

Dollarbird

Tiong-lampu

biasax x

L

C

44

Alcedinida

e

Scared

Kingfisher Cekakak sucix

x

L

C Y

45

Alcedinida

e

Collared

Kingfisher

Cekakak

sungai x xx x

L

C Y

46

Alcedinid

ae

White-

rumped

Kingfisher

Cekakak

tunggir-

putih x

L

C Y

47

Alcedinida

e

Blue-eared

Kingfisher

Raja-udang

meninting x

L

C Y

48 Meropidae

Rainbow

Bee-eater

Kirik-kirik

australiax

xx x

L

C

49 Meropidae

Blue-tailed

Bee-eater

Kirik-kirik

lautx

x

L

C

50 Picidae

Sunda

Woodpecke

r Caladi tilik x x

x x L

C

51 Pittidae

Elegant

Pitta Paok la'us x

L

C Y



No. Family Species Inggris Name IndonesiaName


52Meliphagida

e

Helmeted

Friarbird

Cikukua

tandukx x LC Ya

53Acanthizida

e

Golden-bellied

GerygoneRemetuk laut x x x LC

54 ArtamidaeWhite-breasted

WoodswallowKekep Babi x LC

55Campepha

gidaeFlores minivet

Sepah

kerdilx LC

56Campephagi

dae

Black-faced

Cuckooshrike

Kepudang-

sungu besarx x x x LC

57Pachycephal

idaeGolden Whistler

Kancilan

emasx x x x LC

58 OriolidaeBlack-naped

Oriole

Kepudang

kuduk-hitamx LC

59 DicrurudaeWallacean

Drongo

Srigunting

wallaceax x x x LC

60Rhipidurid

ae

Brown-capped

Fantail

Kipasan

floresx x x x LC

61Rhipidurida

eRufous Fantail

Kipasan

dada-hitamx LC

62Monarchida

e

Asian Paradise-

flycatcher

Seriwang

asiax x LC

63Monarchida

e

Black-naped

Monarch

Kehicap

rantingx x x x LC

64 Corvidae Flores CrowGagak

floresx x EN

65 Paridae Great TitGelatik-batu

kelabux x x x LC

66 Hirundinida Striated Swallow Layang- x x LC


161

No. Family Species Inggris Name IndonesiaName


e layang

loreng

67 AlaudidaeAustralasian

Lark

Branjangan

jawax LC

68 Cisticolidae Zitting Cisticola Cici padi x x x x LC

69 CisticolidaeGolden-headed

CisticolaCici merah x x LC

70Zosteropid

ae

Yellow-

spectacled

White-eye

Kacamata

walaceax x x LC

71Zosteropida

e

Oriental White-

eye

Kacamata

biasax LC

72Zosteropid

ae

Thick-billed

White-eye

Opior

paruh-tebalx LC

73Muscicapida

ePied Bushchat Decu belang x x x x LC

74Muscicapida

e

Rufous-chested

Flycatcher

Sikatan

dada-merahx NT

75 DicaeidaeBlack-fronted

Flowerpecker

Cabai dahi-

hitamx x x x LC

76 Dicaeidae

Golden-

rumped

Flowerpecker

Cabai emas x x x LC

77 DicaeidaeRed-chested

FlowerpeckerCabai lombok x LC




IndonesiaName


78 NectariniidaeOlive-backed

Sunbird

Burung-madu

srigantix x x x LC Y

79 Nectariniidae

Flame-

breasted

Sunbird

Burung-madu

matarix x LC Y

80 Nectariniidae

Plain-

throated

Sunbird

Burung-madu

kelapax LC Y

81 EstrildidaeBlack-faced

MuniaBondol taruk x x x x LC

82 Estrildidae Zebra Finch Pipit zebra x x x x LC

83 Estrildidae

Scaly-

breasted

Munia

Bondol

pekingx LC

84 Estrildidae

Five-

coloured

Munia

Bondol

pancawarnax LC

85 MotacilidaeAustralasian

PipitApung tanah x x LC

Total jenis 76

345 31 37

*) Bird species names in bold are restricted range species of birds-the spreading area of less than 50,000 km2.Notes

Species : Refer to BirdLife International (2008)Indonesia Name : Refer to Coates & Bishop (1997)Family/Suku : Refer to Birdlife International (2008)Migratory bird : Refer to Coates&Bishop (1997)Restricted-range species : Refer to Sujatnika dkk (1995)IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature Resources) version 2011


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CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) :The species that includes in the list of attachments (Appendices) of CITES (2011)PP No.7 RI : species protected by the Indonesian government under Government Regulation No.7 of1999 on the Preservation of Fauna and Flora

Supporting paper: Bird species richness in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, Flores

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Transcript of Supporting paper: Bird species richness in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, Flores