Solar Satellite: A Green Energy Infrastructure for Power Challenged Environments, a Case for Solar...

Vol 6. No. 5, December 2013 African Journal of Computing & ICT

© 2013 Afr J Comp & ICT – All Rights Reserved - ISSN 2006-1781

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Solar Satellite: A Green Energy Infrastructure for Power Challenged

Environments, a Case for Solar Cell I-V Behaviour

*K.C. Okafor, I.M. Onwusuru & I.C. Okoro Electronics Development Institute

Awka National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure, (Nigeria)

Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

C.O. Onwusuru

Mainstreet Bank Ltd, Awka Branch

Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT Past government efforts in addressing power challenges in Nigeria have yielded little results despite huge investments

made in the energy sector. For meaningful economic growth, the importance of a sustainable power system cannot be

overemphasized. However, with worlds advocacy on climate change and carbon footprint emissions reduction, renewable

energy alternatives will offer a better solution. In this regard, this paper proposes a power model that will serve as a

compliment to the current distribution grid network called Solar Satellite. This can be adapted for powering banks,

government institutions, IT DataCenter, etc. We present an in-depth discussion on the design framework of a generic

Solar Power System. In particular, a comprehensive outline of the design steps, considerations as well as the

implementation strategies is presented. To further facilitate our work, we used Electronics Development Institute as our

study testbed. In this regard, MATLAB Simulink tool was used to characterize the initial phase of the proposed system

in the context of current-voltage sensor outputs. Also, we presented the optimal Solar Cell block's parameters as well as

the I-V characteristics at 250C. This work observes that a hybrid grid system will save downtime scenarios in case of

drops in solar irradiation.

Keywords: Solar Satellite, Green Energy, Infrastructure, Power, Environments, Solar Cell I-V Behaviour

African Journal of Computing & ICT Reference Format: K.C. Okafor, I.M. Onwusuru, I.C. Okoro & C.O. Onwusuru (2013). Solar Satellite: A Green Energy Infrastructure for Power

Challenged Environments, a Case for Solar Cell I-V Behaviour Project. Afr J. of Comp & ICTs. Vol 6, No. 5. Pp 69-80.

1. INTRODUCTION

This research is part of an on-going work on SMART

Green Energy Management framework which seeks to

realize a reliable energy system leveraging the potentials

associated with renewable energy solutions. A good

definition of renewable energy as found in [1] are those

derived from resources that are naturally regenerative or

are practically inexhaustible, such as biomass, heat

(geothermal, solar, thermal gradient), moving water

(hydro, tidal, and wave power), and wind energy.

Municipal solid waste may also be considered a source of

renewable (thermal) energy [1]. Owing to the abundant

supply of sun in Africa, this work will focus on solar

generated energy system.

1.1 Solar PV Array A PV array consists of multiple photovoltaic modules,

casually referred to as solar panels, to convert solar

radiation (sunlight) into usable direct current (DC)

electricity. A PV system can be for either large scale

environments or a residential, commercial, or industrial

energy supply and will always contain an array of

photovoltaic (PV) modules, Inverters, a racking system

that supports the solar modules, electrical wiring and

interconnections, and mounting for other components. In

some cases, a PV based system may include viz [1]: a g:

renewable energy credit revenue-grade meter, Maximum

Power Point Tracker (MPPT), battery system and

controller, GPS solar tracker, an energy management

software, solar concentrators, solar irradiance sensors,

anemometer, or task-specific accessories designed to

meet specialized requirements for a system owner. The

amount of PV modules and its interface systems

determines the total DC watts capable of being generated

by the solar array. The feeding of electricity into the grid

requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special,

grid-controlled, inverter [1].

Also, photovoltaic systems (stand-alone, grid-connected)

[2], are systems which use solar cells to convert light into

electricity. These systems consist of multiple

components, including cells, mechanical and electrical

connections and mountings and means of regulating

and/or modifying the electrical output.



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Usually, grid-connected systems are connected to a large

independent grid (typically the public electricity grid) and

feed power into the grid. PV systems may be built in

various configurations viz [3]:

• Off-grid without battery (Array-direct)

• Off-grid with battery storage for DC-only

appliances

• Off-grid with battery storage for AC & DC

appliances

• Grid-tie without battery

• Grid-tie with battery storage. Figure 3 shows a

typical solar farm. Electric power can be

obtained from solar energy by two means,

photovoltaic effect and solar thermal generator

[5]

Figure 1: Solar Park/farm [3]

1.2 Solar Energy (Green Power) Benefits i. Solar energy is a renewable and clean energy

resource, which produces neither greenhouse

effect gases nor hazardous wastes through its

utilization. Environmentally sustainable- unlike

oil, solar power does not emit greenhouse gases

or carcinogens into the air.

ii. Light and energy from the sun are in abundant

supply and as such costs nothing.

iii. Solar cells require little maintenance and cells

can last a lifetime.

iv. Solar power is noise free.

1.3 Research Objectives

This work defines a Solar Satellite as a PV system with

integrated SMART subsystems and components designed

to supply usable electric power for a variety of purposes,

using either of sun, wind, etc as the power source for end

users. With the enormous benefits of solar energy, the

work seeks to achieve the following objectives:

- To propose a Solar PV I-V model that is very

efficient and innovative while satisfying the

requirements of SMART grid open framework.

- To determine the I-V characteristics of an

optimized PV- solar cell which will grant

optimal performance for the DC interfaces in

the solar farm.

-

- To present an in-depth design framework of a

generic Solar Power System. In context, a

comprehensive outline of the design steps,

considerations as well as the implementation

strategies will be presented.

2. RELATED WORKS

The work in [5] explained that Nigeria is endowed with

an annual daily sunshine that is averagely 6.25 hours,

which is ranging between about 3.5 hours at the coastal

areas of the northern boundary of the nations. It also has

an annual average daily solar radiation of about 3.5

KWm2/ day in the coastal area which is in the southern

part and 7.0 KWm2/ day at the northern boundary.

Nigeria also receives about 4909.212 kWh of energy

from the sun which is equivalent to about 1.082 million

tonnes of oil; this is about 4000 times the current crude

oil production per day, and also put at about 13 thousand

times of daily natural gas production based on energy

unit. The annual insolation of the solar energy is value

about 27 times the national conventional energy

resources in energy units and also over 117,000 times the

amount of electric power that was generated in 1998 [6].

Using the Nigerian environment, we believe that a

sustainable energy future based on solar energy

technologies will address current power challenges. Some

contributions as studied in literature is presented below.



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The paper in [7] explored the introduction of passive

solar cooling, photovoltaic (PV) lighting and energy

saving lighting bulbs in houses considering the national

housing policy. It presented the erection of energy

efficient building as a great strategy for reducing energy

consumption in households thus making surplus energy

available for greater populace. Consequently, the authors

presented solar passive cooling as a pure structural and

mechanical issue compared to the generally used

electromechanical cooling system. The work in [8]

explained that the field of green technology encompasses

a broad range of subjects from new energy generation

techniques to the study of advanced materials to be used

in our daily life. The authors opined that green

technology focuses on reducing the environmental impact

of industrial processes and innovative technologies

caused by the Earth’s growing population.

The work in [4], [9], [10] discussed on solar chimney

power plant, which is expected to provide electric power

for remote locations as depicted in figure 2. A detailed

analysis on this system is found in the sampled

literatures. The system comprises of solar collector, the

chimney, and the turbine. The design and the analytical

formulations [12] considered the physical dimensions

with relevant assumptions as well.

Figure 2: Schematic illustration of a solar chimney

power plant [9], [10].

Since early 1970’s, Solar Power Satellite which is used to

power the satellite system has been undergoing research.

Space-based solar power (SBSP) is the concept of

collecting solar power in space for use on Earth. As

found in literature [12], its operational methods differs

from exiting solar based systems. In this case, the

orbiting satellite houses the solar collector instead of the

collector being on the earth surface. Some projected

benefits of such a system are a higher collection rate and

a longer collection period due to the lack of a diffusing

atmosphere and night time in space. Part of the solar

energy is lost on its way through the atmosphere by the

effects of reflection and absorption. Space-based solar

power systems convert sunlight to microwaves outside

the atmosphere, avoiding these losses, and the downtime

(and cosine losses, for fixed flat-plate collectors) due to

the Earth's rotation [12].

The focus of this paper is on grid-connected centralised

PV power plants for power challenged environments.

Future work will address the integration designs among

the interacting components in the DC and AC conversion

modules. We will now present an overview on the PV

power plant subsystems below:

2.1 Ground Mounted PV Power Plant Figure 2b gives an overview of a megawatt scale grid-

connected solar PV power plant. Our solar satellite model

captures these attributes as depicted in figure 4. The main

components include [15]:

i. Solar PV Modules – These convert solar

radiation directly into electricity through

the photovoltaic effect in a silent and clean

process that requires no moving parts. The

photovoltaic effect is a semiconductor

effect whereby solar radiation falling onto

the semiconductor PV cells generates

electron movement. The output from a

solar PV cell is direct current (DC)

electricity. A PV power plant contains

many cells connected together in modules

and many modules connected together in

strings [14] to produce the required DC

power output.

ii. Module mounting (or tracking) systems – These allow PV modules to be securely

attached to the ground at a fixed tilt angle,

or on sun-tracking frames.

iii. Grid Tie Inverters – These are required to

convert the DC electricity to alternating

current (AC) for connection to the utility

grid. Many modules in series strings and

parallel strings are connected to the

inverters.

iv. Step-up transformers – The output from the

inverters generally requires a further step-

up in voltage to reach the AC grid voltage

level. The stepup transformer takes the

output from the inverters to the required



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grid voltage (for example 25 kV, 33 kV,

38 kV, 110 kV depending on the grid

connection point and requirements).

v. The grid connection interface – This is where

the electricity is exported into the grid

network. The substation will also have the

required grid interface switchgear such as

circuit breakers and disconnects for

protection and isolation of the PV power

plant as well as generation and supply

metering equipment. The substation and

metering point are often external to the PV

power plant boundary and are typically

located on the network operator’s property

[15]

Figure 2b: A Conventional Solar PV Power Plant [15]

Summarily, in power challenged environments where

enterprises and business needs to be making transactions

24/7, leveraging on green power supplies will facilitate

operations and reduce capital expenditures if properly

implemented. However, most works on solar power

systems [9], [10], [12] are capital intensive considering

the PV I-V curve output requirements. In this paper, we

present a simplified framework for Solar Satellite design,

using the PV tesbed parameters, while presenting the I-V

characteristics.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Parasol and ELDI Solar Plant Solar Satellite is formulated from the architectural design

principles of two existing testbed viz Parasol and ELDI

Solar Plant. As a result of the study, we outlined a

practical framework for Solar PV system design below.



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Figure 3a: Parasol Outside View [13] Figure 3b: ELDI outside View [Source: ELDI, Awka,Nigeria]

Figure 3c: Solar PV arrays (Source: ELDI, Awka, Nigeria)

In figure 3b, the PV cells were connected in parallel to higher

current as shown in figure 3c. For the Solar PV modules

shown on top of the inverter bank in figure 3b, using the

outlined considerations stated in this section, the following

was used to achieve the solar satellite and can be used for any

other solar based design.

1. Install N+1 PV modules in series for increase output

voltage

2. Install N+1 PV modules in parallel for increase current

output

3. For large output wattage, depending on the PV cell ratings,

cell efficiency and irradiation,

N+1> 10% - 25% cell efficiency.

Other design structure of PV modules considered includes

- Number of Solar cells: 48V voltage output module is used

and this charges the inverter batteries reasonably.

- Wattage of Modules : 170 Wp was used, but Pv modules of

about 300Wp power rating are available now

- PV Module Fabrication Type- Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVa)

is used as encapsulant in the Si-based PV modules

Which have high electrical resistivity (1014 Ohm-cm), low

fusion and polymerization temperature (650C), very low

water absorption ratio (0.05% -0.015%) and good optical

transmission (over 90%).

3.2 Design Framework for Generic PV Systems Based on the investigations from figure 3b, for generic

designs, the following steps are outlined for designing Solar

PV systems viz:

i. Define the Size of PV module

- State total Amp-h per day required

- State battery efficiency for charging and discharging (70%-

90% is Normal)

- Note losses from Pv module due to higer temperatures

(Ambient temp) from 0% -30%)

- Calculate losses vis-à-vis loss factor (1/battery Eff.*Temp

Eff.* Other Loss Eff.)

- Note Avg. Number sunshine hours

- Note Total Amp Current produce by PV modules.

Solar PV Cells

Solar PV Cells



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- State peak power capacity of the PV module (from 10 –

300Wp,etc)

- State peak current and peak voltage of the choosen PV

modules

- Configure Total number of PV modules in parallel

ii. Define load estimation, Inverter ratings and System voltage

- State daily AC loads in terms of Watt-h

- State the efficiency of the charge controller, Estimate Watt-

h load

- Obtain exact load by dividing estimate Watt-h by Charge

controller Efficiency

- State the system Voltage by choice

- Estimate the total daily Amp-h load or Ah load for AC

loads (ie Wh/system Voltage-V) and for DC loads

iii. Define the battery capacity for storage

- Obtain daily Amp-h load per day required to be supplied

from solar array

- Obtain numbers of days of autonomy for system reliability

- Estimate total Amp-h required with autonomy

- Consider batteries of higher Depth of Discharge DoD viz-a-

viz useful charge capacity (20%-80%)

- Consider Effective Amp-h required after considering DoD

- Depending on the size of the load, choose battery caapacity

(12Ah, 50Ah, 100Ah, 150Ah, 250Ah, etc)

- Connect the battery network in parallel to obtaine the

desired Amp-h from the battery

- Desired system voltage = System voltage/battery voltage

We now present the system architecture of the proposed Solar

Satellite system while discussing its functionalities.

3.3 Solar Satellite Architecture In this work, a prosed Solar Satellite addresses the following issues,

viz: Optimal current and volatage outputs, optimal solar concentration

at maxium tilt angle (300), load stability, resource avaliability,

reliability, open support for scalability and interface supports for

manageability. A high power switching feedback system (3phase),

Advance Metering System (Smart Meter), and a coomunication

interface for the Distributed Cloud Datacneter network are the

additional improvements captured. This paper will only show our

results on I-V characteristics plots for the solar light PV farm.



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Figure 4: SMART Green System Architecture with Solar PV array Current and Voltages sensors



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From figure 4, the proposed Smart Green System Components includes the following as earlier discussed, viz:

- 3-Phase distribution network

- Renewable Energy Sources Such as Wind, Solar, etc (Generation Plants)

- Battery Banking Systems (Storage Reservoir)

- DC-DC Converters (PWM Feedback Frequency Oscillators/ MMPT Current boosters)

- Grid tie Inverters (DC-AC Converters)

- Switching Summer Control (Grid tie Inverter to Transmission Grid or Vice versa)

- Fault Detection Sensors ( Current and Voltage Sensors)

3.4 Solar Satellite PV Array Characterization From the theories of Pn-junction, a solar cell model is represented by a current source, a diode, a series resistance and a

shunt resistance. Hence the equivalent circuit for a solar cell drawn with MATLAB Simulink [17] is shown in figure 5

Figure 5: Solar Cell Equivalent Circuit

Figure 5 shows the equivalent electrical circuit of a solar

cell. Here the current produced from the cell is directly

proportional to the solar radiation incident on the cell.

The cell works similar to a diode at the time of darkness.

The load current is given by the difference of the current

produced due to the cell and the diode current.

From figure 5, the cell model is given in terms of current

source, diode, and series resistance. The I-V equation of a

single cell for Solar Satellite model is given by

I= IL – [ I0 eq(V+IRs)/ nKT - 1] …………(1)

Where IL is the light generated current (current source),

I0 is the reverse saturation current (diode), Rs is the

series resistance, n is the diode ideality/quality factor, K

is the boltzmann’s constant and T is Temperature.

By rearrange equ (1), we obtain,

V = -IRs + Kln ((IL-I + I0 )/ I0 ) ………(2)

Where K is constant given by (nkT/q)

Consider a PV module whose current and voltage are

given by Im and Vm respectively. By substituting in Equ

(2), this is results in

Vm = -ImRsm + Kmln ((ILm-Im + I0m )/ I0m ) ………(3)

Where ILm is the light generated current of the module

(current source), I0m is the reverse saturation current of

the module (diode), Rsm is the series resistance, n is the

diode ideality/quality factor, Km is the boltzmann’s

constant and T is Temperature.

For Np cells connected in parallel in a module, then the

relationship between the current and voltage of the

module, Im and Vm is given by

Vm = -Im(Rsm/Np) + Kmln ((Nsh.ILm-Im +Np.I0m )/

Np.I0m ) …..(4)

Equation (4) forms the basis for the PV modular

arrangement in the Solar Satellite proposal.



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4. SIMULATION

4.1 Implementation and I-V Analysis This section describes the methodology used for

simulating the solar I-V characteristics. The mathematical

descriptions mentioned above are the basis for plotting

the sunlight I-V curves. Before performing the

siumualtion, the following are considered, viz:

i. Initially the latitude and longitude of the

testbed site (ELDI) is noted.

ii. Then the day and time for which the Azimuthal

direction and Elevation angle needs to be

evaluated is used to find to find the

Equation of Time.

iii. The equation of time and time correction factor

is used to determine the local time and

consequently the local solar time.

iv. The local solar time is converted into angle

which is known as HRA (Hour Angle).

v. Then the declination angle is determined using

the day of the year.

vi. By using the latitude, longitude and Declination

angle, the Elevation angle is calculated for

each hour of a particular day.

vii. The PV Modules (N+1) is now deployed while using the

default parameters shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows

top solar parameters as shown in ELDI testbed.

Table 1: Top Solar PV ratings

Parameters Rated values

Rated Max. Power (Pmax) 170W

Current@ Pmax (ImP) 4.92A

Voltage@ Pmax (Vmp) 34.6V

Short-Circuit Current (Isc) 5.32A

Open-Ckt Voltage (Voc) 43.2V

Nominal Operating Cell Temp (Tnoct) 500C

Weight 15.5kg

Dimmension (mm) 1580*808*35

Max.Sys.Voltage 1000VDC

Max Series Fuse rating 8.5A

Solar Radiation (E) 1000W/M2

Cell-Module Temp. Tc 250C

Figure 6: MATLAB Simulink Window for I-V characteristics at 250C



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Figure 6: Solar PV Configuration Window for I-V characteristics at 250C

5. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

For power challenged environments, the deployment of the solar PV modules for optimal peak power is very important.

Under the standard test Condition (STC), figure 7 shows the solar current output response under the default irradiation of

1000W/M2, AMI 1.5G global solar radiation, with the cell temperature of 250C. The plot implies that the PV module

will give the highest power under STC.

Figure 7: Solar PV characteristics at 250C peak rated power



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Also, figure 8 shows the voltage plot for Solar PV at 250C peak rated power (STC).

Figure 8: Solar PV I-V characteristics at 250C

From the plots of figure 7 and figure 8, we can deduce that the

power output of a solar PV module strongly depends on the

solar irradiation falling on it. This implies that the power of a

module decreases almost linearly with the decrease in the

intensity of the solar radiation. Ironically, the irradiation

available throughout the day is not constant in practical

context. In cloudless day, it increases from morning to noon

and then decreases from till sunset, when radiation intensity

falls to near zero. Owing to this variation in the irradiation,

the power output of the solar PV module also changes

throughout the day. This can result in failure of critical

systems and create downtime.

Again, the current produced by a PV module is the linear

function of the radiation intensity. Thus, if the radiation is half

the peak radiation intensity, (1000W/M2), the module will

produce half the peak current. But the voltage of a module is a

logarithmic function of the radiation intensity. Therefore, the

drop in the module voltage is not significant for a large

change in radiation intensity. This paper opinions that PV

systems must be complimented with back power networks so

as to avoid disaster scenarios for mission critical systems.

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Solar Satellite is a holistic concept proposed for a

sustainable energy future in line with SMART grid

energy ideology. We showed the solar PV I-V

characteristics under STC using Electronics Development

Institute as our initial Testbed, while achieving the plot

characteristics with MATLAB Simulink. For Solar power

System based on PV cells, we argue that its

implementation must follow the procedure and

consideration as outlined in this work so as to achieve

optimal I-V power requirements by the power electronics

subsystems. In a power challenged environment, solar

power substitute offers a cost effective solution compared

with solar chimney and Space power solar systems.

However, the effects of environmental constraints such as

power output drop caused by fall in irradiation as well as

material reliability could still affects its solar PV

optimality. We quickly add that with the right tandem of

PV array, optimal storage network and tightly coupled

switching system, output stability will be achieved.

Hybrid grid connected PV systems will significantly

facilitate downtime in case of PV failure, however, an

effective management of these systems using the novelty

of Green SMART meters and Distributed Cloud

computing frameworks will gain wider acceptance.

Furthermore, a global system architecture for SMART

green proposal was shown while leaving out detail

explanations on its interfaces for future work.

Future works will focus on developing a traffic protocol

for distributed cloud DataCenter networks from the

green energy meter using IP MODEM sensor agents.

REFERENCES [1] (<http://www.businessdictionary.com/definitio

n/crisis.html>) [Viewed 08/11/2009],

[2] White Paper “Solar technology”: Online-

http://www.schurter.com/downloads

[3] www.en.wikipedia.org/Photovotaic System

[4] Y.J. Dai a, H.B. Huang b, R.Z. Wang, “Case

study of solar chimney power plants in

Northwestern regions of China, Renewable

Energy 28 (2003) 1295–1304,

www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

[5] Suleiman lawal Nadabo, “Renewable Energy as

a Solution to Nigeria Enegry Crisis, M.Sc

thesis, 2010

[6] Chendo, M. A. C. (2001). Non-Conventional

Energy Source: Development, Diffusion Impact

on Human Development Index in Nigeria. N.

Journal of Renewable Energy Vol. 9, Nos.

1&2, pp.91-102.



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[7] Ndinechi M. C, Ogungbenro O. A, Onwusuru I.

M,“ The imperative of incoorporating passive

solar cooling, photovoltaic lighting and energy

saving lighting bulbs to the housing policy in

Nigeria”, Academic Research International,

Vol. 2, No. 3, May 2012.

[8] Swati Aggarwal, Monika Garg, Pramod Kumar, “Green Computing s SMART COMPUTING – A Survey,

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-

2459, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2012) 297-303.

[9] J.P. Pretorius *, D.G. Kroger, “Critical evaluation of solar chimney power plant performance” Solar Energy- 80

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[10] Mohammad .O. Hamdan, “Analysis of Solar Chimney Power plant in the Arabian Gulf Region”, Elsevier Renewable

Energy(2010) pp 1-6.

[11] Mohammad O. Hamdan, “Analysis of solar chimney power plant utilizing chimney discrete model” Elsevier Renewable Energy

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[12] www.en.wikipedia/space based solar power.

[13] ´Inigo Goiri, William Katsak, Kien Ley, Thu D.

Nguyen, and Ricardo Bianchini, “Parasol and

GreenSwitch: Managing Datacenters Powered

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[14] National Renewable Energy Laboratory

http://nrel.com.

[15] SgurrEnergy for Asian Development Bank;

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Solar Power Plants, A Guide For Developers

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[17] Mathworks. 2011. http://www.mathworks.com

Authors Profile

Engr. Okafor Kennedy C. is a Systems

Architect and R&D Consultant. He holds

B.Eng in Electrical Electronics

Engineering, (ESUT), M.Eng in Digital

Electronics and Computer Engineering,

(UNN) while currently pursuing his PhD

in Electronics Engineering at University

of Nigeria Nsukka. He works with Electronic Development

Institute, Awka under National Agency for Science and

Engineering Infrastructure, Nigeria as a Senior R&D

Engineer. He has various vendor certifications including

Cisco Certified Network Associate, A+, and Server+. He is a

member of NSE, IEEE, NCS, and IAENG. His areas of

interest include Network Design & Cloud Management,

Middleware Technologies, VLSI, Enterprise-Wide Systems,

Database Technologies, Application Development, Security,

WSN Technologies, and Project Management. He can be

reach via Email: [email protected], +2348034180668

Onwusuru Cletus. O is a

Geologist with many years of

experience in research in petroluem

and enviromental geology. He

offers frontline services

representing range of businesses

within the south east of Nigeria. He

is offering his M.Sc programme in

Geophysics. He has his B.Sc in Geological sciences from

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra state,

Nigeria. He can be reached with the phone number

+2348035786828 or e-mail [email protected]

Onwusuru Ijeoma Madonna (nee Uka) is a scientific officer

with Electronics Development

Institute, (ELDI), Awka, under

National Agency for Science and

Engineering Infrastructure

(NASENI), Nigeria. She has many

years of experience in research

and development in the areas of technology education,

mobile communication systems, inverter system

developement and solar application systems. She is

offering her Ph.D in Industrial Technical Education with

specialization in Electrical Electronics Technology. She

has her B.Sc and M.ed in the same field from University

of Nigeria Nsukka. She can be reached with the phone

number +2348036377039 or e-mail [email protected].

Okoro Isreal is a scientific officer

at Electronics Development

Institute, a research institute of the

National Agency for Science and

Engineering Infrastructure

(NASENI), He has his research

interest in power electronics and

embedded systems, He is currently

doing a masters degree in physics electronics at Nnamdi

Azikiwe University

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