677677

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 M. Okrusch, H. E. Frimmel, Mineralogy, Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57316-7

Supplementary InformationAppendix – 678

678 Appendix

Appendix

A.1 Important Ionic Radii and the Coordination of Cations With O2−

Depending on the length of the ionic and atomic radii, the central atom within a crystal structure is commonly surrounded by 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 or 12 nearest neighbours. This coordination number is placed into square brackets, e.g. [4] = tetrahedral, [6] = octahedral, [8] hexahedral coordi-nation. The ionic radii of the most important chemical ele-ments are illustrated in . Fig. A.1.

A.2 Calculation of Mineral Formulae

Nowadays, computer programs are available for recalculat-ing chemical analyses of minerals. For a better understand-ing, however, we strongly suggest to start these calculations just by hand with selected examples, or create your own spreadsheet. Recalculation is performed in the following steps:1. For calculation of the molecular ratios, the amounts of

individual oxides (in wt%) are divided by the respective molecular weights, e.g. for the garnet in . Table A.1: 37.1 wt% SiO2: 60.084 = 0.6175.

2. Calculation of the oxygen number, belonging to a specific oxide and related to the molecular ratio, e.g. for SiO2 0.6175 × 2 = 1.2350.

3. Calculation of the oxygen atoms related to the total number of oxygens per formula unit (pfu), e.g. 12 oxy-gens in the garnet formula. To achieve this, the oxygen numbers are summarised, each single oxygen number is divided by the sum and multiplied by 12. For the garnet selected, one obtains 6.044 oxygens for SiO2.

4. To obtain the number of cations per formula unit, the numbers of oxygens pfu are multiplied by relevant fac-tors, such as for SiO2: 6.044 × ½ = 3.022 Si, for Al2O3 or Fe2O3: × 2/3, for Na2O or K2O × 2.

5. For plotting the analysed minerals in the ACF and A′KF triangles as well as in the AFM projection the schemes given in 7 Sect. 28.1 can be used.

6. End-member calculation if it makes sense, e.g. for gar-net.

For the examples given in . Tables A.1 and A.2, chemi-cal analyses are selected for which the contents of FeO and Fe2O3 were analysed by conventional methods and H2O by loss on ignition. For electron microprobe analyses (EMPA), total iron is given as FeOtot whereas the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio is estimated, as far as possible, by the calculation of the min-eral formula. For instance, for garnet Fe3+ = Y − Al = 2 – Al.

Cations Radii Coordination with Anionsregard to O2-

K+ 1.68 Å [12] S2-

1.59 Å [8] 1.72 Å

Na+ 1.24 Å [8] Cl-

1.72 ÅCa2+ 1.20 Å [8]

Mn2+ 0.75 Å [6] O2-

1.27 ÅFe2+ 0.69 Å [6]

Mg2+ 0.80 Å [6] OH-

1.32 ÅFe3+ 0.63 Å [6]

Ti4+ 0.69 Å [6] F-

1.25 ÅAl3+ 0.61 Å [6]

0.47 Å [4]

Si4+ 0.34 Å [4]

C4+ 0.15 Å [3]

Fig A.1 Average ionic radii and coordination numbers against O2− in rock-forming minerals. The ionic radius of Ca[8] = 1.20 Å is valid spe-cifically for silicate structures whereas, in the carbonate structures of calcite, dolomite and ankerite, the ionic radius of Ca[6] is 1.08 Å, of Ca[9] in aragonite 1.26 Å (. Table 8.1) (after Whittacker and Muntus 1970)

679Appendix

Table A.1 Garnet from gneiss hornfels Op123, Steinach contact aureole, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany

As garnet does not contain K2O, it makes no difference when using K-feldspar as a projection point. aEquivalent to Al2O3 in grossular; bequivalent to Al2O3 in grossular and spessartine

wt% Molecular weight Molecular ratio Number of oxygens Number of O = 12 Cations per 12 O

SiO2 37.1 60.084 0.6175 1.2350 6.044 3.022

Al2O3 20.3 101.96 0.1991 0.5973 2.923 1.949

Fe2O3 0.5 159.69 0.0031 0.0093 0.046 0.031

FeO 33.0 71.846 0.4593 0.4593 2.248 2.248

MnO 5.45 70.937 0.0768 0.0768 0.376 0.376

MgO 2.28 40.304 0.0566 0.0566 0.277 0.277

CaO 0.99 56.079 0.0177 0.0177 0.087 0.087

Sum 99.62 2.4520 12.001 7.990

Cations per 12 O Calculation of garnet end members End members (mol%)

Si 3.022 Ca equivalent to Fe3+ Ca 0.0465 Fe3+ 0.031 Adr 1.5

Al[4] 0.000 Rest Ca + equ. Al Ca 0.0405 Al 0.027 Grs 1.4

Z 3.022 Fe2+ + equ. Al Fe2+ 2.248 Al 1.499 Alm 75.2

Al[6] 1.949 Mn + equ. Al Mn 0.376 Al 0.251 Sps 12.6

Fe3+ 0.030 Mg + equ. Al Mg 0.277 Al 0.185 Prp 9.3

Y 1.979 X 2.988 Y 1.993 100.0

Fe2+ 2.248

Mn 0.376

Mg 0.277 For the following calculations, molecular ratios are used, multiplied by a factor of 10,000, to make them integer

Ca 0.087

X 2.988

ACF triangle

A = [Al2O3] + [Fe2O3]–Na2O–K2O =1991 + 31 =2022 24.9

C = [CaO] =177 2.2

F = [FeO] + [MnO] + [MgO] =4593 + 768 + 566 =5927 72.9

8126 100.0

A′KF triangle

A′ = [Al2O3] + [Fe2O3] − Na2O − K2O − 1/3[CaO]a =1991 + 31 − 59 =1963 24.9

K = [K2O] =0 0.0

F = [FeO] + [MnO] + [MgO] =4593 + 768 + 566 =5927 72.9

7980 100.0

AFM projection

A =[Al2O3]−[K2O]−1/3([CaO]+[MnO])b

[Al2O3]−[K2O]−1/3[CaO]+[MnO]b+FeO+[MnO]=

1991−59−2561991−59−256+4593+566

=16766835

= 0.245

F =[FeO]

[FeO+MgO]=

45934593+566

=45935159

= 0.89

M = 1−F = 1−0.89 = 0.11

680 Appendix

Table A.2 Biotite from gneiss hornfels Op123, Steinach contact aureole, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany

wt% Molecular weight Molecular ratio Number of oxygens Number of (O + OH) = 24

Cations per 24 (O + OH)

SiO2 34.8 60.084 0.5792 1.1584 10.516 5.258

TiO2 3.06 79.899 0.0383 0.0766 0.695 0.348

Al2O3 19.5 101.96 0.1913 0.5739 5.210 3.473

Fe2O3 1.9 159.69 0.0119 0.0357 0.324 0.216

FeO 20.8 71.846 0.2895 0.2895 2.628 2.628

MnO 0.18 70.937 0.0025 0.0025 0.023 0.023

MgO 7.1 40.304 0.1762 0.1762 1.600 1.600

Na2O 0.35 61.979 0.0056 0.0056 0.051 0.102

K2O 8.95 94.203 0.0950 0.0950 0.862 1.724

H2O+ 4.15 18.015 0.2304 0.2304 2.092 4.184

Sum 100.79 2.6438 24.001

For the following calculations, molecular ratios are used, multiplied by a factor of 10,000, to make them integer

Cations per 24 (O + OH) A′KF triangle

A′ = 1913 + 119–56–950 =1026 15.4

Si 5.258 K= 950 14.3

Al[4] 2.742 F = 2895 + 25 + 1762 =4682 70.3

Z 8.000 6658 100.0

Al[6] 0.731 AFM projection

Fe3+ 0.216

Fe2+ 2.628 (a) Muscovite as projection point

Mn 0.023 A =1913−3×950

1913−3×950+1762+2895=

−9373720

= −0.252

Mg 1.600

Y 5.546 F =28954657

= 0.62

Na 0.102

K 1.724 M = 1−0.62 = 0.38

X 1.826

(OH) 4.184 (b) K-feldspar as projection point

A =1913−950

1913−950+1762+2895=

9635620

= 0.171

F = 0.62

M = 0.38

Alternatively:

A = 1913–950 =963 17.1

F = 2895 51.5

M = 1762 31.4

5620 100.0

681Appendix

Copyright permissions

We are indebted to the following publishers, companies and institutions for permitting copyright material, often in mod-ified form. Full details of publication are given in the rele-vant figure captions.American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., USA: 19.2, 29.5b, 29.6,

29.8, 29.14, 29.20American Journal of Science, New Haven, Connecticut, USA: 16.3,

18.10, 18.11, 18.14, 26.10, 27.11Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, München, Germany: 1.11Berengeria, Würzburg, Germany: 31.3, 31.7, 31.8Blackie & Son, Ltd., London, UK: 12.2b, 12.3, 12.4Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK and Malden, Massachusetts, USA:

14.12, 21.3, 21.4b, 21.6, 23.2, 23.6, 23.7, 23.13, 33.18Burgess, Mineapolis, Minnesota, USA: 11.7, 11.9Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 13.1, 32.4, 32.5, 32.7, 32.8

(copyright with the authors, see below)Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal,

Canada: 4.8Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook, Washington, D.C., USA:

18.2, 18.7, 18.8b, 18.13bChapman & Hall, London, UK: 19.1, 29.1, 29.4b, 29.7, 29.23– formerly Allen & Unwin, London, UK: 27.15Dover Publications, Inc., New York, USA: 18.4, 18.7, 18.8a, 18.15Elements, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., USA:

2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 4.12, 15.1, 25.21b, 26.31, 30.3, 30.5, 30.7, 34.3Ellen Pilger, Clausthal, Germany: 1.24, 1.32, 1.33 (copyright with the

authors, see below)Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, NL, Oxford, UK, New York, USA: 17.4,

26.30, 26.32, 29.9, 32.2, 34.2Elsevier Publishers– formerly Gustav Fischer and Urban & Fischer, Jena, Germany: 21.4a,

22.2, 23.8, 26.34– formerly Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford, UK: 26.17, 26.21, 26.22, 26.23,

26.24, 29.19, 29.21, 31.4– formerly Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany: 29.3Enke-Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany: 1.5, 1.8, 1.20, 4.1, 9.4, 26.19, 33.1Episodes, Beijing, VR China: 9.7, 27.21Freiberger Forschungshefte, Technical University, Freiberg, Saxony,

Germany: 27.17Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, USA: 15.4, 20.2, 20.4Geological Society, London, U.K.: 11.36Harper Collins Academic, London, UK: 27.13, 27.14Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York, USA: 24.4b, 25.22aJohn Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney: 4.4, 4.18, 8.13c,

11.38a,c, 11.50, 16.3, 16.5, 25.15, 33.5, 33.15John Wiley– Wiley - Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany: 11.80Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Fig. 11.68Longmans, London, Harlow, Essex, UK: 7.8, 33.1, 33.2, 33.3, 33.4, 33.9,

33.11, 33.12, 33.13a, 33.14Louis C. Herring & company, Orlando, Florida, USA: 2.16McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA: 1.12, 15.5, 15.6, 17.1, 21.2Mineralogical Society, London, UK: Fig. 9.5, 11.61Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., USA: 7.2, 7.5, 7.9,

11.10, 11.13, 11.29, 11.42, 11.49, 11.62, 11.65b,c,d, 11.67, 16.8, 18.16, 25.25, 27.21, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 29.22

Mineralogische Sammlungen, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany: Fig. 11.76

Museum of Earth Science Department, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland 11.54

NASA, Washington D.C., USA: 25.13National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., USA: 18.22National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA: 25.13,

30.1, background image chapter 34

Oxford University Press, New York, USA, Oxford, UK: 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.30, 1.31, 11.45, 16.4, 17.2, 18.12c, 18.18, 18.21, 27.6, 27.15, 33.10, 33.17

Prentice Hall, Old Tappan, New Jersey, USA: 14.6, 14.8, 14.9Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany (http://

www.schweizerbart.de): 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 8.6, 8.13a,b,d, 9.3, 9.5, 10.3, 11.18, 11.26, 11.40, 11.46, 11.58, 11.71, 11.72, 12.5, 18.17, 25.3, 27.3, 27.4, 29.10, 29.11

Schweizerbart– formerly Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Geest & Portig K.-G., Leip-

zig, Germany: 11.42– formerly Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Germany: 23.4, 23.5,Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen,

Verlag Leemann, Zürich, Switzerland: 11.50Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, Colorado, USA: 25.12, 25.13Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits: 25.11Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg– formerly Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, Ger-

many, Oxford UK: 3.10, 23.12, 29.2, 29.3, 29.4aSouth Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia: 11.62bSpringer-Verlag Wien, Austria: 13.3, 26.4The Geological Society, London, UK: 11.36The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London, UK:

11.61The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA: 8.11, 18.12a,b,

20.9, 22.1a, UCL Press Ltd., London, UK: 27.13Verlag Glückauf, Essen, Germany: 23.3, 24.3Verlag Ott, Thun, Switzerland: 11.51Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin New York: 1.12, 8.1, 11.3W.H. Freeman & Co., New York, USA: 4.15, 21.1, 27.27, 29.2Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, Germany: 14.1, 14.10,

29.18Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany: 29.15Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,

USA: 23.10c.If not stated otherwise, photographs of minerals and rocks as well as

photomicrographs of thin sections were taken by Klaus-Peter Kel-ber, Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, which is highly appreciated.

We express our gratitude to the following colleagues for providing photographs and line drawings, part of them unpublished:

Eckart Amelingmeier (University of Würzburg, Germany): 25.21Hans-Ulrich Bambauer (University of Münster, Germany): 11.48, 11.64Joachim Bohm (Berlin, Germany): 1.2, 1.4, 1.16, 1.19, 1.21, 1.22Sönke Brandt (University of Kiel, Germany): 27.1Michael H. Carr (USGS, Menlo Park, California, USA): 32.4, 32.5Peter Doms (NASA, USA): 32.4Crofton B. Farmer (NASA, USA): 32.4Heribert Graetsch (University of Bochum, Germany): Fig. 11.61Monika Günther (TU Berlin, Germany): 11.76Christian Hager (Engelschoff, Germany): Fig. 11.54Chris Harris (University of Capetown, SouthAfrica): 15.7William K. Hartmann (Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona,

USA): 34.4Jorijntje Henderiks (University of Uppsala, Sweden): 2.12Wolfgang and Getrude Hermann (Würzburg, Germany): 25.19Peter M. Herzig (GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany): 23.11a,bInstitute for Planetology (University of Münster, Germany): 30.2, 31.5Jun Gao (Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing PR China): 12.2cTorrence V. Johnson (NASA, Pasadena, California, USA): 32.7, 32.8Beatty J. Kelly (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA): 32.5bArmin Kirfel (University of Bonn, Germany): 1.14Dorothée Kleinschrot (University of Würzburg, Germany) 25.8, 31.3eMichael Kleber, Muthmannsreuth: 11.58Reiner Klemd (University of Erlangen, Germany): 17.6, 21.5Detlef Klimm (Leibniz Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Berlin, Germany):

1.2, 1.4, 1.16, 1.19, 1.21, 1.22

682 Appendix

Herbert Kroll (University of Münster, Germany): 11.69, 11.73, 11.77Peter A. Kukla (RWTH Aachen, Germany): 26.15, 26.28Rob Lavinsky (Dallas, Texas, USA): Fig. 11.52Philine Lommel (Würzburg, Germany): Fig. 11.51Joachim A. Lorenz (Karlstein am Main, Germany): 11.59, 11.60, 13.7,

23.1, 25.3, 28.5, 31.2Jonathan I. Lunine (Cornell University, Ithaca, USA): 32.6Alfred McEwan (USGS, Menlo Park, USA: 32.5)Vesna Marchig (BGR, Hannover, Germany): 23.10dNeil McKerrow (Albany, Western Australia): 2.11Olaf Medenbach (University of Bochum, Germany): 4.10Pete Mouginis-Mark (University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA): 14.3, 14.12Georg Müller (TU Clausthal, Germany): 1.24, 1.32, 1.33Andrea MurphyLutz Nasdala (University of Vienna, Austria): 11.6

Martin Pfleghaar (Heidenheim, Germany): 14.2Dietmar Reinsch† (TU Braunschweig, Germany): 24.1David J. Roddy (US Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA): 31.1Hans-Peter Schertl (Ruhruniversität Bochum, Germany): 28.13Ulrich Schüssler (Universität Würzburg, Germany): 31.3eDenis Smith, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia: 11.62bDieter Stöffler (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany): 26.8Wilhelm Stürmer (Erlangen, Germany): 2.13Javier Trueba (Madrid, Spain; Contacto/Agentur Focus, Hamburg, Ger-

many): 9.6Detlev van Ravenswaay (Science Photo Library, Duisburg, Germany):

32.1Armin Zeh (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany):

33.16

683 B–BGeographical Index

AAachen (Germany) 264Abitibi Greenstone Belt (Quebec and Ontario,

Canada) 398, 443Acapulco (Mexico) 593Acidalia Planitia (Mars) 613Acraeus Mons (Mars) 614Adamello Batholith (Tonale Lineament, Alps,

Italy) 260Adiri region (Titan) 626Adirondack Metamorphic Complex (New York

State, USA) 522Adirondack Mountains (New York State,

USA) 262, 294Adula Alps (Switzerland) 226Aegean Sea (Greece), subduction 473Afghanistan 231, 376, 430Agrigento (Sicily, Italy) 84Åheim (Norway) 561Aigle (Paris, France) 595Aiguille de Midi (France) 550Akluilâk (Canada) 81Alabama (USA) 411Alasia (antique name of Enkomi, Cyprus Island,

Greece) 397Alaska (USA) 428, 472Alba Patera Volcano (Mars) 613Albania 398Aldan Mountains (Russia) 390Alexo Mine (Timmins, Ontario) 367Algeria 446, 448Allan Hills (Victoria Land, Antarctica) 600Allard Lake region (Quebec, Canada) 119, 364Allende (Mexico) 586, 591Alligator River District (Australia) 123Almadén (Spain) 96, 399Almahata Sitta (Nubian Desert, Sudan) 594, 621Alnö Island (Sweden) 231, 273, 492Alp Mussa (Piedmont, Italy) 182Alpe Arami (Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland) 561Alps

– Bündner Schiefer 474 – crust, continental 557 – crystal cellar 210 – fold belt, orogenic 563 – Helvetic nappe, prehnite-pumpellyite

facies 533 – magnesite 441 – metamorphism 472 – ophiolite complex 495 – quartz 205, 208, 209 – whiteschist 543

Altenberg (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 383Altiplano (Carancas, Peru) 587Amazonis Planitia (Mars) 613, 614Anahí Mine (Bolivia) 210Andes (South America) 209, 227, 383, 384, 386,

392, 563, 564Angola 82, 262Angra dos Reis (Brazil) 593

Angshan gold belt (Qinling Orogen, PR China) 388

Annaberg (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 392Antamina Deposit (Peru) 387Antofagasta (Chile) 288Antrim Plateau (Northern Ireland) 271, 539Aonia Terra (Mars) 613Aphrodite Terra (Venus) 610Appalachian Mountains (USA) 540Arabia 438Ardennes (Belgium and France) 474Ardnamurchan Peninsula (Scotland, UK) 293Arenal Volcano (Costa Rica) 276Argentina 376, 448Argyle (Australia) 81, 273Arizona (USA) 411Arkansas (USA) 4Arsia Volcano (Mars) 613, 614Ascension Island (British Overseas Territory) 271,

567Ascraeus Volcano (Mars) 613Asgard Structure (Callisto) 626Ashanti (Ghana) 390Asia Minor 74Askja (Iceland) 276Asososca Maar (Managua, Nicaragua) 284Aswan (Egypt) 260Atacama Desert (South America) 137, 138, 400,

447At-Bashy Complex (Kyrgyzstan) 544Athabasca District (Saskatchewan, Canada) 123Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea) 400Aubres (France) 593Auckland Province (New Zealand) 462, 539Aufhausen (Ries Crater, Germany) 466Augustine Volcano (Alaska, USA) 276Austria 79, 401, 426, 441Auvergne (France) 270, 271Ayers Rock (Australia) 426Azores Islands (Portugal) 270, 271, 567

BBad Grund (Harz Mountains, Germany) 392Bad Kreuznach (Germany) 51Bafq District (Iran) 367, 400Bagagem (Brazil) 120Baguio Deposit (Philippines) 391Bahamas 133, 437, 441Bajiazi (Liaoning Province, PR China) 388Bajo de la Alumbrera Deposit (Argentina) 386Bakal (Russia) 388Balkan Mountains 363Ballachulish (Scotland, UK) 219, 461, 474Ballarat (Victoria, Australia) 390Baltic Sea 44, 438, 446Baltis Vallis (Venus) 611Bamble (Norway) 492Bancroft District (Ontario, Canada) 123, 376Bangka Island (Indonesia) 384Banska Štiavnica (Slovakian Ore Mountains,

Slovakia) 391, 410

Barberton (South Africa) 601Bárðarbunga Volcano (Iceland) 279Barr-Andlau (Vosges, France) 460Barringer Crater (Arizona, USA) 215, 465, 585,

586Basin and Range Province (USA) 271Bathurst (New Brunswick, Canada) 399Bauersberg (Rhön Mountains, Germany) 38Bavarian Forest (Germany) 537Bay of Plenty (Taupo volcanic zone, New Zea-

land) 399Bayan Obo Deposit (PR China) 108, 152, 273, 368Bay-of-Islands Complex (New Foundland, Can-

ada) 554Beacon of the Pacific (see Izalco Volcano)Bedias (Texas, USA) 601Beemersville Complex (New Jersey, USA) 268Belarus 451Belgium 474Bellinzona (Ticino, Switzerland) 561Bendigo (Victoria, Australia) 390Bengal (India) 375Bergell area (Switzerland) 228Bergen (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Vogtland, Ger-

many), 460, 461, 538Bergslagen District (Sweden) 399Berkreim-Sogndal (Norway) 296Besshi Deposit (Island of Shikoku, Japan) 398Betze Post (Nevada, USA) 388Bezymianny Volcano (Russia) 276Bighorn Mountains (Wyoming, USA) 411Bihar-Orissa region (India) 443Bilbao (Spain) 388Billiton Island (Indonesia) 384Bingham (Utah, USA) 385, 386Birunga Volcanic Field (East African Rift Sys-

tem) 271Black Forest (Germany) 392, 393, 490, 537Black Hills (Dakota, USA) 270, 375, 376, 411Black Sea 67, 433Blenio Valley (Ticino, Switzerland) 421Blind River area (Ontario, Canada) 123Blocker Lead Mine (Arkansas, USA) 210Boddington Deposit (Australia) 386, 412Bodio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland), Gotthard

Base Tunnel 550Bohemia (Czech Republic) 271, 288, 495, 601Bohemian Mountain Range (Ceské Středohoří)

(Czech Republic) 37, 270, 271Boliden Mine (northern Sweden) 492Bolivia 149, 383, 384, 392–394, 414, 445Bonn (Germany) 233Bor Deposit (Serbia) 385Bornhom (Denmark) 407Borrowdale Deposit (Cumbria, England, UK) 79Bosumtwi Crater (Ghana) 601Botswana 82Boulder Batholith (North America) 260, 391Boulder Creek (Idaho, USA) 387Brachina (Australia) 594Braemar Castle (Scotland, UK) 210Brandberg (Namibia) 293

Geographical Index

684 Geographical Index

Brandholz-Goldkronach (Fichtel Mountains, Bavaria) 390

Brazil 75, 79, 80, 152, 200, 210, 213, 231, 376, 384, 410, 411, 434, 445, 474

Breadknife Rock (Australia) 270Bridgewater Bay (England, UK) 433British Columbia (Canada) 296, 398, 428Broken Hill (New South Wales, Australia) 401Broken Hill (South Africa) 401Broken-Ridge Plateau (Indian Ocean) 280Brome Mountain (Montreal, Canada) 270Brothers Volcano (Kermadec Trench, Pacific

Ocean) 396Bruth Pine (North Carolina, USA) 375Burgess Shale (Rocky Mountains, Canada) 434Burma 394Burundi 376Bushveld Igneous Complex (South Africa) 90, 94,

95, 115, 260, 296, 297, 313, 335, 362–364Butte Deposit (Montana, USA) 385, 391Bytown (former name of Ottawa, Canada) 228

CCabeus impact crater (Moon) 578Cairngorm Mountains (Scottish Highlands) 210Cajamarca District (Peru) 386Calabria (Italy) 539, 555Calcutta (Kollkata) (India) 476Caledonian granitic pluton (UK) 260Caledonides (Norway) 399California (USA) 183, 376, 428, 448Caloris Basin (Mercury) 608, 609Campello Monti (Italy) 556Camperio (Lukmanier Mountain Pass, Switzer-

land) 484Campi Flegrei (Italy) 283Canada 50, 75, 82, 107, 119, 192, 267, 270, 273,

364, 366, 376, 384, 400–402, 411, 428, 430, 434, 450, 451, 559

Cananea Deposit (Mexico) 385, 386Canary Islands (Spain) 270, 271, 276, 431, 432,

567Candelaria Deposit (Chilean iron ore belt) 400Cannington Basin (Australia) 401Canyon Diablo (Arizona, USA) 82, 585, 598Cape Cod Bay (Massachusetts, USA) 433Cape Verde Islands (Portugal) 276, 431, 432Cape York (Greenland) 598Carajás Province (Brazil) 400Carancas (Peru) 587, 592Caribbean Islands 183Caribbean Sea 43, 441Carinthia (Austria) 131Carlin (Nevada, USA) 388Carlsbad (New Mexico, USA) 447Carpathian Mountains (Central and Eastern

Europe) 47, 391Carrara (Italy) 130, 477, 479Cascade Range (North America) 563Cassini Division (Saturn rings) 621, 629Castel dell’Ovo (Naples, Italy) 233Castel Nuovo (Naples, Italy) 233Castle rock (Aci Castello, Sicily, Italy) 279Castleton (Derbyshire, England, UK) 108Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen, Ger-

many) 264

Caucasus Mountains 209Central Alps 209, 468, 557Central America 96, 264, 411Central American Andes 563Centre Hill Complex (Canada) 312Ceraunius Tholus (Mars) 613Cerro Colorado Deposit (Panama) 385Cerro de Mercado (Mexico) 400Cerro de Potosi (Bolivia) 392Cerro Matoso Deposit (Colombia) 412Cerro Negro Volcano (Nicaragua) 276Ceské Středohoří (see Bohemian Mountain

Range, Czech Republic)Chamonix (France), Mont Blanc Tunnel 550Charanacillo (Chile) 103Chassigny (Haute-Marne, France) 600Chatagay (Uzbekistan) 79Chelyabinsk (Ural, Russia) 585–587, 592, 620,

621Chernobyl (Ukraine) 124Chiatura (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) 445Chibiny (Kola Peninsula, Russia) 368Chicxulub (Mexico) 585, 601Chihuahua (Mexico) 35, 591Chile 75, 137, 376, 385, 386, 399, 400, 447, 448,

451Chile Ridge 276Chryse Planitia (Mars) 613, 616Chuacús Complex (Guatemala) 545Chukotski Peninsula (Siberia, Russia) 591Chuquicamata Deposit (Chile) 385, 386Chu-Sarysu Basin (Kazakhstan) 431Cigar Lake Mine (Canada) 402Cínovec (Czech Ore Mountains, Czech Repub-

lic) 383, 384Clara Mine (Oberwolfach, Black Forest, Ger-

many) 108, 394Clausthal (Harz Mountains, Germany) 392Climax Mine (Colorado, USA) 386Clinton (Alabama, USA) 444Cloncurry (Queensland, Australia) 400, 412Coahuila (Mexico) 598Coast Range Batholith (North America) 260Coastal Cordilleras (South America) 447Cobalt District (Ontario, Canada) 393Coeur d’Alene District (Idaho, USA) 391Colombia 412, 428Colorado (USA) 376, 431, 434Columbia River region (USA) 279Comstock Lode (Nevada, USA) 391, 410Coober Pedy (Australia) 215Coolgardie (Australia) 412Cornwall (England, UK) 383, 384, 430, 474, 492,

494Corsica (France) 539Cortez (Nevada, USA) 388Cosegüina Volcano (Nicaragua) 276Cotopaxi Volcano (Ecuador) 276Courmayeur (Italy), Mont Blanc Tunnel 550Cracatoa Volcano (Indonesia) 281Crater Lake (Cascades Igneous Province, Oregon,

USA) 309Creighton (Ontario, Canada) 365Crete (Greece) 473, 539, 541Cripple Creek (Colorado, USA) 270, 391, 410Croatia 411Cthulhu Regio (Pluto) 631Cuba 363, 412

Cullinan Kimberlite Pipe (South Africa) 80Cumberland (Gale Crater, Mars) 617Cumbria (UK) 474Cuyuna Range (Minnesota, USA) 443Cyclades Archipelago (Greece) 469, 472, 473,

539, 541Cyprus Island (Greece) 363, 397, 495Czech Ore Mountains (Czech Republic) 384Czech Republic 79, 410, 431

DDabie Shan (PR China) 81, 214, 472, 544Dalmatia (Croatia) 411Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Krai, Siberia, Russia) 91,

107Dannemora (New York State, USA) 162Davetsaub (Khomas Highlands, Namibia) 488Deccan Trap (India) 279, 411Dei Laghi Series (Ivrea Zone, Italy) 556Democratic Republic of Congo 81, 82, 376, 385,

412, 430, 434Denmark 213, 433, 446, 449Desaguadero (Peru) 587Devils Tower (Wyoming, USA) 270Dharwar (India) 430Disko Island (Greenland) 76Djebel Dokhan (Eastern Desert, Egypt) 264Dolomite Alps (Friuli, Italy) 421Doniambo Deposit (New Caledonia, France) 412Donskoy Mine (Kazakhstan) 363Dora Maira Massif (Alps, Italy) 214, 472, 520, 521,

543, 544Dornot (Mongolia) 123Drachenfels (Siebengebirge, Germany) 37, 223Dreiser Weiher (Eifel, Germany) 261Driekop (Bushveld Igneous Complex, South

Africa) 367Duluth (Minnesota, USA) 296, 364Dundas (Tasmania, Australia) 147Durango (Mexico) 367, 400Dwars River (South Africa) 363

EEagle Station (Carroll County, Kentucky,

USA) 595Eagle’s Nest (California, USA) 75East African Rift 271, 273, 276, 314, 343, 448East Kimberley region (Australia) 545East Pacific Rise 395, 396, 652Easter Islands 567Eastern Alps (Austria) 131Eastern Pacific 142Eger Rift (Czech Republic) 288Egypt 50, 215, 390Ehrenfriedersdorf (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Ger-

many) 372, 373Eibenstock Granite (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Ger-

many) 462Eifel Mountains (Germany) 223, 270, 283–285Eisenerz (Styria, Austria) 388El Chichón Volcano (Mexico) 276, 283El Indio Deposit (Chile) 391El Teniente Deposit (Chile) 385Elba (Italy) 118, 376, 387Ellendale (Australia) 81

685 F–IGeographical Index

El-Nakhla (Alexandria, Egypt) 600Elysium Rise (Mars) 613, 614Emirate of Dubai 425Emperor Deposit (Fiji Islands) 391Emperor Seamounts (Pacific Ocean) 276England (UK) 44, 79, 108, 213, 383, 384, 426, 430,

438, 444, 449, 474Epupa Complex (Namibia) 538Erbendorf (Bavaria, Germany) 39Erebus Volcano (Antarctica) 277Ernest Henry Mine (Cloncurry District, Queens-

land, Australia) 400Erstfeld (Canton Uri, Switzerland), Gotthard Base

Tunnel 550Erta Ale Volcano (Ethiopia) 277Erzberg (Styria, Austria) 131, 388Erzgebirge (see Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany)Eski Fjord (Iceland) 130Esperito Santo (Brazil) 113Essex County (Massachusetts, USA) 270Estonia 433, 434Etendeka Province (Africa) 279, 293Ethiopia 376Etosha Pan (Namibia) 448Explorer Ridge (Pacific Ocean) 396Eyafjallajökull (Iceland) 283

FFairbanks (Alaska) 390, 428Falun (Sweden) 227, 492Famagusta (Cyprus Island, Greece) 397Felbertal (High Tauern Alps, Austria) 401Fen Complex (Norway) 271, 273, 492Fennoscandia 555Fiji Islands 391Finland 267, 270, 273, 376, 398Finsch Kimberlite Pipe (South Africa) 80Fish River Canyon (Namibia) 62Flims (Grison, Switzerland) 421Florida (USA) 152, 441, 446Florida Bay 133Fongen-Hyllingen Layered Intrusion (Nor-

way) 296Fontana (Val Bedretto, Alps, Switzerland) 209Forno (Italy) 556Fort Benton (USA) 411Fossa Volcano (Italy) 85, 282, 287France 375, 376, 410–412, 474, 561Franconian Alb (Germany) 433Franklin Furnace (New Jersey, USA) 115Free State Geduld Mine (Welkom Goldfield,

Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa) 429Freiberg (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 389,

392Frood (Ontario, Canada) 365Fuchsgraben (Aschaffenburg, Spessart Metamor-

phic Complex, Germany) 475Fukushima (Japan) 124Fuqaha (Sahara Desert, Libya) 599Fyn Island (Denmark) 438

GGabon 445Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) 276Gale Crater (Mars) 612, 617

Galeras (Colombia) 282Gamsberg (South Africa) 401Ganiki Chasma rift zone (Venus) 611Garson (Ontario, Canada) 365GDR (see German Democratic Republic)Gebel Yelleq area (Sinai, Egypt) 463Geneva (Switzerland) 41Georgia (USA) 410, 445, 601Germagnano (Italy) 556German Democratic Republic (GDR) 51Germany 46, 49, 79, 88, 89, 94, 99, 107, 109,

247, 383, 394, 400, 410, 426, 433, 434, 444, 449–451, 474, 550, 555, 556, 587, 654

Ghana 75, 411, 445Gibeon (Namibia) 586, 598Gipul Catena (Callisto) 626Gizeh (Cairo, Egypt) 44Glass Mountain Volcano (California, USA) 292Glen Coe Complex (Scotland, UK) 57, 295Gold Coast 390Golden Mile Deposit (Kalgoorlie Australia) 390Gorduno (Ticino, Switzerland) 482Gotthard Base Tunnel (Switzerland) 550Grand Canyon (Arizona, USA) 426Grängesberg (Sweden) 367Grasberg Deposit (Indonesia) 385Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 437Great Bear District (Canada) 393, 400Great Dyke (Zimbabwe) 296, 363, 367Great Geysir (Haukadalur region, Iceland) 288Great Salt Lake Desert (Utah, USA) 448Greater Ararat (Turkey) 265Greece 74, 94, 411Greenbushes (Australia) 376Greenland 117, 192, 376Greenvale Deposit (Queensland, Australia) 412Grenville Province (Canada) 294Grímsvötn Volcano (Iceland) 276Groote Eylandt (Australia) 445Grunehogna Nunatak (Dronning Maud Land,

Antarctica) 296Guandong (PR China) 410Guaniamo Deposit (Venezuela) 81Guinea 411Guyana 411

HHabachtal (Salzburg, Austria) 493Haemus Mons Volcano (Io) 624Hagendorf (Bavaria, Germany) 376Hakone (Honshu Island, Japan) 467Halemaumau Lava Lake (Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii,

USA) 279, 300–302Hamelin Pool (Shark Bay, Australia) 43Hamersley Range (Australia) 189, 443, 444Harding Pegmatite (New Mexico, USA) 375Harliberg (Vienenburg, Germany) 427Hartkoppe (Sailauf, Spessart, Germany) 263Harz Mountains (Germany) 394, 426, 427, 474,

495Haukadalur region (Iceland) 288Hawaii Islands (USA) 250, 257, 271, 276, 285,

301, 343, 545, 555, 563, 567, 615, 647Hegau (Germany) 270Hekla Volcano (Iceland) 276Helgustadir (Eski Fjord, Iceland) 130

Hellas impact basin (Mars) 615Hellenic Trench (Greece) 473Hellenides (Southeastern Europe) 473, 541, 554Henderson Deposit (Colorado, USA) 386Herculaneum (Italy) 283Herschel Crater (Mimas) 628Hesse (Germany) 433High Cordilleras (South America) 447High Plains (North America) 439High Tauern (Alps, Austria) 390Himalaya Mine (San Diego County, California,

USA) 375Himalaya Mountains 284, 357, 491, 522, 544,

557, 563, 564Himmelsfürst-Fundgrube Mine (Brand-Erbisdorf,

Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 389Hindu-Kush Mountains (Afghanistan) 472, 543Hirschau (Bavaria, Germany) 410Hlinik (Hungaria) 265Hoangho River (PR China) 431Hoba-West (Grootfontein, Namibia) 76, 465, 585,

586, 598Homestake Mine (South Dakota, USA) 390Horn of Africa 284Howard’s Pass (Canada) 401Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru) 276Hudson Volcano (Chile) 276Huelva District (Spain) 399Hunan Province (PR China) 394Hungary 411Hunza Valley (Cashmere) 117, 162Hyderabad (India) 210

IIberian Massif (Spain) 410Iberian Peninsula 383, 399, 437Iceland 23, 270, 276, 289, 310, 567Idaho (USA) 210Idar-Oberstein (Nahe River, Germany) 59Idrija Deposit (Slovenia) 96, 399Iglesias (Sardinia, Italy) 388Ijen Volcano (Java, Indonesia) 85Ile de Groix (Brittany, France) 540Ilímaussaq (Greenland) 123, 268Imandra Layered Complex (Kola Peninsula,

Russia) 363India 50, 79, 80, 107, 152, 163, 231, 363, 375,

376, 394, 411, 438, 450, 538, 564, 574Indian Ocean 445Indochina 601Indonesia 75, 163, 384, 430, 554Indonesian Archipelago 384Irai (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) 210Iran 375, 400, 433, 451Irazú Volcano (Costa Rica) 276Iron Mountain (Missouri, USA) 367Irrawaddy River (Mogok, Myanmar) 430Ischia (Italy) 270Ishtar Terra (Venus) 610Island of Arran (Scotland, UK) 293Island of Nauru (Republic of Nauru), guano 447Island of Shikoku (Japan) 398Isle of Mull (Scotland, UK) 166, 539Isle of Skye (Scotland, UK) 270Israel 451Istria (Croatia) 411

686 Geographical Index

Itabira (Brazil) 443Italy 375, 376, 399, 411, 474Iveland (Norway) 152Ivigtut (Kitaa, Greenland) 108Ivory Coast 601Ivrea Zone (Valle Strona, Italian Alps) 555–557Ivuna (Tanzania) 591Izalco Volcano (El Salvador) 277

JJabiluka Deposit (Australia) 402Jachymov (St. Joachimsthal) (Bohemia, Czech

Republic) 51, 393Jacobeni (Eastern Carpathians, Romania) 445Jagersfontein Mine (South Africa) 80, 81Jakobsberg (Central Sweden) 115Jamaica 411Jangxi Province (PR China) 383Japan 42, 183, 214, 446, 451, 472, 533, 539, 564,

574Japan Trench (Pacific Ocean) 276, 564Japanese Island Arc 399, 563Java (Indonesia) 544Jerissa (Tunesia) 388Jiangxi (PR China) 410Jilin (PR China) 586Jinchuan Intrusive Complex (PR China) 367Joe Wright Mountain (Arkansas, USA) 76Johannesburg (South Africa) 362John Klein (Gale Crater, Mars) 617Joplin (Missouri, USA) 93Jordan 451Juína (Brazil) 81Juttulhogget (Dronning Maud Land, Antarc-

tica) 63Jutulrøra East (H.U. Sverdrupfjella, Antarc-

tica) 662Jwaneng (Botswana), diamond 80, 81, 83

KKaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex (Germany) 270,

271, 273Kalahari Desert 465, 575, 600Kalahari Ore Field (South Africa) 115, 445Kalmakyr Deposit (Uzbekistan) 386Kambalda Ore Field (Australia) 367Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) 288Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord (Greenland) 268Kankan (Guinea) 81Kara Oba (Kazakhstan) 32Kara-Bogaz Bay (Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan) 449Karatau Mountain Belt (Kazakhstan) 431Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) (Bohemia, Czech Repub-

lic) 198, 288, 410Karoo Province (Africa) 279Karoonda (Australia) 592Kasseler Grund (Bieber, Spessart, Germany) 540Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo) 411,

434Kazakhstan 115, 123, 363, 398, 399, 431, 472Keivy (Kola Peninsula, Russia) 168Kempirsai (Ural Mountains, Russia) 363Kenya 164, 176, 314, 376Kerguelen Plateau (Indian Ocean) 280Keurusselkä Crater (Finland) 587

Keweenaw Peninsula (Lake Superior region, Michigan, USA) 73, 386

Key Lake (Athabasca District, Canada) 402Khetri Complex (Rajasthan, India) 492Khibina Tundra (Kola Peninsula, Russia) 270Khomas Highlands (Namibia) 488Kilauea Iki Volcano (Hawaii, USA) 312Kilauea Volcano (Hawaii, USA) 276–279, 282,

302, 303, 309, 312, 558Kimberley Mine (Koffiefontein, South Africa) 80,

81, 559Kimberley region (Australia) 44King Island (Tasmania, Australia) 387Kings Mountains (North Carolina, USA) 376Kinnekulle Hill (Lidköping, Sweden) 592Kirchbühl (Erbendorf, Germany) 480Kirkland Lake (Ontario, Canada) 390, 443Kiruna (Sweden) 154, 367, 400Kliuchevskoi Volcano (Russia) 276Klondike (Yukon District, Canada) 428Kniebreche Ravine (Glattbach, Spessart, Bavaria,

Germany) 375Knossos (Crete, Greece) 264Kodaro-Udokan Basin (Siberia, Russia) 434Koehn Dry Lake (California, USA) 106Köfels (Tyrol, Austria) 421Koffiefontein Mine (South Africa) 80Kokchetau Complex (Kazakhstan) 81, 472, 544Kola Peninsula (Russia) 200, 229, 247, 270, 273,

550Kolar District (Mysore, India) 390Komati River (South Africa) 266, 367Kombat Deposit (Namibia) 388Kombolgie Basin (Australia) 402Kondjor (Siberia, Russia) 77, 428Kongsberg (Norway) 74, 393Konrad Mine (Germany) 444Korath Range (Ethiopia) 271Korea 383, 433Koryak Mountains (Chukotski Peninsula, Siberia,

Russia) 591Kounrad Deposit (Kazakhstan) 385Kovdor (Kola Peninsula, Russia) 368Krafla (Iceland) 289Kragerø region (Norway) 232Krakatoa Volcao (Indonesia) 283, 285Krasnoyarsk (Siberia) 595Kremlin (Moscow, Russia) 75, 77Krivoi Rog (Russia) 443Krokees (Peloponnese, Greece) 264Kuke (Kalahari Desert, Botswana) 575Kursk (Russia) 443Kylylahti (Karelia, Finland) 398Kyrgyzstan 399, 472

LLa Charme (Vosges, France) 561La Escondida Deposit (Chile) 386La Gardette (Alps, France) 209La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) 276Laacher See (Germany) 271, 283, 285, 462, 492,

539Labrador Peninsula (Canada) 227Labrador Trough (Canada) 398, 443Lac de Gras (Canada) 81

Lac Tio (Allard Lake region, Quebec, Can-ada) 364

Lac-Saint-Jean Complex (Quebec, Canada) 262Ladolam Deposit (Lihir Island, Papua New

Guinea) 391Lahn-Dill area (Germany) 325, 400, 495Lake Acraman Crater (Australia) 585Lake Chebarkul (Ural, Russia) 585Lake District (UK) 433Lake Magadi (East-African Rift) 448Lake Maggiore (Italy) 557Lake Natron (East-African Rift) 448Lake Nyos (Cameroon) 276Lake Titicaca (Peru) 587, 592Laki Volcano (Iceland) 276, 277Langarone (Italy) 421Långban (Sweden) 115Langesund Fjord (Norway) 189, 376Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) 276Larderello region (Tuscany, Italy) 288Lassen Peak Volcano (California, USA) 280, 322Lau Basin (Southwest Pacific Ocean) 397Laurium (Attica, Greece) 388Le Baux (France) 411Leadville (Colorado, USA) 388Lena River (Siberia, Russia) 390, 428Lennard Shelf (Fitzroy Trough, Australia) 401Lepontine Alps (Switzerland, Italy) 473Lesser Antilles 563Leucite Hills (Wyoming, USA) 271Levack (Ontario, Canada) 365Libby (Montana, USA) 200Liberia 443Lidköping (Sweden) 592Liguria (Italy) 474Lihir Island (Papua New Guinea) 391Limberg (Sasbach, Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex,

Germany) 58, 269Limoges (Massif Central, France) 410Linares Deposit (Sierra Morena, Spain) 392Lindberg Quarry (Fürstenstein Intrusive Com-

plex, Bavarian Forest, Germany) 259Lipari Island (Italy) 264Little Boulder Creek (Idaho, USA) 387Llallagua Mine (Bolivia) 392Löbauer Berg (Upper Lusatia, Germany) 272Lodhran (Pakistan) 593Loki region (Io) 623London (England, UK) 39Lone Creek Falls (Pilgrim’s Rest, Mpumalanga,

South Africa) 439Long Valley (California, USA) 284, 292Longido (Tanzania) 117Lornex Deposit (Canada) 385Lorraine (France) 444Loskop Dam (South Africa) 363Louisiana (USA) 450, 653Lovozero (Kola Peninsula, Russia) 268, 368Lowell-Observatory (Flagstaff, Arizona, USA) 630Lower Bavaria (Germany) 411Lower Rhine (Germany and The Nether-

lands) 277Lower Yangtze Valley (PR China) 400Lubin (Poland) 434Lukmanier Pass (Alps, Switzerland) 480Lunae Planum (Mars) 613Luxembourg 444Lybia 215

687 M–NGeographical Index

Lydenburg (South Africa) 362, 363Lynn Lake (Manitoba, Canada) 367

MMacmillan Pass (Yukon, Canada) 387Madagascar 36, 79, 152, 209, 210, 268, 284, 376Magnet Cove Igneous Complex (Arkansas,

USA) 268Magnetsteine (Nieder-Beerbach, Odenwald

Metamorphic Complex, Germany) 480Magnitogorsk (Ural Mountains, Russia) 387Maidan Pek Deposit (Serbia) 385Main River (Würzburg, Germany) 440Maine (USA) 376, 474Makaopuhi Lava Lake (Hawaii Islands, USA) 311Makbal Complex (Kazakhstan) 544Makgadikgadi Salt Pan (Botswana) 448Malaian Peninsula 384Malaysia 152, 384, 447Mammoth Hot Springs (Yellowstone National

Park, Wyoming, USA) 288, 441Mammoth Mountain Volcano (California,

USA) 292Manchester (England, UK) 426Manicouagan Crater (Quebec, Canada) 585Mansfeld (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) 434Marbella (Spain) 587Maria (diverse) (Moon) 575, 577, 581Mariana Islands (USA) 563, 564Mariana Trench (Pacific Ocean) 276, 564Marienberg (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 392Märkerwald (Bensheim, Odenwald, Ger-

many) 259Marktheidenfeld (Spessart, Germany) 423Marquette Range (Michigan, USA) 443Marteles Maar (Gran Canaria, Canary Island) 284Massachusetts (USA) 601Massif Central (France) 296, 383, 394Mato Grosso (Brazil) 210Matsubase (Japan) 186Matsyutov Complex (Ural Mountains, Rus-

sia) 544Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii, USA) 279Mauna Loa Volcano (Hawaii, USA) 276, 279, 614,

615Mauna Ulu Volcano (Hawaii, USA) 279Mawatwan Mine (Griqualand, South Africa) 445Maxwell Montes (Venus) 610Mayanmar 376Mayon Volcano (Philippines) 276McArthur Basin (Australia) 402McArthur River (Northern Territory, Aus-

tralia) 401McArthur River Mine (Canada) 402McDermitt Mine (Nevada, USA) 399Meissen (Saxony, Germany) 296, 410Menominie Range (Michigan, USA) 443Merapi Volcano (Java, Indonesia) 277, 283Mererani area (Arusha, Tanzania) 170Meridiani Planum (Mars) 616Mesabi Range (Minnesota, USA) 443Messel (Hesse, Germany) 434Mexico 24, 75, 107, 391, 394, 398, 400, 445Miask (Ural Mountains, Russia) 376Mibladen (Morocco) 143, 155Michigan (USA) 530

Michikaman Intrusion (Labrador Province, Can-ada) 262

Michipicoten District (Ontario, Canada) 443Mid-Atlantic Ridge 271, 276, 396Middle East 73Mighei (Ukraine) 591Milos Island (Greece) 264, 411Minas Gerais (Brazil) 166, 172, 175, 210, 376,

443, 445Mingora (Pakistan) 493Mir Deposit, Mine (Sakha Republic, Yakutia,

Russia) 81, 83Mississippi region (USA) 213, 401, 411, 446Mitterberg (State of Salzburg, Austria) 391Mittweida (Saxony, Germany) 480Mo i Rana (Nordland, Norway) 61Moa Bay Deposit (Cuba) 412Mogàn (Gran Canaria) 214Mogok (Myanmar) 117, 430Mohave Desert (California) 139Mohawk Valley (New York, USA) 205Moina (Tasmania, Australia) 387Molango District (Mexico) 445Moldau River (Czech Republic) 601Møn Island (Denmark) 438Monastery (South Africa) 81Mong Hsu area (Myanmar) 117Mongolia 108Mono Lake (California, USA) 43Mons Olympus Volcano (Mars) 279Mons Porphyritis (Djebel Dokhan, Eastern Desert,

Egypt) 58, 264Mont Blanc Tunnel (France and Italy) 550Mont Granier (Savoy, France) 421Montagne Pelée Volcano (Martinique, Lesser

Antilles, France) 280, 281, 283, 303Montana (USA) 411Monte Amiata (Tuscany, Italy) 399Monte Mucrone (Sesia Lanzo Zone, Alps) 542Monte Rosa (Italy) 557Monte Somma Volcano (Italy) 228, 271, 277,

283, 314Montmartre (France) 144Montroc Deposit (Massif Central, France) 394Monzoni (Dolomite Mountains, Italy) 268Mooihoek dunite pipe (Bushveld Igneous Com-

plex, South Africa) 367Moravia (Czech Republic) 586, 601Morecambe Bay (England, UK) 433Morenci Deposit (Arizona, USA) 385Moreton Bay (Australia) 433Morocco 394, 446Morogoro (Tanzania) 116, 117, 505Moscow (Russia) 39Mount Agung Volcano (Indonesia) 276Mount Bol’shaya Varaka (Imandra Layered Com-

plex, Kola Peninsula, Russia) 363Mount Erebus (Antarctica) 270Mount Etna Volcano (Sicily, Italy) 277, 279,

286–288, 300, 547Mount Fuji Volcano (Japan) 276, 286Mount Hibernia Complex (Jamaica) 539, 541Mount Hokkaido Komagatake Volcano

(Japan) 276Mount Isa (Queensland, Australia) 401, 446Mount Katmai Volcano (Alaska, USA) 276Mount Keith (Yilgarn Craton, Australia) 367Mount Kilimanjaro Volcano (Tanzania) 276

Mount Lamington Volcano (Papua New Guinea) 276

Mount Merapi Volcano (Indonesia) 276Mount Nyiragongo Volcano (Democratic Repub-

lic of Congo) 276, 311Mount Peleé Volcano (Martinique, Lesser Antil-

les, France) 276Mount Pinatubo Volcano (Philippines) 276Mount Rainier (Cascade Range, Washington

State, USA) 263Mount Redoubt Volcano (Alaska, USA) 276Mount Ruapehu Volcano (New Zealand) 276Mount St. Helens Volcano (Washington State,

USA) 280, 282, 283Mount Unzen Volcano (Japan) 276Mount Vesuvius Volcano (Italy) 271, 272, 277,

278, 282, 283, 314, 547Mount Weald (Laverton, Australia) 412Mountain Pass (California, USA) 152, 368Mozambique 376Mpumalanga (South Africa) 186Mull Island (Scotland, UK) 462Murchison (Victoria, Australia) 591Murray (Ontario, Canada) 365Mursinka (Ural Mountains, Russia) 374Muruntau (Tian Shan Orogen, Uzbekistan) 390Muscox Layered Intrusion (Canada) 295, 296Myanmar 117, 183, 384, 430Myojinsho (Japan) 276

NNaica Mine (Santo Domingo, Chihuahua, Mex-

ico) 145, 146, 387Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Belt (Namibia) 62Namib Desert (Namibia) 80Namibia 80, 82, 108, 210, 231, 262, 376, 430, 447Naples (Italy) 283Nasik (India) 234Navado del Ruiz Volcano (Columbia) 284Naxos Island (Cyclades Archipelago,

Greece) 469–472Nea Kameni (Santorini Island, Greece) 473Netherlands 433, 449Neuschwanstein Castle (Füssen, Germany) 587Neuwied Basin (Germany) 285Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) 282Neves Corvo (Portugal) 399New Almaden (California, USA) 96, 399New Caledonia (France) 363, 472, 539New England (USA) 376New Foundland (Canada) 398, 495New Hampshire (USA) 468New Idria Deposit (California, USA) 96, 399New Mexico (USA) 401New South Wales (Australia) 81, 271, 384New York (USA) 51, 587New Zealand 288, 399, 426, 428, 473, 533Newberry Caldera (Oregon, USA) 280Newmont (Nevada, USA) 388Nicaro Deposit (Cuba) 412Nigeria 376, 430Nikopol (Dnieper, Ukraine) 445Nizhny Tagil (Ural Mountains, Russia) 363, 428Nopal (Mexico) 123Norgay Montes (Pluto) 630Norilsk (Siberia, Russia) 364, 367, 428

688 Geographical Index

Normandy (France) 213, 438North Cape (Norway) 437North Island (New Zealand) 652North Korea 79, 149North Pole (Mars) 612North Qaidam (PR China) 81North Sea 44, 50, 446, 449, 450North Xinjiang (PR China) 385Northern Cape Province (South Africa) 189Northern Ireland (UK) 260, 271Norway 79, 119, 161, 214, 224, 226, 364, 411,

472, 543, 544, 640Novarupta-Katmai Volcano (Alaska) 283Novello Claims (Zimbabwe) 113, 493Novo Urei (Russia) 594Nsuta (Ghana) 411, 444Nubian Desert (Sudan) 594NW Territory (Canada) 428Nyamuragira Volcano (Democratic Republic of

Congo) 276, 277Nyiragongo Volcano (Democratic Republic of

Congo) 271, 277Nyon (France) 593

OOceanus Procellarum (Moon) 574, 575, 591Odenwald (Germany) 474Odisha (Orissa) (India) 445Ohau Island (Hawaii, USA) 271Ok Tedi Deposit (Papua-New Guinea) 385Okelobondo (Gabon, West Africa) 124, 394Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano (East African Rift

System, Tanzania) 273, 276Old Faithful (Yellowstone National Park, Wyo-

ming, USA) 288Olkusz (Poland) 92Olympic Dam Deposit (Australia) 123, 399, 400,

431Olympus Mons (Mars) 613–615Oman 447, 495, 588, 600Omaruru (Namibia) 176Omegna (Italy) 556Onikobe (Honshu Island, Japan) 467Ontake Volcano (Japan) 283Ontario (Canada) 231Onverwacht (Bushveld Igneous Complex, South

Africa) 367Oranjemund (Namibia) 430Orapa (Botswana) 80, 81, 83Orgueil (France) 591Orijärvi region (Oslo, Finland) 530Ornans (France) 591Orroroo (Australia) 81Oruro (Bolivia) 392Oslo Graben (Norway) 226, 267, 268, 271Oslo region (Norway) 500, 524, 530Otong-Java Plateau (Pacific) 280Ouenza (Algeria) 388Outokumpu (Finland) 398

PPacific Ocean 43, 342, 445, 446, 472Pakistan 376, 401Palisade Sill (New York State, USA) 293Palni Range (India) 538

Pamukkale (Turkey) 441Panasqueira Mine (Portugal) 384Panguna Deposit (Papua New Guinea) 385Pantelleria Island (Italy) 226Papua New Guinea 75, 554Paradox Basin (USA) 434Paraíba (Brazil) 176, 376Paraná Basin (South America) 279, 412Paris (France) 39Paros Island (Greece) 477Pasto Bueno (Peru) 99, 132Pavonis Volcano (Mars) 613, 614Pea Ridge (Missouri, USA) 367Peloponnese (Greece) 473, 541Penokee-Gogebic Range (Wisconsin and Michi-

gan, USA) 443Pensylvania (USA) 474Pentelikon Mountain Range (Greece) 477Persian Gulf 441, 450Peru 75, 383, 385, 386, 394, 398, 399, 446, 447,

587Peru-Chile Trench 564Petaca District (New Mexico, USA) 375, 376Petsamo (Petchenga) (Karelia, Russia) 367Phalaborwa (South Africa) 154, 200, 273, 368Philippine Archipelago 284Philippines 363, 364, 412Phlegraean Fields (Naples, Italy) 287, 288Pichincha Volcano (Ecuador) 276Pico de Teide Volcano (Tenerife, Canary Islands,

Spain) 286Pico do Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde) 276Piggs Peak (Swaziland) 661Pikes Peak (Colorado, USA) 225Pilbara District (Australia) 443Pinatubo Volcano (Luzon, Philippines) 282–284Pine Creek (California, USA) 387Pine Point (Northwest Territory, Canada) 401Piton de la Fournaise Volcano (Réunion) 277PKT (see Procellarum KREEP Terrane)Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) 441Plzeň (Pilsen) (Bohemia, Czech Republic) 410Po Valley (Italy) 557Podsedice (Czech Republic) 164Poland 88, 89, 94, 99, 434, 449Polar Urals (Russia) 183Pompeii (Itali) 283Pontides (Turkey) 399Poona (India) 236Popigai Crater (Siberia, Russia) 82, 585Popocatépetl Volcano (Mexico) 276Porgera Deposit (Papua-New Guinea) 385Portugal 376, 383, 384Potgietersrus (South Africa) 362Poxoréu (Brazil) 81Pozzuoli Volcano (Phlegraean Fields, Naples,

Italy) 287PR China 64, 75, 79, 83, 107, 108, 149, 152, 200,

214, 375, 376, 384–386, 390, 394, 398–400, 410, 411, 430, 433, 434, 445, 446, 450, 451, 472, 474, 574

Predazzo (Dolomite Mountains, Italy) 268Premier Mine (South Africa) 80–83Pretoria (South Africa) 362Přibram District (Czech Republic) 392Primorsky Krai (Siberia, Russia) 95, 428Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) (Moon) 574Pu’u O’o Volcano (Hawaii, USA) 279, 282

Pultusk (Poland) 586Pwyll Crater (Europa, Jupiter moon) 625

QQaidam Complex (PR China) 81Qinling Orogen (PR China) 388, 390Queensland (Australia) 215Queternoq Pluton (Greenland) 296Quizapu Volcano (Cerro Azul,Chile) 276

RRabbit Lake Mine (Canada) 402Radentheim (Carinthia, Austria) 131Raglan (Quebec, Canada) 367Raglan Range (Tasmania, Australia) 484Rammelsberg (Harz Mountains, Germany) 400,

401, 654Ramona (California, USA) 164, 375Range Well (Australia) 412Ranger Mine (Australia) 402Rattlesnake-Mountain Pluton (California,

USA) 294Rauschenberg (Bavaria, Germany) 129Recsk Deposit (Hungary) 385Red Sea 437Reichenbach (Dzerzoniów) (Lower Silesia,

Poland) 36Reichenbach (Odenwald, Germany) 394Renazzo (Italy) 591Rheasilvia Basin (Vesta) 620Rhenish Slate Mountains (Germany) 392, 426,

474Rhine Graben (France and Germany) 271Rhine-Main area (Germany) 50Rhino Wash (Ugab region, Namibia) 468Rhodope Mountains (Greece) 544Rhön Mountains (Germany) 270, 271Riddle Deposit (Oregon, USA) 412Rieden (Laacher See Volcanic Complex, Eifel,

Germany) 269Ries Crater (Nördlingen, Germany) 81, 82, 214,

411, 464–467, 585, 601Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) 35, 210Rio Tinto (Spain) 51, 399, 414Rio Tinto Borax Mine (California) 139Rivière Blanche Valley (Martinique, Lesser Antil-

les, France) 283, 284Rocche Rosse (Lipari, Eolian Islands, Italy) 280Rochechouart structure (France) 585Rocknest (Gale Crater, Mars) 617Rocky Mountains (Canada) 434Rogaland (Norway) 538Röhrsdorf (Saxonian Granulitgebirge, Ger-

many) 475Roman Empire 74, 399Romania 450Rome (Italy) 441Roque Nublo Volcano (Gran Canaria) 286Rössing (Namibia) 123Rottershausen (Lower Franconia, Germany) 438Rudna (Poland) 434Rügen Island (Germany) 44, 213, 438Ruhla (Thuringian Forest, Germany) 464Rumuruti (Kenya) 593

689 S–TGeographical Index

Russia 50, 75, 82, 108, 149, 214, 364, 366, 376, 384, 394, 399, 411, 428, 448, 451

Rustenburg (South Africa) 362, 363, 367Rwanda 149, 376

SSaga Quarry (Tvedalen, Larvik, Norway) 38Sahara Desert 215, 431, 432, 448, 475, 588, 599,

600Sailauf (Spessart, Germany) 212Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) 81Sakhalin Isalnd (Russia) 428Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia) 448Salton Sea (Gulf of California) 400Salzgitter District (Harz Mountains, Ger-

many) 444Samoa 567Samos Island (Cyclades, Greece) 478, 481, 541San Cristóbal (Chiapas, Mexico) 214San Juan Volcanic Province (Colorado, USA) 310San Manuel-Kalamazoo Deposit (Arizona,

USA) 385San Rafael vein (Peru) 393Sandong (South Korea) 387Sangay Volcano (Ecuador) 277Santa Maria in Cosmedin (Rome, Italy) 264Santa Maria Volcano (Guatemala) 277Santa Rita Deposit (New Mexico, USA) 385Santorini (Cyclades, Greece) 276, 283, 286, 473São Francisco (Brazil) 81São Luiz Deposit (Brazil) 81São Miguel Island (Azores Islands, Portugal) 276Sapas Mons (Venus) 611Sar Cheshmeh Deposit (Iran) 385Sarbai (Kazakhstan) 387Saskatchewan (Canada) 402Saudi Arabia 446Savage River (Tasmania, Australia) 367, 400Saxonian Erzgebirge (Germany) 51, 81, 90, 214,

383, 384, 414, 430, 472, 492, 538, 542–544Schneeberg (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Ger-

many) 393Schwaz (Tyrol, Austria) 392Scotland (UK) 260, 433, 474Sea of Japan 564Seabank Villa (Isle of Mull, Scotland, UK) 166Semail Igneous Complex (Oman) 262, 554Senegal 163Serra de Monchique (Portugal) 268Serra de Tingua (Brazil) 268Serra Geral (Brazil) 212Shark Bay (Australia) 437Shatsky Plateau (Pacific Plate) 280Sheregesh (Siberia, Russia) 387Shergotty (or Shergathi, India) 599, 600Shinkolobwe (Shaba Province, Democratic

Republic of Congo) 394Shiveluch Volcano (Russia) 276Shuksan Belt (State of Washington, USA) 472Siberia (Russia) 273, 279, 284, 390, 428, 559Siccar Point (Berwickshire, Scotland, UK) 60, 62Sicily (Italy) 84, 653Siegerland (Rhenish Massif, Germany) 391, 394Siena (Italy) 595Sierra Morena (Spain) 392Sierra Nevada (USA) 260, 293, 388, 472

Sifnos Island (Cyclades, Greece) 472, 542Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) 293, 462Skaergaard (Greenland) 260, 295–297, 332Skelellefte District (Sweden) 399Slate Valley (Vermont, USA) 474Slave Lake (Canada) 399Sljudjanka (Siberia) 153Slovakia 391, 410Slovenia 399Snake River region (USA) 279Snap Lake (Canada) 81Sokli (Finland) 368Solis Planum (Mars) 613Sonora Desert (North America) 439Soufrière Hills (West Indies) 282South Africa 67, 75, 80, 82, 108, 115, 119, 163,

164, 267, 362–364, 366, 401, 426, 428, 430, 445

South Carolina (USA) 410South Korea 376, 401South Pole (Mars) 614South Pole-Aitken Basin (Moon) 575, 577–579,

587Southeast Asia 384, 430Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge 276Southern Alps (New Zealand) 426Spain 108, 383, 384, 399, 401, 410, 451, 474Spessart (Germany) 393, 480, 657Sputnik Planitia (Pluto) 630Sri Lanka 117, 221, 225, 228, 376, 430, 538St. Andreasberg (Harz Mountains, Ger-

many) 129, 393St. Austell (Cornwall, UK) 410St. Cyr (Yukon, Canada) 543St. Gotthard (Switzerland) 187, 208St. Helena (British Overseas Territory) 271St. Joachimsthal (now Jachymov) (Bohemia,

Czech Republic) 123St. Pierre (Martinique, Lesser Antilles, France),

destruction 284Staffa Island (Inner Hebrides, Scotland, UK) 278Stavern (Norway) 224Steamboat Geysir (Yellowstone National Park,

Wyoming, USA) 288Steep-Rock District (Ontario, Canada) 443Steinach (Bavaria, Germany) 505, 507, 679, 680Steinheim Basin (Swabian Alb, Germany) 465,

466Stickney Crater (Phobos) 618Stillwater (Montana, USA) 260, 296, 364, 367Stonařov (Czech Republic) 586Strassberg-Neudorf (Harz Mountains, Ger-

many) 392Streltsovskoje (Russia) 123Stromboli Volcano (Italy) 115, 276, 277, 282,

300, 547Strona Valley (Italy) 556, 557Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) 90, 94, 95, 260, 296,

313, 364–366, 585, 587, 601Sudet Mountains (Poland) 431, 539Sukhoi Log (at Lena River, Russia) 390Sulawesi (Indonesia) 81, 544Sullivan (Canada) 401Su-Lu belt (PR China) 472, 544Sundsval (Sweden) 492Superior Province (Canada) 430, 443Surigao Deposit (Philippines), nickel-cobalt 412Surtsey Volcano (Iceland) 276

Suttrop (Germany) 205Svol Catena (Callisto) 626Swabia (Germany) 467Swabian Alb (Germany) 433, 465Swartboiisdrif (Namibia) 492Swaziland 660, 661Sweden 42, 261, 398, 400, 433Switzerland 35, 207–209, 211, 219, 222, 224,

474, 561Sylacauga (Alabama, USA) 587Syrdyra Basin (Kazakhstan) 431Syros Island (Cyclades, Greece) 183, 472, 481

TTaal Volcano (Philippines) 276TAG mound (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 396Tagish Lake (Yukon Territory, Canada) 591Tahiti Island (Mid-Pacific Ocean) 271, 567Tajikistan 394, 399Talnakh (Siberia, Russia) 367Tambora Volcano (Indonesia) 281–283Tampere (Finland) 60Tamu Massif (Shatsky Plateau, Pacific Plate) 280Tanco Pegmatite (Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Can-

ada) 376Tanzania 164, 176, 376Tarim–North Qilian region (PR China) 398Tasmania (Australia) 400, 495, 601Taupo volcanic region (New Zealand) 276, 284,

288, 399Taxco District (Mexico) 394Teheran (Iran) 39Teide Volcano (Tenerife, Canary Islands,

Spain) 270Telfer (Paterson Orogen, Australia) 390Tell el Amarna (Egypt), aes cyprium

(cuprum) 397Tellnes (Norway) 119, 364Tempe Terra (Mars) 613Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) 276Tennessee (USA) 401Terra Patera Volcano (Mars) 615Texas (USA) 450, 653Thailand 117, 375, 376, 384, 430, 451Tharsis Rise (Mars) 613–615, 617The Geysers (California, USA) 289Theuma (Germany) 460, 461, 485Thuringia (Germany) 51Thuringian Forest (Germany) 394, 474Thuringian Slate Mountains (Germany) 426Tian Shan (Central Asia) 243, 390, 472Tibetan Plateau 491, 564Timmins (Ontario, Canada) 267Timmins-Porcupine (Ontario, Canada) 390Tincalayu (Argentina) 139Tissint (Tata Province, Morocco) 600Tittling (Bavarian Forest, Germany) 493Tivoli (Italy) 441Toba Volcano (Sumatra, Indonesia) 282, 284Tokovaya River (Ural Mountains, Russia) 113,

493, 494Tolbachik (Russia) 276Tomb of the Red Queen (Palenque, Mexico) 96Tombaugh Regio (Pluto) 630, 631Tonale Lineament (Alps, Italy) 260Tonga Trench (Pacific Ocean) 276, 285, 563

690 Geographical Index

Tooting Crater (Amazonis Planitia, Mars) 613Toro-Ankole Volcanic Field (East African Rift

System) 271Transbaikalia (Russia) 376Transylvanian Ore Mountains (Romania) 391Trebbin (Potsdam, Germany) 587Trepča (Kosovo) 388Trieben (Styria, Austria) 131Trinidad Island (Republic of Trinidad and

Tobago, Atlantic Ocean) 271Tristan da Cunha (British Overseas Territory) 271Tri-State District (Oklahoma-Missouri-Kansas,

USA) 388, 401Troodos (Cyprus Island, Greece) 262, 363, 397,

554Tsavo National Park (Kenya) 164Tsingtao (Qingdao, PR China) 399Tsumeb (Namibia) 136, 137, 387, 401, 413Tujetsch (Switzerland) 207Tungsten (Northwest Territories, Canada) 387Tunguska region (Siberia, Russia) 585, 586Tunisia 446, 448Turkey 115, 139, 363, 375, 398, 411, 446, 448,

451, 472Tuscany (Italy) 271, 399Tuusniemi (Finland) 186Twin Buttes (Arizona, USA) 387Twyfelaar (Bushveld Igneous Complex, South

Africa) 367

UUdachnaya Mine (Sakha Republic, Yakutia, Rus-

sia) 81Ukraine 79, 376, 411, 445Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania) 375United Kingdom 266, 410, 426, 474Upper Silesia (Poland) 93Ural Mountains (Russia) 363, 376, 398, 399, 428,

431Uranius Patera (Mars) 613Urseren-Garvera Zone (Switzerland) 550Uruguay 210USA 42, 163, 200, 260, 270, 348, 375, 376, 385,

386, 394, 399, 410, 412, 426, 428, 431, 434, 446–448, 450, 451

Usagara Belt (Tanzania) 472USSR (former) 51, 574Utah (USA) 385, 434Uzbekistan 75Uzelginsk (Ural Mountains, Russia) 399

VValu Fa Ridge (Pacific Ocean) 396Valhalla Basin (Callisto) 587, 626

Valles Marineris (Mars) 613, 614, 616Valley Copper Deposit (Canada) 385Vancouver Island 396Varkenskraal (South Africa) 243Varuträsk Pegmatite (Sweden) 376Vatican (Rome, Italy), travertine 441Veitsch (Styria, Austria) 131Veneneia Crater (Vesta) 620Venetia, (South Africa) 80, 81, 83Vermillion (Kansas, USA) 595Vermillion Range (Minnesota, USA) 443Vermont (USA) 468Verona Rupes (Miranda) 628Vesuvius Volcano (Italy) 115, 172, 286, 287, 303Victoria (Australia) 591Victoria Goldfields (Australia) 75Victoria Land (Antarctica) 600Viel-Salm (Ardennes, Belgium) 476Vienna (Austria) 39Vietnam 149, 376, 384Vigarano (Italy) 591Vihorlat Mountains (Slovakia) 391Viking 1 landing place (Mars) 613Villarica Volcano (Chile) 276Virburnum (Missouri, USA) 401Virginia (USA) 474Vltava (see Moldau River)Vogelsberg (Germany) 271, 334Volcano Island (Italy) 85, 250Vosges (France) 561Vourinos Complex (Greece) 554Vredefort Crater (South Africa) 585, 587

WWabana Deposit (Newfoundland, Canada) 444Wadden Sea (Europe) 433Waimangu Geysir (Taupo volcanic region, New

Zealand) 288Waiotapu (New Zealand) 381Wairaki (New Zealand) 289, 467Waldeck (Germany) 556Wales (UK) 474Weisshorn (Valais Alps, Switzerland) 557Wernecke Mountains District (Canada) 400Wertheim (Germany) 61West-Driefontein Gold Mine (Witwatersrand

Basin, South Africa) 429Western Alps 214, 473Western Cape (South Africa) 426Western Gneiss region (Norway) 81Wettringen (Bavaria, Germany) 242Whin Sill (England, UK) 293Wiesbaden (Germany) 381Wilhelmine Mine (Sommerkahl, Spessart, Ger-

many) 380Windischeschenbach (Germany) 550, 556

Windjana (Gale Crater, Mars) 617Wittichen (Black Forst, Germany) 394Witwatersrand Basin (South Africa) 75, 123, 428,

430, 550Wodgina Pan (Greenbushes, Australia) 376Wölsendorf Deposit (Bavaria, Germany) 107, 394World Cottage (Yorkshire, UK) 595Würzburg University (Germany) 427Wyoming (USA) 434

XXanadu region (Titan) 627Xilamulun metallogenetic belt (North China

Craton) 386Xinjiang Uygur (PR China) 376

YYakutia (Siberia, Russia) 39Yamato Mountains (Antarctica), meteorite 600Yanacocha (Peru) 391Yanhshan Gold Belt (PR China) 390Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu-Archipelago,

Pazific) 277Yate (England, UK) 143Yellow Sea 433Yellowknife (Northwest Territories, Canada) 382,

390Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA) 288,

441, 467, 652Yellowstone Volcano (Wyoming, USA), super-

eruption 284Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia) 367, 390, 428Ylämaa (Finland) 228, 268Yubileynaya Mine (Sakha Republic, Yakutia,

Russia) 81Yukon District (Canada) 383, 591Yunan (PR China) 376

ZZambia 376, 434, 543Zambian Copper Belt (Africa) 434Zermatt (Switzerland) 480Zermatt-Saas Fee (Valais Alps, Switzerland) 543Zimbabwe 79, 366, 367, 376, 443Zinnwald (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 246Złoty Stok (formerly Reichenstein, Silesia,

Poland) 51Zöblitz (Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany) 478

691 A–ASubject Index

Subject Index

Symbol2008 TC3 (asteroid) 594, 6212012 DA14 (asteroid) 6214 Vesta (asteroid) 594, 672

Aaa lava 277ablation, aerodynamic 601abrasion 40abrasive 213absorption 28, 29, 623, 625Acantharia 44acanthite 88, 89, 91, 103, 390, 391, 393, 414, 431Acapulco Meteorite 593acapulcoite 584, 593Acasta Gneiss (Canada), age 584acceleration, gravitational 361, 669acceptor 18accident, nuclear 124accretion

– heterogeneous 580 – meteorite 591 – wedge 472

accumulation – clock 655 – non-gravitational 672

acetylcholine 44ACF diagram, 522, 523–525, 527, 533, 534, 536,

537, 541, 678ACFM tetrahedron 527achondrite 584, 587, 593, 596, 620

– asteroidal 599, 606 – differentiated, 593 – HED, 594, 620 – lunar 575, 585, 588 – Martian 584, 587, 588, 600 – primitive, 593 – SNC group, 599, 616, 617 – winonaite group 593

acid – acetic 651 – amino 591, 671 – boric 286, 288, 301, 373, 380, 459 – carbonic 128, 409, 436 – carboxylic 591 – dextro-(D-)tartaric 19 – diluted 136 – fumarolic 288 – gastric 52 – humic 407, 428, 441 – hydrochloric 107 – hydrofluoric 108, 205, 430 – levo-(L-)tartaric 19 – magma 330, 335, 479 – nitric 76, 137, 447, 597 – organic 407, 410 – orthosilicic 445 – oxalic 44, 651 – phosphoric 154, 447 – reaction 407 – resin 34

– rock 60, 123, 189 – seawater 434 – silicic 159 – soil 198 – solution 93, 99, 408, 409, 411 – sulfonic 591 – sulfuric 85, 144, 147, 391, 407, 412, 610 – sulfurous 99, 145, 625 – thiofulminic 286 – uric 47 – weathering solution 410

acidification 409acmite (see also aegirine) 180, 182, 256, 257,

348, 540, 542actinolite 185, 186, 187, 188, 213, 266, 494, 517,

523 – asbestiform 49, 212 – asbestos 188 – dehydration 535 – form 187 – ocean-floor metamorphism 473 – schist 479, 493 – silicification 212

activation energy 458, 504activity 354

– coefficient 643adakite 264adamantine 80adamellite (see monzogranite)Adams, John C. (1819–1892) 621adinole 462, 493Adolph, Father (n.d.) 227Adrasta (Jupiter moon) 630adularescence 40adularia 40, 169, 222, 226, 390, 467aegirine 178–180, 182, 183, 267, 268, 271, 492

– augite 179, 182, 268, 270, 271, 457, 542affinity, chemical 636AFM

– projection, 525, 526, 527, 536, 541, 678 – triangle 258, 308, 309, 335, 526

agate 35, 210, 212, 214, 288age

– absolute 655 – cooling 655, 662 – cratonisation 656 – crust 656 – crystallisation 594, 656, 662 – degassing 592 – formation 592 – information 56 – inherited 522 – intrusion 656, 657 – isotopic 655 – limit 163 – metamorphic 656, 657 – mineral 655 – model 658 – plateau 662 – relative 42, 59

agglomerate, volcanic 285agglutinate 285aggregate

– amoeboid olivine (AOA) 589, 593, 672

– cleavage, monoclinic 222 – dendritic 73, 74 – microcrystalline 466 – mineral 37

Agricola, Georg (1494–1555) 47air 56

– burst 587akaganeite 616, 617Akatsuki probe (Japan) 610åkermanite 159, 169, 170, 670A'KF diagram, 522, 523–525, 527, 533, 534, 536,

541, 678AKFM tetrahedron 525, 526akimotoite 600Ala twin law 223alabandite 592alabaster 144albedo 574, 619, 628albite 159, 216, 218–221, 227, 256, 321–329,

335–338, 352, 355, 367, 390, 456, 472, 485, 523, 541, 558, 560, 589

– condensation 670 – formation 467, 492–494, 507, 508, 510, 511,

540 – glass 304 – granite 267 – phyllite 474 – rhyolite 253 – twin, twinning law 219, 220, 222–228, 258

albite-Ala twin law 223albite-Carlsbad twin law 223albite-epidote-hornfels facies 531, 532, 538albite-oligoclase, keratophyre 495albitisation 367, 462, 492, 493alexandrite 113, 173, 192, 479

– anisotropy of colour 40 – deposit, 493 – formation 493 – penetration trill 113 – synthetic, synthesis 41, 42

algae 42–44, 129, 133, 437Algoma-type banded iron formation, 443ALH 84001 (Allan Hills Meteorite), 600, 616, 617ALHA 81005 Meteorite 600alkali

– basalt 266, 270, 271, 301, 308, 309, 338, 342, 346, 356, 545, 649

– carbonate 447 – chloride 448 – feldspar 15, 37, 57, 216–218, 220–225, 228,

252, 253, 256, 258, 262, 267, 268, 270, 327, 328, 330, 335, 350, 351, 355, 372, 382, 441, 462, 476, 495, 577, 616, 617, 661

– ion 408 – lamprophyre 254 – magmatite, leucocratic 258 – metasomatism 462, 492 – olivine basalt, 270, 271, 346 – pegmatite 254 – pyroxene, 182, 372 – rhyolite 325 – suite, lunar 574, 576 – sulfate 447 – syenite, 267

692 Subject Index

– tourmaline 176 – trachyte 325

alkaline-earth 408, 448Allan Hills Meteorite (see ALH 84001)allanite 171, 260, 376, 645Allende Meteorite 591alloy 14, 72, 589, 637

– aluminium 124 – aluminium-manganese 122 – antimony-lead 97 – antimony-tin 97 – bismuth 78 – chromium-iron (ferrochrome) 115 – copper-beryllium (beryllium copper) 173 – copper-nickel (cupronickel) 94 – copper-tin (bronze) 94, 122 – copper-zinc (brass) 93, 94 – ferrous 65 – high strength/weight ratio 195 – high-temperature 100, 116 – intermetallic 72 – iridium-osmium (osmiridium) 77 – iridium-osmium-gold (aurosmirid) 77 – iron-nickel 32, 76, 568, 584, 588, 595–597,

639, 670 – iron-sulfur 569 – iron-titanium (ferrotitanium) 119 – iron-zirconium 162 – lead 91 – mercury (amalgam family) 72, 76, 96 – molybdenum 97 – nickel 90 – osmium-iridium (iridosmium) 77 – oxygen-iron 568 – PGE 77, 367, 427, 428, 430 – plessite 596 – silver-copper (sterling silver) 74 – silver-gold (electrum) 15, 73–75, 389, 390 – structure 72 – temperature resistant 97 – tin 122 – titanium 119, 155 – tungsten 149 – vanadium 155 – zirconium-niobium 162

Almahata Sitta Meteorit 594, 621almandine 163, 516, 523, 526, 536

– activity in solid solution 518 – formation 517, 535, 536 – garnet 22, 83 – stability 516, 517

alnöite 254Alpine Orogeny 392alteration

– glass, volcanic 286 – hydrothermal 192, 402, 410 – zone 385

alumina-graphite 79aluminate 159aluminium 124, 173, 229, 411, 555, 637, 639, 640

– chloride, fumarolic 287 – consumption 64 – cut-off grade 643 – deposit, sedimentary 67 – enrichment 386, 411 – hydroxide 408–411 – in weathering solution, 408 – isotope, radioactive 672, 673

– liberation by weathering 408 – network former 300 – oxide 164, 189, 256, 257, 308, 344, 348, 349,

408–410, 522, 523, 525, 641 – precipitation 408 – production 108 – ratio, isotopic 672 – saturation index (ASI) 349 – silicate, 164, 165, 408, 502, 505–508, 516, 519,

531 – spinel, 114 – substitution 159, 408 – transfer 492, 493 – utilisation 65

aluminosilicate 159alumogel 408, 411alumosilicate 159, 198alunite 5, 288, 390, 494alunitisation 494Alveolina, exoskeleton 44amalgam (see mercury)amalgamation, gold 75Amalthea (Jupiter moon) 623, 630Amazonian period (Mars) 614amazonite 225, 226, 376amber 34, 39amblygonite 195, 376, 377amethyst 35, 40, 42, 207, 208, 210, 214, 288, 390ammonia

– ice 630 – Titan (Saturn moon) 626 – volcanic 286

ammonite 45, 46, 133ammonium 287, 447Amor (asteroid group) 620amosite (see grunerite, fibrous)amphibole 26, 28, 33, 37, 38, 56, 159, 177, 178,

184–186, 188, 189, 285, 336, 350, 408, 466, 484, 487, 500, 655, 661

– granulite 476amphibolite 56, 64, 302, 461, 467, 477, 521, 530,

640 – anatexis 310, 490 – dehydration melting 356, 490 – epidote 477 – facies 531, 532, 534, 535, 538, 542, 556 – impact-metamorphosed 465 – ruby-zoisite 117

amplitude, light 28amygdale 35, 58, 201, 250, 288

– agate 210, 211analbite 219, 220, 224, 226analcime 217, 234, 510, 533

– formation 331, 467, 473analyser

– crystal 34 – polar filter 25

analysis – electron microprobe (EMPA) 331, 333, 500,

517, 520, 577, 598, 643, 678 – geochemical 638 – isotopes 650 – modal 251, 523 – petrographical 638 – quantitative, fluid inclusion 245 – spectroscopic 638 – X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) 255,

616

anatase 7, 119, 120, 124, 198, 395, 427anatexis (partial melting) 63, 64, 308–310, 314,

338, 339, 342, 344, 345, 348, 352, 356, 375, 454, 455, 457, 469–471, 487–490, 491, 521, 561, 636, 638, 643–646, 650, 656, 673

andalusite 37, 160, 164–166, 174, 461, 470, 471, 501–506, 511, 516, 523, 524, 526, 527, 531, 535, 536

andesine 218, 226, 227, 336andesite 61, 252, 253, 256, 264, 301, 308, 309,

321, 324, 337, 342, 385, 398, 652 – basaltic 256, 264, 308, 309 – composition 255

andradite 22, 163, 270, 523Andrastea (Jupiter moon) 623ANFM diagram 541angle

– axis, crystallographic 11 – constancy 5 – diffraction 11, 12, 34 – extinction, 26 – optical 23, 27

anglesite 142, 143, 144, 413Angra dos Reis Meteorite 593angrite 584, 593anhedral 36anhydrite 7, 142, 143, 144, 145–147, 382, 395,

398, 406, 407, 447, 449–451, 616, 653anhydrite rock 64anilite 88, 414anisotropy, anisotropic 4, 5

– absorption 29 – colour 40 – conductivity, thermal 17 – hardness 16 – optical 21, 22 – seismic 559

ankerite 130, 136, 271, 273, 444annabergite 101annelid 129, 437annite 194, 518anorthic (see symmetry, triclinic)anorthite 15, 33, 159, 217, 218, 220, 228, 319–

324, 338, 349, 355, 470, 510, 523, 524, 539, 558, 560, 589, 591

anorthoclase 222, 226, 267anorthosite 61, 115, 228, 253, 262, 294, 311,

360, 363, 364, 384, 476 – lunar 574–576, 581 – REE pattern 646, 647

antecryst 251, 292Anthozoa 45anti-ferromagnetic 20antigorite 190, 196, 197, 509, 533antimer (mirror-inverted), screw axis 10antimonide 33, 102antimony 7, 33, 65, 66, 72, 78, 97, 393, 394, 396,

637antineutrino 656antiperthite 218, 221, 327antozonite (see fluorite)AOA (see aggregate, amoeboid olivine)apatite 7, 37, 38, 48, 49, 69, 152–154, 273, 427,

493, 494, 589 – biogenic 32, 45, 46 – concretion 424 – deposit 313, 367, 368, 400

apatite-magnetite deposit 313

693 B–BSubject Index

aperture 26aplite 254, 292, 374, 492, 494Apohele (or Atira) asteroid group 620Apollo, asteroid group 585, 620Apollo (Greek name for Mercury) 608Apollo (space mission, NASA) 32, 56, 120, 574,

576, 578, 579, 581, 600apophyllite 189, 190, 200, 201, 236APXS (see spectrometer, alpha proton X-ray)aquamarine 40, 42, 173, 376arabescato 477aragonite 7, 15, 16, 43, 45, 128–130, 132, 133,

136, 137, 288, 447, 449, 472, 540 – carbonate compensation depth (CCD) 436 – group, 132 – pearl 40

aramayoite 6arc

– continental 563, 564 – island 342, 458, 472, 563 – Japanese Island, Kuroko-type VMS

deposit 398, 399 – volcanic 310, 342, 348, 532, 564

Archaean Greenstone Belt 390Archaeocyatha, skeleton 45archaeology, stellar 664arenite, 419–421, 424–426arfvedsonite 185, 189, 268argentite 8, 33, 74, 88, 89, 91, 103, 390, 391, 393argillite, 419–421, 423, 424, 426, 431, 433, 435argon 79, 286, 661, 662argon-argon isotope dating 280, 661, 662Ariel (Uranus moon) 627, 628Aristotle (384–322 BC) 1arkose, 426, 474armalcolite 577arrow worm (Chaetognata), apatite 46arsenate 33, 38, 151, 152arsenic 7, 33, 50, 65, 66, 72, 78, 88, 100, 101, 102,

381, 386, 387, 393, 396, 637arsenide 33, 87, 96, 102, 393, 589arsenite 88, 90arsenolite, toxicity 50arsenopyrite 50, 74, 98, 100, 101, 389, 394arthropod 45asbestos

– actinolite 188 – amosite 186 – amphibole 186, 200 – anthophyllite 186 – blue (see below crocidolite) – chrysotile 197 – crocidolite 189, 197, 212, 443 – substitute for 184 – toxicity 49, 50 – tremolite 188

asbestosis 49, 189asbolane 412ASEA Company (Sweden), diamond synthesis 83ash

– airborne 354 – cloud 281, 283 – fall, 282, 283 – flow 250, 251, 283, 354 – pumice 283, 285 – tuff 286 – volcanic (tephra) 58, 60, 250, 251, 285

ASI (see aluminium saturation index and Italian Space Agency)

assimilation 308, 314, 636, 643, 646asterism 40, 116, 210asteroid 32, 76, 158, 279, 464, 584, 593, 606, 618,

619–621, 636, 672asthenosphere 532, 553, 560, 562, 564, 580, 650Astraea (asteroid) 618astrology 51astronomical unit (AU) 599, 609ataxite 586, 597, 598Aten (asteroid group) 620Atira (see Apohele)Atlantic Ocean, plume 567atmophile 636atmosphere 608, 638

– aerosol 283 – Archaean 429, 443 – argon 661 – Callisto 626 – carbon 651 – carbon dioxide 407, 437, 652 – circulation, chemical 283 – density 281, 669 – Europa (Jupiter moon) 625 – Fraunhofer line 663 – Ganymede 625 – giant planet 622 – Great Oxidation Event (GOE) 43 – interplanetary dust particle (IDP) 671 – Io 624 – Mars 599, 600, 612, 613, 614 – methane 622 – Neptune 622, 623 – oxygen 43, 515 – oxygen-free 401 – Pluto 631 – post-Archaean 123 – Saturn 622 – star 664 – Titan 626 – Uranus 622, 623 – Venus 609, 610 – weathering 406

atoll 437atom 4, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 72, 73AU (see astronomical unit)Aubres Meteorite 593aubrite 584, 593augen gneiss 474augite 37, 58, 179, 180, 181, 183, 254, 258, 262,

268–272, 285, 297, 325, 333–335, 337, 364, 365, 481, 574, 576, 577, 594, 599–601, 617

aureole – contact 250, 460, 462, 521 – thermal 348, 460–463, 467, 482

aurosmirid 77aurostibite 33australite 601Austrian Empire, crown jewels 39autochthonous 410autoclave 42, 213, 302, 318autolith 294, 342, 345autometamorphism 455autometasomatism 455, 491, 494avalanche, glowing 250, 280, 283, 285aventurine 212, 227axinite 33

axis – angle 11 – crystallographic 8 – fabric 483 – intercept 8 – inversion 6 – optical 22–24, 27 – polar 19 – reference (crystallographic) 8, 483 – rotation 5, 6, 9, 22 – screw 6, 9, 11, 28 – symmetry 8

Aztek civilisation, obsidian 264azurite 89, 94, 130, 136, 137, 200, 388, 413azurite-malachite group 128, 130, 136

Bback reef 438back-arc 383

– basin 310, 388, 397, 398, 563, 564 – region, fluid system 382

bacteria 32 – magnetotactic 44

– investigation, palaeo-magnetic 115 – spinel 115

– sulfate-reducing 136 – weathering 407

Bacterium desulfovibrio 653baddeleyite 203, 364, 367, 412, 577bafflestone 436baileychlore 196balangeroite, toxicity 50balla (industrial diamond) 82ballooning, 295Baltic brown and red (trade names for rapakivi

granite) 267banded iron formation (BIF) 67, 115, 136, 196,

197, 437, 443, 444, 455, 533barite (see baryte)barium 216, 217, 222, 344, 395, 637, 638, 641,

645, 647, 648barrier

– reef 437 – theory (evaporite formation) 449

barringerite, meteoritic 589barroisite 185Barrow zone 468baryogenesis, cosmogenic 663baryte 7, 44, 66, 142, 143, 394–397, 652, 654basalt 56, 59, 61, 64, 247, 248, 252–257, 266,

277–279, 301, 302, 304, 308–310, 321, 324, 337, 338, 341–344, 356, 363, 397, 456, 457, 524, 558, 576, 577, 581, 611, 647–649, 653, 654

– continental – flood (or plateau) (CFB), 279, 280, 343, 411,

555, 587 – intraplate (WPB), 343

– crustal 566 – submarine, 279, 396 – injection 292 – island-arc (IAB) 647, 648, 652 – isotopes, stable 652 – Mars 616 – mid-ocean ridge (MORB) 280, 310, 342, 343,

554, 562, 646–649, 652, 660

694 Subject Index

– ocean island (OIB) 343, 647, 648 – ocean-floor, 279, 280, 342, 397, 533 – oceanic 266, 280, 343, 344, 495, 648 – tholeiitic, 264, 266, 270, 271, 308, 309

basanite 252, 256, 269, 270, 271, 301, 346bassanite 616, 617bastite 197bastnäsite 7, 152, 367, 368bat guano 447batholith, 251, 293, 342, 348, 349, 384bauxite 65, 67, 117, 124, 125, 195, 411, 412, 457,

469Baveno twin, twinning law 222–224Bay of Island Ophiolite 495BBN (see Big Bang)Beagle (ESA) 612beaks of tin 121bean ore 125Becke line 22, 29Becke, Friedrich (1855–1931) 481Beckh-Widmanstätten, Alois von (1754–

1849) 597bedding 59, 64, 420, 426, 432, 455, 481bediasite 601Beer, Wilhelm (1797–1850) 612beerbachite 474, 480beidellite 199belemnite, metamorphic overprinted rock 480Belemnitella americana 651bell metal (copper-tin alloy) 122Benioff zone 563benitoite 7, 33, 41bentonite 67, 199, 286, 410benzene salt 33BepiColombo (ESA/JAXA) 608Bertrand, Emile (1844–1909) 26beryl 8, 12, 33, 40–42, 172, 173, 192, 210, 375,

376, 483, 494beryllium 65, 66, 173, 372, 375–377, 637, 663,

672Berzelius, Jöns Jakob (1799–1848) 227Besshi-type VMS deposit, 398bicarbonate, marine 652BIF (see banded iron formation)Big Bang 663, 670billitonite 601binder, hydraulic 130bindstone 436Bingen, Hildegard of (1098–1179) 51Bingham liquid 303binocular 34, 421bio-apatite 48, 49, 154biochemistry 42biocide 122bioclast 435biolithite 435, 436, 440biomass 651, 652biomicrite 435, 440biomineral 43, 46, 47biomineralisation, 42–45, 47bio-oomicrite 435bio-oosparite 440biopelmicrite 440biosparite 435biotite 28, 36, 38, 56, 162, 190, 193, 194, 196,

335, 336, 382, 408, 455, 461, 468–470, 473,

482, 490, 492, 522–527, 533, 535–537, 557, 645, 655–657, 661, 662, 680

biotitisation 494bioturbation 440bird 44, 45, 129bireflection (also reflection pleochroism) 29birefringence 4, 22, 23–29, 457birnessite 122, 123, 445bischofite 448–450Bishop tuff 284, 292bismuth 7, 33, 65, 66, 72, 78, 386, 391–393, 396,

637bismuthide 33bismuthinite 392, 393bivalve (Bivalvia) 45, 437, 480blackband, sideritic (iron ore) 444blackwall 113, 192, 194, 479, 493, 494blast furnace 481, 636blastomylonite 464, 467blende, fibrous 92, 93block-and-ash flow 283blödite 449, 450blood coltan 376bloodstone (see heliotrope)Blue John (purple-blue fluorite) 108blue-ice field (Antarctic), meteorite 588, 590blueschist 64, 189, 472, 473, 477, 520, 521, 542

– facies 531, 532, 539, 541, 542Bode, Johann Elert (1747–1826) 618Bøggild

– gap 221 – intergrowth 36, 218, 221, 222, 227

Bøggild, Balthasar (1872–1956) 227böhmite 124, 126, 408, 409, 411Bohr magneton 19boiling

– point, curve 319 – retrograde 373, 380, 381 – secondary 385

bolide 464, 585bolus alba (see also kaolinite) 198bomb, volcanic 285bonanza 74, 391bond, bonding (chemical)

– covalent (atomic) 13, 14, 18, 637 – enthalpie 637 – heteropolar (ionic), 13, 14, 18, 91, 106, 637 – metallic, 14, 18, 72, 637 – polar covalent 14, 92, 158 – sp3 hybrid 300 – strength 13 – type, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18 – van der Waals, 14

bone 46, 47, 154boninite 264boracite 8borate 7, 33, 39, 127, 138, 447, 448borax, 138, 139, 140, 447, 448boring clams 437bornite 88, 89, 94, 368, 380, 395, 414boron 41, 66, 139, 210, 367, 462, 491, 641, 663bort stone (industrial diamond) 82Bougier anomaly 554boulder, size class 420Bouma cycle (see also turbidite) 432, 433, 480boundstone 436, 440bournonite 6

Bowen principle 335Bowen, Norman L. (1887–1958) 334Bowen’s reaction series 311, 314, 334, 336, 337Brachina Meteorite 594brachinite 584, 594brachiopod 129Bragg law (equation) 11, 12, 34Bragg, William H. (1862–1942) 11Bragg, William L. (1890–1971) 11, 159braggite 366Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601) 612brass (copper-zinc alloy) 93, 94braunite 444, 445Bravais lattice, 9, 10, 11Bravais, August (1811–1863) 9Bravais-Miller Indices 8Brazil twin, twinning law 205–210breccia 420, 424

– fault, 463 – fragmental 578 – hydrothermal 384 – impact-melt 578 – molten 365 – ore 391 – pillow 278 – vent 273, 285 – volcanic 80, 285

brecciation, meteorite 591Breithaupt, August (1791–1873) 224, 227, 389breunnerite 130brightness (light intensity) 21, 670brilliant cut 40, 82brine 131, 381, 382, 388, 392, 397, 400, 401,

448–450Brisingidae (deep-sea starfish family) 396British Empire, crown jewels 39, 82brittle

– deformation 295, 459, 463 – mica 193, 195

brittleness 34Brögger, W. C. (1851–1940) 492Broken Hill-type deposit 67bromine 428, 448bronze (copper-tin alloy) 94, 122Bronze Age 94, 122, 397bronzite 178–180, 197, 262, 266, 335bronzitite 178, 363brookite 120, 427brown

– dwarf 622, 623 – kidney iron ore 411

brucite 7, 196, 456brushite 47, 49, 447bryozoa (moss animals) 45, 129, 437Buch, Leopold von (1774–1853) 227buchite 462, 481, 489, 539, 540buffer 516, 517building block, planetary, 672Bunsen, Robert (1811–1899) 310Bunte Breccia (multi-colored breccia) 467burbankite 368Burgers vector 486burial 63, 458

– metamorphism, 473burning, explosive 664bytownite 218, 228, 335–337

695 C–CSubject Index

CC chondrite, 590cabochon 40cadmium 50, 65, 93, 387, 391, 396caesium, electronegativity 637CAI (see chondrite, calcium-aluminium-rich

inclusion)cairngorm stone (see smoky quartz)calamine 132, 413calaverite 389calc tufa 436calcarenite 435calcification 43calcilutite 435calcimicrobes, carbonate formation 437calcirudite 435calcite (see also calcium carbonate) 7, 15–17,

22–25, 27, 33, 37, 38, 44, 45, 58, 84, 128–131, 133, 135–137, 243, 288, 381, 401, 407, 410, 426, 437, 441, 447, 472, 512–514, 523, 540

– carbonate compensation depth (CCD) 436 – carbonatite 273 – glide twin 486 – manganoan 445

calcium 34, 637, 639, 640, 645 – amphibole, 185–188, 541 – carbonate 15, 16, 45, 128, 132, 133, 436–438,

511–514 – isotope, radioactive 672 – metabolism 46 – oxalate 33, 43, 44, 46–50, 153, 154 – phosphate 45, 446, 447 – pyroxene, 180 – skarn 387 – sulfate 395, 447 – zeolite 533

calcium-magnesium-iron clinopyroxene, solid solution 179

calcrete 410, 438, 439, 441, 448calc-schist 541calc-silicate 454, 468, 479, 541, 556caldera 283, 284caliche (see calcrete)Callisto (Jupiter moon) 587, 621, 623, 624, 626,

627calotte model 14Calypso (Saturn moon) 628Cambrian 45camera, CCD 618camptonite 254Canadian Shield, lopolith 364canali (Mars) 612cancrinite 7, 217, 231, 268, 492cane sugar 6Canyon Diablo 82, 598, 651, 653Cape York Meteorite 598Carancas Meteorite 587, 592carat 39carbide 149, 589, 671carbon 72, 79, 83, 433, 639, 641, 663

– dioxide 301, 373, 407, 436, 459, 513–515, 522, 614, 641, 651

– disulfide 301 – isotopes 636, 650, 651, 652 – monoxide 286, 301, 459

carbonado 82, 83

carbonate 33, 38, 39, 45, 127, 128, 435–440, 443, 636, 652, 653

– apatite 153, 446, 447 – compensation depth (CCD) 436

carbonatisation 494carbonatite 61, 130, 271, 273, 314, 367, 368, 652carbonisation, retrograde 455carbonyl sulfide 286, 301carborundum (see silicon carbide)carlinite 7Carlin-type deposit 99, 388Carlsbad twin, twinning law 221–224, 226, 258,

263carlsbergite 589, 597carnallite 67, 106, 109, 131, 144, 145, 449, 450carnallitite 449, 450carnegieite 326, 329carnelian 211carneol (see carnelian)carnotite 431carpholite 541Carroll F. Chatham (San Francisco, USA), syn-

thetic emerald 174carrollite 412Cassini (space probe, NASA) 610Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712) 612,

614, 621, 629Cassini-Huygens (space probe, NASA/ESA/

ASI) 610, 621, 623, 626, 627, 629cassiterite 7, 66, 67, 112, 121, 122, 148, 149, 167,

195, 380, 382–384, 392, 427, 430Castalia (double asteroid) 619caswellsilverite 592cat’s eye 40, 41, 113, 212cataclasis 463, 465, 577cataclasite, 463, 467cataclysm, lunar 581catalyst 4, 42, 79, 83, 152catastrophe, oxygen 43cauldron subsidence, 295, 349caustobiolite 419cave, formation 436CB chondrite 592CCD (see carbonate compensation depth)CCD camera 618CDT (see troilite, Canyon Diablo (sulfur isotope

standard))celestine 142, 143celestite 44celsian 216, 217cementation 64, 457

– zone 412, 413, 414Central African Copper Belt 411, 434Central European Keuper, Steinmergel (German

term for stony marl bed) 441cephalopod 45ceramic 198, 375Ceres (asteroid) 595, 606, 607, 618–620cerfluorite 108cerium 638, 641, 645–648cerussite 130, 134, 143, 413cesium 637, 638CFB (see basalt, continental flood (or plateau))CFL (see compact fluorescent lamp)CH chondrite 592chabazite 217, 233, 236, 270, 288Chaetognata (arrow worms), apatite 46

chalcedony 45, 211, 215, 216, 288, 336, 397, 445, 446

chalcocite, 88, 89, 391, 413–415, 431chalcocite-digenite group 94chalcopyrite 7, 29, 66, 73, 74, 88–91, 93, 94, 95,

98, 364, 366–368, 380, 389, 392, 394–398, 412–414, 589, 652, 654

chalk, 438, 441chalkanthite, toxicity 50chamber, magma, 292chamosite 59, 190, 195, 196, 442Chandrayaan (space probe, ISRO) 574, 578Chang’e (space probes, CNSA) 574Charales (stoneworts) 44Charnock, Job (†1693) 476charnockite (see also pyroxene granulite) 262,

476, 537Charon (Pluto moon) 606, 628, 630, 631Charophyceae, biomineral 44chassignite 585, 599, 600, 616Chassigny Meteorite 600chatoyancy (cat’s-eye effect) 40, 113, 212Chelyabinsk (asteroid, event, meteorite) 585,

587, 592, 620, 621chert (also flint) 213, 397, 398, 419, 438, 445,

446, 454, 457chiastolite 165, 166, 461, 479Chile saltpetre (see nitratine)china 375

– clay (see also kaolinite) 198, 410 – plate 74

chitin, coral 45Chladni, Ernst (1756–1827) 595, 596, 619chloanthite (nickel-skutterudite) 98, 101, 393chlorapatite 153chlorargyrite 413, 431chlorine 107, 301, 367, 381, 382, 385, 428, 491,

492, 641chlorine-apatite 492chlorite 26, 28, 37, 38, 161, 191, 195, 196, 199,

336, 423, 454, 468, 494, 523, 526, 530, 533, 540, 543

chloritisation 400, 464chloritoid 160, 168, 469, 470, 474, 523, 526, 535Chlorophyta (green algae) 43chondrite 76, 584, 587, 588, 590–593, 638, 639,

646, 651, 672 – carbonaceous (C-type) 584, 590, 591, 620,

638, 639, 652 – common (see below ordinary) – CR2 591 – inclusion, calcium-aluminium-rich (CAI) 588,

590, 591, 593 – Kakangari (K-type) 584 – ordinary (H-, L-, LL-type) 584, 590, 592, 620,

639 – Rumuruti (R-type) 584, 593

chondrodite 476chondrule 588–592, 674Chordata, apatite 46Chotecops cf. ferdinandi 46christobalite 15, 203chromate 33, 38, 141, 142, 147chrome 40, 645chrome-diopside 181chromite 8, 112–114, 115, 147, 271, 273, 311,

360–363, 366, 577, 588–590, 593–595, 597, 599–601, 643

696 Subject Index

chromitite 363chromium 65, 114–116, 147, 273, 296, 361,

637–639, 641, 643, 670chromium-dravite 177chromo-alumino-povondraite 177chromotawnawite 171chrysoberyl 40, 112, 113, 192, 493chrysocolla 190, 200chrysolite 161chrysoprase 212chrysotile 49, 190, 196, 197, 533chysoprase 214CI chondrite 591cinder (see scoria)cinnabar 66, 96cinnabarite 7, 50, 75, 91, 96CIPW norm 256, 257, 348citrine 35, 42, 208, 210, 214CK chondrite 592Clam 45Clarke value, 640, 641, 642claudetite 50Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 320–322, 328, 344,

352, 507, 508, 510, 513, 518, 569clay 56, 198, 199, 410, 411, 419, 420, 423–425,

433, 455, 523 – mineral 38, 56, 198, 200, 413, 421, 423

clayband, iron ore 444claystone 389, 424cleavage 16, 34, 224, 427, 484

– slaty 433, 457, 461, 474, 484cleavelandite 227Clementine (space mission, NASA) 575, 578climate zone, 409, 410clinoamphibole 6, 178, 185clinochlore 190, 195, 196clinoenstatite 179, 180, 192, 589

– dust, stellar 671clinoferroholmquistite 185clinoferrosilite 179, 180clinoholmquistite 185clinopyroxene 6, 56, 178, 179, 181, 271, 333,

337, 339, 343, 537, 589, 645clinopyroxenite 253, 262, 585clinotobermorite 6clinozoisite 169, 171, 456, 533, 543Clinton-type iron ore 67, 444clintonite 195clock, isotopic 656, 662closure temperature 519, 521, 655, 656CM chondrite 591CM2 chondrite 591CMASCH (model system) 517CNMMN (see Commission on New Minerals and

Mineral Names)CNO cycle 663CO chondrite 591Coahuila Meteorite 598coal 64, 419coalification 457cobalt 65, 66, 100, 101, 381, 386, 393, 396, 411,

412, 434, 637–639, 641, 645cobalt-arsenide 393cobaltite 98, 100, 589cobble, size class 420coccolith 44, 438coccolithophore (Coccolithophorida) 43, 44, 438cockade 363, 391

Codiaceae 43coesite 15, 16, 49, 202–205, 214, 458, 466, 472,

507, 543, 544, 550, 558, 563coffinite 402cohenite 577, 589, 594, 597cohesion 4, 16coin, silver-gold alloy (electrum) 74colemanite, 138, 139, 447, 448collagen 46, 48, 49collision 472, 620

– continent-continent 214, 277, 467, 471, 472, 520, 563, 564

– inelastic 672 – orogen 75

coltan (columbite-tantalite concentrate) 376, 427

columbite 67, 376, 377, 492columbite-tantalite (see coltan)comet 279, 464, 606, 608, 671, 672Commission on New Minerals and Mineral

Names (CNMMN) 178compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) 152compaction 64, 422

– secondary 251Conakry ore (Guinea) 411concentration triangle 323, 330, 449, 490, 649concordant 59concordia 659–661concrete 213, 406concretion 424condenser lens 26conductivity, conduction

– electrical 4, 18, 78 – thermal 4, 17, 18

conductor 18cone 286, 293

– pyrometric (Seger) 301conglomerate 58, 64, 420, 424, 429, 430conifer 34Conodontophora (conodonts) 46Conrad discontinuity 555Constancy of angle 5constant

– decay 655 – equilibrium 651 – lattice 8, 11

contact – aureole 250, 460, 462, 463, 521, 532 – conformable, unconformable 59, 60 – grain-to-grain 500 – intrusive 296 – metamorphism 66, 224, 250, 455, 458, 460,

462, 468, 521 – metasomatism 386, 455, 461, 491 – relationship 59

contamination 314context camera (CTX) 613, 616Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) 247,

550, 555, 556continent-continent collision 214, 277, 310, 467,

471, 472, 520, 563, 564converter 131, 136, 441Cook, James (1728–1779) 609cookeite 196cooperite 366Copernican (lunar history) 582Copernicus Crater (Moon) 582Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543) 609

copper 40, 52, 65, 72, 73, 94, 95, 112, 136, 137, 397, 412, 414, 589, 637, 638, 641

– consumption 64 – crystallisation 386 – cut-off grade 643 – deposit 51, 66, 67, 73, 384–387, 391, 398, 400,

430, 434 – enrichment, secondary 414 – hydrothermal 380, 382 – leaching, hydrothermal 395 – matte 636 – mineral 94, 385, 414, 415 – native 8, 33, 72, 73, 76, 94, 386, 413–415 – ore 73, 94, 104, 112, 200, 367, 385, 391, 396,

397, 413, 431, 467, 653, 654 – production 385 – sulfide 386, 396, 397, 413, 414, 434

Copper Age 73aes cyprium (ore of Cyprus) 397coral 43, 45, 129, 133, 437Corallinales (coralline algae) 43cordierite 40, 166, 172, 174, 461, 462, 468, 476,

523–527, 536, 537, 543cordierite-sillimanite gneiss 474core 32, 552, 553, 568, 636, 637, 639, 673

– composition 32, 76, 568, 638, 639 – density 639 – formation 673, 674 – lunar 574, 579, 580, 581 – pre-stellar 669

core-mantle border 638Cornish tin ore 121corona texture 482coronadite 122coronae (Venus volcanoes) 611corundum 7, 33, 39, 40, 112, 114, 116, 117–119,

124, 257, 348, 411, 430, 469, 470, 508, 509, 511, 670, 671

corundum-chloritoid, metamorphic zone 470Cosma, Deodato di (n.d.) 264COSPEC (see spectrometer, correlation)COT (see hydroxylapatite (calcium oxalate trihy-

drate))coticule 476Coulomb

– attraction 106 – Law 13

counter, Geiger-Müller 12, 34covelline (see covellite)covellite 29, 89, 91, 94, 96, 400, 413–415, 431,

434CR chondrite 591CR2 chondrite 591crater 286, 577

– chain 626 – collapse 279 – meteorite, micro-diamond 81 – volcanic, sulfur 84

craton 83, 260, 273, 310, 367, 555, 560cratonisation age 656CRE (see exposure, average cosmic-ray)crenulation 474, 484crinoid 129, 480Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars) 45cristobalite 7, 49, 192, 201, 202–205, 213–215,

325–327, 329, 332, 334, 445, 504, 577, 589, 594

critical zone

697 D–DSubject Index

– Layered Suite (RLS, Bushveld Igneous Com-plex) 363, 367

– of Earth (CZ) 406 – soil formation 409

crocidolite (magnesioriebeckite) 40, 185, 188, 189, 443, 444

– asbestos 49, 197, 212, 443crocoite 33, 116, 142, 147, 413Cross, C. W. (1854–1949) 256cross-bedding 420, 481crossite 189, 477crown jewels 39, 82crust 56, 552, 561, 653, 673

– composition 61, 64, 247, 640, 642, 656, 658, 659, 661

– continental 32, 64, 491, 532, 555, 561, 562, 564, 636, 638, 641, 642

– lunar, 574, 578, 579–581, 674 – Martian 228, 600 – oceanic 32, 342, 397, 473, 553, 554, 561, 562,

564, 566, 636, 638, 641, 642, 656, 659, 661crustacean 129cryovolcano, cryovolcanism 625, 627, 628cryptocrystalline 37cryptomelane 122, 123, 413cryptoperthite 221, 226crystal 1, 4

– anisotropy 4 – anti-ferromagnetic 20 – class (see also Hermann-Mauguin system), 6, 7,

8 – colour 28 – conductivity, electrical 18 – Curie point 20 – diamagnetic 19 – family 9 – ferrimagnetic 20 – ferromagnetic 19 – habit 4, 34 – lattice 4, 5, 8 – property 12

– optical 20, 22, 23, 27–29 – physical, 16

– space group 6, 11 – structure 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 34, 72, 459, 636 – symmetry 9, 11 – synthetic, synthesis 4 – system, 6, 7, 8, 9, 23

crystal-field 40crystallisation 64, 318, 484

– age 594, 656, 662 – equilibrium 318, 321, 322, 324, 336, 338, 350 – eutectic 334 – exothermic 302 – experiment 302 – fractional, 311, 312, 321, 323, 324, 328, 335,

337, 338, 342, 351, 360, 361, 367, 636, 643, 645, 646, 650

– heat, specific 462 – hydrothermal 213 – magma, magmatic 65, 656 – metamorphic 481 – sequence 20, 66, 302, 319, 336, 350 – temperature 319, 375, 656

crystallite – acicular 45 – minute 251, 262

crystallography 8

– law 8 – optical, 20–29

crystal-pulling method (Czochralski tech-nique) 41

CTX (see context camera)cubanite 368, 395Cullinan, Diamond (Premier Mine, South

Africa) 82cummingtonite 185, 186, 523cumulate 260, 311, 360, 361cuprite 94, 112, 200, 413–415, 431cupronickel (copper-nickel alloy) 94cuprum (copper, see also aes cyprium) 397Curie

– point 20 – temperature 20

Curie, Marie (1867–1934) 123, 393Curie, Pierre (1859–1906) 123, 393Curiosity (Mars rover, NASA) 612, 616current

– density, pyroclastic 283 – electric 18 – turbidity 432

cut 41 – brilliant 40 – en cabochon 40, 116, 210, 226

cut-off grade 642, 643CV chondrite 591, 592cyanide leaching 75cyanobacteria 42, 43, 437cyclosilicate (see ring silicate)cyclowollastonite 184Cyprus-type VMS deposit, 397CZ (see critical zone)Czochralski technique 41Czochralski, Jan (1885–1953) 41

DD'' layer 638D’Arrest, Heinrich L. (1822–1875) 621dacite 61, 252, 255, 256, 264, 308–310, 321, 342,

385, 398Dactyl (asteroidal satellite) 619Dar al Gani 476 Meteorite 599Dasycladales (order of large green algae) 43dating

– biostratigraphic 480 – isotopic 154

– accumulation clock 655 – aluminium-manganese 661 – argon-argon 280, 661, 662 – closure temperature 521 – concordia diagram 659 – decay constant 655 – hafnium-tungsten 661 – isochron 656, 658 – manganese-chromium 661 – plateau age 662 – potassium-argon 521, 522, 661 – radium 123 – rubidium-strontium 257, 521, 656 – samarium-neodymium 257, 521, 658, 660 – uranium-lead 152, 163, 257, 284, 521, 522,

657, 659, 660daubréelite 589, 592, 597Dauphiné 203, 205–207, 209

davyne 231Dawn (space probe, NASA) 618, 620De lapidibus (treatise by Theophrastos) 1debris 419, 424

– flow, volcanic, 284 – ice-rafted 433

Debye-Scherrer diagram (also powder dia-gram) 12

decarbonation 78, 135, 454, 459, 507, 511, 512, 513

decay – biochemical 433 – matter, organic 409 – phytoplankton 446 – radioactive 123, 650, 654, 655, 656, 661, 663,

664, 673 – aluminium 620, 625, 673 – potassium 382, 578, 661 – radon 51 – samarium 658 – strontium 656 – thorium 171, 382, 659 – uranium 123, 124, 171, 382, 659

decussate texture 482dedolomitisation 441deep sea 440

– basin 445 – black smoker 395 – drilling 473, 495, 550, 553, 554 – sediment 195, 433, 554, 648

Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) 473, 495, 550, 553

Deep Space (space probe, NASA) 618deep-spin condition 19deerite 457, 542defect

– interstitial 108 – structural 486, 487

deflation 428, 431deflection 459deformation 222, 295, 458, 459, 463, 465, 467,

473, 480, 482–487, 551, 598, 655, 656degassing 286

– age 592 – turbulent 300

degeneration, pathological 42degrees of freedom 318, 501dehydration 242, 459, 507

– curve 508, 509 – melting 350, 353, 356, 470, 487, 490 – metamorphic 310, 356, 381, 382, 395, 454 – reaction 66, 356, 506, 508–510, 513, 533, 536

Deimos (Mars moon) 618, 672delta-carbon-13 652, 653delta-oxygen-18 381, 650–652delta-sulfur-34 652–654demantoid 163, 164dendrite 122density 34, 72, 427

– contrast, Stokes’s Law 311 – current 283, 361

dentine 46, 47, 154denudation 61, 421depolymerisation 304deposition 59, 61, 63, 419, 421Descartes, René (1596–1650) 45, 547desilication 493Desulfobulbus mediterraneus 136

698 Subject Index

detachment, catastrophic 580detector, Gamma Ray and Neutron (GRaND) 618determinant general crystal form 6detritus 424deuterium fusion 623devitrification 57, 251, 286, 462devolatilisation 342DHMS (see magnesium silicate, dense hydrous)diabase 266diaboleite 7diadochy 69diagenesis 63, 64, 195, 199, 419, 422, 433, 435,

441, 456, 457diallage 260diamagnetic 19diameter, aerodynamic 47diamond 8, 13–17, 22, 33, 39–42, 67, 72, 79–83,

92, 120, 164, 284, 430, 458, 466, 472, 544, 550, 559, 560, 563, 565, 567, 589, 594, 651, 652, 671

diaphthoresis (see metamorphism, retrograde)diapir 345, 346, 348, 450, 562, 563, 580, 673diapirism, 295diaspore 112, 124, 125, 408, 409, 411, 457, 469,

470, 567diaspore-chloritoid metamorphic zone 469diasporite 125diatom 44, 216, 433, 445diatomite 44, 49, 67, 216, 445, 446diatreme 80, 273, 284, 285, 559dichroic 40dichroite (see cordierite)Dichteisen (dense iron) 598dickite 198, 390differentiate, leucocratic 311differentiation

– core-mantle 639 – emulsion, viscous 313 – gravitational 311 – magmatic 308, 311, 313, 318, 321, 381, 644 – planetary, 673

diffraction 11, 12, 34, 408, 431diffractogram 12, 13diffractometer, diffractometry 9, 12, 34, 408diffusion 15, 313, 322, 487, 491, 519digenite 88, 89, 96, 380, 414di-iodomethane 29dilatation 550dimension stone 130dinosaur 45, 129diode, light-emitting (LED) 152Diogenes of Apollonia (5th century bc) 594diogenite 584, 594, 620Dione (Saturn moon) 627, 628diopside 33, 159, 178, 179, 180, 182, 268, 271,

319–324, 332, 335, 337–339, 513, 514, 523, 524, 540, 560, 589, 593, 594, 670, 671

– chromian 181, 273diopside-hedenbergite 386, 476, 477, 492dioptase 7, 172, 174, 413diorite 61, 248, 252, 253, 255, 260, 264, 313, 321,

324, 337, 342, 364, 384, 494 – foid 253, 270

dipole 14, 18, 19disconformity, erosional 60discordance 60discordia 659–661discrimination, diagram, 649, 650

disequilibrium 334, 500, 502, 524disilicate (also sorosilicate) 33, 158, 159, 169disk

– accretionary 671 – gas-dust 669, 674, 675 – protoplanetary (proplyd) 592, 668, 669, 671,

672dislocation 464, 486dismicrite 435, 436dispersion 22, 26, 40dissolution

– anhydrite 146 – calcium carbonate 407, 436 – carbon dioxide 436 – carbonate 436 – dolomite 136, 407 – equilibrium 145 – evaporite 381 – quartz 492 – silver 428 – weathering 407

disthene (see kyanite)djerfisherite 592djurleite 88, 414D''layer 567dolerite 253, 266, 271, 292, 462, 463doline (sinkhole) 383, 411dolomite 7, 33, 38, 64, 93, 129, 130, 135, 136,

386, 387, 392, 401, 409, 419, 440, 441, 447, 454–456, 512–514, 534, 678

– carbonatite 273dolomitisation 441donator 18doping, semiconductor 18dravite 176, 177dropping-ball viscosimetry 303druse (see also vug) 35, 58, 210, 250, 288DSDP (see Deep Sea Drilling Program)duct, papillary 49ductility 34dumortierite 208

– Tyndall scattering 210dune sand 420, 422dunite 77, 161, 248, 253, 262, 342, 344–346, 360,

361, 363, 367, 554, 561 – lunar 579, 580 – Martian 600 – meteorite (see chassignite)

duricrust (see calcrete)dust 424

– aeolian, 431 – aggregate 590 – as condensation nuclei 447 – biopersistence 47 – cell 50 – circumstellar 32, 671 – climate effect 431 – cloud 432 – comet 671 – consolidation, diagenetic 433 – cosmic 580, 590, 668 – desert 431 – diameter, aerodynamic 47 – habit 47 – interstellar 32, 669, 671 – Jupiter ring system 623 – Martian 613, 616 – meteoric 433

– mineral, 47 – particle 578, 585, 587, 591, 671 – pathological 47 – presolar 32, 671 – proplyd 668, 669, 671 – sediment, fossil 431 – silica 214 – storm 431 – sulfide 400 – teeth abrasion 49 – toxicity 47 – urban 50 – volcanic 433

dwarf – planet 606, 607, 619, 621, 630, 636 – white 669, 670

dyke 285, 288, 480 – aplite 492 – carbonatite 271, 368 – cluster 251 – complex, sheeted 292, 397, 473, 554 – contact metamorphism 460, 462 – dolerite 254, 266 – felsic 387 – granite 488 – kimberlite 80, 273, 284, 559 – lamproite 273, 559 – lamprophyre 254 – pegmatite 210, 225, 373, 374, 661 – radial 286, 293 – ring 286, 293 – shape 373 – subvolcanic 292 – swarm 251, 293, 367, 491

dynamo-metamorphism 464dyscrasite 393dysprosium 645–647

EE chondrite, 592Eagle Station

– pallasite (asteroid) 584, 595 – grouplet (ES) 595

earth, diatomaceous (see diatomite)earthquake 288, 432eastonite 194Echinodermata (echinoderms) 45, 437echinoid 129Echinoidea (sea urchins) 45eckermanite 185, 189eclogite 64, 83, 120, 243, 356, 472, 477, 507, 520,

521, 542, 551, 558, 561, 562, 566 – facies 531, 532, 538, 541, 542, 543

edenite 185, 187, 188EETA 79001 Meteorite 600efflorescence, 447effusion 250

– submarine, 279egg shell 129EH chondrite 592, 594Eh-pH condition 414, 415ejecta, 285

– blanket 601 – plume 466

ejection, explosive 300EL chondrite 592, 594

699 F–FSubject Index

EL6 chondrite 587elasticity 34, 465, 551elbaite 175–177, 377elbow twin 120, 121electro-corundum 411electron 656

– cloud 14, 18, 637 – conduction 18 – configuration 13, 637 – density 12, 13 – energy level 18 – microprobe (EMP), microprobe analysis

(EMPA) 22, 29, 34, 188, 323, 331, 333, 500, 517, 520, 577, 598, 643, 678

– microscopy 33, 198, 318 – orbital 14 – paired 19 – rotation 19 – sharing 14 – spin 19 – valence 14

electronegativity 637electroplating 116electrum (gold-silver alloy) 73–75, 390eleolite 268elevation change 421ellipsoid, 22, 23, 28, 482El-Nakhla Meteorite 600elongation 26elpidite 376eluvium 419emerald 32, 40–42, 67, 113, 173, 174, 192, 479,

493, 494emery 195

– corundum 117emitter 51EMP (see electron microprobe)EMPA (see electron microprobe analysis)EMU (see unit, electromagnetic)emulsion, differentiation 313, 365en cabochon 40enamel, dental 46enargite 6, 66, 91, 94, 136Enceladus (Saturn moon) 627, 628enderbite 476endoprothesis 42endoskeleton 42, 46, 133enhydro 211enrichment 38, 67enstatite 178, 179, 180, 197, 262, 273, 332, 333,

335, 337, 338, 509, 543, 560, 561, 565, 577, 589, 592, 593, 670

enstatite-hypersthene 334, 337enthalpy 502, 505, 517entropy 320, 502, 505, 512, 517epicenter 552epidote 26, 28, 169, 170, 171, 386, 390, 477, 478,

494, 500, 523, 533, 535epidote-amphibolite 171

– facies 531, 534, 535, 541epitaxy 42epizone 530epsomite 7, 288, 447, 449, 450

– Martian 616equator, inclination 607equigranular 58equilibrium

– assemblage (paragenesis) 481, 500

– chemical 334, 500 – constant 518, 651 – crystallisation 318, 321, 324, 338, 350 – curve 319, 323, 501, 502, 504, 505, 507, 516,

517 – exchange 518, 519 – isotopic 651, 656, 657 – melting, 338, 644 – paragenesis 500 – textural 479, 481, 500 – thermodynamic 37, 454, 481, 500, 502, 505

Equisetum (horsetail), opal 44Erathosthenian (lunar history) 581erbium 645–647erionite, toxicity 50Eris (dwarf planet) 630Eros (asteroid) 618, 620erosion 59–61, 63, 250, 279errorchron 657eruption 60, 64, 277, 283, 550

– column, 281 – explosive 281 – fissure 279 – phreatomagmatic 281, 283 – Plinian 283, 285, 473 – Super-Plinian 283

erythrite (cobalt bloom) 101ES (see Eagle Station grouplet)ESA (see European Space Agency)ESA Smart-1 (space mission, ESA) 574Eskola, Pentti (1883–1964) 522esotericism 51essexite, 270ethane, Titan (Saturn moon) 627ethernet 213ethmolith, 293, 294eucrite 594, 620eudyalite 376euhedral 36, 57, 482eukaryotes 42, 43Eunomia (asteroid family) 619Europa (Jupiter moon) 621, 623, 624, 625, 627European shale 648European Space Agency (ESA) 608, 610, 612,

618, 619, 621, 626, 663europium 638, 645–647eutrophication 447euxenite 376evaporation 407, 408evaporite 106, 107, 109, 419, 437, 440, 447–450,

457, 616, 652evening star (Venus) 609evolution, magmatic 308, 310excavation phase 466excentricity 607excess siderophile problem 673exchange

– cationic 655 – chemical 491 – equilibrium 518, 519, 652 – isotopic 655 – metasomatic 66, 386

Excimer-Laser System 245excitation, thermal 18exhalation 84, 286, 287, 443, 445, 653exhalite 397exoskeleton 42–45, 437exosphere 578, 608

expansion crack 544exploration

– hydrocarbon 427 – Mars, 612 – Mercury, 608 – Venus, 609

Explorer (space mission, NASA) 574explosion

– Cambrian 45 – nuclear 283, 467 – volcanic 250, 284 – wave 550

exposure, average cosmic-ray (CRE) 594exsolution 15, 33, 34, 218, 221

– antiperthitic 226 – coherent 221 – cryptoperthitic 226 – lamellae 34, 36, 40, 228, 366 – liquid 66, 367 – perthitic 329, 350

extinction 279 – angle, 26 – event 279, 587, 621 – light 26 – undulose 459, 484, 486

extraction technology 65extrusion 250eye, compound 45

Ffabric, 57, 481fabulite 120face diagonal (FD) 8facies, metamorphic, 529–539, 541–543, 556factor, fractionation 651fahlore, silver-rich 91falcon’s eye 40, 212falcondoite 412fall, 587

– pallasite 595 – phenomenon, 584

fallout 281 – tephra 283

family (mineral classification) 35farringtonite 595fassaite, meteoritic 589faujasite 233, 236fault

– breccia, 463 – extension-related 388 – metamorphism 463 – strike-slip 296 – tectonic 293 – zone 288

fayalite 15, 33, 160, 161, 312, 331, 332, 516, 565, 578, 589, 591, 599

fayalite–(magnetite+quartz) (FMQ) buffer 516, 517

FD (see face diagonal)feather star 45Fedorov, Efgraf Stepanowich (1853–1919) 6feldspar 16, 23, 28, 33, 37, 56, 61, 159, 192,

216–224, 226, 252, 327, 348, 407, 408, 485–487, 490, 589

feldspathoid 159, 217, 228, 229, 252, 258fels, nomenclature 473

700 Subject Index

femur 48, 49fenitisation 231, 492ferberite 149fergusonite 376Fermat, Pierre de (1601–1665), principle of 552Fermi

– energy 18 – level 18

ferricrete 410ferri-epidote 171ferrimagnetic 20ferrimuscovite 193ferro-/ferritschermakite 185ferro-actinolite 185, 186, 187ferro-anthophyllite, 185, 186ferrobarroisite 185ferrobasalt 308, 309, 342ferrocarbonatite 273ferrocarpholite 457, 472ferrochrome (chromium-iron alloy) 115ferro-eckermanite 185, 189ferro-edenite 185, 188ferrogabbro, fayalite-bearing 332ferrogedrite 185, 186ferroglaucophane 185, 188, 189, 477ferroholmquistite 185ferrohornblende 185, 188, 268ferrohypersthene 178, 180ferrokaersutite 185, 188ferromanganese 122ferropargasite 185, 188ferroplatinum, native 366ferrorichterite 185ferrosalite 178, 180ferrosilite 178, 179, 180, 335, 589ferrotitanium (iron-titanium alloy) 119ferrotschermakite 188ferrovanadium 155ferrowinchite 185Fersman, Alexander Y. (1883–1945) 493fertiliser 39, 154, 447feruvite 177FGD gypsum (see gypsum)fibril 48, 49fibrolite 165, 503fichtelite 33figure, conoscopic interference, 26film, intergranular 491filter

– polarising 25 – pressing 297, 311, 334, 337, 351, 361

fire opal 215fireball 585, 595Fischer-Tropsch process 671fish 44, 46fish-bone 46fish-eye stone (ichthiophalm) 201fission, nuclear 393fissure

– eruption 279 – flow 576 – joint, ore formation 388 – lava 277

Flädle (Ries Crater glass bombs, Germany) 467flank eruption 286flaser gneiss 474flat, tidal 420, 433flattening 483, 484

flint (see chert)floating 41, 361floatstone 436, 440flocculation 419flood

– basalt (see basalt) – event 614, 616 – plain, deflation 431 – wave 421

Flora (asteroid family) 619florencite 82flotation cumulate 311flow

– block-and-ash 283 – cataclastic 463, 485 – crystalloplastic 463 – debris, volcanic, 284 – fluid 655 – lava 277 – line 294 – pillow-lava 279 – pyroclastic 60, 281, 283, 284 – structure 59, 250

fluid 56 – aqueous 374 – component, volatile 380, 459 – flow 655 – fugacity 459 – hydrothermal 65–67, 380, 381, 397, 654 – inclusion 212, 241, 242, 244, 245, 373, 381 – magmatic 381 – magmatogenic 66 – metamorphic 381 – metasomatising 492 – overpressure 459 – phase 373, 501, 515 – pressure 459, 485, 502 – reservoir, isolated 381 – saline 380, 434, 450 – state parameter 380 – supercritical 66, 242, 289, 319, 373, 380, 381,

386, 455, 459, 491, 504 – system 381 – transport 458

fluorapatite 46, 48, 49, 153, 154, 367fluorapophyllite 201fluor-buergerite 177fluor-dravite 177fluorescence 34, 107, 387fluorine 66, 301, 367, 382, 462, 491, 641fluorite 8, 16, 17, 22, 32, 33, 66, 67, 107, 108, 195,

380, 382, 384, 394, 637fluor-liddicoatite 177fluor-phlogopite 194fluor-schorl 177fluorspar (see fluorite)fluor-uvite 177flute cast 481flux 41, 108, 373FMQ (see fayalite–(magnetite+quartz) buffer)Fobos spacecraft (Russia) 618foid, 228, 252, 268, 270foidite 252, 256, 271foidolite 252, 270foitite 177fold 468

– axis 473 – belt, uplift rate 491

– generation 484 – ptygmatic 488

folding 59, 467, 483, 484foliation 59, 457, 473, 484, 485Foraminifera (hole bearers) 44, 129, 133, 437fore reef 438foreland basin 388, 428, 564foreshelf, detritus 440form energy 482forsterite 15, 26, 33, 159–161, 312, 331–335,

338, 500, 509, 513, 514, 539, 560, 561, 565, 589, 593, 670–672

fossil 42, 46, 58, 434, 480fossilisation 42, 211fountain, lava, 281Fourier method 12Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy

(FTIR) 287foyaite 268fracking (see fracturing, hydraulic)fraction, molar 517fractionation 332, 645

– convective 313 – curve 351 – factor 651 – geochemical 636 – gravitational 325, 331, 361 – isotope 651 – trace element, 644

fracture 34, 35, 40, 279fracturing 463

– hydraulic (fracking) 380, 385, 425, 459fragment

– skeletal 435 – volcanic 250

fragmentation 281, 282framboid 434framesite 82, 83framestone 436framework, silicate (tectosilicate) 158–160, 201,

466Frankenheim, Moritz Ludwig (1801–1869) 9franklinite 114, 115Fraunhofer line 663Fraunhofer, Joseph von (1787–1826) 21freibergite 74, 91, 103, 104, 390, 391frequency

– curve, grain-size 421 – light 21 – tuning 213

friction 623 – internal 458, 673 – magnetic 669 – tidal 625

fritting 462froodite 33frost weathering 406FTIR (see Fourier-transformation infrared spec-

troscopy)fuchsite 193fugacity 321, 353, 459, 501, 502fulgurite 79, 204

– lechatelierite 214fullerene 79, 587fumarole, 287, 288, 448fungi, weathering 407fusion

– heat, molar 320

701 G–GSubject Index

– nuclear 663 – rate 346, 353 – temperature 320

Fusulinacea, exoskeleton 44

Ggabbro 61, 64, 115, 247, 248, 250, 252, 253, 255,

260, 264, 292, 294, 321, 324, 337, 342, 363, 397, 554, 558

– Bushveld Igneous Complex 311 – foid 253, 270 – lunar 574, 578, 580 – Sudbury Layered Intrusion (Ontario, Can-

ada) 364gabbrodiorite 260gabbronorite 253, 260gadolinite 376gadolinium 645–647Gagarin, Yuri A. (1934–1968) 376gagarinite 376Gahn, Johan Gottlieb (1745–1818) 227gahnite 114galaxite 114galaxy 606galena 8, 15, 33, 50, 89, 90, 91–93, 98, 106, 144,

155, 389, 390, 392, 394, 396galenite (see galena)Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642) 608, 609, 621, 629Galileo (space probe, NASA) 610, 618, 619, 621,

624, 625Galle, J. Gottfried (1812–1910) 621gallium 65, 391, 641Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND) 618gangue 389Ganymede (asteroid) 620Ganymede (Jupiter moon) 621–624, 625, 626,

627garnet 8, 37, 83, 163, 164, 339, 386, 462, 468,

484, 485, 500, 517, 521, 522, 535, 565, 645, 646, 658, 679

– granulite (garnet-pyriclasite) 558 – lherzolite 344, 561 – micaschist 474 – peridotite 262, 338, 339 – pyriclasite 537 – pyrolite 560, 561 – quartzite 476 – yttrium-aluminium (YAG) 41

garnetite 566garnierite (see népouite)gas-dust 668

– cloud 669 – disk 669, 672, 674, 675 – envelope 668, 671

GASP geobarometer 519Gastropoda (snails) 45, 437Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777–1855) 618gedrite 185, 186gedrite-ferrogedrite series 186gehlenite 159, 169, 170, 670Geiger-Müller counter 12, 34geikelite 119gel magnesite 130, 131Gemini North Telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii,

USA) 627gemology 40, 41, 242

gemstone, 39, 40, 41, 64, 66, 67, 164, 375, 376 – synthetic, synthesis 32, 40–42, 83, 114, 117

General Electric, USA, diamond synthesis 83geobarometer, geobarometry, 517, 518–520,

636, 655geochronology 152, 163, 650, 654, 655geode 35, 212, 374Geographos (asteroid) 619geometallurgy 65geotherm 344, 345, 520geothermometer, geothermometry 135, 204,

219, 517, 518–520, 636, 650–652, 655Gephyrocapsa oceanica (coccolithophorid spe-

cies) 44germanite 388germanium 18, 41, 65, 388, 391, 401, 637gersdorffite 8geyser 216, 288, 625geyserite 216, 288GI 229b (brown dwarf) 622Gibbs free energy 486, 487, 502, 503, 504, 517,

518, 651Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839–1903) 318Gibbs’s Phase Rule, 318, 319, 323, 328, 457,

500–502, 516, 517, 523–525, 530gibbsite 33, 112, 124, 408, 409, 411Gibeon Meteorite 598glaciation, Pleistocene 438glacier, denudation 421Glauber’s salt (see mirabilite)glauconite 421, 433glaucophane 185, 188, 457, 472, 478, 540, 542

– schist (blueschist) 189, 477, 541glaucophane-jadeite facies, metamorphic

series 531glaucophanite 477, 541, 542glide

– operation 11 – plane 11 – reflection 6 – twin, twinning 486

Globigerina (Foraminifera genus) 44, 433Glomar Challenger (research vessel) 473, 553glycerine, viscosity modul 303gneiss 365, 467, 472, 473, 474, 476, 477

– anthophyllite-cordierite 186 – corundum-bearing 505 – glaucophane-jadeite 542 – hornfels 679, 680 – kyanite-graphite 170

GOE (see Great Oxidation Event)goethite 33, 76, 94, 99, 112, 124, 125, 161, 408,

411, 413, 442gold 15, 39, 65, 72, 74–76, 96, 98, 366, 381, 386,

388–390, 396, 412–414, 428–430, 637, 638, 642, 643

– beryl 173 – deposit 381, 382, 391, 400, 414

– Carlin-type, 388 – orogenic 382, 389, 412 – placer 67, 75, 428, 429, 430 – porphyry, 384, 385 – replacement 66 – sedimentary 67 – vein-type 66, 389, 494 – Witwatersrand type 389

– invisible 100, 101, 389, 390 – native 8, 29, 33, 66, 72–76, 389, 413, 427–430

Goldschmidt, Victor Moritz (1888–1947) 12, 500, 524, 530, 636

gold-silver 74, 390, 494gondite 444Gondwana 293gorceixite 82goshenite 173gossan (weathering zone) 73, 88, 89, 125, 412,

413goyacite 82gradation, sedimentary 421, 427grade, metamorphic 530

– graphical presentation 522gradient

– chemical 311 – geothermal 344, 382, 400, 458, 459, 467, 468,

472, 521, 531, 532 – Archaean 345, 367, 472 – continental 83 – oceanic 83, 395 – subnormal 566

GRAIL geobarometer (see Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)

grainstone 436, 440GRaND (Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector) 618granite 61, 247, 248, 250, 252, 258, 260, 294,

362, 365, 455–457, 460, 474, 490–492, 551, 652

– albite, 267 – alkaline 349, 521 – calc-alkaline 349 – classification, 348, 349

– post-tectonic (post-COLG) 649 – syn-tectonic (syn-COLG) 310, 348

– composition 56, 254, 255, 524 – deformation, cataclastic 459 – discrimination 649 – experiment 303, 356, 357 – gneiss 348, 455 – graphic 225, 254, 374 – greisenisation 383 – hypersolvus 330, 350, 351 – metaluminous, 348, 356 – peralkaline 267, 268, 348, 349 – peraluminous, 348, 356 – petrogenesis 349 – phase relation 350, 355 – pluton 58, 354, 374 – porphyric 383 – porphyry 253 – rapakivi 267, 311 – solidus 352, 356 – standard rare-earth element (REE) pat-

tern 647 – stock 383 – strontium ratio, isotopic 348, 349 – subalkaline 267 – subsolvus 330 – two-mica 193 – variation diagram 649 – volcanic-arc (VAG) 310, 348 – weathering 407 – within-plate (WPG) 310, 349

granitisation 348granitoid 292, 342, 651, 652

– classification, petrogenetic, 348 – composition, 348 – ocean-ridge (ORG), discrimination 649

702 Subject Index

– quartz-rich 252granodiorite 56, 61, 247, 248, 252, 254, 255, 258,

259, 264, 294, 321, 342, 348–350, 355, 356, 456, 457, 469, 474, 494, 524

granofels, 476granophyre 253, 297, 313, 332, 362, 364, 365granule, size class 420granulite 58, 64, 165, 310, 356, 467, 473, 475,

476, 482, 521, 537, 538, 542, 543, 558 – facies 531, 532, 534, 537, 538, 556

graphen 79graphite 14–16, 29, 33, 42, 65, 72, 78, 79, 81–83,

457, 511, 515, 516, 560, 563, 589, 593, 594, 597, 651, 671

graphite-2H 8, 16, 78graphite-3R 16, 78graptolite shale 433grass, opal 44gravel 58, 419, 420, 424gravitation, gravity 311, 406, 419, 672Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL)

(space probe, NASA) 519, 574Great Oxidation Event (GOE) 42, 43Green River Formation (USA), oil shale 434greenalite 197, 443greenockite 7greenschist 39, 64, 477, 521, 640

– facies 530–532, 533, 534, 535, 538, 541greenstone 266, 477

– belt 367, 390, 398, 443, 472greigite 98, 113, 115greisen 121, 167, 383, 384, 386, 392greisenisation 121, 383greywacke 56, 356, 425–427, 455–457, 489grid, petrogenetic, 517, 520grinding 41, 463

– hardness, 29GRIPS geobarometer 519grossite 589grossular, 163, 164, 455, 523, 533, 539, 558, 565,

567grossular-almandine garnet 519grossular-andradite garnet 386, 456, 492Groth, Paul von (1843–1927) 6grunerite 185, 186, 455, 457

– fibrous (amosite) 49, 186guano, 447

– bio-apatite 154 – deposit, sedimentary 67

Gutenberg, Beno (1889–1960) 345, 568gypsum 6, 17, 33, 35, 47, 64, 67, 107, 133,

142–147, 288, 406, 407, 424, 447, 449–451, 600, 616

– plate 26–28

HH chondrite, 592habit

– Dauphiné 209 – prismatic 128 – rhombohedral 92, 128, 132 – scalenohedral 128 – tabular (lamellar) 128 – tetrahedral 92

Hadaean period 490, 674

haematite 7, 38, 66, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125, 161, 380, 397, 399, 400, 411, 413, 442, 444, 492, 515, 516, 617

– quartzite 443haematite–magnetite (HM) buffer 516hafnium 65, 161, 162, 375, 638, 645, 647, 648hafnium-tungsten isotope dating 661half-life 654, 655halide 39, 105, 106Halimeda (green algae genus) 43halite 8, 13, 15–17, 22, 33, 64, 67, 91, 106, 107,

109, 128, 133, 144, 145, 407, 408, 447–450, 600, 616, 617

– inclusion, fluid 244halitite 448Hall, Asaph (1829–1907) 618Halley, Edmund (1656–1742) 609halloysite 50, 190, 199, 200, 408, 409, 420halo, pleochroic 162halogen, electronegativity 637halogenide 33halokinesis (salt tectonics), 450haplogranite 349, 355haplogranodiorite 349, 350Harding, Karl Ludwig (1765–1834) 618hardness 1, 4, 16, 40, 427

– grinding, 29 – Mohs’ 16, 17, 34, 39

hardpan (see calcrete)Harker diagram 308Harmattan (trade wind) 432harmotome 235harpolith, 293hartschiefer 464harzburgite 253, 262, 342, 344–346, 361, 363,

397, 554, 561, 566hastingsite 185, 188Haumea (dwarf planet) 630hausmannite 394, 445Haüy, Abbé René-Just (1743–1822), Law of

Rational Indices 8haüyne 217, 230, 231, 252, 270, 271, 337Hawaiian activity 281hawaiite 271Hayabusa (space probes, JAXA) 618HD 209458b (extrasolar gas giant) 622, 623healing stone 51heat

– flow 288 – frictional 458, 464, 585, 601 – radiogenic 309, 310, 642 – source 674 – transfer 309, 313, 354, 521, 642

hectorite 199HED achondrite 584, 594, 620hedenbergite 178, 179, 180, 181, 335, 577, 589,

591heideite 593Helene (Saturn moon) 628heliotrope (bloodstone) 213helium 79, 123, 622, 663, 664, 670, 674helium-uranium isotope dating 123Hellas Planitia (Mars) 613hemiedry 91hemimorphite 6, 132, 413Hencke, Karl Ludwig (1793–1866) 618Henry’s Law 643herbivore 43

hercynite 113–115, 516Herkimer-diamonds (quartz) 205Hermann-Mauguin

– notation 8 – space-group symbol 11 – system 6–8

Hermes (Greek name for Mercury) 608Herschel Space Observatory 630Herschel, Wilhelm (1738–1822) 612, 621, 628Hertzsprung, Ejnar (1873–1967) 669Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 669Hesperian period (Mars) 614Hessel, Johann Friedrich Christian (1796–

1872) 6, 226hessite 33hessonite 163heterogeneity, heterogeneous 32, 561heterogenite 412heteromorphism of rock 56, 255heulandite 217, 232, 235, 236, 288, 473, 510, 533hexahedrite (H) 76, 597, 598hexahydrite 450, 625hibonite 588, 589, 591, 670, 671Hidden Layered Series (Skaergaard Intrusion,

Greenland) 297hiddenite 183highland

– lunar, 574, 580, 600 – Martian 613

Hindu, chakra doctrine 51HIPPARCOS, satellite 669Hippocrates (ca. 460–375 bc) 47histamine 44Hiten (Japanese space mission) 574, 578HM (see haematite–magnetite buffer)Hoba-West Meteorite 76, 465, 585, 586, 598hollandite 122, 123, 600holmium 645, 647Holmquist, Per Johan (1866–1946) 487holmquistite 185Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 45Holy Roman Empire, crown jewels 39homogeneity, homogeneous 4, 32homogenisation

– chemical 313 – temperature 244

honeystone (see also mellite) 33Hope Diamond 80, 82horizon 409hornblende 28, 187, 188, 266, 335, 336, 356,

522, 535, 537, 645, 646, 662 – fels 477 – gabbro 260, 303 – granite 253, 258 – hornfels 479

– facies 531, 532, 534, 538 – pegmatite 221 – peridotite 262 – plagioclase gneiss 477 – schist 477

hornblendite 252hornfels 473, 479, 482, 505, 524

– andalusite-cordierite 460, 461 – facies, 538 – hornblende 479 – metapelitic 479, 527, 539 – pyroxene 479 – ultramafic 479, 480

703 I–ISubject Index

horsetail, opal 44hot spot 277, 343, 367, 471, 566, 567, 642

– volcanism 276, 284, 567, 674Howard, Edward Charles (1774–1816) 594howardite 584, 594, 620howieite 455, 457Hrashina Meteorit 597Hubble Space Telescope (NASA) 621, 623, 625,

628, 630, 668huebnerite 149Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859) 390humus 409Hunsrück Slate, Germany 46Huttenlocherintergrowth 218, 221, 222, 228Hutton, James (1726–1797) 62Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695) 45, 612, 621,

626, 629hyaline 44, 57hyalite (opal-AN) 34, 215, 216hyalo-andesite 264hyaloclastite 278, 279hyalomylonite 464hyalonepheline basanite 269hyalophane 216, 217hyazinte 163Hydra (Pluto moon) 630hydration 197, 455, 507hydrocancrinite 231hydrocarbon 33, 83, 242, 435, 651, 671hydrocracking 233hydrogen 381, 407, 414, 459, 515, 622, 623, 639,

640, 663, 669, 670, 674 – carbonate 436, 448 – chloride 286, 301, 382, 459 – fluoride 286, 301, 382, 459 – fugacity 516 – isotope 381, 650, 663 – sulfide 286–288, 301, 652

hydromica, 195, 408hydromuscovite 195, 408hydrophane 216hydrosilicate as catalyst 671hydrosphere 406, 650hydrosulfide 381, 442hydroxide 33, 111, 112, 124, 300, 304, 382hydroxy-apophyllite 201hydroxylapatite (calcium oxalate trihydrate,

COT) 46–49, 153, 154Hygiea (asteroid) 619Hyperion (Saturn moon), density 628hypersolvus 330, 350, 351hypersthene 178–180, 262, 524

II.G. Farben Company (Bitterfeld, Germany),

synthetic emerald 174IAB (see basalt, island-arc)Iapetus (Saturn moon) 627, 628IAU (see International Astronomical Union)Iceland crystal, Iceland spar, Icelandic double

spar 23, 130ichthiophalm (fish-eye stone) 201icosahedrite 591ICP (see spectroscopy, inductively coupled

plasma)Ida (asteroid), satellite Dactyl 619

Iddings, J. P. (1857–1920) 256iddingsite 161, 269idocrase (see vesuvianite)IDP (see atmosphere, interplanetary dust par-

ticle)igmerald (synthetic emerald) 174ignimbrite 214, 250, 251, 283, 285, 286, 456ijolite 270, 271illite 190, 191, 195, 198–200, 225, 390, 408–410,

423, 435, 457illumination 22, 26–28ilmenite 7, 38, 67, 112, 114, 115, 117–119, 179,

260, 273, 311, 360, 363, 364, 427, 527, 565, 576, 577, 581, 592–594, 599, 601, 617, 645

IMA (see International Mineralogical Association)Imbrian (lunar history) 581Imilac Meteorite (Chile) 595immersion

– method 22 – objective 29 – oil 22, 29

immiscibility, liquid 311, 313, 332, 333, 360, 364, 366

– melt separation 360, 368 – mineralisation, 364 – ore formation 360

impact 365, 620, 673 – basin, gravity anomaly 578 – breccia 481, 578 – compression phase 466 – crater 79, 465, 577, 585, 586, 613, 668 – event 595, 600, 601 – giant 625, 674, 675 – melt 313, 365, 578 – metamorphism 82, 214, 464, 465–467, 599 – meteorite 279, 313

impactite 467, 575impactor 464, 465implant 42impregnation 94

– deposit 384 – hydrothermal 73, 380, 382, 386 – mineral 380

inclination, magnetic field 115incompressibility 551inconel (chromium-nickel-bearing alloy) 116indentation hardness 17index

– alkali–lime, modified, (MALI) 349 – aluminium saturation (ASI) 349 – conodont alteration 46 – explosivity, volcanic (VEI) 281–284 – Miller 8, 9 – mineral 454, 468, 469, 471, 472, 530 – rational, law 8 – refraction, refractive 21–23, 26, 28

indicatrix, optical 22–24, 26, 28indigolite 176indium 65, 391indochinite 601infiltration 409, 491infrared (IR) radiation 162, 668

– absorption 623, 625 – permeability 162 – thermal (TIR) 616 – transmissibility 610

inland depression 421inosilicate 33, 159, 177

insect 44, 45insolation 406insulator 18intercept 8intercumulus liquid 297, 311interference 21, 40

– colour, 24, 25, 26 – conoscopic, 26 – figure 27 – order 12 – pattern 11, 12, 25

intergrowth 482 – Bøggild 36, 218, 221, 222, 227 – graphic 254 – Huttenlocher 218, 221, 222, 228 – micrographic 253 – orientated 94 – peristerite 222

International Astronomical Union (IAU) 606, 630International Mineralogical Association (IMA) 35,

178, 230International Union of Geological Sciences

(IUGS) 251, 325intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) 40intraclast 435intramicrite 435intrasparite 435intrusion 60, 294, 296, 462, 463

– anorthosite 262, 297, 538 – extensional shear zone-related 296 – layered 66, 94, 115, 260, 262, 294, 295, 296,

362inversion

– axis 6 – rotary (rotoinversion) 6, 11

invertebrate 32, 45, 437Io (Jupiter moon) 621, 623, 624, 625, 627ion 4, 12, 18, 19

– electrons, paired 19 – exchange capacity 198, 232 – mass spectrometry, secondary (SIMS) 577,

578 – microprobe, sensitive high-resolution

(SHRIMP) 522, 660IQF (see native iron+quartz–fayalite buffer)IR (see infrared radiation)iridescence 40, 228iridium 65, 76, 77, 587, 637iridosmium (osmium-iridium alloy) 77iris diaphragm 22iron (see also iron(II), iron(III)) 19, 34, 40, 42, 43,

65, 72, 76, 82, 93, 96, 97, 99, 196, 412, 414, 441, 442, 444, 569, 592, 597, 617, 636, 637, 639, 640, 642, 643, 663, 664, 672

– deposit 66, 67, 388, 399–401, 431, 493 – electron configuration 20 – hydroxide 76, 408, 410, 411, 442 – meteorite 73, 76, 465, 568, 584–586, 588, 594,

596, 597, 598, 606, 620, 639, 672 – native 72, 76, 515, 568, 576, 577, 595, 670 – ore 64, 65, 67, 115, 118, 125, 197, 386, 397,

411, 419, 443, 444 – oxide 363, 397, 400, 408, 410 – oxyhydroxide 410 – silicate 442 – spinel 114, 115 – stone, Phanerozoic 118 – sulfide 396, 397, 434

704 Subject Index

Iron Age, Roman, porfido rosso antico 264iron(II) oxide 337, 355, 522, 523, 525, 641iron(III)

– chloride 287, 301 – hydroxide 442 – oxide 308, 355, 442, 522, 523, 641

iron-åkermanite 170iron-gehlenite 170iron-kamacite group 72iron/magnesium ratio, evolution, magmatic 308iron-nickel alloy 32, 76, 670iron-oxygen alloy, melting point 568iron-silicate 118ironstone 131, 443, 444iron-titanium oxide 372, 645isinglass (see also muscovite) 376island arc 264, 280, 342, 384, 458, 472, 495,

562–564, 566isochrome, isochromatic 27isochron 656–659isograd 468isogyre 27isopleth 519isostasy 562isotherm 469, 472, 532isotope

– analysis 42, 650, 657 – concentration, absolute 656 – definition 650 – fractionation 650, 651 – geochemistry, 650 – property 650 – radioactive 547, 636, 650, 672 – radiogenic 521, 547, 636, 650, 654 – ratio 381, 587, 650, 656 – reservoir 650 – stable 636, 650 – standard 650, 651, 653 – system 123, 257, 655, 657, 660

isotropy, isotropic 4, 5, 21–23, 26, 28, 59, 251, 258

isotypy, isotypous, 15itabirite 115, 118, 443Italian Space Agency (ASI) 610, 621, 623, 626,

627, 629Itokawa (asteroid) 618, 620IUGS (see International Union of Geological

Sciences)IVCT (see intervalence charge transfer)Ivuna Meteorite 591IW (see wüstite–native iron buffer)

Jjacobsite 113–115jade (jadeitite) 40, 183, 187, 188jadeite 41, 159, 178–180, 182, 183, 303, 323,

326, 351, 455, 472, 507, 523, 540–543, 558 – gneiss 183, 474, 542

jadeitite (see jade)Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 608Japan twin law 206, 207jarosite, Martian 616jasper 212, 213, 215, 216, 443–445jaspilite (see also jasper) 118, 213, 443javaite 601JAXA (see Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)Jeffreys, Harold (1891–1989) 568

Joachimsthaler coin 393johannsenite 181Joides Resolution (research vessel) 553jointing 59, 462jotunite 476Juno, asteroid 618Juno (space probe, NASA) 621Jupiter 32, 584, 606, 607, 619, 621–626, 630, 636,

672, 674, 675

Kkaersutite 185, 188Kaguya (space probe, JAXA) 574kainite 449, 450Kakangari chondrite 584kakirite, 463Kalahari 008, meteorite, lunar 575, 600kalinite solfatara 288kaliophilite 8kalsilite 229, 268, 329, 330kamacite (alpha-(iron,nickel)) 72, 76, 589, 592,

595–598, 671kamacite-taenite mixture 597Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), solar nebula 668kaolin (see also kaolinite) 67, 198, 410kaolinisation 494kaolinite 124, 190, 191, 196, 198, 225, 390,

408–413, 423, 424, 435, 508Karoo Dolerite (Kimberley, South Africa) 559Karoo Supergroup (Kimberley, South Africa) 293,

559Karoonda Meteorite 592karst

– bauxite 411 – cave 436, 469 – formation 436

katazone 530katophorite 185keatite 203, 204, 214Keiko ore zone 398kelyphite 482Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) 612Kepler laws 612, 621keratophyre 400, 495Kerberos (Pluto moon) 630kernite 138, 139, 447, 448kerogen 428kersantite 254Khatyrka Meteorite 591kidney

– ore 118, 122 – stone 33, 47, 49

kieserite 109, 449, 450, 616kimberlite 80, 82, 83, 194, 214, 271, 273, 284,

285, 309, 346, 545, 550, 559kinetics 57, 520, 651, 655King of Alasia 397Kircher, Athanasius (1602–1680) 547Kirkpatrick, Randolph (1863–1950) 44kirschsteinite 589, 593Klaproth, Martin Heinrich (1743–1817) 596KMASH system 519komatiite, 266, 267, 346, 367kornerupine 538Krasnoyarsk Meteorite (pallasite) 595, 597KREEP 574, 576kryolite 108

k-surface 28KTB (see Continental Deep Drilling Program)Kuiper Belt 606, 608, 621, 628, 630, 636, 671, 672Kuiper, Gerard (1905–1973) 628, 629, 668kukersite (see oil shale)kunzite 183Kupferschiefer (copper shale) 67, 88, 434Kuroko ore zone 398kutnohorite 136, 445kyanite 6, 16, 17, 37, 67, 160, 164, 165, 166, 168,

174, 355, 468–470, 501, 503–506, 508, 511, 523, 526, 535, 536

LL chondrite, 592labradorescence 40, 228labradorite 218, 226, 227, 228, 336, 337laccolith, 293, 294lacquerware 96lacunae 48, 49LADEE (see Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Explorer)Lagrange point 619LA-ICP-MS (see laser ablation-inductively cou-

pled plasma-mass spectrometry)lake

– chalk 441 – deposit 432, 434, 435, 438, 440, 441, 444, 447,

614 – evaporation 138 – iron precipitation 443 – lava 279, 300, 301, 311, 312, 623, 624 – maar 284 – metal, molten 673 – methane 627 – salt 107, 136, 145, 232, 447, 448 – sediment 285 – water table 441

Lake Superior type copper deposit, 386lambda oxygen sensor 162lambda-temperature variation method 22lamellae 33, 226

– deformation 459, 484, 598 – exsolution 34, 36, 40, 90, 228, 366 – iridescence 228 – twin, twinning 40, 225

lamination 42, 433 – igneous 294 – seasonal 420

lamproite 80, 82, 194, 271, 273, 559lamprophyre 251, 254land surface

– Archaean 429, 443 – erosion 407 – lava flow 60 – weathering 428

landslide 421langbeinite 8lanthanide 65lanthanum 638, 641, 645–647lapilli 283, 285, 286lapis lazuli (see lazurite)Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749–1827) 668Large Igneous Province (LIP) 280, 574larnite 539larvikite 226, 268lasca 213laser 41

705 L–LSubject Index

– ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) 245, 383, 522, 643, 660, 661

– altimeter map of Moon 575 – crystal 41

Lassell, William (1799–1880) 628Late Heavy Bombardment 581, 608, 674La-Tène period, prehistoric mining 394laterite 67, 122, 124, 125, 198, 410–412latite 252, 253, 264, 271lattice

– Bravais, 9, 10, 11 – constant 8, 11, 12, 34 – crystal 8 – defect 18 – face-centred 10, 72 – parameter 8 – plane 6, 9, 11 – point 5, 6, 11 – space 34 – space-centred 10, 72 – translation distance 4

Laue diagram 11, 12Laue, Max von (1879–1960) 11laumontite 217, 232, 235, 467, 510, 523, 533laurelite 7Laurentia 555laurite 366lava 59, 60, 250, 266, 273, 277–283, 286, 287,

299–301, 303, 309, 311, 312, 343, 384, 554, 576, 611, 623, 624, 628

Laves, Fritz (1906–1978) 12law

– Bragg 11, 12, 34 – constancy of angles (Steno’s) 4, 205 – Coulomb 13 – decay, radioactive 655 – distance 51 – Henry’s 643 – Kepler’s 612, 621 – Newton’s second 551 – optics 551 – Raoult-Van t’Hoff 320 – Rational Indices, 8 – reflection 551 – refraction (Snell’s Law) 22, 24, 551 – stages, intermediate (also Ostwald Rule) 503 – Stokes’s 295, 311, 361, 569 – thermodynamics 56 – Titius-Bode 668 – twin, twinning 79, 93, 114, 205–208, 210,

219–223, 225–228, 258, 259, 263lawrencite 589, 597lawsonite 169, 170, 455, 457, 472, 510, 523,

540–543, 567Layered Series (Skaergaard Intrusion, Green-

land) 297layering 297

– geopetal 211 – igneous 455 – magmatic 312

lazurite 6, 217, 231LCD (see liquid crystal display)LCROSS (see Lunar Crater Observation and Sens-

ing Satellite)LCT family pegmatite 377LD

– method 131 – process 136, 441

Le Verrier, Urbain J. J. (1811–1877) 621leaching

– cyanide 75 – residue 412 – zone 413

lead 50, 64, 65, 91, 97, 122, 144, 154, 637, 638, 641, 643

– deposit 66, 67, 388, 390, 398, 400, 401 – isotope 123, 659 – loss, episodic 660 – ore 134, 386, 413 – oxide 41 – sulfide 434

lead-lead isotope dating 592, 660lead-silver-zinc deposit, 388lead-zinc deposit

– Broken Hill-type 67 – Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) 388 – replacement 67, 388 – sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) 66, 91, 400

lechatelierite 34, 79, 203, 214, 467, 601LED (see diode, light-emitting)Leonids meteor shower 585leonite 450lepidocrocite 76, 99, 112, 125, 126, 413lepidolite 173, 190, 194, 195, 384lepidomelane 194, 258, 267, 268leucite 7, 217, 220, 229, 234, 235, 268, 303,

326–331, 350 – basanite 230, 271, 308 – phonolite 230, 270, 327, 331 – tephrite 230, 271, 308

leucite-nosean phonolite 269leucitite 230, 252, 271, 272, 308leucogranite, peraluminous 357leucosome 375, 487, 488, 489–491lever rule, 326, 327, 330, 598lherzolite 253, 262, 342, 344–346, 561LIBS (see spectrometer, laser-induced break-

down)lichen, weathering 407ligand 65light microscopy 11, 20–29, 34lightning, tube (see fulgurite) 34limburgite 58, 269, 271lime 130, 433, 436, 524limestone 44, 45, 64, 129–131, 133, 136, 387–

389, 419–421, 426, 427, 435–438, 440, 441, 455, 456, 512, 534, 652

limonite 76, 99, 112, 118, 125, 131, 409, 412, 413line

– Becke 29 – cotectic 323, 334 – defect 459, 486 – Neumann 598 – spectral 21

lineation 464, 473, 484lingunite 600linnaeite 113LIP (see Large Igneous Province)liparite (see rhyolite)liquid 459

– Bingham 303 – crystal display (LCD) 152 – immiscibility 311, 313, 360

– Newtonian 303liquidus

– curve 302, 303, 320, 321 – surface 323 – temperature (TL) 302, 314

lithiasis, renal 47lithiophorite 413lithium 183, 195, 637, 638, 641, 663

– amphibole 185 – mica 380, 382, 383 – pegmatite 376 – pyroxene 180

lithogeochemistry 56lithosphere 250, 532, 553, 560, 562, 566, 650

– continental 562 – lunar 580, 581 – mantle 564 – oceanic 532, 553, 554, 562, 563, 566, 567

Lithothamnium 43lizardite 190, 196, 197, 262, 477, 533LL chondrite, 592LL5 chondrite 585, 590load, pressure 422, 423, 502Lodhran Meteorite 593lodranite 584, 593loess 431löllingite 33, 98, 100, 101Lombaard, Andries (n.d.) 365long bone (human) 48, 49lonsdaleite 81, 651loparite 368Lophelia (cold-water coral) 437lopolith 293, 294, 311, 364lost wax method 94Louis XV, crown 39Lowell, Percival (1855–1916) 630Löwenstein’s Aluminum Avoidance Rule 220low-velocity zone (LVZ) 345, 557, 562LRO (see Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (space

mission, NASA))lubricant 79luminosity 669Luna (space mission, former USSR) 574lunaite 578, 600Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Explorer (LADEE)

(space probe, NASA) 574Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite

(LCROSS) (space mission, NASA) 574, 578Lunar Orbiter (space mission, NASA) 574Lunar Prospector (space mission, NASA) 574,

578, 580Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) (space

mission, NASA) 574, 578lung

– cancer 49, 51, 189 – dust cell 50

Lunik (space mission, former USSR) 574lustre 1, 28, 34, 40Lutetia (asteroid), exploration 618lutetium 638, 645–647LVZ (see zone, low-velocity)LWR (see reactor, light-water)Lybian desert glass 215Lydian stone (see lydite)Lydians, electrum 74lydite 419, 446

706 Subject Index

MMa’at region (Tschurjunow-Gerasimenko

Comet) 619maar, 284, 285Machatschki, Felix (1890–1975) 159macroforaminifera 44macromolecule, organic 45macroperthite 221macrophage, alveolar 50magadiite 448Magellan (space probe, NASA) 610magma (see also melt) 56, 60, 63, 250, 299–303,

308 – acid 330, 335 – alkali-basaltic 338 – alkali-lamprophyric 492 – andesitic 303, 336, 562 – anorogenic 349 – ascent 282, 303, 562 – basaltic 301–303, 309, 311, 319, 321, 336–

338, 342–345, 562 – basanitic 301 – basic 334, 360 – carbonate, carbonatic 61, 130, 250, 313 – carbonatite, carbonatitic 367, 492 – chamber 250, 260, 281, 283, 284, 286, 292,

293, 309, 342, 395, 491, 554 – column 281, 282 – composition 250, 300, 303, 334, 335, 339 – convection cell 312 – cooling 250, 292, 300, 335 – crystal 292, 311 – crystallisation 65, 250, 251, 302, 330, 335, 355,

360 – dacitic 284 – density 281, 294 – differentiation 310, 336, 562, 644 – emission 277 – emplacement, 295 – equilibrium, chemical 335 – eruptible 292 – eruption 250 – evolution 257, 258, 307 – extrusion 277 – fluorine-rich 349 – formation 250, 257, 258, 307, 325, 338, 644–

646 – fragmentation 281 – gabbroic 357, 364 – gas 281 – granitic 310, 330, 338, 348, 350–352, 354, 356,

372, 380, 471, 490, 491 – homogenisation 313 – immature 314 – intrusion 279, 624 – kimberlitic 285 – komatiitic 345 – mare basalt 580 – melting experiment 302 – mixing 308, 310, 311, 342, 361, 362 – movement, direction 294 – nepheline-syenitic 330 – nephelinitic 301 – noritic, anorthosite 364, 580, 581 – ocean 673 – olivine tholeiite 342

– oxidic 250 – parental 308, 310, 311, 313, 314, 636 – path 294 – phonolitic 330 – picrite-basaltic 342 – picritic 312 – pressure 281 – quartz-syenitic 330, 352 – quartz-trachytic 330 – reservoir 281, 292 – rhyolitic 284, 301, 303, 311, 330, 336 – series 258, 264, 308 – shear strength 281 – silicatic 250, 313 – silicic 313 – silicon dioxide-saturation 313, 325, 337, 342 – solidification 60, 311 – sulfidic 250 – sulfur saturation 364 – tholeiitic 301 – tonalitic 310, 355, 356, 490 – trachytic 303 – ultrabasic 342 – undercooled 267 – upwelling 281 – vesicle 250 – viscosity 284, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 311,

313, 342, 350, 361, 373, 374 – volatile 250, 301, 303, 304

magmatism 60, 66 – fluid, hydrothermal 380 – plate-tectonic position 348

magmatite 60magnesia, cement 131magnesioarfvedsonite 185, 189, 492magnesiochromite 113–115magnesioferrite 113–115magnesiofoitite 177magnesiohastingsite 185, 188magnesiohornblende 185, 473magnesiokatophorite 185magnesioperovskite 565magnesioriebeckite (see crocidolite)magnesiotaramite 185magnesiowüstite 565, 567magnesite 66, 130, 131, 135, 441, 512magnesium 42–46, 65, 386, 441, 492, 639, 640

– chloride 131 – chlorite 535 – chloritoid 169, 544 – oxide 189, 308, 335, 355, 522, 523, 525, 641 – perovskite, lower mantle 673 – silicate, dense hydrous (DHMS) 566 – skarn 387 – staurolite 544 – suite, lunar 574, 581 – Tschermak’s molecule 181, 344, 537, 542, 561,

565magnesium-iron

– amphibole, 185, 186 – olivine, stellar dust 671 – pyroxene 179, 180

magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole 185magnet, superconducting 122magnetisation, thermoremanent (TRM) 115magnetite 8, 19, 20, 37–39, 44, 66, 67, 112–115,

118, 311, 348, 364, 367, 368, 399, 400, 427,

442, 487, 515–517, 527, 589, 591, 592, 599, 600, 617, 647, 651, 670

magnetite–wüstite (MW) buffer 516magnetometer 574magneton, Bohr 19magnetosome 115main-group (MG) pallasite 595majorite 565–567, 589, 590, 592, 600, 617Makemake (dwarf planet) 630malachite 42, 52, 89, 94, 130, 136, 137, 200, 394,

412–415malayite 169MALI (see index, modified alkali–lime index)Maltese cross 27mammal 44Manebach, twin, twinning law 222–224manganate 112, 122manganese 19, 40, 65, 114, 115, 122, 395, 411,

444, 492, 637–640, 642, 643, 672 – amphibole 444 – nodule 67, 122, 433, 445, 446 – ore 67, 122, 386, 397, 411, 413, 444, 445 – oxide 122, 394, 397, 413 – pyroxene 444 – sulfide 397

manganese(II) oxide 641 – chemographic diagram 522, 523

manganese-chromium isotope dating 661manganipiemontite 171manganite 122, 394manganocummingtonite 186manganogel 413manganogrunerite 186mangerite 476mantle 342, 343, 346, 397, 491, 550, 557, 560,

563, 565, 566, 567, 624, 636, 638, 639, 646, 651–653, 657–660, 674

– lithosphere 532 – lower 32, 318, 552, 553, 560, 563, 566, 567,

569, 673 – low-velocity zone (LVZ) 562 – lunar 574, 579 – Mars 614, 617 – peridotite 343 – plume 277, 280, 343, 458, 566, 567, 674 – transition zone, 563, 638 – upper 32, 56, 80, 342, 343–345, 552, 553, 559,

560, 561, 563 – Venus 611

marble 56, 64, 129, 130, 136, 386, 388, 454, 476, 479, 482, 534, 535, 542, 556, 652

marcasite 46, 92, 98–101, 424, 431, 442, 588mare basalt 228, 576–578, 580, 581, 601, 674margarite 190, 195, 470, 523margin

– chilled 266 – continental 342, 555, 562–564

Marginal Border Group (Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland) 297

maria 575, 576 – filling 574, 577 – gravity anomaly 578

marialite 217, 231, 232Mariner (space probes, NASA) 608–610, 612marl 129, 136, 433, 455, 456, 524marlstone, lacustrine 441Mars 32, 547, 606, 607, 612–614, 616, 617, 636,

637, 673, 674

707 M–MSubject Index

– meteorite 56, 584, 599 – moon 618, 672

Mars (space probe, former USSR) 612Mars Express (space probe, ESA) 612Mars Global Surveyor (space probe, NASA) 612,

616Mars Pathfinder (space probe, NASA) 612, 616Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) (space

probe, NASA) 613Mars Science Laboratory (NASA) 612, 616marsh, 448martite 114, 118martitisation 367mascon (lunar gravity anomaly) 578MASH system 543, 544maskelynite 599mass

– extinction 279, 587, 621 – spectrometry 650, 655 – susceptibility, magnetic 19 – transfer 491–493, 519

massive sulfide, stable isotopes 652mat, microbial 42, 43, 440Mathilde (asteroid) 618matrix 58

– argillaceous 424 – carbonate rock classification 435 – microcrystalline 251, 254, 263, 265

Maya civilisation, cinnabarite 96measurement

– calorimetric 517 – geomagnetic 20 – geophysical 638 – microthermometric 244 – seismic 553, 638

medicine 42, 51megacryst, metamorphic 481megalite 566meionite 217, 231, 232Meissen porcelain, cobalt-blue 393melanite 163, 164, 270, 271melanophlogite 203, 204melanosome 487, 488, 489, 490melaphyre 59, 266melatope 27melilite 7, 159, 169, 170, 273, 539, 588, 589, 591

– basalt 170 – leucitite 271 – nephelinite 170, 271

melilitholith 252melilitite 170mellite (also honeystone) 33melt (see also magma) 4, 65, 66, 250, 301, 303,

304, 308, 310, 311, 313, 318, 320, 321, 324, 326, 328–330, 332, 334, 335, 337, 338, 350, 353, 356, 361, 362, 364, 365, 367, 375, 489, 501, 644

– albitic 304, 305 – alkali-basaltic 346 – alkali-trachytic 325 – basaltic 309, 331, 337, 343, 344, 346, 364, 645 – carbonate 66 – fayalitic 335 – gabbroic, sulfide-rich ore 360 – granitic 310, 349, 350, 356, 372–375

– impact 365 – inclusion 242, 304

– kimberlitic 346 – KREEP 581 – leucite-normative 327 – olivine-tholeiitic 346 – oxide, oxidic 66, 313 – quartz-tholeiitic 338 – silicate, silicatic 60, 66, 304, 334, 364, 372 – silicic 300, 313 – silicon dioxide 335, 338 – sulfide 313, 364 – sulfidic 66 – tholeiitic 332, 338

melting 17, 41, 63, 242, 301, 302, 310, 318–321, 326–328, 338, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 356, 466, 489, 490, 577, 644, 673

Mercurius (Roman name for Mercury) 608mercury 33, 34, 50, 65, 66, 72, 75, 76, 96, 104,

386, 396, 399, 413Mercury 32, 593, 607–609, 625, 626, 636, 637,

672, 673meroxene 194merrilite, meteoritic 589merwinite 539mesolite 217, 234, 473mesoperthite 218, 221, 225, 476, 537mesosiderite 584, 595, 620mesosome (see palaeosome)mesozone 530Messenger (space probe, NASA) 608, 610metaarkose 536metabasalt 460, 533, 541metabasite 455–457, 468, 477, 502, 523, 527,

531, 533, 535, 539metabauxite 455, 457, 469–471metagabbro 481, 541metagranite 455, 536metagranodiorite 536, 542metagreywacke 356, 455, 490, 533, 541metahalloysite 199metallogenesis, 247metalloid (semi-metal) 33, 72, 78metallurgy 79metamorphism 58, 64, 195, 435, 450, 454–459,

461, 479, 488, 491, 500, 517, 636, 656 – Barrovian 472 – burial, 473, 532 – cataclastic 459, 463, 464, 485 – contact 66, 224, 250, 455, 458, 460–463, 491 – dynamo-thermal 459, 464 – hydrothermal, 467, 510, 532 – impact 214, 464–466, 467 – ocean-floor, 473, 495, 510 – pressure 81, 83, 214, 458, 468, 469, 471, 473 – prograde 342, 454, 455, 459, 468, 487, 489,

507, 511, 512 – regional 348, 389, 459, 460, 467–473, 480,

484, 485, 532, 656 – retrograde (diaphthoresis) 454, 455, 507

metamorphic zone 465metapelite 165, 166, 192, 356, 455, 468–470,

473, 490, 502, 506, 517, 525, 531, 535, 536, 542

metasomatism 479, 491, 494, 501 – alkali 462, 492 – chlorine 492 – contact 386, 455, 461, 491 – halogen, 491

metatect 487, 488metatexite 489, 490metaturbidite 481metazoan animal 45meteorite 1, 7, 32, 56, 214, 465, 581, 583–589,

594, 596, 598, 613, 619, 620, 636–638, 652, 653

– achondritic 672 – chondritic 606

– apatite 154 – chondrule 672 – dating, isotopic 658 – eucrite-group 594 – HED, 594, 620 – impact 34, 81, 313, 587 – iron 584–588, 596, 606, 620 – lunar 584, 600 – Martian 584, 599, 600, 617 – planetary, 599 – stony-iron 76, 584, 587, 588, 594, 595, 606,

620meteoroid 584, 587methane 286, 301, 459, 515, 626, 630, 651Metis (Jupiter moon) 623, 630MG (see main-group)mica 6, 37, 38, 159, 193, 195, 375, 382, 408, 435,

455, 459, 466, 472, 484, 487micaschist 64, 165, 166, 454, 467, 474, 489, 517,

518, 542micrite 435, 436microcline 6, 15, 217, 218–226, 253, 254, 372microcrystalline 37microdiamond 81microelectronics 42microfabric 58microfibril 48, 49microflora, weathering 407microfolding 481microfossil, herbal 480microgranite 313, 364microhardness 17, 29, 40microinclusion 391microlite 57, 251, 262, 462micromount 34microorganism 32, 42–44, 437microperthite 221, 225microscope, microscopy 318

– binocular 421 – electron 33 – light 20 – optical 520 – petrographic 25 – point counting 251 – polarising 20, 34 – reflected light 28, 29 – scanning electron (SEM) 34, 44, 198, 215, 243,

408, 421 – transmission electron (TEM) 34, 196, 198, 207,

219, 224, 408 – transmitted light, 22

microstructure 58microtectonics 58microtektite 601microthermometry, 244mid-ocean ridge 66, 94, 276, 277, 279, 308, 344,

381, 382, 395, 397, 471, 495, 560, 562, 642, 654

708 Subject Index

Mighei Meteorite 591migmatisation 490migmatite 58, 63, 64, 310, 375, 402, 455, 468–

470, 472, 487–491milk opal 216milky quartz 211, 212Milky Way 606Miller Indices 8, 9Miller, William Hallowes (1801–1880) 8Millerian Symbol (see Miller Indices)millerite 7millstone 426Mimas (Saturn moon) 627, 629mimetite 7, 33, 152, 154, 155, 413mina, minare (Latin) 1mineral, 31–34mineralisation (see also bio-, neo- and perminer-

alisation) 360, 364, 381, 383, 385, 400, 401, 434, 455

mineralogy 1, 56 – medical, 42, 47 – normative 251 – systematic, 69

mineraloid, 34minette 67, 125, 254, 444mining 47, 64, 65, 247, 394minnesotaite 443Minoan civilisation 283, 473minrecordite 136mirabilite (Glauber’s salt) 406, 447Miranda (Uranus moon) 627, 628, 629mirror

– plane 6, 11 – reflection 11

miscibility gap 221, 226–228, 327, 333 – calcite–dolomite 441 – perthitic 328

mixing – behaviour, non-ideal 643 – magma 308, 310, 342, 361, 362

mixture, heterogeneous 56modulus 551, 562, 568mofette 288moganite 202, 203, 211, 214Mohorovičić, Andreiji (1857–1936) 553Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) 309, 491,

553–555, 557, 558, 560–563Mohs, Friedrich (1773–1839) 16Mohs’

– density 69 – hardness 16, 17, 34, 39, 40

moissanite 42, 81, 466, 651molasse, Alpine 424moldavite 467, 601mole fraction 523, 653molecule 4, 12

– Tschermak’s 181, 323, 344, 537, 542, 560, 561, 565

Mollusca (mollusc) 45, 480molybdate 33, 38, 141, 142, 147molybdenite 29, 66, 97, 98, 148, 149, 380, 386molybdenite-2H 8molybdenite-quartz vein 391molybdenum 65, 97, 386, 396

– deposit 66, 384–386moment, momentum

– angular 668, 669 – electric 19

– inertia 616 – magnetic 19, 20, 113, 115 – torsional 669

monalbite 220, 221, 226monazite 147, 152, 161, 376, 492, 521, 522, 645,

655, 659monchiquite 254monetite 447mono-bromine naphthalene 29monomict 424monosulfide solid solution (mss) 95monticellite 273, 539Montmartre twin 144, 145montmorillonite 161, 190, 191, 199, 286, 408,

410, 467, 591monzodiorite 252, 253, 260, 264, 268, 270monzogabbro 253, 268, 270monzogranite 258, 264monzonite 252, 253, 255, 268, 384monzosyenite 252, 268moon

– Galilean 623 – shepherd’s 629

Moon 1, 32, 56, 76, 228, 349, 467, 547, 574–581, 584, 606, 607, 637, 673–675

moonquake 579, 581moonstone 226, 227, 376moraine 421morass ore (see iron ore)MORB (see basalt, mid-ocean ridge)mordenite 467morganite 173morion (black smoky quartz) 210mortar 130, 463moss

– agate 211 – animal (bryozoa), biomineral 45

mother-of-emerald (see prase)Motton Ophiolite 495mound

– carbonate 45 – ore 395, 397 – sulfide 396, 398 – TAG (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 396

mounting medium 22MRO (see Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (space

probe, NASA))mss (see monosulfide solid solution)mud 133, 419, 420, 424, 432, 433, 440, 652mudflow 283, 284mudrock 425mudstone 64, 423–426, 433, 436, 454, 455, 457,

489, 617mugearite 271mukhinite 171mullite, 166, 198, 507, 539Mundus Subterraneous (treatise by Athanasius

Kircher) 547Murchison Meteorite 591muscovite 33, 56, 58, 159, 190–195, 243, 350,

355, 356, 376, 382, 408, 455, 457, 470, 490, 492, 494, 500, 508, 509, 511, 519, 521, 523, 526, 527, 533, 535–537, 656, 657, 662

muscovite-biotite gneiss 474mussel 45MVT (see lead-zinc deposit, Mississippi

Valley-type)MW (see magnetite–wüstite buffer)

mylonite, 463, 467mylonitisation, 463, 464myrmekite 482Mytilus (mussel), shell 45

Nnacre 45nagelfluh 424nakhlite 585, 599, 600, 616nakrite 198Namibia Blue (dimension stone) 492nanocomposite, biomineralized 47nanocrystal 48, 49nanodiamond 82nanofibre, carbon 79nanoparticle, silica 214nanotechnology, gold 75nappe 520

– complex 397 – stacking 521 – tectonic 553

NASA (USA) 32, 56, 574, 578, 608, 610, 612, 618, 621, 663, 671

NASC (see North-American shale composite)native iron+quartz–fayalite (IQF) buffer 516, 517natro-apophyllite 201natrocarbonatite 273natrolite 217, 233, 234, 270, 272, 288, 473natron (soda) 107, 408, 447natural gas 56, 85, 437Naturalis historia (treatise by Pliny the Elder) 1naumannite 33nautiloid, calcium carbonate 45n-conduction 18Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR, space-

craft, NASA) 618NEAR Shoemaker (space probe, NASA) 618Nebula 591, 668, 670, 672Nectarian (lunar history) 581needle tin ore 121, 392Néel point 20neodymium 616, 642, 645–647, 658, 660Neolithic Age 73, 96, 264neomineralisation, 408, 467neon-burning process 663neosome, 488nepheline 7, 169, 217, 229, 230, 235, 254, 272,

325, 326, 329–331, 337, 338, 591 – basanite 229, 271 – ijolite 271 – syenite 38, 123, 161, 229–231, 267, 268, 270,

271, 376 – tephrite 229, 271

nephelinite 229, 252, 271, 272, 301, 343nephrite 187, 188nephron 49népouite (garnierite) 197, 412Neptune 606, 607, 621–623, 626, 627–630, 636,

674, 675Nereid (Neptune moon) 629Nernst’s distribution coefficient 643, 644nesosilicate (see orthosilicate)Neumann, Franz Ernst (1798–1895) 598Neumann line 598Neuschwanstein Meteorite 587neutrino, solar 663

709 O–OSubject Index

neutron 663New Horizons (space probe, NASA) 621, 623,

630, 631Newton’s second law 551niccolite (nickeline) 91, 95nickel 42, 65, 66, 90, 101, 197, 296, 364, 367,

393, 412, 568, 589, 595, 597, 637–639, 641, 643, 645

– bloom (annabergite) 101nickel-arsenide 393nickel-cobalt

– arsenide 393 – deposit 412

nickel-hydrosilicate mineral 412nickeline (see niccolite)nickel-iron, cosmic 76nickel-lizardite 412nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) buffer 516nickel-skutterudite (chloanthite) 98, 101, 393nickel-steel 90Nicol prism (Nicols) 25Nicol, William (1768–1851) 25nimite 196, 412niningerite 588, 589, 592niobate-tantalate pegmatite 376niobium 65, 344, 492, 638, 641, 647–649nitrate 33, 39, 127, 137

– deposit 447, 448nitratine 33, 137, 447, 448nitre 137, 138, 447, 448nitride 589, 671nitrogen 137, 447, 610, 622, 626, 629–631Nix (Pluto moon) 630NNO (see nickel–nickel oxide buffer)Noachian period (Mars) 613noble-gas electron configuration 13nodule 363nontronite 199Nordenskjöld, Nils (1792–1866) 228norite 115, 253, 260, 294, 311, 313, 360, 362,

363–365, 578norm

– CIPW 256, 257, 348 – saturation of silicon dioxide 257 – standard mineral 256

North Pacific, plume 567North-American shale composite (NASC) 648Nose, Karl Wilhelm (1753–1835) 223nosean 217, 230, 231, 268, 337

– phonolite 270Novo Urei Meteorite 594n-surface 28nucleosynthesis 623, 663, 664, 672nuclide 650nuée ardente (see also avalanche, glowing, and

block-and-ash flow) 250, 251, 280, 283Nummulitacea, exoskeleton 44Nummulites, rock-building 44NYF family pegmatite 376Nysa (asteroid), reflection spectrum 620

Oobduction 521Oberon (Uranus moon) 627, 628object

– astronomical 669

– trans-Neptune (TNO) 606, 628, 630objective 26, 29observatory, seismic 550obsidian 34, 57, 214, 250, 262, 264, 270, 280,

303, 304Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 473, 495, 553ochre red 118Ochsenius, Carl (1830–1906) 449octahedrite 76, 597, 598ODP (see Ocean Drilling Program)OIB (see basalt, ocean island)Oil 303, 450

– immersion 29 – shale 419, 433, 434

Oko ore zone 398Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm (1758–1840) 595, 618Oldham, Richard D. (1858–1936) 568oldhamite 588, 589, 592, 593olenite 177oligoclase 218, 227, 336, 455olivine 7, 15, 26, 33, 34, 37, 38, 56, 58, 83, 159–

161, 265, 266, 273, 285, 297, 302, 303, 311, 312, 331, 335–337, 344, 360–362, 589, 593, 594, 645, 672

– basalt, alkali 271 – cumulate, lunar 579, 580 – gabbro 253, 260 – leucitite 271 – lunar 581 – Martian 617 – nephelinite 271, 346 – norite 253, 260 – orthopyroxenite 253 – pyroxenite, lunar 579, 580 – tholeiite 266, 271, 302, 338, 342, 345, 346 – websterite 253, 262

Olmec civilisation, cinnabarite 96ommatidium 45omphacite 83, 179, 180, 182, 183, 189, 243, 472,

507, 542, 543, 557, 558onyx 211, 214ooid 411, 435, 437oolite 123, 437, 438, 442oomicrite 435, 437Oosawa, Eiji (*1935) 79oosparite 435, 437ooze 44, 433, 438opacite 194opacity 14, 20, 28, 29, 72, 88opal 32, 34, 40, 42, 44, 45, 203–205, 211, 213–

216, 288, 336, 445opal-A 34, 216, 445opal-AG (precious opal) 34, 215opal-AN (hyalite) 34, 215opal-C 215, 216opal-CT 215, 216, 445opalescence 40, 215ophicalcite 477ophiolite 115, 280, 292, 363, 397, 495, 553Opportunity (space probe, NASA) 612, 616orbiculite 58, 60orbit 607, 668orbital 14, 18, 40

– momentum, angular 668 – period 620, 621 – plane 14, 612 – planet 607 – sp3–hybrid 14, 80, 158, 637

Orcus (TNO) 630order of interference 12order-disorder process 16ore 38, 51, 64–67, 398, 642, 643

– zone 412ORG (see granitoid, ocean-ridge)organ pipe 122organism

– reef-forming 437 – silica-producing 216

orientation 296, 481, 488 – crystallographic 59, 225, 466, 507 – dimensional-preferred 483–485 – isotropic 59, 251 – lattice-preferred 58, 477, 480, 483, 485–487 – magnetic field 115 – parallel 457, 461, 473 – strain-induced, 482, 483

Orion Nebula 668, 669Ornans Meteorite 591orogen, orogeny 75, 163, 467, 473, 520

– Alpine 434, 468, 480 – Andean 471 – Caledonian 62, 468 – Damara 468, 488 – New Quebec 443 – Pan-African 63, 434, 468 – Paterson 390 – Penokean 365 – Phanerozoic 473 – Qinling 388, 390 – Tasman 399 – Tian Shan 390 – Variscan 392, 395, 401, 460

orpiment, 102orthoamphibole 7, 178, 185, 186orthoclase 6, 17, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226,

252, 267orthoclase-perthite 476orthoenstatite 333orthogneiss 64, 476, 489, 536, 640, 657orthopyroxene 7, 178–180, 333–337, 343, 362,

537, 589, 617, 645orthopyroxenite 253, 262, 585, 616orthoquartzite 425orthosilicate (also nesosilicate) 33, 158, 159, 160,

336, 541, 542, 558osbornite 589, 592osmiridium 77osmium 65, 76, 77, 430, 637osteoblast 46osteoblastesis 48, 49osteocyte 46, 48, 49osteon 48, 49osteoporosis 46Ostwald Rule 216, 503osumilite 538otavite 137ottrelite 169, 457overpressure, tectonic 459overprint

– metamorphic 136, 454, 473, 480 – age 660 – position, geotectonic 532 – retrograde 455, 477

Oxalis (wood sorrels) 44oxidation zone, 412, 414

710 Subject Index

oxide 33, 38, 40, 66, 111, 112, 360, 361, 367, 399, 636

– dust, stellar 671 – facies, BIF 443 – metal-oxygen compound, 112, 116, 120 – meteoritic 589

oxide-skarn deposit 387oxygen 43, 113, 159, 173, 303, 437, 459, 517,

599, 639, 640, 663 – converter 131, 136, 441 – fugacity 515, 516 – isotope 636, 650, 651, 652 – pressure, partial 515

oxygen-burning process 663oxygens per formula unit (pfu) 678oxyhornblende 188oxyhydrogen flame 41oyster shell 45

Ppackstone 436, 440padparadscha 116Pahlavi Crown 39pahoehoe lava 277, 278, 303palaeoplacer 430palaeoscolecids 46palaeosome 487, 488, 489, 490palaeothermometer 46palagonite 278, 279, 286, 616palisade, texture 544palladium 65, 76, 364, 637, 672Pallas (asteroid) 595, 618, 619, 672Pallas, Peter Simon (1741–1811) 595pallasite 584, 595, 596, 620palygorskite 50pan, salt (playa), 448papagoite 33paragenesis 37, 383, 389, 390, 454, 500paragneiss 64, 165, 455, 476, 487, 489, 535, 536paragonite 190, 193, 457, 470, 508, 523, 541,

543, 544paramagnetism 19

– Curie point 20 – Néel point 20

parameter – crystallographic 517 – lattice 8 – of state 485 – thermodynamic 506

paramorph 89parawollastonite 183pargasite 185, 187, 188parisite 368, 492partial melting (see anatexis)particulate matter (PM) 50parting 59partition 455

– equilibrium 636partitioning

– component 517 – element 636, 643

– incompatible 643 – trace 642

patch reef 437path

– crystallisation 334

– metamorphic, prograde 455 – pressure-temperature, 520, 521

– deformation 520 – time, 521, 655

pattern – interference 11, 12, 25 – REE 646, 647 – trace-element 647–649 – Widmanstätten 76, 597, 598

Pauling, Linus (1959) 637p-conduction 18pea grit 133, 288pearl 40, 45, 133pebble 420, 424pedology 410Peekshill chondrite 587pegmatite 66, 117, 123, 161, 210, 225, 254, 292,

349, 356, 366, 371–377, 383, 494, 661pegmatoid 372Pelecypoda, calcium carbonate 45Pelée (Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes) 285Pelées hair, Pelées tears (see reticulite)pelite 356, 419, 420pelmicrite 435, 440peloid 435pelsparite 435pendeloque 82penetration

– mineral species 482 – trill 113 – twin, twinning 98, 104, 107, 108, 113, 119,

133, 134, 144, 167, 168, 174, 181, 222, 233, 235, 236

pennantite 196Penokean Orogeny 365pentlandite 88, 90, 94–96, 360, 364, 366, 367,

589periclase 8, 502, 513, 600pericline twin, twinning law 219, 220, 222–226,

228, 258, 259peridote (see olivine)peridotite 204, 214, 248, 252, 253, 255, 261, 262,

294, 310, 311, 343, 344, 346, 360, 363, 397, 455, 456, 473, 524, 551, 554, 559, 561, 562, 566

periglacial zone 431perihelion 606peristerite 218, 221, 222, 227perlite 262, 264permafrost, Mars 612, 614permeability 423, 435permineralisation 45, 46permutite 232perovskite 112, 119, 120, 271, 273, 566, 567, 577,

589, 617, 670, 673perryite 592perthite 218, 221, 327, 492petalite 377petrogenesis 56, 247, 349petrography 520

– basalt 257 – pegmatite, 373 – rock, igneous, 257

petroleum 56, 85, 432petrology, 247

– experimental 318, 505 – igneous 242 – metamorphic 242, 454

petzite 8, 389pewter (tin-rich alloy) 122pfu (see oxygens per formula unit)PGE (see platinum-group element)pH value 380, 408, 414, 436, 442phacolith, 293, 294Pharao Amenophis IV (Echnaton) 397phenakite 7phengite 193, 472, 478, 519, 540phenocryst 37, 58, 250, 251, 292, 294, 320, 325,

334Philae (comet lander, ESA) 618philippinite 601phillipsite 217, 233, 235, 286phlogopite 159, 190, 193, 194, 200, 262, 273,

372, 492, 493, 518, 645, 646Phobos (Mars moon) 618, 672Phoebe (Saturn moon) 628Phoenix (space probe, NASA) 612, 614phonolite 61, 229, 252, 255, 256, 269, 270, 271,

286, 308, 326, 331phonotephrite 256phoscorite 368phosphate 33, 38, 39, 46, 66, 151, 152, 273, 376,

412, 413, 419, 446, 447, 589phosphide 589phosphorescence 51phosphorite 67, 153, 154, 446phosphorus 344, 367, 375, 377, 447, 492, 522,

637–641, 647, 648photo-dissociation 664photon 20photosynthesis 42, 43, 429phreato-magmatism 273, 281, 283, 284phyllite 64, 467, 473, 474, 535phyllonite 464phyllosilicate (see sheet silicate)phyrophyllite 192phytoplankton 44Piazzi, Guiseppe (1746–1826) 595, 618piceous 303picotite 115, 262, 266picrite 252, 266, 345, 346picrobasalt 256piemontite 171piezocrystal 207, 209piezoelectricity, 18, 19, 120, 148, 213pigeonite 178–180, 182, 266, 332–335, 337, 538,

574, 576, 577, 589, 594, 595, 599–601, 617pigment 107

– azurite 136 – chromium compound 116 – cinnabarite 96, 399 – cobaltite (cobalt blue) 100 – crocoite 116 – haematite 118 – iron-oxide 446 – limestone 130 – lithopone 143 – nepheline syenite 270 – orpiment (royal-yellow) 102 – pyrite 99 – realgar (red paint) 102 – sphalerite 93 – titanium white 119, 121 – ultramarine 231 – uranium 124

Pillow 58, 59, 266, 277–279, 473, 480, 554

711 P–PSubject Index

pillow-jointing 59pimelite (see willemseite)pinacoid 6pinch-and-swell structure 388pinite 174, 455pinnacle reef 437pinniped guano 447pinnoite 7Pioneer (space probes, NASA) 621, 626, 630Pioneer Venus (space probes, NASA) 610pipe 80, 273, 284–286, 367pipetting 421Pirsson, L. V. (1860–1919) 256pisolite 288, 411pistacite (see epidote)pitchblende (see uraninite)pitchstone 57, 250, 262, 264, 265, 303placebo effect 51placer, placer deposit 67, 427, 428, 430plagioclase 6, 15, 33, 36, 37, 56, 58, 159, 216,

217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 226–228, 251, 256, 271, 285, 302, 311, 321–325, 335–338, 344, 355, 360, 361, 364, 455, 466, 486, 492, 494, 500, 537, 540, 560, 581, 589, 599, 617, 645

plagioclasite 253plagiogranite 342, 456Plagiostoma striatum 438plain, tidal 440plane

– glide 11 – lattice 11

– index 8 – mirror 11 – optical 22–24 – orbital 14 – parametral 8 – unit 8

planet 1, 32, 605, 606, 607, 628, 630, 631, 636, 668, 669, 672, 673

planetesimal 619, 630, 668, 671, 672, 673plant 42, 44plasma 41, 213plaster rock 147plateau

– age 662 – basalt, 279 – intermontane 564

platiniridium 77platinum 8, 33, 41, 65, 67, 72, 76, 77, 115, 296,

303, 364, 427, 428, 601, 637platinum-group element (PGE) 33, 65, 66, 72, 75,

296, 318, 363, 366, 367, 399, 601, 638, 643 – alloy 77, 367, 428, 430 – deposit, 361, 364, 367, 428 – placer 67, 77, 363, 428 – sulfide 592

platinum-iron alloy 77platy gneiss 474playa (see salt pan)pleochroism, pleochroic 29, 40, 162, 174pleonast 114plessite (kamcite-taenite alloy) 76, 595–598Plinian activity, eruption 283Plinius the Younger (61–ca. 113) 283Pliny the Elder (23/24–79) 1, 16, 40, 47Plug 271, 280plumbago 79plume 309, 343, 567

– ejecta 466 – mantle 280 – vapour 466

Pluto (dwarf planet) 606, 607, 621, 628, 630, 631, 636, 668

pluton 58, 250, 251, 258, 293, 294, 296, 342, 348, 354, 374, 380, 460, 462, 491, 655

plutonism 60, 291, 636plutonite 253, 259, 261PM (see particulate matter)pneumoconiosis 47poikiloblast, poikiloblastic 461, 479, 482point

– counter, counting 251 – critical 319 – defect 208, 486 – eutectic 320, 323, 332, 334 – invariant 318, 502, 503, 517 – Lagrange 619 – line 6 – peritectic 332, 335 – triple 318

poise 303poison 42Poisson number 558polar 25, 26, 28polarisation 21, 24polianite 122polishing 41pollucite 234polybasite 91, 391polyhalite 131, 449polyhedron 8, 164polymict 424polymorph, metastable 505polymorphism, 15, 16polysaccharide 45polytype, polytypism 16, 95, 183, 191polyxene 77pond 440porcelain china 410porcellainite 445pore 422porfido (imperial porphyry) 58, 264Porifera (sponges), spicules 45porosity, 58, 251, 423, 435, 457, 485porphyrite 264porphyroblast 37, 39, 58, 224, 455, 477, 479,

481–483, 485porphyroclast 224, 463, 464, 481porphyry 292, 652

– imperial (porfido rosso antico) 58, 264 – quartz 262

Portland cement 130, 433Posidonia Shale 46, 433post-COLG (see granite, post-tectonic collision)potash 65

– feldspar 336, 351 – mineral 109 – salt 64, 67, 107, 450

potassium 34, 107, 661potassium-argon isotope dating 521, 522, 661potassium-calcium 220, 226potch opal 34potter’s clay 419povondraite 177powder diagram, diffractogram (also

Debye-Scherrer diagram) 12

powellite 148power plant

– coal-fired 147 – geothermal 51, 288 – hydrodynamic 411 – nuclear 97, 143

pp-process 663prase 213praseodymium 647Precambrian craton 390precession diagram 12precipitate 380, 408, 409precipitation 64, 93, 381, 407, 408, 419, 435, 436,

448, 449prehnite 386, 457, 473, 494, 523, 533prehnite-pumpellyite facies 531, 532Pre-Nectarian (lunar history) 581pressure 4, 18, 64, 318, 320, 380, 381, 454, 458,

459, 472, 485, 486, 501, 502, 508, 531, 544, 638

pressure-temperature 83, 133, 351, 353, 356, 456, 471, 520, 521, 558, 560

Pretoria Group (Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa) 362

Principia philosophiae (treatise by René Decartes) 547

Proctor, Richard (1837–1888) 612product, fumarolic 287, 380profile, seismic 557profitability of a deposit 65prograde

– melting 488 – metamorphism 197, 342, 454, 455, 459, 460,

468, 469, 471, 472, 477, 484, 487, 489, 507–509, 511, 512, 517, 533, 534, 537

– mineral 472, 476, 502, 537, 540 – reaction 500, 520, 530

– precipitation 449 – pressure-temperature path 454, 481, 500,

517, 518, 520–522, 531, 543, 545 – reaction 454, 500, 510, 535 – solubility 304, 372, 373, 381

projection – AFM, 525, 526, 527, 535, 536, 541, 678

– calculation 525 – liquidus and solidus curve 323

prokaryotes 42, 43propagation

– light 20, 21, 24, 25, 28 – wave, seismic 345, 551, 552

property – electrical, 18 – magnetic, 19 – mechanical 34, 40 – micromorphological 47 – optical 20, 34 – physical 12, 16, 40, 69, 72 – vectorial 4

proplyd (see disk, protoplanetary)proportion, modal 251propylite 385, 494propylitisation 196, 494protein 45Proteus (Neptune moon) 629protocataclasite 463protochondrite 591proto-Earth, Giant Impact 674protoenstatite 178, 332, 334

712 Subject Index

protolith 454, 455, 480, 657proton 663proton-proton chain 663protoplanet, 672, 673protostar 669protosun 669, 672Protozoa 44Proust, Joseph Louis (1754–1826) 596proustite 7, 91, 102, 103, 390, 391provenance

– gemstone 41 – sediment 163 – zircon core 660

province – continental flood (or plateau) (CFB) 279, 280 – copper 434 – gold 428 – granite 383 – igneous 279, 309 – Jurassic granite 267 – Large Igneous (LIP) 280, 574 – magmatic 308 – pegmatite 375 – Permian igneous 226 – Sudbury ore 364 – tin 392 – volcanic 262, 264, 271, 310, 492

psammite 419, 420psephite 419, 420pseudo-brookite 577pseudo-leucite 268, 331pseudomorph 114, 219, 221, 225pseudo-section 517, 520pseudotachylite 464, 481pseudo-wollastonite 183, 184psilomelane 123Psyche (asteroid) 620pterophytes as microfossils 480Ptolemy (c. 100–160 bc) 609pumice 58, 250, 262, 264, 270, 280, 283, 285, 286pumpellyite 457, 473, 523, 533PVC stabiliser 122P-wave (primary wave) 550–555, 557, 559, 568,

579, 580pyknite 167pyragogi 547pyralspite series 163pyramid form 6pyrargyrite 7, 91, 102, 103, 390, 391pyribolite 476, 537pyriclasite 476, 537, 558pyrite 8, 32, 33, 74, 90, 92–94, 97–99, 100, 115,

364, 366, 367, 380, 388–390, 395–399, 400, 412–414, 424, 431, 442, 494, 588, 600, 617, 637, 652, 654

pyritisation 46pyrochlore 273, 367, 492pyroclast 285pyroelectricity, 19pyrolite 342–346, 559–563, 565, 567, 638, 639pyrolusite 112, 122, 123, 413pyrometamorphism 458, 462, 539pyrometer, pyrometry, 301pyromorphite 7, 152, 154, 155, 413pyrope, 163, 338, 339, 482, 518, 543, 544, 561,

565, 644pyrophanite 119pyrophylacia 547

pyrophyllite 14, 159, 190–193, 196, 199, 390, 506, 508, 523, 534, 541

pyrophyllite-talc group, 192pyroxene 33, 37, 38, 178–182, 260, 262, 266,

302, 303, 311, 333–337, 361, 427, 464, 488, 489, 554, 560, 581, 589–592, 655

– granulite (pyriclasite) 476, 490, 537, 558 – hornfels 479, 480

– facies 531, 532, 538, 539 – pallasite 595 – pyrolite 560, 561

pyroxenite 252, 253, 262, 294, 311, 360, 363–365, 455, 456

pyroxenoid 178, 183pyroxferroite 183, 184, 577pyrrhotite 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 99, 364, 366, 367,

395, 398, 593, 599, 617

QQAPF diagram 252, 256, 258, 325Qin dynasty (China), chromium 116quadruplet 235quake, lunar 579quantum

– mechanics 18 – physics 20

Quaoar (TNO) 630quartz 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 15–19, 25, 26, 28, 32–36,

37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51, 66, 95, 124, 148, 149, 158, 159, 174, 195, 201–215, 220, 224, 228, 243–245, 256, 266, 288, 325, 326, 336, 337, 350, 351, 372, 373, 381, 395, 407–411, 420, 424–426, 445, 455, 459, 463, 465–467, 470, 477, 484–486, 490, 492, 504, 510–514, 516, 525–527, 540, 541, 558, 576, 577, 589, 593, 594, 599, 601, 616, 617, 636, 637, 651

– diorite 252, 260, 264 – gabbro 252, 260, 313, 364, 365 – latite 252, 264 – micaschist 474, 476 – monzodiorite 252, 264 – monzonite 252, 268, 356 – phyllite 474, 476 – porphyry 262 – syenite 252, 267, 268 – tholeiite 266 – trachyte 252, 270

quartz-albite syenite 351quartz-anorthoclase trachyte 330quartzite 56, 64, 425, 454, 474, 476, 482, 542quartz-plagioclase intergrowth 334quartz-sanidine trachyte 330quartz-wacke 425

Rradiation, irradiation 20, 51, 52, 608

– alpha- 51, 658 – balance, terrestrial 283 – Cambrian event 45 – colour 209 – cosmic 664, 672 – damage 161, 162 – electromagnetic, visible 21 – heating 672 – ionising 51, 205, 208, 210

– IR 668 – lattice defects by 106 – long-wave 668 – modification of gemstones 40 – natural, 51 – radioactive 51, 107, 123, 162, 207–210, 393,

660 – rock crystal 210 – shielding 149 – short-wave 668 – solar 406, 431, 625, 629 – source 51 – terrestrial 431 – UV 148, 626, 669 – X- 12

radioactivity 34, 51radiolaria 44, 216, 433, 445radiolarite 44, 216, 446radionuclide 654, 655radium 51, 123, 124, 393, 430radius

– equatorial 607 – ionic 13, 638, 678

radon 51raft structure 58Raman spectrum, spectroscopy 245rammelsbergite 98, 101, 393, 589Ranger (space mission, NASA) 574rankinite 539Raoult-Van t’Hoff Law 320rapakivi

– granite 267 – magma mixing 311

– texture 267, 268, 349rare-earth element (REE) 65, 66, 107, 152, 348,

349, 376, 400, 638, 643, 645–647rarefaction wave 464Rath, Gerhard vom (1830–1888) 214rauhaugite 273reactor, nuclear 663

– light-water (LWR) 124 – moderator 79 – natural 124, 394

realgar, 102, 287recombination glow 585recrystallisation 64, 250, 297, 454, 460, 467, 473,

480, 482, 486, 620recurrence 335recycling 64red-bed deposit, 430redox

– front 431 – potential (Eh) 381, 382, 414, 442, 444

– hydrothermal fluid 380 – iron precipitation 442

– reaction 507, 515 – trap 402, 431

REE (see element, rare-earth)reef 43, 437, 438, 440re-equilibration, retrograde 455refertilisation 566reflection 6

– glide 6 – internal, 29 – law 551 – light 20 – pleochroism (also bireflection) 29 – total 40

713 S–SSubject Index

reflectivity 14, 28, 29, 34refraction 4, 20, 21, 22, 24, 40, 551regolith 410, 591

– asteroid Itokawa 618 – lunar 349, 467, 576, 577, 578, 581

– layer 578 – water 578

– weathered 192relief 29

– intensity 421, 575 – refractive index difference 22

Renaissance, realgar 102RenazzoMeteorite 591replacement 380, 386

– deposit 91, 93, 386, 387, 388, 389 – pseudomorphic 188, 192, 200

reptile 45, 129reservoir, 658, 660resin 34resister 490resource

– chloride 448 – chromium 363 – cobalt 434 – copper 400 – gold 391, 428 – iron 443, 445 – magnetite 367 – manganese 445 – metal 67, 296, 385 – mineral 64 – non-renewable 65 – oil shale 434 – PGE 366 – polymetallic 445 – primary 64 – quartz, high-quality 213 – REE 152 – uranium 123, 400–402, 430, 431 – VMS 399 – zinc 400

restite 346, 356, 470, 488, 490, 537, 561 – granulitic 310 – lunar 579, 580 – metamorphic 455

retardation 24–27reticulite 285revolution

– Charon 631 – comet 608 – Deimos 618 – Earth 464 – ellipsoid 22, 23, 28 – Mercury 608 – oxygen 43 – Phobos 618 – Pluto 631

Rhea (Saturn moon) 627, 628rhenium 97, 637

– utilisation 65Rheum rhabarbarum, calcium oxalate 45rhodium 637

– native 76 – utilisation 65

rhodochrosite 128–130, 131, 132, 389rhodolith 43rhodonite 183, 184Rhodophyta (red algae) 43

rhomb-porphyry 226rhyodacite, 264rhyolite (also liparite) 57, 61, 252, 255, 256, 262,

263, 301, 304, 308–310, 337, 342, 383, 398, 456, 651, 652

– alkali-feldspar 253 – tuff 286

richterite 185, 492riebeckite 185, 188, 189, 267, 268, 348, 492Ries

– event 466, 467 – Meteorite 601

rift – continental 343 – oceanic 342 – system, volcanic activity 342 – valley, alkali basalt 271 – zone 560

– intracontinental 277, 367Riftia pachyptila (giant tube worm) 396rifting, continental 520rigidity modulus 551ring

– dyke 286, 293 – ore 391 – silicate (cyclosilicate) 33, 40, 158, 159, 172 – system 628, 629, 668

Ring of Fire 286Ringwood, Alfred E. (1930–1993) 342ringwoodite 161, 565–567, 589, 590, 592, 600,

617ripple mark 420river

– bed 421 – gravel 75 – sand, grain-size distribution 422

road salt 107Roc Tourné twin law (see albite-Carlsbad twin

law)Roche, Édouard (1820–1883) 628Roche limit 628, 629rockslide 421Roiiberg quartzite (Bushveld Igneous Complex,

South Africa) 362Roman Empire 1, 94romanèchite 122, 123, 394, 413, 445roof slate 474root, volcanic, 292ropy lava 277rosasite 137Rose, Gustav (1798–1873) 228rose quartz 35, 208, 210, 214Rosenbusch, Harry F. (1836–1914) 226, 258, 335Rosenbusch Rule 258, 336Rosetta (space probe, ESA) 618, 619rossmanite 177rotoinversion (see inversion, rotary)rouge, jeweller’s 118roundness, 424r-process 664rubble 419rubellite 176rubidium 344, 637, 638, 641, 645, 647, 648, 656rubidium-87 655rubidium-strontium isotope dating 257, 521,

656, 657ruby 39–41, 67, 116, 117, 430ruby-zoisite amphibolite 117

rudist (bivalve) 437rudite, 419, 420, 421, 424, 426rudstone 436, 440RumurutiMeteorite 593Russell, Henry Norris (1877–1957) 669Russian Empire, imperial crown 39ruthenium 65, 76, 77, 637rutile 7, 21, 40, 41, 112, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124,

198, 203, 208, 210, 212, 427, 519, 521, 522, 563, 577, 645

Ryugu (asteroid), exploration 618

Ssabkha 145, 440safflorite 98, 101, 393salband (selvage) 389saline, salt production 107salinity 43, 401

– fluid, hydrothermal 380 – metal transport 401, 434 – solution, hydrothermal 381, 382

salite 178, 180salt 45, 50, 64, 65, 107, 135, 144, 145, 406, 419,

441, 447, 450 – dome 295, 450

– hydrocarbon trap 450 – lake 145, 232, 448 – marsh 440, 448 – pan (playa) 145, 448

– deposit 439, 441saltpetre (see nitre)samarium 641, 642, 645–648, 658samarium-147 655samarium-neodymium isotope dating 257, 521,

576, 581, 658, 660samarskite 376sand 58, 419, 420, 424–427, 440sandstone 58, 61, 64, 389, 406, 420, 423–427,

456, 462, 474, 616, 617sanidine 6, 11, 37, 217–224, 226, 228, 262, 271,

329, 492, 577sanidinite 462, 492

– facies 223, 531, 539saponite 199sapphire 40–42, 116, 117, 430sapphirine 538sardonyx 211sassolite 138, 288satellite, 605, 621

– HIPPARCOS 669satin spar 144saturation

– limit 301, 381 – silicon dioxide 256, 257, 271, 338 – water 352, 372

Saturn 606, 607, 621, 622, 625–629, 672, 674sauconite 199saussurite 172, 226, 266scale, grain-size 420scandium 372, 375, 376, 637, 638, 641scapolite 226, 232, 367, 492, 523

– group 7, 217, 231scapolitisation 367, 492scatter field 467, 585, 586, 594sceptre quartz 211schapbachite 391

714 Subject Index

scheelite 7, 33, 66, 142, 148, 149, 380, 384, 387, 401

Schiaparelli, Giovanni V. (1835–1910) 612schist 473, 494

– graphitic 402schistosity 457, 467, 473, 481, 484schlieren 58, 294, 311, 313, 314, 363Schneeberg malady 51Schoenflies, Arthur Moritz (1853–1928) 6school slate 474schorl 28, 159, 175–177, 384, 461Schreibers, Karl von (1775–1852) 597schreibersite 7, 577, 589, 593, 595, 597schwazite 104, 392Scleractinia (stony corals) 437sclerites 46scolecite 6scoria (cinder) 250, 279, 285, 286scratch test 16screw

– axis 6, 9–11 – dislocation 486

SD (see space diagonal)sea

– cucumber 45 – lilie 45 – oxygen-deficient zone 67 – salt in desert dust 431 – star 396 – urchins (Echinoidea) 45

seafloor – chimney 398 – deposit 66

– exhalative 380 – submarine-volcanogenic 380

– drilling 280 – lava flow 60 – spreading 115, 279, 342, 397, 554, 562

seamount 280, 495seawater 43, 144, 395, 398, 437, 448, 449,

652–654Sederholm, Jakob Johannes (1863–1934) 488SEDEX (see lead-zinc deposit,

sedimentary-exhalative)sediment 63, 64, 163, 247, 248, 279, 406, 411,

419–431, 433, 435, 436, 441, 443, 445, 462, 555, 616, 654, 651–653

sedimentation 59, 163, 297, 419, 420, 432, 438, 440, 443, 515

sedimentology 242Sedna (TNO) 630Seger cone (see cone, pyrometric)segregation 419

– carbonate mineral 43 – lateral 134, 393–395 – metamorphic 489 – vein 166

seifertite, 203, 205, 214, 599seismograph 574Sekkoko ore zone 398selenide 33

– gold 390selenite 145, 146selenium 7, 33, 65, 84, 391, 396selvage (salband) 389SEM (see microscopy, scanning electron)Semail Ophiolite 495

semiconductor 18, 41, 42, 79semi-desert 447Sénarmont, Hureau de (1808–1862) 17separation

– gravitational 321, 337 – magmatic 360 – magnetic 318 – melt 337

sepiolite, toxicity 50sequence

– paragenetic 389 – stratigraphic 59

sericite 193, 225, 226, 266, 385, 454–457, 461sericitisation 464, 494series

– crystalloblastic 482 – electrochemical 381 – magmatic, 308, 314, 334, 345, 636

serpentine 49, 161, 190, 196, 197, 266, 456, 509, 533, 566, 589, 591

serpentinisation 477, 479, 494serpentinite 131, 183, 197, 455, 456, 459, 477,

493, 533settling 421

– gravitational 360shadow

– weathering 406 – zone, seismic 552

shale 67, 99, 166, 411, 424, 426, 433, 434, 445shard cobalt 78, 393shatter cone 465, 466shear 296, 303, 458, 463, 482–484, 550, 551,

562, 568sheet silicate 33, 159, 189, 190, 191, 198, 336,

474sheeted-dyke complex 292, 397, 473shelf 117, 421, 432, 433, 437, 438, 440, 443shell 44–46shepherd’s moon 629shergottite 214, 584, 599, 616Shergotty Meteorite 599, 600shield volcano, 278, 279, 611, 613–615shock

– event 598 – metamorphism, 464, 585, 587 – wave 283, 365, 464, 465, 577, 596, 672

– artificial 467 – supersonic 465

Shoemaker-Levy 9 (comet), impact on Jupi-ter 621

shonkinite 268shooting star 585shoshonite 342, 386, 390, 648SHRIMP (see ion microprobe, sensitive

high-resolution)SI system 458Sial (silicium-aluminium-rich continental

crust) 555siderite 118, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 273, 424,

442, 444, 600 – deposit 66, 131, 388, 394, 442, 443

sideromelane 286siderophyllite 194Siding Spring (comet) 585sieve, molecular 232sieving 421silcrete 410

silica 32, 44, 203–205, 211, 213–216, 395, 396, 413, 445

– glass 34, 79silicate 33, 37, 39, 40, 56, 69, 157–159, 172, 177,

189, 190, 191, 198, 201, 304, 318, 319, 336, 360, 361, 407, 410, 433, 441, 589, 671, 678

– dense hydrous magnesium (DHMS) 566 – dust, stellar 671 – facies, BIF 443

silicate-perovskite 600silicification 43, 212, 216, 494silicium, utilisation 65silicium-burning process 663silicon 18, 41, 152, 158, 159, 173, 300, 408, 411,

492, 493, 637, 639, 640, 663 – carbide (carborundum) 117, 213

silicon dioxide (see also quartz) 159, 201–203, 205, 211, 213, 252, 255–257, 308, 325, 326, 330, 332, 337, 338, 408, 409, 444, 445, 504, 507, 522, 641

silicone 213silicosis 49, 214silification 40sill 80, 250, 251, 254, 266, 273, 279, 284–286,

292, 293, 311, 312, 460–462, 463, 480, 540, 559

sillar (see also ignimbrite) 250, 251, 283, 285sillimanite 7, 37, 160, 164–166, 174, 257,

468–470, 501–508, 511, 523, 526, 530, 531, 536, 537

silt 420, 424siltstone 424, 433silver 8, 15, 18, 33, 65, 72–74, 76, 89–91, 100,

103, 104, 386, 390–393, 396, 397, 413, 414, 431, 637, 641–643

– deposit 66, 67, 73, 388, 398, 400, 430silvialite (see sulfate meionite)Sima (silicium-magnesium-rich oceanic

crust) 554SIMS (see spectrometry, secondary ion mass)simulation, protoplanet formation 672sinhalite 33, 138sinkhole (doline) 383, 411sinoite 592sinter 130, 216, 288, 381, 438, 440, 441skarn 387, 479

– deposit 66, 115, 145, 386, 387, 391, 462, 492skeleton 44, 45, 64skutterudite 8, 98, 101slab breakoff 563, 564slate 433, 460, 461, 474, 479slickenside, striation 484slide, submarine 440sliding, grain-boundary 487slip 482, 486smaltite (see skutterudite)smectite, 199, 200, 286, 408–410, 423smithsonite 129–131, 132, 137, 413smoker 66, 93, 94, 142, 144, 381, 395, 396, 397,

467, 495, 654smoky quartz 35, 51, 207, 208, 209, 210, 214,

223, 242snail 45, 133SNC-group achondrite, 599, 616, 617Snellius, Willebrord (1580–1626) 22Snell’s Law of Refraction 22, 24, 551Snow 419, 624

715 S–SSubject Index

snowball garnet 484soapstone 192soda (see also natron) 408, 447

– caustic 107 – melilite 170

sodalite 8, 158, 217, 230, 236, 492, 591 – phonolite 270 – syenite 268

sodium 408, 462, 492, 494, 637, 639, 640 – amphibole 185, 188, 189, 258 – borate 448 – carbonate 448 – chloride, fumarolic 287 – feldspar 220 – fluid inclusion 383 – formate 44 – liberation by weathering 408 – oxide 344, 348, 349, 641 – pyroxene 180, 258 – sanidine 220, 221 – sulfate 448

sodium-calcium – amphibole 185 – pyroxene 180

sodium-potassium nepheline 329–331soffione 288, 448SOHO (see Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)soil 192, 199, 405, 406, 409, 410, 411, 419, 616Sojourner (Mars rover, NASA) 612, 616Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO,

NASA/ESA) 663solder (tin-lead alloy) 122solfatara, 287solid solution, 15, 22, 23, 33, 69, 72, 216, 335,

524, 678solidification 60, 311, 361solidus 302, 303, 309, 310, 321, 327, 342, 356,

491, 508, 560solstice, Martian 614solubility 75, 144–146, 226, 287, 304, 305, 313,

372, 373, 381, 382, 395, 399, 401, 407–409, 412, 429, 436, 445, 448–450

solvus 327, 329Song Dynasty (China) 96soot 431sorosilicate (see disilicate)sorrel salt (or salt of lemon) 45sorting 421, 427sound, wave 551sövite 273space

– diagonal (SD) 8 – group 6, 9, 11, 15 – lattice 4 – shuttle 83

spallation 664Spanish conquerers 73sparite 435spattercone 285species, mineral 34, 35spectral line 21spectrolite 228spectrometer, spectrometry 650

– alpha proton X-ray (APXS) 612, 616 – correlation (COSPEC) 287 – gas mass 662 – laser ablation-inductively coupled

plasma-mass (LA-ICP-MS) 245, 522, 643, 661

– laser-induced breakdown (LIBS) 612 – secondary ion mass (SIMS) 577, 578 – total ozone mapping (TOMS) 287 – visible and infrared (VIR) 618, 620

spectroscope, spectroscopy – Fourier-transformation infrared (FTIR) 287 – inductively coupled plasma (ICP) 255 – optical 663 – Raman 245 – telescope 622 – thermal infrared (TIR) 616 – X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 255, 616

spectrum – absorption band 40 – electromagnetic 21 – Raman 245 – reflection 619, 620 – solar 21 – X-ray 34

specularite 443sperrylite 8, 33, 366spessartine 163, 164, 444, 457, 525spessartite 254sphaerosiderite 131sphalerite 8, 11, 12, 19, 29, 33, 50, 89, 91, 92–94,

104, 132, 149, 389, 391, 392, 395–397, 401, 589, 654

sphene (see also titanite) 169, 395sphenoid 6sphere 12–14Sphinctozoa skeleton 45spicule 45spider

– calcite in eye 45 – diagram (or spidergram) 647

spiegeleisen 122spilite 227, 494spilosite 462, 479, 493

– banded (see adinole)spinel 8, 22, 41, 42, 79, 93, 112–115, 161, 261,

273, 336, 462, 557, 559, 560, 565, 577, 588, 589, 591–593, 645, 670, 671

– lherzolite 344 – pyrolite 344, 345, 560, 561

spinifex texture 267spionkopite 96Spirit (space probe, NASA) 612, 616splitting, crystal-field 40spodumene 180, 183, 195, 375–377sponge (Porifera) 45, 133, 216, 437, 438, 445,

446spore microfossils 480spring

– mineral 288 – radon 51

– sulfur 84, 288 – thermal 216, 288, 380, 381, 440

s-process 663spurrite 539staining 40stalactite 130, 436stalagmite 436standard

– deviation 657 – granite, REE pattern 647 – mineral, CIPW norm 256

stanfieldite 595stannite 7, 66, 121, 392

star 663, 664, 668–670 – ruby, sapphire 40, 41, 116

Star of Africa (diamond) 82Stardust (space probe, NASA) 618, 671statuario 477staurolite 39, 58, 160, 167, 168, 455, 470, 516,

523, 526, 535, 536 – micaschist 56, 474, 475 – zone (see also Barrow zone) 468, 472, 535

steam 286, 288, 459steatite 192steel 65, 115, 155Steins (asteroid), exploration 618Steno, Nicolaus (latinised form of Niels Stensen,

1638–1686) 4Steno’s Law of Constancy of Angles 4, 205Stensen, Niels (see Steno, Nicolaus)steppe 447stibiopalladinite 366stibnite, 96, 97, 98, 389, 394stilbite 217, 232, 233, 236, 288, 533stilpnomelane 443, 457, 492, 533, 534Stinkspat (see fluorite)stishovite 7, 15, 16, 49, 202, 203, 204, 205, 214,

466, 563, 566, 567, 599stock, 251, 292, 293, 294, 354, 373, 374stockwork ore 385, 386, 397stoichiometry 318Stokes’s Law 295, 311, 361, 569stolzite 148stone 1

– healing, 51 – precious 1, 427, 430 – pumice 285

stonemason’s disease 49stony marl (Steinmergel, see also calcrete) 439,

441stony-iron meteorite 76, 584, 587, 588, 594, 595,

606, 620stoping, magmatic, 295, 296, 314strain 303, 458, 459, 463, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486strand 440stratovolcano 250, 251, 286streak 29, 34stream 75, 420stress 59, 458, 480, 551stretching 483

– lineation 464, 484strewnfield/scatter field 601striate galena 90striation 34strike-slip fault 296stromatolite 42, 43, 435, 437, 439stromatoporoid 437Strombolian activity 277, 282, 285stronalite 556strontianite 130, 134, 143, 368strontium 344, 348, 349, 375, 448, 637, 638, 641,

645, 647, 648, 656, 658, 660strontium-87 657strontium/rubidium ratio, isotopic 656struvite 47, 49study, microthermometric 244Styx (Pluto moon) 630subarkose 425, 426subduction 342, 458, 467, 532, 564

– pressure 472 – pressure-temperature development 520, 521

716 Subject Index

– velocity 471 – zone 276, 277, 284, 286, 469, 471, 562, 563

subfacies (metamorphic) 531, 533–535, 537, 541subgrain 459, 486sublimation 42, 144, 145, 287, 319sublitharenite 426subsidence

– cauldron, 295 – velocity 361

subsolvus igneous rock 330substantia 48, 49substitution 15, 159substructure, ferromagnetic 19sudoite 196, 541suevite 467, 481suite, rock suite

– alkali, lunar 574, 576 – alkaline 258 – andesite–dacite–rhyolite (see also adak-

ite) 264 – ferroan anorthosite (FAN), lunar 574, 576,

581, 674 – igneous 258 – magnesium, lunar 574, 581 – tholeiitic 258 – tonalite, trondhjemite, granodiorite

(TTG) 260, 342, 563sulfarsenide 88, 96, 589sulfate 33, 39, 141, 142, 160, 447–449, 652

– meionite (silvialite) 217, 231, 232sulfide 33, 43, 50, 66, 87, 88, 96, 102, 242, 313,

360, 364, 367, 392, 395, 396, 398, 400, 412, 413, 423, 589, 592, 636, 652, 653

– deposit 66, 67, 366 – facies, BIF 443

sulfide-skarn deposit 387sulfosalt 66, 87, 102, 396sulfostannate 392sulfur 15, 32, 33, 72, 84, 85, 147, 286–288, 301,

364, 395, 434, 624, 636, 639, 641, 650, 652, 653

– deposit 384summation curve (grain-size distribution) 421,

422summer, Martian 614summit effusion 279Sun 584, 663, 668, 669superbolide 587supercontinent formation 389super-cooling 322supereruption, 284, 292supergiant 669, 670Superior type banded iron formation (BIF), 443supernova 82, 664, 672superplasticity 487super-plume 343supersaturation 435, 449, 450supervolcano, 284supraconductor 79surface

– discontinuity 552 – energy 487 – Martian 616 – Mercury, 608 – optical 28 – Venus, 610

surge base 283Surveyor (space mission, NASA) 574

swallowtail twin 144, 145S-wave 550, 551, 553, 579syenite 61, 248, 252, 253, 267, 268, 270, 330,

376, 474syenogranite 258, 262sylvinite 107, 145, 449, 450sylvite 67, 106, 107, 144, 407, 449, 450symmetry 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 28, 72

– cubic 22 – hexagonal 22 – monoclinic 22 – orthorhombic 22 – tetragonal 22 – triclinic 5, 22, 226 – trigonal 22

symplectite 482, 500synchysite 492syn-COLG (see granite, syn-tectonic collision)SYNROC (synthetic compound) 123synthesis, synthetic 32, 41, 42

Ttaaffeite 41Table Mountain Sandstone (South Africa) 426taconite 118, 443tactite (see skarn)taenite 76, 589, 595–598Tagish Lake Meteorite 591Tairus Company (Akademgorodok, Russia and

Bangkok, Thailand), synthetic emerald 174talc, talcum 14, 16, 17, 159, 190, 191, 192, 194,

197, 199, 266, 412, 509, 513, 514, 523, 543 – schist 192, 479, 493, 494

tantalite 67, 376tantalum 65, 66, 372, 375–377, 412, 638, 647,

648tanzanite 170Tapeats Sandstone (Grand Canyon, USA) 426taramite 185TAS diagram (total alkali vs. silica) 254tawmawite 171tectonics 276, 377, 382, 444, 636

– Mars, 614 – Mercury, 609 – Moons of Jupiter 625 – Moons of Uranus 628 – Venus, 611, 674

tectonism 389tectosilicate (see framework silicate)teeth 45, 46tektite 467, 601TEL (see tetraethyle lead)telescope, spectroscopy 622telescoping 389, 392telluride 33, 389, 390tellurium 7, 33, 65, 391TEM (see microscope, microscopy, transmission

electron)tempestite 438Temple-Tuttle (comet) 585tendency, interlacing 300tennantite 8, 50, 102, 103, 104, 136, 155, 399,

434tenorite 413tension

– joint 395

– piezoelectric effect 18tephra 250, 251, 283, 285tephriphonolite 256tephrite 252, 256, 270, 271terbium 645, 647tesserae (Venus) 611Tethys (Saturn moon) 627, 628Tethys Ocean 543tetraethyle lead (TEL) 91tetrahedra layer 189tetrahedrite 8, 102, 103, 104, 136, 392tetrahedrite-tennantite (fahlore) 387, 391tetrahedron 14, 164

– ACFM 527 – AKFM 525 – [AlO4] 69, 300 – basalt 338 – [SiO4] 69, 158, 159, 189, 201, 300

tetrataenite 589texture 57–59, 65, 251, 380, 454, 480–482, 500

– colloform 380 – magmatic 250, 251, 254, 266, 325 – metamorphic 480, 481, 482 – ophitic (or doleritic) 325, 461, 481, 594 – palisade 544 – rapakivi 267, 268 – spinifex 267

Thaler, Dollar 393thalli 43thallium 391The Fire of Australia (black opal) 215Thebe (Jupiter moon) 623, 630Theia 580, 674, 675thenardite 406, 447Theophrastos (371–287 bc) 1, 16theralite 270thermodynamics 56, 334, 520thermometer

– geological (see geothermometer, geother-mometry)

– palaeo- (see palaeothermometer)thickening, crustal 472, 520thin section 14, 20, 22–28, 34, 48, 49, 72, 88, 162,

251, 255, 262, 483, 501, 524, 544, 599thinning, crustal 293, 296, 520thiospinel 113, 115tholeiite, 264, 266, 271, 301, 302, 338, 342, 343,

346, 367, 647–649Thomson, Guglielmo (William) (1760–1806) 597Thomson, Thomas (1773–1852) 227, 228thomsonite 217, 234thorianite 51, 376thorium 51, 65, 344, 376, 382, 492, 637, 638, 642,

647, 648, 659thorium-232 655thorium/uranium ratio, isotopic 146thortveitite 33thrust 296, 363, 388, 463thulite 170thulium 645, 647tideway 440tiger’s eye 40, 189, 212, 443, 444tile ore (also red copper ore) 413till 422, 640tin 65–67, 97, 121, 122, 376, 382–384, 386, 392,

396, 410, 430, 494, 637, 643tincalconite 138, 139TIR (see infrared, thermal)

717 U–VSubject Index

Tissint Meteorite 600tissue 42, 47Titan (Saturn moon) 621, 625, 626, 627Titania (Uranus moon) 627, 628titania, titania night stone 121titanite 6, 160, 169, 260, 264, 268, 271, 273, 521,

522, 645titanium 19, 20, 40, 65, 115, 119–121, 155, 210,

273, 296, 344, 363, 637–639, 640–643, 645, 647–649

titanomagnetite 37, 362, 593Titius, Johann Daniel (1729–1786) 618Titius-Bode Law 668TL (see liquidus temperature)TNO (see trans-Neptune object)todorokite 122, 123, 413, 445tommotiid 46tomography, seismic 292, 567TOMS (see spectrometer, total ozone mapping

spectrometer)tonalite 252, 260, 310, 342, 348–350, 356, 384,

456, 474, 563, 661tooth 47, 154topaz 7, 9, 17, 40, 159, 160, 167, 195, 382, 383,

462, 491, 492, 567topazolite 163, 164topography 283, 575toughness 40, 41tourmaline 7, 19, 28, 40, 159, 172, 175–177, 367,

380, 382–384, 427, 461, 491, 493, 494tourmalinisation 460, 492trace element 40, 208, 386, 638, 641–644, 647,

648, 649trachyandesite 256, 264, 308, 385trachybasalt 271trachydacite 256trachyte 61, 252, 253, 256, 270, 286, 308, 314,

539tranquillityite 577transistor 79transition

– displacive 203, 204, 213 – electronic 40 – element 40 – metal 638 – zone 161, 346, 413, 552, 553, 560, 563, 638

translation 4–6, 9, 11, 482translocation 44translucence 34transmissibility, infrared 610transmission

– electron microscope, microscopy (TEM) 34, 196, 198, 207, 219, 224, 408

– light 21, 26Transneptune (fictive planet) 621, 630trans-Neptune object (TNO) 606, 630trap 279trapping (fluid inclusion) 242, 244travertine (see also sinter) 130, 133, 288, 440,

441tree, deciduous 34tremolite 33, 49, 159, 185, 186, 187, 188, 266,

273, 513, 514, 523, 533, 535tremolite-actinolite 187, 386, 492trench, oceanic 532, 563tridymite 15, 16, 49, 201–205, 213, 214, 215,

216, 325–327, 329, 332, 445, 462, 504, 577, 589, 593, 594

trilobite 45, 46triphylite 376triple point 318, 501, 507tripoli 445Triton (Neptune moon) 627, 628, 629TRM (see magnetisation, thermoremanent)troctolite 253, 260troilite 95, 568, 576, 577, 588–590, 592–595, 597,

600, 601, 637, 639, 670 – Canyon Diablo (CDT) (sulfur isotope stand-

ard) 651, 653trojan (asteroid) 619Trombaugh, Clyde (1906–1997) 621trona 447trondhjemite, 260, 342, 456, 474Troodos Ophiolite (Cyprus Island, Greece) 495trough valley 421tsavorite 163, 164Tschermak, Gustav (1836–1927) 597tschermakite 185, 187, 188Tschurjunow-Gerasimenko Comet 618tsunami 283T-Tauri stars (TTS) 668, 669TTG (see suite, tonalite, trondhjemite, granodi-

orite)TTS (see T-Tauri stars)tube, lava 277tufa 440tuff 58, 250, 251, 273, 283, 284, 285, 286, 292tuffite 286tuite 600tungsten 65, 66, 148, 149, 372, 375, 382, 384,

386, 401, 637Tunguska Event 585tunnelling 247turbidite 398, 426, 432, 440turbidity current 420, 426, 432, 433turtle eggshell 45Tuxtuac Meteorite (Mexico) 590twin, twinning law 34, 129, 214, 222, 226, 486

– albite 219, 220, 222, 225–228, 258, 259 – Baveno 222, 224 – Brazil 205–210 – Carlsbad 221, 222, 224, 226, 258, 263 – cross-hatched (or tartan) 219, 221, 222, 224,

225 – cyclic 120, 121, 132–134, 174 – Dauphiné 205–207, 209 – elbow 120, 121 – feldspar 222, 223 – Japan 206, 207 – lamellar, lamellae 36, 92, 225 – Manebach 222, 224 – Montmartre 144, 145 – pericline 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 228, 258,

259 – plagioclase 226 – quartz 205, 207 – spinel 79, 93, 114 – swallowtail 144, 145 – tartan (see above cross-hatched)

two-mica granite 193, 258Tyndall scattering 210

UUdoteaceae (green algae family) 43

ugrandite series 163ulexite 138, 139, 447, 448ullmanite 8ultracataclasite 463ultramafic 61ultrametamorphism 454, 487ultramylonite 464ulvöspinel 113–115, 363, 577, 581, 593Ulysses (space probe, NASA/ESA) 621umbrella region 281Umbriel (Uranus moon) 627, 628unconformity 60, 62underground mining 247underplating, magmatic 310, 357uniformity principle 472unit

– cell 8 – electromagnetic (EMU) 19

unmixing, antiperthitic 226uplift 59, 63, 250, 450, 520up-welling, asthenospheric 310uralite 188, 266uralitisation 260uraninite (pitchblende) 8, 51, 66, 112, 123, 124,

393, 394, 402, 429–431uranium 51, 65, 123, 124, 344, 382, 394, 401,

413, 637, 638, 642, 643, 659 – arsenate 413 – deposit 67, 393, 394, 400–402, 430, 431 – mica 413 – pegmatite 376 – phosphate 413 – silicate 413

uranium-235 655uranium-238 655uranium/lead ratio

– concordia diagram 659 – isotope dating 123, 152, 154, 163, 257, 284,

521, 522, 657, 659, 660 – isochron 659

uranium-vanadium ore 431Uranus 606, 607, 621–623, 626–630, 636, 668,

672, 674, 675ureilite 584, 594ureter 49Urtica dioica 44UV

– correlation spectrometer 287 – radiation 626, 669

uvarovite 163uvite 177

Vvacancy 95VAG (see granite, volcanic-arc)valence

– band (VB) 18 – electron 12–14 – equalisation, coupled 15, 159 – residual 14

valleriite 368van der Waals bond, force 14vanadate 33, 38, 151, 152vanadinite 7, 33, 152, 155, 413vanadium 40, 65, 155, 296, 363, 364, 430, 434,

637, 638, 641, 645, 649

718 Subject Index

vanadium-dravite 177vanadoepidote 171vanidinite 155vaporisation, 466vapour

– condensation 373, 380 – metal transport 386 – microtektite condensate 601 – phase 321, 373, 380, 381 – plume 466 – pressure 42, 75, 244, 250 – volcanic 66 – water 230, 287, 302, 318, 319, 321, 322, 327,

328, 350, 352, 373, 467, 508, 509, 614, 618, 670variance 501variation diagram 649Variscan Orogen 395Varuna (TNO) 630vaterite 40, 45, 128, 133Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas (1763–1829) 116VB (see valence band)vector, translational 9Vega (space probes, Russia) 610, 611VEI (see index, volcanic explosivity)velocity

– light 21 – Stokes’s Law 311

veneer, late 673, 674Venera (space probes, Russia) 610, 611vent 273, 279–281, 285–287, 397, 559, 652Venus 32, 547, 606, 607, 609, 610–612, 636–638,

674Venus Express (VEX) (space probe, ESA) 610, 611Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) 611verdelite 176vermiculite 190, 196, 200, 368, 408, 409, 421Vermillion (asteroid) 595vernadite 122, 445Verneuil, Auguste (1856–1913) 41Verneuil method 41, 117vertebrates 32, 46vertex 27vesicle 58, 250Vesta (asteroid) 618, 619, 620vesuvianite 7, 169, 172, 386, 523VEX (see Venus Express (space probe, ESA))Vienna Peedee Belemnite (V-PDB, carbon iso-

tope standard) 651Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW,

hydrogen, oxygen isotope standard) 651Vigarano Meteorite 591Viking (space probes, NASA) 600, 612, 616Vinča culture 94VIR (see spectrometer, visible and infrared)viridine 166viscosimetry 303viscosity 295, 303, 310, 311

– iron, liquid 569 – lava 250, 262, 277, 287, 303, 576, 611, 628 – magma 284, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 311, 313,

342, 350, 361, 373, 374vishnevite 231vitreous 60vitrinite, transformation to graphite 457VMC (see Venus Monitoring Camera)vogesite 254volatile 56, 250, 304, 310

volcanism 60, 250, 273, 275–277, 280–284, 342, 397, 562, 566, 567, 610, 614, 624, 636, 674

volcanite, acid 123volcano 56, 273, 277–279, 286, 308, 367, 491,

564, 611, 613, 614volume, molar 505Voyager (space probes, NASA) 621–623, 625,

626, 628–630V-PDB (see Vienna Peedee Belemnite (carbon

isotope standard))V-SMOW (see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean

Water)vug (see also druse) 35, 130

Wwacke 425, 426wackestone 436, 440wad 123wadsleyite 161, 565, 566, 617wairakite 234, 467, 510wall rock

– intrusion contact 250, 374 – viscosity 295

Wänke-Dreibus model 617Washington, H. S. (1867–1934) 256water 34, 56, 245, 447, 641

– fugacity 335, 521 – juvenile 381 – meteoric 66, 283, 381

– stable isotopes 652 – volcanic 301

waterfowl guano 447wave 466

– electromagnetic (see also light) 20–25 – seismic 550–553, 559, 568, 579

– velocity 345, 552–555, 557, 559, 562, 563, 567, 568, 578–580

– shock 283, 365, 464, 465, 596 – sound 551

wavelength 21, 26, 550weakening, hydrolytic 207weathering 59, 61, 63, 73, 199, 405–414, 419–

421, 431, 435, 457websterite 253, 262weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate, COD) 44,

47, 50wedge, accretionary 564Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930) 554wehrlite 253, 262, 585weight, atomic 650Wells, H. G. (1866–1946) 612Wentworth unit 420Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1749–1817) 79, 227Werra Cycle (Lower Zechstein) 434Weywot (Quaoar moon) 630whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate,

COM) 33, 44, 47, 49, 50whiteschist 192, 543whitlockite 447, 577, 589, 593, 595WHO fibre, biopersistence 49Widmanstätten pattern 76, 597, 598Wild 2 comet, dust 671Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe

(WMAP) 663willemseite (pimelite) 412Williams, G. H. (1890) 530

winchite 185wind 419, 578winonaite 584, 598winonaite-group achondrite 593witherite 50, 130, 134, 135Witwatersrand-type gold deposit 389WMAP (see Wilkinson microwave anisotropy

probe)wolfram (see tungsten)wolframate 33, 38, 141, 142, 147wolframite 32, 66, 142, 149, 380, 384wollastonite 50, 178, 180, 183, 184, 273, 386,

462, 463, 512, 523, 524, 539wollastonite-2M 183wollastonite-Tc 183wood 45, 211, 216

– tin ore 121, 392Wood’s metal 93WPB (see basalt, continental intraplate)WPG (see granite, within-plate)wrinkle ridge (lunar) 576wuestite 515wulfenite 33, 142, 147, 148, 413wurtzite 7, 91, 92, 93, 94, 395, 401wüstite 515, 567, 671wüstite–native iron (IW) buffer 516

Xxenocryst 251, 273, 292, 294xenolith 38, 58, 80, 250, 273, 345, 462, 545xenon 124xenotime, 152, 645X-radiation 12X-ray

– diffraction 10, 11, 198, 318, 408, 431 – crystal structure, 11 – method 12

– fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) 255, 616 – intensity peak 12 – powderdiffractogram 13

– diffractometer, diffractometry (XRD) 9, 12, 34, 408

YYAG (see yttrium-aluminium garnet)yarrowite 96yellow

– first-order 26 – ground (kimberlite) 284, 559

yield strength 303, 485ytterbium 645–648yttrium 65, 492, 638, 641, 645, 647–649yttrium-aluminium garnet (YAG) 41yttrofluorite 108yttrotitanite 169

ZZach, Franz Xaver von (1754–1832) 618Zagami Meteorite 600Zechstein 434, 449zeolite 6, 50, 160, 217, 230, 232, 233, 234, 273,

286, 288, 336, 337, 393, 423, 467, 473, 510 – facies 232, 531, 532

719 Z–ZSubject Index

zeolitisation 494zinc 64, 65, 93, 132, 381, 382, 386, 391, 395–397,

413, 637, 638, 641, 643 – deposit 66, 388, 390, 398, 400, 401 – sulfide 396, 434

zincite 7zinnwaldite 190, 194, 195, 376, 383, 494

zircon 7, 26, 40, 56, 123, 147, 148, 152, 159–163, 273, 427, 521, 522, 576, 577, 594, 595, 642, 643, 657–661

zirconia 162zirconium 65, 161, 162, 637, 638, 641, 645, 648zirconium-titanium pegmatite 376zoisite 169, 170, 226, 355, 455, 523, 541, 543Zond (space mission, former USSR) 574

zone melting (also zone refining or floating zone process) 41, 374

zooplankton 44zooxanthellae, biomineral 45Zupi, Giovanni Battista (1590–1650) 608zussmanite 455, 457zwitter (fine-grained tin greisen) 383