STRATEGY FOR REPAIR AND REJUVENATION OF ...

STRATEGY FOR REPAIR ANDREJUVENATION OFTRADITIONAL WATER BODIESIN BUNDELKHAND REGIONOF MADHYA PRADESH

PROJECT REPORT

A t a l B i h a r i V a j p a y e e I n s t i t u t e f o r G o o dG o v e r n a n c e a n d P o l i c y A n a l y s i s

JUNE 2020

JUNE 2020

S T R A T E G Y F O R R E P A I R A N D

R E J U V E N A T I O N O F T R A D I T I O N A L W A T E R

B O D I E S I N B U N D E L K H A N D R E G I O N O F

M A D H Y A P R A D E S H

P r o j e c t R e p o r t

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Inst i tute for GoodGovernance and Pol icy Analysis

T h i s d o c u m e n t i s b a s e d o n t h e d i a g n o s t i c s t u d yc o n d u c t e d b y I G G f o r t h e B u n d e l k h a n dD e v e l o p m e n t A u t h o r i t y t o s t r a t e g i c a l l ya p p r o a c h t a n k r e p a i r a n d r e j u v e n a t i o n e x e r c i s e

© Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis (IGG)

Sushasan Bhawan

Bhadbada Square, T.T.Nagar

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, 462003

www.aiggpa.mp.gov.in

This report is the property of the Institute and we encourage dissemination of our work for non-commercial and non-exclusive purposes, so long as the source is properly acknowledged. This report is the output of the study commissioned by Centre for NRM and Decentralised Governance, AIGGPA on request of the Bundelkhand Development Authority (BDA) to propose a strategy for the repair and rejuvenation of the traditional water bodies in the Bundelkhand region.

This document should be read with Operational Guidelines for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies in Bundelkhand prepared by Atal Bihari Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis (IGG), specifically prepared to help the practitioners to implement tank revival programme in the field.

In addition, for detailed technical assessment and for preparation of detailed revival plans, readers are advised to refer to Draft Report of the Technical Committee on Revival of Ancient Tanks, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Government of Madhya Pradesh, June 2020.

Conducted for:

Bundelkhand Development Authority

Project Guidance:

Mr. R. Parasuram, Director General, IGG

Mr. Mangesh Tyagi, Principal Advisor, Centre for NRM & Dec. Gov., IGG

Project Team:

Dr. Anitha Govindaraj, Advisor, Centre for NRM & Decentralised Governance, IGG

Mr. Yugandhar Mandavkar, Fellow, IGG

Mr. Soumitra M. Peshave, Research Associate, IGG

Key Words:

Traditional Water Bodies, drought proofing, community mobilisation, water budgeting,

Civil Society Organisations, sustainable water management, water governance.

To be cited as:

IGG; Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies in Bundelkhand

Region of Madhya Pradesh; Bhopal, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance

and Policy Analysis; June 2020.

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page i

Preface

Bundelkhand region is gifted with thousands of traditional water bodies built

centuries ago by the erstwhile Chandela and Bundela rulers of the state and have

served as a lifeline for the people of the drought prone Bundelkhand region, both in

times of acute scarcity as well as in years of normal rainfall. Maintenance of these

tanks has been largely neglected and has severely impacted their storage capacity and

rendered many of them ineffective driving the region becoming water deficient.

The need for repair, rehabilitation and restoration of old tanks of Bundelkhand is

being increasingly appreciated by the actual users as well as all other stakeholders,

including district administrations and civil society organizations as the Rehabilitated

tanks can play a very important and significant role in augmenting water security

and climate-proofing across hundreds of villages in Bundelkhand.

A joint initiative named BIWAL (Bundelkhand Initiative for Water Agriculture and

Livelihood) has been taken up by the consortium of civil society organisations (CSOs)

to revive Bundelkhand to its ancient glory by reviving the traditional water bodies

and the surrounding ecosystem through community’s engagement.

The urgency and underlying importance of taking up a large-scale initiative cannot

be overstated. These tanks spread across six districts of Sagar Division run into

hundreds. They have several common features, but are also characterised by

problems that might be typical for some. It is relatively easy to take up tanks, one at a

time for treatment. However, when a large number of agencies take up simultaneous

work on a large number of tanks, it would be prudent to identify issues and

challenges that need to be borne in mind before on-site commencement of work.

Recognising the complexities involved, including technical and socio-economic

factors, which shall have to be studied and learnings brought to bear upon the entire

effort (later, for scaling up by the Government), the Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of

Good Governance and Policy Analysis (IGG), Bhopal, who is the Knowledge Partner

for the initiative, has conducted a diagnostic study in association with Bundelkhand

Development Authority. Indeed, the Institute has been supportive in pushing for a

facilitative partnership with state and district administration to amplify the impact of

the project and reach the desired scale.

This strategy document is based on the learnings from the field visits and multiple

stakeholder consultations such as workshops and meetings. This document can be

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page ii

used by any stakeholder who is interested in taking up the tank revival exercise to

approach the tank revival exercise systematically.

I use this opportunity to thank Department of Rural Development, GoMP, Collectors

and CEOs ZPs of the districts, Tikamgarh, Niwari, Chhatarpur, Panna and Datia. I

appreciate the efforts being made by the civil society organisations such as SRIJAN,

CARD, Haritika, etc. and also acknowledge their support for the conduction of the

study and valuate inputs during the preparation of this document. Special mention

goes to Mr. Prasanna Khemaria and his team for critical insights and sharing the

wisdom from field. I would like to thank Mr. K.G. Vyas and other members of the

Technical Committee constituted by Department of Rural Development, GoMP, for

their valuable technical inputs.

I owe a special note of gratitude to Mr. Manohar Dubey, then Divisional

Commissioner, Sagar and the Bundelkhand Development Authority for their

financial support.

I congratulate the project team comprising of Mr. Mangesh Tyagi, Dr. Anitha

Govindaraj, Mr. Yugandhar Mandavkar and Mr. Soumitra M. Peshave for successful

completion of the study and for preparation of this strategy document.

R. Parasuram

Director General, IGG

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page iii

Executive Summary

Tanks of Bundelkhand are an integral part of its undulating landscape and played a

significant role in the lives of its people over the last several centuries. In the present

times, these tanks can play a bigger role by contributing to ground water recharge,

irrigation of crops, and water for household needs and livestock rearing. Several

efforts have been made in the last few decades to address these and other related

concerns for reviving the traditional water bodies through planned repair and

restoration of the entire water harvesting structure and its associated components,

both upstream and downstream. Recognising the complexities involved, including

technical and socio-economic factors, and the importance of these structures in the

lives and livelihoods of the people, the Bundelkhand Development Authority

conceptualised a diagnostic study along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of good

Governance and Policy Analysis (IGG), Knowledge Partner in this initiative. It is on

this background, IGG has taken up to formulate a strategy and to suggest guidelines

for repair and rejuvenation of these traditional water bodies over the next five years.

This report is an outcome of this diagnostic study.

Why this diagnostic study? This study on strategy for repair and rejuvenation of

traditional water bodies in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh has the following

objectives.

To study the contribution of Bundela and Chandela tanks in the

socioeconomic life of the people living around them.

To study the outcomes of earlier attempts made to rehabilitate and rejuvenate

these tanks and identify main causes for their success and/or failure.

To identify elements for their successful revival by conducting a stakeholder

analysis.

To make recommendations for planning and implementation of a new

strategy for their revival

To prepare broad guidelines for tank rehabilitation.

What it covers: It covered the traditional water bodies in six districts of

Bundelkhand region in Madhya Pradesh - Chhatarpur, Damoh, Datia, Panna and

Tikamgarh and Niwari. It looked at the efforts of repairs, revival and renovation as

emerged during interactions with the district officials, Civil Society Organisations

and communities during field investigations. It was conducted mostly using

qualitative data collected directly from the field.

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page iv

Who can use this document? This Strategy Document is useful to the

development administration and various developmental agencies interested in

addressing the water and livelihoods issues of Bundelkhand region. It is prepared

specifically for all collaborators of BIWAL and those interested in revival of tanks in

the region. It will help the Divisional Commissioners, District Administration, and

Zila Panchayat, funding agencies and Civil Society Organisations in guiding the

revival process. It is hoped that the government and the policy makers will find this

document useful while formulating programmes and schemes on revival of the

traditional water bodies.

Structure of the Report: This strategy document is organised into four sections as

per the follows.

The introductory section summarises the background, objectives and

methodology of the study and the structure of the document.

The second section describes the findings from the field together with

analysis in form of factors contributing to successful revival and challenges

therein.

The third section covers the areas of socio-economic impacts of tanks on

the local community, water use and management mechanisms, critical

analysis of previous efforts of revival, and present priorities.

The fourth section presents a strategy for repair and rejuvenation of

traditional tanks in Bundelkhand region. It covers three main aspects

related to technology, social and institutional aspects of community

involvement, and use and management of water resources after the revival.

This strategy document is expected to guide the policy makers, planners and

practitioners to rejuvenate the traditional tank systems and to establish sustainable

community-based systems of tank revival and management.

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page v

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASA Action for Social Advancement

BIWAL Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihood

c. circa

CARD Centre for Advanced Research and Development

CBO Community Based Organisation

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CSO Civil Society Organisation

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

DA Development Alternatives

DP&RD Department of Panchayat and Rural Development

FFS Farmers Field School

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GoMP Government of Madhya Pradesh

IGG Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LEISA Low External Inputs Sustainable Agriculture

NOC No Objection Certificate

PFT Project Facilitation Team

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

SRIJAN Self Reliant Initiatives through Joint Action

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

TMC Tank Management Committee

viz. namely

ZP Zila Panchayat

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page vi

Table of Content

Preface i

Executive Summary iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations v

1 About the Strategy Document 1

1.1 A Revival Initiative - BIWAL 2

1.2 Why the Diagnostic Study 3

1.3 What the Study Covered 3

1.4 How Was the Study Conducted 3

1.5 Who Can Use This Strategy Document 4

1.6 How to Use This Strategy Document 5

2 Traditional Water Bodies of Bundelkhand 7

2.1 About Bundelkhand Region 7

2.2 Traditional Water Bodies of Bundelkhand 9

2.3 Present Status of the Tanks 11

2.4 Revival Efforts in the Past 11

2.5 Key Lessons from Revival Efforts

16

3 Field Observations 17

3.1 Characteristics of Traditional Water Bodies 17

3.2 Methodology of the Field Investigations 18

3.3 Salient Features of the Selected Tanks 20

3.4 Technical Factors and Repair Needs 21

3.5 Social and Behavioural Aspects of Tank Usage 28

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page vii

4 Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation 30

4.1 Overall Strategy for Revival 30

4.2 Identification and Selection 31

4.3 Planning for Repair and Rejuvenation 32

4.4 Backward and Forward Linkages 34

4.5 Participatory Planning Process 35

4.6 Tank Management Committee 36

4.7 Appraisal and Commitment 37

4.8 Implementation Arrangements 37

4.9 Monitoring and Evaluation 38

4.10 Addressing Sustainability Concerns 40

Bibliography 41

Acknowledgements

1. About This Strategy Document Bundelkhand region has thousands of water bodies constructed by erstwhile

Chandela and Bundela rulers Water harvested in these tanks has been utilised mainly

for what is popularly known as Nistar purposes, that is household needs, by livestock

and other domestic animals, and during scarcity even as drinking water. A large

number of these thanks have provided water for irrigating crops and for fisheries.

The oldest of these could be from as early as the ninth century.

Tanks of Bundelkhand are an integral part of its undulating landscape and played a

significant role in the lives of its people over the last several centuries. They are an

important resource and determinant of lifestyle and livelihoods. Apart from adding

to social and economic values, they contribute to Bundelkhand’s natural and

aesthetic beauty inviting attention as facilities for rest and recreation.

Photograph of Hinni Sagar Tank, District Tikamgarh

In the absence of a concerted plan either decentralised to the village level or by the

government, and despite their continued usefulness, these tanks are in different

stages of neglect and degradation. In the present times, when worries arising from

the impact of climate change are a growing concern, ancient water harvesting

structures in the form of these tanks cannot be allowed to be wasted or underutilised.

More directly, these tanks can play a bigger role by contributing to ground water

recharge, irrigation of crops, and water for household needs and livestock rearing.

Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies Page 2

These and other related concerns have led to a realisation that a concerted effort is

required for achieving the goal of repair and reconstruction of all tanks and for the

rejuvenation of the tank-based economies at the local level.

1.1 A Revival Initiative - BIWAL

A group of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) with experience of working on issues

related to water and livelihoods came together to form an informal consortium

named the Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and Livelihoods (BIWAL).

It aims to work on a larger and comprehensive economic and social development of

Bundelkhand, commencing with reviving the traditional water bodies through

planned repair and restoration of the entire water harvesting structure and its

associated components, both upstream and downstream. This work has been taken

up in collaboration with the Department of Panchayat and Rural Development and

with funding support from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of private

corporations.

Photograph of Kua Tal Tank, District Panna

The Bundelkhand Development Authority (BDA) has shown interest in the

continuance and scaling up the initiative, either by CSOs, by government agencies or

by both. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis

(IGG), the Knowledge Partner in this initiative, has commissioned a diagnostic study

on the Traditional Water Bodies in the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh to

formulate a strategy and to suggest guidelines for repair and rejuvenation of these

traditional water bodies over the next five years. This report is an outcome of this

diagnostic study.


1.2 Why the Diagnostic Study

The main aim of this diagnostic study on repair and rejuvenation of traditional water

bodies in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh was to gather insights into the

tank usage by the community and the revival processes. It was conducted with the

following objectives.

To study the contribution of Bundela and Chandela tanks in the socio

economic life of the people living around them.

To study the outcomes of earlier attempts made to rehabilitate and rejuvenate

these tanks and identify main causes for their success and failure.

To identify elements for their successful revival by conducting a stakeholder

analysis.

To make recommendations for planning and implementation of a new

strategy for their revival

To prepare broad guidelines for tank rehabilitation.

1.3 What the Study Covered

The diagnostic study covered the traditional water bodies in six districts of

Bundelkhand region in Madhya Pradesh - Chhatarpur, Damoh, Datia, Panna and

Tikamgarh and Niwari. District Tikamgarh has recently been bifurcated to carve out

a new district Niwari, but for all practical purposes it was considered to be one. This

study covered the water bodies created using traditional knowledge mostly during

the Chandela and Bundela regimes.

The study looked at the efforts of repairs, revival and renovation through

interactions with the district officials, Civil Society Organisations and communities

during the field investigations. These observations were corroborated with the

records and reports available with them and other sources.

1.4 How Was the Study Conducted

This diagnostic study was conducted mostly using qualitative data collected directly

from the field, keeping in view the goal to gather insights into the tank usage by the

community and the revival processes. The approach included the following main

components:


1.4.1 Inception Meeting: Inception meeting was conducted at Orchha on 30th

April 2019 with the district stakeholders like ZP CEOs, Heads of Departments,

SDMs, and local CSOs to have a basic understanding about the nature of the water

bodies and their revival. The detailed report on the proceedings of this meeting is

available on the website of IGG. It was followed up with visits to all districts for

detailed discussions with the respective stakeholders.

1.4.2 Secondary Data : Secondary data on traditional water bodies and

documentation on earlier efforts on revival available from the district officials, CSOs

and other sources were collected and compiled.

1.4.3 Samples for In-Depth Study : Fourteen water bodies were selected as

sample from the districts of Chhatarpur, Damoh, Datia, Niwari, Panna, and

Tikamgarh taking into account the criteria such as size, location, potential benefits,

peculiar features of the water bodies.

1.4.4 Aspects Studied : The sample tanks were visited for in-depth assessment of

the following aspects.

Technical aspects: about catchment area and incoming channels; any

obstacles in channels occurred due to human activities like construction or

agriculture; siltation; embankment condition; waste weir condition and level;

soil characteristics like porosity, infiltration and storage capacity.

Tank Specific Issues : Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted

with the local communities to understand the water body specific issues and

the associated socio economic benefits.

Experiences and Perceptions : Stakeholder consultations with local

CSOs, district administration, Gram Panchayat leaders and members of

Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and User Groups on their

experiences and perceptions about revival and utility.

Success Factors: Key elements necessary for the successful revival were

identified from analysis of findings of the above-mentioned exercises.

1.5 Who Can Use This Strategy Document?

This Strategy Document is useful to the development administration and various

developmental agencies interested in addressing the water and livelihoods issues of

Bundelkhand region. It is prepared specifically for all those interested in revival of

tanks in the region. It will help the Divisional Commissioners, District

Administration, and Zila Panchayat, funding agencies and civil society organisations

in guiding the revival process. It is hoped that the government and the policy makers


will find this document useful while formulating programmes and schemes on revival

of the traditional water bodies.

Raipura Tank, Panna District

1.6 How to Use This Strategy Document

This strategy document is organised into four main sections.

Section 1: This introductory section summarises the background, objectives and

methodology of the study and the structure of the document.

Section 2 : The second section describes the field observations in detail and

findings from the information collected through primary and secondary sources. It

covers the recently launched Bundelkhand Initiative for Water, Agriculture and

Livelihoods (BIWAL). To conclude this section, analysis of the findings is presented

in form of factors contributing to successful revival and challenges therein.

Section 3 : The third section covers the areas of socio-economic impact of tanks on

the local community, water use and management mechanisms, critical analysis of

previous efforts of revival, and present priorities.

Section 4 : The fourth section presents a strategy for repair and rejuvenation of

traditional tanks in Bundelkhand region which the government may consider for any

future interventions. It covers three main aspects related to technology, social and

institutional aspects of community involvement, and use and management of water

resources after the revival. The focus of this strategy is to establish sustainable

community based systems of tank revival and management.


This strategy document should be read along with the Operational Guidelines for

Repair and Rejuvenation of Traditional Water Bodies in Bundelkhand (published

by IGG in June 2020), which is specifically prepared to help the practitioners to

implement tank revival programme in the field. These guidelines serve as a reference

document for the implementing organisations of the government, Gram Panchayat,

CSOs or funding agencies.

For detailed technical assessment and for preparation of detailed revival plans,

readers are advised to refer to the Draft Report of the Technical Committee on

Revival of Ancient Tanks, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development,

Government of Madhya Pradesh, March 2020.

Barat Tank, District Chhatarpur


2. Traditional Water Bodies of Bundelkhand

This section presents the field observations in detail and findings from the study. It

covers the areas of socio-economic impact of tanks on the local community, water

use and management mechanisms, critical analysis of previous efforts of revival,

present situation and revival priorities. The analysis of the findings is presented in

form of factors contributing to successful revival and challenges therein.

2.1 About Bundelkhand Region

2.1.1 Location: Bundelkhand region, covering thirteen contiguous districts of Uttar

Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, has a long history of water scarcity and draughts. It

covers six districts from Uttar Pradesh (namely, Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur,

Jhansi, Lalitpur and Mahoba) and seven districts of Madhya Pradesh (Chhatarpur,

Damoh, Datia, Niwari, Panna, Sagar and Tikamgarh).

Fig 2.1 Budelkhand Region


Geographically, it straddles across the Vindhyan plateau (largely in Madhya Pradesh)

and the Gangetic plains (largely in Uttar Pradesh). The Bundelkhand region lies at

the heart of India located South of the Indo-Gangetic plain and the undulating

Vindhyan mountain range spread across the northwest to the south.

2.1.2 Size: The study area is the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh covers an

area of 70800 km² and is located between 23°20’ and 26°20’ N latitude and 78°20’

and 81°40’E longitude. The total population of the study area is 86,53,492 (as per

2011 Census) residing in 7,157 villages corresponding to 11.91 percent of the total

population of the State.

2.1.3 Land Resources: The area is characterised by a high percentage of barren

and uncultivable land (12.61% of total geographic area, in addition to 9.35% of Forest

Land). About 56.61% of the geographic area is under cultivation, out of which over

53.42% is irrigated. Surprisingly, canal irrigation is on less than 15% of the irrigated

area, whereas groundwater is a source of irrigation for 61.65% of the irrigated area.

The soil is a mixture of black and red-yellow which is not considered very fertile.

2.1.4 Rainfall : The rainfall is sparse to moderate with the Annual Average Rainfall

in the region varying from 622.97 mm for Rahatgadh of District Sagar to 1285.30

mm for Khurai, District Sagar. Considering the stations for which data is available for

at least 16 years, the variability across years is low, as indicated by low coefficient of

variation for annual rainfall (mostly around 30%-35%). Similarly, over 85% of it is

received during the four months of monsoon (June to September), thus favouring

kharif cultivation.

Table 2.1 Summary of Rainfall Analysis

Blocks with the Highest Annual Average Rainfall

Blocks with the Lowest Annual Average Rainfall

• Khurai (Sagar) : 1285.30 mm

• Jabera (Damoh) : 1277.48 mm

• Tendukheda (Damoh) : 1270.54 mm

• Bada Malhara (Chhatarpur) : 1085.81 mm

• Jabera (Damoh) : 1208.60 mm

• Tendukheda (Damoh) : 1217.40 mm

Blocks with the Highest Seasonal Rainfall

Blocks with the Lowest Seasonal Rainfall

• Rahatgadh (Sagar) : 622.97 mm

• Malthon (Sagar) : 645.76 mm

• Sewda (Datia) : 697.73 mm

• Sewda (Datia) : 631.84 mm

• Niwari (Niwari) : 710.41 mm

• Prithvipur (Niwari) : 713.44 mm


2.1.5 Livelihoods: The agricultural productivity is very low in spite of good

irrigation coverage, which varies from 31.9% of cultivated area in District Panna to

80.27% in District Tikamgarh (GOI, undated). This area once was rich in forests, but

has lost its forest cover to a large extent. It presently stands at 9.35% of the total

geographic area. Rainfed agriculture and livestock rearing is the mainstay of rural

economy of this region, with the density of cattle population is one among the

highest in India (Development Alternatives, undated-2). Over years, mining of

minerals and stone-quarrying has emerged as a major non-farm activity, but it is

carried out in an exploitative mode.

Maharajganj Tank, District Chhatarpur

2.2 Traditional Water Bodies of Bundelkhand

2.2.1 Early History: Historically, the rulers of many small princely states of

Bundelkhand responded to the endemic water scarcity by harvesting rainwater and

constructing wells for the human population and the cattle. The Chandela dynasty (c.

9th century to c. 14th century) was one of great tank builders - they built tanks

primarily as water storage rather than irrigation structures.

2.2.2 Later Development: This tradition was carried forward by Bundela rulers,

who came to power in c. 16th century. Apart from building new tanks, they repaired

and reconstructed tanks from an earlier time, and built canals for irrigation. In the

late 19th century and subsequently after Independence, Irrigation Department took

over the maintenance of big tanks and provided sluice gates and distribution canals

for flow irrigation. Some new tanks were also constructed. It led to increase in

irrigated area by about five-folds in post-independence period (Satpathy, 2002).


2.2.3 Water Use: These tanks were mainly used for domestic consumption and for

cattle. People were also allowed to catch fish, and for some communities this became

a means of livelihood. Some of the larger tanks did have sluice gates and some had

structures for feeding water to nearby lands, but the area so irrigated directly was

quite small. However, the tanks helped increase groundwater levels in the

surrounding region, enabling construction of wells. While few large tanks had been

used for flow irrigation through sluice gates and canal network, mostly the irrigation

benefits came through recharge to shallow wells around the tank (Sakthivadivel, et

al, 2004). With advent of technology and availability of small sized oil engines and

electric pumpsets, lifting of water from tanks for irrigation increased, especially in

the last 40-50 years.

Kishanpura Tank, District Tikamgarh

2.2.4 Irrigation growth: According to a report published by Irrigation

Department, District Tikamgarh has 995 Chandeli tanks, of which nearly 100 tanks

are used for irrigation with a potential of nearly 17500 ha. Out of the 115 schemes of

Water Resources Department (WRD, erstwhile Irrigation Department), nearly 60 are

on Chandeli tanks having a design command area of 16000 ha (as quoted by

Sathpaty et al; 2002)

2.2.5 Policy changes: In the past, the tanks were reportedly maintained and

managed by the rulers. During late 1970’s, tanks irrigating less than 40 ha of land

were transferred to the Panchayat Raj Department. Another major institutional

change happened in 1999, that under the MP Sinchai Prabandhan Mein Krishakon

Ki Bhagidari Act, the responsibility for distribution of water among users and

maintenance of irrigation system has been transferred to the newly formed Water

Users Associations (Srijan, 2006).


2.3 Present Status of the Tanks

As observed by several authors, deforestation, diversion of catchment areas for other

purposes, siltation and neglect of maintenance have severely impacted the storage

capacity of these traditional tanks and rendered many of them ineffective. Due to

fertile soil accumulated in the tanks due to siltation, the tank beds became land of

choice for cultivation. Tanks generally are full of water only in the monsoon. The

authorities, namely the Water Resources Department, Revenue officials and Gram

Panchayats, leased out dry tank beds for agriculture after the water receded or after

tank beds dried. But, often, the farmers did not wait until then and started cultivating

by breaching the embankment. Thus, encroachment on tanks beds got systemic

encouragement, thereby rendering the original goal of water augmentation and

conservation ineffective (Sathpaty et al; 2002). Observations from this field study

broadly demonstrate the same pattern with varying degree of intensity.

Singhpur Tank, District Damoh

2.4 Revival Efforts in the Past

Realising that revival of tanks can assure drinking water to many people living

around the tanks and also can provide drought proofing for agriculture, leading to

overall economic development of people, many efforts have been taken up by the

Government and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) to revive the traditional water

bodies in Bundelkhand region. Unfortunately, very little documentation or

institutional memory exist on these efforts in the records of various departments or

Panchayat Raj institutions. The study could identify only three instances - two from

documents and one from memory recall - of tank revival efforts in the past few

decades. These are summarised in Box 2.1.


2.4.1 Revival by District Authorities: This was a wide scale initiative in

Bundelkhand taken up in 2002 and continued for about three years. It was perhaps

prompted by the popular campaign to clean the city tank in Sagar by then District

Collector of Sagar, Mr Naidu. It was achieved by mobilising farmers, who owned

tractors, and local contractors, who owned excavators to remove the silt from the

tank to be taken to farms. The District Administration provided a certain quantity of

fuel to the vehicle owners, and the rest was the contribution of farmers and vehicle

owners. Shortly after its demonstration in Sagar city, this activity was launched in

several villages in the district.

The success of this initiative was

noticed during the following monsoon.

In spite of low rainfall in that year, the

tanks or villages where cleaning or

desilting work was carried out did not

face water scarcity as much as their

neighbours did. This generated

considerable interest among the people

and motivated several administrators

to launch similar campaigns in their

districts.

2.4.2 Tikamgarh Initiative:

Following the drought of 2002-03,

which resulted in excessive exploitation

of the tanks and small water reservoirs

leading to extreme water scarcity, a

campaign was launched by the District

Collector, who was also the Mission

Leader of the District Watershed

Mission. It was a communication, educational and public awareness campaign in the

district involving a range of stakeholders and user groups in cleaning of tanks and to

make the public aware of the multiple benefits that can accrue from proper

management of the water bodies (Aniruddhe Mukerjee, 2005). It entailed the

following:

• Mass awareness campaign (first week of February 2003) to highlight importance

of conservation of water bodies and to advise people to keep them clean.

• Observe World Wetland Day on 2nd February 2003 during the weeklong

programme to highlight rational use of water resources.

• Desilting and cleaning of tanks, uprooting of Ipomoea, removal of algae and

construction of gabions on inlet channels to prevent silt inflow, cleaning of

effluent discharge system of towns and villages so as to stop inflow of garbage

into the tanks.

Box 2.1 Prominent Revival Interventions in the Recent Past

Three instances - two from documents and

one from memory recall - of tank revival

efforts in the past few decades could be

traced. These are :

• Revival work by district authorities in

District Sagar in year 2002-04

• Revival work by district authorities in

District Tikamgarh in year 2003

• Revival work of irrigation tanks by a

CSO, SRIJAN, in 2001-04

In addition, two ongoing efforts were

studied:

• Initiatives like Jan Sahbhagita

(people’s involvement) by District

Administration.

• BIWAL (explained separately)


• The programme was implemented by the government departments as well as

CSOs, fishermen cooperative societies, Irrigation Department and Water Users’

Associations (WUAs). Twelve CSOs (including seven under Swashakti and four

under DPIP) were allocated 224 villages to lead the campaign.

Land Survey of Tank Bed, Alopa Tank, District Tikamgarh

It resulted in cleaning of 139 tanks, cleaning of lanes and streets in 435 villages,

construction of 1622 NADEP compost units, and construction of 45 rainwater

harvesting structures. This Tikamgarh initiative was well documented by Aniruddhe

Mukerjee (op cit). However, documentation or records on other initiatives could not

be found in the districts visited.

2.4.3 Revival of Tanks by SRIJAN : In 2001, Self-Reliant Initiatives through

Joint Action (SRIJAN), a Civil Society Organisation working on rural livelihoods,

took up repair and rejuvenation of five large tanks in Jatara Block of Tikamgarh for

restoring irrigation. The work included desilting of tanks, repairs of sluice and canal

network, including lining of canals. Additional water so supplied gave an extra

irrigation cycle to most of around 400 command area farmers (Srijan, 2006).

The focus was on community participation in revival and subsequent management of

tanks, prompted by MP State Act on Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM),

whereby the responsibility for distribution of water among users and maintenance of

irrigation system has been transferred to the newly formed Water Users’ Associations

(WUAs). SRIJAN, collaborating with Water Resources Department and Zila

Panchayat, completed repair works and constituted the Water User Associations.

These functioned well for a few years, but gradually became ineffective after SRIJAN

withdrew.


Lidhoura Touri Tank, District Tikamgarh

2.4.4 Other Initiatives: Repairs of traditional water bodies has been routinely

done by the Zilla Panchayat for the last two decades. These included repairs of

embankment and waste weir, and cleaning of canals in case of irrigation dams. In

some cases, soil water conservation works were taken up in the catchment of some

tanks; it was done mostly under watershed projects. Water Resources Department

used to routinely carry out cleaning and repairs of canal networks of the functional

irrigation dams. But all these activities were carried out as per the prevailing

priorities of various schemed, and not with the focus on tank revival.

In the last few years, many districts in Bundelkhand initiated the tank rejuvenation

work with Jan Sahbhagita (people’s involvement). The works included desilting and

repairs of embankment or waste weir in these tanks. The administration could

mobilise community support in terms of voluntary labour contribution and provide

tractors and trolleys without rent. Considerable work was reportedly done in this

manner in districts Panna and Damoh.

2.4.5 BIWAL: In the last year, a group of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) with

experience of working in the Bundelkhand region, as well as in other parts of MP and

UP on issues connected with water, agriculture and livelihoods came together to

form an informal consortium named the Bundelkhand Initiative for Water,

Agriculture and Livelihoods (BIWAL). It aims to work on a larger and comprehensive

economic and social development of Bundelkhand, commencing with reviving the

traditional water bodies through planned repair and restoration of the entire water

harvesting structure and its associated components, both upstream and downstream.


This revival work has been taken up in collaboration with the Department of

Panchayat and Rural Development and with funding support from Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR) of private corporations. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good

Governance and Policy Analysis (IGG) is the Knowledge Partner in this initiative.

Desiltation in Bhamora Khas Tank, District Niwari

In the first year, the implementation responsibility is taken up by three voluntary

organisations in Madhya Pradesh, namely, Self-Reliant Initiatives through Joint

Action (SRIJAN), Haritika, and Centre for Advanced Research and Development

(CARD). In addition, organisations like Action for Social Advancement (ASA),

Development Alternatives (DA) have played important role in contributing ideas for

action. In Uttar Pradesh, the initiative is being implemented by the voluntary

organisations like Bundelkhand Sewa Sansthan, Arunodaya, Yuva Kaushal Vikas

Mandal, and Akhil Bhartiya Samaj Sewa Sansthan. This Study also benefitted from

analysing the efforts and processes of tank revival under BIWAL, which is getting

into planning for second phase at present. Documentation of the tank revival process

adopted by these partners under BIWAL was carried out to enrich the study. It

helped getting insights into the current perspective or outlook of the community

about the traditional water bodies and their linkage with livelihoods.

2.5 Key Lessons from the Revival Efforts

Main lessons from these efforts at revival of traditional water bodies in the recent

past could be summarised as per the follows:

• Communities have keen interest in revival of traditional water bodies, since they

derive many socio-economic benefits from those tanks.


• Campaign mode of revival is effective in getting quick results, but requires

intensive awareness and community mobilisation efforts. It also requires going

beyond routine working style of the administration and continuing coordination

between the field departments.

• Tank revival activities should

address the felt needs of the

community. In all the above cases,

communities could identify with

three of their prominent needs,

namely, silt for farmers (soil

health), water availability in times

of scarcity (drinking water

security), and water for irrigation

(economic or productive uses).

• It should be demand driven -

these felt needs should translate

into the demands of the

community. In case of Jan

Sahyogita initiative, the

awareness campaign could

translate the need into popular

demand, whereas in case of SRIJAN’s initiative, consistent community

awareness and mobilisation efforts for a long duration generated the demand.

• Involvement of community in planning, implementation and subsequent

operations and maintenance of the water bodies is a must, and a sustainable

management mechanism must be established from the very beginning.

• In order to sustain the involvement of the community in sustainable

management, the benefits should continue to accrue to all stakeholders in

equitable manner. For the same reason, it is equally important that the

technology and management systems adopted should benefit a wide range of

stakeholders.

• In essence, the main success factors are

• Need-based and demand-driven

• Technically appropriate

• Community involvement

• Stakeholder engagement

Lessons learnt from the past work and summary of lessons and insights from the

secondary data, as presented above, were used while formulating the strategy.

Detailed observations from the field and key findings of the study are presented in

the next section.

Box 2.2 Key Lessons

Success Factors distilled from the

analysis of these initiatives can be

summarised as:

• Communities are interested in

revival, as they benefit from it

• Tank revival should be done based

on the needs of the community

• Interventions to be demand driven

• Communities must be involved right

from the planning or appraisal stage

• Benefits must accrue to all sections of community in an equitable manner


3. Field Observations

This section presents the field observations from the in-depth study of 14 tanks

selected as sample, and the inferences drawn from those observations.

3.1 Working Definition of a Traditional Water Body

A working definition of a Traditional Water Body in the context of this initiative as

the one constructed as per the traditional knowledge. It is a surface water storage

structure for impounding rainwater and resulting runoff, along with its water

handling system comprising of the submergence area and structures like bunds,

waste-weir, water courses and field channels, etc. Practically speaking, in the context

of Bundelkhand region, it would include the water bodies built during the Chandela

and Bundela times as per then prevalent technical knowledge and practices. These

would essentially include the water bodies constructed from the 9th to the 19th

Century.

3.2 Methodology of the Field Investigations

This diagnostic study was conducted mostly using qualitative data collected directly

from the field, keeping in view the goal to gather insights into the tank usage by the

community and the revival processes. A compilation of the secondary data was

carried out using the multiple lists obtained from the Department of Rural

Development (mainly, CEO, ZP level) and the Water Resources Department. As these

lists were prepared at different points of time for different purposes (mainly year-

wise listing of tanks planned to be repaired under various programmes like

MNREGA), a comprehensive single was compiled covering over thousand one

hundred traditional water bodies. Fourteen traditional water bodies selected as a

sample from this comprehensive compilation for in depth study.

3.2.1 Samples for In-Depth Study : Fourteen water bodies were selected as

sample from the districts of Chhatarpur, Damoh, Datia, Niwari, Panna, and

Tikamgarh taking into account the criteria such as size, location, potential benefits,

peculiar features of the water bodies.


Table 3.1: Distribution of the Sample Traditional Water Bodies

District Tanks under PRIs

Tanks under WRD

Unclassified Total Sample selected

Chhatarpur 74 12 55 141 3

Damoh 64 152 2 218 2

Datia - 28 18 46 2

Panna 271 130 - 401 2

Niwari 48 - - 48 2

Tikamgarh 128 135 - 263 3

Total 585 457 75 1,117 14

Fig 3.1 Map Showing Tanks Selected as Sample


Fourteen tanks were selected, in consultation with the district authorities, taking into

account the criteria such as size; location; potential benefits; peculiar features of the

water bodies, as sample for in-depth study and analysis (Table 3.2).

Table 3.2: Traditional Water Bodies Selected for Detailed

S No District Block Gram Panchayat

Village Tank Name Jurisdiction

1 Chhatrapur Buxwaha Padariya Padariya Padariya Talab GP

2 Chhatrapur Chhatarpur Dalon Dalon Dalon Talab GP

3 Chhatrapur Nowgong Douriya Douriya Douriya Talab GP

4 Damoh Damoh Dhigsar Dhigsar Dhigsar Talab GP

5 Damoh Batiyagarh Singhpur Singhpur Fur Tal GP

6 Datia Datia Bikar Bikar Bikar Talab GP

7 Datia Datia Nauner Nauner Khatibaba ka talab

GP

8 Panna Pawai Banoli Banoli Kua Tal WRD

9 Panna Shahnagar Raipura Raipura Raipura Talab WRD

10 Niwari Niwari Sakuli Dabar Dabar Purana Tal GP

11 Niwari Niwari Kurdar Kurdar Purania Tal GP

12 Niwari Prithvipur Chikta Gulada Gulada Doribai ki Tallaiya

GP

13 Niwari Prithvipur Mazra Suri Mazra Suri Chandeli Talab GP

14 Tikamgarh Palera Kishanpura Kishanpura Sunrai Talab GP

15 Tikamgarh Palera Chari Chari Madansagar GP

16 Tikamgarh Palera Jaruwa Jaruwa Jaruwa Talab GP

3.2.2 Scope of the Field Study : The sample tanks were visited for in-depth

assessment of the following aspects.

Technical aspects: about catchment area and incoming channels; any

obstacles in channels occurred due to human activities like construction or

agriculture; siltation; embankment condition; waste weir condition and level;

soil characteristics like porosity, infiltration and storage capacity.

Tank Specific Issues : Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted

with the local communities to understand the water body specific issues and

the associated socio economic benefits.

Experiences and Perceptions : Stakeholder consultations with local

CSOs, district administration, Gram Panchayat leaders and members of

Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and User Groups on their

experiences and perceptions about revival and utility.


Success Factors: Key elements necessary for the successful revival were

identified from analysis of findings of the above-mentioned exercises.

3.3 Salient Features of the Selected Tanks

The sample tanks were selected based on the criteria such as size, location, potential

benefits and purpose. The key features of the water bodies are summarised below.

3.3.1 Present uses : All these tanks were multipurpose tanks with main benefits

derived by the community from included:

• Water for livestock (All 14)

• Groundwater recharge (All 14)

• Fishery, singhada or makhana cultivation (11 tanks)

• Lift irrigation using private pumpsets (9 tanks)

• Drinking and/ or domestic uses (4 tanks)

• Flow irrigation through canal (3 tanks)

Dhigsar Tank, District Damoh

3.3.2 Type of Construction : All tanks selected as sample were constructed in

earthen embankments supported on both sides by walls of coarsely cut stones,

sometimes forming a series of steps or at some other, steep walls. Technically


speaking, these are neither earth-fill dams nor rock-fill dams, but gravity dams of

composite embankments. The side slope varied from 1:3 to 1:1. Along the length, the

embankments were straight or curved or sometimes angular, but that was perhaps to

accommodate more storage depending upon the site conditions (topography).

3.3.3 Water handling : Most of the tanks were provided with a dug out spillway.

Most of these spillways were constructed in stone masonry or concrete in recent

years (last few decades). One tank (in village Mudara) was found to have a box inlet

spillway, whereas the others were flat crested weirs, commonly called as spillway

bars. Only two tanks were found without a spillway, perhaps because of very little

catchment in relation to their storage capacity.

Photograph of Nivawari Tal, District Tikamgarh

3.4 Technical Problems and Repair Needs

The present status and specific conditions that reduced the usefulness of these tanks

were studied to understand the causal factors. These problems were grouped into

three categories, namely problems related to the tank per se, those related to

catchment (upstream) and those related to water use (downstream). The purpose

was to enlist the possible problems and not to quantitatively assess the degree or

intensity by which they reduce the utility of tanks. These problems were analysed in


two broad groups of technical problems and the problems related to tank usage,

which were linked to the social or behavioural aspects of the user community.

3.4.1 Problems Associated with the Tank per se

A list of common problems and the possible hazard they pose are listed below.

• Uneven Top: The most common problem with the tanks was settlement in the

embankment or uneven top (undulated top surface). This was due gradual

erosion of embankment over years, and due to lack of upkeep and maintenance.

It does not pose any immediate risk, but occasional dressing would improve its

aesthetic looks.

Sunken Embankment, Angor Tank, District Chhatarpur

• Vegetative growth: In nearly half of the tanks studied, the embankment has

developed growth of shrubs and bushes. Some amount of vegetation, especially

grasses and short bushes are helpful in preventing erosion, but large shrubs on

the upstream surface of embankment tend to increase the porosity as a result of

root action, thus aiding seepage. It is advisable to remove such vegetation

carefully. Vegetation on downstream face of the embankment rarely poses such

hazard and no corrective action is necessary in such cases.


• Damaged Stone Wall: Although this was not observed in any of the tanks

visited (tanks covered under sample study as well as other tanks visited in

course of the study), it was reported as a threat.

• Eroded Spillway: This was a common problem that manifested either as

settlement in parts or erosion of part of the spillway bar. This poses a hazard in

erodible soils (sandy or murrum foundations), and not so much in rocky

foundations. If left unattended, the flowing water may scour the foundation of

abutment wall on either side and may damage the embankment. It also reduces

the storage capacity significantly.

Broken Spillway,Nivawari, District Tikamgarh

• Sluice Gates : Lack of preventive maintenance (such as regular

cleaning and greasing) and misuse (dumping of rubble or other waste) is

the main reason of dysfunctional sluice gates. It results in wastage of

water, if the gate is stuck in open position or if it is leaking. On the

other hand, the farmers lose opportunity to irrigate their fields if it is

stuck in closed position.


Broken Sluice Inlet of Angor Tank, District Chhatarpur

Sluice Inlet of Madan Sagar Tank, District Tikamgarh

• Silt Accumulation : This is a common problem as a result of soil erosion in

the catchment area, which is contributed mainly by deforestation. Certain level

of silt load is expected as a natural phenomenon, but if its magnitude is high or

if its accumulation is left unattended, it would reduce the water storage capacity


of the tank, thus reducing the benefits accruing to the community. Siltation also

reduces infiltration from the tank bed, thereby reducing the groundwater

recharge.

• Tank-bed Cultivation : This is common problem in all tanks, but it is not a

serious hazard so long as the farming activity is carried out after the tank bed

dried up. However, it may affect the water quality when the chemical use

increases in agriculture, which is reportedly negligible at present. Further, it

cannot always be seen as an encroachment, because some farmers claim that

they were given lease by the Panchayat. Nevertheless, repeated ploughing year

after year is likely to lead to formation of hard pan underneath, which reduces

infiltration, and thereby, the recharge benefits. It needs to be investigated on

case-by-case basis and appropriate corrective measures taken.

Tank Bed Cultivation Simra Khurd, District Tikamgarh

3.4.2 Problems Associated with Catchment (upstream)

A list of common problems on the upstream of the tank and the possible hazards they

pose are as per the follows.

• Soil Erosion : This is a major problem in all catchments resulting in increased

siltation in the tank. It is mainly caused by reduction of tree cover and change in

land use - mainly due to conversion of common grazing lands and pasture into

agriculture. The policy of allotting public lands to individuals for cultivation in

the last three decades is also contributing to soil erosion.

• Reduced Incoming Flows : Construction and other manmade obstacle

(roads, buildings, farming, etc) in the incoming channels reduce the quantity of


water coming into the tanks This problem was observed as a threat in case of

three sample tanks covered in the study. In case of two tanks, the people

mentioned that construction of new tanks in the upstream (catchment) of the

water body reduced the yield. But, it was not considered as a serious threat

because the intercepted component (storage created) of those new tanks was not

very large.

• Waste Disposal and Effluents : Increased habitation and discharge of

domestic solid and liquid waste, including waste from cattle sheds and manure

dumps, may pose a threat to water bodies located downstream of and close to

dense habitations. While this phenomenon was not observed on a threatening

scale in this study, prevention and safeguards are necessary in fast growing

villages and large habitations. An earlier study by Development Alternatives

(2012) observed presence contaminants like high nitrates and coliform bacteria

in 59 out of 64 drinking water sources in five villages of District Tikamgarh.

3.2.3 Problems Associated with Downstream and Water use Area

These problems could be classified into two - those related to tanks used for flow

irrigation (through canal network), and those related to other tanks. The proportion

of tanks used for flow irrigation is very small (only 146 out of 1117 tanks inventoried).

Common problems related to tanks with flow irrigation are related to the functioning

of canal network.

Irrigation Canal in Village Banauli, District Panna

• Upkeep of Canal Network : Three tanks out of 14 covered in the sample

study had flow irrigation facility. In all the three tanks, the canals were found


silted up, breached and with vegetative growth. Reportedly, the Gram Panchayat

(or the WRD, in case of large irrigation tanks) undertakes annual cleaning and

repairs of these canals, if the tank is functional. But it is not adequate. Often, the

farmers repair minor breaches at their own efforts and costs.

• Seepage through Canals : Almost all canals of smaller irrigation tanks are

unlined. As most of these canals are constructed in coarse or murrum

formation, seepage through the bed and walls of canal is high. However, farmers

are not unhappy about it because such seepage helps recharge their wells in the

vicinity. This is not a major hazard from the viewpoint of the community, and

even those farmers at the tail end, who receive less water through canals as a

result of seepage losses, are not complaining about it because the recharge

benefits outweigh the reduced supply of irrigation water.

In addition to the above, there are other problems associated with the water usage

which are not purely technical (hydrology or engineering) in nature. Those are also

applicable to tanks not used for flow irrigation. These are clubbed together in the

next section on social and behavioural aspects.

3.4.4 In summary

Main problems identified with the traditional water bodies can be summarised below

(Table 3.3).

Table 3.3 Main Problems Observed

Problems associated with the catchment

Problems associated with the tank per se

Problems associated with the water use are

• Soil erosion and resultant silt

• Reduced inflows

• Effluents and waste disposal

• Settlement in embankment top

• Vegetative growth on embankment

• Damage to stone wall

• Eroded spillway

• Damaged sluice gates or blockage by garbage

• Silt accumulation

• Tank bed cultivation

• Siltation in the canal network

• Damage to canal network

• Seepage through canals


3.5 Social and Behavioural Aspects of Tank Usage

Usage is an important aspect in tank usage, which significantly affects effectiveness

of the revival interventions and sustainability of the benefits. It refers to how

community responds to their needs in view of availability of water and access to it.

The main aspects are summarised below.

3.5.1 Conflicting Uses : Because water is limited in relation to needs, all

stakeholders would like to maximise their share or access to available water. Thus,

irrigation, fisheries, tank bed cultivation, and aquaculture or cultivation of water

chestnut (singhada) and lotus seed (makhana), are the major uses conflicting with

each other.

• The most common conflict is between the fishing community and farmers.

Increase in lifting of water for irrigation from tanks, coupled with reduction of

dead storage due to siltation, affect the growth of fish and hence the income

from fishing activity.

• Another conflict exists between tank bed cultivators and farmers in command

area. While the tank bed cultivators want the tank water to be emptied rapidly in

order to have more land available for cultivation, the command area farmers

want the water to be released slowly.

• In case of tanks with flow irrigation facility, the conflict is between those who lift

water and those who use water by canal.

• Where that tank is also a source of drinking or domestic water, the concern to

reserve water for these uses is strong.

Community involvement is necessary for resolving these conflicts, and as evident

from SRIJAN’s experience (Shah, Tushar, 2008), resolution of conflicts increases

involvement of community in various aspects of tank management. The management

decisions and their effectiveness depend on the ability of the community to balance

among these conflicting demands. It also affects the cost recovery (water cess

collection), especially in the irrigation tanks.

3.5.2 Inefficient Water Use : It was observed that the farmers have a tendency to

apply excess water to their crops in the initial stages, mainly because of uncertainty

that the water would last until end of the crop season. As a result, all farmers tend to

over irrigate initially, and later, face shortages when water is required at critical

stages of crop growth. This often results in reduced yields. This is mainly because of

the water distribution decisions are made by individual farmers, without any

consultation with each other.


3.5.3 Crop Choice : Most farmers tend to cultivate wheat in winter season in

anticipation of high yield and due to social status attached to the crop. While most of

them are aware of the risks associated (low yield in case of shortage of water at later

stage), and economic disadvantages (low margins), crop choices are often influenced

by popular trend than rationality.

3.5.4 In summary

Main social and behavioural issues identified with the usage of traditional water

bodies can be summarised as per the follows (Box 3.1).

Box 3.1 Social and Behavioural Issues

• Due to imbalance between limited availability of water and growing needs, there are conflicts among various uses - irrigation, fisheries, tank bed cultivation and aquaculture

• Resolution of conflicts increases involvement of community in tank management

• Tendency to use more water, in view of the uncertainty, leads in inefficiencies

• Crop choices by farmers also leads to inefficient use of water

Addressing these issues is the way towards successful tank revival and its

sustainability. The next section discusses and presents a comprehensive strategy for

repair and rejuvenation of traditional water bodies in a sustainable manner.


4. Strategy for Repair and Rejuvenation

Based on the findings of the diagnostic study, a strategy for repair and rejuvenation

of traditional water bodies in Bundelkhand region is proposed with a view to restore

their utility in order to meet the local communities’ diverse needs of water and to

strengthen their livelihoods. It covers three main aspects technology, social

considerations and community involvement, and use and management of water

resources after the revival. The focus of this strategy is to establish sustainable

community centred systems of tank rejuvenation and management.

4.1 Overall Strategy

Repair and rejuvenation of the traditional water bodies comprises of four main

stages, namely identification and selection, planning, implementation, and post

revival management. The suggested strategy is presented according to these four

stages. In addition, strategic decisions would be required in the areas of engaging

with the stakeholder and funding arrangements. Strategies for these two areas are

presented at the end of this chapter. Overall strategy for revival of traditional water

bodies is summarised in the following diagram (Fig 4.1) and described in the

following paragraphs.

Fig 4.1 Overall Strategy for Tank Revival


Repair and rejuvenation of the traditional water bodies may be carried out by a civil

society organisation or a line department or by a special team constituted by the

District Administration. The main roles of such implementing agency would be

facilitation of development processes, community mobilisation, providing techno-

managerial support and capacity building of the community and community

institutions. The institutional arrangements for revival of the traditional water bodies

in a programme mode are discussed later in Section 4.6 below.

4.2 Identification and Selection

Two basic challenges in repair and rejuvenation process are how to identify and

select a traditional water body. It begins with a practical definition and suggests

principles and methods for selection.

4.2.1 Definition : A working definition of a Traditional Water Body in the context

of this initiative is taken as a surface water storage facility for impounding rainwater

and resulting overflows, and broadly speaking comprises of the area under

submergence and structures like bunds, waste-weir, water courses and field channels

etc., built during the Chandela and Bundela era in accordance with then prevalent

technical knowledge and practices. These would essentially include the water bodies

constructed from the 9th to the 19th Century.

4.2.2 Inventory of Traditional Water Bodies : At present, there is no single

compilation of Traditional Water Bodies in Bundelkhand Preparing an exhaustive list

of traditional water bodies of Bundelkhand continues to be a challenge. An attempt

has been made by IGG in this direction by compiling a list of over 1100 traditional

water bodies. This list, which can be downloaded from the website of IGG1, can be

used as a starting point and additions be made by the district administrations or by

any other method approved by the DP&RD. This list is also appended to the

Operational Guidelines for Repair and Rejuvenation of Tradidional Water Bodies.

4.2.3 How to Update the List : While there could be many ways of preparing an

inventory, a pragmatic strategy will be to take a recent satellite imagery, captured at

the end of the rainy season, and superimpose the data from the lists and cadastral

maps available with various departments. The Revenue Department, then, should

validate it on the ground. In case of the traditional water bodies falling in forest land,

it should be done by the Forest Department.

4.2.4 Selection for Revival : Selection of traditional water bodies for repair and

rejuvenation can be done based on two important criteria:

1) That the community around the tank should be interested in its repair and

rejuvenation

2) That the community should be willing to take up the tank management

responsibilities post repair and rejuvenation process.


4.2.5 Prioritisation : While the aim is to revive all traditional water bodies in

Bundelkhand region based on community needs and their interest, some kind of

prioritisation may still be done in terms of time. The strategy for prioritising the

tanks should be based on the following.

Interconnected tanks : Whenever the tanks are connected with each other,

those which are closer to the upper reaches, and having no other traditional water

bodies in their catchment may be taken up for repairs and rejuvenation before

those at lower reaches of the catchment, or those having other tanks in their

catchment.

Multipurpose Tank: It is likely that the entire community is interested in

revival of multipurpose tanks, because the benefits accrue to a wide spectrum of

stakeholders. Single use tanks, if any, may be taken up later if they would benefit

only a small section of the community.

Other criteria : Traditional water bodies totally or relatively free of

encroachment and in villages where community convergent action is a distinct

possibility, should be taken up for rejuvenation first. The tanks with conflicts of

interests among stakeholders may be taken up later, after special efforts for

conflict resolution.

4.3 Planning for Repair and Rejuvenation

4.3.1 Planning Horizon : Planning for repair and rejuvenation of the traditional

water bodies could be done in two ways - one option is to prepare a detailed plan for

complete revival of the tanks in advance, and another is to plan the work in phases.

The process of repair and rejuvenation of tank may take more than a year, and may

throw up newer technical and socio-economic challenges as the work progresses.

Therefore, a telescopic planning process is recommended in this context. A

comprehensive plan (Perspective Plan) should be prepared, which would guide

detailed planning of imminent activities on annual basis (Annual Action Plan). The

Perspective Plan and its components may be modified based on the cumulative

experience of the previous stages or years. The phasing and sequencing of these

activities and interventions is crucial for effective implementation and getting

desired impact. This aspect of phasing is explained in detail in session 6 of the

Guidelines.

4.3.2 Scope : Repair and rejuvenation of traditional water bodies requires two

broad categories of development interventions, namely, physical or technical

components, and social and institution components. The former deals with aspects

related to erosion control, repairs of the tank structure, improvement in water use,

biomass strategies, water management and governance. The latter comprises


community mobilisation, setting up Tank Management Committee, water use

planning and allocation, monitoring, and establishing sustainable management

systems. Strategy for revival of traditional water bodies calls for these activities to be

carried out in a phased manner as illustrated below (Table 4.1)

Table 4.1 Typical Interventions for Tank Revival

Phase Physical Development Social and Institutional Development

Phase 1 • Catchment treatment for erosion control (area treatment) and repairs of supply channels or feeders

• Silt removal and its application in farmlands

• Repairing the tank structure (embankment, inlet, waste weir, outlet)

• Repairing the canal network

• Promotion of sustainable agriculture

• Formation of Tank Management Committee

• Setting up monitoring systems

• Water use planning and allocation

• Collective crop planning

• Setting up maintenance fund

Phase 2 • Catchment treatment (watershed development: soil water conservation, plantation, gully control)

• Preventive maintenance of structures

• Agricultural interventions with Farming Systems Approach

• Participatory analysis of hydrologic and biomass monitoring data

• Water management rules, based on lessons from monitoring

• Production planning (agriculture, livestock and aquaculture)

• Managing maintenance fund

Phase 3 • Catchment treatment (land use and biomass strategies)

• Sustainable agriculture practices

• Consolidation of the management systems (monitoring, water use and allocation, water governance, financial management)


4.4 Backward and Forward Linkages

In addition to the repairing of structural components of the tank, repair and

rejuvenation of traditional water bodies entails treatment of catchment area from

where water is coming and efficient and judicious use of water augmented for

sustainable socio-economic development of the communities dependent of these

traditional water bodies. These are referred to as the Backward and Forward

Linkages in tank revival process. The backward linkages will ensure sustained quality

and quantity of water inflows for a long period of time, simultaneously reducing silt

accumulation in the tank. The forward linkages will ensure that the community

continues to draw the socio-economic benefits from the tank system for a long

period.

4.4.1 Backward Linkages : This set of interventions are meant to improve the

quality and increase the quantity of incoming water by reducing silt and other

contaminants therein. It is done by reducing the erosion in the catchment area of the

tank and by reducing the flow velocities through a series of soil water conservation

measures. All these activities are synonymous with integrated watershed

development in the catchment area of these tanks. Prominent backward linkages

suggested as a part of this strategy include:

Area treatment measures like contour trenching and plantation in community wastelands

Farm bunding in cultivated lands with bund plantation

Repairs of supply channels or feeders

Soil water conservation in gullies and streams, with plantation for gully stabilisation

Capability based land use planning in the catchment

Preventive maintenance of structures

Restoration and establishment of green cover on forest and scrub lands

4.4.2 Forward Linkages : These interventions are meant to increase the

production and income of all sections of the community and to ensure that these

benefits continue to accrue for a long period of time without any adverse

consequences to the environment. The concept of sustainable growth is central to the

water use systems in these forward linkages. The main components of the forward

linkages can be as per the follows.

Repair of canal network

Application of silt to improve soil health

Water allocation - reserving water for drinking and domestic uses, fisheries and aquaculture

Collective crop planning for efficient water use


Agricultural interventions with Farming Systems Approach

Promotion of sustainable agriculture, with low external inputs systems (LEISA)

Management and governance of water resources is an important component of forward linkages. It included the following.

Setting up monitoring systems and participatory analysis of hydrologic and biomass monitoring data

Water management rules and amendment based on monitoring results

Setting up maintenance fund for preventive maintenance of structures

Management and governance through Tank Management Committee

4.5 Participatory Planning Process

Over time, project planning methods have evolved based on an increasing realisation

that this needs to involve a wide range of stakeholders, thus making it more

participatory. It is acknowledged that the accuracy, feasibility and relevance of data

collection improve significantly with participatory processes, especially for pursuing

reliable environmental information for decision-making. The strategy suggests a

participatory process for systematic assessment of the problems and the

community’s needs and expectations from the traditional water bodies. The overall

planning process is depicted in the following diagram (Fig 4.2).

Fig 4.2 Participatory Planning Process


4.6 Tank Management Committee

Since the community is ultimately responsible for the management of the tank

resources and its benefits in the long run, a community-based, decentralised, cost-

effective and sustainable approach is required in tank repair and rejuvenation. Tank

revival requires a community-based, decentralised, cost-effective and sustainable

approach which would lead to making the community ultimately responsible for the

management of the tank resources and its benefits in the long run.

4.6.1 Community Mobilisation: The process of Community mobilisation

normally comprises four main steps, namely, Seeding the Idea, Participatory

Problem Analysis, Goal Setting, Commitment to Action. Prior to getting into these

systematic steps, preliminary visits to the village, interaction with the Gram

Panchayat representatives and other opinion leaders and interaction with various

stakeholders is necessary in order to prepare for the subsequent steps. Formation of

Tank Management Committee (TMC) is an important milestone in community

mobilisation process.

4.6.2 Tank Management Committee: It is the most important link in the

programme anchoring the development process at the village level. It will be

responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of repaoir and

rejuvenation interventions and management of water resources in future. The TMC

should be an authority on determining water allocation across different uses and

among different stakeholders, for which they can formulate norms on annual basis,

depending upon water availability at the end of monsoon (October). It should be

responsible for resolution of disputes that may arise at the village level.

A Tank Management Committee shall be constituted by resolution of Gram Sabha

and may comprise of seven to nine members, with at least half of the members being

women. Ideally, it should have at least one representative of each occupational or

user group associated with the tank. The members should represent all geographic

parts of the tank catchment and command (or water use area).

4.6.3 Capacity Building of TMC : In order to effectively carry out the above roles

and responsibilities, it is important to build capacities of TMCs. It is suggested to

prepare a capacity roadmap of TMCs and provide handholding support. Hands on

training is an effective way of capacity building, which could be achieved by assigning

meaningful tasks of progressively increasing complexity to the TMC and provide

handholding support while they carry out those tasks. The capacity building roadmap

can be revisited and revised annually on the experience of the previous year of

project implementation.


4.7 Appraisal and Commitment

It is expected that the government will scale up the work piloted by BIWAL in near

future. For which, implementation may be done by a line department or by a team

constituted by the District Administration. The Bundelkhand Development Authority

is also expected to encourage this work on a large scale. The strategy suggests that

the appraisal and commitment could be as per the follows.

4.7.1 Appraisal : The Perspective Plan for tank repair and rejuvenation should be

prepared by the Tank Management Committee and Implementing Agency in a

participatory manner as suggested above. It should be presented in the Gram Sabha

and approved by the same.

4.7.2 Financing: It is expected that the implementing agency and the TMC shall

secure necessary financial support for the implementation. The District

Administration/ CEO, Zila Panchayat shall ensure that finances are made available

on time to the respective implementing agency and the TMC. Funds can be obtained

under prevailing government schemes or from donors or CSR initiatives of various

corporations. They can follow their respective approval and release procedures.

4.8 Implementation Arrangements

Repair and rejuvenation of traditional water bodies in Bundelkhand Region of

Madhya Pradesh has assumed urgent priority and this needs to be recognised by all

stakeholders. It should preferably be implemented as a region wide programme by

the GoMP. The DP&RD may consider constituting a State Level Technical Committee

and District Level Technical Committees for the revival initiative. A Tank

Management Committee is proposed for the repair rejuvenation and maintenance at

the village level.

4.8.1 Roles and Responsibilities: A three-tier structure is suggested

comprising a State Level Committee, a District Level Committee and a Tank Level

Committee are proposed to be set up. Roles that these committees can be assigned

are summarised in the Table 4.2 below.


Table 4.2 Roles and Functions of Administrative Committees

Committee Roles and Functions

State Level Committee • Formulate policies and guidelines • Annual reviews and evaluation • Knowledge management • Disputes resolution and arbitration

District Level Committee • Selection or constituting of implementing agencies • Joint appraisal and financing • Half-yearly monitoring

Tank Management Committee

• Planning, implementation and monitoring • Quality assurance • Water use planning and governance • Redressal of disputes among local stakeholders

4.8.2 Implementation: Repair and rejuvenation of traditional water bodies

should be carried out by the TMC at the village level. This may require permissions

and No-Objection Certificates (NOCs). The District Administration/ CEO, Zila

Panchayat should facilitate permissions and NOCs from different departments.

4.8.3 Implementing Agency: Tanks have been repaired in the past by different

agencies of the government without first finalising a comprehensive strategy or

mechanism. In the pilot stage of the BIWAL initiative presently underway, the work

of repair and rejuvenation is taken up by CSOs. However, when the initiative scales

up to a region-wide programme, government agencies may well be called upon to

play a major role in implementation.

4.9 Monitoring and Evaluation

4.9.1 Monitoring: Monitoring is an important function to ensure efficacy

and efficiency in operations of tank systems post revival. Monitoring of

rainfall, changes in tank water storage, groundwater and water use is

particularly important, and the monitoring data should be analysed and

interpreted scientifically. A participatory monitoring system will facilitate

effective management in future and lead to sustainability. Participatory

review and analysis of monitoring data will enhance the knowledge resource

of the community and of the administration. The following framework may

be useful in comprehensive monitoring of the tank system.


Table 4.3 Monitoring Framework

S No Monitoring Parameters Frequency Responsibility

1 Hydrology

• Rainfall

• Runoff over waste weir

• Depth of water in tank

• Daily

• Even based

• Fortnightly

• Tank Management Committee

• Periodic review with PFT

2 Tank functions

• Leakage

• Safety of structure

• Periodic review with community

• Event based • Pre- and post-

monsoon • June, Oct, March


3 Water use and groundwater

• Well inventory and recharge assessment (monthly)

• Water use (flow, lift, recharge and groundwater)

• Flows in canal network (daily when running)

• Crops (area and irrigation)

• Monthly

• Monthly

• Daily when running

• Rabi and summer


• Review with community (Pre-Rabi and post-Rabi)

4 Production and livelihoods

• Crop production (agriculture, livestock, fishery)

• Irrigation water audit

• End of the season

• End of the season

• Farmer groups/ user groups

• Review by TMC

Participatory monitoring and evaluation is essentially a communication process; it

requires the creation of an information sharing system. Continual review of the

different steps is essential until the system has become fully integrated in the

collaborative monitoring and evaluation process.

4.9.2 Evaluation: Systematic evaluation of the impacts (changes) and processes

are important for quality improvement and efficacy. Three types of evaluations are

proposed in the present initiative of repair and rehabilitation of traditional water

bodies. The findings of these evaluations should be shared with all stakeholders, and

should feed into the knowledge management at the district and state levels.

Evaluation by the funding agency: The funding agency can evaluate the

implementation and its results/ impacts at the end of the repair and

rejuvenation work

Independent Evaluations: Programme level evaluation of the impacts

and processes should be taken up at the mid-term level (say, after 12 to 18

months) and at the end of the project (say, after 3 years). These evaluations

should be done by third party consultants or institutions.


Thematic Evaluations: In addition to the aforementioned programme

evaluations, thematic evaluations or assessment studies may be undertaken

on various aspects like livelihood impacts, gender, equity, sustainability,

institutional strengthening, etc. These evaluations should be done by

independent consultants, academics or institutions.

These aspects are elaborated in detail in section 10 of the Operational Guidleines.

4.10 Addressing Sustainability Concerns

Sustainable management of resources augmented is the foundation to create new

livelihoods and strengthen existing ones by raising productivity of various economic

activities and occupations. Interventions in the water use area (benefitted area) of

the tanks focus on three main areas of managing water efficiently, sustainable

agriculture, and promoting biodiversity and resilience. This section suggests various

ways and means to ensure the sustainability of results through these three main

areas of interventions.

Water Use Efficiency : Agriculture and allied sector will continue to be the

largest user of water post revival, where improving water use efficiency is

necessary for sustainability. Efficiency in water use, which axiomatically

means “more crop per drop”, can be increased with appropriate social and

technical measures, as detailed in Section 11.1 of the Guidelines.

Sustainable Water Use : It refers to getting higher social and economic

benefits from available water on a continued basis without jeopardising future

prospects. Intensive production systems offer immediate production benefits,

but such systems are not environmentally safe and economically viable in the

long run. The strategy recommends sustainable agriculture focussing on long-

term production from crops and livestock while having minimal effects on the

environment. It also focusses on long term economic stability of farms, by

maintaining quality and quantity of soil and water resources.

Links with Biodiversity and Resilience : Resilience, biodiversity and

sustainability are closely interrelated - greater species diversity ensures

natural sustainability for all life forms, simultaneously increasing resilience of

such systems, which is an important factor to cope with the climate change

challenges.

It is expected that these strategies, if implemented systematically, will help in

effective revival of the traditional water bodies and sustainable water use in future.


Bibliography

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Acknowledgement

Smt. Gauri Singh, IAS, Former Additional Chief Secretary, Government of MP

Shri Vivek Dave, OSD, Government of MP

Shri K G Vyas, Water Expert and Member, Technical Committee

Shri Mohit Bundas, IAS, District Collector, Chhatarpur

Shri Tarun Rathi, IAS, District Collector, Damoh

Shri Babu Singh Jamod, IAS, District Collector, Datia

Shri Akshay Kumar Singh, IAS, District Collector, Niwari

Shri Karmaveer Sharma, IAS, District Collector Panna

Smt. Harshika Singh, IAS, District Collector, Tikamgarh

Shri Harsh Dixit, IAS, CEO ZP, Chhatarpur

Shri Girish Mishra, IAS, CEO ZP Damoh

Shri Bhagwan Das Jatav, IAS, CEO ZP, Datia

Shri Harshal Pancholi, IAS, CEO ZP, Niwari

Shri Balaguru K., IAS, CEO ZP, Panna

Smt. Neetu Mathur, IAS, CEO ZP, Tikamgarh

Shri Umesh K Sahu, Executive Engineer, RES, Tikamgarh

Shri C S Singh, Additional CEO, ZP, Chhatarpur

Shri Subhash Chandra Dey, DDM NABARD Tikamgarh

Prof. V K Singh, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh

Shri Vivek Sharma, CARD

Shri Manoj Lakhera, CARD

Shri Gurusharan Singh, CARD

Shri Yogesh Khare, CARD

Shri Sandeep Khanvalkar, Development Alternatives

Shri Awani Mohan Singh, Haritika

Shri Mahendra Singh Sengar, Haritika

Smt. Ankita Raghuvanshi, Haritika

Shri Ajay Bhan Singh, HUF

Shri Prassana Khemariya, SRIJAN

Smt. Stutilina Pal, SRIJAN

Shri Ashish Ambasta, SRIJAN

Shri Rakesh Kumar Singh, SRIJAN

Shri Kamlesh Kurmi, SRIJAN

Smt. Shrishti Kushwaha, SRIJAN

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