Slum Upgrading Program in The Edge of The Matano Lake as ...

Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II - 135

1 - 13

Slum Upgrading Program in The Edge of The Matano Lake

as Efforts to Promote the Town Image of Sorowako,

East Luwu Region - South Sulawesi

Arifuddin12

ABSTRACT

Considering the importance of the settlement upgrading in the edge area of water is the study background for various experiences in the development of slum settlement in the edge region of water continuously. One of the appointed cases was the traditional settlement region to the edge of the Matano Lake located in the Sorowako region. This traditional settlement development has been influenced by a new development of settlement and Industrial area which has been developed by PT. International Nickel Indonesia (PT. Inco). The population growth has been increase rapidly (7,89%/years) where there are no good management and uncontrolled for illegal and sporadic settlement. In this return, this traditional settlement apparently has become slum settlement. This region has a big potential for high income, tourism and resort development (the lake, mountains, and the mining tour) that could gave the contribution towards the development of the town and the settlement.

This paper explored and studied the various upgrading program enhancing the quality of slum traditional settlement of the edge Matano Lake which had been carried out by the government and the local community as well as the impact that were caused. The study approach was carried out with the identification towards several problems of settlement, identification of the physical and non physical potential of the area, as well as the identification

12 Department of Architecture

Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

II - 136 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area

of the aspirations of the community in the development program by the government and PT. Inco.

The result of this study were learning process that could suggest an alternative solution to the management strategy and slum settlement arrangement to the other territory that has a same characteristic in order to increase the quality of the environment and his community, as well as reinforce the town image in East Luwu region.

Keywords: Slum upgrading, traditional settlement, Matano Lake, Sorowako Town.

1. INTRODUCTION

Soroako society comes from the community of “Helai” society and some others from “Mori” ethnic (poso) from the society of Toraja who has been gathering together and make special community as like as Wawondula and Wasuponda that was under the control of Luwu Kingdom government (Abu Bakar, 2004). The Sorowako population and some others from “Dongi” was lived together in Sorowako (Now is called Nickel Village) where the farming is the main job of its population. Sorowako then become a small, great and cute town for the presence of multinational industry PT Inco since 1968. The improvement appears since the way Sorowako-Wasupondo-Malili which has developed the near population accessibility to Malili or Palopo region that was not done evenmore with the political pressure in the separation movement by DI/TII lead by Kahar Mudzakkar in 1950’s (Abubakar, 2004). Nowadays, Sorowako with thousands of its natural resources is not only well known in Indonesia but also in almost all over the world. He is famous as an industrial beautiful city with very nice tourism place.

The location of Sorowako geographically is in the mountainous with its deep lake and the position predicted as the result of collapsed of the mountain. Administratively, Sorowako is located near by the Matano Lake and Towuti in the eastern side. In 1960’s the population of Sorowako in the Nickel village live together another. Their houses are made of wood with palm as their roof or metal march along the nickel village with the position is in the back side of the lake, so that almost all of the houses has a nice back yard. The population of Sorowako which are included three areas Sorowako village or the disrick of Nikel and Magani in 1906 about 15.425 people with the development about 487,77 km 2 wide area. The nickel village itself as the main town, there lives about 4.987 people with the development about 8,11% per year. Nowadays the location is being used to built shelter 2002 shelters in 2007 and there has been about 399 permanent house.


Figure 1. Exisisting Nickel Village, 2007

For the improvement, development and the enhancing of PT Inco Industry through the rapid population grow with various kind of activity and all of their facilities has changed the urban form caused the change in the function of traditional settlement space to the social and commercial sector that demanded the quite high development. Gotten by the function trend of commercial space in the centre of settlement shifted the community's settlement to the edge and because increasingly the shortage of the land, Different kinds of population with various kind of activity has made the individual need conflict between group and inter sector then absolutely need to have the improvement of tools and the town facilities equipment. With the land as consideration, its finally has some problems with the town. The problem will be continually happened and being a problem of settlement and urban that is make it worse and make it difficult to be solved . Inexact and late to move and fine the problem solving, the problem will have them make such a lot of effort, time and fund that might be getting higher and higher.

Here are any kinds of problem of settlement and urban used to be paced nowadays:


1) The rapid grow of some kinds of tools and facilities that is not balanced with the land available and unorganized plan and as the matter of fact so there has been unbalance of load and the space along the land

2) The using of land by PT. Inco has been relatively good and well organized, some how in the land of settlement along with the Nickel village, the main town in the east side sees to be misused land, really unorganized and as the result that there might be come a slum area.

3) Its function and using as the center of the district and a reliable land, Sorowako ha some places which are fully good to be developed as tourism object however its using has not been being optimized.

Figure 2. Slum Condition in Nikkel,Vlg. 2007

Based on the fact above, several programs has been organized by the fact above, several programs has been organized by government, PT. Inco and Sorowako society to enable to built and developed the town and settlement upgrading. The programs that have been planned generally well done, yet any kinds of program has been done but do not give count contributions to the development of the town. In this case study, any kinds of suggestion will be included. Hoped for so that the strategy that was applied this could become the lesson for the designers of the town, the observer of the water region, the decision maker, policy makers, private enterprise's side and the wider community in the development of the continuous settlement in edge of the Matano Lake.


2. METHOD AND STRATEGIC ISSUES OF STUDY

The development of Sorowako is ideally settled based on its function as a location that is rely on the East Luwu which has function as meaning area and as business center and also as tourism object. In this matter, Sorowako need to be used optimally and continuity to support its function and keep the accommodation developed tools and equipments of the town to be shared.

The society need to start now to do with the local services, to measure of how far the succeeded to developed the quality of slum area and those things can be known by using qualitative method through observation, literature study, library research and interview. The study area include Sorowako, the research will be the condition of slum area at the Nickel village located in the edge of Matano lake. Any kinds of strategies and issues will be the main focus of the research include a). How to develop Sorowako which is potential with the mine, agricultural and tourism object b). Haw is the development of housing organizing of Sorowako based on the proper plan and building strategy without careless of the safe of our environment and several economic side of its society c) How do we synergize the housing building (former building) which tend to be slim and the building wil be build by PT Inco d) How do we involve all of the society (government, PT Inco, the society and private sector) in all phase in case of building the building.

3. THE HISTORY OF PT. INCO IN BRI

Around 1968, PT Inco got the recommendation from the government of Indonesia a mine fabric of nickel at Sorowako. On April 1975 The president

Figure 3. Sorowako village in 1970


of PT Inco Phil Jossep recommended to build settlements for his staffs at Sorowako. Wawondula and Wasuponda. At the time, the places have been known as Nickel Village now in Wawondula there are also 3 shelters where there are about thirty populations live and also there are only sixteen of wood houses with the population about 150 people. Some how the housing location recommended to be the center of stay is Sorowako with the consideration that, and has a nice view to the lake. The executive of Inco drive the developer to built it there with the reason that we can feel the beauty of Matano lake feel its beauty which where the lake famous with “the beautiful lake”. They was wondering that the house that is going to be built will enable those who live there can see the lake and feel the beauty of the lake. The building of the house will be followed by the road building project to the town and other supporting building where the road made by the Dutch will be developed. The location that was only a small village changed into a town. Now, It has good facilities and developed and moreover, one of famous Senior High School In South Sulawesi is there. Yet, it is a really poor thing when the housing won’t be build in Sorowako with the reason that is going to be a slum area and the population will get rapid and its finally proved and being a problem to be solved as soon as possible.

The building of the mine, fabric and housing of PT. Inco Sorowako has given a lot of income for our country in case of building a new town, an make new jobs. General M. Jusuf as the ministry of industry at the time stated that, he hoped that by the presence of Inco is not in enclave position and has good effect to the people around. The hope comes true, and also its hoped that later on, Inco will use Indonesian people, not as like as other factory who make for their fund in Indonesia but their employee dominated by foreigners.

4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING AND TOWN IN SOROAKO

4.1 The Development of Town Scale

The development of some kinds of program committed in Sorowako, East Luwu Region is one of developing process as an effect to the policy of the development of the mine of National mine in the presence of multinational factory. PT International Nickel of Indonesia which has significant role for the the development of housing and village, the structure of form of the land. Continually, the policy has been coming true with the prove that the development of any elements of Sorowako such as the build of some buildings and other facilities that are directly as to live there. Furthermore, the development of mine of Inco and housing which increasing sharply appears giving significant effect to the development of other town particularly to the two cities near, Wasuponda and Wawondula.


Figure 4. Exisisting of Sorowako Town in 2007

The policy which finally looks Sorowako as the center of mine industry with many kinds of facilities give any consequences to the physical building of the town that we can see with a bit of change to the facilities such room or any facilities supporting the business and tourism. Those sectors improved along with the town activities which getting crowded like in the sea shore area and others shopping market go along with the human needs which is getting more and more. In tourism sector, we can see lake, mountain and the town that has been completed by the recreation facilities.

Some kinds of facility development has been done by the government, PT Inco and the people around, and the facilities are: the street to the town, the building of any kinds of social facilities, economy like: airport, harbor, waste handling, market, hospital, school, shopping center, gazebo, sport field, housing of Inco staff and housing was build by private factory and PT Inco.

By notice at the rapid growth of the development which result a small town with the complete facility, we may say that the town can be compared with a big town. However, it is a poor thing that with the rapid development of the town there left a place included a slum town in the main town. It is not an


absolute thing that it can not be handled to go to the presence of holistic, synergic and notice at the ecology aspect of the town.

The development of Sorowako town from the facility, it is appear that there always any development proved by any kinds of great building which are crossing to the east side of the town or Sumasang area and also any kinds of facilities in the center of the town. The process never ended lately so there must be a good plan to handle the development in the near future.

The development can effect both positive and negative include its facilities and society. In order t handle the development of the land area, in 2007 the master plan of the town development of Sorowako which take the land development and the unit of housing as consideration.

4.2 The development of slum area in the town

The purpose of the developing of the slum area quality is based on the president instruction No 5/1990 about the line of action in renewing the slum area in Indonesia, 1) the develop of life skill and job work skill, right and honor of the society to get proper housing around the clean and comport place 2) make a housing area that is well organized and be based of its function according to the town development line’s of action 3) support the efficiency of land using, build the property, ease the presence of facility around the land and also reduce the low income people.

Showing the role, the government (stakeholders in governments) in sorowako had been done the activity to increase the low resident especially in Nickel Village by using some strategy, some of them: a) Arranging the resident of citizen. This is strategy done by government

to use the area efficiently. In the all lake bank, so the potency houses oriented to the lake.

b) Developing and increasing the street to resident, especially to the empty area and area that possible making house in it.

c) Developing a meaning facilitate such as: drainages, water, electrical network, sanitation, and politically for garbage. The water and electrical was helping from PT Inco for citizen.

d) Developing of some social facilitate such as an area for praying facilitate, office/auditorium, garden, trade.

e) Developing on area for accommodate some house that built and illegally then recommended to more from the Nikel village. This aims to anticipate low resident in Matano lake. Before relocated happen, the local government and PT. Inco Tbk prepare an area in lake in edge Sumasang which had been arranged theirs position and complete with theirs developing of the street.


In this development program above, some most of them had been done, except arrange the houses and impose street, and relocated the houses that have illegally built in. Now the illegally location to build house had fulfill by the citizens. But most of them are new comers and have a good salary and build a luxury house in it. The illegally citizen get the land bussed from the local citizen. Infact has sold area for it government then they back to dwell to the previous placed location by reason to close with where to work or downtown. This failure program, assumed caused less of applying law that support every step and activity of that program. Besides, it is also influenced by late preparing of master plan of laying out of town and place as sample of building enforcement since the program is done, so it impacts to law applying. The master plan has just arranged in 2007 whereas that program has done since 2005.


Figure 5. The Existing New Settlement in Sumasang


4.3 People Perception In The Town

Aspiration of people is selected through giving questioner toward 54 samples of people in Sorowako. The question is how to give toward the people capital needs like work need and facility to leave in Sorowako. From that question generally they respond as to capital need reaching in dwelling or working in Sorowako has been good though not considered very comfortable yet. The unreached thing is still can be found one of populated urban dwelling from surrounding. More clearly the aspiration can be seen in the table and chart below:


5. THE IDEAS TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF SETTLEMENT AND URBAN OF SOROWAKO

The explanation shows some ideas of Sorowako’s development in order to increasing the quality of urban: 1) An area for business centre with the faster of growing.

Exciting area with the compact citizens and it’s growthness of commercialism faster than other areas, is good to be focus on social and commercial sector. This is caused by the change of the value from non commercial to the commercial things. To minimize the load of town centre, social and economic activity are better is was transformed or directed to the side of town centre (e.g settlemet). This is aims to give the cities service by democratize. Therefore, some of commercial facilities were directed to the developing of east of town.

2) Staff PT. Inco’s house in west of the town This area relativity are good, orderly, and beautiful. In order that, this area completed with environment facilities, administration offices, and traveling facilities. Therefore, to hold out all the function of these facilities is good attitude.

Figure 7. Staff House PT Inco

3) Slum area in edge of Matano Lake

The change of function of side from real settlement and traditional to the commercial settlement activity sector, and old settlement in Nikel Village, has many potential to change this area from high area to the low area.


Figure 8. The face of illegal settlement in Nikel at 2007

To keep this settlement balance to another area, that can be used to keep it up is are: to complete the facilities which still need to be completed, to arrange and to move the illegal build to the exact area. Side of lake, and focus the developing to the lake with waterfront town oriented. This strategy will know other section of business, and increasing the function and activity of the area and all of these will support other esthetic and identities of Sorowako.

4) A Settlement area in The Sumasang to relocated the housing in Nikel Village. The settlement must be arranged based on the arrangement standard of the housing, which has completed with facilities. To get the relocated goal from slum/illegal area in nickel villages, it needs to take the focus on it’s plan, and it only can be done by the local government, making clear role and must be applied with cooperate a clear role.

5) A new area all river edge of Matano Lake to the Sumasang The part of level land all river side of the lake, has been a resident this area as strong alternative to a develop the settlement. Because it position has same sources and has potential for fisherman/tourism business, etc. The important this is the environment of the area must be kept in order to keep the forest and water of the lake.


Figure 9. The new Setlements and Facilities in Sumasang.

6) Range hills area of P.T. Inco Tbk in south of town Range of hills area today, still many empty area which each empty area has high potentially and can be developed to be a animal husbandry, field and plantation and these can keep the environment.

7) Community empowerment The goal of developing of the cummunity empowerment in Sorowako is to get the citizens of participation in development. This less or more than been created either planning process, realization and keeping the development. Except that, the government tried to increase the human empowerment by increasing the education and skill to local oriented. Any infestation can be done by the local citizens such as agriculture, plantation, mine trade, fisherman, trade, tourist business, etc. by the having the goal of development, human resource has given positive effect to some aspect, some of them: a) Increasing total of number of professionals staff. b) Developing of the education and skill. c) Increasing economic sector either formal and informal.


Figure 10. Community involve in Development

6. CONCLUSION

1. Showing the potential, function and sorowako town, it is best if this area can be developed to be a town with capital function are as resident with the mine sector, agribusiness, and tourist business.

2. Designing sorowako town (It shown master plan sorowako), must be oriented to balancing oriented. Synergists among government, PT Inco, and citizens, and than ecologic aspek. In it’s process, must the technical role which had been agreement to all stokehold must completed.

3. Slum upgrading program in Nikel settlemet has be done with the program as shows bellow: a) Rearranged the slum settlement and road way, b) To built of environment utility, c) To created some illegal house in the lake to the nice area in Sumasang. (The last program last not done be cause weaknesses of the law isn’t it’s application)

4. Every stage of the development it is better to involve all elements of citizens (citizens, government, staff of PT. Inco, and other entrepreneur) to get efficient and effective result.

5. Some solution that has been suggested to the increasing the quality of the town and Sorowako’s settlement area: keep the social economic facilities to the all area for efficiency and effectively of serving, arrange area must be maintenance the function, slum upgrading settlement has synergic with tourism, increasing new settlement must to watch the sustainable of the town out, the rehabilitation or using empty reason mine, and maximize the using the endeavor citizen.


7. REFERENCES

Abubakar, Dahlan, 2004, Inco Mengalir Di Tengah Gejolak Pertambangan, (Makassar: Lephas – Unhas),. Ali Fadillah, Iwan Sumantri, 2000, Kedatuan Luwu, Perspektif Arkeologi, Sejarah, dan Antropologi, Lephas, atas kerja sama dengan Institut Etnografi Indonesia, Makassar. Elo, Ambo, Sistem Permukiman Penduduk yang Dilanda Banjir pada Kawasan Pinggiran Danau Tempe, Sengkang, Kabupaten Wajo, Tesis S2 ITS, Surabaya. Indorf, Pinna, 2002, Konsep Ruang Pola Permukiman dalam Manusia dan Lingkungan, (Jakarta: Grolier International). Koestoer, Raldi. H. dkk, 2001, Dimensi Keruangan Kota, Teori dan Kasus, (Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press). Naing, Naidah, 1999, Studi Permukiman Kumuh untuk Mendukung Program Relokasi Permukiman di Sepanjang Kawasan Sungai Walanae Kec. Tempe, Kab. Wajo, Tesis S2 Unhas, Makassar. Prabowo, Hendro, dkk, 2006, Buginese Waterfront Settlement and Their Livelyhood in Jakarta Coastal Area, in Water Friendly Architecture, Proceeding Senvar 7, Dept. of Architecture – UNHAS, Makassar. Purboyo, H, 1999, Visi Pengelolaan Perkotaan Indonesia, Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota, Vol. 10, No. 2. Scipioni A. dkk., 2008, The Dashboard of Sustainability to Measure the Local Urban Sustainable Development: the Case Study of Padua Municipality, Jurnal, www:// sciensedirect. Diakses: 20 sept. 2008 Town Administration Services – PT. Inco Sorowako kerjasama dengan Lembaga Penelitian Unhas, 2007, Sorowako Master Plan. Widyastomo, Deasy, 2006, Transformasi Permukiman Tradisional Suku Sentani di Danau Sentani, Studi Kasus Kampung Hobong Kab. Jayapura- Papua, Tesis S2 ITS, Surabaya.

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