SCHOOL or Pl RIJC HEALTH

COLLEGE OF ttF.ALTH scn 'iCES

CNIVERSIT\' Of GHASA

FACTOR.."i {()'i rRIBl 'YISG TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDF.STS AMONe;

(;O\1MERCIAl VEltln.r. ORIVERS IS nn: KIST AMPO SORTII

\1t 'SICIPALIT\'. BROf\liG AHAFO· GHASA

1106026lt)

TIllS Dls~t:RTAYION IS SUBMITTED TO THf.: ll'JIVt:RSITY ot' GHANA.

I. EGOS IN PARTIAL nrU.fU.M[NT OI-' TlU', NEQUINt: ~IE"'" FOR THE

A \\ AMn or MASTF.R OF Pl:BUC H[Atnt OEGRU:

MARCH.2eI9

I declare lhatlhis work is the resuh of my own effort. and it has nol been submiltrd either in

l*Corwholcfor .... yothcrdegrecebcwhcre.c"'eeplforthcspe<:iflCre(erenceswbic:bbave

bcen duly aeknowledged

~ OATE .. ..• ..2 .'. /OJ/~.~/9 SAMUEL ADUSI POKU

(STIJOENn

S1GNATUR£'iJrU~~fl DATE .~(O?l.J.:r!I ~ DR. ADOLPHJNA ADDO-IARTEY

(SUPERVISOR)

I dedicate this work to my parents MI. Osci Kofi and Mrs. Alice Kokura and '0 all my

.iblinp

ACKNOWL.EDGEMENT

I am very gmefullo the almighty God for his divine: mercies and guidance thai have seen me

thro\Igh a successful compketion afmis programme. t also express my wannest appreciation

10 DR. ADOLPHINA ADOO.LARTEY who In spite of her busy schedules took time to rHd

throuah dli5 document and offered very expedient recommendations for the rcaJization ofthis

r...tdoculDenl Thelood Lord continues 10 prolect you and shower you with abundant

lamabovcrygratefulloallthestaffoflheSchoolofPublic Health-LegonespectaUy Mr

Yakubu AIhauan at the BiO'illltistics Department for guidance Ihrough the analysis. The

Eptckmiology and Disease Conrroi Departmenl and my colleagun. I say God enormously

b1essyou for your contributions and support.

I cannot hC$itate to express my utmost gratitude to Dr. K wabcna Adusei-Poku (Director·

COHK) and Mr. Emmanuel Ofori(DEP. DIRECTOR-COHK) and the enlire staff of the

College of Heahh and Well-being for their guidance and encouragement 10 pursue the MPH

To my research 85sistanl!, Mr. Asanle Sule, Mr. Owusu Appiah Eme5t and Mr. Selom VitaJsi

l.owrcDcc., God richly bless you with abundant knowledge and wisdom for your efforts.

My sincere aratilude further goes to the Kmtampo North Municipal Health Molor Traffic and

TrtIDIpOrI Deput:me:nt. the Brong Aharo Motor Traffic and Transpol1 Depanment., lhe Driver

and Vehicle Liefttsinl Authority. the Municipal Uospital, Kinlampo North GPRTU and

PROTOA station managers and the enlire slaff for a'lonoling me conduct Ihis sRad,.

ABSTRACT

Bacqro .. d: Accordingro WOfkt Health Organil.stion (2015)oVCf 1.2 mIllion proplc dM:

each year on the world's roMls, with millions more ,u~lal",n8 serious injuries and living with

kIq-tmn advene health consequences. "The road traffic accidents(RTAs) statistics in the

Kintampo Nonh Muntci~lity indicated that commercial vehicSn were more consistently

involvt'd In RTA compared to private vehicles; 144(94.7%) VI. 8(5.3%) in 2015, 63(7S.8%)

comp8ftdtoI7(21.2'K)in2016.andl64(84.9%)against29(15.1%)in2017n:speCIively.

AI.: Tbc aim of the srudy WBSto idefttify the factors cootributins to road traffic accident

3./1lun~: ~~mercial vdlicll: driven in the Kintampo North Municipality.

Mfttlod : A cross·Kalona) study design was u~ 10 8S-.eSS the fracton contrib~in, 10 road

craffic KCidmt amon, commercial vehicle driven. SImple random 5ampling techmque was

u.sc:d 10 sel«t some of the driven from the five main Sial ions in the MWlIclpality. Onl)'

drivmwboconscntcdtoputKipetcinlhcstud)'wereinlerviewed.

Stata Vmion [5 was used to analyse the data captun:d. The Peanon's chi-square tcst and the

h*n euct tes.t were used ill as:scuing the vanoul factors that are aswcialed with road

tnJfJC aocidmt. "The simple logistic regression model was used to quantify the facton that

inOuen« RlA! wheR .. theTDultrp1e binary logistic regrcsston model was used to determine

d~li"uflC ... tvariabtesthatindepeftdenllyexplaintheclluseoftheRTAs. Significance level

oflcss lhan 0.05 wu used for tM study

Res.lf: 1be IOtaI number of drh·en intervM:wed was 227. All the dnvers were males. Very

rew oftbe drivers (na9, 3.96%) were below the agr of 18. Outofthc 227 clrro-en, 126

(S5.5%) rqJOrtedto have everbcom involved in al Icast one road traffic aceidcnt. Abouthllf

II) (49.8%) of the drivers ~ with Taxi, 105(46.3%) Vam and the remamin, 9(4%)

~ au. driven. The meuure of auocialion based on the simple klaistic repeulOn model

revealed ihatlbe Bus driven had !he hIgher odds ofinvolvtment in RTA (UOR: 8.47, 950/.

CI: 1.1)..70. 1. p-value: 0.048) fol)owed by the odds ofT8,)(i driver involv~t in RTA (UOR:

1.54, 95~ CI: 0.9-2.6, P'"vaI~: O.lll) compared to thai of Van driverL 1M following

v~ were also found 10 be a.uociaJed with the RTAs: drink .. dnving (UOR:2.42, 95%

CI:1.I7-5.00, p-value: 0.017), red traffic light violation(UOR:5.17, 95% CI:2.06-12.96. p­

vaJue<Q.OOI). chan&ing lane without signailing(UOR: 2.92. 95% CI:1.46 .. 5.86, ,..

value:0.OO3) . bribing police omcers(UOR: 2.02, 95% C I:1.I7 .. J.48, p-value:O.OIl) •

ovnJo.ilng pIlSieniers(UOR:1.93, 9S% CI: 1.08- 3.45, p-value:0.026). driving beyond

maximum speed limit(UOR: 2.28, 95% CI:1.34- 3.9,p-valuc: 0.003) and bribing way throup

at DVLA for driving licences (UOR : 2.74,95% CI:1.47-S.12, p-value: 0.002). The only

V"lbIe tJ.I was statistically significant in the mUltiple logistic regression analysis was

drivers' violation of the red traffie light signal (AOR: 2.84.95% CI: 1.06. 7,63. p-vllue:

0.03).

CODchISioD: This study found that driver fac1Ofs: poor road pncticn and unprofeuionaJism

were the RlolijOr facton contributing to the road traffIC acddtnts in the Kintampo North

~un.c.paIIIY

Reco .. _Hatioo: Tbe Kifttampo NOt1h MunK:ipal Motor Trame and Transport Department

(MTTO) of the police service should mlensify the education of the driven on good road

Jlr'lC'ica and profeuiOMldm \0 change their attitude to reduce the incidence of the RT As on

thenMds in the Municipality.

TABLEOFCOY'T'fS

DECLARA TlON .. _ ... _ .•. _ ....

nEDJC_ItTION •• _ .... .

A('KIlrJOWLEDGLMENT ....

TABLE OF CONTE:'IITS ....

LIST OF TABLES ... .

LIST OF FIGURES ... .

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....

DEFINITION OF TERMS .....

CHAPTER ONE ....

INTRODVcrION •••••••••..

1. I8ackpound

11Conccptua.lframcwork

14JustiftcalKtnofthcRudy .

I 5 ObjcctivClofthc Study ..

1.s. IM.iaObjective ....

1.5.2 RelarcbQucstion$

1.5.3 SpecifIC Objecliv('S

LITERATURE REViEW ....

2. llntroduc-1ion

22~fllli'c""ofRoadTratrICAccident

21RolCWofAccidcntTruxil.

. .............................. _.vll

.. .................. _ ... _. __ ... 1:1

.. ..................... s.ii

............................................... _ ........... _ ... . ........................... _---'

23.1 Global Kcident situation

2.3.2NatioaalKeKkntsituation .....

2.339ron&Ahal"oKcidentsituation ...

2.3.4 AccKient)ilualioo III KinwnpoNorth Municipahty

24 Road Tn:fficAccidcotFacton ...

2.4.1"Thedrive.-fllClor ......

2.4.2 Vehicle factor ..

2.4.) Ro.dfac:tcr

2.5CoasequencesofRTAs

2.6.2Engll'~"n"ing,encouragemc:nland\.·1IVironmenl.

J1Srudyl>e-51g11

32StudyArca.

32.1 Municipal Profile

3~2GeoMl&Y ....

J.2.3ReliefMdDrainage

J.2.5Vesctation

3~'PopulationSizcandGrowtbRates ...

1.2.7 OccUPI1M:1na1 Distribucion ....

J.l.9 Ethnicicy and Religion

J.l..IOFeetivais ....

J~ll Heatth lnsunwce Scheme in Kinlampo Munici~liry .

3.2.12Trwnsportation ....... .

3.2. l l ao.dNetwork

3.3Variab~ofIbeStudy .

3.3.1 DepcndentVariable

3.3.2 Independent Vuilblcs

J.4SrudyPopulalion .

l4.llnclusionCritcria.

J.4.2E.xclusionCriteria

1.S Sampk Size Detenninalion

1.6 SlDPling Method

1.7 0 .. Collection Metbod and Tool ........ .

J,801 .. ManlgemenlandAnalysis ...

1.9 Qualiry Control

J.IOEthical CI)Mideration

4.1 Characteristicsofsrudyparticipanls

4.2 Road TraffIC Accidents among study participants

4.3. 1 ASiOcialion between Demographic characteristics and RTA ....

4,).2 Associalion between the Driver fllC10n and RTA ....

4.3.1 AsIoci.tton betweeo Vehiele characlCristics and Road T ... ffte Accident ...

4.3.4 AuocWMm between the RoId factors and Road Traffic Accldent ...

4.4 q...tifying faclon infJuencinaro.d traffic Kcident .. ..

CHAPTER FIVE .••..

CHAYTER SIX _ •....

CONCLUSIONS AND RECO!\1\1ESDATION ....

.. ........ 25

...•• 25

62 Recommendallons

AppeadU: I: COftitftt Fonn for Pvticipllrion in thcstudy ..

Appendix 2: lnterview Guide ....

Appmdix 3. Ethical ApprovaL.. .

LIST OF TABLES

TabkJ;~1tI,ofPro;ectedBurdenofDisease(romJ990lo2020 .

TaGle 2: Persons k.lkd through toad IICCidents as a result of 4oivCI" ftTOf$ in GhInII ....

Table); Hea)th In~urance Ac:credncd Health Fxtlilies •..

TabIc4 : Demopaphic:c:haracterisCiC:.5ofsrudypAr1icip8l1t.5

Table 6: ASSOClalIOn between demographic: characteristics and R T A

TIbk 7: Anon.lton bdwccndrivcn' profeuion.tliun and RTA ....•.

Table 8: AssocIation belween road practices and RT A ....

Table 9: As.Ioc .. tion belween drivers' kno~ ledge on road sign, and RT A ....

Table 10: ASs.<Xlalion between vehicle characleristics and RTA

Table II : Assoc: ... lion bctweea the road fK1orsandRTA .

Tabk 12: fKlon mfluencing road traffIC Kcidc:nl.. ..

Fi!'ft I . Conceptualframe~ofkoef.ctolStnflUC'nC'ngroadtrafficlICcldcn'

f 1iUre 2 Contributory Factors 10 Road Traffic Accident.

FipreJ MuniciJ-Imap .....

F'I"re4. Loc.,ionofROlIdTrBfficAccidenl ...

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Centre ror Di:seasc Control

Driver Vehicle and Liccncln&Aulhority

Ghana BrOMicaslinaCooperllioll

GhanI. News Agency

Ghana Private Road a..d Tmtsport Union

MunicIpal HuhhDim;:lorale

MOlor rraffic and Transport Department

Conpss

Prop"cuiveTraftlporI Owners Assoclallon

World Health Orgarul.ation

OfflSlTlON OF TERMS

To give somebody money or some otha" irM:entive (0 do

something.especiallysomcthinlilkplordl5honest

Any type of mol or vehicle used for Iransponing aoods

or Plidpu5C1lgenw,lhlheprimaryobjectiveof

mainl money

Ca. __ rriIIl V"IIKIt Driver Someone who drives a vehicle used (or transponinl

&oods or paid passengers with the primary objective of

making money.

DriDk-drivlDg

Road Traflk Acddeou

Orivinl while unda the innumce of akohol

Factors contrlbuling to road traffic accidentsattnbuled

Acqu"ilionofhigh~velofskillorcompclencepriorto

dnverliccnseacquisitton

faclors contributln8 to road trallio.: accidents attributed

FaclorscontribuMa 10 roaci traffic Kcidentsattributeci

10 the road and the iWTOUndingsofthc road.

Rcfcrs 10 accidentJ which happened on roads used for

publicuaffic leading to one or more people losil'latheit

livtsor 1iuMainingmjuriesforwhichoncot'mof'C

vehicles in motion are involved.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgrouod

RC*i u.nspor&atioa is the commone~;I means of lr.lnSpor1ation. It, however, has its own

chalknges.StatisticsfromtheWorklHealibOrg.anization,20ISindteatesthllmorethllll.2

million pcopk tose their lives yearly on the roads.. with over millions sustainin& serious

Illjuriesandelldurin8Iong·tc""undes~he.l1hconsequences . Similarly.Centre'for

DdeesorControl.2016 indicates that eacbday. In estimltcd 3,400 people Ilre kilkd globaHy

in road traffic accideats iDvolvil'lgcan. busn.. moton:ycles, bicycles, rrucks,orpedestriaru.

Roedtramcmjuriesareestimatedtobethecighthleadinlcauseofdelthgloballyandthc

kadinguuseofdcMbforyoungpwpleagedI5-29.Thereportaddedthattheeurrenltrend

ofroedtnlJlk:acxWtenls show that by 2030, road traffic injuries will become the seventh

Mdintc-.-ofc:klthglob&lly.

Oau comPIled by the Motor Traffic and Transport Oepanmenl in Ghana revealed that in the

yew 2017, 12.143 c~ ofaccidcnu occurrtd involving 20.444 vehicles out of which 2,076

people died and 12.166Justainedinjuries~RSC . 2017).ln2016,.lolalof8,651 accidents

"~recordedinvolvingI4,042vehicicsoutof"hich2.084proplcdiedandJO.43ainjured

(NRSC. 2016). The records funhcr indicate that in 2015 a total of 10,852 were Ihe lICCidenlS

Mordcd Utvolving 16.C}58 vehicles wtofwh;ch 1.634 people died and 9.186 inju~RSC,

2015)

lotbeyear 2017, BronS Abafo Region recorded a fotal of SO) RTAs involving 513 vehicles

wilhl90deathsand313 injuries and recorded 670RTAJ involving 709 vehicles. 217deatM,

945 IftJuntS io the ycw2016(MT1'I).BA. 2017 & 2016). In the yeal 2015, the Regton

n:corded 645 RTAs Invol\inC 711 vehicles.. 232 deaths /Uld 868 injuries (MlTD-BA. 2015).

The Warki Ha.lth Orpn~on(20IS) report 00 staNS or ro.d safety provides measures: 10

helpredlJCeroadaceidenllndilS8SSoOciatcddcathsundertwoheadings:legishllionandroad

tBCfbc:hauourandsaferroads.Wilhres~lloregulationandbetuVloUlofroed\J:Se'f"5,WIIO

indtcaledthatnaltonsOllgbllOIOUpen and implancocl'08d safely reeulalionespeclally on

s.pecdn:duc.-.driDk-drivin&useofseat-beil.useofchiJdreslrainl.drug-drivinIMd

distracted drivlnS_ On the olnn hand, WHO stipulated tMI cOunb'iH need to el\iW'e road

deslgm arc safe and the road systemi meet the needs of all road usen. The reporl further

stated that Sustainabk DevetopmeN 0-1 (SDG) largels to hah'C r~ de:alhs by 2020,

thcrcfon: mucbeflioct ate required f'rom countriei 10 achieve this targel

Paramou,"amon8theeffor1Stoh.lfnMtdtraffiedeathsby2020iscOfltinuousr~an:hinto

the cau,," of roed ac::cident u well u implementing findinp of reiCarch works. Most

pnevlOU~ WOfb on road traffIC accident focused mainl) on e.tablishina the ib."()Clatlon

betwendriven'beba\'iourontberoedandroad mccidents. Diwnely, thii study souJht to

Idmllfytbe~iarionberweenroedtrafficacc:tdCfl(andltH:driverfactors,vehickfacton

and the: road fKlors. The study in efTKI souP' to identify the facton contributln8 10 mad

aatTlC acc .... 1n the Kintampo North MuniciJllllity.

Road traffic accident is a major public heakb challenge undc:rC'llmlll('d In Ghana.. Much focus

hasbcenpiKedonptlhotopeal causeordealh while silently road troffic accidcnlsand noo­

communicable diselliel r~\tCe life eltpecWICy. Data comPiled by the Motor Trallie Afld

TI'lImpOrf Deputmmt ill Gbana rnealed Ihal in 201S a total of 10.152 -=cidmts ..... ere

m:onkd Illvoh-inJ 16,9S11 vehK:~ oallofwmr: 1.6J.4(15.1%) Pftlpk dM:d and 9,186 injured.

In the yHT 2016, 8,651 accidents were ~rded involving 14,042 vehicles out of which

2.084(24.1") people died and 10.438 injured. In 2017, 12,84J accidentsfXCurred involving

20,4-14 vehidesoutofwhich 2,076(16.2%) peopkptrisbcd and 12.166 sustained injuries

(NRSC.201s..:ZOI1).

Similltl)"tbe Brong Ahafo Region recorded alotal of645 accidents involving 711 vehicles.

2)2(3S.~Io) deaths and 868 injured persons in 2015. In 2016, 670 accident! occtlI'Ted

inVoMDi 109 veh;cles. 281(42.8%) dealhs and 945 injured persons. 2011.S03 accident.

were recorded involving 513 veh;cles. 190(37.8%) deaths and 313 injured persons (MTID·

BAR. 2015-2017)

The Kinlarnpo North Municipality also in the year 2015. rec:orded 98 accidenlS out ofwhi ch

JO(16.1'M1) people died and 150(81.3%) got injured, In 2016, 133 accidents were recorded

with36{16.8%)deathsandI78(83.2%)injured.ln2017,79accidents.30(I0.5%)dealhsand

2S5(89.S%) persons injured. Commercia) vehicles were more consecutively involved in

RTM compared 10 private vehic:tes:. In 201S. 144(94.7%) commercial vehicl~ gol involved

in RTA • apiMt 8(5.3%) private vehicle5. In 2016, 63(78.80/.) commercial vehicles were

involved in RTA compam:l to 17{21.2%) privale vehicles and in 2017. 164 (84.iJOli)

commercial vehicles against 29(15.1 %) private onl$ <MTTD-KPO. 2015- 2017).

The Munici~1 Assembly, the Heatth Directorate, MlTD and the DVlA in lhe Kintampo

North MWltcipality acknowledging tbe havoc caused by road traffIC accident continue 10

embark on fOld safety campaigns and law enforcement. 1bc trend of road traffic ac<:idents in

the Municipality seem to have decliMd cOll5tdering the 2017 RTA l>talblics against thai: of

2015-'2016. howevcr. the contributory (actors 10 the RTAs need lobe sctenliftcally

detcrminedto develop efTectiveand infonnedinterVentionitodraitically reduce thctrcndof

theRTAsinthcMuntciptiity.

II is a,pLMI this bec:kgrOWld that this study wMconducled 10 Ldcntify the factorsconCributil18

10 the mad traffic: accidents ita the Kintampo North MunicifMlity.

1.1 CeocrphaJ Framr .. ork

RaadTratrK:Accidrnt IS IIlnuencedby several conlexrual facton.. lbefactorsofUuerest in

Ibis INdy Mve brtn shown in the cooccprual framework (Figure I). lbe framewortt anempl5

to expb.i.n the influence of various factOf"$ contributing 10 rotd traffte Accident among

commctCiai *iwn in KiJnampo Notth Municipality. The proposed framework on factors

influeRCln, road lnIffte accK&cnl is cakpized into: Driver ~a.d fKtoIS. Vehicle' factors

r Dri:er~PhiCCharactcristKS • Profcuionalismofd.rivers • ROIdprw;IK:e5ofdnver'!>

! • KnowicdF of drivers on road !oigns

I Q--. -, - .~ ROAD TRAFFIC . Con..equence!i

ACCIDEN. T _ ...--. . Injuries AMONG ) • Dea,h

r - - C(l~~Rl"~ ~;.., J VehtclcfaclOr : • Road signs

• Vehicle maintenance and ".tc I . ROadml. rkin8S

• Trn.fficconu-ollighl

F+aun I. CODtepIU,' frame work on facton innuencing roed lratrw;: accldenl

S.rratiolt .. 1M Conceptual Framework

1 hen: arc ~va'l.l facds to &he study of ra.d tnmc accident. -mis conceptual framework

rocusonlhein&crre"klnship~unthed'ivcrfattors.vehiclefactors.roadfactorsandthe

heahhconsequcncesofroadtrafficaccidcnl.

Firs1ly.thedriver""hooperale"lt.evchiclcconlri~Ule"immensel)' loroadtr.mcaccidentinl

number of ways as indIcated by the conceptual framework . Key driver racto~ assessed with

respect 10 rmd uatrtc accidents are the demographic characteristics. professionalism of

drillCTS. roed pract.ica of drivers and knowledge of the driver on road "ps. Spccifte

demographic dwaclcri5ticl of drivers considered were: Age, 5CX, educational level, driver's

unioa.vdUc::lerypedriven,ycarsofdriviDIcxperience.Professionalbackgroundsofdrivers

sludied.m:';hccnsc4.licel1ieclass,license5tafUS,vehicle~,in§urancetypc.attended

drivina: school, Iheofy exMliNtion. underwent driviJls lei" average daily driVln& hours,

1iebick SCl'VK:inl period. believe of main cause ofRTA. RTA are preventable and bribed at

DVLA for drivin~ ficeDce. With resuds to road practices of driver, the foUowin, were

QOft$MIerecI: ever drove while on medication. drink.driving.drives whilc tired,everviollfe d

red tnlftic light sisnal, overtaking in curve, d .. llse lanes without sign~lIin8, ever uopped at

no scoppina Mea, ever bribed police offM;cr, practice over~in& etc. The knowledgc level of

drivers on the road sigrll was aho considercd.

Sccondly,lhemmcworkhnksthevehiclet.ctontoroadb'aftkaccidenf.Thesrudylherefore

found out ifthestalc ofvehicle hua relationship wilh road Inlffic accident

Thirdly,roedfKtonlinktdtoroMtnfficaccidcDcuportnlyedbytheconccptu;lI framc"ork

were atao flCtored into lhe study. Road facton considered for the siudy were availability of

road sips on the roadi. road marklnp.tnfr.c controllig,htl and ro~ Iipting

LIItIy.roed tnffieaccident often leads 10 InJunesand hospitalizalionofaccldenlvlClims. As

a result, RT A records of the driven were ascertained with their corr~ponding injuries and

wbelhet the .:eiden, rauhcd in hospilali.l.8lion.

II is hoped that the futdin&:> oftbe scudy will be or much assistance 10 the MTIn, DVLA,

Urbu RoMs Oep.rtmml of KinlBmpo Nonh Municipality 10 dctennine key conbibulory

fKtors to RTA in the Municipality in order to develop a more informed and effec1ive

eduutioa&l propams to reduooe the alarming b'end of RTA\. The NattonaJ RoIMI Safccy

ec-il~;on may take cues from the fandings of this study 10 improve policies on road safety.

Finally, lhe'5tudyaJmI.tconaibutina10 Iite:rarweandwill serve uarefe,encemateriaJlOt

othern:se~henfMfwtherstudlCS

1.5 ObJecfivesoflhe Sfudy

1.5.1 MaiaObjKtive

To Mientify the factors cOfitributing to road traffIC .ccHient amonit tommerd.1 vehicle drivers

1..5.2 ReHIU-dIQue5fiou

I. Does the driver fatlorcontJibuie 10 road tTamcaccidtnl?

2. Doa lhe vchicle fKl« have I link 10 roed traffic aceidem?

J . l5lttereanassoclllionbetwe-enthcroadf6CtorandroadtnlfflClKcldenl?

I.5.JSpedlkObj«fins

I. To ~ the ilDl>c,allon bdw«n the dnvcr faclor and road traffic Icddent.

2. To ddcnnine whether there it a rtLlINwtship between the nbiclc factor and road

] To",aJUltetheassocialion betweeTI the road fIClot and road tJaffic accidcnl

CHAYfERTWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.llolrodu£lio"

1'hischapCerprovidesrelevanl information on the study area to enhance the understanding of

the topic. As a result. literaNR in the following areas has been reviewed:

i Defanitioo ofRoadTl1Iffic Accidenl

2. Rn'M:wofaccMknltrends

3. Faclors contributing to road traffic accident

6. Roadlrafficaccidentdalaavaliabiiity

1lte United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2005), defined road traffic accident

asaccidmlswbichhappencd on roads used for public trafUc leading In one or more pcople

loIingtheirJivesorsustaininginjuriesforwhichoneormorevehiclesinmotionisinvoNed.

AD accident may involve collision between vehicles and eilher allOlher vehicle, pedeItrianJ,

animahmclstalicOOjecl:s. This defmilion does not include peopie who fell whengettinlWlto

vehicles and gdtingdown from vebiclcs.

ZJRev:iewofA«ide.ITreeds

lJ.IGlobIJaccidulsituation

Globally mOf'C thao 1.2 million people die each year on the world's roads. making road trafTtc

mjunes a k.wn8 cause of death gk>bllly. Most or these deaths are in low- and middle­

income counlries where ...-pid economic growth has beeD accompanitd by increased

moIorizalioll and road traffic injuries (WHO, 2015). The: greatest nwnbers of RT A deaths rate

OCCUf in the African Region. Aboul 60% of road D"affic fatality occun among people aged

bcN.~ 15-44 years. Acciden~ for which deadly injuries are not involved are not well

recorded. Next to HIV/ATDS and Tuberculosis, toad traffic accident results in mortaIilic5

among people in the productive age worldwide (WHO, 2013).

TbeWotId Health Organizalion (2009) reported lhat in the coming 1()'20years, yearly

lndivMluals perishins due to road traffic 8ccident is likeJy 10 go up from one million to three

mill .. Tbc World Health Organizatioo: forec&Sled tha, if stringen' measures are not pUi in

pillceroadtraffIC8ccidentsmayriseupIo2millionbytile)"car20JO.

The Centre for Disease Conlrol,2016 observed that globally taxis., mopeds, can, busCi,

trucks,animais.,motorcycies,pedestrians and other type of travellers uses the road togethet.

CDC added lhal :wI:lO-l:conomic devdopmcn15 are aided by moIor vehicles in loti ofnalKlOs;

however. annually RTAs involving vehicles cause deaths and injuries in milliomofpeoplet.

COC, 2016 further indicated Iha roed eccidents associ.led injuries will emerge as Ihe 7·

leadinarautlantoffatalitiesworldwidebytheyear2030.lnJuriesasa,~uhofroad.ccidlCnl

have a hi, oconomic implCt on developin, countries and are projected 10 amount to $518

billion i ..... ioMlly and $65 bil1ioQ in developing countries, which is more than Ihe

8ggregate developmenl aid sum r«:eivc:d. Table I ~howslhcprojl:clcdrankofdileascburden

from 1990 10 2020 aadpt.cingroad traffkcrash(8ccidenl)in third posilionbyZ020.

1990 Lowt1Rn1!t!CO!JJ.alKUOQ.S

~="'-t----

S.un:e:lkke6(2006)

The mofta.Iity .... t: of &5 a mult of inJun~ due to road acddent in )ots of African cOUntriH is

.. greal.14.1 dc&ths per 100,000 inh.abildts.. n.e rate at whK:h Lndividuals die as a muh of

ITA is dlSl:urbmg and confusing. As tde mortalilies and disabilities a$SOClaled with !'Old

.wdcnl. 04,ht, dcbililM~ is the ecOt'lOmK;: and !oOCaal effed of RTA on a country (GOC,

2017). II was stMed in the second Afncan Road Safety Conference organit.ed in 2011 IhIt

dc¥elopia&~8Ccounlror.bou!:70pu ccnl(\rlheWOfkl ·.roedr ... lities; andlhat. 2S

..t32.2pcrClmt ofc:kMhs in AfrK:8 per 100,000 populations. hencethcsecond ladingcausc

()(death~Slo44.IfOUPorAf'ricanls throushroadaccidenti.Therore8oingassertiODiI

lnIIyrdlec:ecld ialhe sF*koflttident in Ghana {J'IORSS. lOJ I).

2J.l Nano.al HC'ldentsllulitton

The G.hMa Oroadcastin& Co--opcr~II(JI' (GBCl. 2017 indicated that Ghana Ioit 145 million

dolWl.CGaStiMIllS 1.4% ofttle Gross Dome5lic Product (GOP) or 1M cCMMriei. The records

Inde. Char.he: Greater Accra. BroniS Abafo, EMlem and Ashanll arc tbe reltoRl hlshly 81

mac. of kTAs.. con!>ti'\lt1MI 64~. of Ii'Je )9S nalionaJ ro.d morIahtlft. GBC further indteated

tNl5Ulpc:non,lo5etheirlivesdailyandl.OOOpeopleperishyearIYGlrcsuhofroadntrac

8CCident ill Ghana with 88ft rangmg between 18 and 45 years. Males cOMtiNte 75% ofthc

Ghana News Agency, 2011 stIICd In a ~urvey conducted in 2001, the country was rated the

second hlpa. R*I uaffic accidents prone among six West Attie. r;ountri~ . "The ~isdcs

of the slI!'\"e)'indicMedthM the f ... lity rare was 73 deaths per 10,000 accidents in Ihe country

fladdcdtbMthenumberofcarinvolved in accidents increases every)'car

AecontingtoAdu(2009).trMSpOrtaIion byro.d makes the caniagc ofaoods. peopJeMd

servicne.y.lbemainflCiJitatorforsocio-economicgrowth istranspOft. ThissugeslSthl.l,

transport by roed quickens the development of ateU mcluding agriculture, industry, mining.

lnIdeandheallh. ThisiDcreuesthecountries'percapilaincome. lJrbanizallonand number

arvchiclesbas incrasedin Iocsofdcvclopinacounllies. Theincreasednumberorvehic~

"'~roedaceideolduelothcrlClthaltbee~istingroadsdesigneddonot

eoftlJMn""* the present number orvehictcs and the IIClivilies on the road (Mustakim,

YU50f, OM. Rahman, Samad Ill. Sallch, 20011). MllIlakirn ct aI. indtcaled the Yne'XpCCtcd

urt.Riution'" woncoed roed ace .... problem f"ftuhing in mismatch ofttte road syslem

with other uses of the land for iRl&ance industries, housing jUlio mention but a few

CM.makun el 01, 2001).Accordinl to Mr Noble Appiah. the Acting chief executive of !be

NRSC; statIStics available shows lbal about 96% of the COW"ltry freighl UK ro.t transport

T"beovcrdr-pencknccon ro.dtrafllpon in the nation has resulled in Ihe stnlgglc u how to

c .... Ihc hip road accident rate Ieadin& to datbs and grief unong funiltn(GNA, 2011).

A(:Q)f(iing to Yanbon et aJ (2010). the sharp increase in road accident related injuries

c.aw.an, mGrtaIities and disabilities are due 50 rile in motorization in tower Ind middk: income

coUDtrics.. It .. added t"-<43% ofroed accfdent mortalilies in Ghana were. a rau.h of

pcdestnan accfdent as in other low and middk income nalioM

ZJJ Bro.R Ab.ro .cdde.1 skNdo.

tile Brons AlIafo Region recorded • 10 .... of 645 accidents involvln& 711 vehicles,

2J2(J5 .~)deathsaad8681nJurcdpersonsin2015.ln2016,670accidcntsoccuned

involving 709vehiclc~. 287(42.~0)de.thsllnd945 injuredpenons. In 2017,.503 accidents

were recorded involving 513 vcbtc)cs.. 190(37.8%) deaths and)1) injured penons (MTfD.

BAR. 2015.2017).

2.3.4 Acride.' sihlatioD In KJnlampo Nor1b Municipality

10 the yes 201S lhe Kinwnpo Nonh Municipality reeOf'ded 98 accKlents out of which

JO(I6.7%)peopkdicdand 1.50(83.3%) got injured.ln 2016,133 accidents were recorded

wiCtI 36(16.1%) deaths and 178(8].2%) injured. 2017,79 accideau. 30(10.5%) deaths and

255(89 5%) people injured. Commercia1 vehicles were more consecutively involved in RT As

compucd 10 pnvate vehlc:te3.ln 20lS, 144(94.7%) commercial vchidH lot tnvol ... cd in RTA

• apiml 8(5 n'.) private vehicles. In 2016, 6308.8"-0) commercial vehicle'S were involved

ia RTA comparNlO 17(21 .20/.) privale vehlcle\ and in 2011,164 (84.9%) commt'fclal

vehicles apinsl29(1 5.1%) privale onei (MTT1>-KPO, 2015- 2017).

A typICal eumpk: of an acxKlenl invotving commercial vehicles is the lragic one !hat

occurred on Ihe February 17, 20)6 in the Kimampo Nonh Muntcipality involving Melro

Mal _ and.. truck. Jo)'online 2016 inchuted thlll fifty-Ihree people died and lWenty-tluee

peopk 5U!t8ined severe injuries. Amonathe deceased Wai a 3-yea.r old cbild.

2.4 Road Tr'"IIffic Accident facton

RiIt &am for u....ot...cmenl in a trafftc accident are often elauified inlG three large ltI"oupa:

'driverdependentlorpcdcsari-.depcadcarfO;28Ceideabbetweena ... chicieandapedestriM).

v.:h,de ,.daled. and envlfonm.:nl depeDdc:ot'. Most authors annbutc most accidents to driver

dependenC factOf'. whicb are thought 10 acCOUl'll fOf 60% to 90% of all ttaff"1C accMJents

(0JiMi. 20011). A survey conducted by Transport Research Laboratory (lltL) consisU:ntIy

revall that more than 95% road accidents in the USA among molor vchkle or rMd accidents

m European countries are as a .-nuh of driver behavtour to SOffiC dear« in addition 10 one of

odter prcdilposil:ts fM:1on. VehKle opemors at a1l times endeavour to flUlt the equipment

failure. road conditions, 01'" oIher vdtkk operator.; fOl ra.t accMknts. However, criti<:aJ

-..eumenl oflhe cause oflbe accident indicates the behaviour of driven primarily i. the

C8Useoftheacclden~.Speedingbydri\·en;causc5majorit)'ofthcroadaccident.ontheroads

(WHO. 20(9). Findings &om the NaturalistK: Driving Studies snow Ihat accident causehon

bas dramatically with driver-related fiH:ton (i.e., em:w, impairment, fllCip. and distnct:ioG)

prnma in IlImo5t 90% of acciclcttU. The mults also definilivdy show rhat distraclion is

ddrimentalrodriverH1"cty,wilbhandheldclecttonicdevtcC5hannghighuKralesandriak.

Fac&on such as vehicle failures, roadway desilf' or condition, or environment composed

lower accident perccntaJf:l (Diftp et II, 2016). Marian. (2010) noted dlat in TIlRZM'IIa

QRlaidriviolhasbcen fOWldIO betbc IDljor faclor (SS%) leading 10 road accidents

COMMkrinI f«"In., drivinl commonly tagaed as JOing 19ainst road .. afcty regulations

becawieofmkbehavioursindulgcnce.ili50b\'iousthllthehumanfac:toralongs,ideotha's

factors lead IOl'OIdaccklmb.

Some conbibulofy (aclors 10 the enotmOUI roed accidents In GhaM haw been identified.

Ghana ~Co-openlion,2Gl1 indicated Ihal refusal to abidc bythc regulations.

the road undoubtedly i5 the major cause of rued KCMlcnts This anenlOn is bKked by driven

n:cei\'ingQlls""hil~tdrivin!.parkingallinaulhorisedp lace'l;,drunkdriving. fatiguedrivins,

twcr-Ioadmg. speeding. nOD-adherence 10 trliffic regulariom and ruin and poor repairs of

vehicles. G9C lidded 0. it ". common knowledge that greater than 90% ofroad Kcidents

.-e •• rcsuko(errorsby hutmlns

~.hvn.al ROId Safet)' commiuM>n (NRSC). 2009 .Iso mentioned !hat human error aspect

contributes about 7~ of road casual ties ie GhM&. llw: most common cluaification of error

recorded by the Gt..na Police resukinc ill de.Mhs for the period between 2007 and 2009 were

avoidable driver behavioun u seen in T.blc 2

T.ble2: Penonskilled through road tlccidcntsllS a resultofdrh'e r e rrorsinGhanlt

lnexpenencc

Nosipal

Improperownakin& 40

F.ipelS~kssness 24

OttterlLossofeOllb"Ol649

s.urH: (NRSC,l009)

1."47

1,732

1,120

LI1CB1lD'"e lnI.ilabk su&aests thal majority of ro.d accidents ate as. resuh of errors

commined hum .. , loanher with the environmental factorli, road design and other road

As.5OCiatiOD of Road Conl1cu (PlARC). 200J Indicated that the map contribution of the

I'OIId system to road accKlents is the roed U$e by humam o.:un.!otiMing approximately 93%

PlARe pomayed that a reYtion,hip of 26~. exist berween the both bchaviOUf" of driven and

while. link of 4% exit bctweCft 1M Wee( behaviour of the driver. the vehicle factors and the

road faclon;) with respect to fOld traffIC accidents. Individually. the behaviour ofdrivCl'S

(S7%) is highly noteworthy. The users of the road are grouped into pedestrians. motorist.

passengers and qclisl As indicated in the Figure 2 the road factor alone is 3% WMIUS U%

is only vehick related fatlor related to road accKtents.

Flpre 2: Conlribalory Factors to Road Traffic Accident.

So.Ift: PIARC (2003)

Specdins is one of the major human behavioor factors 10 RTA. local govenunents and

qineen of roM "-ve stated the extneme perm~sible speeds required for travelling safely on

lheroadnationwide. Thc vehide drivers are well aware of tile consequences of speeding but

overlooklhem. Seventy pcr cent ofdriversconfinned thatlhey habilually speed beyond the

speed limits (World Bank. 2(09). CitifmOnlined. 2017 indicated thaI lhe !IrIalional Road

Safety Commission (NRSC) ha .. said it is seeking 10 reduce the number of road accident

deaths b)' man: than one thousand in 2017. CilifmOnline noced .. fated that NRSC hAl

identilied over-speedinlSS a majorC8U5e of accidents in thecounlry. bcingresponsible for

over 60% oflhem. Naion.ll Road Safety ('ommts..ion. 2009 observed thM minordiSlractions

iUChas~s for $Omtihing on the seat,talking without kceplnaeyes on me roao,

the r.djo 011 ia the vehkk, trying to fasten seat bell while driving. trying 10 adjust1he:

position whik ~vinl may be: major caUM: of accidents.

The increasing cwnbers of molOr vehicles is a major contributing faclor in the risin,

falahll" and injune, &om road trame accidents in poor countries (McGtowdcr, 200

NaI;ooal Road Safety CommiJsion (NRSC), 2009 indicated from a srudy that si8

~10Il of the: comrncTCial vehicles in the country j, old. NRSC furthtt pointed out

the "*'- due 10 faWti of which, Kcidents may occur. At the end come traffte facton. This

mainlyinctudesthespeed.dcnsi'Y,traffic flow paramcters thU may lead to accidents.

2.SCoDseq.eDce50rRTAs

ACCOfdin& 10 \be World Heahh Organization. 2009 injuries related to road accidents cost

devdopinl nations bc~een 1% and 2% of their gross domestic product (GOP). Almosl 1.6%

of Ghana's gross domestic product goes waste due 10 road accidents (Agyemang el aI., 2009).

Road traffic injurin are a development issue: low- and middle income countries lose

approximately 3% of GOP as a resuh of road trtmc accidents (WHO, 2015)

LiCcnNleavailabieshow1tha1thegrealestpercentaseofroad accident is among pedestrians,

next after that is motor cyclists due to "hrecl accident with other users of the road. Tbe

C)'Cli~h.uwelidonotprotecttbanselvestosurvivethemassandspeedofOlhe,usersofthe

road(Nakinoetal.,2008).lnaarudyconductedbySherafari.etaJ .• 2017,atoealofl,S20

peopk "Ilh I'Mdtnffic ICcicknls were admincd

A sreater number of road accidents arc bolh anticipated and avoidable.

OrpniUlion., 2015 obsnved lUI beuviour modifICation of road users is a very important

ckntmt of me holistic -Safe Systems" strategy. To change the behavIOur of road users,

adoption and implementation of respectable laws on the main predisposing factors

usociaiionwithtrafflCinjuriessuchasseat-betts"drink-drivina.failuretousehelmets,;peed

and child restrainUi are highl) euentw to considef'

Ericson, 2001 noted tha despite the fact thai the impact ofRTA injury on casualliesand theiJ'

~Iatives are worrisome, relief exists knowinl that ways to ckcrusc rilles of road accMJent

injurieshl.\lCbccnidentirlCd.EriClOllmmt~thatlhedifflCultYistodeploypohciesand

technology to enan lhIt tried and lesled road saf~ programmes in the deve~d nattons

canbee:.:ecu&edtDther'OlldSllfctyprogrammcsofWlderdevclopedcounrrin.

Acc:on:ItDl to Wodd Ilealth Organizalion (2013) new road safety IJiW10 such u reduciD, urbuI

sp«d protect ped"tr1ans and cycliltl. WHO added that speed limits need stronF'

ftlbc~l ~"'« drinkin& and driving is abo very crucial. MotCOVCf, driNc:-dr1ve laws

peed stronaer enforcement. Report from lh< Centre for Oiscue Control, 2016 indicated the

eswncelOUlvolveeiviltoeiety iToups,community.based organizalionsand fO\lncllrions to

decrease the effect ofif\juries in commwuhn and Nlliom

Aocordm, to Adami n aI., 2009 te$e&rchers on road accident at times make reference 10 the

five E.s Strategy: Enfi ..... ""t, Education, Evalualion, Engineering and EIKowagnncnl in an

1.6.1 EdllC:.tioo .... c.ron:elDhl

Accordin, 10 AI·MJolawlih ,.2001 enforcement ,yslem should be comfnhcnsive bee.UK of

the variety of violati.ont. Abo, enforcement stnItgics should be designed 10 target a hiah.riI.k

bdw..,ourandobsnvedac:c..,.Ioc.cionl.

AcconhnllO 1M N;u,,,,ual Road ~afcty Commiuion. 2011 , JOVernmcnu. ~ionilts. CIYII

SOCtetja;,~tcsandengJl'leersoua.hll0eXtcUietheirrolelwhileusersof theroadal$otake

UPulrnost~iphonlOadhcretof\llesandrclUlattoo

2.7 Data Mailability

Grimm aDd Tteibich (2010) indicated that dependable and orderly data on road accident

injuries and mortali1ies is rarely available in developing nations. According 10 Mariana

(2010) noapparenl rdalionmipexiSI5 between hospital and police r.:cords. Also, grea terpart

of tJte ... rs manually stored and ju.st few of them are enlered into computer systems. In

addition. dJe accwacy ofthe data available is doubtful due to gaps in the data. Ericson, 2001

iDdicaled thII tqIOft on rate of road traffic victUns WHkmlte the magnitude of the road safety

issues in lot! ofnations especially in low and middle income nations. This was anributcd at a

Iargercl(!cnttoIOO5eplocessofreportingintltedeve)opingnalions. BurgutetaJ.,2010also

statedthatroadaccidentsarefor~c .. blcand.voidable.however,qualitydataisessential to

comprehend the means through which road safety measures can be made workable.

lnconclU5ion, lot! offlDdinp have bccn identifaed on the CIlUiCi of road traffic accident

rcprdina drivu faclOR, vehicle faclors and road factors from me reviewed literatures.

However, the association between belid's of drivers, regulatory bodies (like DVlA, GPRTU

lad PROTOA) and kno .... ledge of drivers on the foad signs and Toad traffic accident have not

beta c~ establisMd in m()~t research findings. Also no research work was identified

regardins factors contributing 10 road traffic accident in the Kintampo North Municipaliry.

Relaled cause of road traffic accKknts in different jurisdiction~ bave: b«n established, those

fmdings might not be applicable 10 address the knowledge on specific causes of road traffic

accident in KintampoNonh MURlcipality. Mariana.2010statcdthalnorellrionshipextst

between reconb of me hospital and that of the police. According to Mariana data forjUit

Imited Dumber of years an: stored on computers, the fC5t ue manually stored. AswnIdu.

2012 lftdiea1edtbattheavailabililyofroad accident data in Ghana is usually dlffi,"uh 10 eo me

byaod even if it is obLaincd, the iDfonnalion on it is normally ICaRty. Also CMa. 2010 in a

stud}'ClDro..tnlf.:safetyinAfncanoountrLcsd«laredlhMlhepeucityofsurveillancedIU.

embeddedwilbundrr_reportinlandunckrestimationoftheissucoftrafficsafetyuahcalth,

social and ecoaomic problem is a road safety fundamental problem. Case study (qualitative).

.bo cmplored by OKi, 2011 OQ contrib'lIoty facton CO road accidents 00 Kum85i-o..\Itw8

trwIk road poKd challenges in determining quantitatively the cause of RTA such as the

auociatlOn between the dqxndcnl aod iDdcpendml variables usina: chi- square and Iogislic

n:pessionanalysis

Oa-nitalive cros.s scctlonal snady hat therefore proven 10 be eff"tive in defennining the

faclors8SSociated with RTA; lookingal the infonnative findings from resNrChe" such as

(Ackjugt.gbc, Fatiregun. Rukewe, & Alonge. 2015), (Boateng. 2014), (Burgul et al.. 2010).

(Np, Lee. Meuleners, & Duong. 2013) among others. As a result. cross s"tionaJ stud)'

design was empktycd for thil study.

Theknowledae gaps tdentifted from thcrevtcwcd literanaresdisc:UISCd and sugntion from

Chc:a, 2010 that conllnucd efforts to improvetnftic lafety with beuer re!OCarch design Ihould

bemcour.ged have immensely informed this madytounravd,nterestina futdinglktheJp

curb road traffIC ... c" mmace iD the Kinlampo North Municipality.

CHAPTER HIRE[

METHODS

J.ISludyDts ••

1"he crou-kChonal ~udy cksign"'as used to assess the factors contributina to road traffic

J.lSludyArn.

J.l.IMUGkipaIProfile

The Klntampo Municipal was created in 1988 under LI 1480. The Kinlampo Soulh District

was crated in 2004 from the Kintampo MvnicipllilY. The Kintampo North Municipll

lulppens I,) tor one: of the 21 municipal/district .. found in the Brong Ahafo Region (MHD-

Kpo. 2018,

filureJ:Municipalmap

(MHD-Kpo.201t1)

The Klnwnpo North Munici~iIy is found between latitudes 8"4S ' N and 7"4S'N and

Longitudts I~O'W and !- "E. It is bordcn:d by Bole District kl the West ; CmttaJ Goon';'

DiRrict 10 lhe North; EuI Goaj.1 Oiwict 10 the North-East. The land ,overage of dtc

lftunicip.lllY" approximately 5,108km'. Stnlleglcally tht municipality is situated at the

mJddte ofGhML II it lJ"IImit POUlt octween the .. outhem and nonhem se<:tOIS ora ......

J.l.IGwloey

Appoximllely 10% of the land surface or the MWlicipality ate largely scdimmwy IDd

J.l.J ReNd and DniDa.e

The MWliotip.laty is blessed with many water resources. The main water bodies comprise the

N)'~be. Fra and Urukwain the riv("rs. Otht"rs nv("1'$ Include Pumpum. Oyoko, N.,te. and

Tanfi The rivers now v~ slope which has given rise to the Kiotampo the Fuller Falls and

The type of climate prestn! in the municipality is the Tropical Conlinental. or interior

The munKIPIlIlf)' is JUrTotmded by Ihe interior tree ,.vannah he .... ily "OOdW Many I,f the

trecs~shoftlndnotbi!ascompat"fttlow ... roundinodl.erforest

J.l.6Popu tati.,.SiuaIKlGrowtbRaIH

11Icat,matedpopul.IIORoftheMuniclp.aIIIYis 114.411 in tbt ye. 2011. n..,.eofarowdl

is 2.]·. (MI-ID,201S)

3.2.7 OCCUplidoDal Distrib.,ioa

The major occupalKms in the municip4&lrty include the following: Agricullure, commerce,

industry and pubJic service.

Clote 10 73 .1% oflbe population of the MunicipaJilyreside intbe rural areu. Twenty nine

percent (29%) reside in !be urtan centre only. Kintampo. Also most the houses are mud

bouM:s.ln1btrunipartoftheMunicipalityextensionscrvic~.«essibilityispoor.

There are abundant vast of lands, human resources in addition 10 other ph)'siclll for growth

There is a mixture of etMjcity in the Munjcipality. With respect to re!ilion 620;. of the

population .rc Christians followed by Muslim (29_6%). The remaining tl.2% of the

~btkwl&lotheTradittonalreli8Km

The MD!. cddnle Bush burning and Yam fes1ival. ~lunufie festival by the Nkoranzas,

Damba festival of the DagombaslMamprushic5. Nkyefie festival of the 8onos. and Gonjaa.

and Ktubi falival by the Wanpn settlers in Kintampo. Dwine festive season inf11.lX of

people and vcbiclcs are experienced in the Municipaiity. This makei tbe roadi crowded and

busy incrcuiqcblnca ofRTAs

The){iQUrnpo Municipal He.lIh In~....nce Scheme (KMHIS) is one oftbe welt-established

[)isoict.wide consJdcnn& the Brong Ahafo Region. lbe Scheme came 10 force in 2004 ia

fCSponICtothcGovenunenl'sefTor1lomakehealthcareservicesaffordabIcUMi8«es.siblcto

.. I midenl5 of G ..... Table 3 indicales die Health Insurance Accrediled Health facilities in

Tabk J: Htall" losurance Accredil" " HUh Facili ties

GOVERNMr.NT

KiDtampoMunicipalHospilal DawadawaHealthCentrc New LongoroHcahhCcntte KunsuHeakbCcob'e BusuamaRuraJClinic KinWnpoCHPS GulumpeCHPS KadeboCHPS Asanlekwa CHPS o.niaMvlcCHPS PonorOIPS Dwft'elGomboiCHPS KurawuraCHPS BaNtorCHPS MiawaniCHPS KobedaCHPS KawumpcCHPS ManchlJlaCHPS

AnnorAs.areMemorialClinic VezuraHospital SunkwaClinic Glory Prince of Peace Maternity Home

~N="-=CHPS,,-,,-,,-_______________ _

J.2. 11TransponaIKtft

Commercial vehi(.lei operating with transport unions in the MunKipahty as of August. 2017

weft 477, Cd ofwbicb 261 wac I.a.l:j\ aDd 216 were \111m. 'TbeK \lch.clCl operMe at frw

dllferent mtions namely: KumasiITamale. Apesika, Bomboi and Suamere station. TI1C

Murucip.lity has one Central Police SUlioa to DUlintaln law and order and one Municipal

IImprtallo promote, maintain and restore he;~. 'The main StalKms of vehicles are found at

IheBabslOfkum.anct Kinaampomarkets. Notwilhst.andlflg.a number of the drivers continuc

'I» pill!.; .along the road for passeng.:rs 10 Kumei, Tamale. Sunyani. Techiman mcluding areas

of GMDa. II is mostly lOugb 10 fmd means of transport 10 the surroundings remote

«Immunities; due to unfriendly surr.ce nature ohhe fceder rMds.

The IUla f'OId ne!Vlork passing through the MunK:ipl:lity is the Techiman· TUllIIe road which

is !anN. Roads such as Kintampo-NkoraftU road and Kintampo-Newlonpo road linking up

to the MWlicipUity !We no( t.Tcd lMM arc presently under construction. lbe remaining roMs

hnkmg up 10 the Municipality are not tarred. Aboul 80'Y.oftheroads JntheMunicipa I capital

ex"", with a four-wheel drive. AI the same time, the scanered nature of the population

JDCaDI thai a lot of effort is nC'Cded 10 reach a few people. The commonest fonn of

bWBpOftaIlOfI m the Municipality is the motorcycle.

3.3.1 Depead~Dt \'ariaWc

ThcdcpendentYuiableforthestudywasroadlrafficaccidenl

3.3.2 lodcpnckot Variables

1bcindcpcndenlvariables of in Ie rat wcrelhedrivafactors, vchiclefactors and thcroad

/acton.

J.4ShlctyP~lioe

The nucty popu~l,," ",as OVI.A licensed passcng« c:ommrrdal vehicle driYcn ia 11M

J.4.111KIetIo.Criteria

I EljaiMe drivers for the study were drivers who OPC:Taled passenger vehides fot

(;ommetCW purpose only In the KintampoNotthMun;cipality

2 The drivers _ the time or 1M srudy were those who had a vehicle driving and

consenkd 10 be part of the study.

hwligibk ~ers wert: drivers who opcnled private vehicles, goods canyin. vehjc~ or

opt'rlled passenger vehicles but not for commercial purpose EK3mpk:: Cargo car drivers,

Prnalmce rale of 15 .9% road traffIC accldenl based o n the findings of Adejugbagbe,

FaltrepD, Rukewc &; Alonge (201') w. ~d ... guNk 10 calculate (he sample 517.C for the

COInmcn:iaJdrivcf's. The Cochran's fonnula ; n,",!2p( l op)/e2 was used fortheeslimaHonof

Z= Zstalishcforaconfideneelevelof9S%

P-preVlknClCo(rolid traffIC Kcident

eE])r'eclsionof S'Y.

J.6SalllpliDgMeCllod

StntiflCdrandom s.amplingtrchniquc Wti Uied to for the ItUdy. 11Jt five mlin commercial

vebicle :;tltlOf'lS (Kumbl, Tamale, ApC:;Ika, 8omboi and Suamerc slatton) formed the strata

At CIclt station the total number of driven wit identified from the station chlirman. The foul

number of driwn III each JUtian was used to de'!ennine the proport;on of drivers interviewed

from the total sample size of the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to

sdect some of the driven &om each of the stations for the flUdy. Thd WAS done by wri1inl

thevehN:)enu.mberso(thedrivmonpie1;~ofpape1S.Thepaperswerefoldedandpulinlo

Ulos-queconUlincr. ThccOl'ltainerwasvigorouslyshakentoensurethilthcpapcrsmixtd

lbolou&hly.ThcpicccsofpapersbelrinI8VehtcienumbetwcrcpN:kedollelfier theolher

untirmeproporttoaaUoncdtotbestaltonwasceached. The drivers whose vehicle numbe-rs

werefoundonthepiecesofpapersptckedwereinlC"rviewed

J,70.tIICollftlion Melbod aadTool

Face-to-face inl(TVicw technique WIll used 10 collecl data from the drivers on their

demognphic chantCteristics. the driver facton (pt"Ofess;onaiism, ra.d pntClicn and

k.oowkdce 011 road ,iam), the vehicle fKIM and the road factor associated with RT A.

StNcnnd iDterview auide lMde up of open-ended and close--endcd question was used as the

1001 fortbeclMacollection.lht dalawucaplured wilh the helpofLapcops WIth Bpi info

t .... Ued «*lining the structured inlmliew ptde.

1.8 Datil Ma •• gtme.I.1Hl A •• lysis

The dala captured with the Epi info was .poned in Microsoft Excel and imponcd into Stata

vCf5K1nIS .... 1".1t ... asuscd ror the data mll1agemem and lI1alysis. The analysed data wu

prcsenlC"d u~mg tahles and figures . The desc~~i\lC analysis w. done usinl frequenciet Mel

ptrcenuJd. The Pearwn', ebi-squaR: t~1 and die Fishers exact test wtte employed in

l$.ICUina the various fKtOf'S thai are associated witb road trame accidml. 'The Fishen c\.oK1

k"II was !lied ill piK.e of the PearsOft's chi-sq~ lea iD leains for a"od.tKIn between

IIlvolvemenC of RTA Mel the mdcpc'ndc11t eharactenSl;cs or variables where the Peanon's chi

"IINR Inl uwmptions of al most 20% of the ellpt'Cted count m !he eelb i. leu tt.n S is

In quenlifyinS tIM: (aclors thai innl.lence toad traffic accidents. smlpk ban.)' losiltic:

regressMM w. cmpkJyed. The limplc loptic regres.ston model was used Ie delennine the

unadJusled odds oflbe factors that intluence road traffic accident whereas the multiple

Jogl~h(regrn.s.onmodelwasusedloqUMItifytbef8CtorsthatinnJl('nce rolMltramclCcident

1.9QwaUtyCOD'roI

To lChieve qualify da\a collection and accuracy, research IISsiSlants were lJained on the

~forthedatacolk-ction.theOft'dtoabslainf,ommnucnclns respondent5're\pon\e

and the need to ensure consislency. HTective supet\'ision was carried out 10 enhance tbe

Ifte questionnaire and sampling method. They were observed in their initial administralioa of

Ibcq...atlOnnaltetotbempondentsdurinBth.:acIWlIdat.coliection.Also,dailydebriefmg

wMdoncbytheresearchassistanllaftcr eachday·swork.Finally,Uw:dalllwasrev_ed

.lyttvour;,houtthcptfludof1hcdatacolkc1ion.

1.10 Etbiul Cotbld .. ,..tio.

F.dI.:.1 appro¥aI w. obtained from the Ethics Review Commrnee (ERe) or GhM.8 H~

Service. The ERe ~ nwabcr .. GHS-EJtC: 058112117. COnsenl was 5OU&ht from the

drivers' union'" tbe vehicle operatof'S. MTTD and Kintampo Municipal Hospital before the

Jtud)'wascooducted

A~urancc of privacy was given to the: participants before inclusion in the research. The

puticipMlSwere made aware of the benefits, procedures, purpose and risks of taking put in

!he: study_ The reK8IcherassisWlts read the fonn for consenl and c!arined iliO the

respondents. Drivers who Kcepted to plrtake in the study were made 10 thumbprint or sign

the fonn fot coment indicating their readinf!s 10 partake in the sNdy. The infonnation

collected from !he: pArticipanlS was ~tored privately and used accordingly. No name of the

putiClpant was used for the storage of the information. The file was secured and itwuonly

me researcher mat couk! Mve access to Ute infonnation. Each name was assigned an lD code

.wi kepi confidentiaJ. The results of the study will be disseminlted in such a way thai no

infonnation will be linked to idmtil)' ofa puticullU" participant.

DIIa coUected baed on the questionnaire would be under key and lock for five yeatS after the

eadoftbe5fUdy. These will be only accessible by the principal investigator. All records will

bcdc:slroyed afterwards in anenvironmentslly friendly manner in the presenceofa witnes5e s

and pbotographic evidence

Nori5kwasidentlfiedrelaledluinvolvementoftheparticipanl.~;nthestudy. The participants

wcte, however, informed ofpoMible minor trivial inconvenn:nce providing answers 10 some

queshons Notwithstanding. they had the oplion 10 refuse to respond to the queslionifth eyso

wished. They were Nrther notifJed that involvement was not compulsory and no sanction will

bcapplied if they decide to opt out fi"om the study. None o(the respondent was f orcedinto

being put the resateh and cbere wu no compensa1ion as well for participation. Participants

wen: asked questions about themselves, and their know1edae repldini the fldon

contribucinltoro.dtraff.caccident. Participanh were informed thaI lheirpmicipation in the

sructy will er.bte lbem 10 learn more about r~:d lTamc accident and lhc reawni why driver

get ulvolved in 8ccide-nts. The researcher had no connkl of inl~te-sl in the slIJdy and all the

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1C1tann~risfjaor.studyparticlpaDts

A total or 227 dnven parhcip.aod in the study WIth all of them beina males. A very few of

thedrivcrs(D~. 3.96%) were below IS yelU'5 or age. The driven within the ace groupJSIo

21 COMfitulcd Il ."W" About) oul oflO oftht: drivers who partici ... ~ in the study WCI'C

within the .. group 2S 10 37 years inclusive while only 8.4% (n"'19) or them were older than

57 ~or •. About 4 out of len oftheJn had JHS or midd~ sc:hool as their highest level

ohduca600 while 16.3% (D=37) of them had no level of education wIth only 4.9% (n=ll)

badtatiuycducarionutheithiPntkvc:l ofcduc:ation, Majority (n-135,S9.So/,) oftlte

drivers who parttcipatcd in the study were with GPRTU tr8RipOrt union with the remaiRana

belllS mnnbcrs of the PROTOA drivers' URton. About half (n-II3, 49.8%) of the drivers

opcralcd taxi. 46.3% (n=105) operated vans while the remainina 4% (n"'9) operated buws

AtJo.I3.ofCYery IOortbedrivcnlntnvlcwedhad6to 10 years of driving experience

rab4e 4 contams detail descriptive oftbe 5T:udypanic:ipanu

Table 4: DelllOlnplik c •• .-teristics ofshtdy putic:lpaDH

Characteristics F~nCY(N"'227) Percentue

Ageofdriver 9 <18yars 26 11.45

18-27y~ 61 29.96

28-37 yeaR 56 24.67

31-47)'CWS 48-57)Uft .9 21.59

>57 years 19 8.37

~!eI ... tedllCatioaalleVel J1 16.3

Pn...,. .9 21.59

JHSlMiddleScbool 87 )8.3]

-. 43 18.94

Ten*>, " DriverU.ion 135 59.47 GPKru 92 40.53

Vrbiclrtype v .. 105

113 4'U8

""' 9 3.96 Yean ordriviDg rspeneJIce <5 yean 19.38

6-10,..., 65 28.63

11.ISyan 44 19.1Il 16-20ynn .. 17.62

>20yc.n 3. 14.98

4.2 Road TrafTk A{'cidenLS among study participanl5

AInoe8 the 227 driven mtrrvlc'>'ed, 126 (5S.S%) of them reported to have ever bem

involved in at least one road traffic accident. A 95% confidence interval for the 55.5%

prn:napofro.d traffIC accidcnurcp:lltCd amoa,tbc INdy pwlicip.nLS "as e~tim.ced lObe

bdween48 .l%and62.1%.

Amonc the 126 drivert rc:poJted to have been involved in ro.d traffic Kddenl befote, 70.6%

(.-I9)ofdtrm repon:ed to have been mvolved only once in road traffic llCCidcnt. 27.8% of

them n=poned 10 have susLiined injury in the road traffic accidenl while 21 .4% of them

r"q)Or1Cdcohavebccnhosp,talizcduaresullofthe road trafficac:c:idenl TableSreporuon

ct.nlClcristic:\ofro.ltraftkaccidentsamoogthe'ltudyparticipants

Table 5: Cbaracteristics of Road Traffic Accident amo.l slltdy pertidpetlb

CUracleriltin freq.e.g: PerccatQ;e

Number orti-;'es i~voh:ed in RT A (N=126) .. 70.63 Twice 27 21.43

7.94 Sushlitlediaj.ryi. RTA(S-12fi) No 91 72.22 y" 35 27.78 !OIpitllli2ed ,. RTA (S=126)

9. 78.~7

27 21.43 MOIl (44.4%) of the drivers who indicated have ever been involved in RTA mentioned that

tfte accident occUlttd on the Kintampo-Techiman road. The Kintampo.Nk~ rOIId

recOf'dcd the It." f4.8'l~) accMlents. Figuft .. provides the details on the location orlhe road

lrafficaccident.l.

Key: %.: pe!Unlagc. RTA: Road Traffic Accident. Kpo: Kintampo. Rd: Road

figaR 4: loeatiOil or Road Tn-mc Accident

4.3 1'8f:lors Assodalid .lIb R .... Tramf: Af:cident (RT A)

4.3.1 ANGei.dolt betw~n Demograpbic cUractrristin. aad RTA

The oal)' ~ cblActeristia that sbowed statistical sipir.canl auodatK>D with

drivers' involvement in road [raffle IKClCknt wu tho type of vehicle driven by the drivers.

Mlijorily (0 C': 67. Sl.2%)oftOOse who reported 10 have ever been involved in roadlraftk

accident operated With taxi, 40.5% (n-SI) of them operated with \1M while 6.4% (0=8) of

Ihem "pttalcd with buses (r • 6.76, p-value • 0.034). Ttble 6 contains the dctailed

assol,;,ahon between the demographic characteristic! and RTA involvement

Table 6: Assod.tiOD betwHD deMographic characteristics and RT A

Aaeordriver <lire" IS-27 years 2S-37ycars 3&47 yean 41-57"..., .. nyan

9(3.96) 26 (I 1.4S) 61(29.96) S6(24.61) 49(2159) 19(1.)7)

::aledUtlilklollleYel )7(16.3)

;;:riGfJeSchool :~~~! : ~;~ Seeondar)' 43(1894)

Gp~RToRT~O'ADIOD ::::5~:7) 92(40.53'

~:"'I)pe 105(46.26) T8JII 11)(4'.78) Bus 9(3.96) Ynn" 4Irh-iag np~rienfe

No'%!

2(1.91) 13(12.17) 33(32.67) 21(20.79) 24(23.76) 8(7.92)

21(20.79) 22 (21.71) ll(lO.69) 2] (22 .n) 4(3.96)

61(60.4) 40(39.6)

S4(53.47) 46 (4U4) 1(0.99)

Ya''''}

7 (5.S6) 13(10.32) 35(27.78) 35(27.78) 25(19.84) 11(8.73)

16(12.7) 27(21 .4]) 56(44.44) 20(15.87) 7(SS6)

74 (S8.73) 52(41 .27)

51(40.41) 67(5).17) 8 (6.lS)

OoSyears 44(19.)8) 18(17.82) 26(20.63) ~10)'Wm 6S(28.63) 33(32.67) 32 (2S.4) 11-15 years 44(19.38) 22(21 .7.) 22(17.46) 16020~ 40(17.62) 16(15.&4) 24(19.05)

i:2~'SCbi_iquare val~. ~/= ~~I}:·~~alue2;O.I;5~kTA: roM traffIC

==~hana Private Road T.-.aspon Union. PROTOA: Progrnsive Transport

4J.2 Auodllrto. a.r-HII tltr Dmn c.ctors aod RTA

In tenn.s o(profcuioGalism oCthe drivers who partICipated in the sNdy, the factors thai

showed ltati$ltul fit;nificant ...... >cI~llOn with driven' involn~mem In ro.d Itame: accidenl

was bnbe .. DVLA (or drivinS lK:cnce. Majority (62.7%, n=79) orthose drivers reported to

have been mvolved in al lease one roed tnJrK KCident reponed 10 blve bribed their WI)'

throaP II DVLA beCo« being Iic;enscd ct · 10.4, p-vllue <0.001). Table 7 reportS mere on

lheas~cllllOnbetwecndnvers·proreasio"ahsmandinvotvemenlLnroadtraffic:acc:ident.

T.blf: 7: Associ_rioD benvee. drivers ' profHsionalism:llnd RTA

l.voh'c:di.RTA

Not-!.) YesW_) P-nlue

~;velke05HI 12(5.29) 5(4.95) 7(5.56)

Yo 215(94 .71) 96(95.05) 119(94.44) ~1cC:.5"CI ... (.e2]S)

54(25.12) 21(21.88) "(27.73) c 117(54.42) 57(59.38) 60(50.42) D 2'(11.02) 12(12.5) 16(1).4.5) F 16(7.44) 6(6.25) 10(8.4) ~~:;f"tus(D"21S)

207(96.23) 93(96.118) 114(9.5.8) F-'p~ 8(3 .72) 3(1.13) 5(4.2) ~:bidel.fIlFTCI

14(6.17) 5(4 .9.5) 9(7.14) Y .. 211(9383) 96(9.5.05) 117(92.86) lasal'Ul>elype Comprehensive 1J(6.1) 3(l1l) 10(8.55) llUnI...", 200(93.9) 93(96.18) 107(91.4.5) ~:DdcddrtvllllsChOOI

204(".87) 91(90.1) 113(89.68) y., 23(10.1) 10(99) 13 (10.J2) ~oro4ledmi.IE .... Dt5

112(49.34) 48(47.52) 64(50,79) Yo 115(50.66) 53(52,48) 62(49.21) ~:derweatdrivlaClt:lt

y" 25(11.01) 11(10.89) 14(11.11)

Avenlcd.i1ydrivlalltoun 202188.99) 90(89.11) 112(11119)

5·8 hours Q·12houn :;. 12hou~ V~bid~ s~rviciDg period .5 1 monttu. >1 months Whm_ .Hcv~ormalacns~ofRTA

51(2S.II) 33 (3Z 67) 133 (58.S9) 54(5347) 30(13.22) 12(J18R) 7(3.08) 2(1.98)

119(52.42) 51(50.5) 17(7.49) 4(3.96) 91(40.09) 46(45.54)

24 (l9.05) 79(62.7) 18(14.29) 5(3.97)

68(53.97) 13(10.32) 45(35.71)

DrivcruainMle 176(77.53) 82(81.19) 94(74.6) C ... oonditioa 11(4.85) ,'Cl.96} 7 (SOS6) Road condition 3S(IS.42} 14(13.86) 21 (16.67) Oth~rs 5(2.2) 1 (0.99) 4{3.ln

~! A a" p",v~.tahl~ 69 (l0.4)

Yes lSI (69.6) Bribed a. DVLA for drh-iog Ik~.se

28127.72) 73172.21)

41 (32.S4) '5(67.46)

No 162(71.37) 1<3(11218) 79(62.7) Yes 6S<28.63) 111(171<2) 47p7.3}

:;: Pc:arson's chi-"<lullK' v .. lue '1'·Fi5hen·exacll~' %: coJul1lnperc~ntaae.··:p-va1ue<O.0I RTA ra.dtraffic:a""k!I'

AuodllldoD belWr:en Road practices of Drivers and RT A

III \enDs ofro..:l pnIC1iecs of driven, drink-dnving, vi .... lItion of red tram.;: light signal,

c:hanglnloflanes widloul sisnaJlin .. bribing of police officers, overloading practices and

drivina beyond the maximum speed limits weretht factors that had sisnificant III$so';:Ultion

with Involwmmt inroedtratrJCacc:ident.

Out oflllle S5_S%(Q·I~6) drivttS who have been involved in ro.d Iraflk accNXnt, 24%

(n~Jl) rq»rIed 10 have n'cr lakcn akohol and driven before (r ; 5.9, p-value • 0.015).

Similarly, 24.6(n"'JI) of the driv~n reported to hIIve i;ver violated the red traffic light <i-14.3. p-vaJue <0.001). IDaddilion,a high majonty of69.I% (n"87) of the dri\'tt reponed to

baYee"1oerbnbcdapolrceofflCCf"before, Tab~8rcpor1..l monon the association between

I"OIdpncticcsandinvolvemcnllnn~t"fficaccident.

Table' 8: A.uoc .... Wt1l\o-eu road pnu:tires aDd RT A

CbanrtrrUtics No(·~) Vn(%) EvudJ"OVew .......

0.131 _",Uut». No 157 (69.16) 75(14.26) 82 (65.08) V" 70(30.84) 26(25.74) 44(3 ... 92) [vcr4ri.kaHdrin No 184(81.06) S9(lHt. I~) 95(15.4) V" 43(18.94) 1~ til 88, 31(24.6) OrftlnwbiJetired 0.613 No 34(14.98) 14(1 3. &6) 20(15.87) Va 193(35.02) 87 (86.14) 106(8".13) [vuvioJaft'd road fraffit

'90(83.7) '5(94.06) 95(15.4) No Va 37(16.3) 6(5.94) 31(24.6) OGnnrveovC'rtlkiDI

81(86.14) 96(16.19) No 183(80.62) Va 44 (I9.J8) 14(13.'6) 30(23.11) c.. .. el .. nwltbo.1

=:UIliD, 116(11.5) 88(81.13) 88(69.84)

Va SI(22.47} D(I:!:.81) 38(30.16) ~:rstopprd.IDO.tOP.rTII

191(84.14) 90(89.11) 101(8016) Va 36(IS.86) 11(1089) 2S(19.84) ~:Ubribtdpol~otr.cer

81(38.33) 6.SI

48(47.52) 39(30.95) V" 140(61.67) 53(52,.11) 87 (69.05) ~::rfluover1oadiOg

66(29.07) 37(36.63) 29(23.02) V" 161(70.93) 64(63.31) 97(76.98) Ortvebeyoadmnimum

0.002" ~Ii_t 116(511) 63(62.38) 53(42.06)

V" 111(48.9) 38(37.62) 73(51.94) £ft'rre<:eivC'dlramr

0.613 No 193('5.02) '7(86.14) 106(&4.13)

i~ :;~U':r~~I:.;;:,~~=-~';:~a, .. 2!1~;·:1 p-value<O.OI

Asl«illri.a ktwttD Kaowledge of drivers OD I"'08d SlKDS aN ROIId .ramc atdekD'

With raped to the: knowledge ofdri~ 00 the road signs. none of the variables studied was

found 10 be statistically significant. The dctIils on the associ.lion between dliven'

Uow .... on roed signs and ilWotvftnent in rolld tr8ff'1C KcKlenl are in table 9.

Tabl" 9: Anociarioa betwen drinn' kDowledlte on road siRrlS and RTA

Nof%) Vaf-;') 1;.55 P.~.~:: ~:::t!run::/·· 27(11.89) '1(8.Q I) 18(14.29) Doni know/wrong answer 200 (88.11) Q~ (9\ (9) 103 (85.71)

~:.:~'!~ roIId 'lKn 161 (70.93) 74 (73.21) 87 (69.05) Don'tknowtwronaaRswer 66(29.07) 27(26.73) 39(30.95) Noriablt.raroadlicn Con-ect8ftlwel' 76(33.48) 29(28.71) 47(37.3) Don'tknow/WfODllIftiWU 151(66.52) n(71.29) 79(62.7) Now.ilialroad.I,n Comc18ftlwer 18 (7.93) 10(9.9) 8(6.35) Doni know/wrongam"er 209(92.07) 91(90.1) 118(93.65)

~=~:,,~btroadliRn 169(7-4.45) 74(73.27) 95(75.4)

Don'lbowlwToa!8NWCr 58(25.55) 27(26.71) 31(24.6)

~=,::,,~i&. 52(22.91) 24(23.76) 28(22.22) Don'tknow/WTOn!aMWer 175(17.09) 77(76.24) 98(77.78) SRCro .... lln

0.715

Comctanswer 136(59.91) 56(55.45) 10(63.49) Don'tk.now/wronganswer 91(40.09) 45(44.55) 46(36.51)

~:::':::-=:-ddl. 128(56.39) 54(53.47) 74(58.73) Don't knowlwrona Mswer 99(43.61) 47(46.53) 52(41.27) LCG".d Hen COlrKtam.wu 37(16.1) 15(14.8.5) 22(17.46)

?~:e:::~:=~::Wv:ue. v.~~:!!:~~~~i~~ ro~O:~:~cident. SRC Sharp Revene Curve. leG: lev('1 CroIIinS Guarded.

4.JJ AuKmtM. bdween Vdllide cbar.u:leri!lli~ aad Road T,.Wtf: Acddenl

Apin. in terms (If vehicle clwDt"lcnstKs. none of the rK10rs showed stalisliuJ 5ianirlC~

~ .... w6 irwolvemenl m road traffic accIdents from both lbe Peanon', chi-square lesl

Ilf1dFlSher·sex.achi'JoQ~lcstorassoc"'lionasponrayedinTab"lO.

Tabk 10: AYocbltioa ~tweeo vflliclc l"ha..-acleristics and RT A

('baracleristtn No(%) YH(%)

:0'" year lyrt"S we're manufactured 171 (75.13) 77 (76.24) 94 (74.6)

~:OCltoOiughOro

y" FUlICdu.lltllllirror N.

:_tiotIi ... peedOMcler

y~

:lK'lioIIiatWlper

y~

~:.(1iO'Il-c"bb

y" ~:Dclioniulsa'behl

y" PUDctlooiolrt'nedOr.l No

56(24.67) 24(2].76) 32(25.4)

5(2,2) 2(1 ,"8) 3(238) 222(97.8) 99(98.02) 123(97.62)

5(2.2) 1(0.99) 4(3.17) 222(97.8) 100(99.01) 122(96.1])

79 {34.8) J4{3J.66) 45(35.71) 14K (65.2) 67(66.34) 81(64.29)

3(1.32) 1(0.99) 2(1.59) 224(911.68) 100(99.01) 124(98.41)

7(3.011) 2(1.98) 5(3.97) 220(96.92) 99(98.02) 121(96.03)

20(11.11) 9(8.91) 11(8.73) 207(91.19) 92(91.09) 115(91.27)

13(5.73) 6(5.94) 7(5.56)

12 P-value

'I' 0.466

0.02 0.901

214(94.27) 95(94.06) 119(94.44)

~ow,yeantyreseJ.pirn 211(96.04) 98(97.03) 120(95.24) 'P 0.735

~~bi-square value. 'f': F~P~ 1I:5/~'~lJumQ = .. RTA: I'OfId

4..1.4 AMociatioa betw~. tile Road radon and Road Tramc Accident

Simi .... lothevehic lecharaelemlics.noncofthcroedfllC1orsahowed'tallsl:ie.lISisnif~

auocWl.oaynth iInook-etnmC ill roadtralfrc accideots from the Pearson' s chi.square leSiof

a.~sociatl0n ol.S ~howed in taMe II

Table IJ: As!ociatloo betweu ,be road racton aad RTA

-=~==~-=~:=~I~·'·ffi" ~'d~i'~RT~A~~~;';== CUl'Kfe~ _No(%) Va(%) ,1 p·valUC'

RTA rtchtc:ed b)' Road '~A' 0.]5 0.551 No 164(12.25) 11 (10.3) 93(7181) Yes 63(21.15) 30(29.1) 33(261 9 )

RTAredlK'C'dbyroedlairks No 176(17.53) 79(78.22) 97(76.98) Yes 51(22.41) 22(21.78) 29(23 .02) RTA mlled by Irarr)C Halll No 195(85.9) '7(86.14) 108(85.71)

)2(14.1) 14(13.86) 18(14.29)

~!Aredue~bYSlreeIU&h1 156(68.72) 14(73.27) 82(65.08)

-,;(""n"'=:-C:·'-:;:,h"'"'i. sq=,,,::::,C:::,,o:::,,,,c-: ... o:-,::;_~71_=Ql~~.~i~~~~tT:;;'!::~~ent

4.4 ~"Iltylol raclon ionutaci0l rOlid Inlr. lK'ddut

lnquanlifyinllMfIctorsthatlOflucnceroadtrafflCllCcidents..theblnarylogi\llcn:gr~ion

model w. employed. The 'imp&c: k>gi\IK: re~uion model was used 10 detenninc the

unadjuSCcd odds ohbe factors Ihill tnflumce road traffIC aeeidenl w~u the mullipk binary

!ostllICrq:rt8lion model wasuscd to quantify the fWGn: IMt influence road traffic M:cidenl

From the: muJtipk 50glSIiCl rep-ruion model only vioillolion of tbe red fraffic light signal

~ty explamed the cau.&e orrolld traffIC accident (AOR . 2.14.95", CI: 1.06--7.63. ~

value: 0.0])

From the simple IogI$Iic: rqressjoo model (unadJu.,ted model), &be odds of a bus d,.,.·ers

beiDciavolvc4 ia road traffic: accident was 85 lirMS the odds ofavan driver being involved

in"" tnff.c a«1draf(UOR: 8.47, 95% CI: 1.0--70.1, ~v.lue: 0.048) whft-cu the odds ofa

taxi driver being mvolved in rOld traffic accident was 1.5 times that ofthc van driver (UOR:

1.s4,9S%CI:O.9-2.6,p-value:O.113). The unadju51cdodds ofa driver who have evcrdrank

while drivillg being dlvolved in toed traffic 8CCidcnt wu 2.4 times the odds of1he driver who

had ocwrdnDk _hi&e drivina (UOR: 2.42. 95% CI: 1.2·S.0, p-valuc "'" 0.017).

The unadjusted odck ofa drivn-who tt.vc C"Vef violated thc red traffic signal being involvcd

$iJMI(lIOR:S.17,95%CI:2.1.)].O,p-vaJue<O.OOI). The unadjustcd adds afbeing invalved

m ra.d traffIC accident far thos.e drivers woo f"qK)ned to ha,·c driven beyond the speed limit

ontlMtoadwas2.3timesthalofthcdriverswhoreponedtoneverhavedrovcbeyondspccd

limit on the wed (UOR: 2.21. 95% CI: 1.3-).9. p-value· 0.003). More details an the factors

iIIt1ueac:inaro.dtnffic accidcnl can be read from Table 12.

Tabkl1:: fatlorsinnucoringroad Intfficatcidcol

V"itk""'tD VM Taxi .. DriIIka"""" N. Va ~~ .... rt:4tnffiC!.lIal

V"

SWo"'biaaryloFKIIc UOR(!f5%CI) P.YaIUf

.of 1.54(0.9,2.64) 0.113 1.47(1.02.70.))) 0.048"

.,r 2.12(1.17.'.00) 0.017"

Itor '.11(2.06,12.96) <0.0(11···

~~n~.lall"WithIlUI'ii:n.IIUlJl 2.92 (1.'!t,.86)

~:trb'ibtclpotinllmu,

Va r~llIIdfllP.n"ngtr

Rof 2.02(1.11,).48)

.,r 1.93(1.08,3.45)

~V~';" bt)'.-d ........ ,. .,..., Ro:f

.... 2.2&(1.)4.).9) ::!::: al PVlA ror driving

AOR (95% Cll P·".I."

lid 1.24(0.69, 2.23) 0.476 8.17(089,74.62) 0.063

.,r 1.57(0.11,3.018)

.,r 2.84(1.06.16))

R,r 1.98(0.91.4.12)

Ror 1.'4(0.84.2.82)

R,r 139(0.73.2.61)

R,r 156(0.86,284)

Ves 2.14(1.47.'.12) 0.(102" 1.73(0.87.3013) 0.118 UOR: UMdjuaed odds l'Ilio. ADR: Adjusled odds r.tio. CI: confi~fU:C interv.l: ref: mcrmocclllqocy.·:p-vaJue<O.OS ... :p-v.lue<O.OJ.···:p·vaJue<O.OOI

CHAPTER FIVE

The ltudy sought to assnJ faclOn contributina 10 road traffic acetdent in the Kinwnpo North

Mucicq.iiry. AU the driven who par1icipeced iQ the INdy were males and very few (1.96%)

ofthcm wnc below 18 ycatSofage. Thtse fandinp are similar 10 lhalorGumah, 2015 which

jodie_cd lhat 99.2% of the vebidc opcntol'$ were made upofJT\llIes. Cootrat)' to the findings

of this study, Gumah mdtcated that only 0.1% of the drivers were above SS yean. The

differenceinthefinding,smighlbeductolhediversenalureoflhcpopulallonsinthesNdy

Thissrudyindieatcdaboulhalf(49.8'Mo)ofthedriversopcraled 11X1_Gwnah.20IS found that

):J% ofche 4-lvel"!i opnaaed t&;(i compared 10 the 49.8"0 of the driver in tbis study who were

taxi drivers. On the other hand, 28.6% of the driven ofmis study had 6to 10 years of

driving expcncnce contrary 10 whaI GUInan observed (55%). The disparities m drivers who

operated taxi as well as Ihe driving experience obKrved from the comparison might be due to

tbtuoiquc InnSport needs in the study areas.

A resul! from !.hIS study indicated thai 27.8% out of the driver invotved in ro.d trVfK

acctdast SUIIaincd injury while 21.4% of them were hospitalized &i II resull ofthc accident.

Similarly, ShcraIl1Ii. etal., 2017 indluted that an ovcnlll.520 paltents with reed traffic

accicknu were .wuihcd and that Rverity of accident and lime 10 admission had relalMmship

~llh dclllh. W",kI Health OrgMULallOft. 2015 abo Indicated that road trafT'tc injuries Impact

OD devclopmtnL Low- and mMidk income (ountri" lose approximaltly J% of GOP u a

rn1Utt of"*, lrafrJC accKkfttJ. CompariJon of the findings on the RTA injuries .uunu that

injuries an:: by-produci ofRTA leadina; 10 deashs which impede the &rowth ofcountrin,

~pcciall)'. 1ow and middle Income couatritos.

As noted &om eM study, S3.2% of the driver involved in RTA operated wd which

contradicts the srudy ftnding of Asefa. lngale, Shumey & Yang, 2014 which indicated that

26.4% oftDi drivers were involved in a road traffic accident. The difference in the fmdinp

might be due to the diffen:nce in training received by the drivers and otherspcciftc risk

&c1orsin thelNdy...eu.

The process ofacquiting driving licerue from DVLA requires that individualsseekina the

1i«rKc pey forme services rendered at the DVLA. It was identified IbM majority (62.7%) of

the drive" mvotwd in at least on~ roM traff.c accident paid illegal monies at DVlA before

being iuued with a driving license. According to Mervis,.2012 eorruplion in issuinl of

driver's liCC1'* hat. been noted in ZimbM>we. Mervis added that a driver without proper

niniDs is ODe of the racton> that also contribute to RTAs in Zimbabwe. Corruption among

DVlA DfflCefi multing in improper mining of driven as noted by Mervis heightens the

teIIIOD why majority of the driven interviewed gOl involved in at least one TOed tramc

«:eidtnc in the Kimampo MWlici~lity.

TblsitUdy found that the road practice ofdtivers such as drink-drivina. v iolationofroad

traffic light, changing Iann without signalling. bribing of police officers. overioMlina

practices and driving beyond the maximum speed limits were the factors that had s tatisticaJly

SIgnificant &!>$OClation with invoh·cm~nt In road lTaffic accidenl. World Bank, 2009 also

indicated that 90% of all licensed drivers speed at some point in their driving career; 75%

admil. commining this offense rcgu .... ly. Odame, 2014 indiuted that traffic police .ccepc

bribe and renepon their duties; drivers contribute to policccorruption; driyers Cicape

prosccution when they offer bribes totbepoliuafterviolaring therolc. Nyoni. 2012 also

ind"ed thai britK:ry adds to road carnage. Collection of bribe by Police Officers seenu to be

a IIOnD as it has been a common pqctic~ ror drivers 10 be seen giving bribes to police officers

alroadbloc:ks.11hspnlCt,ceafTec~th~~ibilityofthePohce85lawenforcersleadin8

totbeincruseinlhenumbcrofroadlrafficaccidents.

The fmclin, on the f"OIMi sip indicated thai the most of drivers dKi nol know Six (SS.6".) oul

oftheNineroadsigJdontheint~rviewgutdeusedforthisstudy. This frnding is close to thac

of otafor.Odeyemi &. Dolapo(201 J) thai lhe drivcf1 Md poor knowkdae of road signs

(S9.fM).Thuug.h none of the resultsoa tberoad,ianswas5latis1icallysianiflC&nt, the

iDldequate knowledgc of the drivers on the rnad sism miaJrt be a supportive factor il'lthe

cause ofroed traffic KCidenc in the Kinlampo Municipality.

Aspotlrllyed in thereiult of this study, none of the vehicle characteristic, showcd statt stically

significamassoei.tKmwilh involvemenl in road ftafflC.ccidenti. This finding conforms to

lhalofl-lashmie:lal(2012)whkh indicilledthal more: than 90' ... accidenlS OCCUlTed duc 10

human errors. This sugests thai though vehicle dWKteristics might lead to RTA, il is not

IMlmuchpromincntascomparedtodriv~rs'erroT5 .

Again, nont of the To.:I (Klan wti s,allslically Significant with tcqICC1: to association with

invol\'tnw:nl in road traffic accident. TItis finding is contrary to that of Mohanty &

o.,.(20IS) wbich indica&ed thatthe' road gcometric faclors contributing to road traffIC

accident includc: the type ofJunc1ion Of inlef1eclion, the: borizonlal s lope. curves, e:IC. preseO!

onthc: road. Thil conlradlCllon might beduc to Ihc fKI thai the fe:atw"cs of the road in the

Kinrampo North Municipality have: se:en some: improved ove:r the: ye:ars.

limitat60nsoCtbcSludy

'The cross·sef;1;ollal study dCiign used for the study due to limile:d lime and fmancial

cClMtraiatl is nN "Irong rooogh 10 C'ltabli~h the: true cause of rMd b'affic Kcide:nt compare: 10

study desljl.n like: pru~p«hve cohort ~tud~s. 1be u~iahons found in thls slUdy miahl hne

been inI1uenccd by IwvjvaJand m:all bias lhe&SM:SSmenlofthf: relalionsJIipbetw«nthc

usc: ofrnotMlephooe \loMe driVln! and roedtraffllC: ac:c:ickntwasaaovasia.m jn thiS study.

Deta Karcit)' at the KlIllampo Mrrn and Hasp!!al render~d the r~c:ords review for lhis ltUdy

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Thcrypcofvehtc:koperated by drivers, drink-driving, red traffic lipt violation, changing

lane withoutsignallinlo bribing police offICers, overloadingpru,sengen, driving beyondtbc

maximum speed limit, bribing way through. al DVLA for driving licence were the statistically

lianificant deknnlrWUS of ,oad traffic acddenl. The only variable that was statistically

signiftcantatlhemultiplelogi.5ticregrcssionteslofsignilicanccwasthedrivm'violarionof

the mlb'affic liahtsignal. lneffect, IhestalislicaJlysigniflCanl independent variables indicate

tbatlhedriverfacIOl(roadpracticesofdrivenandunpror~ionalism)istheraclormosl

contribuhn, to the roM traffic accMknts in the Kmlampo North MWlicipaJity,

1 The Kintampo North Municipal Mnn of the police service should intensify the

education of the drivers, cspecially Bus and Taxi driven on the con~qU('nc~ of drink­

driving, red traffic light violation, changing lane without signalling. bribing police

OfflCCrs, ov"loMing passengers, driving beyond tnc maximum speed limil and bribing

way through at DVL.A for driving licence

2 The Kiatampo Nonh Municipal DVLA Ihouki enforce the regulation!l regardin~ liccno;e

acquisition.

]. lbe Kintampo North MlTD sbouki take legal actions without fear or favour .... insl

drivers who brnk road traffIC regulations.

4. The Kmtampo North Munio;ipai Police Commanckr ~MI ensure tNt Police 0fJ'tcer!

who '*e bribe from doven. aR sanctioned .,

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Rdricvedlo"Noyember,2017from: bttp:l/www.nrsc.gov.gblimageslpublicMionslNational_Road_Safel}._Strategy.pdf

NaiiOliai Rood Safety Commission (2009). Road (raffle Accidenls I" Ghana. Slatistics ZOO9.MinislryofTraosporl,Accra

Ngoc. ~~ ~i:,~n:ft-~ ~~'cf:n~a:o~~ ~:. ~:?~e!!' ~~:;:n~1~': onJ P'~nliotI.50.4SI-45S.hnp:lldoi,orgll0.10161j ... p.2012.0S.022

Nyoni. J. (2012). Bribery adds to roM carnagc. Chronicle Wednesday 09 May 2012.

1001"'1· Retrieved from http://www.chronicle.co.zw/index.php?opeioncocom_cootenl&view "'art6cle&id"'14697:brjbery-adds-to-ro.-d-camage&Cltid=39:opinion-a­analysiskltnnid=-112.(AccessedlOJune2012]

Odame, S.K.(2014). POLICE - DRIVER INTERACTION AND TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMJ:-:t-;T IN MAOINA AND ADENTA-GHANA, (10247988). Retrieved 60m http://u~Sl*e.ul.ed .... ghlbitstreamlllandlel1234S67891a721!Police • Driver bllerKtion and TrafTK lAw Enforcement in Madina and Adenta-Uhana • 2014.pdnsequence;1&isAllowed-ry

Qcinni, F.O. (2008) 'Causa and outcomes or road traffJ<: accidents in dcveloping countries' ill s.taey, G. P (ed) (2008) 'TraffiC" «eidents' Causes al1d outcomes'. NOVA

SciencePublishers. ISBl\.978·1-604S6-426-6

ObI'or, I.P .• ()deyani, K. A &:. Dolapo. D.C. (2013). Knowledge of commercial bus driven about roed ..rety measures in Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved from bttp:llwww.annaJsafimed.orgtaJ1icle.asp?issn""lS96-)SI9~OI1;volume-12;i"ue l ;spa,e-J..l:epage"'39;aulast-OUfor

Osei. G. K. (2011). INVESTIGATING lNTO DRIVER ATnTIJDES AND VEHICLE BEMA VIOURS AS CONTJUBUTORY FACTORS TO ROAD ACCIDENTS ON KUMASI-DUNKWA TRUNK ROAD. Retrieved 2"" October, 2017 from: http:lr .... uew.odu.gh:808OJ"mluilhandlc/123456789/281

Permanent International Association of Road Congre5s (2003). Road Safety Manual-Road' Acddntt l~tlf'tlliOfl.GlJltkli~/or RoadEngineerJ. PIARC. Retrieved 9 th August, Z011from:http://pubhc .. ions.pIArC.otglenitechnical-Reports!road-safety_manual.htm

Sarpon& S. (GNA, 2011). Road Accidel1ls 011 the Increase. Retrieved 20'" July 2017, &oIn:_.newsfromafrica.or.

SbcraCari. F., Homaie·Rad. E., Allar A., Gholampoor-Sigaroodi R. It. SirusbMlu S.(20 11). Rdk Faceats of Roed TrUrJC Accidab Assoc~ Mon.aIify in Nonhmll.-.n; A Siqle ea..er Eaperience lhilizing O&uca Blinder Decomposition. Retrieved ,. Aup5t 2017, &om: httpsJI_.ncbi.nlm.nih·aovlpmcJanicIeslPMC5406182J

WHO (2015). Roed Traff"JC Injur;n; and ~A GkJbaI ProtHtTn, WHO, Geneva.

WHO (lOll). Global status report on road gfety 20lJ,WHO, Geneva.

WHO (2009) 'Globol S,anu &pon (11ft Rood &pry, tI"" /of' QCfion', WHO, Geneva.

World Bank (2009). World Developmelft Rrport: R,shopi1f8 £co"o"ric Gf'ugraphy. WasbinctOlll: ThcWortdBank,

Yankion, I.K., BroWM, E.N.L .• Tapor, I-f.. DonkOf, P., Quansah, R .• Asate. a.E., Mock. C.N., Ebel. B.E., (2010); Reporting on rOAd tramc injury: content ~S:;:~:~7~~:;;::!~=t~~v~n~:::~~c=Spapen. Retrieved

APPE:"JDlXA

APlWodnl:COGlutForlllforParticipationinllteslltdy

nde: F.:1on Contributing to Ro.d TraffIC Acddents amona Commercial Drivers in

Kintampo North Munid.-lity. Brona Ahafo Region-Ghana.

PriedpaJlovestil!:a,or: Samuc1 AdusiPoku

Addre55:Sc8aoIofPublic He.tb. Universily of Ghana, Legon

Ge.enl l.ro .... lio. about Re)eucb

Greetinp. I am a student from the School of Public Health. University of Ghana( PrilK'ipal

IDYe!lII«:alor. my name is and I am conducting this

ial:en<iew on behalf of Samuel Adusi Poku, an MPH studenl of School of Public Health,

UDiwnily of GhMa( Reward. Assist •• t). I am conductins • ,rudy on faclon contributing

to road traffic acddenu among commerdal driven In tbe J(illtampo North

M •• kipality. R~ .vailablc to the MTIn oflhe Kintampo North Municipality indicale

tbatcascsofroedtralficlCCidnwhavcincreuedOV'CTthccoupteofyeanandthisi'.public

health cone""" 10 the Kintampo North Municipllity and Ghana ti • whoSC. This study

Uteftfure 'ieck\ 10 determinc the aslOciation between the road traffic accKients and the driver

flClor5, vehicle f8CWn, roM factors 31 well aI identify the number of inJuneli recorded (rom

thcKltidna I would Jikcyoo to be pan orlhe study. If you agree 10 participate in this study.

I would uk you a few qUHttons centred Oft fldon CODtribulin! to RT A. The: IPlerview will

take aboIiIIJO lIliDutn ofyow- time. You hIve Ihe right 10 refuse to participate. You are alto

at hberty 10 withdraw from this study II any SUp of yow p&I'Iicipt.lion. Hown-cr, I would be

hlippylosccyuuputic:ipatetotheend.

Proced.res

The study will involve answerinz; questiOn.5 and record review on driver fKlors, veh~1e

faclots,ro.dfM:lOR,injuriesrel~toroadtrafficaccident.Thliisanacademicreseareh

which fonns par10fmy work for the award ofa Master Deg.Tft in Publ~ Health.

RdksaodBeoefits

The results of the study will be used b)' polK)' makers and hcalthure providers as well as

otherstakeho~inde$igningnMldsafetyinlerventions.l!willalsohelpinfurtherresean:h.

There are no known related risks in panicipating in this study.

Rit;.t 10 refuse participarioo

PanKIp8tlon in this SNdy is voluntary and you can choose not to answer any individual

question or all the questions. You are 8t libeny 10 withdraw from the srudy iii any time

However, your views and conbibutiom in the srudy would be very much appreciated.

I would like to assure you that whatevet' information you will provide will be handled with

Met confidentiality and will be used purt'ly for research purposes. Your responses will not

be shared With anybody who is not pan of the study team. You will not be identified by name

ill lIDy dlsieminarioft ofre:pom or publacalions resuitins from this study. DatilaMlysis will be

done allhe: .ggre~ate level to en~ure anonymity. 1be Ghana Health Service Ethics Review

Commiuee hai reviewed and sivtll ethical approval for this study 10 be conducted

Prior to tOllSHtiq

bthereanyq~jonoatbestudythatthatyouwilllikCask?

Yes[ INol J

(lfyes. nOlelhequcslMmS below)

However, If you have any further qunlJon~ regarding this study. which I could not satisfy

you with the IIIppI'OPf"illle anrwer. you may contact Samuel Adusi Poku on telephone number:

05471101800 or e-mail address:adusi.s(!~yahoo.com. Dr. Adolphina Adelo-Lartey (Supervisor)

kcrum- School of Public Health, University of Ghana on Tel. 0544 132 9700r e-mail'

aaddo.lartey@;gmail.com and Hannah Frimpong. Ghana lJuith Service Ethics review

Committee on Tel. 050704122) or email: ghierc@gmail.com

Partieip .. ICo .. ut

I have been sutlicimtly educated regard ina the bcncfits. purpose. potential risks and

procedure of this research. Oppc:M1Wtity was offered me to make inquiries. I have been

ptO\'Mkd answers 10 my satisfaction. 1 know thai I ean refuse to participate in this study

without any lou of benefit for whi4;h I would be entitled. I understand that even if I agree or

as I have agR'Cd. I can withdraw my con~t Ill: any time without 10ling any benefits Of

confldcnriaUyandwiUbeusedoolyCorthcpUrposeinfonneci. Fin.lly findinplrnultsmay

assist in dcveloping effective road safety interventioniand policy to reduce the cua ofroad

traff'tC IKCllknt intbe KintampoNonb Munic:ipality. Jacwilldecided to participate in this

Partidp8DI'sJD

ParddplDI's Rilbl Tllulnb PriDI or Sigoature

If,.uc;p.t.eillilente,a wible5S is obliged to sign here

J was there while lhe procedures, benefits.oo risks were read and/Of inler-pmed to the

compreheniioo oftbe p8I1K:ipant. All q~oos will be responded 10 and the participant wiD

accepllOputakeinw-,tudy

Appe.disl:IDCen-;-GuttJlI'

Title of Work: F,cton Contnbutlng 10 Road Traffic Accidents among Commercial Vehicle

I>nV(fS m Kirampo North MW'lKapillity. Brong Ahafo Reglon-G ......

1~I[RVI[W GUIDE FOR DRIVERS

Serialalftlb«ofqUC$ltOnnaire . ___ _

De&eofioterview: Oay __ . _MoadI: __ Year. __ _

$W1lune(24htformac): __ , __

locahonofimervicw(twioa): _______ _

Numoopt..cohchide ___ _

lastrvctiollforcoDipletiDllhcqUC:SlioIlDain:

I. Circle the ktkr conaponding 10 the response of the rcsponlknt where 1d1cfs arc the

2. Tick die bolt correspondin&IO the response where boltes have been p«)vidcd and

wrhethernponu: where space has been provided fOf tM response

]. For question 32. indic* C(Correc:t}. W(Wron&). D(Oon', know) in the boxes

provJdcd undc:rtbc road signs

I. HowoldwereyolJ.c)'OW"latbirtbday?

L < lIyews

b. 11·21ycan

e 28-]7yean

d J 8--47yc.ws

e. 4S·.s7 yea"S

f. >S7~

2. Sel(ofdrivcr

Mille ( I Fern. [ 1

) . W~isyourhigbeslcdllcationallevel7

•. Tertiary

b. S«......"

c Middle or Junior High School

d. Prirnaryeducation

4. Ate you a Union registered drivel in the Municipalily1 If no, sk ip 10 que50lion 6 .

Y"I J No l J

S. Wlwisthenameofthetnnsportunion1

6. Whattypeofvehicledo YOlldrive1

7. Howaonclulveyoubeendrivms?

b. 6-IOyan

c. II.JSycar.>

d. J6-20~

0. >20yean

8 Have you twrb«a involved .,aroadtrafficacc,d~nf? IfNo.sk,ptoqo~slion Il

Yes I INol J

9. HowlNI'I)'limn.?

b. kintan'lJ"O-Techiman

c: Kintampo-NkoranL3

d. Kintampo-ApesiU

I; Kuampo-New)onsoro

f. KintamPOlOwndaip

8- Odwr(tpeCify) ...

lID1d)'ou~My 'njYfin? lf No.sk ,ploquesl,ooll

Vn( IN.( I

12. Were you hospilahled?

Yes I INo( I

B. DRIVER FACTOR

I. proresslonalltmortlriven

11. Do)'OU uve. drivio8 licence? If No, skip to question 16

Ynl I No[ I

14.What,~thedIlllOf)'OUrdrivmg)if:enc.e?

A( )H( le( IO( IE( IF( I

IS. WhaI islhcstMusof"yourJic:caM:?

Active ( I Expired! 1

16 bthcvdlicleinsured7lfNo,skiploquc:stion 18

y,,( )No( (

17. Type of insurance policy

a Comprehc:MiVc

b.Thlrdparty

18. Did youanmd dr1ving Khool?

Ves (} No [ INAI I

19. Did you write an exam before you were siven the driving license by DVLA?

Y"I I No( )NA( I

20. Did DVLA cond~1 in-traffIC test for you. before you were aiven the licence?

y,,( ( No( INAI )

21. How many hours do you driver. dl;y?

d.>12bow,;

22.. Ho\\'oftaIdoYOUlmltcc)'OW"VebKk?

b.>I..oaIhs

23. WhIItdo you believe is the main causeofRTA

.. Driversanitude

b. carconditiou

c. Roadcondition

24. Do you believe thai r<*I traffic accident can be preventcd?

y,,( )No( )

25. Did you bribe your through m DVLA before beina: Iicens.ed?

Yos( )No( )

IL Ro.dpractieeofdrivers

26. Have you ever wen any medication and driven a vebK:le1

y .. ( )No( )

27. Havc you ever drunk alcobol and driven a vehicle?

Yes( ]No[ I

ll.Haveyoue\lerdrivcQtited?

Yes I JNol I

29. Have you c:ver engaged in any of the following traffic offences?

a. Violated lhered traffic lighl signal Yes! )Nol )

b. Overt.akiasavdlK:lcmacW'VeYa[ I~o[ 1

c. ChanFd lanet without signalling Ye! [ ) No [ )

Ii Stopped at no atop sicn Yes I INo[ J

e. OribcdapolK:eoffteeraftninmngcmentofroadtraft"lCregulations

Yes I INo' 1

f. Picked puscngcn ~ dtm the required number of passenaers rot Ihc vehide

Yes I JNo{ J

I . Orivc:nbe)-ondrhclllAXimumspc:edlilftityC"S[ INol I

30. Havc),oucvcrrcceivc:dan)'tratftc:$UWIWlftSbefotc?

Yo( INo( I

31 . ftowoldis)'Ourmo~recerdl)'boYAhityre?

12. WhalisthclMMingofthefollo""inlroadsiansasspelloutb)'theNationaIRo.d

Safety CQIIIlf11Hion(NSRC)?

'· 1 1 G( I HI J II I

C. VEHICLE FACTORS

)). 00)'OU know the year your tyres were manufactured?

Y"I INo! )

34. 00)ou know Ihe yat your tyrn will expire?

Y"I 1'.01 )

L Hono'Ya. )No! I

b. InleriorandeJl.I.:riormim:n7 Yet:( )No( )

c. Specdomc:ler?YCi( INo( I

d. Wiper7Yes[ JNol J

e. Llgbts(headlighl$, indkatorandbrake Jigbts)7Yes[ )Nol I

f. Selitbehs?Yes( ]No[ )

g. Rcf1ectors?Yes( INol J

R"'Silru

36. Are the road signs on the road enough to minimize road ITllffic aceident?

V., ( INol )

37. Are the rofId markings enough 10 minimize road traffic accident?

V"I INol I

18.Arethetrafficcontrollightsenoughtominimizeroad~ccidenl?

V., I INo( )

39. Arethestreelligh15enoughfo minimize road accident?

Yes { INol I

Eadtime(24brfonnat): __ , _

TbaDkYouforthe('oo~ration.

nutlAdUliPoku 1YU'Jit)'ofGhana ,,*ofPubhcllcalth JOftoA«r3

.t..~ H:::hh S ...... ;('#" F.rhiC"1 Review Comminee hilS reYIewed and (lhlcn apJ)f"oval for Ihe implemenlalion of

~ - .-- .. - -. -' .-IS-EJtCNumbet GHS-ERC:OS8IIV17 . . ~ Faclors Contributing to Road Traffic AccidenlS among Commen:1ai Vehicle

Dnver! in Kintampo North Munici Ii Bran Ahafa-Ghana I OaK . 20"'April201' ~_ ICJ6A"2019

• Symumon of ~e.rly progrcn rcpot'l of the )Iucfy 10 the Elhics Review Cumminee (ERe)

I lcnewllofeduul lIJI9f'OVa' IftMSNdy luu for IOOre tnan 12 rnondu.,

• IlIIportiItc 01 aJl serious adverse eventi rel"'d 10 lhi. study 10 the ERe wilhin tlvee days verbtlly and lIWI'Id8ytiawriti"S·

I SubmiWon of a final rcpon .flcr rompled ... of the slUdy

• InfClflJlint ERe if study cannot be imp~mented or is disc.ontinued and reasons why

• Inrvnnon! Ihe F.RC -..d )'OVr sponsor (where applicable) befN't: any poMk-alion ortl)e rCl>Qf'Ch flNlinp.

- rl()(c Itllt Iny modification orthc study Wilhnlll ERe appro ..... ' of dlc amendment i~ invalid

I BC ~ ~c cr C.lUX to be observed prO';cdures and records of the Rudy during Md after --....lfOI'I.

1IiI)' ... tbcprotOCOI;dcnllfi.:al,vnnumberinallfun.e~~inrelalionIOlhi5.Ppt"OVCdp~

SiGNED ..... . ~~~ ..... . DR. CThTHlJ\ BANNERMAN (GHS·ERC CHAIRPERSON)