Social Neuroscience and Developmental Disorders

Social Neuroscience and Developmental Disorders

Joe Bathelt

MSc Paediatric Neuropsychology

Spring Term 2013

Overview

Introduction• Why is social functioning important? • Why study social development? • Fundamentals of developmental social neuroscience • The social brain • Basics of brain development

Development of Face Processing

• Internal/External factors • Brain development and integrity • Attention/executive • Communication • Socio-emotional

Summary & Conclusion

• Importance of different levels of observation • Tendencies in neuro-cognitive development • Suggested readings • References

Introduction

What is social cognition?

“the ability to detect and interpret information about other individuals to adjust one’s own behaviour to the emotional and social context’’

Payne, C. (n.d.). Neuroanatomy of the developing social brain. In M. de Haan (Ed.), Handbook of Developmental Social Neuroscience (1st ed., p. 38ff). London: The Guilford Press.

Introduction

Why is social functioning important?

• well-being and success largely depends on our ability to interact with other humans

• social interaction plays a large role in motivation

• socio-emotional disorders are among the most common disorders in adults

• social interaction is important for the development of other abilities, e.g. speech and language

Introduction:

Introduction

Why study social development?

• many aspects of social function are shaped during development

• more complex behaviours build on simpler processes that can be observed in earlier stages of development

• the influence of other functions can be observed during development

Introduction

IntroductionIntroduction

Developmental social neuroscience:

• How does brain development and function relate to the development of socio-cognitive abilities and ultimately behaviours?

Introduction

Introduction

mediators cognitive functions social competence

Beauchamp, M. H., & Anderson, V. (2010). SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychological bulletin, 136(1), 39–64. doi:10.1037/a0017768

Introduction



Internal/External Factors

Brain Development and Integrity

Socio-emotional

Communicationsocial skills/

function

Attention - Executive

Introduction

The social brain:

key areas: • amygdala • anterior cingulate sulcus • orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) • temporal pole • superior temporal sulcus

Blakemore, S.-J. (2008). The social brain in adolescence. Ten years of Nature Reviews Neuroscience: insights from the highly cited, 9, 267–277. doi:10.1038/nrn2353

Introduction

Developmental tendencies

I. Broadly tuned to specialised

non-native speech

non-native speech

native speech

Cheour, M., Ceponiene, R., Lehtokoski, A., Luuk, A., Allik, J., Alho, K., & Näätänen, R. (1998). Development of language-specific phoneme representations in the infant brain - Nature Neuroscience. Nature neuroscience, 1(5), 351–353. doi:

10.1038/1561

→ differences between native and non-native speech sounds are detectable in the ERP signature at 12-months of age, but not at 6 months

Introduction



II. Different areas mature at a different rates

Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(3), 104–110. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011

Introduction



II. Different areas mature at a different rates

III. Network develops from segregation towards global integration between specialised modules

Power, J. D., Fair, D. A., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2010). The Development of Human Functional Brain Networks. Neuron, 67(5), 735–748. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.017

7-9 years 21-31 years Difference Map

Introduction

The Development of Face Processing





Socio-emotional


function




Internal factors

• visual ability

→ individuals that had no visual input to the right hemisphere during infancy perform sign. worse on the spacing task, which requires configural processing

Le Grand, R., Mondloch, C. J., Maurer, D., & Brent, H. P. (2003). Expert face processing requires visual input to the right hemisphere during infancy. Nature neuroscience, 6(10), 1108–1112. doi:10.1038/nn1121


Internal factors

• visual ability • genetic predisposition

Intraclass correlation compared between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

→ the shared variability on face-specific tasks is higher in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins

Zhu, Q., Song, Y., Hu, S., Li, X., Tian, M., Zhen, Z., et al. (2010). Heritability of the Specific Cognitive Ability of Face Perception. Current Biology, 20(2), 137–142. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.067

External factors


• environmental influence

→ infants’ own-race bias depends on exposure in their environment

Bar-Haim, Y., Ziv, T., Lamy, D., & Hodes, R. M. (2006). Nature and nurture in own-race face processing. Psychological science, 17(2), 159–163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01679.x

Brain Development



Socio-emotional


function




Brain Development

Visual system recap:

Logothetis, N. K. (2006). Vision: a window into consciousness. Scientific American.

Brain Development

Core Face Network

Leppänen, J. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Ten years of Nature Reviews Neuroscience: insights from the highly cited, 10, 37–47. doi:10.1038/nrn2554

Occipital Face Area (OFA)

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Brain Development

Infancy • less specialisation within cortex • system for orienting attention

Occipital Face Area OFA

Superior Temporal Sulcus STS

Fusiform Face Area FFA

Face

Other Regions, e.g. “language areas”

Ward, J. (n.d.). The Student's Guide to Social Neuroscience (1st ed.). Psychology Press Hove, UK.

Orienting (via sub-cortex, e.g. superior colliculus)

Brain Development

Childhood • specialised but not fully mature





Core system

Brain Development

Adulthood • specialised system for faces





Core system

Brain Development

Development of the Face Processing System


Infancy Childhood Adulthood

• subcortical mechanisms • response biases

• core cortical architecture • not fully specialised

• specialised cortical network

Brain Development

Golarai, G., Ghahremani, D. G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Reiss, A., Eberhardt, J. L., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Grill-Spector, K. (2007). Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nature

neuroscience, 10(4), 512–522. doi:10.1038/nn1865

→ responses of areas in the core face network become more selective for face stimuli with age !→ behavioural performance in a face recognition memory task also increases with age

Brain Development

Development between childhood and adulthood

➡ no face-selective activation in children, object-selective and navigation-selective activation similar

➡ face-selective activation in the core face network is similar in adolescents and adults

Scherf, K. S., Behrmann, M., Humphreys, K., & Luna, B. (2007). Visual category-selectivity for faces, places and objects emerges along different developmental trajectories. Developmental Science, 10, F15–30. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00595.x

Brain Development


• DCM analysis: • indicates the connection

strength between areas of interest

!• connection between core

face network areas is stronger in adults compared to adolescents and children

Cohen Kadosh, K., Cohen Kadosh, R., Dick, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2011). Developmental Changes in Effective Connectivity in the Emerging Core Face Network. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 1–6. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq215

Brain Development


Cohen Kadosh, K., Johnson, M. H., Henson, R. N. A., Dick, F., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2013). Differential face-network adaptation in children, adolescents and adults. NeuroImage, 69, 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.060

• adaptation paradigm: • repeated presentation of the same stimulus • → habituation of substrates • subsequent change of one stimulus aspect • → aspect-specific substrates activate

⇒ improved resolution of fMRI contrasts

time

identity changed, expression constant

expression changed, identity constant

Brain Development

Refinement during adolescence

Cohen Kadosh, K., Johnson, M. H., Henson, R. N. A., Dick, F., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2013). Differential face-network adaptation in children, adolescents and adults. NeuroImage, 69, 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.060

• similar activation in the core face network in all age groups • differences in task-relevant activation in the extended system:

• adults recruit specific regions depending on task

Attention/Executive



Socio-emotional


function




Attention/Executive

Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual Scanning of Faces in Autism -

Springer. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 249–261. doi:10.1023/A:1016374617369

Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2006). Abnormal Use of Facial Information in High-Functioning Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,

37(5), 929–939. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0232-9

Eye tracking studies of adults with high-functioning autism (HFA):

Attention/Executive

Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Hudry, K., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., the BASIS Team. (2012). The development of face orienting mechanisms in infants at-risk for autism. Behavioural Brain Research. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.030

Orienting to face and non-face stimuli in infants at risk for autism:

→ infants at risk for ASD spent more time (!) looking at faces compared to the control group

Attention/Executive

→ infants at risk for ASD show less visual disengagement → there is a difference in attention allocation/shifting in infants with ASD

Holmboe, K., Elsabbagh, M., Volein, A., Tucker, L. A., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., et al. (2010). Frontal cortex functioning in the infant broader autism phenotype. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(4), 482–491.

Visual attention shifting in infants at risk for ASD

Communication



Socio-emotional

social skills/function




Communication

Communication

sender

receiver

signal

modified from Shettleworth, S. J. (2009). Cognition, Evolution, and Behaviour (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Communication

“Baby faces may hold key to Autism diagnosis” (2009) featuring Prof. Charles Nelson, Harvard Children’s Hospital

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYq1gQMU0vs (Last access: 4th April 2013)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYq1gQMU0vs

Communication

“Baby faces may hold key to Autism diagnosis” (2009) featuring Prof. Charles Nelson, Harvard Children’s Hospital

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYq1gQMU0vs (Last access: 4th April 2013)

• faces are an important source of information for infants

• attention to faces is linked to important developmental outcomes in infants

• joint-referencing and shared gaze rely on communication with the caregiver through facial cues

• developmental disorders, e.g. autism spectrum disorder, show alterations in these behaviours

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYq1gQMU0vs

Communication

Communication difficulties

• Möbius syndrome: congenital facial paralysis

Bogart, K. R., & Matsumoto, D. (2010). Living With Moebius Syndrome: Adjustment, Social Competence, and Satisfaction With Life. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 47(2), 134–142.

doi:10.1597/08-257.1

→ the ability to produce facial expressions influences social competence

Communication

Communication difficulties

• the ability to communicate facial expressions also influences the ability to decode facial expressions

Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007). Face to face: blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Social neuroscience, 2(3-4), 167–178. doi:10.1080/17470910701391943

Socio-emotional



social skills/function




Communication

Socio-emotional

Socio-emotional

→ adults show enhanced ERP amplitude in response to emotional faces compared to neutral


Socio-emotional

Prosopagnosia

• prosopon = gr. face • agnosia = gr. not knowing • inability to remember faces

Fox, C. J., Hanif, H. M., Iaria, G., Duchaine, B. C., & Barton, J. J. S. (2011). Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity and expression processing. Neuropsychologia, 49(12), 3188–3200. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.018

Socio-emotional

Prosopagnosia

Fox, C. J., Hanif, H. M., Iaria, G., Duchaine, B. C., & Barton, J. J. S. (2011). Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity and expression processing. Neuropsychologia, 49(12), 3188–3200. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.

2011.07.018

→ lesion to the core system are associated with acquired prosopagnosia

→ facial expression discrimination is not affected

→ there is a dissociation between identity and expression processing

Socio-emotional

Developmental/Congenital prosopagnosia

Avidan, G., Tanzer, M., Hadj-Bouziane, F., Liu, N., Ungerleider, L. G., & Behrmann, M. (2013). Selective Dissociation Between Core and Extended Regions of the Face

Processing Network in Congenital Prosopagnosia. Cerebral Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht007

• poor memory of faces (< 2 std below mean) • no obvious brain damage • congenital

Socio-emotional


→ the core system is not sufficient for face memory → poor face memory is not associated with low social function

Duchaine, B., Murray, H., Turner, M., White, S., & Garrido, L. (2009). Normal social cognition in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(7), 620–

634. doi:10.1080/02643291003616145

Socio-emotional

Extended Face System

Haxby, J., Hoffman, E., & Gobbini, M. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 223–233.

Socio-emotional

Adolphs, R. (2002). Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews, 1(1), 21–62.

Extended System

mediates automatic emotion recognition and emotional contagion

Socio-emotional

Avidan, G., Tanzer, M., Hadj-Bouziane, F., Liu, N., Ungerleider, L. G., & Behrmann, M. (2013). Selective Dissociation Between Core and Extended Regions of the Face

Processing Network in Congenital Prosopagnosia. Cerebral Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht007


Socio-emotional

Development

Anatomical emergence

Experience-expectant functional development

Experience-dependent functional development


Socio-emotional

ASD intervention study

• children with ASD are brought to look at faces by pairing the faces with stimuli that they intrinsically like, e.g. trains, clocks etc.

➡ their emotional vocabulary and situation-expression matching ability improves significantly

Golan, O., Ashwin, E., Granader, Y., McClintock, S., Day, K., Leggett, V., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Enhancing Emotion Recognition in Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Intervention Using Animated Vehicles with Real Emotional

Faces. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(3), 269–279. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0862-9

Introduction

Summary and Conclusion

Levels of observation

• different levels of observation interact Internal/external factors interact with brain development. This leads to behaviours that subsequently influence the further development of the systems

• example: internal factors (genetic/epigenetic) lead to biases in attention in ASD (sticky attention). These could lead to differences in face processing that could lead to differences in social function.

➡investigations of neurodevelopmental disorders need to take different levels in to account

Johnson, M. H. (2010). Interactive Specialization: A domain-general framework for human functional brain development? Developmental cognitive

neuroscience, 1, 7–21. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2010.07.003

Neuro-cognitive Development

• response characteristics develop from broadly tuned to highly specific Infants ERP response at 3-months does not distinguish upright and inverted faces, at 6 months there is a specific response to upright faces

• cortical mechanisms develop later than subcortical mechanisms → functions that are mediated by cortical networks might (in part) be mediated by subcortical structures in infants

• different structures develop at different rates e.g. the sensorimotor cortex matures earlier in development than prefrontal cortex

• cortical networks for specific functions mature between childhood and adulthood e.g. face processing networks show closer integration between cortical areas in adults compared to school age children

Suggested Readings

Johnson, M. H. (2010). Interactive Specialization: A domain-general framework for human functional brain development? Developmental

cognitive neuroscience, 1, 7–21. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2010.07.003

Leppänen, J. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Ten years of Nature Reviews Neuroscience:

insights from the highly cited, 10, 37–47. doi:10.1038/nrn2554

Beauchamp, M. H., & Anderson, V. (2010). SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychological bulletin,

136(1), 39–64. doi:10.1037/a0017768

Johnson, M. H., & de Haan, M. (Eds.). (n.d.). Perceiving and Acting on the Social World. In Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (3rd ed., p.

105ff). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Adolphs, R. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Ten years of Nature Reviews Neuroscience: insights from the highly cited, 4.

doi:10.1038/nrn1056

ReferencesAdolphs, R., 2002. Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 1,

21–62.!Avidan, G., Tanzer, M., Hadj-Bouziane, F., Liu, N., Ungerleider, L.G., Behrmann, M., 2013. Selective Dissociation Between Core and Extended

Regions of the Face Processing Network in Congenital Prosopagnosia. Cerebral Cortex.!Bar-Haim, Y., Ziv, T., Lamy, D., Hodes, R.M., 2006. Nature and nurture in own-race face processing. Psychol Sci 17, 159–163.!Beauchamp, M.H., Anderson, V., 2010. SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychol Bull 136, 39–64.!Blakemore, S.-J., 2010. The developing social brain: implications for education. Neuron 65, 744–747.!Bogart, K.R., Matsumoto, D., 2010. Living With Moebius Syndrome: Adjustment, Social Competence, and Satisfaction With Life. The Cleft

Palate-Craniofacial Journal 47, 134–142.!Casey, B.J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., Durston, S., 2005. Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development?

Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, 104–110.!Cheour, M., Ceponiene, R., Lehtokoski, A., Luuk, A., Allik, J., Alho, K., Näätänen, R., 1998. Development of language-specific phoneme

representations in the infant brain - Nature Neuroscience. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 351–353.!Cohen Kadosh, K., Cohen Kadosh, R., Dick, F., Johnson, M.H., 2011. Developmental Changes in Effective Connectivity in the Emerging Core

Face Network. Cereb. Cortex 1–6.!Duchaine, B., Murray, H., Turner, M., White, S., Garrido, L., 2009. Normal social cognition in developmental prosopagnosia. Cognitive

Neuropsychology 26, 620–634.!Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Hudry, K., Charman, T., Johnson, M.H., the BASIS Team, 2012. The development of face orienting

mechanisms in infants at-risk for autism. Behavioural Brain Research.!Fox, C.J., Hanif, H.M., Iaria, G., Duchaine, B.C., Barton, J.J.S., 2011. Perceptual and anatomic patterns of selective deficits in facial identity

and expression processing. Neuropsychologia 49, 3188–3200.!Golan, O., Ashwin, E., Granader, Y., McClintock, S., Day, K., Leggett, V., Baron-Cohen, S., 2009. Enhancing Emotion Recognition in Children

with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Intervention Using Animated Vehicles with Real Emotional Faces. J Autism Dev Disord 40, 269–279.!

Golarai, G., Ghahremani, D.G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Reiss, A., Eberhardt, J.L., Gabrieli, J.D.E., Grill-Spector, K., 2007. Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 512–522.!

Haxby, J., Hoffman, E., Gobbini, M., 2000. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4, 223–233.!Holmboe, K., Elsabbagh, M., Volein, A., Tucker, L.A., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., Charman, T., Johnson, M.H., 2010. Frontal cortex

functioning in the infant broader autism phenotype. Infant Behavior and Development 33, 482–491.!Johnson, M.H., 2010. Interactive Specialization: A domain-general framework for human functional brain development? Developmental

cognitive neuroscience 1, 7–21.!Le Grand, R., Mondloch, C.J., Maurer, D., Brent, H.P., 2003. Expert face processing requires visual input to the right hemisphere during

infancy. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 1108–1112.!Leppänen, J.M., Nelson, C.A., 2009. Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Nat Rev Neurosci 10, 37–47.!Logothetis, N.K., 2006. Vision: a window into consciousness. Scientific American.!Oberman, L.M., Winkielman, P., Ramachandran, V.S., 2007. Face to face: blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of

emotional expressions. Soc Neurosci 2, 167–178.!Payne, C., n.d. Neuroanatomy of the Developing Social Brain, in: de Haan, M., Gunnar, M.R. (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Social

Neuroscience. The Guilford Press, London, p. 38ff.!Pelphrey, K.A., Sasson, N.J., Reznick, J.S., Paul, G., Goldman, B.D., Piven, J., 2002. Visual Scanning of Faces in Autism - Springer. J Autism

Dev Disord 32, 249–261.!Power, J.D., Fair, D.A., Schlaggar, B.L., Petersen, S.E., 2010. The Development of Human Functional Brain Networks. Neuron 67, 735–748.!Scherf, K.S., Behrmann, M., Humphreys, K., Luna, B., 2007. Visual category-selectivity for faces, places and objects emerges along different

developmental trajectories. Developmental Science 10, F15–30.!Shettleworth, S.J., 2009. Cognition, Evolution, and Behaviour, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.!Spezio, M.L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R.S.E., Piven, J., 2006. Abnormal Use of Facial Information in High-Functioning Autism. J Autism Dev Disord

37, 929–939.!Ward, J., n.d. The Student's Guide to Social Neuroscience, 1st ed. Psychology Press Hove, UK.!Zhu, Q., Song, Y., Hu, S., Li, X., Tian, M., Zhen, Z., Dong, Q., Kanwisher, N., Liu, J., 2010. Heritability of the Specific Cognitive Ability of Face

Perception. Current Biology 20, 137–142.

Social Neuroscience and Developmental Disorders

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