Sujatha T B.pdf

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF

KARAVELLAKA[MOMORDICA CHARANTIA LINN.] W.S.R. ITS

JWARGHANA[ANTIPYRETIC] ACTION

Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health

Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka

In partial fulfillment of the regulations for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Medicine (Ayu.)

in

Dravyaguna Vignana

By

Dr.SUJATHA.T.B B.A.M.S

Guide

Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N.

M.D(Ayu.), Ph.D (Ayu.)

Co- Guide

Dr.KAVITHA.B.M. M.D (Ayu.)

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIGNANA

K.V.G AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, SULLIA.

2010

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BENGALURU

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

\

I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled An Experimental Study of

Karavellaka [Momordica Charantia Linn.] w.s.r.to its Jwarghana[Antipyretic]

Action.’ is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the

guidance of Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N. in the Department of Post graduate studies in

Dravyaguna Vignana, K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia.

Place : Sullia Dr. SUJATHA.T.B

Date : Department of Post graduate Studies in DravyagunaVignana

K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia.

ii

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BENGALURU

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘An Experimental Study of


Action. is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr.Sujatha.T.B. in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda,

under my guidance.

GUIDE

Place: Sullia Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N.

Date : M.D(Ayu.), Ph.D( Ayu.)

Department of Post Graduate

Studies in Dravyaguna Vignana

K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia

iii


BENGALURU

CERTIFICATE BY THE CO-GUIDE



Action. is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr.Sujatha.T.B. in partial


under my guidance.

CO-GUIDE

Place: Sullia Dr. KAVITHA B.M.

Date : M.D(Ayu.)

Department of Post Graduate



iv


BENGALURU

CERTIFICATE BY THE H.O.D



Action is a bonafide research work carried out by Dr.Sujatha.T.B. in partial


under the guidance of Dr. Rajashekhara. N.

Place: Sullia Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N.

Date : M.D(Ayu.), Ph.D( Ayu.)

Head, Department of Post Graduate



v

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA, BENGALURU

ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D., PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF

THE INSTITUTION



Action is a bonafide research work done by Dr.Sujatha.T.B. under the guidance of

Dr. Rajashekhara N. in the Department of post Graduate studies in Dravyaguna

Vignana,K.V.G. Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Sullia.

Dr. N. S.SHETTAR

Principal

K.V.G. Ayurveda

Medical College and Hospital,

Sullia.

Dr. RAJASHEKHARA N. M.D (Ayu.) Ph.D(Ayu.)

Head,Department of Post Graduate Studies in

Dravyaguna Vignana

K.V.G Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital,

Sullia

Date: Date:

Place: Sullia Place: Sullia

vi

COPYRIGHT

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that The Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation/

thesis in print or electronic format for academic/ research purpose.

Date:

Place: Sullia Dr. SUJATHA.T.B.

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At this amenity of successful integrating of my work I prostrate on the feet of

Lord Almighty, who inculcated in me enough amount of strength to discharge my

duties immaculately. This is an unforgettable moment of contentment on the

successful fulfillment of an ambition fostered for long. I offer my salutations to my

loving parents, and my brother.

I whole-heartedly thank Dr. Kurunji Venkataramana Gowda, Founder

president, A.O.L.E ® Sullia, for giving me an opportunity to study in this institution.

I avail this opportunity to thank Principal Dr N.S. Shettar, for evincing keen

interest in my endeavors and for continued encouragement.

It is great pleasure for me to express my gratitude with profound respect to my

Guide Dr. Rajashekhara. N for his indefatigable guidance. His constant inspirations,

encouragement, support and affection throughout the preparation of this dissertation,

gave me considerable impetuous in achieving the milestone, is worth memorable.

I am especially indebted to my Co-guide Dr.Kavitha.B.M. for her unstinted

help in carrying out this painstaking task.

I express my deep gratitude to my respected teachers Prof. Dr. Rohini .D.

Bharadwaj , Dr. Kavitha B.M, Dr. Vijayalakshmi P.B. and all the staff members for

their support, suggestion and encouragement.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the library & other staff for timely

help.

I am very thankful from the bottom of the heart to my colleagues Dr. Raveesh,

Dr. Kalyan Kumar Karadi, Dr. Asha M, Dr. Jayasmitha, Dr.Avinash, Dr. Aneesh

Kumar, Dr. Nila, Dr.Vishnumaya and Dr.Purushottam.

viii

I am especially indebted to my Dr. Rajashekhar, Lecturer of Pharmacology

and Smt Ashalatha Rai, Botanist for their unstinted help in carrying out this

painstaking task at the cost of his precious time and personal Inconvenience.

Special thanks to my juniors Dr.Supriya,and Dr.Sucheta and Dr.Vijayalakshmi

for providing the materials and help for my Research Work.

Special thanks to Dr.Rupali.G.Kulkarni for her kind support and help for my

Research work.

At last, I thank Mr. Shashidhara K., Hi-Tech Computers, for the neat and clean

printing of this research work.

Apart from this all, my thesis work is dedicated to those who intensely loved

me and cared me without expectation. This dream is completed only because of their

good wishes.

Place: Dr. SUJATHA.T.B

Date:

ix

ABBREVIATIONS A.H. - Ashtanga Hridaya

A.K - Amarakosh

A.P.I. - Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

A.R.M.- Abhidhana Ratnamala

A.S. - Ashtanga Sangraha

A.V.I - Ayurvedic vaignyanika Ithihaas

B.P. - Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

B.R - Bhaisajya Ratnavali

C.S. - Charaka Samhita

C.D - Chakradatta

Chi. - Chikitsasthana

D.G.S. - Dravya-Guna Samgraha

D.G - Dravya-Guna Vignana

K.N - Kaiyadeva Nighantu

M.P.N. - Madanpala Nighantu

N.R. - Nighantu Ratnakar

Ni. - Nidanasthana

Ni.A - Nigantu Adarsha

P.N - Priya Nighantu

Ma.Kh - Madyama Khanda

R.N. - Raj Nighantu

S.K.D. - Shabda Kalpadruma

S.D. - Standard Deviation

SEM - Standard Error of Mean

Su.S. - Sushruta Samhita

Sha. - Sharira Sthana

Sh.S. - Sarangdhara Samhita

Su. - Sutrasthana

Ut. - Uttara Tantra

Vi. - Vimanasthana

V.P. - Vachasapthya

Y.R. - Yoga Ratnakara

x

ABSTRACT Back Ground:

Jwara is the most important disease among the diverse ailments that are

mentioned in our classics. It is so much important that it is invariably present in every

living being during birth and death. This disease vitiates Tridosha and two Manasika

Doshas and affects both body and mind.

In the present epoch, Jwara is the commonest symptom visited by the

physicians routinely. It has caused more concern to all human beings irrespective of

age, Sex, Caste, Creed, Social Status etc. Already many potent antipyretic

formulations are available in modern medicine. But they are not devoid of

complications like side effects, drug resistance etc.

Ayurveda too has many formulations for Jwara. But it is essential to carry out

experimental studies of different formulations and to find out a potent safer, cost

effective formulation, without any side effects that can be easily administered and

assimilated by the body.

Keeping all the above mentioned points in view, the present study is taken up.

Objectives:

• To find out the safest, cheaper and effective remedy

• To evaluate the Antipyretic effect of Karavellaka Patra swarasa (Momordica

charantia Linn) on experimental animals.

• Pharmacognostical study of Karavellaka (Momordica charantia Linn.)

• Analytical study of Karavellaka (Momordica charantia Linn.)

xi

Methods:

Both Ayurvedic and textbook of contemporary science are screened for the

literary research regarding the disease jwara and the drug Karavellaka. Efficacy of the

drug is evolved experimentally and grouped into 4. They were labeled as G1, G2, G3,

and G4. For all the rats pyrexia is induced by injecting at the thigh region.

For GI i.e. Control Group – Distilled water was given.

For G2 i.e. standard group-Paracetamol suspension dissolved was given at the

dose of 0.75ml/ 100 gms of body weight.

For G3 i.e. Trial group – Karavellaka patra swarasa was given at the dose of

0.5ml as a single dose for 4 i.e. trial group – Karavellaka patra swarasa was given at

the dose of 1.0ml as a double dose.

Rectal temperature of all the rats was recorded hourly for next 14 successive

hours.

Records were statistically analyzed and conclusion was drawn.

Results:

Among the four groups of evaluation,following results are observed.

Trial group i.e.Karavellaka Patra swarasa showed the higher significant than

the other three groups.

Key words:

Antipyretic; Jwara; Karavellaka; Swarasa; Paracetamol; Brewer’s yeast.

xii

CONTENTS

SL.NO

TITLE PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 OBJECTIVES 7

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8

3.1 DRUG REVIEW 8

3.2 DISEASE REVIEW 36

4 METHODOLOGY 62

4.1 PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY 62

4.2 ANALYTICAL STUDY 64

4.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 74

5 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS 92

6 DISCUSSION 102

7 CONCLUSION 108

8 SUMMARY 110

9 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 112

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table no

Title

Page No.

3.1 Synonyms 17

3.2 Varga/Gana 18

3.3 Rasapanchaka 20

3.4 Panchabhoutiktwa of Drug 20

3.5 Prayojyanga 21

3.6 Doshaghanata 24

3.7 Rogaghanata 26

3.8 Yogas 29

3.9 Causes of Jwara 39

3.10 Purva roopa 42

3.11 Vishista Purvaroopa 42

3.12 Causes of Fever 58

4.1 Types of Methods 80

4.2 Dose Fixation 84

4.3 Behaviroal observation in animals 86

5.1 Organoleptic Parameters 92

5.2 Physico chemical analysis of the Sample 93

5.3 Qualitative Test of Momordica Charantia Linn

Of Leaf Sample

94

5.4 Statistical analysis 96

xiv

5.5 The comparison of Temperature from initial hour

to 14th hour(Group 1)

97


to 14th hour(Group 2)

97


to 14th hour

98


to 14th hour

99

5.9 Percentage of Improvement in all 4 Groups 99

xv

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart No. Title Page No.

1 Nidanasevana 40

2 Mechanism of Pyrexia 55

xvi

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPH

No. Title Page

1 Karavellaka (Momordica Charantia Linn.)-Plant. 34

2 Fruit of karavellaka (Momordica Charantia Linn.) 34

3 Seeds of Karavellaka (Momordica Charantia Linn.) 35

4 Flower of Karavellaka (Momordica Charantia Linn.) 35

5 Leaves of Karavellaka (Momordica Charantia Linn.) 35

6 Solution of 20% Brewer’s Yeast dissolved in 0.9% of normal saline. 87

7 Injecting the Brewer’s Yeast subcutaneously for inducing the fever. 87

8 Furs erected suggesting the raise in temperature. 88

9 Faces bent downwards suggesting the fatigue resulted due to raise in

temperature.

88

10 Karavellaka patra swarasa. 89

11 Standard drug (Paracetamol) 89

12 Administration of Karavellaka patra swarasa. 90

13 Administration of standard drug. 90

14 Recording the rectal temperature. 91

xvii

Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Sensations of pain and pleasure are the inherent properties of all living

organisms. The four primary objectives of human life, according to Indian tradition

are Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. Good Health is Considered to be important

for the achievement of all these objective of human life1. Desire for Permanent

happiness and strivings for lasting freedom from pain or at least to avoid and alleviate

the miseries like Adhyatmika, Abhibautika and Adhidaivika. For that, we depended

on Vedas which are the most ancient repository of knowledge. Analysis of the

material in the Vedas reveals references of various aspects of medicine.

Ayurveda is intimately connected with Vedas. Acharyas described Ayurveda

as upaveda of atharvaveda and as Upanga of Rigveda1. Brahma vaivarta purana

considers Ayurveda as fifth veda. According to Acharya Charaka, Ayurveda is the

source from which the knowledge of ‘Ayu’ is derived.

Ayurveda is based on siddhantas like sarva-tantra siddhanta, Prati-tantra

siddhanta etc that are established after it has been examined by experts in all its

aspects experimentally and scrutinized logically and critically. Creation of man and

universe is explained by theory of creation2. Concept of Birth and death, concept of

jivatma and paramatma3, concept of suksma sarira and sthula sarira, Concept of three

Eshanas3, concept of panchabhuta are utilized by Ayurveda in applied form in day to

day experience and practices of heath and disease. All the biological functions are

explained by theory of Tridosha,saptadhatus and trimalas because of the basic role in

sustaining life. Tridoshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) are evolved from the Panchabhuta to

An Experimental Evaluation of Karavellaka w.s.r. to its Jwaraghna Action 1

Introduction

take up the functions of life and they begin and end with life4. Concepts regarding

digestion and metabolism are explained through doshas, dhatus, malas and ojas.

Concept of prakrti (Human constitution) plays an important role in pathogenesis and

treatment. Concept of disease (roga) is the disequilibrium of doshas. Concept of

pathology is mentioned by sanchaya, prakopa, Prasara , sthana, samsraya, Vyakti and

bheda. The origin of diseases and their treatment with drugs etc. are based on theory

of causation.

While mentioning the origin of diseases a psychosomatic approach can be

seen, in which one or the other might have upper hand. This can be clearly observed

in Acharya Charaka’s description about santapa describes not only the apparent

pyrexia but also mental distress characterized by restlessness and depression with the

three saririka doshas and two manasika doshas. According to him Jwara is suppose to

be present both during the time of birth and death. Depending upon the causative

factors, periodicity and severity various types of Jwara are described by Acharyas

Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata.Generally in jwara, pitta is the main dosha for the

cause of santapa of sarira5. Amatva is the root cause for jwara. Irregular food habit

and regimens result in vitiation of doshas which gets mixed up with Jataragni. The

resulting Rasa dhathu, which is in vikrutha condition obstructs the channels of its own

and that of sweda and suppress the activity of Agni, Thus dispelling the heat from the

site of digestion. The Anna Rasa thus produced in circulation spreads the heat all over

the body resulting in Jwara6.

Modern science also gives importance to jwara (fever). Fever is one of the

most misunderstood symptoms in all of medicine. Fever can be defined as a regulated

elevation in body temperature above the customary set point of the hypothalamic

thermostat, which means a body temperature above the usual range of normal. Fever


Introduction

serves as one of the body’s natural defenses against bacteria and viruses which cannot

live at a higher temperature Also the body defense mechanisms Seem to work more

efficiently at a higher temperature. But improper monitoring of these mechanisms

may lead to heat stroke. So drugs which bring about cure are a necessity7.

There is an intimate relationship between man and nature. Natural resources

has proved very useful and worthy for human life. Especially the biological resources

which includes the most ancient form of treatment involving humanity. In India,

plants have been held sacred for centuries and were part of Indian consciousness and

lifestyle.

The study of drugs goes back to the prehistoric days. The Indian sages

invented drugs and their therapeutic uses long ago. This was based partly on

observation of effect of drugs on various animals and partly on human trial and error

method8. Rigveda, the oldest document of Indian wisdom, Contains materials which

shows the national attitude towards plant kingdom and the exploitation for the benefit

of the humanity.

Atharvaveda has got more advanced picture and a large number of drugs are

used in a similar number of diseases. On this long tradition and accumulated wisdom;

the ancient sages after a deep and concentrated effort were able to make some

generalizations for national explanation of drug action which formed the basic

concepts of Dravyaguna.

The origin of Dravyaguna is as old as Ayurveda though it is not separately

dealt as an anga of Ayurveda and not enumerated as one among the eight angas, it is

having scattered reference in all its branches and angas. Dravya occupies the second

place in the chikista chatushpadas or quadruple of therapeutics9.A drug if


Introduction

administered without knowing about its action properly is fatal like poison, if known

it vitalizes like nector10. Thus we can infer the importance of dravya in the success of

treatment.

In medieval period Ayurvedic scholars gave importance to study the plants

systematically such that they can understand pharmacological properties of the plants.

Many nighantukaras contributed to upgrade the Ayurvedic science. Analysing the

pharmacological activity of the drug under modern scientific parameters have started

from later parts of 19th century and many drugs are screened thoroughly for their

action.

Now a days, people are showing much interest in scientifically validating the

therapeutic efficacy of herbal drugs. Clinical, Pharmacological and experimental

assesing of the drug in order to test their therapeutic value has been carried out all

over the world from time to time.

Trial drug Karavellaka (Momordica charantia Linn.) is commonly available

throughout India. Reference regarding its medicinal Uses are available in most of the

Nighantus and text books of modern period. It is useful in the treatment of various

diseases such as Jwara, Swasa, Vrana, Kasa, Krimi.11

Now a days single drug therapy is becoming popular. Many plants are

screened to understand their pharmacological action. The advantage of a single drug

over a compound preparation is that it is very easy and convenient from the point of

processing, it is economical and will produce specific action of the drug. Thus it is

simple, easy and convenient for the patient and the physician to fulfill the purpose of

treatment. Hence in this study, single drug karavellaka is selected to evaluate its

antipyretic property.


Introduction

In the present study an attempt has been made to establish the antipyretic

property of the trial drug Karavellaka (Momordica charantia Linn.).

Out line of proposed dissertation work:

With the above said objectives present study is undertaken and presented

in the following chapters.

1) Introduction: This chapter deals with brief description about Ayurveda, Jwara

and its description, Role of Oushadha and plan of present study.

2) Objectives: This Chapter points out the aims and objectives of the study with

hypothesis.

3) Review of literature: Given in two sections.

a. Drug Review: The detail description about drug for a clear cut drug

identity both classical and modern drug review was done.

b. Disease Review: Elaborate description about Nidana Panchaka of

Jwara along with chikista, pathyapathya and sadhyasadhyata is

narrated. Modern perspective of Jwara is also elucidated.

4) Methodology: Given in 3 sections.

a) Pharamacognostical study and the analysis of results.

b) Analytical study: As a step towards standardiazation of the drug.It

was subjected to physico-chemical analysis and phytochemical

analysis.


Introduction

c) Experimental evaluation of antipyretic action of the trial drug was

carried on wister strain albino rats by brewers yeast induced pyrexia

method. It includes selection of albino rats ,Induction of Fever, dose

fixation and administration of trial drug, finally observation &

Evaluation.

4) Observations and Results: The observation made in the experimental study

were subjected to statistical Analysis. Student’s unpaired ‘t’ test was

employed for Analysis.

5) Discussion: This portion highlights the drug and disease review. The

observation made during Analytical and experimental study are discussed to

arrive at proper conclusions. Probable mode of action of the drug & further

scope of the study elucidated here.

6) Conclusion;- Finally, the essence of this dissertation is enlightened.

7) Summary: Precise form of the dissertation


Objectives

CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVES

1. To find out cheaper and effective remedy.

2. Pharmacognostical study of karavellaka (Momordica charantica Linn.)

3. Analytical study of karavellaka (Momordica charantia Linn.)

4. To experimentally evaluate the antipyretic effect of Karavellaka patra swarasa

in (induced) hypertheramia on rats using Brewers yeast.


Review of Literature

CHAPTER 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1 DRUG REVIEW

Sanskrit Name: KARAVELLAKA

Botanical Name: Momordica charantia Linn.

Karavellaka is a well known plant widely available in all parts of India. It is

widely used in the form of ahara, leaf as vegetable and medicine. References

regarding the drug karavellaka are available in Ayurveda classics. According to the

available references karavellaka plays a significant role in the treatment of many

diseases.

We do come across Karavellaka in Bharatrayi texts. From this it is clear that

karavellaka is known during the ancient period itself.

Historical Review:

Karavellaka is a well known plant; the reference regarding this drug could not

be traced out in Vedas and Dhanwanthari nigantu.

Right from Vedic period uptill samhitas this drug has been mentioned at many

places.The description of this drug is mentioned in Samhitas like Charaka, Susruta,

Astanga Sangrha and Astanga Hridaya and also Nighantus like Madanapala Nigantu,

Nigantu Adarsha, Raja Nigantu, Bhavaprakasha Nigantu, Shaligrama Nigantu,

Kaiyadeva Nigantu, Priya Nigantu etc.



Nighantukaras explained Karavellaka in detail. They have explained its

medicinal uses along with its morphology and identification features with the help of

synonyms. Text books of modern period such as Dravyaguna Vignana by P.V.

Sharma and Gnyanendra Pandey. The Ayurvedic pharamacopia of India, Wealth of

India, Ayurvedic Materia Media, The Ayurvedic formulary of India and other books

written by recent scholars also give more of information about the Karavellaka drug.

VEDIC PERIOD:-References not available.

SAMHITA PERIOD:

Charaka Samhitha :( 2nd B.C):13

In this Samhita it is mentioned under Tiktaskanda.

Sushruta Samhita :( 1000 B.C):14

This drug is included under Argawadhadi and Shaka varga. Along with its

properties like Deepana, Kaphapittahara, Jwarahara, Tikta rasa, Lagu Guna.

Astanga Sangraha :( 550 A.D):12

In this Samhita it is included under shaka varga along with properties like

deepana, kaphapittahara.

Astanga Hridaya:( 7th Century A.D):15

Included under shaka varga along with its guna and properties.

NIGHANTU PERIOD

Abhidhana Rathnamala:(12-13th Century)16

Here it is included under Tiktaskanda



Madanapala Nighantu:(13th Century A.D):17

In this Nighantu the drug is mentioned under shaka varga . synonyms along

with uses are mentioned.

Kaiyadeva Nighantu: 14th Century A.D.18

In this Nighantu the drug is mentioned under aushadhi varga synonyms have

been quoted like kara vella, kandeer, kandayukta, sukanda ugrakanda etc. It has Tikta,

katu rasa, katu vipaka, Raktapitta nashaka, Agnideepaka,Jwarahara.

Bhavaprakash Nighantu:(16th Century A.D):19

In this Nighantu it is explained under shaka varga. Along with its properties

and synonyms are mentioned like Tikta rasa,sheeta veerya, Laghu guna etc.

Raja Nighantu:(17th Century A.D):20

In this Nighantu, the drug is mentioned under moolakadi varga. Here the

synonyms of the drug like kakara, karavelli, chiripatra, sukhmavalli, kantaphala,

peetapushpa, Ambuvallika along with the drug properties are mentioned.

MODERN PERIOD

Nighantu Adarsha:(19th Century A.D): 21

In this Nighantu, the drug is mentioned under kushamandadi varga. Different

synonyms along with nirukti are mentioned. He has also explained the gunas and

karma of the drug.



Priya Nighantu :(20th Century)22

It is mentioned under pippalyadi varga which said to posses the Tikta rasa, ushna

veerya, Jwara, prameha Nashak and pitta kaphashamaka.

DravyagunaVignana by Dr.P.V.Sharma.23

It is included under tikta skanda, he has explained the rasa panchaka, along with

its varieties and also therapeutic uses.

DravyagunaVignana by By Dr.Gynanendra Pandey Vol.1 24

He has decribed the various synonyms and also the detailed description of the

properties and its action.

Dravyaguna Vignana By Dr.J.L.N.Shastry.25

Detail description about its morphology, chemical constituents, classical

categorization, properties, and part used, dosage, research work. Research: the juice,

fruit (orally) produced hypoglycemia in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits

(Sharnea et al 1960).

Indian Medicinal Plants- Kirtikar K.R. and Basu.26

Detailed description regarding morphology and uses.

Materia Medica of India and their therapeutics by Rustomjee Naseerwanjee

Khory and Nanabhai Nawrosji Katrak.27

Description regarding habitat, part used, vernacular names, characters,

constituents, action and preparations.



Medicinal plants of India by K.M.Nadkarni.28

Description about vernacular names, habitat,properties and uses.

Indian Plants and Drugs with their Medical Properties and uses by

K.M.Nadkarni.29

Describes mainly vernacular names, habitat, properties and uses.

Database( Sharma P.C Yenley, M.B.Dennis.)30

Detail description about vernacular names,rasa panchaka, pharmacognosy,

chemical constituents,physical constituents, pharmacological activities, therapeutic

uses,formulations propogation and cultivation.

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India.31

Detail decription about microscopic,physical constituents,TLC,chemical

constituents,properties and actions,formulations,therapeutic uses and dose.

Wealth of India.32

Description about vernacular names, morphology,chemical constituents is

available.

Indian Medicinal Plants- Orient Longman Published by Arya Vaidya.11

Description regarding its distribution,parts used, properties and uses.

Ayurvedic drugs and their plant source by P.V.Shivranjan.33

Detailed description regarding karavellaka, types, distribution.



Medicinal flora of Garhwal Himalayas by M.R.Unniyal.34

The description about the plant and its medicinal uses.

A Handbook of Medicinal plants a complete source book by Prajapati Purohit,

Sharma,Kumar.35

Description about its vernacular names, habitat,propogation, part used,

chemical constituents and uses.

The Useful Plants of India by Colonel Heberdrury.36

Describes about morphology and its medicinal uses.

Agro’s colour atlas of Medicinal Plants by Prajapati and Purohit.37

Description about family and vernacular names.

Medicinal Properties of Plants by A.B.Ray,B.K.Sharma and U.P.Singh.38

Description mainly about chemical constituents.

Medicinal Plants of Karnataka by K.R.Keshava Murthy.39

Description regarding distribution, part used and properties.

Medicinal Plants of India an Encyclopedia by Dr.Ravindra Sharma.40

Description regarding family,actions.

Flora of Udupi by K.Gopalkrishna Bhatt.41

Described mainy about the morphology.



Current Concepts of Multidiscipline Approach to the Medicinal Plants by

J.N.Govil.42

Deals mainly with the chemical composition.

VERNACULAR NAMES :30,26

The drug is universally known and accepted by its scientific name at tne

knowledge of local name. And the names in regional languages are necessary to get

the genuine drug for the practice. Therefore vernacular names are necessary which

are as follows.

1. Assam: Kakral, Kakiral

2. Bengali: Karala, poti-kakar, uchchhe, Karela,

3. English:Bitter Gourd

4. Gujarathi: Karela, Karelo, Karelu.

5. Hindi: Karella, kareli, karola

6. Kannada: Karate, Hagalakai, Hagal

7. Malayalam: Kaippa-valli, Pavakacheti, Paval Kaipa,pavackkai,

8. Marathi: Karli,karle. Karla Karella, karla

9. Oriya: Karena, salara

10. Sanskrit: Karavellaka

11.Tamil: Pavakka-chedi, Pavakkay Paval parkar

12. Telugu: Kakara, Urakakara, Tella kakara, Metta kakara



13. Urdu: Karela

Others

14) Arabic: Qisaul- barri

15) Brazil :- Karla

16) Burma ;- Erva de sao ceatano.

17)Cambodia:- Kyethenka.

18) Ceylon ;- Karli.

19) Chinese;- Nutipakl.

20) Deccan;- Ku kua.

21) French ;- Kakleng.

22) Persian;- Karelah.

23)Portuguese ;- Simahang.

NIRUKTI;

कारेणा वातग या वे लित वे ल चालने अच-् वाचःप यम4्3.

कारं वे लित। वे ल चलने- ( अमरकोशः)44

कारं वे लित । वे ल ंचलने कम याण । ् (श द क प िमु.)45

= �� .



SYNONYMS:

During ancient period there was a close relation with the nature so the

identification of the drugs faced no problem as they were commonly known. In

Nighantus morphological description of plants have been explained as follows 21:

कारवे लः -कारं वरा द वधं ूित वे लित इित ।

That which helps to subside the jwara etc diseases.

क ट लः - कटित वषित आवणृोित वा हमा द गणुान इित ।्

That which spreads its sheeta guna to its surrounding area.

पीतपुंप:- पीतािन पीतवणािन पुंपािन यःय।

The flowers are yellow.

अ बुव लः- अ बुूधाने देशे वसित ।

That which grows in wetlands.

वा रव ल - वा र व लभमः या । खजनक वात वदारौ ॥्

That which grows in water.

सआूमव ल-सआूम व लो ।

It’s a tender climber.

उमग ध - उमो ग धो य ःमन ।्

That which has strong smell.



Table 3.1 Synonyms

Synonyms N.A M.N Sivadatta DGGP Database B.P

Karavellaha + + - + + +

Karavelli + + + + + -

Kathillaha - + - - + +

Peetapushpa - - + + - -

Mandapi - - + + - -

Sushavi - - - + + -

Chiripatra - - - + - -

Chirischadha - - + + - -

Kaandeera - - - - - -

Naasasanvedana - - - - - -

Ugragandha - + - - - -

Ambuvallika - + - + - -

Patu

Sukshmavalli

- - - - - -

Kantaphala - - - + - -

Sukanda - + - - - -

Depending upon the moropology, action and habitat of the drug, different

synonyms are mentioned

According to flower: Peetapushpa

According to Habitat:

Ambuvalli

Varivalli



Sukshmavalli

Acc to Guna:

Ugrakanda

Kattilaha.

CLASSIFICATION

The drug has been grouped under either vargas or ganas during ancient time,

this classification was based upon their morphological properties as well as

pharmacological activites. They grouped the drugs having similar guna and karma

under heading and named that group. Similarly Nighantukaras have classified drugs

mostly on the basis of morphology.And thus origin to the gana or the varga.

Table 3.2 Varga/ Gana

VARGA

GANA

C.S S.S A.S A.H P.N M.N R.N B.P DG

PV

N.A

Kushmandadi - - - - - - - - - +

Moolakadi - - - - - - + - - -

Tiktaskanda + - - - - - - + + -

Shakavarga - + + + - + - + - -

Pippalyadi - - - - + - - - - -

Aragvadadi - + - - - - - - - -



VARIETIES

According to Bhavaprakash it is of 2 types

1. Karavella (Big one)

2. Karavelli (small one)

According to Dravyaguna text by Gyanendra Pandey

1. Large one

2. small one

According to Ratnakara

1. Laghu Karavella

2. Brihat karavella

3. Jalaja karavella

4. Vanaja karavella

According to Kaiyadeva Nighantu

1. kshudruksha karavellaka

2. Vanya karavellaka

According to Bhavamishra It is of 2 types

1. Jethua-Found in hot season

2. Baramasia –Found in Rainy Seasons.



RASAPANCHAKA

The properties of the plant are regarded as rasa, guna,veerya and vipaka.

These are considered as the base of pharmacology in Ayurveda,the properties of the

leaf are presented in the following table.

Table 3.3 Rasapanchaka

S.L.

NO

GUNA

K.N R.N N.A B.P API DGPV DGGP

1 RASA KATU

TIKTA

+

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

2 GUNA Laghu + -

- - + + -

3 VEERYA USHNA

SHEETA

+

-

+

+

-

_

-

+

+

_

+

_

+

_

4 VIPAKA Katu + + _ _ + + +

TABLE 3.4 Panchabhoutiktwa of Drug

Katu Vayu + agni RASA

Tikta Vayu+ aakash

GUNA Laghu Vayu+agni+akash

Ushna Agni VEERYA

Sheeta Prithwi+jala VIPAKA Katu Vayu+agni



PARTS USED : (PRAYOJYANGA)

Table no. 3.5

Part

used

N.A A.P.I D.G P.V D.G G.P

Panchanga - - + +

Patra + - - -

Phala + + - +

Beeja - - - -

Phalatwak - - + +

Moola - - - +

The drug karavellaka is a herb. It is easily available throughout the year.

Usually administered in various dosage forms.

The reference from the aunthetic texts such as Nighantus, The ayurvedic

pharamacopia of India,wealth of India, Dravyaguna vijnana by P.V. Sharma&

Gynandra Pandey are mentioned below.

Active principles of the drugs differs according to its part. Hence the

Concept of prayojya anga is developed. Karavellaka is having different

pharmacological actions for its differerent parts. In data base on India medicinal

plants used in Ayurveda leaf is mentioned as a useful part.

POSOLOGY:

The word posology is derived from the Greek word “Posos” means how much

and “Logas” means science which deals with doses or quantity of the drug, which is

to be administred to produce the required pharmacological action46.



Dose of the drug cannot be fixed rigidly.Because while prescribing a drug

many factors are to be considered. Dose depends upon the factors like age sex,

severity of the disease, potency of the drug withstanding capacity of the drug and

patient etc. so dose of a drug cannot be fixed.47

A general adult dose according to the sharangadara samhita48 madhma khanda,

for swarasa (Niragnin) it is ½ pala or 2 tolas[24gms]

The accepted dose of the drug karavellaka according to the Ayurvedic

pharmacopica of India is as follow.

Swarasa: 10-15ml

PHYTOCHEMISTRY:30

The tender leaves are good source of calcium, vitamin A, Riboflavin and

ascorbic acid, carotene,riboflavin,Thyamine, nicotinic acid,Beta alinine, aspartic acid,

citrulline,glutamicacid,glutamine,5hydroxytryptamine,N-aminocarbothreonine,

Benzyl alcohol, Cis-3-Hexanol,Trans-2hexenal,Myrtenol,1-Pentene-3-01,Cis-2-

Pentene-1-01,Cissbinol,P-Coumaric,Ferulic,Charantin Ca,Steroidal Glycolipids,

Pectin Momordin and Momordica agglutinin.Mainly glycosides and alkaloids are

present.The leaves on chemical study revealed the presence of Alkaloides and

Glycosides.

PHARMACOLOGY 30

Antipyretic, antispasmodic, antioxytocin, hypoglycemic, antibacterial,

antiviral, antimalarial, antidiabetic , insecticidal, antihelmenthic, antispermatogenic,

antifungal, antiulcerogenic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, androgenic,uterine

stimulatory, abortifacient, oxygen radical scavenging activity. A partially purified



factor of lectin was both cytostatic to BHK-21 Cells and inhibitory to vesicular

stomatitis virus. plaque formation in dose depended manner.

The pure protein termed as P-insulin extracted from Momordica Chirantia

Linn. Fruits in crystalline form was tested, in a controlled clinical trial, for its efficacy

as a hypoglycaemic agent in 9 patients of primary diabetes mellitus( 6 C juvenile

diabetes,one with maturity onset diabetes and two with chemical diabetes).when P-

insulin was administered subcutaneously a hypoglycaemic effect was noted, the onset

of action being observed within half to one hour.In the juvenile diabetics the peak

effect was observed after 4-8 hours. In the patients with maturity onset

diabetes,maximum fall n blood sugar being noted only after 12 hours and in the

patients with chemical diabetes in 6-8 hours. The mean fall in all the patients was

45.8+/- 13.6%. no hypersensitivity reaction was noted in any of the patients.

In another study polypeptide-P obtained from the fruit seeds and cultured

M.Chirantia was administered subcutaneously in 19 patients of diabetes mellitus(dose

depending on severity of disease). Hypoglycemic effect was observed in juvenile

diabetes occurred between 4-8 hours.

AYUSH-82, a compound herbal preparation consisting of seeds of Magnifera

indica, syzygium cumini, M.Charantia and leaves of Gymnema sylvestris,was

administered in 100 patients of madhumeha, i.e non insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus for a period of 6 weeks. The results were analysed on the basis of estimation

of fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels conducted before and after the trial

period. The results showed that in 25 patients sugar was completely controlled and in

17 patients mildly controlled. The rest 47 patients did not show any improvement.



Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of M.Charantia on the

glucose tolerance of maturity onset diabetic patients.

The fruit juice of M.Charantia was found to be significantly improve the

glucose tolerance of 73% of the patients investigated, while the other 27% failed to

respond.D-400,a herbal formulation containing Eugenia jambolano, M.Charantia,

Pterocarpus marsupium,Tinospora cordifolia, ocimum sanctum as the main

ingredients was studied for 6 months. In 1 patients of Non insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus having micro albinuria both fasting and 2 hours post prandial blood sugar

were significantly reduced.

DOSHAGHNATA

Table 3.6 Doshaghanata.

SL NO Name of the Action R.N B.N K.N N.A DG P.V DG G.P

1 Kaphapittahara + + - - + -

2 Kaphaghana - - - - + +

3 Raktahara - - - - - -

4 Vatagna - + + - - -

SYSTEMIC ACTION OF THE DRUG:- 23

1) �� -

Indicated in aruchi,agnimandya,adhmana,yakrit vikara, vibandha,arsha, krimi.

2) �� :-



Indicated in shotha and rakta vikaras.

3) �� ;-

Indicated in swasa and kasa.

4) �� :-

Indicated in stanya vikara and rajorodha.

5) �� :-

Indicated in madhumeha,by which blood sugar level is reduced and digests the

ama dosha which improves the functions of liver and stomach.It increases the

function of pancreas which helps for the increased production of insulin.

6) �� :-

Indicated in udarda, kushta etc.

7) �� ;-

Indicated in jvara,karavellaka shaaka is given as pathya.

8) �� :-

Indicated in visha and medo roga.

9) �� :- Indicated in kushta, vrana, arsha(lepa).

In daha its patra swarasa and its foam is used.

ROGAGHNATA : An exhaustive study of texts available, proves, medicinal

value of the drug.

karavellaka.It is indicated in many disythordered both as a single drug and

along with other drugs in the form of compound formulation karavellaka prayoga is

mentioned for many diseases.

Table 3.7 Rogaghnata

SL Rogaghnata R.N P.N K.N B.N N.A DG DG



PV GP

1

Jwara - + + + + + +

2 Pandu - - + + - - +

3 Prameha - + + + - + +

4 Krimi - - + + - - -

5 Kustha - - + - - + +

6 Hridroga - - + - - - +

7 Kasa - - + - - + +

8 Swasa - - + - - + +

9 Vrana - - + - - + +

10 Admana + - - - - + +

11 Kamala - - - - - - -

12 Aruchi - - + - - + +

13 Kotha - - + - - - +

14 Arshaha - - - - - + +

15 Shoola - - - - - - -

16 Udavartha + - - - - - +

17 Avishtambha - - - - - - -

18 Vibhanda - - - - - + -

19 Shotha - - - - - + -

20 Stanyaroga - - - - - + +

THERAPEUTICS USES : Karavellaka has been known and valued as a medicine

from olden days.It has been used in the management of various diseases in the

following two forms

1. Bahya prayoga

2. Abhyanthara prayoga

1. Bahya prayoga :



• The expressed juice of the plant with chalk is applied externally to the scalp in

pustular eruptions.26

• The pounded leaves mixed with some fatty material are made in to an

ointment useful in scabies and other skin diseases.

• Patra swarasa lepa is used externally for Burning of legs

• Its lepa application in done in kustha, vran, Arsha

• Its powdered fruit is applied to wounds and ulcers.

2. Abhyanthara prayoga:

The leaves are bitter, anthelmintic, antipyretic, emetic and purgative. The are

usefull in vitiated conditions off pitta, helminthiasis, constipation .11 root is used in

opthalmia and in prolapse of vagina. The fruit is bitter, cooling, digestible, laxative,

antipyretic, anthelminitic, apptiser, cures biliousness, kapha, blood diseases, anaemia,

urinary disharges, asthama, ulcers, the juice is useful in cholera26

In madumeha the whole plant acts good. By this blood sugar level is reduced

and digests Aamadosha, Improves the function of liver and stomach.Increases

pancreas function helps for more productions of insulin.23

The fruit and leaves are both administered internally in leprosy, piles,

jaundice. The juice of fruits is recommended for oral use in diabetic Patients. It is an

effective hypoglycaemmic agent which is frequently prescribed in treatment of

diabetes and the same is commonly suggested and used as wholesome vegetable.

(pathya saka) as well as adjutant (anupana) medicinal item. 24



The leaves act as galactagogue. The juice of the leaves is applied round the

orbit as a cure for night blindness. 28

Seed oil possesses antifeeding and insecticidal properties, 34

The juice of the leaves mixed with warm water is reckoned anthelminiti.36

YOGAS :

Different types of formulation are mentioned in the texts, which contain

various drugs. The Ingredients may have similar properties to enhance the action of

main ingredient the severity of adverse effect of the main Ingredient, but not the main

action.

Karavellaka is being used as a main Ingredient or one among the gradient in

various preparations are tabulated in the following table.



Table 3.8 yogas of Karavellaka: 30,31

SL NO Yoga

1 Brihat Vishamajwarantaka lauha

2 Brihat Sarvajwarahara lauha.

3 Vidyavalloba rasa .

4 Mahavishagarbha rasa taila.

Side effect:

No significant side effect imformation is available so for.if complications are

seen having much of karvellaka then we can have rice and ghee23.

TAXONOMY: 49

Kingdom: Plantae

Division; Mangoliophyta

Class: Mangoliopsida

Order: Cucurbitales

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Genus: Momordica

Species: charantia linn.

Botanical name: Momordica Charantia Linn

Sanskrit name: Karavellaka



FAMILY: CUCURBITACEAE 49

This family is known as cucurbitaceae. It is a fairly large family containing

about 100 genera and 800 Species which are mainly tropical or subtropical in

distribution, with a few species extending into the temperature climate.

Family characters: cucurbitaceae

Habit: Climbing or prostrate herbs rarely they may be perennial herbs, shrubs or trees.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, palmetely lobed, plants climb up by means of simple

branched tendrils. Tendrils are sensitive to contact.

Flowers: unisexual, actionomophic, epigynous solitary female flower and several

Male flowers.

Calyx: Imbricate or valvate 5 lobed.

Corolla: Valvate or imbricate, petals 5 which are white or yellow in colour.

Androeciium; 5 stamens that alternate with petals

Gynoecium:overy inferior, 3carples, overy is unilocular with only one seed.

Fruit: Fruit is usually a pepo, a special kind of berry developed from inferior ovary

Root:Taproot, branched

Stem: Herbaceous pentangular and usually fistular.

MORPHOLOGY

Species character: Momordica Chirantia Linn.



Habitat:

It is found throughout India, often under cultivation usually in gardens for its

fruit.The fuit is used as vegetable.

Habit: An annual climber

Root: Tap root

Stem: branched, puberulous.

Leaves: Simple, alternate, orbicuilar –(ordate ) prominently nerved up to 12 cm long

and almost equally, bround, reinform, suborbicular glabrous,lobes ovate-oblong,

tendril simple slender pubscent Apex acuminate.

Flower: yellow flowers

Solitary, peduncles slender –Male flower

Ovary fusiform,mucrinate-Female flower

Calyx: companulate greenish pubescent, adnate to the ovary, Emerginate obtuse,upto

12*8mm

Corolla: upto 2*1 mm, yellow, segments obovate, obtuse or emerginate.

Stamens: 3, Inserted at the mouth of the hypanthium in staminate flowers, filaments

short in pistillate flowers.

Gynoecium: ovary fusiform, restrat, muricate.

Fruit: oblong,8 to 20 cm long, muricate tubercular trivalved, dehiscent at apex,

tapering at both ends.



Seed: Compressed, subtridentate at both ends sculptured corrugate.

SUBSTITUTION :

Drug substituted in the name of karavellaka:

Momordica Muricata (Willed)leaves here are faintly nerved leaves and

smaller fruits not tapering at both

SHELF LIFE: 1 day.48

ECONOMIC USES:

The leaves are used as a vegetable. Leaves are also used for making perfumes

in contries like Jawa and Philippines. The seeds are used for extracting oil. In India its

fruits, it leaf, root are used in form of Aushadha for Madhumeha.

CULTIVATION,COLLECTION,PROPAGATION:30

The plant is cultivated as vegetable crop throughout India during warm season.

In north India it is cultivated as a hot season and also as a rainy season crop. The later

bears fruits through out the year. In the hills, the summer crop is sown in march-

April, where as Before sowing the soil is well prepared and manured. 2 to 3 seed are

shown. 60 cm apart in beds or in small pits.

After germination only one plant is retained for healthy growth. The plants are

watered once or twice a week during the dry season. The plant flowers 30-35 days

after showing and the fruits are ready 15- 20 days after flowering.The yield of the

green fruit varies from 2500kg or 5000kg /acre.



Guna: The properties of the plant are regarded as Rasa, Guna, Veerya and Vipka.

These are considered as the base of pharmacology in ayurveda. The properties of leaf

are presented in the following table.

PREVIOUS WORKS DONE50

1) Effect of karavellaka powder on prameha janya netra vikara by Likite A.S Govt.

Ayurvedic college Trivandrum, 1994.

2) A study on the effect of karavellaka along with yoga therapy in the management

of Madhumeha by Chitra Ashok.Govt, Ayurvedic college, Trivandrum, 1995.

3) Rajakera pradyuma-katphala ka vanaspatika adhyaya evam vata slaishmika jvara

par karmukatwa-1995 M.M.M.Govt Ayurvedic college,Rajasthan

University,Jaipur.

4) Parthi A.N.:Study on Sharapunkha(Tephrosia Purpurea Pers) W.S.R to its

jvaraghna and shothagna properties1998, Govt. Ayurveda College, Kerala

university, Thiruvanthapuram.

5) Sheela keralen :- study on tikta rasa W.S.R. to its jvaraghna properties 1990, Govt

AyurvediCollege,Kerala University,Thiruvanthapuram.

6) Deepa George :- An Experimental Study on jvarahara property(Antipyretic effect)

of certain indigenous drugs 1998, Govt AyurvediCollege, Kerala

University,Thiruvanthapuram.

7) Rewa Naganand :- Effect of Saptaprni in jvara, shoola, krimi vikaras 1992, Govt

AyurvediCollege, Kerala University,Thiruvanthapuram.

8) Mahesh T.S. :- Evaluation of jvaraghna property of Sariva, An Experimental

study,2002,A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College,Koppa.

9) Mahakanteshwara Itagi :- Evaluation and Comparitive Study of jvaraghna

property of vasa and trivrit,An Exprimental Study, A.L.N.Rao Memorial

Ayurvedic Medical College,Koppa.



Photo no.1 : Karavellaka whole plant

Photo no.2 : Karavellaka Fruit



Photo no.3 Karavellaka seed

Photo no.4, Karavellaka flower

Photo no.5 Karavellaka leaf



3.2 DISEASE REVIEW

AYURVEDIC REVIEW :

Ayurveda the science of life reveals that for achieving chaturvidha

purusharthas, Arogya of body is a necessity. Dosha Dhatu and malas are the

underlying factors which perform the whole physiological progressions of the body

which ultimately provide Arogya. Derangement in these fundamental factors go ahead

to Roga (Vikara) i.e. disease.

Literary denotation of the word ‘Disease’ is ‘lack of case’, disease means a

pathological conditions of the body that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it

and that sets the condition apart as an abnormal entity differing from other normal

body status.

In Ayurveda Jwara has been considered as an independent disease as well as a

synonym of roga. It appears as a sign of other diseases too. Living creatures become

subject to Jwara both at the time of birth and death. Since Jwara attacks the body

disease at first. Besides this jwara is the most terrible among all the disease. This

consideration would seen to point out the Jwara, which is the foremost of all diseases.

The classical books of Ayurveda have postulated a mythological story in

relation to the origin of Jwara which was emerged from the eyes of Rudra and is

considered as the king of all the somatic diseases51. It is said to have originated from

lord shiva’s wrath fire, which became the frightful.Three headed demon veerabhadra

who destroyed the yajna of daksha and then harassed the world in the form of Jwara,52



NIRUKTI:53

�� |

��: ��

The disease which produces ‘santhapa’ to the body, indriya and manas is

called as Jwara.53

The disease in which ‘kaya’ and ‘manas’ are susceptible for ‘taapa’ is called

as Jwara.

In the most authentic text for medicine charaka samhita acharya has clearly

mentioned that from among all disorders Jwara, deserves to be described first, being

the foremost of all somatic disease. He has further described in chikitsa sthana that

Jwara afflicts the body senses and mind.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:

VEDIC PERIOD:

Ayurveda is having its root in veda. Most of the factors explained in Ayurveda

are compiled from Atharva veda. Lot of references are available in Atharva veda

regarding Jwara, which is termed in Takamaa or Takamana.

Mythological descriptions are found in Atharveda about Takamana are:

Which mainly affects the vital part in the body and shira.

Which trobles body and mind etc.

Atharva veda has mentioned various synonyms of Jwara like Archi, vegeda,

vyala, Rudra, Papma, Tapu, shoka etc..

SAMHITA PERIOD:



In all Brihtrayees Jwara is explained elaborately with its nidana, purvaroopa,

samprathi, ropa and chikista etc..

The description regarding Jwara is in detail in charaka samhita. description of

apoints related with Jwara. Description of Jwara is also found in sushruta samhita i.e.

origin of Jwara upto the treatment of Jwara. In Astanga sangraha and Astanga

Hridaya, acharya Vagbhata has followed either the description of charaka or sushrutha

. Here Jwara has been explained in Nidana and Chikistsa sthama.

Other than above Samhitas, the description regarding Jwara is also mentioned

in Bhel samhita which mentions mainly about its origin and treatment aspect. In

Harita samhita also mainly relating to Jwara treatment is explained description

regarding the Jwara is also mentioned in Gadanigrah where treatment aspect is given

more stress. In yogatanangini detail description regarding Jwara is given. Description

regarding Jwara Nidana, Lakshana, Treatment is also mentioned in vangasen samhita.

Acharya sharagadhar and bhava mishra also described Jwara in detail.

NIDANA:

Doshas are vitiated by improper ahara, vihar, asathmendriyartha samyoga,

prajnaparadha, parinama or aganthuka Karanas. Then vitiated doshas are responsible

for Jwara.

While describing Jwara, Acharya Charaka, says that it appears in the human

body due to eight causes namely. Vata, pitta, Kapha, vata-pitta, pitta-kapha, kapha-

vata, vatapitta-kapha, and aganthuka. Later he named the types of Jwara according to

the causative factors. So eight types of Jwara are there, it can be concluded that

thridoshas individually or in combination are general causes of Jwara. The factors



which vitiates three doshas are considered as Jwara nidanas. He mentions the nidanas

individually which are listed as follows.

Table 3.9, Types of causes of Jwara:

Types Nidana

Vata Excessive indulgence in rooksha, laghu sheeta dravyas, over emesis,

purgation, suppressing natural urges, fasting, trauma, sexual

indulgence, anxiety, grief etc.

Pitta Excessive intake of Ushna, Amla, lavana, ksharaadi, katu, dravyas,

adhyashana, exposure to servere sun heat, fire, over work, anger etc..

Kapha Excessive consumption of snigdha, guru madhura, picchila, sheeta,

amla and lavana dravyas, day sleeping lack o exercise.

Dwandwaja Intake of corresponding vitiating factors mentioned above.

Aganthuja External trauma, influence of civil spirit, curse of elders, guru, paap

karma etc..

SAMPRAPTI 54

Ayurveda considers Jwara is manifested due some disturbances in the

digestive tract. The seat of pitta is amashaya. The vitiated pitta by its own etiological

factors causes mandagni. There will be agnimandya in amashaya. From amashaya it

replaces agni. This replaced agni is added to rasa dhatu Along with rasadhatu it

circulates all over the body resulting in rise of somatic temperature and then produces

srothorodha.

In another way the vitiated doshas are provoked either singly, dually or totally,

first invade rasadhatu and displace Jataragni. Jwara samprapti is represented

schematically below; chart No. 1 : Showing the samprapti of Jwara.



Chart no.1

Nidana Sevana

Dosha Sanchaya

Dosha prakopa

Amashaya Pravesha

Agnimandya

Rasa dhatu anusarang

Sarva shareera sanchara

Swedovha srothorodha

Sarvanga Graha

Ushna sanchaya

Santhap

Jwara



PURVA ROOPA:54

Acharya Charaka has described the purva roopa of Jwara in both the Nidana

sthana as well as in the chikista sthana. In Nidana sthana, he has mentioned dyspepsia,

heaviness of limbs, agitation, of the eyes, lacrimation, hypersomnia, giddiness,

yawning, flexion, tremours, fatigue etc.

In chikista sthana, he again gives a description of Jwara Purvaroopa, where he

has stressed some of the important and chief premonitory symptoms among the

symptoms mentioned in Nidana sthana.

In the context of the premonitory symptoms Acharya sushruta and Acharya

bhavamisra have described specific premonitory symptioms of Jwara according to

their variety separately. Acharya vagbhata followed the style of Charaka samhita and

has given only the general premonitory symptoms.

The premonitory symptoms reveal the types of Jwara. Jwara which is due to

vata, show the premonitory symptom of excess yawning. In pittaja Jwara, burning

sensation of eyes, and in khaphaja Jwara, Version towards food are predominant.

Symptoms of two, three doshas will appear in Jwara due to combination of two or

three doshas respectively.

Various chief premonitory symptoms have been presented in the below table

according to the different texts.



Table 3.10 Purva roopa:

Purvaroopa C.S. S.S. A.H. M.N. B.N.

Alasya + - + - -

Arathi + + + + +

Aruchi + + + + +

Avipaaka + - + - -

Atinidra + - + - -

Bakta Dvesha + - + - -

Gurutha + + + + +

Jrimba + + + + +

Klama + - + - -

Nayanaplava - + - + +

Pindikodwestana - - + - -

Shrama + + - + +

Tamaha - - - + +

Vairasya + + + + +

Vivrnatha - + - + +

Charaka has described the following premonitory symptoms additionally they

are anannabhilacha, bharma, Pralapa, Jagarana, Danta barsha, Avipaka Daurbalya,

Sadana, Balavarna hani etc..

Table 3.11 Vishista Purvaroopa

Purva roopa C.S. S.S. A.H. M.N. Sh.s. B.N.

Vataja Jwara – Jrimba - + - + - +

Pittaja Jwra – Akshidaha - + - + - +

Kaphaja Jwara-Anannabhilasha - + - + - +



ROOPA:

Jwara is a vyadhi which is not related with one or two systems occurring in

Jwara have been described in classics according to the Type of Jwara.

Three Cardinal sysmptoms of Jwara namely:- 55

1. Swedavarodha

2. Santapa

3. Sarvangagraha

While other acharyas have described various symptoms according to the variety

of the disease.

SAMPRAPTI GHATAKA :

Dosha : Vata/ pitta/ kapha/ Dvidoshaja Sannipataja/ Mainly Samana

and Vyana Vayu Kledaka and bodaka kapha Pachaka and

bhrajaka pitta.

Srotas : Annavaha, Rasavaha, svedavaha partially Mutravaha and

purishavaha.

mala : Sweda, Partially Mutra and purisha

Agni : Jataragni

Ama : Jataragni Mandyajana

Udbhavasthana : Amashaya, Grahani

Vyakthasthama : All over the body



UPASHAYA ANUPASHAYA :

Elaborate description of upashay and anupashya of jwara has not been

mentioned in classics. Vag bhata has stated in brief, that causative facors like katu,

tikta rasa, Vishamashana etc are the anupashaya for vataja jwara. Amala, lavana and

anger etc. are anupashaya for pittja jwara. Madura, amla and day sleep are anupashaya

for Kaphaja jwara. Contrary to above mentioned etiology the antagonizing factors of

gunas of doshas are the upashaya for vatadi jwara.

PATHYA-APATHY:56

As jwara bears a complicated picture of its own. pathyas and apathyas are also

differ according to these Verieties. Charaka samhita has given description of pathyas

and apathyas of jwara according to the conditions of the disease and the diseased.

Here Common apathyas have been summarized. The fever patient should

avoid indulging in articles of food and drink that are irritant, heavy, disagreeable and

antagonistic. They should also avoid sexual indulgence, heavy exertion baths and over

eating.

UPADRAVA:

In Charaka samhitha and Astanga of vagbhata the vivid discription about

upadrava of jwara has not been observed. But sushruta in his suthrasthana has

mentioned upadrava of Jwara. Some of the main Complications of Jwara are:57

• Shwasa

• Moorcha

• Aruchi



• Chardi

• Thrushna

• Athisara

• Vitgraha

• Hikka

• Kasa

• Angadaha

SADHY ASADHYATA58

In a person with strong physique (bala) if Jwara occurs by the vitiation of less

amount of doshas and if there is no complications, then it is easily curable. On the

other hand manifestation of following characteristics leads to death. That means it

will indicate the asadyavastha of Jwara.

• Caused by many signs and symptoms

• Which destroy sense origns immediately.

• If many compications are seen



SYMPTOMS OF RELIEF OF FEVER:59

1. laghutwa

2. Sweda Darshana

3. Kandu

4. Mukha Paka

5. Kshavathu

6. Anannabhilasha

STAGES OF JWARA:60

1. Tarura Jwara upto 7 days

2. Madyama Jwara 8 to 12 days

3. Purana Jwara After 12 days

TYPES:

As stated earlier, there is a lot literature about Jwara, available in the texts. So

it is quite difficult as well not meaningful to discuss all the matter here, as the present

study is concerned more with the drug rather than the disease. It is classified under

many headings namely according to the etiological factors, swabhuva,

sadhayasadhyatha, vidhi etc.:

CHIKISTA SUTRA:Treatment of any disease may be classified under the

following heeadlings.



1. General Treatment

2. Specific Treatment

All the leading texts have discussed the line of treatment of Jwara in detail.

Here chikista sutra given by Acharya bhavanishra is mentioned in the initial

stage, langhana is advised. During madhyavasta pachana is done, Jwara anthya

virechana is advised. The logic behind, Subjecting the patient langhana is to help the

digestion of ama by agni. Hence the first aim is to increase the agni. When Jwara

reaches pachayamana avastha, treatment is concentrated on ama pachana and dosha

pachana. It is adopted during Jwara madhyamavastha. When Jwara becomes nirama,

Various Jwaragna drugs are to be administered to combat the disease.

In general depending upon the involvement of dosha, the patient should be

administered sneha, sweda, pradeha, parisheka, vamana, virichana etc.. According

with the stages of Jwara.

JWARGHANA KARMA:

The drug perform in action by virtue of its properties. Properties means rasa,

guna, veerya, Vipaka and prabhava. These inherent properties play a vital role in

assigning the therapeutic action according to samanya vishesha siddhanta. The

dravyas which are administered as medicine provide the gunas which are lacking in

the body and reduce the gunas which are more.

Organic and functional behavior of human body in health and diseases

condition is quite different. Therefore it is important to know the mode of action of

drug (pharmacodynamics) and its effects on various body systems.

pharmacodynamics of food and medicine are clearly explained in charaka samhita.



Dravyas act by virtue of their qualities and inherent nature is proper occasion, in a

given location, in appropriate condition and situation. The effect produced is

considered to be the Karma (action) the line of treatment for Jwara as explained by

chakara and Kashaya, contains many therapeutic measures like laghu bhojana,

langhana, kashaya Paana, abhyanga, Swedana, Pradeha parisheka, lepa, Vamana,

Virechana, Basti, shanoushada, nasya, dhoomapana, anjana, dugdha, pathya. These

formulation are to be prepared by using Jwaragna dravyas. Many jwaraghna dravyas

are named in our classics under different headings like Jwaraghna, sant apahara,

Jwarahara upatapahara, jwaraprashamana etc. These drugs relieve the Jwara by the

virtue of their depana, pachana, srothashadana property or by their prabhava. It has

been told that without pitta there is no ushna. Hence Jwara is mainly caused by pitta.

So Jwaragna dravyas should posses pittahara, srothoshodaka, deepana, pachana,

swedajanana properties..

SHAMANOUSHADHAS FOR INTERNAL USE:

1. sanjeevini vati ( Sha ma khanda vati kalpana)61

2. Sudarshana choorna (Bhai Ra jvaradhikara)62

3. Arogya Vardhini vati (Ra.R.Sa visarpa chikitsa)63

4. Guduchyadi kwatha (Sha.m.kha.2nd)64

5. laxmi narayana rasa (Yo.Ra.vatavyadhi chi)65

6. Thribhuvanakeerthi rasa (Rasamrut adhyaya 9)66

7. Mruthyunjaya rasa ( Bhai.Ra.jvaradhikara)68

8. Patoladi kwatha (Sha.Ma.Kha. 2nd)67

9. Amrutarista( Bhai.Ra.jvaradhikara)68



3.2 MODERN REVIEW

Jwara can be symptomatically with pyrexia or fever . It has been termed as

fever or pyrexia in modern system of medicine. The word ‘fever’ is derived from a

latin word ‘febris’ meaning elevation of the body temperature above normal. The

normal temperature taken orally varies from 96.60 F to 99.60 F. It differs in every

individual. If a person whose normal temperature stays around 97.00F has become ill

and suffered an increased temperature of 98.90F [which is an average normal

temperature) may represent fever in that particular individual. Thus it is impractical

attempt to design at a precise level of normal body temperature. Rectal temperature

will be 0.50F to 1.00Fhigher than the oral temperature.66

PHYSIOLOGY OF THERMOREGULATION :

Temperature is not unique in the individuals and also it is not static throughout

the day. In the morning it is less, as the time goes it increases and again gradually

starts to decline. The normal range of temperature is considered as 970F -98F or 360-

370 when reduced orally. Rectal temperature is 0.6c (10F) greater than orally

recorded temperature. Heat is generated inside the body as a result of Cellular

metabolism and is lost by many measures like Conduction, radiation and

evaporation.67

Body temperature is controlled by thermoregulatory centre, which is present at

hypothalamus. It act as a thermostat. Body temperature is controlled by nervous feed

back mechanism with the help of sympathetic and parasympathic nerves. It maintains

heat produced is more than the lost that condition is called as fever.(Harrisons)



THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEATPRODUCTION IN THE BODY

ARE:67

Rate of cellular metabolism

Increased metabolism due to the effect of harmones like thyroxin, growth

harmone, testosterone, epinephrine, nor epinephrine etc.

Extra metabolism caused due to muscular activity.

HEAT IS LOST IN FOLLOWING WAYS:

Heat generated in deeper tissue is brought to periphery by blood and lost in the

form.

• Radiation : lost to surrounding

• Conduction : lost to objects

• Evaporation : In the form of sweat

When core temperature is more sympathetio nerves leads to peripheral

vasodilation due to which more blood rushes towards the skin surface and heat is lost

by above said measures. Similarly during cold or when the core temperature falls

down heat is preserved inside the body by vasoconstriction and other measures.

ETIO-PATHOGENESIS66

Hyper thermia means elevations or body temperature beyond hypothalamic set

point due to physiological or pathological condition.

Few factors responsible for disturbance of hypothalamic thermoregulatory

function are:



• Brain lesions

• Toxins

• Infection

• Environment condition.

Human body temperature is not constant rough out the day. It fluctuates which

is called as “Circadian temperature rhythm.” The normal 24 hour circadian

temperature rhythm varies to # 50C to 10C between A.M. & P.M. Generally human

body temperature is 370C or 980F. If A.M. temperature is more than 37.20C (98.90F)

and P.M. temperature is more than 37.60 C (99.9 ) F) it is considered as a fever.

PYROGENS:

The substances that induce the fever are called as pyrogens. The word pyrogen

introduced by burnod sanderson in 1876, which denotes, fever producing substances,

extracted from petrifying meat.

Pyrogens bias the response of the temperature sensitive neurons. It leads to

rise in set point of hypothalamic thermostat resulting in elevation of temperature.

Generally pyrogens are of the following groups.

• Protein.

• Breakdown products of protein.

• Lipopolysaccharide toxins released from bacteria cell membrane.

• Endo toxins of gram negative bacteria.

• Proteins released from degenerating tissue of the body.



PYROGENS ARE GROUPED INTO TWO:

• Endogens pyrogens.

• Exogenous pyrogens.

Endogenous pyrogens are the proteins released degenerating tissue, factors

released from injured cells, polypetides produced by a variety of host cells.

Exogenous pyrogens are those, which are produced by invading organisms.

Some of the exogerious pyrogens are:

• Microorganism like bacteria, virus, protozoa and other infective agents.

• Toxins released by infective agents.

• Lipo polysaccharides found in celluar membrane of gram negative bacteria.

• Lipo teichoic acid and peptidoglycons found in cell membrane of graam

positive bacteria.

Generally exogenous pyrogens act primarily by inducing the formatin of

endogenous. By stimulation of the host cells i.e. monocytes and macrohages.

Endogenous pyrogens are produced host it self. Its production is triggered by

infection or inflammation. These are produced either systermatically or locally and

center to the circulation. By disturbing thermoregulatory center of hypothalamus and

produced fever.



SOME OF THE ENDOGENIC PYROGENS ARE:

• Cylokine

• Intralukin-1X

• 12-1B

• Tumor nearosing factors (TNFX)

• InferforanX

ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN REGULATION OF BODY

TEMPERATURE:

Heat conduction to the skin by the blood is controlled by the degree of

vasoconstriction of the arteriotes and the arteriovenous anastomoses that supply blood

to the venous plexus of the skin this vasoconstriction in turn is controlled almost

entirely by the sympathetic nervous system in response to changes in the body core

temperature and changes in the environmental temperature.

The temperature of the body is regulated almost entirely by nervous feedback

mechanism, and almost all of these operate through temperature regulating centres

located in the hypothalamus. The principal area in the brain in which heat affects

body temperature control consists of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nucie of

the hypothalamus. The anterior hypothalamic preoptic area has been found to contain

large number of heat sensitive neurous and about a third as any cold sensitive neurous

that seem to function as temperature sensors for controlling body temperature.

The heat sensitive neurons increase their firing rate as the temperature rises,

two fold to ten fold with an increase in body temperature of 100C. The cold sensitive

neurons by contrast, increase their firing rate when the body temperature falls. When

the body preoptic area is located the skin immediately breaks out in to a profuse

sweat, while at the same time and skin blood vessels over the entire body become

greatly vasodilated. Therefore it is clear that the preptioc area of the hypothalamus has

the capability of serving as a thermostatic body temperature control centre posterior

hypothalamus also play an important role in the integrating peripheral and central

temperature signals. As area is located bilaterally in the posterior. Hypothalamus



approximately at the level of the mammary bodies the thermostatic signals from the

anterior hypothalamus preoptic area also transmitted into this posterior hypothalamus

approximately at the level of the mammary bodies the thermostatic signals from the

anterior hypothalamus preoptic area also transmitted into this posterior hypothalamus

area. Here the signals from the preoptic area and signals from the body periphery are

combined to provide mainly the heat producing and heat conserving reaction of the

body .Though, the signals generated by the temperature receptor of the hypothalamus

are extremely powerful in controlling body temperature, receptor in the other parts of

the body also play important roles in temperature regulation. This is especially true of

temperature receptor in the skin and a new specific deep tissues of the body. The skin

is endowed with both cold and warmth receptors. However there are far more cold

receptor than warmth receptor. Therefore peripheral detection of temperature mainly

concems detecting cool and cold instead of warm temperature.

When the skin is chilled over the entire body in several ways:By providing a

strong stimulus to cause shivering, with resultant increase in the rate of body heat

production.

By inhibiting the process of sweating and

By promoting skin vasoconstriction to diminish the transfer body heat to the

skin.

Deep body temperature receptores are also found in certain parts of the body,

mainly in the spinal cord, In the abdominal viscera and in or around the great veins.

However, these deep receptors function differently from the skin receptors, for

they are exposed to the body core temperature rather than the body surface

temperature. yet like the skin temperature receptors, they mainly detect cold rather

than warmth.

It is probable that both the skin and the deep body receptors are concerned

with preventions hypothermia – that is, preventing low body temperature.



Chart No. 2 mechanism of pyrexia

+

Brain lesion Infection

Environmental

Arachildonic

+

Exogenous

lippolysaccharides(pyrogens)

Pyrogens cyclo oxygenose (CO.X122)

Pyrogens +

Neutrophils Prostadandin Prostaglandis (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2-X)

Hypothalamus Thermoregullatory Centre

Fever

TYPES OF FEVER:

Pathologically pyrexia may be divided into 3 types based on the duration of

affection such as

1. Continuous fever: When the fever does not fluctuate more than it during 24

hrs. but at no time touches the normal, it may be described as a continuous

fever.

2. Intermittent fever: When the fever is present only for several hours during the

day, it may be called as intermittent fever.



3. Remittent Fever: When the daily fluctuations exceed 20F it may be known as

remittent fever.

According to sevill’s text of medicine the classification of pyrexial disorders may

conveniently based upon the results of examination namely the Erruptions if present

and the course of temperature. So pyrexia may be classified as,

- Erruptive fevers

- Continuous fevers

- Intermittent fever.

In the text book of medicine Dr. Golwala has classified pyrexia under

following titles.

a) Continues fever: High temperature throughout the day with a difference between

maximum and minimum daily temperatures being less than 20F, following varieties

may be listed under this heading.

- Typhoid

- Miliary Tuberculosis

- Bacterial Endocarditis

- Viral pheumonia

-Hepatic amochiasis

b) Intermittent fever: High peaks of fever with subsidence to normal or subnormal

levels as in,



- Malaria

- Acute pyelonephritis

- Filariasis

- Septicemia

- Local & General pyogenic infections

c) Periodic fever (Undulating):

- Rat bite fever

- Relapsing fever

- Brucello sis

- Hodgkin’s disease

d) Double rise fever:

- Kala Azar

- Malaria

- Liver abscess

- Typhoid

- Pulmonarytuberculosis

e) Double rise fever:

- Kala Azar

- Malaria

- Liver abscess

- Typhoid

- Pulmonary tuberculosis

Some terms pertaining to fever in Human beings:

1. Normal temperature : 36.50C to 37.20C or 97.50C to 98.50F

2. Subnormal temperature : below 360C or 970F



3. Hypothermia : below 350C or 950F

4. Febrile : Above 370C or 990F

5. Hyperpyrexia : 41.50C or 1060F

Table 3.12 Causes of fever:

Infections

Local Infections Specific Infection

Withpus formation withoutpus formation

I. Bacterial & Coccal

1. Tuberculosis

2. Typhoid

3. Paratyphoid

4. Pneumococci

5. E.Coli

6. Brucellosis

7. Septicemias

8. Pyemias

9. Bact Endocarditis

- Sinusitis

- Mastoiditis

- Tonsillar Abscess

- Dental Abscess

- Parotid

- Abscess

- Mammary Abscess

- Pyocalpinx

- Hepatic Abscess

- Cholecystitis

- Pyonephrosis

- Lung Abscess

- Bronchiectasis

- Brain Abscess etc.

- Cystitis

- Phlebitis

- Inflammed piles

- Ukerative colitic etc.

II. Spirochetal

1. Secondary syphilis

2. Rat bite fever

3. Relapsing fever

III.Protozal

1. Amoebisis

2. Malaria

3. Kala-Azar

IV. Viral

1. Influenza



2. Viral encephalitis

V. Rickeltsial

1. Typhus

VI. Fungal

1. Actinomycosis

2. Histopla smosis

NON INFECTIOUS CAUSE OF FEVER:

1. Neoplasms: Hodgkin’s disease, Hypernephrona, Hepatoma etc.

2. Blood Diseases: Leukaemia, Agranulocytosis etc.

3. Collagen Disease : Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoid Arthritis etc.

4. Vascular Disease: Temporal Arteries, Cranial Arteries cerebro vascular

accident pulmonary thrombo embolism etc.

5. Trauma: Crush injury, Head injury etc.

6. Metabolic Disease : Gout, porphyria etc.

7. Endocrin Diseases : Thyrotoxicosis, Addison’s diseases etc

8. Hyper sensitivity reactions : Serum Sickness, Drug fever i e due to

sulponamides, Atropine Morphine etc.

9. Skin Disease: pempigus, Bullous dermatosis etc.

10. Heat fever It occurs during summer months,esspecially in young children and

old peoplies.

11. Heat : Hyperyerexia

12. Miscellaneous Causes ; Cirrhosis of liver, Dehydration, sarcoidosis, Recurrent

pulmonary infarcts etc.



LINE OF TREATMENT:

There is no general line of treatment for all fever classified. Broadly speaking

the fever should be treated according to the causes; eg, fever of the bacterial Infection

origin should be treated with suitable antibiotics in the case of viral Infection.

Antipyretics are very much useful in all type of phyrexial disorders. As the fever

produce dangerous side effects in the body, along with the causative treatment,

symptomatic treatment is essential, and is of great value.

As discussed in disease profile fever may apper as an invidual entity.

As a symptom of other disease.

As a Complications of other disease.

As a premonitory symptom of other disease so the line of treatment also

varies depending on the manifestation of fever.

The antipyretics reduces the temperature by following ways:

1. Through increasing loss of heat by acting on thermogenic centre in corpus

striatum, amidopyrine acetanilide, phenazone etc are the common antipyreties.

2. Through dilating the cutaneous blood vessels and thus augmenting radiation

eg: Nitrosin, Salicylates etc.

3. Through increasing the amount of perspiration and this causing a loss of heat

by evaparation.

4. Through obstructing heat, cold bath and rapid water bath, cold wet pack, cold

sponging, local irrigation with cold water, cold water compress and



evaporating lotions are agents by which we can obstruct heat and thus

increasing heat loss.

5. By neutralizing or destroying any specific poison causing pyrexia, such as

quinine in malarial fever, sulpha drug in fever due to bacterial infection.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIPYRETIC:

1. Central antipyretics which produce loss of heat by acting on heat regulating

centre In hypothalamus eg: Aspirin, sodium salicylate, phencetin etc.

2. Specific antipyretics: Which reduces fever by removing the cause of fever. eg:

antimalarials cure malarial fever.

3. Diaphoretics: Which produces loss of heat by increasing sweating eg:

pilocarpins, physostingmins etc.

4. Physical method: Lower temperature either by abstracting heat or by

producing vasodilation.


Methodology

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 PHARAMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY

The word pharmacognosy is formed by combination of ‘pharmakon’ which

means drug and ‘gignosco’ which means to acquire knowledge.therefore

pharmacognosy can be defined as a branch of bio science that deals with the

knowledge and authentication of medicinal and related products of crude or primary

type originating from both plants and animals in a detailed form.pharmacognosy is an

important link between pharmacology and medicinal chemistry.

The original and basic approach towards pharmacognosy included study of

morphological system, study of cell structure,organization and study of tissue system

which still hold a key in identification of the correct species of the plant.so it becomes

helpful to differentiate closely related species of the same genus or the same family.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1] To study the organoleptic characters of the Leaf of Momordica Charantia Linn.

2] To study the Macroscopic Charcters of the Leaf of Momordica Charantia Linn.

3] To study the Microscopic Charcters of the Leaf of Momordica Charantia Linn.


Methodology

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Materials:

Leaf of Momordica Charantia Linn. Were used as materials.

Photomicrographs were taken by using Canon digital camera attached to Zeiss

Microscope in the Bangalore Test House.

Collection of Samples:

Leaves of Momordica Charantia Linn.were collected from the Sullia region in

the month of April 2010 personally by the scholar herself and authenticated by

Botanist, N.M.College Sullia.

Pharamacognostical features:

Material required:

1] Drug

2] 1% safranin stain,50% glycerin,water.

3] A sharp blade,watch glass,thin painting brush,needles,forceps,glass slides,cover

slips,blotting paper,dropper,compound microscope.

Procedure:

1.The drug was soaked in water for 12 hours before carrying out the procedyre.

2.The drug was held between thumb and index finger in the left hand, with help of a

sharp razor blade thin sectons were taken and into the watch glass containing water.

3. A thin uniform and entire section was selected and transferred on to a clean glass

slide with the help of a brush.


Methodology

4. A drop of safranin stain was put and left for few minutes. Excess stain was

removed by washing with water. 5. Section was mounted with 1-2 drops of 50% glycerin and covered with a clean

cover glass.

6. Excess glycerin was removed by blotting paper and observed under microscope.

Powder microscopy:

Powder of drug was mixed with chloral hydrate solution and made warm with

solution, slides were prepared and observed flignified elements such as

fibers,vessels,stone cells,calcium oxalate crystals.For such grains,slides were prepared

with iodine solution and observed under microscope.

4.2 ANALYTICAL STUDY:

Today Ayurvedic science is spreading its wings all over the world where the

drug lore of this system has been the centre of global interest, Ayurveda advocates

that as the prakruti varies from person to person, similarly every drug has its own

physical and chemical characteristics,which helps to separate it from other closely

related drugs.the phytochemical studies of these drugs done by making use of the

various parameters that help in standardizing the drug and authenticating .it is

essential to gratify the international standards and the quality control of the drugs used

by convincing the drug regulatory authorities. The present study is carried out to

evaluate the phytochemical parameters of the test drugs.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

The analytical study of the sample was undertaken with the following aims and

objectives.


Methodology

1. To analyse the samples by using different Physico-chemica parameters.

2. To analyse the samples by using qualitative method.

Collection of samples:

Leaves of Momordica Charantia Linn.were collected from the Sullia region in

the month of April 2010 personally by the scholar herself and authenticated Botanist

,N.M.College Sullia. Then submitted in Bangalore Test House for futher processing.

The test drug sample was collected from Pharamacy and used for present study.

PHYSICO CHEMICAL STUDY68

In physical methods,quantitative standards like total ash, acid insoluble

ash,alcohol soluble extract, water soluble extract. These are determined by following

procedures.

10) DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE OF CRUDE DRUG.

Procedure:-

Weight and ignite the flat thin porcelain dish or stared silica gel.

Weigh about 2-3gms of the powdered drug into dish or crucible.

Support the dish on pipe colour triangle placed on a ring of retort stand.

Spread the drug in an even layer and ignite it by grabually increasing the heat to

500-6000c until vapours almost cease to be evolved until all the carbon is burnt

off.

Cool in desiccators.

Weigh the dish and calculate the % of total ash with reference to the air dried

sample of the crude drug.


Methodology

CALCULATION:-

Weight of empty dish =x grams.

Weight of the crude drug taken =y grams.

Weight of dish +ash(after complete incineration)=z grams.

Weight of the ash= (z-x )grams.

Y grams of drug gives(z-x)grams of ash.

Therefore,100gms of crude drug gives 100×(z-x)gms of ash.

Y

Total ash value of the sample=100(z-x)%

Y

DETERMINATION OF ACID INSOLUBLE ASH VALUE.

PROCEDURE:-

Proceed as per the steps mentioned in the procedure for the determination of

total ash value of crude drug.then

1) using 25ml of dilute Hcl wash the ash from the dish used for total ash into a

100 ml beaker.

2) Place wire guaze over a Bunsen burner and boil for 5 minutes.

3) Filter through an ashless filter paper, wash it twice wit hot water.

4) Ignite the crucible in flame,cool and weigh.

5) Put the filter paper and residue together into the crucible,heat gently until

vapour ceases to evolve and then move strongly until all carbon has been

removed.


Methodology

6) Cool in decicators.

7) Weigh the residue and calculate acid insoluble ash of the crude drug with the

reference to the air dried sample of the crude drug.

8) Calculation

Similar to previous experiment weight of residue( acid

insoluble ash)=a gms.

Y gms of air dried drugs gives=a gms of acid insoluble ash.

Therefore 100gms of the air dried drug =100×a of acid

insoluble ash. Y

Acid insoluble ash value of the sample=100×a

y

WATER SOLUBLE ASH:

PROCEDURE:-

To the ash obtained,25ml of water was added and boiled for 5 minutes.

It was filtered through an ashless filter paper to separate the insoluble matter.

The residue along with the filter paper was taken in a preheated,weighted silica

dish.

Transferred to muffle furnance and ignited for 15 minutes at the temperature no

exceeding 450oc.

Th dish was cooled in decicators and weighed again.

Heating was continued till constant weight of the dish was obtained.

The weight of the insoluble water from the weight of the ash was subtracted.


Methodology

The % of water soluble ash with the reference to the air dried drug was

calculated.

SUCCESIVE SOLVENT EXTRACTIONS.

PROCEDURE:-

Accurately weighed 50gms of the coarsely powdered drug was taken in the

cylinder of the soxhlet apparatus just above a piece of cotton which prevents the

entry of drug into the siphon tube.

The drug was successively extracted with 3 solvents,which were from non polar

to polar in nature and maintained at the specific temperatures.

Petroleum ether at 60-800c.

Ethyl alcohol at 65-950c.

Water at 90-1000c.

The solvent was taken in the round bottom flask of the apparatus,the quantity of

which being 4 times to that of the drug.

A few pieces of porcelain chips were added to the solvent to avoid bumping.

Complete extraction was confirmed when the extract in the siphon tube was

colourless and 1 ml of the extract from the siphon showed absence of residue on

evaporation.

After complete cooling, the extract in the round bottom flask was transferred

into a previously weighed glass beaker.


Methodology

The solvent was evaporated on water bath and the weight of the residue(extract

is noted).

% of the extract with reference to the air dried drug is calculated.

The test drug in the thimble was taken out and dried thoroughly in a hot air

oven,each time before proceeding to the next solvent extraction.

The physical characters of the extract are noted and are preserved in air tight

continers for further analytical studies.

DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVES.

PROCEDURE;-

Weigh about 5 gms of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it to a dry

250ml iodine flask.

Fill a 100ml graduated cylinder to the required mark with the

solvent(water+chloroform). Wash out the weighing bottle and pour the

washing,together with the remainder of the solvent into the conical flask.

Cork(stopper)the flask and set aside for 24 hours.

Shaking frequently.

Filter t into a 50ml cylinder, when sufficient filtrate has been collected transfer

25ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25ml beaker as used for the ash values

determination.

Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at 100c

for about 10-15mts.


Methodology

Cool in decicators and weigh.

Calculate the % w/w of extractive with reference to the air dried drug.

DETERMINATION OF ALCOHOL SOLUBLE EXTRACTIVE.

PROCEDURE.

Weigh about 5 gms of the powdered drug in a beaker and transfer it to a dry

250ml iodine flask.fill a 100ml graduated cylinder to a required mark with the

solvent(90% alcohol).

Wash out the weighing bottle and pour the washing,together with the remainder

of the solvent into the conical flask.

Cork (stopper) the flask and set aside for 24 hrs shaking frequently.

Filter into a 50ml cylinder, when sufficient filtrate has been collected, transfer

2ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25ml beaker as used for the ash value

determination.

Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at 100c

for about 10-15mts.

Cool in decicators and weigh.

Calculate the % w/w of extractive with the reference to the air dried drug.

The same procedure was repeated for petroleum ether extractive value.


Methodology

QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

I)Test of carbohydrates:-68

a) Molisch’s test (general test)- 2-3ml aqueous extract+few drops of alpha

naptol solution in alcohol shake and add concentrated H2SO4 from the sides of the

test tube.

Violet ring is not formed at the junction of two liquids

1) Test for reducing sugars

a) Fehling’s test:- mix one ml Fehling’s A and one ml fehling’s B

solution.heat in boiling water for 5-10 minutes. First yellow then a brick

red precipitate is observed.

b) Benedict’s test- mix two volume of benedict’s reagent and test solution in

the test tube and heat it in boiling water bath for 5 minutes then solution

appears green yellow or red. Depending upon amount of reducing sugars

present in test solution.

Test for monosaccharides:-

a) Barfoed’s test- mix equal volume of barfoed’s reagent and test

solution.heat for 1-2 minutes in boiling water and cool, red precipitate

is observed.

2) Test for hexose sugars:-

a) Selminoff’s test ( for ketohexose like fructose)- heat 3 ml selminoff’s

reagent and 1 ml test solution in boiling water bath for 1-2 minutes, red

colour is formed.


Methodology

b) Tollen phloroglucinalol test for galactose:-mix 2.5ml concentrated hcl

and 1 ml 0.5% phloroglucinol and add 1-2 ml test solution and heat,

yellow to red colour appears.

3) Test for non-reducing sugars:-

a) Test solution does not give response to fehling’s and benedict’s tests.

b) Hydrolysed test solution:- fehling’s and benedict’s tests are positive.

4) Test for non reducing polysaccharides (starch)

a) Iodine test :-mix 3 ml test solution and few drops of dilute iodine

solution, blue colour appears. But it disappears on boiling and

reappears on cooling.

II) TEST FOR PROTEINS.

Biuret test ( general test) – to 3ml test solution add 4% NaOH and few drops

of 1% CuSO4 solution, violet or pink colour appears.

III) TEST FOR AMINO ACIDS

a) Ninhydrin test (general test)- heat 3 ml test solution and 3 drops of 5%

ninhydrin solution in water bath for 10 minutes purple or bluish colour

appears.

IV) TEST FOR TANNINS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND

To 2-3ml of aqueous or alcoholic extracts add the following reagents,

a) 5% FeCl3 solution;- deep blue black colour.

Lead acetate solution:- white precipitate


Methodology

V) TEST FOR STERIODS

Salkowski reaction :- to 2 ml of extract add 2 ml of chloroform and 2 ml of

concentrated H2SO4 . Shake well cloform layer appears red and acid layer shows

greenish yellow flurescense.

1) Libermann-bruchard test:-

To the chloroform solution add few drops of acetic anhydrate, mix well and

concentrated sulphuric acid was added from the sides of the test tube and allowed to

stand. Then a brown ring appears at the junction of two rings which indicates the

presence of steroids.

VI) TEST FOR GLYCOSIDES:-

1) Test for cardiac glycosides-

Test for deoxy sugars:- to 2 ml extract add glacial acetic acid and one drop 5% FeCl3

and concentrated H2SO4 reddish brown colour appears at the junction of two lquid

layers and upper layer appears bluish green.

Test for saponin glucosides:-

a) Foam test- shake the drug extract or dry powder vigorously wit water persistently.

VII) TEST FOR ALKALOIDS

a) Mayer’s test:- 2-3ml filtrate with few drops of mayer’s reagent (ppt).

b) Hagers test;- to 2-3 ml filtrate add few drops of hegars reagent that gives

yellow ppt.


Methodology

c) Wagner’s test:- to 2-3 ml of filtrate add few drops of wagner’s reagent that

shows reddish brown ppt.

4.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Introduction:

The curiosity regarding truths of the universe have been in the mind of human

beings since time unknown. According to Indian Philosophy, Epistemology or

Pramana Vijnana is to know the truth. Acharya Charaka mentioned the four pramanas

as Aptopadesha, pratyaksha, Anumana and Yukti.

In the present end of science, people believe only in proved facts or they need

rationality behind facts. All the hypothesis have to be proved by the available,

affordable parameters or experiments to establish the facts. So as to grab the

attention of modern generation towards the field of Ayurveda, it is necessary to

establish Ayurveda basis on the modern methodology of scientific exploration. For

that Ayurveda has now given more importance to pratyaksha pramana in the form of

Experimental studies.

Experimental study is of two types:70

- In vitro studies, done on specific organs of experimental models.

- In vivo studies done on live experimental models.

Need of Experimental Studies:

Experimental studies are essential and inevitable part of new drug

development. This is because of following reasons.


Methodology

- Experimental study helps to know about the safety of the drug.

- It helps to know about the toxic effects (if any) produced by the drug.

- It gives a hint about the measures to be taken as to curtail the toxic effects.

- It helps to ascertain the efficacy of the drug.

- Pharmacological studies, conducted on experimental models play a pivotal role in

ascertaining the mode of action, along with its pharmaco-kinetics and pharamaco-

dynamic properties.

Considering all above said points, Experimental study is the fundamental step

for Ayurveda to excel as ‘Evidence based, well documented system of medicine.’

The present experiment is concentrated on antipyretic study.

Among all the disorders fever is described first, being the foremost of all

somatic diseases and also recognized as the most important cause of death.

Fever or pyrexia is defined as an alteration in thermo regulatory mechanism of

the body, which results in increase in body temperature due to elevated hypothalamic

set point. The factors that cause fever are called as pyrogens. There are so many

preparations mentioned in classics to cure the Jwara.68

Here, to find out antipyretic activity of Karavellaka patra swarasa, the pyrexia

is induced in experimental animals by subcutaneous injection of pyrogens. This trial

drug is screened to see its effect in lowering the temperature by recording rectal

temperature. The antipyretic effect of this trial drug is compared with control group

and standard group.


Methodology

Source of Animals:

• The whole study was carried out in the Animal house attached with the

institute.

• It helps to ascertain the efficacy of the drug.

• Pharmacological studies, conducted on experimental models play a

pivotal role in ascertaining the mode of action, along with its

pharmaco-kinetic and pharmaco-dynamic properties.

Considering all above said points, Experimental study is the fundamental step

for Ayurveda to excel as ‘Evidence based well documented system of medicine.’

The present experiment is concentrated on antipyretic study.

Among all the disorders fever is described first being the foremost of all

somatic diseases and also recognized as the most important cause of death.

Fever or pyrexia is defined as an alteration in thermo regulatory mechanism of

the body, which results in increase in body temperature due to elevated hypothalamic

set point. The factors that cause fever are called as pyrogens. There are so many

preparations mentioned in classics to cure the Jwara.

Here, to find out antipyretic activity of Karavellaka patra swarasa, the pyrexia

is induced in experimental animals by subcutaneous injection of pyrogens. This trial

drug is screened to see its effect in lowering the temperature by recording rectal

temperature. The anyipyretic effect of this trial drug is compared with control group

and standars group.


Methodology

Source of Animals:

• The whole study was carried out in the Animal House attached with

the institute.

Inclusive criteria: Healthy and active albino rats of both sex selected randomly. Rats

weighin 150g-250g.

Exclusive criteria: Rats below 150g and above 250g. Diseased and infected rats.

Pregnant rats. Rats which are under trial for other experiment.

Rat Maintenance:

- All animals were maintained at the Animal House of K.V.G. Medical College

Sullia, under identical condition of place, light, temperature, food and other

condition.

- All 4 cages used for the experiment was cleaned before the commencement of the

experiment and once in 3 days and there after till the end of experiment.

- All the cages were washed with detergent followed by disinfectant phenol solution

to maintain the hygiene.

- After cleaning of cages, the bedding material was prepared using paddy husk and it

was changed once in three days till be end of experiment.

Feeding Schedule:

The quantity of food for rats weighing 150-250gm was about 15-25g/day.

Water was provided as required. Ready made rat feed was procured from Mangalore

and used.


Methodology

Examination of Animals Prior to the Experiment:

All wister strain albino rats were given general check up for sex and weight.

The animals with abnormal behaviour and health were excluded.

Animals of three months of age as specified by the breeders were selected.

Sex is recognized by looking at external genital organ.

Weight of each animal was checked by using spring balance.

Heart rate was counted as number of beats/ Min by feeling heart rate by

thumb.

Respiratory rate was counted as number of inspiration and expiration/ minutes

(by observing the movement of abdomen)

Temperature was checked by inserting the digital thermometer into the rectum

and recorded with farenheit scale.

Each rat in the experiment was identified by colouring the base of the tail,

head, neck, leg, back with different colours.

The cages were labelled with number of animals and dosage groups.

Study Design-Purpose and Rationale:

The subcutaneous injection of brewers yeast suspension is known to produce

fever in rats. A decrease in temperature can be achieved by administration of

compounds with antipyretic activity.


Methodology

Aim of Study:

• The main aim of the experimental study was evalution of Karavellaka patra

swarasa w.s.r to its antipyretic action.

• Behavioural observation study of albino rats before and after induction of

pyrexia.

Materials:

1. Digital clinical therometer – obtained from animal house, K.V.G. Medical

College, Sullia.

- This thermometer has thermo-sensitive and digital display screen for

displaying temperature in Fahrenheit scale.

- Glycerine applied to thermo sensitive tip which is inserted into the rectum of

the rat and should be kept for one minute for obtaining the accurate

temperature.

2. Brewer’s yeast (Baker’s yeast) 20 gm of dried brewer’s yeast was purchased

from big Bazaar, Sullia.

3. Paracetamol suspension was purchased from Medicals, Sullia.


Methodology

Table 4.1 Types of Methods71

Sl.

No.

Method Pyrogens used Model Used Route of

Administration

01 T.A.B. Vaccine method T.A.B. Vaccine Rabbit Intraperitoneal

02 Chemical Induction Method Tetra hydro beta

naphthyle amine

Rabbit Subcutaneous

03 Yeast induce method Brewer’s Yeast Rat Subcutaneous

Brewer’s Yeast Induced Pyrexia Method[:

This is as per the standard reference from ‘Drug discovery and evaluation,

pharmacological assay by gerhald vagel. This method is explained by Gujral et al.

1995 and also by poonam at all 1989. In this procedure yeast known as brewers yeast

is used as a pyrogens. 20% yeast solution is prepared in normal saline and injected

subcutaneously with the dose of 1ml/100gm body weight. It induces pyrexia in 1hr.

This method is adopted if the experimental animals are albino rats.

Pyrexia inducing action of yeast:

Brewers yeast is a fungi containing lipo-polysaccharide, which is cell wall

component of gram negative bacteria. This binds with macrophages, releases

cytokines, interleukin – 1 etc in to the blood circulation leading to antigen – antibody

reaction then it reduces blood brain barrier and releases Arachildonic acid mediated

by the cyclo oxygenase. Finally synthesis and release of PGE2 in to anterior

hypothamas result in pyrexia.

Collection and preparation of Brewer’s yeast:

According to the availability and convenience, albino rats were selected for

the experiment and the yeast induced method is followed to induce the pyrexia.


Methodology

Yeast can be developed in laboratory in liquid medium, which is the mixture

of sugar and nitrogenous compounds. During manufacturing of alcoholic liquors also

yeast can be obtained as a by product. Therefore this yeast is also called as distillers

yeast. Bakers yeast or Brewers yeast.Using filter process yeast separates from the

liquid medium by heating at a temperature not exceeding 300C.

Dried yeast appears like a pale buffer powder under microscope. It shows

spherical, elliptical, or ovate its up to 8mm long. Some shows budding which are

transparent and have a cell wall enclosing granular protoplasm. One or two glycogen

vacuoles are present. Nucleus exists as a small mass near the center of the cell and

visible only after straining. It contains starchy material.

A potent sample of yeast which can act as a pyrogen is necessary for the

present experiment. To evaluate reproductivity of the brewers yeast primary

investigation was conducted on albino rats.

Pilot Study Conducted to find Out the Efficacy of Brewers yeast.:

Selection of Animals:

12 Healthy Albino rats maintained in standard laboratory condition in the

Animal house of K.V.G. Ayurvedic Medical College Sullia were selected. Theses rats

were selected randomly of either sex. Rats were classified in to 2 equal groups. Each

rat was weighed and weights were recorded. Rats were marked for their individual

identification. Both groups were kept in separate cages and was marked as group I (G-

I), Group II (G-II). Food was with drawn 18 hours before the commencement of the

experiment but drinking water was provided.


Methodology

Preparation of yeast solution:

In a conical flask 20g of collected sample of brewers yeast was taken. It is

dissolved in 100 ml of 0.9% of normal saline by constant stirring with a glass rod. In

this way 20% of yeast solution was prepared. It was given subcutaneously with the

dose of 1ml/100gm of body weight.

Animals of Group II (G-II) were Kept as standard group and injected with

20% solution of brewers yeast dose and procedure is similar as that of G-I and both

groups were kept under similar atmosphere in laboratory.

Observation:

1. Rectal temperature of both the groups were recorded once in a hour for

successive 18 hours.

2. In G II group (yeast induced) slight increase in temperature was noted for 1st

hour.

3. After 3 hours it was noticed that all animals of G-II started tremblings, furs

erected and face bent down.

4. Regarding body temperature it is observed that after 2 hours of inducing yeast

there was rise in body temperature by 20 C. Temperature gradually increased

upto 7th hour and maintained at almost same level for next 4 hrs.

5. In group I (Control group) there is no significant change except weakness due

to starvation and slight variation in temperature due to circadian change of

temperature.


Methodology

Mean rectal temperatures of both groups were calculated, tabulated in table

and represented graphically.

Discussion and conclusion:

The mean temperature of G-11 showed a gradual increase in temperature up to 7th

hour. from beginning of the experiment and maintained almost same level for 4 hours.

G-I (standard group) animals indicated a marked elevation line in graphical

representation. G-I showed slight elevation which was almost likes a straight line in

graphical representation.

Thus collected sample of yeast is potent enough to produce pyretic effect and can

be used as a pyrogens for the study.

Method of evaluating antipyretic property of the drugs

In this experiment, the antipyretic formulation that are selected to evaluate the

Jwaraghna action is karavellaka patra Swarasa. This formulation is used to test its

efficacy on albino rats experimentally. It is administered orally to the albino rats in

calculated dose. Fever was induced by injecting 20% in the region of thigh.

Selection of Rats:

24 healthy Albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200g were selected and grouped

in to 4 (Group I to Group IV) so that each group consisted of 6 rats. They were

marked with sketch pens for their individual identification.


Methodology

Table 4.2 :DOSE FIXATION

Sl.No. Grouping No. of

rats

Drug administered Dose/ 100gm body

wt.

01 Control Group 6 Distilled water 1ml

02 Standard Group 6 Paracetamol

Dispersable tablets

0.75ml

03 Trial group I (Single

dose)

6 Karavellaka patra

swarasa

.5ml

04 Trial group II (Double

dose)

6 Karavellaka patra

swarasa

1ml

Referring to the table of paget and bamers the generdized dose for the rats was

calculated based on the conversion formula.

- Human Dose x Body surface area ratio convertible factor.

- Human Dose x surface area factor (0.018)X5/Kg body wt.

According to Sharangadhara Samhita the Dose of Swarasa is ½ phala,when

converted to Swarasa,it is 50ml.Therefore,

Karavellaka patra swarasa is:

50mlX0.018ml/100gm body weight

0.45ml/100g body

Approximately 0.5ml/100gm body weight.


Methodology

Mode of Administration of the trial drug:

Known quantity of drug was taken in the syringe and pushed directly in to

the stomach of the rats after inserting the catherter into esophagus carefully.

Procedure:

• Animals were kept on fasting overnight, but were provided with drinking

water.

• Next morning, the initial rectal temperature of all rats were recorded.

• Suspension of 20% dried brewer’s yeast in normal was injected

subcutaneously in a dose of 1ml/100g bodyweight.

• After two hours of induction of fever, the respective trial drugs were

administered.

• The trial drug Karavellaka patra swarasa is to be administered in the form of

juice. The dosage is fixed as 0.5ml/200g body wt orally to trial group I. which

is taken as single dose.

• Group I was control group, the animals of this group received 1ml/100g body

weight was administered.

• Group II was standard group, the standard drug, paracetamol supension

0.75ml/ 100g body weight was administered.

• Group III, IV, were trial groups. Trial drug Karavellaka patra swarasa was

given in a dose of 0 .5ml & 1.0ml respectively.


Methodology

• Rectal temperature recorded at a regular interval of 1hr. until 14 hours of

experiment.

• The readings were tabulated & subjected to statistical analysis.

Duration: 1 day (Single Day):

All the experiment were conducted in the same climatic conditions.

Evaluation:

• The difference between actual values and starting values were registered for

each time interval.

• The maximum reduction in rectal temperature in comparison to the standard

positive was calculated and results were compared with the effect of standars

drug Paracetamol.

Table 4.3 Behaviroal observations in animals:

Sl.No. Observations Before the induction of pyrexia

(18 hours)

18 hourse after induction of

pyrexia (+18 hours)

01 Temperature Normal body temperature raised body temperature above

normal when felt with touch.

02 Activities More active Decreased Activities

03 Behaviour Normal with good food and

water intake

Dull looking face bent down

words looking fire. Scanty

micturition less food and water

intake frying to sleep one over

the other


Methodology

Photo no.6: Preparation of 20% of Brewer’s Yeast

Photo no.7:Injecting Brewer’s Yeast subcutaneously


Methodology

Photo no.8:Furs erected suggesting the raise in Temperature

Photo no.9:Faces bent downwords suggesting the fatigue resulted due to

raise in temperature


Methodology

Photo no.10 Karavellaka patra swarasa

Photo no.11:Standard drug Paracetamol


Methodology

Photo no.12:Administration of Karavellaka patra swarasa

Photo no.13:Administration of standard drug


Methodology

Photo no.14:Recording the rectal temparature


Observation and Results

CHAPTER 5

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

PHARAMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY

1. Organoleptic Study:

Organoleptic characters like taste, texture, colour, smell, touch of the leaf was

evaluated.

Table 5.1 Organoleptic Parameters

LEAF

Texture Smooth

Touch Smooth

Colour Green

Taste Bitter

Smell Characteristics smell

2. Macrosciopic features.

The leaves thin reniform or suborbicular in outline, 4-12 cm broad deeply 5-7

lobed, glabrate or pubscent the lobes olentate, acute or obtuse 5-9 lobed cordate,at

base, 2-4.5 cm long the lobes more or less Sinuate.

3. Microscopical feature :

Transverse section of the leaf shows following well defined regions.

a) An upper epidermis from which in place arise large, Multicellular uniseriate

hours.



b) One layer of elongated chloroplastid

c) containing palisade cells under the epidermis

d) A zone spongy parenchyma composed of 3 to 5 layers of irregular chlorophya

bearing cells with prominent intercellular spaces and few small vascular

bundle

e) A lower epidermis which is here and there provided with stomata.

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Table 5.2 Physico chemical analysis of the sample

PARAMETERS/SAMPLES LEAF

Foreign Matter Nil

Total Ash 13.10%

Acid Insoluble Ash 1.51%

Alcohol Soluble Extractive 10.19%

Water Soluble Extractive 23.75%



Table 5.3 Qualitative Test of Momordica Charantia Linn of leaf sample

Sl.No TESTS NAME OF REAGENT RESULTS

1 SAPONINS FOAM TEST _

2 CARBOHYDRATES FELHINGS TEST

BENEDICTS TEST

_

3 STARCH IODINE TEST _

4 PROTEINS BIURET TEST _

5 AMINO ACIDS NINHYDRIN TEST _

6 STEROIDS SALKOWSKI

REACTION

LIBERMANNS

REACTION

_

7 GLYCOSIDES CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

KELLER KILLIANS

TEST

+

8 FLAVONOIDS - _

9 ALKALOIDS WAGNERS TEST +

10 TANNINS WITH FECL3

LEAD ACETATE



TLC ( THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY)

d) TLC of alcoholic extract of drug on silica gel “G” plate, visible light –

Apperance of 8 bands at Rf value at 0.58, 0.40, and 0.97, all green. At 0.05, 0,

08 and 0.18 all

e) yellow and 0.11 and 0.50 both blue

f) 4V 366nm: 7 florescent zones at Rf values 0.05; 0.08; 0.39; 0.40; 0.50; and

0.97all pink. At 0.39 value band.

g) 4v 254nm: 7bands at Rf values 0.05; 0.08; 0.18; 0.39; 0.40; 0.50 all yellow

and at 0.97 blue band.

h) On exposure to vapours: 10 bands at Rf value 0.08; 0.18; 0.40; 0.50; 0.58;

0.67; and 0.97; green bands.

i) On spraying with 5% methanolic phosphomolybdic:

j) Acid : 8 bands at Rf values 0.08; 0.18;0.40; 0.50; o.58; 0.67; and 0.90; all

grey and at 0.97; green band.



EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Table 5.4 Showing Statistical Analysis

ANOVA

Sum of

Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

before treatment Between Groups .690 3 .230 .387 .763

Within Groups 11.883 20 .594

Total 12.573 23

first hour Between Groups 2.403 3 .801 .732 .545

Within Groups 21.897 20 1.095

Total 24.300 23

second hour Between Groups 6.781 3 2.260 2.615 .079


Total 24.066 23

fourth hour Between Groups 8.843 3 2.948 3.737 .028


Total 24.620 23

sixth hour Between Groups 50.141 3 16.714 16.735 .000


Total 70.116 23

eigth hour Between Groups 26.148 3 8.716 21.254 .000


Total 34.350 23

tenth hour Between Groups 24.685 3 8.228 18.974 .000


Total 33.358 23

twelth hour Between Groups 14.508 3 4.836 19.699 .000


Total 19.418 23

fourteen hour Between Groups 16.005 3 5.335 10.406 .000


Total 26.258 23



Table 5.5 ,The Comparison of Temperature from Intial Hour to 14 Hours

(Group 1)

No of Rats Before Temperature After Temperature (14

Hours)

1 101.2 100.2

2 99.6 100.0

3 100.8 99.8

4 100.6 100.0

5 99.4 100.6

6 103.5 98.8

Mean of BT is 101, Mean of AT is 99.9

SD of BT is 1.47 ,Mean of AT is 0.603

‘t’ Value is 1.15

‘p’ Value is p<0.05

Result :Group 1 that is Control Group is Statistically not Significant

Table 5.6 ,The Comparison of Temperature from Initial Hour to 14 Hours( 2nd

Group)

No of Rats Before Treatment After Treatment(14

Hours)

1 101.8 98.9

2 100.7 98.6

3 100.2 99.4

4 99.7 97.3

5 100.8 98.2

6 100.0 98.0



Mean of BT is 101, Mean of AT is 98.4.

SD of BT is 0.747,Mean of AT is 0.735


‘p’ Value is p < 0.001

Result :Group 2 is more Significant than Group 3.

Table 5.7, The Comparison of Temperature Initial Hour to 14 Hours(3rd Group)

No of Rats Body Temperature After Temperature

(14Hours)

1 101.6 98.6

2 100.4 98.4

3 101.7 99.8

4 99.7 98.3

5 100.8 98.6

6 100.0 99.1

Mean of BT is 101.0 , Mean of AT is 99.1

SD of BT is 0.825 ,SD of AT is 0.652


‘p’V alue is p< 0.01

Result :G roup 3 Shows Moderate Significant Statistically.



Table 5.8 ,The Comparison of Temperature from Initial Hour to 14 Hours

(Group 4)

No of Rats Before Temperature AT 14 hours

1 100.40 96.40

2 98.6 98.2

3 99.8 98.0

4 100.6 98.2

5 100.0 98.2

6 99.4 98.4

Mean of BT is 99.8, Mean of AT is 97.9

SD of BT is 0.727, SD of AT is 0.746


‘p’ Value is p< 0.001

Result : Double dose that is 4th Group is statistically Significant.

Table.5.9, Percentage of Improvement In All 4 Groups

B T 1st Hour 2nd Hour 4th Hour 6th Hour 8th Hour 10th Hour 12th Hour 14th Hour

Group 1 97.9 100.1 99.7 99.6 99.8 99.2 99.7 99 100.1

Group 2 97.5 100.8 100.1 101 102.6 101.1 99.1 98.7 98.7

Group 3 97.8 100.4 100.3 100.6 100.9 100.4 99.7 99.2 99.2

Group 4 97.9 100 100.6 101 100.5 99.8 98.7 98.5 98.2



94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Tem

pera

ture

B T 1st Hour 2nd Hour 4th Hour 6th Hour 8th Hour 10th Hour 12th Hour 14th HourDuration

Percentage of Improvement In All 4 Groups

Group 1Group 2Group 3Group 4

By the study it was observed that the drug didn’t produce any toxic effect and

side effect in rats.

Statistical Interpretation :

1. While comparing the results of all the four Groups i.e,Group 1(Control

Group) , Groups G 2( Standard Group),G3( Trial Group,Single Dose),G4

(Trial Group ,Double Dose),the results of Control Group was not

Significant.

2. Both G2 and G3, showed significant reduction in body temperature and among

the both G2 showed better result than G3 .



3. Among G2 and G4, G4 showed better result than G2.

4. While compared to G3 and G4, G4 showed better result. (p <0.001)

5. While comparing the results between all 4 Groups, Double dose trial group

showed higher significancy.


Discussion

CHAPTER 6

DISCUSSION

The present world is in the verge of welcoming the Great science, Ayurveda

because of the new loom of responding its various concepts in progressive manner to

the modern world. When we come across the history of Ayurveda we can find that

initially only formulations with herbal drugs were used this shows that Ayurveda has

given much were used this shows that Ayurveda has given much importance to the

drug since beginning. We can see numerous herbal formulations in various classical

text for the treatment of Jwara, which is a commonest disease affecting everyone

irrespective of age or sex. The antipyretic activity of these formulations can be proved

by Experimental study and this will help in improving the treatment option available

to treat Jwara.

DRUG REVIEW:

The References regarding Karavellaka is available in all the samhitas ,Nighantus

and most of the Modern books written by experienced personas, Journals etc.Jwara is

one among the indications of Karavellaka and also Rasa of Karavellaka is Tikta which

acts as a Deepaka,Pachak and also jwarahara

The main cause of jwara is Aamapachaka.So considering these points the

Karavellaka drug is selected for the study

In the present study Karavellaka patra awarasa is chosen to study its

antipyretic property by animal experimental method. Karavellaka drug has properties


Discussion

like tikta rasa, Ushaveerya, Pittasamana, Deepana, Pachana, Srotosodhaka and sweda

janaka and are indicated in Jwara.

So an attempt has been made to prepare the trial drug in the college pharmacy

according to tetxual reference.

Though the drug is nontoxic in nature, the study is an experimental one mainly

due to the reason that the disease jwara is not specifically correlated to the fever with

a specific cause but is mainly considered to be the raise in temperature only. Jwara is

not specifically correlated to any one type according to ayurvedic classics jwara is

considered as raise in body temperature. Hence to prove the effect of drug of drug as

antipyretic present study is taken up. By referring, screening of experimental

pharmacology by turner this procedure is selected using pyrogens fever is induced and

then medicine is administered. Hourly temperature is recorded and analysed

statistically.

DISEASE REVIEW:

The concept of Jwara has been critically explained by almost all Acharyas in

their respective literature. Jwara produce santapa to the body and mind, and makes

day to day life very difficult.

According to modern view, Jawra can be put side by side to pyrexia (Fever)

pyrexia is well thought as a symptom of some essential pathology rather than as a

single disease. The body temperature is kept in good condition by thermoregulatory

center existing in the hypothalamus. But lesions in hypothalamus may interfere with

the functioning of the thermo-regulatory center thus rate of production of temperature

surpass rate of loses and this state is called as pyrexia.


Discussion

Pathologically fever is generated by gathering of pyrogens that inhibit thermo

regulatory center and set thermo-regulatory set point high, resulting in the condition

of pyrexia.

Here yeast induced pyrexia method was selected for the experimental study.

Brewers yeast is injected subcutaneously as a pyrogen in wister strain albino rats for

inducing pyrexia.

Comparision of yeast Induced pyrexia with ‘Jwara samprati’:

Brewers yeast causes rapid rise of temperature in a short time. It can be related

to Abhishanga Jwara due to viprakrushta Nidana (Abhighata, Krimi, Visha etc.) Here

Grahapisacha bhoota (Krimi) is the main causative factor. At first, vata dushti vitiates

rakta and pitta. It leads to agni dushti in amasaya and results in Rasavaha and

swedavaha srotosanga. Thus ushna of agni is released in to circulation there by

resulting in Jwara.

METHODOLOGY:

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY:

The study was carried out under 3 headings

1.Organoleptic study

2.Macroscopic study

3.Microscopic study

When results were compared with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, no

much difference observed.


Discussion

Characteristics of Karavllaka drug sample was identified as small variety in

the result.

ANALYTICAL STUDY:

This study was carried under 3 headings:

1.Physico chemical

2.Phyto chemical

By Physico chemical study, it was observed that Water Soluble Extract [23.75%]

was more than that of Alcohol Soluble Extract[10.19%]

By Phyto Chemical study it revealed the presence of mainly Glycoloides and

Alkaloides as main compounds. Ths may substantiate the classical indication of

Karavellaka in the swarasa form for jwaraghana effect.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY:

Before doing the actual experiment, efficacy of collected sample of brewers

yeast as a pyrogens was done. 20% of yeast solution was prepared with normal saline

12 rats were taken and grouped in to two each group contains 6 rats were fed with

distilled water and brewers yeast was administered at the dose of 1ml/gm body weight

to G2 which was injected subcutaneously at the thigh region. Hourly temperature the

date obtained, it was found that in the rats of G2 temperature gradually increased till

7th hour and maintained at the same level for next 4 hours in GI there was no marked

change in temperature. There was slight variation due to fatigue and hunger. These

data are represented as a graph After proving that the collected sample is potent, it

was used for the experiment.


Discussion

24 albino rats of either sex collected randomly. They were kept under standard

laboratory conditions only water was supplied to the rats, 18 hrs. prior to the

experiment. Karavellaka pathra swarasa and brewers yeast solution was prepared as

per the recommended procedure. Slected 24 rats were grouped in to 4 and marked as

G(1), G(2), G(3) and G(4).

To know the initial normal body temperature rectal temperature of all 24 rats

were noted. 20% brewers yeast solution was injected at the dose of 1ml/100gm body

weight subcutaneously at the thigh region for all the rats to induce fever and kept

under observation. symptoms like erection of fur, less active, face bent downward

were observed in all rats. At the end of 1st hour rectal temperature was noted, which

confirm that all the rats were having pyrexia.

Group (GI) was fed with distilled water at the dose of 1ml/ 100gm body

weight, group2 (G3) was fed orally with Karavellaka patra swarasa at the dose of

0.5ml and group 3 (G4) was given the double dose of the trial drug 1ml and (G2) was

administered paracetamol suspension orally at the dose of 0.75ml/100gm body

weight.

After administering the corresponding medicine to all the four groups, hourly

rectal temperature was recorded for the next 14hrs. By observing the readings, it was

found that marked relief was observed in the trial drug (G3), (G4) and standard Drug

(G2) group. There was no significant change in control group (GI).

By observing the graph it was found that temperature started to decline by 8th

hour in case of trial drug (G3) that is Karavellaka patra swarasa single dose and 7th

hour in case of double dose that is (G4). Temperature started to decline in between 6th


Discussion

to 7th hr. in case of standard group and in control group temperature was not coming

under control.

In case of G4 temperature came nearer to normal by 13th hr. in case of G3 and

G3 temperature came to normal by 13th hr and 14th hour respectively in GI

temperature was not coming under control even after 14th comparision was done

between the groups by using statistical method. The result obtained was in favour of

G4.

On observation the pathophysiology of disease jwara is found that the

pathological condition of jwara is due to vikruta pita, ama, and agnimandya in literary

research.It is found that trial drug Karavellaka is having antagonistic property for all

the above mentioned condition. It is having laghu, tikta rasa, katu vipaka, sheeta

veerya. By virtue of these properties, it is found to combat jwara effectively.

Being tikta rasa dravya it is a potent Agnideepaka and pitta shamaka. Tikta is

also having the properties of deepana and pachana. Thus by the potency of above said

properties Karavellaka relieves jwara both symptomatically as well as it does

samprathi vighatana.


Conclusion

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

1. Jwara is one of the most important conditions explained both as a disease and

symptom in the Ayurvedic literatures

2. On literary research it is found that the trial drug Karavellaka which is selected

here for the study is having significant role in pyrexial conditions..

3. Swarasa Kalpana is one where in water soluble, therapeutically active

constituements of the drugs are extracted.

Pharmacognostical Study

1. This study included Organoleptic,Macroscopic Features and Also Microscopic

Features of the sample drug Karavellaka Patra.When results were compared

with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India,no much difference observed.

Analytical study:

1. Karavellaka patra swarasa was subjected to physico-chemical, phyto-chemical

analysis study .By physico chemical study it was observed that water soluble

extract (23.75%) was more than that of alcohol soluble exract (10.19%).By

Phytochemical study it revealed the presence of Glycosides and Alkaloids.

Experimental Study:

1. By experimental study the standard drug (paracetamol) showed better

antipyretic activity compared to Karavellaka patra swarasa.


Conclusion

2. The trial drug (karavellaka patra swarasa) was found to be having significant

effect in bringing about antipyretic action, when compared with control group.

3. Karavellaka is easily available and does not possess any sort of side effects or

toxic effects in its therapeutic dose in rats and hence it is found to be safe

remedy.

4. Though it is found experimentally that the trial drug karavellaka patra swarasa

is efficacious in treating hyperpyrexia, it is further evaluated on larger samples

and clinically to prove its jwaraghna effect.


Summary

CHAPTER 8

SUMMARY

The present dissertation is entitled

‘AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF KARAVELLAKA (Momordica

charantia Linn.) W.S.R. TO ITS JWARAGHANA (ANTIPYRETIC ACTION)’

In this study attempt has been made to find out the efficacious compound

among Karavellaka patra swarasa on antipyretic activity.

The study includes following chapters viz., (1) Introduction (2) Objectives (3)

Review of literature (4) Methodology (5)Observations and Results (6) Discussion (7)

Conclusion (8) Summary.

1) Introduction: This chapter deals with brief description about Ayurveda, Jwara

and its description, Role of Oushadha and plan of present study.

2) Objectives: The Chapter points out the aims and objectives of the study with

hypothesis.

3) Review of literature: Given in two sections.

3.1)Drug Review: The detail description about drug. For a clear cut drug identity

both classical and modern drug review was done.

3.2)Disease Review: Elaborate description about Nidana Panchaka of Jwara

along with chikithsa, pathy,apathya and sadhya,asadhyata is narrated. Mod

perspective of Jwara is also elucidated.


Summary

4) Methodology : Done in three sections

4.1) Pharmacognostical study and the analysis of results.

4.2) Analytical study: As a step towards standardizations of the drug. It

was subjected to physico-chemical analysis and phytochemical

analysis.

4.3) Experimental evaluation of antipyretic action of the trial drug

was carried on wister strain albino rats by brewer’s yeast induced

pyrexia method. It includes selection of albino rats, Induction of

Fever, dose fixation and administration of trial drug, finally

observation & Evaluation.

5. Discussion: This portion highlights the drug and disease review. The observation

made during Analytical and experimental studies are discussed to arrive at proper

conclusions. Probable mode of action of the drug & further scope of the study

elucidated here.

6. Conclusion: Finally, the essence of this dissertation is enlightened.


Bibliographic References

CHAPTER 9

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