“SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING CYCLO ...

VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE Autonomous College Permanently Affiliated to VTU Approved by AICTE Accredited

by NAAC with ‘A’ grade

PROJECT REPORT ON

“SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING

CYCLO CONVERTER WITH THYRISTORS ”

Submitted in partial fulfilment as a requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Asst Prof. MUNIPRAKASH

SUBMITTED BY

JAYARAMA REDDY NARASIMHARAJU D L

1NH15EE415 1NH15EE418

2017-2018

VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE Autonomous College Permanently Affiliated to VTU Approved by AICTE

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “ SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING CYCLO CONVERTER WIYH THYRISTORS” is a bonofide work carried out by STUDENT JAYARAMA REDDY(1NH15EE415),NARASIMHARAJU D L (1NH15EE418) submitted in partial Fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in VIII

semester of the Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year

2017-18. It is certified that all the corrections and suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment

have been incorporated in the report deposited in the Department library. The project work has been

approved as it satisfies the academic requirement in respect of Project Work (10EEP85)

prescribed for BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

GUIDE

HOD

PRINCIPAL

Prof.MUNIPRAKASH

Dr.ELUMALAI R

Dr.MANJUNATH

NAME OF THE EXAMINERS SIGN WITH

DATE 1 2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Gratitude takes three forms –“A feeling from heart, an expression in words and a

giving in return”. We take this opportunity to express our heart-feelings.

First and foremost, we wish to express our profound gratitude to our respected Principal

Dr.MANJUANATHA, for providing all the facilities in the college. We would like to

express our sincere thanks to Dr.ELUMALAI K, Head of the department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering for his continuous support and encouragement.

We feel deeply indebted to our esteemed guide Prof.MUNIPRAKASH for her

guidance, right from the conception and visualization to the very presentation of the project.

She has been our guiding light throughout.

We are greatly indebted to our faculties, both teaching and supporting staff, Department

of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, who took great interest in our project work. They

motivated and guided us throughout the accomplishment of this goal. We express our

profound thanks for their meticulous guidance.

Finally, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for their

blessings, our friends for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project

work.

JAYARAMA REDDY

NARASIMHA RAJU D L

ABSTRACT

Induction motors are widely used in many industries and domestic applications. They are

used commonly in many open-loop control applications due to their cost, size, efficiency,

less maintenance, simplicity and easy manufacture. In the past traditional speed control

methods were used to control the speed of the DC motors, But DC motors have

commutator and brushes which require more maintenance and hazardous. So Induction

motors are more preferred in these fields. Since most of the industries use Induction

motors, controlling of it plays a major role. This project deals with controlling the speed

of Induction Motor using cycloconverter with IOT. The It decodes the signal and

generates the pulse width signals which activates its circuit and gives the change in speed

of induction motor with respect to the change in firing angle of TRAIC. This way speed

can be easily varied and maintained as per the required values. We are not only

controlling the speed of the induction motor, we can also provide time to time updation of

running motor through the IOT. Which can be displayed through mobile app.. Therefore,

this project will be helpful in households, commercial use, industries etc. A

cycloconverter is a power electronic device used to convert constant voltage constant

Frequency AC power to adjustable voltage adjustable frequency AC power without a DC

link. In among all the methods this method is simple, reliable and economical. The

various speed of induction motor is obtained by varying the supply frequency by using

cycloconverter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERS CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

1 Introduction 1-3

2 Literature survey 4-5

3 Block Diagram 6

4 Hardware Components 7-52

5 Advantages and 53

disadvantages

6 Applications 54

7 Conclusion 55

8 Bibliography 56

Speed control of induction motor using cyclo-converter with thyristors

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Speed control of induction motor is necessary in industrial applications. There are several

methods for the speed control of induction motor. Cyclo-converters are used in very large

variable frequency drives with ratings from few megawatts up to many tens of megawatts . A

cycloconverter is controlled through the timing of its firing pulses, so that it produces an

alternating output voltage. It can also be considered as a static frequency changer and

typically contains silicon controlled rectifiers.The development of the semiconductor devices

has made it possible to control the frequency of the cycloconverter according to the

requirement and deliver a large amount of controlled power with the help of semiconductor

switching devices like Thyristors MOSFET’s in order to get alternating output of variable

frequency. The quality of the output waveform improves if more switching devices are used.

Split-phase induction motors are widely used in many applications due to their energy

efficient characteristics. Improvements in its performance mean a great saving in electrical

energy consumption. Thus, a cycloconverter has the facility for continuous and independent

control over both its output frequency and voltage. Cycloconverter eliminates the use of

flywheel because the presence of flywheel in machine increases tensional vibration and

fatigue in the component of power transmission system.

The characteristics of single phase induction motors are identical to 3-phase induction motors

except that single phase induction motor has no inherent starting torque and some special

arrangements have to be made for making it self-starting. Though single phase induction

motors are not self-starting we are using it because the 3-phase supply is not present at

everywhere especially in domestic purposes single phase induction motors are widely used.

In many electrical appliances namely ceiling fan, refrigerator, washing machines etc. we are

using this type of motor. The main reason behind using it is the availability of single phase

supply and one more is economical i.e., less costly in price. So speed control of induction

motor is important. The complete control circuitry depends on only one parameter i.e.,

Voltage.

NHCE Department of EEE Page 1


We know that torque developed is proportional to square of the voltage. Thus the applied

voltage to induction motor stator terminals is controlled by TRIAC and its gate pulses. When

pulses to the gate are delayed then reduced voltage is applied to the induction motor stator

terminals and thus as voltage and torques are proportional to each other, torque decrease and

simultaneously speed of the motor gets reduced.

The power supply circuit will provide DC supply 5v and 12v (after rectification) to the

electronic devices which require the biasing voltage. The triggering circuit will generate the

pulses and are given to TRIAC as gate pulses for triggering purpose. And finally TRIAC

circuit acts as intermediate part between supply and induction motor. Therefore applied

voltage from the supply to induction motor and thereby speeds are controlled. An induction

or asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor where power is supplied to the rotor by means

of electromagnetic induction, rather than a commutator or slip rings as in other types of

motor. These motors are widely used in industrial drives, particularly polyphase induction

motors, because they are rugged and have no brushes. Single-phase versions are used in

small appliances. Their speed is determined by the frequency of the supply current, so they

are most widely used in constant-speed applications, although variable speed versions, using

variable frequency drives are becoming more common.

Be it domestic application or industry, motion control is required everywhere. The systems

that are employed for this purpose are called drives. Such a system, if makes use of electric

motors is known as an electrical drive. In electrical drives, use of various sensors and control

algorithms is done to control the speed of the motor using suitable speed control methods.

Earlier only dc motors were employed for drives requiring variable speeds due to ease of

their speed control methods. The conventional methods of speed control of an induction

motor were either too expensive or too inefficient thus restricting their application to only

constant speed drives. However, modern trends and development of speed control methods of

an induction motor have increased the use of induction motors in electrical drives

extensively.



Fig 1.1 Cross section of single phase induction motor

The purpose of this project is to control the speed and direction of AC Motor using

Microcontroller and Bluetooth with android phone. (Here Voltage control technique is

applied to control the speed of AC motor) Android provides access to a wide range of

useful libraries and tools that can be used to build such applications. In addition, Android

includes a full set of tools that have been built from the ground up alongside the platform

providing developers with high productivity and deep insight into their applications.

The objectives of this project are to control the speed of the single phase AC motor using

wireless Bluetooth technology, to control the speed of the single phase AC motor using

limited power supply, to facilitate the flexible control of the speed of single phase AC

induction motor used in industries, Along with speed control, it also gives feedback for

temperature rise and to detect the over voltage and low voltage indicating in mobile phon



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

In order to improve the quality product many industrial application demands for constant

speed and adjustable speed. Due to the rapid advancement in automation and process,

controlling the Field of adjustable speed drives has become a necessity. In the recent

technology, for the selection of speed of the drive system various alternate Techniques

are available. The most preferred choice for variable speed drive application were Dc

motor Up to the 1980‟s. In most of the applications such as automotive control, Industrial

drives control, etc Induction motors are being used. In the past few years, there has been

an increasing demand in industries for compressors, Fan pumps, paper machines,

domestic applications, adjustable speed drives etc. Due to the many disadvantages of DC

motors, there has been a lot of research and development done towards the control of ac

drive.

Whenever, there is no availability of three phase supply for domestic and commercial

application, Single phase induction motors are being used, which is one of the most

widely used low power motor in the world. An induction motor is a type of AC motor, in

which power to the rotor is supplied by means of EMI (electromagnetic induction).

Several methods have been developed in the past few years for the speed control of ac

motor one of which is to vary the voltage and frequency of the motor. For a single phase

motor Speed modulation can be usually achieved either by switching windings of the

motor to change the number of poles for the different operating condition as required Or

by some electrical means, that is reducing supply voltage (through auto-transformer).

In this project used cyclo-converter for variation of speed of induction motors. If you go

for before century all machine were too bulky and it consumed more power and less

efficiency and loss are more. In the present scenario bigger machine came into compact

size with high efficiency, high power and good ratings.



Nowadays its applications are more. In industries running the machines day and night for

two hours of operation. In our project we remove this part we can run whenever we want,

decrease and increase the performance of the machine, thus this is our future scope of

project.



CHAPTER 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM

IOT



CHAPTER 4

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

4.1 HARDWARE

1. Transformer

2. Filter

3. IC7805 - Voltage Regulator

4. Switch

5. ATmega328p Microcontroller

6. LCD Display

7. TRIAC

8. Opto-Coupler

9. Single Phase Induction Motor

10. IOT Module

11. Arduino Board

4.2 SOFTWARE

1. Arduino IDE

2. Kiel software



HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Chapter 4.1

Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through

inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or

primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying

magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying

electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called

mutual induction.

Figure 4.1: Transformer Symbol

Transformer is a device that converts the one form energy to another form of energy like a

transducer. Figure: Transformer

Figure 4.2: Transformer


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_coupling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_induction


4.1.1 Basic Principle

A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to

efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the voltage

is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.

Figure 4.3: Basic Principle

4.1.2 Transformer Working

A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an iron core, as shown

in figure below. There is no electrical connection between the coils; instead they are linked

by a magnetic field created in the core.


http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html#c1

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html#c4

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/elemag.html#c4

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/powerac.html#c1


Figure 4.4 : Basic Transformer

Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another with minimal loss of power.

They only work with AC (alternating current) because they require a changing magnetic field to be

created in their core. Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well as reduce voltage (step-

down).

Alternating current flowing in the primary (input) coil creates a continually changing magnetic field

in the iron core. This field also passes through the secondary (output) coil and the changing strength

of the magnetic field induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If the secondary coil is

connected to a load the induced voltage will make an induced current flow. The correct term for the

induced voltage is 'induced electromotive force' which is usually abbreviated to induced e.m.f.

The iron core is laminated to prevent 'eddy currents' flowing in the core. These are currents produced

by the alternating magnetic field inducing a small voltage in the core, just like that induced in the

secondary coil. Eddy currents waste power by needlessly heating up the core but they are reduced to a

negligible amount by laminating the iron because this increases the electrical resistance of the core

without affecting its magnetic properties.

Transformers have two great advantages over other methods of changing voltage:

1. They provide total electrical isolation between the input and output, so they can be safely

used to reduce the high voltage of the mains supply.

2. Almost no power is wasted in a transformer. They have a high efficiency (power out / power

in) of 95% or more.



Chapter 4.2

Capacitor Filter

The capacitor-input filter, also called "Pi" filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek

letterpi, is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or

undesired frequencies from a signal

Figure 4.1: Capacitor Filter

A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter capacitor C1, connected across the rectifier output,

an inductor L, in series and another filter capacitor connected across the load.

1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier output while it

offers infinite reactance to the DC component. As a result the capacitor shunts an appreciable

amount of the AC component while the DC component continues its journey to the inductor

2. The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component but it offers almost zero reactance

to the DC component. As a result the DC component flows through the inductor while the AC

component is blocked.

3. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component which the inductor had failed to block. As a

result only the DC component appears across the load RL.

Figure 4.2: Centered Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_%28electronics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor



Chapter 4.3

Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic

components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC

voltages. There are two types of regulator are they.

➢ Positive Voltage Series (78xx) and

➢ Negative Voltage Series (79xx)

78xx:

’78’ indicate the positive series and ‘xx’indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7805 produces

the maximum 5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is 5V.

79xx:

’78’ indicate the negative series and ‘xx’indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7905 produces

the maximum -5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is -5V.

These regulators consists the three pins there are

Pin1: It is used for input pin.

Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator

Pin3: It is used for output pin. Through this pin we get the output.

Figure 4.3: Regulator


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_%28technology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current


Chapter 4.4

SWITCHES:

4.4.1 Switches and Pushbuttons

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,

interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.[1][2]

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one

or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of

contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and

electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the

switch is non conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states

(open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or

"momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a

computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as alight switch.

Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for

example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine

tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process

variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in

a process and used to automatically control a system

Push Button Switch with High quality and durable square tactile button which are easily fitted in

breadboard and PCB.Dimension: 6x6mm and button height is 2.5mm.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_component

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor


Chapter 4.5

ATmega328p Microcontroller

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board which contains mainly Microcontroller. Atmel’s

ATmega328P is 8 bit microprocessor in 28 pin which is of DIP package. It is based on

enhanced RISC architecture. It is an 8 bit CMOS microcontroller. It has a special feature of

executing heavy instructions that is huge number of codes written on it in a clock cycle.

This special feature of ATmega328P is due to that it achieves outputs around 1 Million

Instructions per Second (MIPS) per MHz for this the designer is empowered to optimize the

device processing speed vs Power Consumption.

4.4.1 Features

• Low power and high performance Atmel 8-bit AVR Microcontroller Family

• Powerful 131 Instructions

• Advanced RISC Architecture

• Fully Static Operation

• On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• Most Single Clock Cycle execution

• 1KBs EEPROM

• 2KBs Internal SRAM

• Data Retention is of 20 years at 85 degree C / 100 years at 25 degree C

• Internal Calibrated Oscillator

• 23 Programmable I/O Pins



Fig 4.4.1 Block Diagram

It has rich instruction with 32 general purpose working registers. All registers are directly

connected to ALU allowing two independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction

executed in one clock cycle.

The device is manufactured using high density non-volatile memory technology. The on-chip

Flash allows the program memory to be executed or by an On-chip Boot program running on

the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the application program

in Application Flash Section. Providing true Read-While-Write operation, software in the

boot flash can use any interface to download the application program in the Application

Flash is updated.



Fig 4.4.2 Pin Diagram

• VCC- Digital Supply Voltage

• GND- Ground

• Port B (XTAL1/ XTAL2/ TOSC1/ TOSC2) -

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. It has pull-up resistors. Output buffers have

symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. Inputs are

externally pulled low will source current if pull-up resistors are activated.

• Port C-

It’s a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. Output buffers have

symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. Inputs are

externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. It is tri-

stated when reset conditions become active, even if the clock is not running.



• PC 6 (RESET)~

If this pin is programmed, it’s used as an I/O pin. The electrical characteristics differ

from other pins of port C.

If this pin is unprogrammed, it’s used as rest pin. A low level on this pin for longer

than the minimum pulse length will generate a Rest, even if clock isn’t running.

• Port D-

It’s an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up registers. Output buffers have

symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs

are extremely pulled low, it will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.

It’s tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if clock is running.

• AVcc –

It’s the supply voltage pin for A/D Convertor. It should be externally connected to

Vcc, even if ADC is not used. If ADC is used, it should be connected to Vcc through

a low-pass filter.

• AREF-

It’s an analog reference pin for the A/D Convertor.

• ADC (TQFP and VFQFN Package Only)-

It serves as analog inputs to A/D converter. These pins are powered from analog

supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.



Chapter 4.6

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs

(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,

which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of

the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to

keep displaying the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means

that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different

messages on a miniature LCD.

Fig 4.6.1 LCD Display



.

Pins Functions

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the

microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background

light is built in). Their function is described in the table below:

Function Pin Number Name Logic State Description

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd

4 RS

0 D0 – D7 are interpreted as commands

1

D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

5 R/W

0 Write data (from controller to LCD)

Control of

1

Read data (from LCD to controller)

operating

0

Access to LCD disabled

Normal operating 6 E 1

Data/commands are transferred to

From 1 to 0 LCD

7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3 Data / commands

11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB



LCD screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot matrix.

Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are displayed in one

or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer

potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in backlight

(blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used

(like with any LE diode).

4.5.1 LCD Basic Commands

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as

data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor

addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying

position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the

address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands

which LCD recognizes are given in the table below:



Command RS

RW

D7 D6

D5 D4

D3 D2

D1

D0

Execution

Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag (BF) 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

Write to CGRAM or DDRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1)

0 = Decrement (by 1)

R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Shift left

S 1 = Display shift on

0 = Display shift off

DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on

0 = Display off

N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display in one line

U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots



0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots

B 1 = Cursor blink on

0 = Cursor blink off

D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor shift

LCD Connection

Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there

are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the

process in a phase called “initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred through

outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of

saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for

communication, while other may be left unconnected.

Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first

(that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With

the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received.

Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are

transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple

connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message

displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it

is not possible to read from display.



Chapter 4.7

TRIAC UNIT.

Fig 4.7.2 : TRIAC control circuit

TRIAC or Triode for AC:

It is a power electronic component which can conduct in both directions, when it is triggered

through a gate. It is widely used in switching and power control applications. It also finds

applications in phase control, switching, chopper designs, speed control in fans, brightness

control in lamps, induction motors etc. They can be used in both AC and DC circuits.

It is an equivalent circuit of two SCRs that are connected in inverse parallel with its gates

connected together. Due to which the TRIAC acts as a Bidirectional switch (i.e., to pass the

current in both directions) once the gate is triggered. It is a three terminal device(with a Main

terminal1 ( MT1), Main terminal 2( MT2) and a Gate.)



MT1 and MT2 - used to connect Phase and Neutral lines.

Gate - to feed the triggering pulse(can be triggered by a positive voltage or negative voltage)

When the terminal MT2 gets a positive voltage w.r.t. the terminal MT1 and the Gate gets a

positive trigger, then only the left SCR of the TRIAC triggers and circuit completes. When

the polarity of the terminals MT2 and MT1 are reversed and the Gate gets a negative trigger,

then the right SCR of the TRIAC triggers and circuit conducts. When the Gate current is

removed the TRIAC switches off. Therefore to keep the TRIAC conducting, a minimum

holding current is to be maintained.

FEATURES OF TRIAC (BT136):

Current Rating – 6A

High blocking voltage capacity



Direct triggering from low power drivers and logic ICs

Planar passivated for voltage ruggedness and reliability

Triggering in all four quadrants Sensitive gate

Low holding current for low current loads and lowest EMI at commutation

Fig 4.5.3 : waveform of TRIAC operation

From the figure it is observed that at time t1, the angle of sinusoid is 45‟ i.e., when the

TRIAC is triggered at this angle, only blue shaded area will pass through the TRIAC and

therefore through the load(motor).It can be observed that blue shaded area has RMS

voltage less than pure sinusoid.

Here the firing requires a small pulse at the gate of GTRAIC which is given by the

microcontroller (Atmega328). Also at firing angle 90‟ (at time t2) , only the red shaded

part of the sinusoid will be passing through the TRIAC which gives an RMS voltage of

220V.



Chapter 4.8

OPTOCOUPLER (MOC3021)

Fig 5.8: Circuit diagram opto-coupler

It is an opto-triac, used for isolation between power and driving circuitry. When the applied

voltage is greater than 0.7V, opto-triac will be triggered. As the opto-triac is triggered now,

the positive or negative voltage (whichever is applied) will pass through the gate of the

TRIAC BT136 and hence triggers it. By using this arrangement, the RMS voltage in both

directions can be controlled. Provided that the triggering time or firing angle is taken care of.

For the firing angle to be 90' for 220V 50Hz AC signal, a delay of 2.5 ms (t1=2.5ms) is

needed right after each zero crossing. Here the microcontroller (Atmega328) drives the opto-

coupler MOC3021 in order to give the firing pulse based on the interrupts that is generated

by the zero-crossing detector



Chapter 4.9

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Single phase induction motor is an AC motor were electrical energy is converted to

mechanical energy to perform some physical task. This induction motor requires only

one power phase for their proper operation. They are commonly used in low power

applications, in domestic and industrial use. Simple construction, cheap cost, better

reliability, eases to repair and better maintenance are some of its makeable advantages.

Fig5.9 : Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

The main components of the Single Phase induction motor are stator and rotor. Stator is

known to be the stationary part. Usually, the single phase alternating supply is given to

the stator winding. Rotor is the rotating part of the motor. Rotor is connected to the

mechanical load with the help of a shaft. A squirrel cage rotor is used here. It has a

laminated iron core with many slots. Rotor slots are closed or semi-closed type. The rotor

windings are symmetrical and at the same type it is short circuited. An air gap is there

between the rotor and the stator. The most practical applications of this motor are in

refrigerators, clocks, drills, pumps, washing machines etc. The stator winding in the 1Ø

induction motor has two parts: Main Winding and Auxiliary Winding. Usually, the

Auxiliary winding is perpendicular to the main winding. In 1Ø induction motor the

winding with more turns is known as main winding. While the other wire is called as

auxiliary winding.



Principle of Operation

Single phase AC supply is given to the stator winding. Due to this a magnetic field is

produced which pulsates in sinusoidal manner. After sometime the field polarity reverses

and the alternating flux cannot provide the required rotation to the motor. But if the motor

is moved by external means, the motor will rotate with finite speed.

MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS (FAN MOTOR)

Stator width: 74mm

Thickness: 12-25 mm

Max rpm: 1330rpm

Min rpm: 400 rpm



Chapter 4.10

IOT MODULE

4.6 WIFI MODULE

ESP8266EX



4.10.1 Introduction

Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high

integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform designers. It

provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wi-Fi capabilities within other systems, or to function as a

standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement

ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution; it can be used to host

the application or to offload Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has

integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications. Alternately,

serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller-based

design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).ESP8266EX is among the

most integrated Wi-Fi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna switches, RF balun, power

amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management modules, it requires minimal

external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy

minimal PCB area.ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of Ten silica’s L106 Diamond

series 32-bit processor, with on-chip SRAM, besides the Wi-Fi functionalities. ESP8266EX is often

integrated with external sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs; sample

codes for such applications are provided in the software development kit (SDK).



4.10.2 Features

• 802.11 b/g/n

• Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

• Integrated 10-bit ADC

• Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

• Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

• Supports antenna diversity

• Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2

• Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

• Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

• SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO

• STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

• A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

• Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA

• Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

• Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

• +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode

• Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

• FCC, CE, TELEC, Wi-Fi Alliance, and SRRC certified



4.10.3 Parameters

Categories Items Values

Certificates FCC/CE/TELEC/SRRC

Wi-Fi Protocles 802.11 b/g/n

Frequency Range 2.4G-2.5G (2400M-2483.5M)

802.11 b: +20 dBm

Tx Power 802.11 g: +17 dBm

WiFi Paramters 802.11 n: +14 dBm

802.11 b: -91 dbm (11 Mbps)

Rx Sensitivity 802.11 g: -75 dbm (54 Mbps)

802.11 n: -72 dbm (MCS7)

Types of Antenna

PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector,

Ceramic Chip

UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control

Peripheral Bus

GPIO/PWM

Operating Voltage 3.0~3.6V

Hardware Operating Current Average value: 80mA

Paramaters Operating Temperature Range -40°~125°

Ambient Temperature Range Normal temperature

Package Size 5x5mm

External Interface N/A

Wi-Fi mode station/softAP/SoftAP+station

Security WPA/WPA2

Encryption WEP/TKIP/AES

Software Firmware Upgrade UART Download / OTA (via network)

Supports Cloud Server Development / SDK

Parameters Software Development

for custom firmware development

Network Protocols IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP



4.10.4 Ultra Low Power Technology:

ESP8266EX has been designed for mobile, wearable electronics and Internet of Things

applications with the aim of achieving the lowest power consumption with a combination

of several proprietary techniques. The power saving architecture operates mainly in 3

modes: active mode, sleep mode and deep sleep mode.

By using advance power management techniques and logic to power-down functions not

required and to control switching between sleep and active modes, ESP8266EX consumes

about than 60uA in deep sleep mode (with RTC clock still running) and less than 1.0mA

(DTIM=3) or less than 0.5mA (DTIM=10) to stay connected to the access point.

When in sleep mode, only the calibrated real-time clock and watchdog remains active. The

real-time clock can be programmed to wake up the ESP8266EX at any required interval.

The ESP8266EX can be programmed to wake up when a specified condition is detected.

This minimal wake-up time feature of the ESP8266EX can be utilized by mobile device

SOCs, allowing them to remain in the low-power standby mode until Wi-Fi is needed. In

order to satisfy the power demand of mobile and wearable electronics, ESP8266EX can be

programmed to reduce the output power of the PA to fit various application profiles, by

trading off range for power consumption.

Major Applications:

Major Fields of ESP8266EX applications to Internet-of-Things include:

• Home Appliances

• Home Automation

• Smart Plug and lights

• Mesh Network

• Industrial Wireless Control

• Baby Monitors

• IP Cameras

• Sensor Networks

• Wearable Electronics



COMPONENTS DESIGN

ATMEGA-328P

Fig 5.1: Atmega328 pin diagram



VOLTAGE REGULATOR (IC7805)

Fig 5.3:LM7805 pin diagram

PIN NO FUNCTION RANGE

Pin-1 to give input voltage 7V - 12V

Pin-2 connected to the ground 0V(neutral)

Pin-3 to obtain regulated output(5V) 4.8V-5.2V



LCD (16x2)



TRIAC UNIT

Specifications

Triac Type Standard

Configuration

Single

Voltage - Off State 600V

Current - On State (It (RMS)) (Max)

4A

Voltage - Gate Trigger (Vgt) (Max) 1.5V

Current - Gate Trigger (Igt) (Max)

35mA

Current - Hold (Ih) (Max) 15mA

Current - Non Rep. Surge 50, 60Hz (Itsm)

25A, 27A



PROGRAM

#include<reg51.h> //speed control of DC motor

#define lcd_data P2

sbit lcd_rs = P2^0; // Here we are using LCD in four bit mode that's why LCD's Data pins and control

sbit lcd_en = P2^1;

sbit motor=P1^0; //motor PWM

sbit sw1=P1^1;

sbit sw2=P1^2;

sbit sw3=P1^3;

int rtr=0;

unsigned char rcg;

void delay(unsigned int value)

{

unsigned int x,y;

for(x=0;x<value;x++)

for(y=0;y<200;y++);

}

void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)

// LCD COMMAND

NHCE

Department of EEE

Page 38


{

// lcd_data=value; //slcd_end msb 4 bits

// lcd_rs=0; //select command register

// lcd_en=1; //lcd_enable the lcd to execute command

// delay(10);

// lcd_en=0;

// delay(10);

lcd_data=value&(0xf0); //slcd_end msb 4 bits

lcd_rs=0; //select command register

lcd_en=1; //lcd_enable the lcd to execute command

delay(3);

lcd_en=0;

lcd_data=((value<<4)&(0xf0)); //slcd_end lsb 4 bits

lcd_rs=0; //select command register

lcd_en=1; //lcd_enable the lcd to execute command

delay(3);

lcd_en=0;

}

void lcd_init(void)

{

lcdcmd(0x02);

lcdcmd(0x02);

lcdcmd(0x28); //intialise the lcd in 4 bit mode*/

lcdcmd(0x28); //intialise the lcd in 4 bit mode*/



lcdcmd(0x0e); //culcd_rsor blinking

lcdcmd(0x06); //move the culcd_rsor to right side

lcdcmd(0x01); //clear the lcd

// lcdcmd(0x38);

// lcdcmd(0x0e);

// lcdcmd(0x06);

// lcdcmd(0x01);

// lcdcmd(0x80);

}

void lcddata(unsigned char value)

{

lcd_data=value&(0xf0); //send msb 4 bits

lcd_rs=1; //select data register

lcd_en=1; //enable the lcd to execute data

delay(3);

lcd_en=0;

lcd_data=((value<<4)&(0xf0)); //send lsb 4 bits

lcd_rs=1; //select data register

lcd_en=1; //enable the lcd to execute data

delay(3);

lcd_en=0;

delay(3);

}



void msgdisplay(unsigned char b[]) // send string to lcd

{

unsigned char s,count=0;

for(s=0;b[s]!='\0';s++)

{

count++;

if(s==16)

lcdcmd(0xc0);

if(s==32)

{

lcdcmd(1);

count=0;

}

lcddata(b[s]);

}

}

void pwm(unsigned int x,unsigned int y)

{

motor=0;

delay(x);

motor=1;

delay(y);

}



void serinit()

{

TMOD=0x20;

TH1=0xFD; //9600

SCON=0x50;

TR1=1;

}

unsigned char receive()

{

unsigned char rx;

while(RI == 0);

rx=SBUF;

RI=0;

return rx;

}

void sertxs(unsigned char *tx)

{

//unsigned char v;

for(;*tx != '\0';tx++)

{

SBUF=*tx;

while(TI == 0);

TI=0;

// v= receive();

//delay(2);



}

}

void sertx(unsigned char tx)

{

///unsigned char v;

SBUF=tx;

while(TI == 0);

TI=0;

//v= receive();

//delay(2);

}

void okcheck()

{

do{

rcg=receive();

}while(rcg!='K');

}

void okc()

{

do{



rcg=receive();

}while(rcg!='K');

}

unsigned convert1(unsigned int value)

{

unsigned int i,j,x,k,l;

i=value/100;

x=i|0x30;

sertx(x);

// converts the data to digital as per the address selection

j=value%100;

k=j/10;

x=k|0x30;

sertx(x);

l=j%10;

x=l|0x30;

sertx(x);

return 1;

}



void wifiinit()

{

//stringlcd(0x80,"Wifi Initilizing");

lcdcmd(1);lcdcmd(0x80);msgdisplay("Wifi Initializing");

sertxs("AT\r\n");

//okc();

delay(400);

sertxs("ATE0\r\n");

okc();

delay(400);

// sertxs("AT+CWMODE=1\r\n");

// delay(400);

// txs("AT+CWSAP=\"org_6327\",\"connectnow\",5,0\r\n"); //1st time enable after disable

// delay(400);

sertxs("AT+CWJAP=\"projecta\",\"project12345\"\r\n");

okc();

//delay(400);

sertxs("AT+CIPMUX=1\r\n");

delay(400);

/*stringlcd(0x80,"WAITING FOR CONNCT");

stringlcd(0xC0,"org_6327");

*/

lcdcmd(1);lcdcmd(0x80);msgdisplay("Connected");



//lcdcmd(0xc0);msgdisplay("org_6547");

// while(receive()!='L');

}

void things_send()

{

unsigned char recr;

sertxs("AT+CIPSTART=4,\"TCP\",\"184.106.153.149\",80\r\n"); delay(1000);

//OK LINKED

/*

do{

recr = receive();

}while(recr != 'L'); delay(500);

*/

sertxs("AT+CIPSEND=4,77\r\n"); /*

do{

recr = receive();

}while(recr != '>'); */ delay(300);

sertxs("GET https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=6P4KQY4U4938IPGI&");

}

void things_done()

{

sertxs("\r\n\r\n"); delay(1000);/*



do{

rec = receive();

}while(rec != 'U'); */

}

void main()

{

int count=0;

unsigned char cnts=0;

sw1=sw2=sw3=0;

motor=1;

P2=0xff;

serinit();

lcd_init();

msgdisplay("Sped Ctrl-Motor ");

delay(700);

wifiinit();

// lcdcmd(1);

// msgdisplay("CONNECTED");

delay(800);

while(1)

{

// lcdcmd(0x87);



if(sw1 == 1)

{

// Increasing

while(sw1 == 1);

count++;

if(count >=9 )

{lcdcmd(0x01);

msgdisplay("Max Speed ");

count=9;

}

else

{

cnts = (count+48);

lcdcmd(1);

lcddata(cnts);

}

lcdcmd(0xcb);lcddata(' ');lcddata(' ');lcddata(' ');lcddata(' ');lcddata(' ');

lcdcmd(0xcf);lcddata('S');

things_send();

sertxs("field1=");//100");

convert1(count);

things_done();

lcdcmd(0xcf);lcddata(' ');

for(rtr=0;rtr<15;rtr++){lcdcmd(0xcb);convert1(rtr);delay(300);}

}



if(sw2 == 1)

{

// Decreasing

while(sw2 == 1);

count--;

if(count <= 0)

{ lcdcmd(0x01); count=0;

msgdisplay("0 Speed Dnt Dec ");

}

else

{

cnts = (count+48);

lcdcmd(1);

lcddata(cnts);

}



things_send();


convert1(count);

things_done();





}

if(sw3 == 1)

{while(sw3 == 1);

count = 0;

lcdcmd(0x01);

msgdisplay("0 Speed Dnt Dec ");



things_send();


convert1(count);

things_done();



}

if(count == 0)

{

//lcdcmd(0xc0);

//msgdisplay("Mtr stp ");

motor=1;

}

if(count == 1)

{

pwm(1,9);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);



//msgdisplay("Speed 1 ");

}

if(count == 2)

{

pwm(2,8);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count == 3)

{

pwm(3,7);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count == 4)

{

pwm(4,6);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count == 5)

{

pwm(5,5);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count == 6)

{

pwm(6,4);



//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count == 7)

{

pwm(7,3);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count == 8)

{

pwm(8,2);

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

if(count >= 9)

{

//pwm(9,1);

motor=0;

//lcdcmd(0xc0);


}

}

}



CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:

• Ease of operation

• Low maintenance cost

• Fit and forget system

• No wastage of time

• Durability

• Accuracy

• It will provide a time to time updation and monitor

Disadvantages

• If you go for real time for project it costs more. • Operating and maintainace cost of induction motor is more

• Induction motors have high input surge currents, which are reffered as magnetizing

inrush current. This causes a reduction voltage at time to starting the motor • Which will take time for updating the information to IOT module • For each operation it will take time to run the motor



CHAPTER 6

Applications

• It can be used for domestic applications (eg: for controlling the speed of the fan). • It can be used to operate the small conveyors, large blowers, pumps etc.,

• Wood working machinery air compressors, water pumps, high processors and it

is also used for high torque application. • It can be used to control various devices at home. • It does not require any controlling unit or remote. • It can be used in shopping malls. • It can be used in oil and biogas systems • And also it can be used in auto motive and elevators, escalators • Now a days it is also used in electric cars etc.. • The cyclo converters are used in



CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Our main objective for this project is to control the speed of a single phase induction motor

by using an cycloconverter and this has been achieved successfully. We have used IOT

technology

From this work and result analysis, it is observed that speed of an induction motor can be

efficiently controlled by using Cycloconverter. The role of Cycloconverter in speed control of

induction motor is to vary the supply frequency which in turn, changes the speed of motor, in the

present work. Single phase Cyclo-converter used to change the speed of induction motor

with the help of microcontroller, different desired frequency is obtained to equalize the

desired speed. This different frequency of cyclo-converter is obtaind in the manner of

adjustable speed to F, F/2 & F/3. Furthermore, it provides means for limiting the slip and

consequently the motor current, also high voltage circuit from affecting the system

receving the signal can be prevent with the help of opto-coupler. This means a reduction in

the Cyclo-converter rating and better efficiency.



CHAPTER 8

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investments, and challenges for enterprises”, 2015

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