SAMUEL ADUSI POKU.pdf - UGSpace
-
Upload
khangminh22 -
Category
Documents
-
view
4 -
download
0
Transcript of SAMUEL ADUSI POKU.pdf - UGSpace
SCHOOL or Pl RIJC HEALTH
COLLEGE OF ttF.ALTH scn 'iCES
CNIVERSIT\' Of GHASA
FACTOR.."i {()'i rRIBl 'YISG TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDF.STS AMONe;
(;O\1MERCIAl VEltln.r. ORIVERS IS nn: KIST AMPO SORTII
\1t 'SICIPALIT\'. BROf\liG AHAFO· GHASA
1106026lt)
TIllS Dls~t:RTAYION IS SUBMITTED TO THf.: ll'JIVt:RSITY ot' GHANA.
I. EGOS IN PARTIAL nrU.fU.M[NT OI-' TlU', NEQUINt: ~IE"'" FOR THE
A \\ AMn or MASTF.R OF Pl:BUC H[Atnt OEGRU:
MARCH.2eI9
I declare lhatlhis work is the resuh of my own effort. and it has nol been submiltrd either in
l*Corwholcfor .... yothcrdegrecebcwhcre.c"'eeplforthcspe<:iflCre(erenceswbic:bbave
bcen duly aeknowledged
~ OATE .. ..• ..2 .'. /OJ/~.~/9 SAMUEL ADUSI POKU
(STIJOENn
S1GNATUR£'iJrU~~fl DATE .~(O?l.J.:r!I ~ DR. ADOLPHJNA ADDO-IARTEY
(SUPERVISOR)
ACKNOWL.EDGEMENT
I am very gmefullo the almighty God for his divine: mercies and guidance thai have seen me
thro\Igh a successful compketion afmis programme. t also express my wannest appreciation
10 DR. ADOLPHINA ADOO.LARTEY who In spite of her busy schedules took time to rHd
throuah dli5 document and offered very expedient recommendations for the rcaJization ofthis
r...tdoculDenl Thelood Lord continues 10 prolect you and shower you with abundant
lamabovcrygratefulloallthestaffoflheSchoolofPublic Health-LegonespectaUy Mr
Yakubu AIhauan at the BiO'illltistics Department for guidance Ihrough the analysis. The
Eptckmiology and Disease Conrroi Departmenl and my colleagun. I say God enormously
b1essyou for your contributions and support.
I cannot hC$itate to express my utmost gratitude to Dr. K wabcna Adusei-Poku (Director·
COHK) and Mr. Emmanuel Ofori(DEP. DIRECTOR-COHK) and the enlire staff of the
College of Heahh and Well-being for their guidance and encouragement 10 pursue the MPH
To my research 85sistanl!, Mr. Asanle Sule, Mr. Owusu Appiah Eme5t and Mr. Selom VitaJsi
l.owrcDcc., God richly bless you with abundant knowledge and wisdom for your efforts.
My sincere aratilude further goes to the Kmtampo North Municipal Health Molor Traffic and
TrtIDIpOrI Deput:me:nt. the Brong Aharo Motor Traffic and Transpol1 Depanment., lhe Driver
and Vehicle Liefttsinl Authority. the Municipal Uospital, Kinlampo North GPRTU and
PROTOA station managers and the enlire slaff for a'lonoling me conduct Ihis sRad,.
ABSTRACT
Bacqro .. d: Accordingro WOfkt Health Organil.stion (2015)oVCf 1.2 mIllion proplc dM:
each year on the world's roMls, with millions more ,u~lal",n8 serious injuries and living with
kIq-tmn advene health consequences. "The road traffic accidents(RTAs) statistics in the
Kintampo Nonh Muntci~lity indicated that commercial vehicSn were more consistently
involvt'd In RTA compared to private vehicles; 144(94.7%) VI. 8(5.3%) in 2015, 63(7S.8%)
comp8ftdtoI7(21.2'K)in2016.andl64(84.9%)against29(15.1%)in2017n:speCIively.
AI.: Tbc aim of the srudy WBSto idefttify the factors cootributins to road traffic accident
3./1lun~: ~~mercial vdlicll: driven in the Kintampo North Municipality.
Mfttlod : A cross·Kalona) study design was u~ 10 8S-.eSS the fracton contrib~in, 10 road
craffic KCidmt amon, commercial vehicle driven. SImple random 5ampling techmque was
u.sc:d 10 sel«t some of the driven from the five main Sial ions in the MWlIclpality. Onl)'
drivmwboconscntcdtoputKipetcinlhcstud)'wereinlerviewed.
Stata Vmion [5 was used to analyse the data captun:d. The Peanon's chi-square tcst and the
h*n euct tes.t were used ill as:scuing the vanoul factors that are aswcialed with road
tnJfJC aocidmt. "The simple logistic regression model was used to quantify the facton that
inOuen« RlA! wheR .. theTDultrp1e binary logistic regrcsston model was used to determine
d~li"uflC ... tvariabtesthatindepeftdenllyexplaintheclluseoftheRTAs. Significance level
oflcss lhan 0.05 wu used for tM study
Res.lf: 1be IOtaI number of drh·en intervM:wed was 227. All the dnvers were males. Very
rew oftbe drivers (na9, 3.96%) were below the agr of 18. Outofthc 227 clrro-en, 126
(S5.5%) rqJOrtedto have everbcom involved in al Icast one road traffic aceidcnt. Abouthllf
II) (49.8%) of the drivers ~ with Taxi, 105(46.3%) Vam and the remamin, 9(4%)
~ au. driven. The meuure of auocialion based on the simple klaistic repeulOn model
revealed ihatlbe Bus driven had !he hIgher odds ofinvolvtment in RTA (UOR: 8.47, 950/.
CI: 1.1)..70. 1. p-value: 0.048) fol)owed by the odds ofT8,)(i driver involv~t in RTA (UOR:
1.54, 95~ CI: 0.9-2.6, P'"vaI~: O.lll) compared to thai of Van driverL 1M following
v~ were also found 10 be a.uociaJed with the RTAs: drink .. dnving (UOR:2.42, 95%
CI:1.I7-5.00, p-value: 0.017), red traffic light violation(UOR:5.17, 95% CI:2.06-12.96. p
vaJue<Q.OOI). chan&ing lane without signailing(UOR: 2.92. 95% CI:1.46 .. 5.86, ,..
value:0.OO3) . bribing police omcers(UOR: 2.02, 95% C I:1.I7 .. J.48, p-value:O.OIl) •
ovnJo.ilng pIlSieniers(UOR:1.93, 9S% CI: 1.08- 3.45, p-value:0.026). driving beyond
maximum speed limit(UOR: 2.28, 95% CI:1.34- 3.9,p-valuc: 0.003) and bribing way throup
at DVLA for driving licences (UOR : 2.74,95% CI:1.47-S.12, p-value: 0.002). The only
V"lbIe tJ.I was statistically significant in the mUltiple logistic regression analysis was
drivers' violation of the red traffie light signal (AOR: 2.84.95% CI: 1.06. 7,63. p-vllue:
0.03).
CODchISioD: This study found that driver fac1Ofs: poor road pncticn and unprofeuionaJism
were the RlolijOr facton contributing to the road traffIC acddtnts in the Kintampo North
~un.c.paIIIY
Reco .. _Hatioo: Tbe Kifttampo NOt1h MunK:ipal Motor Trame and Transport Department
(MTTO) of the police service should mlensify the education of the driven on good road
Jlr'lC'ica and profeuiOMldm \0 change their attitude to reduce the incidence of the RT As on
thenMds in the Municipality.
TABLEOFCOY'T'fS
DECLARA TlON .. _ ... _ .•. _ ....
nEDJC_ItTION •• _ .... .
A('KIlrJOWLEDGLMENT ....
TABLE OF CONTE:'IITS ....
LIST OF TABLES ... .
LIST OF FIGURES ... .
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....
DEFINITION OF TERMS .....
CHAPTER ONE ....
INTRODVcrION •••••••••..
1. I8ackpound
11Conccptua.lframcwork
14JustiftcalKtnofthcRudy .
I 5 ObjcctivClofthc Study ..
1.s. IM.iaObjective ....
1.5.2 RelarcbQucstion$
1.5.3 SpecifIC Objecliv('S
LITERATURE REViEW ....
2. llntroduc-1ion
22~fllli'c""ofRoadTratrICAccident
21RolCWofAccidcntTruxil.
. .............................. _.vll
.. .................. _ ... _. __ ... 1:1
.. ..................... s.ii
............................................... _ ........... _ ... . ........................... _---'
23.1 Global Kcident situation
2.3.2NatioaalKeKkntsituation .....
2.339ron&Ahal"oKcidentsituation ...
2.3.4 AccKient)ilualioo III KinwnpoNorth Municipahty
24 Road Tn:fficAccidcotFacton ...
2.4.1"Thedrive.-fllClor ......
2.4.2 Vehicle factor ..
2.4.) Ro.dfac:tcr
2.5CoasequencesofRTAs
2.6.2Engll'~"n"ing,encouragemc:nland\.·1IVironmenl.
J1Srudyl>e-51g11
32StudyArca.
32.1 Municipal Profile
3~2GeoMl&Y ....
J.2.3ReliefMdDrainage
J.2.5Vesctation
3~'PopulationSizcandGrowtbRates ...
1.2.7 OccUPI1M:1na1 Distribucion ....
J.l.9 Ethnicicy and Religion
J.l..IOFeetivais ....
J~ll Heatth lnsunwce Scheme in Kinlampo Munici~liry .
3.2.12Trwnsportation ....... .
3.2. l l ao.dNetwork
3.3Variab~ofIbeStudy .
3.3.1 DepcndentVariable
3.3.2 Independent Vuilblcs
J.4SrudyPopulalion .
l4.llnclusionCritcria.
J.4.2E.xclusionCriteria
1.S Sampk Size Detenninalion
1.6 SlDPling Method
1.7 0 .. Collection Metbod and Tool ........ .
J,801 .. ManlgemenlandAnalysis ...
1.9 Qualiry Control
J.IOEthical CI)Mideration
4.1 Characteristicsofsrudyparticipanls
4.2 Road TraffIC Accidents among study participants
4.3. 1 ASiOcialion between Demographic characteristics and RTA ....
4,).2 Associalion between the Driver fllC10n and RTA ....
4.3.1 AsIoci.tton betweeo Vehiele characlCristics and Road T ... ffte Accident ...
4.3.4 AuocWMm between the RoId factors and Road Traffic Accldent ...
4.4 q...tifying faclon infJuencinaro.d traffic Kcident .. ..
CHAPTER FIVE .••..
CHAYTER SIX _ •....
CONCLUSIONS AND RECO!\1\1ESDATION ....
.. ........ 25
...•• 25
62 Recommendallons
AppeadU: I: COftitftt Fonn for Pvticipllrion in thcstudy ..
Appendix 2: lnterview Guide ....
Appmdix 3. Ethical ApprovaL.. .
LIST OF TABLES
TabkJ;~1tI,ofPro;ectedBurdenofDisease(romJ990lo2020 .
TaGle 2: Persons k.lkd through toad IICCidents as a result of 4oivCI" ftTOf$ in GhInII ....
Table); Hea)th In~urance Ac:credncd Health Fxtlilies •..
TabIc4 : Demopaphic:c:haracterisCiC:.5ofsrudypAr1icip8l1t.5
Table 6: ASSOClalIOn between demographic: characteristics and R T A
TIbk 7: Anon.lton bdwccndrivcn' profeuion.tliun and RTA ....•.
Table 8: AssocIation belween road practices and RT A ....
Table 9: As.Ioc .. tion belween drivers' kno~ ledge on road sign, and RT A ....
Table 10: ASs.<Xlalion between vehicle characleristics and RTA
Table II : Assoc: ... lion bctweea the road fK1orsandRTA .
Tabk 12: fKlon mfluencing road traffIC Kcidc:nl.. ..
Fi!'ft I . Conceptualframe~ofkoef.ctolStnflUC'nC'ngroadtrafficlICcldcn'
f 1iUre 2 Contributory Factors 10 Road Traffic Accident.
FipreJ MuniciJ-Imap .....
F'I"re4. Loc.,ionofROlIdTrBfficAccidenl ...
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Centre ror Di:seasc Control
Driver Vehicle and Liccncln&Aulhority
Ghana BrOMicaslinaCooperllioll
GhanI. News Agency
Ghana Private Road a..d Tmtsport Union
MunicIpal HuhhDim;:lorale
MOlor rraffic and Transport Department
Conpss
Prop"cuiveTraftlporI Owners Assoclallon
World Health Orgarul.ation
OfflSlTlON OF TERMS
To give somebody money or some otha" irM:entive (0 do
something.especiallysomcthinlilkplordl5honest
Any type of mol or vehicle used for Iransponing aoods
or Plidpu5C1lgenw,lhlheprimaryobjectiveof
mainl money
Ca. __ rriIIl V"IIKIt Driver Someone who drives a vehicle used (or transponinl
&oods or paid passengers with the primary objective of
making money.
DriDk-drivlDg
Road Traflk Acddeou
Orivinl while unda the innumce of akohol
Factors contrlbuling to road traffic accidentsattnbuled
Acqu"ilionofhigh~velofskillorcompclencepriorto
dnverliccnseacquisitton
faclors contributln8 to road trallio.: accidents attributed
FaclorscontribuMa 10 roaci traffic Kcidentsattributeci
10 the road and the iWTOUndingsofthc road.
Rcfcrs 10 accidentJ which happened on roads used for
publicuaffic leading to one or more people losil'latheit
livtsor 1iuMainingmjuriesforwhichoncot'mof'C
vehicles in motion are involved.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Backgrouod
RC*i u.nspor&atioa is the commone~;I means of lr.lnSpor1ation. It, however, has its own
chalknges.StatisticsfromtheWorklHealibOrg.anization,20ISindteatesthllmorethllll.2
million pcopk tose their lives yearly on the roads.. with over millions sustainin& serious
Illjuriesandelldurin8Iong·tc""undes~he.l1hconsequences . Similarly.Centre'for
DdeesorControl.2016 indicates that eacbday. In estimltcd 3,400 people Ilre kilkd globaHy
in road traffic accideats iDvolvil'lgcan. busn.. moton:ycles, bicycles, rrucks,orpedestriaru.
Roedtramcmjuriesareestimatedtobethecighthleadinlcauseofdelthgloballyandthc
kadinguuseofdcMbforyoungpwpleagedI5-29.Thereportaddedthattheeurrenltrend
ofroedtnlJlk:acxWtenls show that by 2030, road traffic injuries will become the seventh
Mdintc-.-ofc:klthglob&lly.
Oau comPIled by the Motor Traffic and Transport Oepanmenl in Ghana revealed that in the
yew 2017, 12.143 c~ ofaccidcnu occurrtd involving 20.444 vehicles out of which 2,076
people died and 12.166Justainedinjuries~RSC . 2017).ln2016,.lolalof8,651 accidents
"~recordedinvolvingI4,042vehicicsoutof"hich2.084proplcdiedandJO.43ainjured
(NRSC. 2016). The records funhcr indicate that in 2015 a total of 10,852 were Ihe lICCidenlS
Mordcd Utvolving 16.C}58 vehicles wtofwh;ch 1.634 people died and 9.186 inju~RSC,
2015)
lotbeyear 2017, BronS Abafo Region recorded a fotal of SO) RTAs involving 513 vehicles
wilhl90deathsand313 injuries and recorded 670RTAJ involving 709 vehicles. 217deatM,
945 IftJuntS io the ycw2016(MT1'I).BA. 2017 & 2016). In the yeal 2015, the Regton
n:corded 645 RTAs Invol\inC 711 vehicles.. 232 deaths /Uld 868 injuries (MlTD-BA. 2015).
The Warki Ha.lth Orpn~on(20IS) report 00 staNS or ro.d safety provides measures: 10
helpredlJCeroadaceidenllndilS8SSoOciatcddcathsundertwoheadings:legishllionandroad
tBCfbc:hauourandsaferroads.Wilhres~lloregulationandbetuVloUlofroed\J:Se'f"5,WIIO
indtcaledthatnaltonsOllgbllOIOUpen and implancocl'08d safely reeulalionespeclally on
s.pecdn:duc.-.driDk-drivin&useofseat-beil.useofchiJdreslrainl.drug-drivinIMd
distracted drivlnS_ On the olnn hand, WHO stipulated tMI cOunb'iH need to el\iW'e road
deslgm arc safe and the road systemi meet the needs of all road usen. The reporl further
stated that Sustainabk DevetopmeN 0-1 (SDG) largels to hah'C r~ de:alhs by 2020,
thcrcfon: mucbeflioct ate required f'rom countriei 10 achieve this targel
Paramou,"amon8theeffor1Stoh.lfnMtdtraffiedeathsby2020iscOfltinuousr~an:hinto
the cau,," of roed ac::cident u well u implementing findinp of reiCarch works. Most
pnevlOU~ WOfb on road traffIC accident focused mainl) on e.tablishina the ib."()Clatlon
betwendriven'beba\'iourontberoedandroad mccidents. Diwnely, thii study souJht to
Idmllfytbe~iarionberweenroedtrafficacc:tdCfl(andltH:driverfactors,vehickfacton
and the: road fKlors. The study in efTKI souP' to identify the facton contributln8 10 mad
aatTlC acc .... 1n the Kintampo North MuniciJllllity.
Road traffic accident is a major public heakb challenge undc:rC'llmlll('d In Ghana.. Much focus
hasbcenpiKedonptlhotopeal causeordealh while silently road troffic accidcnlsand noo
communicable diselliel r~\tCe life eltpecWICy. Data comPiled by the Motor Trallie Afld
TI'lImpOrf Deputmmt ill Gbana rnealed Ihal in 201S a total of 10.152 -=cidmts ..... ere
m:onkd Illvoh-inJ 16,9S11 vehK:~ oallofwmr: 1.6J.4(15.1%) Pftlpk dM:d and 9,186 injured.
In the yHT 2016, 8,651 accidents were ~rded involving 14,042 vehicles out of which
2.084(24.1") people died and 10.438 injured. In 2017, 12,84J accidentsfXCurred involving
20,4-14 vehidesoutofwhich 2,076(16.2%) peopkptrisbcd and 12.166 sustained injuries
(NRSC.201s..:ZOI1).
Similltl)"tbe Brong Ahafo Region recorded alotal of645 accidents involving 711 vehicles.
2)2(3S.~Io) deaths and 868 injured persons in 2015. In 2016, 670 accident! occtlI'Ted
inVoMDi 109 veh;cles. 281(42.8%) dealhs and 945 injured persons. 2011.S03 accident.
were recorded involving 513 veh;cles. 190(37.8%) deaths and 313 injured persons (MTID·
BAR. 2015-2017)
The Kinlarnpo North Municipality also in the year 2015. rec:orded 98 accidenlS out ofwhi ch
JO(16.1'M1) people died and 150(81.3%) got injured, In 2016, 133 accidents were recorded
with36{16.8%)deathsandI78(83.2%)injured.ln2017,79accidents.30(I0.5%)dealhsand
2S5(89.S%) persons injured. Commercia) vehicles were more consecutively involved in
RTM compared 10 private vehic:tes:. In 201S. 144(94.7%) commercial vehicl~ gol involved
in RTA • apiMt 8(5.3%) private vehicle5. In 2016, 63(78.80/.) commercial vehicles were
involved in RTA compam:l to 17{21.2%) privale vehicles and in 2017. 164 (84.iJOli)
commercial vehicles against 29(15.1 %) private onl$ <MTTD-KPO. 2015- 2017).
The Munici~1 Assembly, the Heatth Directorate, MlTD and the DVlA in lhe Kintampo
North MWltcipality acknowledging tbe havoc caused by road traffIC accident continue 10
embark on fOld safety campaigns and law enforcement. 1bc trend of road traffic ac<:idents in
the Municipality seem to have decliMd cOll5tdering the 2017 RTA l>talblics against thai: of
2015-'2016. howevcr. the contributory (actors 10 the RTAs need lobe sctenliftcally
detcrminedto develop efTectiveand infonnedinterVentionitodraitically reduce thctrcndof
theRTAsinthcMuntciptiity.
II is a,pLMI this bec:kgrOWld that this study wMconducled 10 Ldcntify the factorsconCributil18
10 the mad traffic: accidents ita the Kintampo North MunicifMlity.
1.1 CeocrphaJ Framr .. ork
RaadTratrK:Accidrnt IS IIlnuencedby several conlexrual facton.. lbefactorsofUuerest in
Ibis INdy Mve brtn shown in the cooccprual framework (Figure I). lbe framewortt anempl5
to expb.i.n the influence of various factOf"$ contributing 10 rotd traffte Accident among
commctCiai *iwn in KiJnampo Notth Municipality. The proposed framework on factors
influeRCln, road lnIffte accK&cnl is cakpized into: Driver ~a.d fKtoIS. Vehicle' factors
r Dri:er~PhiCCharactcristKS • Profcuionalismofd.rivers • ROIdprw;IK:e5ofdnver'!>
! • KnowicdF of drivers on road !oigns
I Q--. -, - .~ ROAD TRAFFIC . Con..equence!i
ACCIDEN. T _ ...--. . Injuries AMONG ) • Dea,h
r - - C(l~~Rl"~ ~;.., J VehtclcfaclOr : • Road signs
• Vehicle maintenance and ".tc I . ROadml. rkin8S
• Trn.fficconu-ollighl
F+aun I. CODtepIU,' frame work on facton innuencing roed lratrw;: accldenl
S.rratiolt .. 1M Conceptual Framework
1 hen: arc ~va'l.l facds to &he study of ra.d tnmc accident. -mis conceptual framework
rocusonlhein&crre"klnship~unthed'ivcrfattors.vehiclefactors.roadfactorsandthe
heahhconsequcncesofroadtrafficaccidcnl.
Firs1ly.thedriver""hooperale"lt.evchiclcconlri~Ule"immensel)' loroadtr.mcaccidentinl
number of ways as indIcated by the conceptual framework . Key driver racto~ assessed with
respect 10 rmd uatrtc accidents are the demographic characteristics. professionalism of
drillCTS. roed pract.ica of drivers and knowledge of the driver on road "ps. Spccifte
demographic dwaclcri5ticl of drivers considered were: Age, 5CX, educational level, driver's
unioa.vdUc::lerypedriven,ycarsofdriviDIcxperience.Professionalbackgroundsofdrivers
sludied.m:';hccnsc4.licel1ieclass,license5tafUS,vehicle~,in§urancetypc.attended
drivina: school, Iheofy exMliNtion. underwent driviJls lei" average daily driVln& hours,
1iebick SCl'VK:inl period. believe of main cause ofRTA. RTA are preventable and bribed at
DVLA for drivin~ ficeDce. With resuds to road practices of driver, the foUowin, were
QOft$MIerecI: ever drove while on medication. drink.driving.drives whilc tired,everviollfe d
red tnlftic light sisnal, overtaking in curve, d .. llse lanes without sign~lIin8, ever uopped at
no scoppina Mea, ever bribed police offM;cr, practice over~in& etc. The knowledgc level of
drivers on the road sigrll was aho considercd.
Sccondly,lhemmcworkhnksthevehiclet.ctontoroadb'aftkaccidenf.Thesrudylherefore
found out ifthestalc ofvehicle hua relationship wilh road Inlffic accident
Thirdly,roedfKtonlinktdtoroMtnfficaccidcDcuportnlyedbytheconccptu;lI framc"ork
were atao flCtored into lhe study. Road facton considered for the siudy were availability of
road sips on the roadi. road marklnp.tnfr.c controllig,htl and ro~ Iipting
LIItIy.roed tnffieaccident often leads 10 InJunesand hospitalizalionofaccldenlvlClims. As
a result, RT A records of the driven were ascertained with their corr~ponding injuries and
wbelhet the .:eiden, rauhcd in hospilali.l.8lion.
II is hoped that the futdin&:> oftbe scudy will be or much assistance 10 the MTIn, DVLA,
Urbu RoMs Oep.rtmml of KinlBmpo Nonh Municipality 10 dctennine key conbibulory
fKtors to RTA in the Municipality in order to develop a more informed and effec1ive
eduutioa&l propams to reduooe the alarming b'end of RTA\. The NattonaJ RoIMI Safccy
ec-il~;on may take cues from the fandings of this study 10 improve policies on road safety.
Finally, lhe'5tudyaJmI.tconaibutina10 Iite:rarweandwill serve uarefe,encemateriaJlOt
othern:se~henfMfwtherstudlCS
1.5 ObJecfivesoflhe Sfudy
1.5.1 MaiaObjKtive
To Mientify the factors cOfitributing to road traffIC .ccHient amonit tommerd.1 vehicle drivers
1..5.2 ReHIU-dIQue5fiou
I. Does the driver fatlorcontJibuie 10 road tTamcaccidtnl?
2. Doa lhe vchicle fKl« have I link 10 roed traffic aceidem?
J . l5lttereanassoclllionbetwe-enthcroadf6CtorandroadtnlfflClKcldenl?
I.5.JSpedlkObj«fins
I. To ~ the ilDl>c,allon bdw«n the dnvcr faclor and road traffic Icddent.
2. To ddcnnine whether there it a rtLlINwtship between the nbiclc factor and road
] To",aJUltetheassocialion betweeTI the road fIClot and road tJaffic accidcnl
CHAYfERTWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.llolrodu£lio"
1'hischapCerprovidesrelevanl information on the study area to enhance the understanding of
the topic. As a result. literaNR in the following areas has been reviewed:
i Defanitioo ofRoadTl1Iffic Accidenl
2. Rn'M:wofaccMknltrends
3. Faclors contributing to road traffic accident
6. Roadlrafficaccidentdalaavaliabiiity
1lte United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2005), defined road traffic accident
asaccidmlswbichhappencd on roads used for public trafUc leading In one or more pcople
loIingtheirJivesorsustaininginjuriesforwhichoneormorevehiclesinmotionisinvoNed.
AD accident may involve collision between vehicles and eilher allOlher vehicle, pedeItrianJ,
animahmclstalicOOjecl:s. This defmilion does not include peopie who fell whengettinlWlto
vehicles and gdtingdown from vebiclcs.
ZJRev:iewofA«ide.ITreeds
lJ.IGlobIJaccidulsituation
Globally mOf'C thao 1.2 million people die each year on the world's roads. making road trafTtc
mjunes a k.wn8 cause of death gk>bllly. Most or these deaths are in low- and middle
income counlries where ...-pid economic growth has beeD accompanitd by increased
moIorizalioll and road traffic injuries (WHO, 2015). The: greatest nwnbers of RT A deaths rate
OCCUf in the African Region. Aboul 60% of road D"affic fatality occun among people aged
bcN.~ 15-44 years. Acciden~ for which deadly injuries are not involved are not well
recorded. Next to HIV/ATDS and Tuberculosis, toad traffic accident results in mortaIilic5
among people in the productive age worldwide (WHO, 2013).
TbeWotId Health Organizalion (2009) reported lhat in the coming 1()'20years, yearly
lndivMluals perishins due to road traffic 8ccident is likeJy 10 go up from one million to three
mill .. Tbc World Health Organizatioo: forec&Sled tha, if stringen' measures are not pUi in
pillceroadtraffIC8ccidentsmayriseupIo2millionbytile)"car20JO.
The Centre for Disease Conlrol,2016 observed that globally taxis., mopeds, can, busCi,
trucks,animais.,motorcycies,pedestrians and other type of travellers uses the road togethet.
CDC added lhal :wI:lO-l:conomic devdopmcn15 are aided by moIor vehicles in loti ofnalKlOs;
however. annually RTAs involving vehicles cause deaths and injuries in milliomofpeoplet.
COC, 2016 further indicated Iha roed eccidents associ.led injuries will emerge as Ihe 7·
leadinarautlantoffatalitiesworldwidebytheyear2030.lnJuriesasa,~uhofroad.ccidlCnl
have a hi, oconomic implCt on developin, countries and are projected 10 amount to $518
billion i ..... ioMlly and $65 bil1ioQ in developing countries, which is more than Ihe
8ggregate developmenl aid sum r«:eivc:d. Table I ~howslhcprojl:clcdrankofdileascburden
from 1990 10 2020 aadpt.cingroad traffkcrash(8ccidenl)in third posilionbyZ020.
1990 Lowt1Rn1!t!CO!JJ.alKUOQ.S
~="'-t----
S.un:e:lkke6(2006)
The mofta.Iity .... t: of &5 a mult of inJun~ due to road acddent in )ots of African cOUntriH is
.. greal.14.1 dc&ths per 100,000 inh.abildts.. n.e rate at whK:h Lndividuals die as a muh of
ITA is dlSl:urbmg and confusing. As tde mortalilies and disabilities a$SOClaled with !'Old
.wdcnl. 04,ht, dcbililM~ is the ecOt'lOmK;: and !oOCaal effed of RTA on a country (GOC,
2017). II was stMed in the second Afncan Road Safety Conference organit.ed in 2011 IhIt
dc¥elopia&~8Ccounlror.bou!:70pu ccnl(\rlheWOfkl ·.roedr ... lities; andlhat. 2S
..t32.2pcrClmt ofc:kMhs in AfrK:8 per 100,000 populations. hencethcsecond ladingcausc
()(death~Slo44.IfOUPorAf'ricanls throushroadaccidenti.Therore8oingassertiODiI
lnIIyrdlec:ecld ialhe sF*koflttident in Ghana {J'IORSS. lOJ I).
2J.l Nano.al HC'ldentsllulitton
The G.hMa Oroadcastin& Co--opcr~II(JI' (GBCl. 2017 indicated that Ghana Ioit 145 million
dolWl.CGaStiMIllS 1.4% ofttle Gross Dome5lic Product (GOP) or 1M cCMMriei. The records
Inde. Char.he: Greater Accra. BroniS Abafo, EMlem and Ashanll arc tbe reltoRl hlshly 81
mac. of kTAs.. con!>ti'\lt1MI 64~. of Ii'Je )9S nalionaJ ro.d morIahtlft. GBC further indteated
tNl5Ulpc:non,lo5etheirlivesdailyandl.OOOpeopleperishyearIYGlrcsuhofroadntrac
8CCident ill Ghana with 88ft rangmg between 18 and 45 years. Males cOMtiNte 75% ofthc
Ghana News Agency, 2011 stIICd In a ~urvey conducted in 2001, the country was rated the
second hlpa. R*I uaffic accidents prone among six West Attie. r;ountri~ . "The ~isdcs
of the slI!'\"e)'indicMedthM the f ... lity rare was 73 deaths per 10,000 accidents in Ihe country
fladdcdtbMthenumberofcarinvolved in accidents increases every)'car
AecontingtoAdu(2009).trMSpOrtaIion byro.d makes the caniagc ofaoods. peopJeMd
servicne.y.lbemainflCiJitatorforsocio-economicgrowth istranspOft. ThissugeslSthl.l,
transport by roed quickens the development of ateU mcluding agriculture, industry, mining.
lnIdeandheallh. ThisiDcreuesthecountries'percapilaincome. lJrbanizallonand number
arvchiclesbas incrasedin Iocsofdcvclopinacounllies. Theincreasednumberorvehic~
"'~roedaceideolduelothcrlClthaltbee~istingroadsdesigneddonot
eoftlJMn""* the present number orvehictcs and the IIClivilies on the road (Mustakim,
YU50f, OM. Rahman, Samad Ill. Sallch, 20011). MllIlakirn ct aI. indtcaled the Yne'XpCCtcd
urt.Riution'" woncoed roed ace .... problem f"ftuhing in mismatch ofttte road syslem
with other uses of the land for iRl&ance industries, housing jUlio mention but a few
CM.makun el 01, 2001).Accordinl to Mr Noble Appiah. the Acting chief executive of !be
NRSC; statIStics available shows lbal about 96% of the COW"ltry freighl UK ro.t transport
T"beovcrdr-pencknccon ro.dtrafllpon in the nation has resulled in Ihe stnlgglc u how to
c .... Ihc hip road accident rate Ieadin& to datbs and grief unong funiltn(GNA, 2011).
A(:Q)f(iing to Yanbon et aJ (2010). the sharp increase in road accident related injuries
c.aw.an, mGrtaIities and disabilities are due 50 rile in motorization in tower Ind middk: income
coUDtrics.. It .. added t"-<43% ofroed accfdent mortalilies in Ghana were. a rau.h of
pcdestnan accfdent as in other low and middk income nalioM
ZJJ Bro.R Ab.ro .cdde.1 skNdo.
tile Brons AlIafo Region recorded • 10 .... of 645 accidents involvln& 711 vehicles,
2J2(J5 .~)deathsaad8681nJurcdpersonsin2015.ln2016,670accidcntsoccuned
involving 709vehiclc~. 287(42.~0)de.thsllnd945 injuredpenons. In 2017,.503 accidents
were recorded involving 513 vcbtc)cs.. 190(37.8%) deaths and)1) injured penons (MTfD.
BAR. 2015.2017).
2.3.4 Acride.' sihlatioD In KJnlampo Nor1b Municipality
10 the yes 201S lhe Kinwnpo Nonh Municipality reeOf'ded 98 accKlents out of which
JO(I6.7%)peopkdicdand 1.50(83.3%) got injured.ln 2016,133 accidents were recorded
wiCtI 36(16.1%) deaths and 178(8].2%) injured. 2017,79 accideau. 30(10.5%) deaths and
255(89 5%) people injured. Commercia1 vehicles were more consecutively involved in RT As
compucd 10 pnvate vehlc:te3.ln 20lS, 144(94.7%) commercial vchidH lot tnvol ... cd in RTA
• apiml 8(5 n'.) private vehicles. In 2016, 6308.8"-0) commercial vehicle'S were involved
ia RTA comparNlO 17(21 .20/.) privale vehlcle\ and in 2011,164 (84.9%) commt'fclal
vehicles apinsl29(1 5.1%) privale onei (MTT1>-KPO, 2015- 2017).
A typICal eumpk: of an acxKlenl invotving commercial vehicles is the lragic one !hat
occurred on Ihe February 17, 20)6 in the Kimampo Nonh Muntcipality involving Melro
Mal _ and.. truck. Jo)'online 2016 inchuted thlll fifty-Ihree people died and lWenty-tluee
peopk 5U!t8ined severe injuries. Amonathe deceased Wai a 3-yea.r old cbild.
2.4 Road Tr'"IIffic Accident facton
RiIt &am for u....ot...cmenl in a trafftc accident are often elauified inlG three large ltI"oupa:
'driverdependentlorpcdcsari-.depcadcarfO;28Ceideabbetweena ... chicieandapedestriM).
v.:h,de ,.daled. and envlfonm.:nl depeDdc:ot'. Most authors annbutc most accidents to driver
dependenC factOf'. whicb are thought 10 acCOUl'll fOf 60% to 90% of all ttaff"1C accMJents
(0JiMi. 20011). A survey conducted by Transport Research Laboratory (lltL) consisU:ntIy
revall that more than 95% road accidents in the USA among molor vchkle or rMd accidents
m European countries are as a .-nuh of driver behavtour to SOffiC dear« in addition 10 one of
odter prcdilposil:ts fM:1on. VehKle opemors at a1l times endeavour to flUlt the equipment
failure. road conditions, 01'" oIher vdtkk operator.; fOl ra.t accMknts. However, criti<:aJ
-..eumenl oflhe cause oflbe accident indicates the behaviour of driven primarily i. the
C8Useoftheacclden~.Speedingbydri\·en;causc5majorit)'ofthcroadaccident.ontheroads
(WHO. 20(9). Findings &om the NaturalistK: Driving Studies snow Ihat accident causehon
bas dramatically with driver-related fiH:ton (i.e., em:w, impairment, fllCip. and distnct:ioG)
prnma in IlImo5t 90% of acciclcttU. The mults also definilivdy show rhat distraclion is
ddrimentalrodriverH1"cty,wilbhandheldclecttonicdevtcC5hannghighuKralesandriak.
Fac&on such as vehicle failures, roadway desilf' or condition, or environment composed
lower accident perccntaJf:l (Diftp et II, 2016). Marian. (2010) noted dlat in TIlRZM'IIa
QRlaidriviolhasbcen fOWldIO betbc IDljor faclor (SS%) leading 10 road accidents
COMMkrinI f«"In., drivinl commonly tagaed as JOing 19ainst road .. afcty regulations
becawieofmkbehavioursindulgcnce.ili50b\'iousthllthehumanfac:toralongs,ideotha's
factors lead IOl'OIdaccklmb.
Some conbibulofy (aclors 10 the enotmOUI roed accidents In GhaM haw been identified.
Ghana ~Co-openlion,2Gl1 indicated Ihal refusal to abidc bythc regulations.
the road undoubtedly i5 the major cause of rued KCMlcnts This anenlOn is bKked by driven
n:cei\'ingQlls""hil~tdrivin!.parkingallinaulhorisedp lace'l;,drunkdriving. fatiguedrivins,
twcr-Ioadmg. speeding. nOD-adherence 10 trliffic regulariom and ruin and poor repairs of
vehicles. G9C lidded 0. it ". common knowledge that greater than 90% ofroad Kcidents
.-e •• rcsuko(errorsby hutmlns
~.hvn.al ROId Safet)' commiuM>n (NRSC). 2009 .Iso mentioned !hat human error aspect
contributes about 7~ of road casual ties ie GhM&. llw: most common cluaification of error
recorded by the Gt..na Police resukinc ill de.Mhs for the period between 2007 and 2009 were
avoidable driver behavioun u seen in T.blc 2
T.ble2: Penonskilled through road tlccidcntsllS a resultofdrh'e r e rrorsinGhanlt
lnexpenencc
Nosipal
Improperownakin& 40
F.ipelS~kssness 24
OttterlLossofeOllb"Ol649
s.urH: (NRSC,l009)
1."47
1,732
1,120
LI1CB1lD'"e lnI.ilabk su&aests thal majority of ro.d accidents ate as. resuh of errors
commined hum .. , loanher with the environmental factorli, road design and other road
As.5OCiatiOD of Road Conl1cu (PlARC). 200J Indicated that the map contribution of the
I'OIId system to road accKlents is the roed U$e by humam o.:un.!otiMing approximately 93%
PlARe pomayed that a reYtion,hip of 26~. exist berween the both bchaviOUf" of driven and
while. link of 4% exit bctweCft 1M Wee( behaviour of the driver. the vehicle factors and the
road faclon;) with respect to fOld traffIC accidents. Individually. the behaviour ofdrivCl'S
(S7%) is highly noteworthy. The users of the road are grouped into pedestrians. motorist.
passengers and qclisl As indicated in the Figure 2 the road factor alone is 3% WMIUS U%
is only vehick related fatlor related to road accKtents.
Flpre 2: Conlribalory Factors to Road Traffic Accident.
So.Ift: PIARC (2003)
Specdins is one of the major human behavioor factors 10 RTA. local govenunents and
qineen of roM "-ve stated the extneme perm~sible speeds required for travelling safely on
lheroadnationwide. Thc vehide drivers are well aware of tile consequences of speeding but
overlooklhem. Seventy pcr cent ofdriversconfinned thatlhey habilually speed beyond the
speed limits (World Bank. 2(09). CitifmOnlined. 2017 indicated thaI lhe !IrIalional Road
Safety Commission (NRSC) ha .. said it is seeking 10 reduce the number of road accident
deaths b)' man: than one thousand in 2017. CilifmOnline noced .. fated that NRSC hAl
identilied over-speedinlSS a majorC8U5e of accidents in thecounlry. bcingresponsible for
over 60% oflhem. Naion.ll Road Safety ('ommts..ion. 2009 observed thM minordiSlractions
iUChas~s for $Omtihing on the seat,talking without kceplnaeyes on me roao,
the r.djo 011 ia the vehkk, trying to fasten seat bell while driving. trying 10 adjust1he:
position whik ~vinl may be: major caUM: of accidents.
The increasing cwnbers of molOr vehicles is a major contributing faclor in the risin,
falahll" and injune, &om road trame accidents in poor countries (McGtowdcr, 200
NaI;ooal Road Safety CommiJsion (NRSC), 2009 indicated from a srudy that si8
~10Il of the: comrncTCial vehicles in the country j, old. NRSC furthtt pointed out
the "*'- due 10 faWti of which, Kcidents may occur. At the end come traffte facton. This
mainlyinctudesthespeed.dcnsi'Y,traffic flow paramcters thU may lead to accidents.
2.SCoDseq.eDce50rRTAs
ACCOfdin& 10 \be World Heahh Organization. 2009 injuries related to road accidents cost
devdopinl nations bc~een 1% and 2% of their gross domestic product (GOP). Almosl 1.6%
of Ghana's gross domestic product goes waste due 10 road accidents (Agyemang el aI., 2009).
Road traffic injurin are a development issue: low- and middle income countries lose
approximately 3% of GOP as a resuh of road trtmc accidents (WHO, 2015)
LiCcnNleavailabieshow1tha1thegrealestpercentaseofroad accident is among pedestrians,
next after that is motor cyclists due to "hrecl accident with other users of the road. Tbe
C)'Cli~h.uwelidonotprotecttbanselvestosurvivethemassandspeedofOlhe,usersofthe
road(Nakinoetal.,2008).lnaarudyconductedbySherafari.etaJ .• 2017,atoealofl,S20
peopk "Ilh I'Mdtnffic ICcicknls were admincd
A sreater number of road accidents arc bolh anticipated and avoidable.
OrpniUlion., 2015 obsnved lUI beuviour modifICation of road users is a very important
ckntmt of me holistic -Safe Systems" strategy. To change the behavIOur of road users,
adoption and implementation of respectable laws on the main predisposing factors
usociaiionwithtrafflCinjuriessuchasseat-betts"drink-drivina.failuretousehelmets,;peed
and child restrainUi are highl) euentw to considef'
Ericson, 2001 noted tha despite the fact thai the impact ofRTA injury on casualliesand theiJ'
~Iatives are worrisome, relief exists knowinl that ways to ckcrusc rilles of road accMJent
injurieshl.\lCbccnidentirlCd.EriClOllmmt~thatlhedifflCultYistodeploypohciesand
technology to enan lhIt tried and lesled road saf~ programmes in the deve~d nattons
canbee:.:ecu&edtDther'OlldSllfctyprogrammcsofWlderdevclopedcounrrin.
Acc:on:ItDl to Wodd Ilealth Organizalion (2013) new road safety IJiW10 such u reduciD, urbuI
sp«d protect ped"tr1ans and cycliltl. WHO added that speed limits need stronF'
ftlbc~l ~"'« drinkin& and driving is abo very crucial. MotCOVCf, driNc:-dr1ve laws
peed stronaer enforcement. Report from lh< Centre for Oiscue Control, 2016 indicated the
eswncelOUlvolveeiviltoeiety iToups,community.based organizalionsand fO\lncllrions to
decrease the effect ofif\juries in commwuhn and Nlliom
Aocordm, to Adami n aI., 2009 te$e&rchers on road accident at times make reference 10 the
five E.s Strategy: Enfi ..... ""t, Education, Evalualion, Engineering and EIKowagnncnl in an
1.6.1 EdllC:.tioo .... c.ron:elDhl
Accordin, 10 AI·MJolawlih ,.2001 enforcement ,yslem should be comfnhcnsive bee.UK of
the variety of violati.ont. Abo, enforcement stnItgics should be designed 10 target a hiah.riI.k
bdw..,ourandobsnvedac:c..,.Ioc.cionl.
AcconhnllO 1M N;u,,,,ual Road ~afcty Commiuion. 2011 , JOVernmcnu. ~ionilts. CIYII
SOCtetja;,~tcsandengJl'leersoua.hll0eXtcUietheirrolelwhileusersof theroadal$otake
UPulrnost~iphonlOadhcretof\llesandrclUlattoo
2.7 Data Mailability
Grimm aDd Tteibich (2010) indicated that dependable and orderly data on road accident
injuries and mortali1ies is rarely available in developing nations. According 10 Mariana
(2010) noapparenl rdalionmipexiSI5 between hospital and police r.:cords. Also, grea terpart
of tJte ... rs manually stored and ju.st few of them are enlered into computer systems. In
addition. dJe accwacy ofthe data available is doubtful due to gaps in the data. Ericson, 2001
iDdicaled thII tqIOft on rate of road traffic victUns WHkmlte the magnitude of the road safety
issues in lot! ofnations especially in low and middle income nations. This was anributcd at a
Iargercl(!cnttoIOO5eplocessofreportingintltedeve)opingnalions. BurgutetaJ.,2010also
statedthatroadaccidentsarefor~c .. blcand.voidable.however,qualitydataisessential to
comprehend the means through which road safety measures can be made workable.
lnconclU5ion, lot! offlDdinp have bccn identifaed on the CIlUiCi of road traffic accident
rcprdina drivu faclOR, vehicle faclors and road factors from me reviewed literatures.
However, the association between belid's of drivers, regulatory bodies (like DVlA, GPRTU
lad PROTOA) and kno .... ledge of drivers on the foad signs and Toad traffic accident have not
beta c~ establisMd in m()~t research findings. Also no research work was identified
regardins factors contributing 10 road traffic accident in the Kintampo North Municipaliry.
Relaled cause of road traffic accKknts in different jurisdiction~ bave: b«n established, those
fmdings might not be applicable 10 address the knowledge on specific causes of road traffic
accident in KintampoNonh MURlcipality. Mariana.2010statcdthalnorellrionshipextst
between reconb of me hospital and that of the police. According to Mariana data forjUit
Imited Dumber of years an: stored on computers, the fC5t ue manually stored. AswnIdu.
2012 lftdiea1edtbattheavailabililyofroad accident data in Ghana is usually dlffi,"uh 10 eo me
byaod even if it is obLaincd, the iDfonnalion on it is normally ICaRty. Also CMa. 2010 in a
stud}'ClDro..tnlf.:safetyinAfncanoountrLcsd«laredlhMlhepeucityofsurveillancedIU.
embeddedwilbundrr_reportinlandunckrestimationoftheissucoftrafficsafetyuahcalth,
social and ecoaomic problem is a road safety fundamental problem. Case study (qualitative).
.bo cmplored by OKi, 2011 OQ contrib'lIoty facton CO road accidents 00 Kum85i-o..\Itw8
trwIk road poKd challenges in determining quantitatively the cause of RTA such as the
auociatlOn between the dqxndcnl aod iDdcpendml variables usina: chi- square and Iogislic
n:pessionanalysis
Oa-nitalive cros.s scctlonal snady hat therefore proven 10 be eff"tive in defennining the
faclors8SSociated with RTA; lookingal the infonnative findings from resNrChe" such as
(Ackjugt.gbc, Fatiregun. Rukewe, & Alonge. 2015), (Boateng. 2014), (Burgul et al.. 2010).
(Np, Lee. Meuleners, & Duong. 2013) among others. As a result. cross s"tionaJ stud)'
design was empktycd for thil study.
Theknowledae gaps tdentifted from thcrevtcwcd literanaresdisc:UISCd and sugntion from
Chc:a, 2010 that conllnucd efforts to improvetnftic lafety with beuer re!OCarch design Ihould
bemcour.ged have immensely informed this madytounravd,nterestina futdinglktheJp
curb road traffIC ... c" mmace iD the Kinlampo North Municipality.
CHAPTER HIRE[
METHODS
J.ISludyDts ••
1"he crou-kChonal ~udy cksign"'as used to assess the factors contributina to road traffic
J.lSludyArn.
J.l.IMUGkipaIProfile
The Klntampo Municipal was created in 1988 under LI 1480. The Kinlampo Soulh District
was crated in 2004 from the Kintampo MvnicipllilY. The Kintampo North Municipll
lulppens I,) tor one: of the 21 municipal/district .. found in the Brong Ahafo Region (MHD-
Kpo. 2018,
filureJ:Municipalmap
(MHD-Kpo.201t1)
The Klnwnpo North Munici~iIy is found between latitudes 8"4S ' N and 7"4S'N and
Longitudts I~O'W and !- "E. It is bordcn:d by Bole District kl the West ; CmttaJ Goon';'
DiRrict 10 lhe North; EuI Goaj.1 Oiwict 10 the North-East. The land ,overage of dtc
lftunicip.lllY" approximately 5,108km'. Stnlleglcally tht municipality is situated at the
mJddte ofGhML II it lJ"IImit POUlt octween the .. outhem and nonhem se<:tOIS ora ......
J.l.IGwloey
Appoximllely 10% of the land surface or the MWlicipality ate largely scdimmwy IDd
J.l.J ReNd and DniDa.e
The MWliotip.laty is blessed with many water resources. The main water bodies comprise the
N)'~be. Fra and Urukwain the riv("rs. Otht"rs nv("1'$ Include Pumpum. Oyoko, N.,te. and
Tanfi The rivers now v~ slope which has given rise to the Kiotampo the Fuller Falls and
The type of climate prestn! in the municipality is the Tropical Conlinental. or interior
The munKIPIlIlf)' is JUrTotmded by Ihe interior tree ,.vannah he .... ily "OOdW Many I,f the
trecs~shoftlndnotbi!ascompat"fttlow ... roundinodl.erforest
J.l.6Popu tati.,.SiuaIKlGrowtbRaIH
11Icat,matedpopul.IIORoftheMuniclp.aIIIYis 114.411 in tbt ye. 2011. n..,.eofarowdl
is 2.]·. (MI-ID,201S)
3.2.7 OCCUplidoDal Distrib.,ioa
The major occupalKms in the municip4&lrty include the following: Agricullure, commerce,
industry and pubJic service.
Clote 10 73 .1% oflbe population of the MunicipaJilyreside intbe rural areu. Twenty nine
percent (29%) reside in !be urtan centre only. Kintampo. Also most the houses are mud
bouM:s.ln1btrunipartoftheMunicipalityextensionscrvic~.«essibilityispoor.
There are abundant vast of lands, human resources in addition 10 other ph)'siclll for growth
There is a mixture of etMjcity in the Munjcipality. With respect to re!ilion 620;. of the
population .rc Christians followed by Muslim (29_6%). The remaining tl.2% of the
~btkwl&lotheTradittonalreli8Km
The MD!. cddnle Bush burning and Yam fes1ival. ~lunufie festival by the Nkoranzas,
Damba festival of the DagombaslMamprushic5. Nkyefie festival of the 8onos. and Gonjaa.
and Ktubi falival by the Wanpn settlers in Kintampo. Dwine festive season inf11.lX of
people and vcbiclcs are experienced in the Municipaiity. This makei tbe roadi crowded and
busy incrcuiqcblnca ofRTAs
The){iQUrnpo Municipal He.lIh In~....nce Scheme (KMHIS) is one oftbe welt-established
[)isoict.wide consJdcnn& the Brong Ahafo Region. lbe Scheme came 10 force in 2004 ia
fCSponICtothcGovenunenl'sefTor1lomakehealthcareservicesaffordabIcUMi8«es.siblcto
.. I midenl5 of G ..... Table 3 indicales die Health Insurance Accrediled Health facilities in
Tabk J: Htall" losurance Accredil" " HUh Facili ties
GOVERNMr.NT
KiDtampoMunicipalHospilal DawadawaHealthCentrc New LongoroHcahhCcntte KunsuHeakbCcob'e BusuamaRuraJClinic KinWnpoCHPS GulumpeCHPS KadeboCHPS Asanlekwa CHPS o.niaMvlcCHPS PonorOIPS Dwft'elGomboiCHPS KurawuraCHPS BaNtorCHPS MiawaniCHPS KobedaCHPS KawumpcCHPS ManchlJlaCHPS
AnnorAs.areMemorialClinic VezuraHospital SunkwaClinic Glory Prince of Peace Maternity Home
~N="-=CHPS,,-,,-,,-_______________ _
J.2. 11TransponaIKtft
Commercial vehi(.lei operating with transport unions in the MunKipahty as of August. 2017
weft 477, Cd ofwbicb 261 wac I.a.l:j\ aDd 216 were \111m. 'TbeK \lch.clCl operMe at frw
dllferent mtions namely: KumasiITamale. Apesika, Bomboi and Suamere station. TI1C
Murucip.lity has one Central Police SUlioa to DUlintaln law and order and one Municipal
IImprtallo promote, maintain and restore he;~. 'The main StalKms of vehicles are found at
IheBabslOfkum.anct Kinaampomarkets. Notwilhst.andlflg.a number of the drivers continuc
'I» pill!.; .along the road for passeng.:rs 10 Kumei, Tamale. Sunyani. Techiman mcluding areas
of GMDa. II is mostly lOugb 10 fmd means of transport 10 the surroundings remote
«Immunities; due to unfriendly surr.ce nature ohhe fceder rMds.
The IUla f'OId ne!Vlork passing through the MunK:ipl:lity is the Techiman· TUllIIe road which
is !anN. Roads such as Kintampo-NkoraftU road and Kintampo-Newlonpo road linking up
to the MWlicipUity !We no( t.Tcd lMM arc presently under construction. lbe remaining roMs
hnkmg up 10 the Municipality are not tarred. Aboul 80'Y.oftheroads JntheMunicipa I capital
ex"", with a four-wheel drive. AI the same time, the scanered nature of the population
JDCaDI thai a lot of effort is nC'Cded 10 reach a few people. The commonest fonn of
bWBpOftaIlOfI m the Municipality is the motorcycle.
3.3.1 Depead~Dt \'ariaWc
ThcdcpendentYuiableforthestudywasroadlrafficaccidenl
3.3.2 lodcpnckot Variables
1bcindcpcndenlvariables of in Ie rat wcrelhedrivafactors, vchiclefactors and thcroad
/acton.
J.4ShlctyP~lioe
The nucty popu~l,," ",as OVI.A licensed passcng« c:ommrrdal vehicle driYcn ia 11M
J.4.111KIetIo.Criteria
I EljaiMe drivers for the study were drivers who OPC:Taled passenger vehides fot
(;ommetCW purpose only In the KintampoNotthMun;cipality
2 The drivers _ the time or 1M srudy were those who had a vehicle driving and
consenkd 10 be part of the study.
hwligibk ~ers wert: drivers who opcnled private vehicles, goods canyin. vehjc~ or
opt'rlled passenger vehicles but not for commercial purpose EK3mpk:: Cargo car drivers,
Prnalmce rale of 15 .9% road traffIC accldenl based o n the findings of Adejugbagbe,
FaltrepD, Rukewc &; Alonge (201') w. ~d ... guNk 10 calculate (he sample 517.C for the
COInmcn:iaJdrivcf's. The Cochran's fonnula ; n,",!2p( l op)/e2 was used fortheeslimaHonof
Z= Zstalishcforaconfideneelevelof9S%
P-preVlknClCo(rolid traffIC Kcident
eE])r'eclsionof S'Y.
J.6SalllpliDgMeCllod
StntiflCdrandom s.amplingtrchniquc Wti Uied to for the ItUdy. 11Jt five mlin commercial
vebicle :;tltlOf'lS (Kumbl, Tamale, ApC:;Ika, 8omboi and Suamerc slatton) formed the strata
At CIclt station the total number of driven wit identified from the station chlirman. The foul
number of driwn III each JUtian was used to de'!ennine the proport;on of drivers interviewed
from the total sample size of the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to
sdect some of the driven &om each of the stations for the flUdy. Thd WAS done by wri1inl
thevehN:)enu.mberso(thedrivmonpie1;~ofpape1S.Thepaperswerefoldedandpulinlo
Ulos-queconUlincr. ThccOl'ltainerwasvigorouslyshakentoensurethilthcpapcrsmixtd
lbolou&hly.ThcpicccsofpapersbelrinI8VehtcienumbetwcrcpN:kedollelfier theolher
untirmeproporttoaaUoncdtotbestaltonwasceached. The drivers whose vehicle numbe-rs
werefoundonthepiecesofpapersptckedwereinlC"rviewed
J,70.tIICollftlion Melbod aadTool
Face-to-face inl(TVicw technique WIll used 10 collecl data from the drivers on their
demognphic chantCteristics. the driver facton (pt"Ofess;onaiism, ra.d pntClicn and
k.oowkdce 011 road ,iam), the vehicle fKIM and the road factor associated with RT A.
StNcnnd iDterview auide lMde up of open-ended and close--endcd question was used as the
1001 fortbeclMacollection.lht dalawucaplured wilh the helpofLapcops WIth Bpi info
t .... Ued «*lining the structured inlmliew ptde.
1.8 Datil Ma •• gtme.I.1Hl A •• lysis
The dala captured with the Epi info was .poned in Microsoft Excel and imponcd into Stata
vCf5K1nIS .... 1".1t ... asuscd ror the data mll1agemem and lI1alysis. The analysed data wu
prcsenlC"d u~mg tahles and figures . The desc~~i\lC analysis w. done usinl frequenciet Mel
ptrcenuJd. The Pearwn', ebi-squaR: t~1 and die Fishers exact test wtte employed in
l$.ICUina the various fKtOf'S thai are associated witb road trame accidml. 'The Fishen c\.oK1
k"II was !lied ill piK.e of the PearsOft's chi-sq~ lea iD leains for a"od.tKIn between
IIlvolvemenC of RTA Mel the mdcpc'ndc11t eharactenSl;cs or variables where the Peanon's chi
"IINR Inl uwmptions of al most 20% of the ellpt'Cted count m !he eelb i. leu tt.n S is
In quenlifyinS tIM: (aclors thai innl.lence toad traffic accidents. smlpk ban.)' losiltic:
regressMM w. cmpkJyed. The limplc loptic regres.ston model was used Ie delennine the
unadJusled odds oflbe factors that intluence road traffic accident whereas the multiple
Jogl~h(regrn.s.onmodelwasusedloqUMItifytbef8CtorsthatinnJl('nce rolMltramclCcident
1.9QwaUtyCOD'roI
To lChieve qualify da\a collection and accuracy, research IISsiSlants were lJained on the
~forthedatacolk-ction.theOft'dtoabslainf,ommnucnclns respondent5're\pon\e
and the need to ensure consislency. HTective supet\'ision was carried out 10 enhance tbe
Ifte questionnaire and sampling method. They were observed in their initial administralioa of
Ibcq...atlOnnaltetotbempondentsdurinBth.:acIWlIdat.coliection.Also,dailydebriefmg
wMdoncbytheresearchassistanllaftcr eachday·swork.Finally,Uw:dalllwasrev_ed
.lyttvour;,houtthcptfludof1hcdatacolkc1ion.
1.10 Etbiul Cotbld .. ,..tio.
F.dI.:.1 appro¥aI w. obtained from the Ethics Review Commrnee (ERe) or GhM.8 H~
Service. The ERe ~ nwabcr .. GHS-EJtC: 058112117. COnsenl was 5OU&ht from the
drivers' union'" tbe vehicle operatof'S. MTTD and Kintampo Municipal Hospital before the
Jtud)'wascooducted
A~urancc of privacy was given to the: participants before inclusion in the research. The
puticipMlSwere made aware of the benefits, procedures, purpose and risks of taking put in
!he: study_ The reK8IcherassisWlts read the fonn for consenl and c!arined iliO the
respondents. Drivers who Kcepted to plrtake in the study were made 10 thumbprint or sign
the fonn fot coment indicating their readinf!s 10 partake in the sNdy. The infonnation
collected from !he: pArticipanlS was ~tored privately and used accordingly. No name of the
putiClpant was used for the storage of the information. The file was secured and itwuonly
me researcher mat couk! Mve access to Ute infonnation. Each name was assigned an lD code
.wi kepi confidentiaJ. The results of the study will be disseminlted in such a way thai no
infonnation will be linked to idmtil)' ofa puticullU" participant.
DIIa coUected baed on the questionnaire would be under key and lock for five yeatS after the
eadoftbe5fUdy. These will be only accessible by the principal investigator. All records will
bcdc:slroyed afterwards in anenvironmentslly friendly manner in the presenceofa witnes5e s
and pbotographic evidence
Nori5kwasidentlfiedrelaledluinvolvementoftheparticipanl.~;nthestudy. The participants
wcte, however, informed ofpoMible minor trivial inconvenn:nce providing answers 10 some
queshons Notwithstanding. they had the oplion 10 refuse to respond to the queslionifth eyso
wished. They were Nrther notifJed that involvement was not compulsory and no sanction will
bcapplied if they decide to opt out fi"om the study. None o(the respondent was f orcedinto
being put the resateh and cbere wu no compensa1ion as well for participation. Participants
wen: asked questions about themselves, and their know1edae repldini the fldon
contribucinltoro.dtraff.caccident. Participanh were informed thaI lheirpmicipation in the
sructy will er.bte lbem 10 learn more about r~:d lTamc accident and lhc reawni why driver
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1C1tann~risfjaor.studyparticlpaDts
A total or 227 dnven parhcip.aod in the study WIth all of them beina males. A very few of
thedrivcrs(D~. 3.96%) were below IS yelU'5 or age. The driven within the ace groupJSIo
21 COMfitulcd Il ."W" About) oul oflO oftht: drivers who partici ... ~ in the study WCI'C
within the .. group 2S 10 37 years inclusive while only 8.4% (n"'19) or them were older than
57 ~or •. About 4 out of len oftheJn had JHS or midd~ sc:hool as their highest level
ohduca600 while 16.3% (D=37) of them had no level of education wIth only 4.9% (n=ll)
badtatiuycducarionutheithiPntkvc:l ofcduc:ation, Majority (n-135,S9.So/,) oftlte
drivers who parttcipatcd in the study were with GPRTU tr8RipOrt union with the remaiRana
belllS mnnbcrs of the PROTOA drivers' URton. About half (n-II3, 49.8%) of the drivers
opcralcd taxi. 46.3% (n=105) operated vans while the remainina 4% (n"'9) operated buws
AtJo.I3.ofCYery IOortbedrivcnlntnvlcwedhad6to 10 years of driving experience
rab4e 4 contams detail descriptive oftbe 5T:udypanic:ipanu
Table 4: DelllOlnplik c •• .-teristics ofshtdy putic:lpaDH
Characteristics F~nCY(N"'227) Percentue
Ageofdriver 9 <18yars 26 11.45
18-27y~ 61 29.96
28-37 yeaR 56 24.67
31-47)'CWS 48-57)Uft .9 21.59
>57 years 19 8.37
~!eI ... tedllCatioaalleVel J1 16.3
Pn...,. .9 21.59
JHSlMiddleScbool 87 )8.3]
-. 43 18.94
Ten*>, " DriverU.ion 135 59.47 GPKru 92 40.53
Vrbiclrtype v .. 105
113 4'U8
""' 9 3.96 Yean ordriviDg rspeneJIce <5 yean 19.38
6-10,..., 65 28.63
11.ISyan 44 19.1Il 16-20ynn .. 17.62
>20yc.n 3. 14.98
4.2 Road TrafTk A{'cidenLS among study participanl5
AInoe8 the 227 driven mtrrvlc'>'ed, 126 (5S.S%) of them reported to have ever bem
involved in at least one road traffic accident. A 95% confidence interval for the 55.5%
prn:napofro.d traffIC accidcnurcp:lltCd amoa,tbc INdy pwlicip.nLS "as e~tim.ced lObe
bdween48 .l%and62.1%.
Amonc the 126 drivert rc:poJted to have been involved in ro.d traffic Kddenl befote, 70.6%
(.-I9)ofdtrm repon:ed to have been mvolved only once in road traffic llCCidcnt. 27.8% of
them n=poned 10 have susLiined injury in the road traffic accidenl while 21 .4% of them
r"q)Or1Cdcohavebccnhosp,talizcduaresullofthe road trafficac:c:idenl TableSreporuon
ct.nlClcristic:\ofro.ltraftkaccidentsamoogthe'ltudyparticipants
Table 5: Cbaracteristics of Road Traffic Accident amo.l slltdy pertidpetlb
CUracleriltin freq.e.g: PerccatQ;e
Number orti-;'es i~voh:ed in RT A (N=126) .. 70.63 Twice 27 21.43
7.94 Sushlitlediaj.ryi. RTA(S-12fi) No 91 72.22 y" 35 27.78 !OIpitllli2ed ,. RTA (S=126)
9. 78.~7
27 21.43 MOIl (44.4%) of the drivers who indicated have ever been involved in RTA mentioned that
tfte accident occUlttd on the Kintampo-Techiman road. The Kintampo.Nk~ rOIId
recOf'dcd the It." f4.8'l~) accMlents. Figuft .. provides the details on the location orlhe road
lrafficaccident.l.
Key: %.: pe!Unlagc. RTA: Road Traffic Accident. Kpo: Kintampo. Rd: Road
figaR 4: loeatiOil or Road Tn-mc Accident
4.3 1'8f:lors Assodalid .lIb R .... Tramf: Af:cident (RT A)
4.3.1 ANGei.dolt betw~n Demograpbic cUractrristin. aad RTA
The oal)' ~ cblActeristia that sbowed statistical sipir.canl auodatK>D with
drivers' involvement in road [raffle IKClCknt wu tho type of vehicle driven by the drivers.
Mlijorily (0 C': 67. Sl.2%)oftOOse who reported 10 have ever been involved in roadlraftk
accident operated With taxi, 40.5% (n-SI) of them operated with \1M while 6.4% (0=8) of
Ihem "pttalcd with buses (r • 6.76, p-value • 0.034). Ttble 6 contains the dctailed
assol,;,ahon between the demographic characteristic! and RTA involvement
Table 6: Assod.tiOD betwHD deMographic characteristics and RT A
Aaeordriver <lire" IS-27 years 2S-37ycars 3&47 yean 41-57"..., .. nyan
9(3.96) 26 (I 1.4S) 61(29.96) S6(24.61) 49(2159) 19(1.)7)
::aledUtlilklollleYel )7(16.3)
;;:riGfJeSchool :~~~! : ~;~ Seeondar)' 43(1894)
Gp~RToRT~O'ADIOD ::::5~:7) 92(40.53'
~:"'I)pe 105(46.26) T8JII 11)(4'.78) Bus 9(3.96) Ynn" 4Irh-iag np~rienfe
No'%!
2(1.91) 13(12.17) 33(32.67) 21(20.79) 24(23.76) 8(7.92)
21(20.79) 22 (21.71) ll(lO.69) 2] (22 .n) 4(3.96)
61(60.4) 40(39.6)
S4(53.47) 46 (4U4) 1(0.99)
Ya''''}
7 (5.S6) 13(10.32) 35(27.78) 35(27.78) 25(19.84) 11(8.73)
16(12.7) 27(21 .4]) 56(44.44) 20(15.87) 7(SS6)
74 (S8.73) 52(41 .27)
51(40.41) 67(5).17) 8 (6.lS)
OoSyears 44(19.)8) 18(17.82) 26(20.63) ~10)'Wm 6S(28.63) 33(32.67) 32 (2S.4) 11-15 years 44(19.38) 22(21 .7.) 22(17.46) 16020~ 40(17.62) 16(15.&4) 24(19.05)
i:2~'SCbi_iquare val~. ~/= ~~I}:·~~alue2;O.I;5~kTA: roM traffIC
==~hana Private Road T.-.aspon Union. PROTOA: Progrnsive Transport
4J.2 Auodllrto. a.r-HII tltr Dmn c.ctors aod RTA
In tenn.s o(profcuioGalism oCthe drivers who partICipated in the sNdy, the factors thai
showed ltati$ltul fit;nificant ...... >cI~llOn with driven' involn~mem In ro.d Itame: accidenl
was bnbe .. DVLA (or drivinS lK:cnce. Majority (62.7%, n=79) orthose drivers reported to
have been mvolved in al lease one roed tnJrK KCident reponed 10 blve bribed their WI)'
throaP II DVLA beCo« being Iic;enscd ct · 10.4, p-vllue <0.001). Table 7 reportS mere on
lheas~cllllOnbetwecndnvers·proreasio"ahsmandinvotvemenlLnroadtraffic:acc:ident.
T.blf: 7: Associ_rioD benvee. drivers ' profHsionalism:llnd RTA
l.voh'c:di.RTA
Not-!.) YesW_) P-nlue
~;velke05HI 12(5.29) 5(4.95) 7(5.56)
Yo 215(94 .71) 96(95.05) 119(94.44) ~1cC:.5"CI ... (.e2]S)
54(25.12) 21(21.88) "(27.73) c 117(54.42) 57(59.38) 60(50.42) D 2'(11.02) 12(12.5) 16(1).4.5) F 16(7.44) 6(6.25) 10(8.4) ~~:;f"tus(D"21S)
207(96.23) 93(96.118) 114(9.5.8) F-'p~ 8(3 .72) 3(1.13) 5(4.2) ~:bidel.fIlFTCI
14(6.17) 5(4 .9.5) 9(7.14) Y .. 211(9383) 96(9.5.05) 117(92.86) lasal'Ul>elype Comprehensive 1J(6.1) 3(l1l) 10(8.55) llUnI...", 200(93.9) 93(96.18) 107(91.4.5) ~:DdcddrtvllllsChOOI
204(".87) 91(90.1) 113(89.68) y., 23(10.1) 10(99) 13 (10.J2) ~oro4ledmi.IE .... Dt5
112(49.34) 48(47.52) 64(50,79) Yo 115(50.66) 53(52,48) 62(49.21) ~:derweatdrivlaClt:lt
y" 25(11.01) 11(10.89) 14(11.11)
Avenlcd.i1ydrivlalltoun 202188.99) 90(89.11) 112(11119)
5·8 hours Q·12houn :;. 12hou~ V~bid~ s~rviciDg period .5 1 monttu. >1 months Whm_ .Hcv~ormalacns~ofRTA
51(2S.II) 33 (3Z 67) 133 (58.S9) 54(5347) 30(13.22) 12(J18R) 7(3.08) 2(1.98)
119(52.42) 51(50.5) 17(7.49) 4(3.96) 91(40.09) 46(45.54)
24 (l9.05) 79(62.7) 18(14.29) 5(3.97)
68(53.97) 13(10.32) 45(35.71)
DrivcruainMle 176(77.53) 82(81.19) 94(74.6) C ... oonditioa 11(4.85) ,'Cl.96} 7 (SOS6) Road condition 3S(IS.42} 14(13.86) 21 (16.67) Oth~rs 5(2.2) 1 (0.99) 4{3.ln
~! A a" p",v~.tahl~ 69 (l0.4)
Yes lSI (69.6) Bribed a. DVLA for drh-iog Ik~.se
28127.72) 73172.21)
41 (32.S4) '5(67.46)
No 162(71.37) 1<3(11218) 79(62.7) Yes 6S<28.63) 111(171<2) 47p7.3}
:;: Pc:arson's chi-"<lullK' v .. lue '1'·Fi5hen·exacll~' %: coJul1lnperc~ntaae.··:p-va1ue<O.0I RTA ra.dtraffic:a""k!I'
AuodllldoD belWr:en Road practices of Drivers and RT A
III \enDs ofro..:l pnIC1iecs of driven, drink-dnving, vi .... lItion of red tram.;: light signal,
c:hanglnloflanes widloul sisnaJlin .. bribing of police officers, overloading practices and
drivina beyond the maximum speed limits weretht factors that had sisnificant III$so';:Ultion
with Involwmmt inroedtratrJCacc:ident.
Out oflllle S5_S%(Q·I~6) drivttS who have been involved in ro.d Iraflk accNXnt, 24%
(n~Jl) rq»rIed 10 have n'cr lakcn akohol and driven before (r ; 5.9, p-value • 0.015).
Similarly, 24.6(n"'JI) of the driv~n reported to hIIve i;ver violated the red traffic light <i-14.3. p-vaJue <0.001). IDaddilion,a high majonty of69.I% (n"87) of the dri\'tt reponed to
baYee"1oerbnbcdapolrceofflCCf"before, Tab~8rcpor1..l monon the association between
I"OIdpncticcsandinvolvemcnllnn~t"fficaccident.
Table' 8: A.uoc .... Wt1l\o-eu road pnu:tires aDd RT A
CbanrtrrUtics No(·~) Vn(%) EvudJ"OVew .......
0.131 _",Uut». No 157 (69.16) 75(14.26) 82 (65.08) V" 70(30.84) 26(25.74) 44(3 ... 92) [vcr4ri.kaHdrin No 184(81.06) S9(lHt. I~) 95(15.4) V" 43(18.94) 1~ til 88, 31(24.6) OrftlnwbiJetired 0.613 No 34(14.98) 14(1 3. &6) 20(15.87) Va 193(35.02) 87 (86.14) 106(8".13) [vuvioJaft'd road fraffit
'90(83.7) '5(94.06) 95(15.4) No Va 37(16.3) 6(5.94) 31(24.6) OGnnrveovC'rtlkiDI
81(86.14) 96(16.19) No 183(80.62) Va 44 (I9.J8) 14(13.'6) 30(23.11) c.. .. el .. nwltbo.1
=:UIliD, 116(11.5) 88(81.13) 88(69.84)
Va SI(22.47} D(I:!:.81) 38(30.16) ~:rstopprd.IDO.tOP.rTII
191(84.14) 90(89.11) 101(8016) Va 36(IS.86) 11(1089) 2S(19.84) ~:Ubribtdpol~otr.cer
81(38.33) 6.SI
48(47.52) 39(30.95) V" 140(61.67) 53(52,.11) 87 (69.05) ~::rfluover1oadiOg
66(29.07) 37(36.63) 29(23.02) V" 161(70.93) 64(63.31) 97(76.98) Ortvebeyoadmnimum
0.002" ~Ii_t 116(511) 63(62.38) 53(42.06)
V" 111(48.9) 38(37.62) 73(51.94) £ft'rre<:eivC'dlramr
0.613 No 193('5.02) '7(86.14) 106(&4.13)
i~ :;~U':r~~I:.;;:,~~=-~';:~a, .. 2!1~;·:1 p-value<O.OI
Asl«illri.a ktwttD Kaowledge of drivers OD I"'08d SlKDS aN ROIId .ramc atdekD'
With raped to the: knowledge ofdri~ 00 the road signs. none of the variables studied was
found 10 be statistically significant. The dctIils on the associ.lion between dliven'
Uow .... on roed signs and ilWotvftnent in rolld tr8ff'1C KcKlenl are in table 9.
Tabl" 9: Anociarioa betwen drinn' kDowledlte on road siRrlS and RTA
Nof%) Vaf-;') 1;.55 P.~.~:: ~:::t!run::/·· 27(11.89) '1(8.Q I) 18(14.29) Doni know/wrong answer 200 (88.11) Q~ (9\ (9) 103 (85.71)
~:.:~'!~ roIId 'lKn 161 (70.93) 74 (73.21) 87 (69.05) Don'tknowtwronaaRswer 66(29.07) 27(26.73) 39(30.95) Noriablt.raroadlicn Con-ect8ftlwel' 76(33.48) 29(28.71) 47(37.3) Don'tknow/WfODllIftiWU 151(66.52) n(71.29) 79(62.7) Now.ilialroad.I,n Comc18ftlwer 18 (7.93) 10(9.9) 8(6.35) Doni know/wrongam"er 209(92.07) 91(90.1) 118(93.65)
~=~:,,~btroadliRn 169(7-4.45) 74(73.27) 95(75.4)
Don'lbowlwToa!8NWCr 58(25.55) 27(26.71) 31(24.6)
~=,::,,~i&. 52(22.91) 24(23.76) 28(22.22) Don'tknow/WTOn!aMWer 175(17.09) 77(76.24) 98(77.78) SRCro .... lln
0.715
Comctanswer 136(59.91) 56(55.45) 10(63.49) Don'tk.now/wronganswer 91(40.09) 45(44.55) 46(36.51)
~:::':::-=:-ddl. 128(56.39) 54(53.47) 74(58.73) Don't knowlwrona Mswer 99(43.61) 47(46.53) 52(41.27) LCG".d Hen COlrKtam.wu 37(16.1) 15(14.8.5) 22(17.46)
?~:e:::~:=~::Wv:ue. v.~~:!!:~~~~i~~ ro~O:~:~cident. SRC Sharp Revene Curve. leG: lev('1 CroIIinS Guarded.
4.JJ AuKmtM. bdween Vdllide cbar.u:leri!lli~ aad Road T,.Wtf: Acddenl
Apin. in terms (If vehicle clwDt"lcnstKs. none of the rK10rs showed stalisliuJ 5ianirlC~
~ .... w6 irwolvemenl m road traffic accIdents from both lbe Peanon', chi-square lesl
Ilf1dFlSher·sex.achi'JoQ~lcstorassoc"'lionasponrayedinTab"lO.
Tabk 10: AYocbltioa ~tweeo vflliclc l"ha..-acleristics and RT A
('baracleristtn No(%) YH(%)
:0'" year lyrt"S we're manufactured 171 (75.13) 77 (76.24) 94 (74.6)
~:OCltoOiughOro
y" FUlICdu.lltllllirror N.
:_tiotIi ... peedOMcler
y~
:lK'lioIIiatWlper
y~
~:.(1iO'Il-c"bb
y" ~:Dclioniulsa'behl
y" PUDctlooiolrt'nedOr.l No
56(24.67) 24(2].76) 32(25.4)
5(2,2) 2(1 ,"8) 3(238) 222(97.8) 99(98.02) 123(97.62)
5(2.2) 1(0.99) 4(3.17) 222(97.8) 100(99.01) 122(96.1])
79 {34.8) J4{3J.66) 45(35.71) 14K (65.2) 67(66.34) 81(64.29)
3(1.32) 1(0.99) 2(1.59) 224(911.68) 100(99.01) 124(98.41)
7(3.011) 2(1.98) 5(3.97) 220(96.92) 99(98.02) 121(96.03)
20(11.11) 9(8.91) 11(8.73) 207(91.19) 92(91.09) 115(91.27)
13(5.73) 6(5.94) 7(5.56)
12 P-value
'I' 0.466
0.02 0.901
214(94.27) 95(94.06) 119(94.44)
~ow,yeantyreseJ.pirn 211(96.04) 98(97.03) 120(95.24) 'P 0.735
~~bi-square value. 'f': F~P~ 1I:5/~'~lJumQ = .. RTA: I'OfId
4..1.4 AMociatioa betw~. tile Road radon and Road Tramc Accident
Simi .... lothevehic lecharaelemlics.noncofthcroedfllC1orsahowed'tallsl:ie.lISisnif~
auocWl.oaynth iInook-etnmC ill roadtralfrc accideots from the Pearson' s chi.square leSiof
a.~sociatl0n ol.S ~howed in taMe II
Table IJ: As!ociatloo betweu ,be road racton aad RTA
-=~==~-=~:=~I~·'·ffi" ~'d~i'~RT~A~~~;';== CUl'Kfe~ _No(%) Va(%) ,1 p·valUC'
RTA rtchtc:ed b)' Road '~A' 0.]5 0.551 No 164(12.25) 11 (10.3) 93(7181) Yes 63(21.15) 30(29.1) 33(261 9 )
RTAredlK'C'dbyroedlairks No 176(17.53) 79(78.22) 97(76.98) Yes 51(22.41) 22(21.78) 29(23 .02) RTA mlled by Irarr)C Halll No 195(85.9) '7(86.14) 108(85.71)
)2(14.1) 14(13.86) 18(14.29)
~!Aredue~bYSlreeIU&h1 156(68.72) 14(73.27) 82(65.08)
-,;(""n"'=:-C:·'-:;:,h"'"'i. sq=,,,::::,C:::,,o:::,,,,c-: ... o:-,::;_~71_=Ql~~.~i~~~~tT:;;'!::~~ent
4.4 ~"Iltylol raclon ionutaci0l rOlid Inlr. lK'ddut
lnquanlifyinllMfIctorsthatlOflucnceroadtrafflCllCcidents..theblnarylogi\llcn:gr~ion
model w. employed. The 'imp&c: k>gi\IK: re~uion model was used 10 detenninc the
unadjuSCcd odds ohbe factors Ihill tnflumce road traffIC aeeidenl w~u the mullipk binary
!ostllICrq:rt8lion model wasuscd to quantify the fWGn: IMt influence road traffic M:cidenl
From the: muJtipk 50glSIiCl rep-ruion model only vioillolion of tbe red fraffic light signal
~ty explamed the cau.&e orrolld traffIC accident (AOR . 2.14.95", CI: 1.06--7.63. ~
value: 0.0])
From the simple IogI$Iic: rqressjoo model (unadJu.,ted model), &be odds of a bus d,.,.·ers
beiDciavolvc4 ia road traffic: accident was 85 lirMS the odds ofavan driver being involved
in"" tnff.c a«1draf(UOR: 8.47, 95% CI: 1.0--70.1, ~v.lue: 0.048) whft-cu the odds ofa
taxi driver being mvolved in rOld traffic accident was 1.5 times that ofthc van driver (UOR:
1.s4,9S%CI:O.9-2.6,p-value:O.113). The unadju51cdodds ofa driver who have evcrdrank
while drivillg being dlvolved in toed traffic 8CCidcnt wu 2.4 times the odds of1he driver who
had ocwrdnDk _hi&e drivina (UOR: 2.42. 95% CI: 1.2·S.0, p-valuc "'" 0.017).
The unadjusted odck ofa drivn-who tt.vc C"Vef violated thc red traffic signal being involvcd
$iJMI(lIOR:S.17,95%CI:2.1.)].O,p-vaJue<O.OOI). The unadjustcd adds afbeing invalved
m ra.d traffIC accident far thos.e drivers woo f"qK)ned to ha,·c driven beyond the speed limit
ontlMtoadwas2.3timesthalofthcdriverswhoreponedtoneverhavedrovcbeyondspccd
limit on the wed (UOR: 2.21. 95% CI: 1.3-).9. p-value· 0.003). More details an the factors
iIIt1ueac:inaro.dtnffic accidcnl can be read from Table 12.
Tabkl1:: fatlorsinnucoringroad Intfficatcidcol
V"itk""'tD VM Taxi .. DriIIka"""" N. Va ~~ .... rt:4tnffiC!.lIal
V"
SWo"'biaaryloFKIIc UOR(!f5%CI) P.YaIUf
.of 1.54(0.9,2.64) 0.113 1.47(1.02.70.))) 0.048"
.,r 2.12(1.17.'.00) 0.017"
Itor '.11(2.06,12.96) <0.0(11···
~~n~.lall"WithIlUI'ii:n.IIUlJl 2.92 (1.'!t,.86)
~:trb'ibtclpotinllmu,
Va r~llIIdfllP.n"ngtr
Rof 2.02(1.11,).48)
.,r 1.93(1.08,3.45)
~V~';" bt)'.-d ........ ,. .,..., Ro:f
.... 2.2&(1.)4.).9) ::!::: al PVlA ror driving
AOR (95% Cll P·".I."
lid 1.24(0.69, 2.23) 0.476 8.17(089,74.62) 0.063
.,r 1.57(0.11,3.018)
.,r 2.84(1.06.16))
R,r 1.98(0.91.4.12)
Ror 1.'4(0.84.2.82)
R,r 139(0.73.2.61)
R,r 156(0.86,284)
Ves 2.14(1.47.'.12) 0.(102" 1.73(0.87.3013) 0.118 UOR: UMdjuaed odds l'Ilio. ADR: Adjusled odds r.tio. CI: confi~fU:C interv.l: ref: mcrmocclllqocy.·:p-vaJue<O.OS ... :p-v.lue<O.OJ.···:p·vaJue<O.OOI
CHAPTER FIVE
The ltudy sought to assnJ faclOn contributina 10 road traffic acetdent in the Kinwnpo North
Mucicq.iiry. AU the driven who par1icipeced iQ the INdy were males and very few (1.96%)
ofthcm wnc below 18 ycatSofage. Thtse fandinp are similar 10 lhalorGumah, 2015 which
jodie_cd lhat 99.2% of the vebidc opcntol'$ were made upofJT\llIes. Cootrat)' to the findings
of this study, Gumah mdtcated that only 0.1% of the drivers were above SS yean. The
differenceinthefinding,smighlbeductolhediversenalureoflhcpopulallonsinthesNdy
Thissrudyindieatcdaboulhalf(49.8'Mo)ofthedriversopcraled 11X1_Gwnah.20IS found that
):J% ofche 4-lvel"!i opnaaed t&;(i compared 10 the 49.8"0 of the driver in tbis study who were
taxi drivers. On the other hand, 28.6% of the driven ofmis study had 6to 10 years of
driving expcncnce contrary 10 whaI GUInan observed (55%). The disparities m drivers who
operated taxi as well as Ihe driving experience obKrved from the comparison might be due to
tbtuoiquc InnSport needs in the study areas.
A resul! from !.hIS study indicated thai 27.8% out of the driver invotved in ro.d trVfK
acctdast SUIIaincd injury while 21.4% of them were hospitalized &i II resull ofthc accident.
Similarly, ShcraIl1Ii. etal., 2017 indluted that an ovcnlll.520 paltents with reed traffic
accicknu were .wuihcd and that Rverity of accident and lime 10 admission had relalMmship
~llh dclllh. W",kI Health OrgMULallOft. 2015 abo Indicated that road trafT'tc injuries Impact
OD devclopmtnL Low- and mMidk income (ountri" lose approximaltly J% of GOP u a
rn1Utt of"*, lrafrJC accKkfttJ. CompariJon of the findings on the RTA injuries .uunu that
injuries an:: by-produci ofRTA leadina; 10 deashs which impede the &rowth ofcountrin,
~pcciall)'. 1ow and middle Income couatritos.
As noted &om eM study, S3.2% of the driver involved in RTA operated wd which
contradicts the srudy ftnding of Asefa. lngale, Shumey & Yang, 2014 which indicated that
26.4% oftDi drivers were involved in a road traffic accident. The difference in the fmdinp
might be due to the diffen:nce in training received by the drivers and otherspcciftc risk
&c1orsin thelNdy...eu.
The process ofacquiting driving licerue from DVLA requires that individualsseekina the
1i«rKc pey forme services rendered at the DVLA. It was identified IbM majority (62.7%) of
the drive" mvotwd in at least on~ roM traff.c accident paid illegal monies at DVlA before
being iuued with a driving license. According to Mervis,.2012 eorruplion in issuinl of
driver's liCC1'* hat. been noted in ZimbM>we. Mervis added that a driver without proper
niniDs is ODe of the racton> that also contribute to RTAs in Zimbabwe. Corruption among
DVlA DfflCefi multing in improper mining of driven as noted by Mervis heightens the
teIIIOD why majority of the driven interviewed gOl involved in at least one TOed tramc
«:eidtnc in the Kimampo MWlici~lity.
TblsitUdy found that the road practice ofdtivers such as drink-drivina. v iolationofroad
traffic light, changing Iann without signalling. bribing of police officers. overioMlina
practices and driving beyond the maximum speed limits were the factors that had s tatisticaJly
SIgnificant &!>$OClation with invoh·cm~nt In road lTaffic accidenl. World Bank, 2009 also
indicated that 90% of all licensed drivers speed at some point in their driving career; 75%
admil. commining this offense rcgu .... ly. Odame, 2014 indiuted that traffic police .ccepc
bribe and renepon their duties; drivers contribute to policccorruption; driyers Cicape
prosccution when they offer bribes totbepoliuafterviolaring therolc. Nyoni. 2012 also
ind"ed thai britK:ry adds to road carnage. Collection of bribe by Police Officers seenu to be
a IIOnD as it has been a common pqctic~ ror drivers 10 be seen giving bribes to police officers
alroadbloc:ks.11hspnlCt,ceafTec~th~~ibilityofthePohce85lawenforcersleadin8
totbeincruseinlhenumbcrofroadlrafficaccidents.
The fmclin, on the f"OIMi sip indicated thai the most of drivers dKi nol know Six (SS.6".) oul
oftheNineroadsigJdontheint~rviewgutdeusedforthisstudy. This frnding is close to thac
of otafor.Odeyemi &. Dolapo(201 J) thai lhe drivcf1 Md poor knowkdae of road signs
(S9.fM).Thuug.h none of the resultsoa tberoad,ianswas5latis1icallysianiflC&nt, the
iDldequate knowledgc of the drivers on the rnad sism miaJrt be a supportive factor il'lthe
cause ofroed traffic KCidenc in the Kinlampo Municipality.
Aspotlrllyed in thereiult of this study, none of the vehicle characteristic, showcd statt stically
significamassoei.tKmwilh involvemenl in road ftafflC.ccidenti. This finding conforms to
lhalofl-lashmie:lal(2012)whkh indicilledthal more: than 90' ... accidenlS OCCUlTed duc 10
human errors. This sugests thai though vehicle dWKteristics might lead to RTA, il is not
IMlmuchpromincntascomparedtodriv~rs'erroT5 .
Again, nont of the To.:I (Klan wti s,allslically Significant with tcqICC1: to association with
invol\'tnw:nl in road traffic accident. TItis finding is contrary to that of Mohanty &
o.,.(20IS) wbich indica&ed thatthe' road gcometric faclors contributing to road traffIC
accident includc: the type ofJunc1ion Of inlef1eclion, the: borizonlal s lope. curves, e:IC. preseO!
onthc: road. Thil conlradlCllon might beduc to Ihc fKI thai the fe:atw"cs of the road in the
Kinrampo North Municipality have: se:en some: improved ove:r the: ye:ars.
limitat60nsoCtbcSludy
'The cross·sef;1;ollal study dCiign used for the study due to limile:d lime and fmancial
cClMtraiatl is nN "Irong rooogh 10 C'ltabli~h the: true cause of rMd b'affic Kcide:nt compare: 10
study desljl.n like: pru~p«hve cohort ~tud~s. 1be u~iahons found in thls slUdy miahl hne
been inI1uenccd by IwvjvaJand m:all bias lhe&SM:SSmenlofthf: relalionsJIipbetw«nthc
usc: ofrnotMlephooe \loMe driVln! and roedtraffllC: ac:c:ickntwasaaovasia.m jn thiS study.
Deta Karcit)' at the KlIllampo Mrrn and Hasp!!al render~d the r~c:ords review for lhis ltUdy
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Thcrypcofvehtc:koperated by drivers, drink-driving, red traffic lipt violation, changing
lane withoutsignallinlo bribing police offICers, overloadingpru,sengen, driving beyondtbc
maximum speed limit, bribing way through. al DVLA for driving licence were the statistically
lianificant deknnlrWUS of ,oad traffic acddenl. The only variable that was statistically
signiftcantatlhemultiplelogi.5ticregrcssionteslofsignilicanccwasthedrivm'violarionof
the mlb'affic liahtsignal. lneffect, IhestalislicaJlysigniflCanl independent variables indicate
tbatlhedriverfacIOl(roadpracticesofdrivenandunpror~ionalism)istheraclormosl
contribuhn, to the roM traffic accMknts in the Kmlampo North MWlicipaJity,
1 The Kintampo North Municipal Mnn of the police service should intensify the
education of the drivers, cspecially Bus and Taxi driven on the con~qU('nc~ of drink
driving, red traffic light violation, changing lane without signalling. bribing police
OfflCCrs, ov"loMing passengers, driving beyond tnc maximum speed limil and bribing
way through at DVL.A for driving licence
2 The Kiatampo Nonh Municipal DVLA Ihouki enforce the regulation!l regardin~ liccno;e
acquisition.
]. lbe Kintampo North MlTD sbouki take legal actions without fear or favour .... insl
drivers who brnk road traffIC regulations.
4. The Kmtampo North Munio;ipai Police Commanckr ~MI ensure tNt Police 0fJ'tcer!
who '*e bribe from doven. aR sanctioned .,
REFERENCES
MamOiC~':::,j ~~::j:;!'i!!s~~ ~;::':::~'I;T~rSa~~~~~~~09)·
AdejU~tr8~:~~;:e~~:;~~U:=~~dr~~~~g~a!~2,O~~~t~~;;'I~~.Of RCirievod \8'" September 2017, from
hnptJIWwW.ajol.inrofmdex.phplMslaniclelview/117S6J
Adu., J. (2009). Financing artd Eval_IOII oJ /tlve.flJrlenlJ In Road InjrOSlrut:lwe DewIopMoe,.,.Kwame Nkrumab Vniver..lty ofSc6ellce and Technology, Kumasi
Ag)rntmJ,. B., Abk:du. G. K. & Semevoh., R. (2009). Regression Analysis ofR~d Traffic AccKleDIS and Popilation Growth In Ghana. ItlIerfJUIWItOI JoumoJ of Bwmeu and Socio/lhmlTchOJ8SR),3, IO
AI.Malawah J .A.(200S). An InveJtigation of Driver AltItudeJ 10wordJ Rood Safety /" Kuwait, PhD Thesis, University of SoutlwnpCon
AJCfa, N. G.,lnplc-. I., Shumey. A .• & Yan&. H . (2015). PrevaJence and Factors Associated with Road Traffic Accident amooa Taxi Drivers in Mekell<: Town , Nonhem Ethiopia • 2014 A Cross Sec1tonat Study, (March) hnp:J/doi.orgIIO.ll711jouma1.pone.OIJ8675
A5umadu. R. O. (2012). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS FAT ALITI' IN GHANA USING POISSON REGRESSION. Retrieved 20'~ October, 20)7 from hnp:J/dspecc.knust.edu.gh/bitstruml1234'6789J4544/IfFlNAL llJESIS 2012%2C ~2CRichardAsumadu.pd(
Bekefi. T. (2006). TM Glohol RDod sqety POTtnerJhip and LessonJ in Mull,~cclr<J1 CoIllIboralion. CorporDie Social &.poru,b,l"y Inillatiw. 6. John F . Kennedy School ofGovemmenl, HlU'llard University. Cambt-idge
BoIIm& L. A. (2014). SLEEP HABITS AND ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RISK AMONG WNG DISTANCE DRIVERS ATClRClE TRANSPORT YARD BY DR. LAUD AMPOMAH BOA TENG. Retrieved 121~ sqnember. 2017 from bap:lJ~ce.ug.edu.ghlbit5tr~dle/.J23..a56789183821Ltud AmpomahBoakna Sleep Habns and Road TraffIC ACCident Risk Among Lonl Distance drivers at circel tnasport)'ard_2014.pdf?scqucncc=l&isAI~wed=y
BlWpIt, H. R .• Ikner, A., Sidahmed, H., Albuz. R , Sllnya, R.o & Khan, W . A. (2010). Risk
(aclors contributing to road lTaffic ~ddenti in a r"-developing country: the oeglecled healln problem JhW gcllfCR Olkelerde karayoJu traflk kazalllr\na kaduda
buluMllriit fut6rleri: lhmal edllen sathlt. sorunu. 16(6). 497-S02. Retrieved 21'"
AupIC. lGI7 from: hnps:/Iwww.ncbi.nlm.nih:gov/pubme<V2IIS3940 Cenler for Disa8e Coaa'ol (2016). Road Traffic InjurIes and Death5-A Global Problem.
Retrieved Sib July2017. m.n: bttpI:Jlwww.cdc.govlfeatuteslllobelro.dsafel).lindcll.html
Chen, O. (2010). Road traffic safety in Af'rican counlries - SlatUs. trend . COf1b'ibutinl factors coumenncasures and ch.UcG8C$. Retrievcd 15111 SeptembC'r, 2017 from: htrp:Jldoi.or&'I0.10I0I174S7JOO.2010.490920
Citifmonlinc (2017). Road aceidents killed 708 persons in first quaner - NRSC . Retritwd IS·J&tIylGI7,from:bnp:llcitifmonline.coml2017/0SI09/ro.d'lKcide-nts-killed-701-pmoaa.-iIl-fllSf-cru-ta'-DI'ICI
Dinjus, A., Guo. F., Lee, S., Antin F., Pcret, M., Buchanan-King.M., .lJonathan Hankey, J.(2016). Driverac:cidentrisk factors and prevalence eVilualion uiingnaruralistic drivin8daa.doi:IO.1073/pnas.1513271113
Ericson, M (200t) 'PoIicy puspecllws of road traffte injury in doe/oping A.t;a' . Monash Univenrty. Retrieved 8- Aups12017, from hnp:Jl8ftS.monab.edu.8Ulma"uaafm8thewericlOn.pdf
Ghana 8roedcasting Co-operation (2017). Increasing Cases of Road Accidents in Ghana 1tdrinccI10"Jul)'2017,from:hnp:/lW\.\w·ibcghana.comJl.8693 124
Gbanaweb(2017}.RoadaC(:identskilled2. 19Sin2016.Retrieved27·July2017. fi'OaI: hnps://www,ghanaweb.comlGhanaHomePagefregionallRoad-accidenlS-kiIJed_ 2-198-;'2016-50)7]2
G~bel Road Safety PlIlnerships(2012). Annual Report, 2012. Geneva; GRSP. Retrieved July, 2017 bap:Jlp'Sp.drupalprdcns.comIlilcslpsp.dnlpelgardens.eom 1fileil2013061GRSP _Ann.w_Report_2012~LR.pdf.
(;10_1 Ro.cI Safety Pannership! (2012). Annual Report, 2012. Ge~va; GRSP. RC1riev~d 19· Aupst, 2017 from: hnp:llpsp.drupelprdem.comisiles/grsp.drupalganJens.com IfileaI20I :J06o'GRSP _AnnuU_Repotl_2012-LR.pdf.
:::;L~!=E~;::!::~i:!.~:'~~!~~!t~,~:-:::",_-Grimm. M and~. TMibtch (eds) (201.0) 'The ErollOlffics ofRooJ Traffic Fotll/i,i,s "' Law
~e~7:'I:~~~~~::::~;::~::~~te of Social StudtC"s, EtMmus
(jU~~~)A~;~~~~:W~\YS~A~S~~A~~r:~CF~~c,!g~T8Y LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF T111£ REOUI~MENT FOR ruE AWARD OF MPHJl GEOORAPIIY ANI) RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT OEGREE, (10227422). Retrieved 2S· Sepcember, 2017 from: hnp:lluppaoe.ug.edu.ghlbit.streaml12J4S6789J8I SJ/ 1/GUMAU%2C GEORGE SPATJO-TEMPORAL ANAlYSIS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCU)ENT ON THE ACCRA-lCMA MOTORWAY CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS_20IS.pdf
Hasttmi;~p~~~:'!c:!m~~:~~~~=~~~~~::mber, 2017 from:www.Savap.Org.Pk
IntnNllional RoedTraiftc Acc:idenll:lNbMe(2011). Rood SafotyArrntKII Rqxwt OECDIlTF. France; Intmuhonal TrMlport Forum
Joyonline(2017). Road camaae in Ghana on the riK" • MTllJ worried. Retrieved gill AuptSt 2017, from: hnp:/lwww.myjoyonline.comlnewsl20171Man:h.)0I:h!road. c.-nqc-iD-gNna-on-thc--rise-mttd·worricd.pbp
JoyOnline(2016). Sl people perish in accident on tamale-kintampo road. Rcmeved 14110
July 2017, from: http://www.myjoyonlinc.com/newSl2016IFebf.Uary_17tWdozens_ fared-dead-in-kiDtampo-ac:cMknt.pbp
MariMa. J.M. (2010). Causes of Road Traffic Accidents Induced Physical DiSlllbililtes and its ""'..... _ic ConsequmoH 10 Victims Md their familtes in Dares Salaam Rea,ion of TMZania.Rctrined 19· July 2017, from: https:/lwWW·loogJe.com.&h!url?sa""1&rcpj&:q=> &:esrc-s&:source-wtb&cd_12&ved"" OIbUKEwiIuY6Jsu7UAhWhA8AKHdfdBj8QFaheMAs&url- https%JA%2F%2Flhc ..... cw.aI%2Fpub%2F8648%2FRP 1INAL_DRAFT.docclusg"'AFQjCNGLlNG_Q3q KjtRNLNYKjDan9GICI.A&cad"'ljl
Mc:Gfowdcr, D. (l00l). 'Road trajJ'1C injury epid~"'ic In JtlItIOIC<I {"'pIICQljUlU for ~-JIfIbIicpolic,·.AsianSotiaIScienceVol.4,No.IO,182.191
Retrieved 10· September, 2017 from:
https:llwww.reselR:hpte.netlpublicaliOnl41846193.Ro.d_ rnlffic_lnjury_EpKiemic_
Mervis.. P. M. (l012). ROAD TRAfFIC ACCIDENTS IN ZJMBABWE,.INFLUI:,'NCING FACTORS . IMPACT AND SlllA n.GIES Rdrieved &om http://www.bibaka.orgIScan:b4lkv/fianJ428124/4SS667pdf
Munic~~::&:'~=v~O~:l'~,~~~~:~::~~K=~~~~ng
MOhj~~~=;~\71~~~;-;.~~:1;:;:C2~!~;:/~~· 2017 from :
hupl/d • . dolCWIIIO.lS9Ol2238.1031./11.v9n2i13
Mocor TraffM: and Transport [)epar1JnC:nl-BA (2017). Report ~n Molor Accidc.nl Statistlllics. SWlyani Divisioml police Quarters. ':Ir~~g Ahafa.ReglOn-Ghana.. R~eved 29 May, 2018 from: Brong Ahafo Regional Dlvlstonal PolICe Quarters. Sunyatll.
Motoc" Tramc and Transport Department-SA (2016). Report ~n MOlor Accide.nt Stalis~s .
~~~rn~;:::~~R~er:D?:~::alh;~~i~ee~~~~~~s~~::~ved 29 May,
M<*Jr Tramc and Transport Departmenl-BA (2015). Report on Molor Accident Statistics.
~~~i~;Bts!:~':':R=D=~~~~~i:ee~~:~~~~~n~::~Cd 29~ May,
Motor TraffK: and Transport OepartmeM-Kintampo (2017). Report on Motor Ae<:ident Statistics. Kintampo North Municipal Police Salion. BronK Ahafo Region-Ghana. Retrieved 30LII May. 2011 from: Kintampo North Municipal Police Station
MoeorTrafnc and Transport Depar!menr-Kintampo (2016). Report on Motor AceM:kn! Statistics. Kintampo North Mun.icipal Pohce Sation. BronS AllaIo Region-Ghana. Retrieved ]0'" May, ZOU from: Kintampo North Municipal Police Station
\1urray, w .. Pran, S., Hinp1Of1, J. Ii. Dubens, E. (2009). Promotin, Glob.llnilialives for Qrccuplliot'lai RC*i Safety: Review of Occupetional Road Safety Worldwide. RetriewdIS·Septembcr,2017from: hnp·lIeitescerx.istpsu.edulviewdocJdownload"doi:o I 0.1.1.17 3.217s&rep::>rtp I &type . pdf
Mustakim, F .. YUJOf.1.. Om. H .• Rahman. I., Samad. A. &: Salleh. N . (2008)
~~!:=a;~:~~~~;~::~!;:~r£~r£~s.Q: Retrieved 28· September. 2017 from: hnps:llwww·aoogle.comJurl?sa"'l&rct-j&q- &esrc-s&'souree,,"web&:cd=4&:ead=lja& uact-14ved"2ahUKEwiypr_i2WhAhUQsKQKHZxz.CoQQFjADegQlARAB&url'" http%3A%2.F%2Fscholar.sooglc.com.my"/.ZFeitations%3Fu..serO .... 3D2UqbDVoAAA AJ%26h1%3Den&usrAOvVaw2DZAPZlaSCDmRq9ymSPtEE
Nakino, M .T., A. Howard, R. L.e~ and M. Muno, (eels) (2008) 'Pedestrlan traffic injuries uwtnrfK Khool d"Idrer, ItI Kawempe, UsandL Afric.&n Heakh Scimcn Vol I No 3 Seplember 2008 Retrieved 26· August 2017, &om: hnp.llv.ww ncb. nlm.nih.ao, :pmc/an,cl~PMC2SI32721pdr
NaltODaJ RDed Safety Commission (201 J). NoI;onoJ Road StJ.fetyStrotetrJllII:.20.~ I-ZO~O. -Ght:IIIA II cou"",,wl,II,1w Stfal Road Trans~/atlOff S)Gtelfl ", Africa NtJllOnai V"lSion/or Rood Sc(#y. Republic ofGhan .. Mmtstry of Transport and NRSC
Rdricvedlo"Noyember,2017from: bttp:l/www.nrsc.gov.gblimageslpublicMionslNational_Road_Safel}._Strategy.pdf
NaiiOliai Rood Safety Commission (2009). Road (raffle Accidenls I" Ghana. Slatistics ZOO9.MinislryofTraosporl,Accra
Ngoc. ~~ ~i:,~n:ft-~ ~~'cf:n~a:o~~ ~:. ~:?~e!!' ~~:;:n~1~': onJ P'~nliotI.50.4SI-45S.hnp:lldoi,orgll0.10161j ... p.2012.0S.022
Nyoni. J. (2012). Bribery adds to roM carnagc. Chronicle Wednesday 09 May 2012.
1001"'1· Retrieved from http://www.chronicle.co.zw/index.php?opeioncocom_cootenl&view "'art6cle&id"'14697:brjbery-adds-to-ro.-d-camage&Cltid=39:opinion-aanalysiskltnnid=-112.(AccessedlOJune2012]
Odame, S.K.(2014). POLICE - DRIVER INTERACTION AND TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMJ:-:t-;T IN MAOINA AND ADENTA-GHANA, (10247988). Retrieved 60m http://u~Sl*e.ul.ed .... ghlbitstreamlllandlel1234S67891a721!Police • Driver bllerKtion and TrafTK lAw Enforcement in Madina and Adenta-Uhana • 2014.pdnsequence;1&isAllowed-ry
Qcinni, F.O. (2008) 'Causa and outcomes or road traffJ<: accidents in dcveloping countries' ill s.taey, G. P (ed) (2008) 'TraffiC" «eidents' Causes al1d outcomes'. NOVA
SciencePublishers. ISBl\.978·1-604S6-426-6
ObI'or, I.P .• ()deyani, K. A &:. Dolapo. D.C. (2013). Knowledge of commercial bus driven about roed ..rety measures in Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved from bttp:llwww.annaJsafimed.orgtaJ1icle.asp?issn""lS96-)SI9~OI1;volume-12;i"ue l ;spa,e-J..l:epage"'39;aulast-OUfor
Osei. G. K. (2011). INVESTIGATING lNTO DRIVER ATnTIJDES AND VEHICLE BEMA VIOURS AS CONTJUBUTORY FACTORS TO ROAD ACCIDENTS ON KUMASI-DUNKWA TRUNK ROAD. Retrieved 2"" October, 2017 from: http:lr .... uew.odu.gh:808OJ"mluilhandlc/123456789/281
Permanent International Association of Road Congre5s (2003). Road Safety Manual-Road' Acddntt l~tlf'tlliOfl.GlJltkli~/or RoadEngineerJ. PIARC. Retrieved 9 th August, Z011from:http://pubhc .. ions.pIArC.otglenitechnical-Reports!road-safety_manual.htm
Sarpon& S. (GNA, 2011). Road Accidel1ls 011 the Increase. Retrieved 20'" July 2017, &oIn:_.newsfromafrica.or.
SbcraCari. F., Homaie·Rad. E., Allar A., Gholampoor-Sigaroodi R. It. SirusbMlu S.(20 11). Rdk Faceats of Roed TrUrJC Accidab Assoc~ Mon.aIify in Nonhmll.-.n; A Siqle ea..er Eaperience lhilizing O&uca Blinder Decomposition. Retrieved ,. Aup5t 2017, &om: httpsJI_.ncbi.nlm.nih·aovlpmcJanicIeslPMC5406182J
WHO (2015). Roed Traff"JC Injur;n; and ~A GkJbaI ProtHtTn, WHO, Geneva.
WHO (lOll). Global status report on road gfety 20lJ,WHO, Geneva.
WHO (2009) 'Globol S,anu &pon (11ft Rood &pry, tI"" /of' QCfion', WHO, Geneva.
World Bank (2009). World Developmelft Rrport: R,shopi1f8 £co"o"ric Gf'ugraphy. WasbinctOlll: ThcWortdBank,
Yankion, I.K., BroWM, E.N.L .• Tapor, I-f.. DonkOf, P., Quansah, R .• Asate. a.E., Mock. C.N., Ebel. B.E., (2010); Reporting on rOAd tramc injury: content ~S:;:~:~7~~:;;::!~=t~~v~n~:::~~c=Spapen. Retrieved
APPE:"JDlXA
APlWodnl:COGlutForlllforParticipationinllteslltdy
nde: F.:1on Contributing to Ro.d TraffIC Acddents amona Commercial Drivers in
Kintampo North Munid.-lity. Brona Ahafo Region-Ghana.
PriedpaJlovestil!:a,or: Samuc1 AdusiPoku
Addre55:Sc8aoIofPublic He.tb. Universily of Ghana, Legon
Ge.enl l.ro .... lio. about Re)eucb
Greetinp. I am a student from the School of Public Health. University of Ghana( PrilK'ipal
IDYe!lII«:alor. my name is and I am conducting this
ial:en<iew on behalf of Samuel Adusi Poku, an MPH studenl of School of Public Health,
UDiwnily of GhMa( Reward. Assist •• t). I am conductins • ,rudy on faclon contributing
to road traffic acddenu among commerdal driven In tbe J(illtampo North
M •• kipality. R~ .vailablc to the MTIn oflhe Kintampo North Municipality indicale
tbatcascsofroedtralficlCCidnwhavcincreuedOV'CTthccoupteofyeanandthisi'.public
health cone""" 10 the Kintampo North Municipllity and Ghana ti • whoSC. This study
Uteftfure 'ieck\ 10 determinc the aslOciation between the road traffic accKients and the driver
flClor5, vehicle f8CWn, roM factors 31 well aI identify the number of inJuneli recorded (rom
thcKltidna I would Jikcyoo to be pan orlhe study. If you agree 10 participate in this study.
I would uk you a few qUHttons centred Oft fldon CODtribulin! to RT A. The: IPlerview will
take aboIiIIJO lIliDutn ofyow- time. You hIve Ihe right 10 refuse to participate. You are alto
at hberty 10 withdraw from this study II any SUp of yow p&I'Iicipt.lion. Hown-cr, I would be
hlippylosccyuuputic:ipatetotheend.
Proced.res
The study will involve answerinz; questiOn.5 and record review on driver fKlors, veh~1e
faclots,ro.dfM:lOR,injuriesrel~toroadtrafficaccident.Thliisanacademicreseareh
which fonns par10fmy work for the award ofa Master Deg.Tft in Publ~ Health.
RdksaodBeoefits
The results of the study will be used b)' polK)' makers and hcalthure providers as well as
otherstakeho~inde$igningnMldsafetyinlerventions.l!willalsohelpinfurtherresean:h.
There are no known related risks in panicipating in this study.
Rit;.t 10 refuse participarioo
PanKIp8tlon in this SNdy is voluntary and you can choose not to answer any individual
question or all the questions. You are 8t libeny 10 withdraw from the srudy iii any time
However, your views and conbibutiom in the srudy would be very much appreciated.
I would like to assure you that whatevet' information you will provide will be handled with
Met confidentiality and will be used purt'ly for research purposes. Your responses will not
be shared With anybody who is not pan of the study team. You will not be identified by name
ill lIDy dlsieminarioft ofre:pom or publacalions resuitins from this study. DatilaMlysis will be
done allhe: .ggre~ate level to en~ure anonymity. 1be Ghana Health Service Ethics Review
Commiuee hai reviewed and sivtll ethical approval for this study 10 be conducted
Prior to tOllSHtiq
bthereanyq~jonoatbestudythatthatyouwilllikCask?
Yes[ INol J
(lfyes. nOlelhequcslMmS below)
However, If you have any further qunlJon~ regarding this study. which I could not satisfy
you with the IIIppI'OPf"illle anrwer. you may contact Samuel Adusi Poku on telephone number:
05471101800 or e-mail address:adusi.s(!~yahoo.com. Dr. Adolphina Adelo-Lartey (Supervisor)
kcrum- School of Public Health, University of Ghana on Tel. 0544 132 9700r e-mail'
aaddo.lartey@;gmail.com and Hannah Frimpong. Ghana lJuith Service Ethics review
Committee on Tel. 050704122) or email: [email protected]
Partieip .. ICo .. ut
I have been sutlicimtly educated regard ina the bcncfits. purpose. potential risks and
procedure of this research. Oppc:M1Wtity was offered me to make inquiries. I have been
ptO\'Mkd answers 10 my satisfaction. 1 know thai I ean refuse to participate in this study
without any lou of benefit for whi4;h I would be entitled. I understand that even if I agree or
as I have agR'Cd. I can withdraw my con~t Ill: any time without 10ling any benefits Of
confldcnriaUyandwiUbeusedoolyCorthcpUrposeinfonneci. Fin.lly findinplrnultsmay
assist in dcveloping effective road safety interventioniand policy to reduce the cua ofroad
traff'tC IKCllknt intbe KintampoNonb Munic:ipality. Jacwilldecided to participate in this
Partidp8DI'sJD
ParddplDI's Rilbl Tllulnb PriDI or Sigoature
If,.uc;p.t.eillilente,a wible5S is obliged to sign here
J was there while lhe procedures, benefits.oo risks were read and/Of inler-pmed to the
compreheniioo oftbe p8I1K:ipant. All q~oos will be responded 10 and the participant wiD
accepllOputakeinw-,tudy
Appe.disl:IDCen-;-GuttJlI'
Title of Work: F,cton Contnbutlng 10 Road Traffic Accidents among Commercial Vehicle
I>nV(fS m Kirampo North MW'lKapillity. Brong Ahafo Reglon-G ......
1~I[RVI[W GUIDE FOR DRIVERS
Serialalftlb«ofqUC$ltOnnaire . ___ _
De&eofioterview: Oay __ . _MoadI: __ Year. __ _
$W1lune(24htformac): __ , __
locahonofimervicw(twioa): _______ _
Numoopt..cohchide ___ _
lastrvctiollforcoDipletiDllhcqUC:SlioIlDain:
I. Circle the ktkr conaponding 10 the response of the rcsponlknt where 1d1cfs arc the
2. Tick die bolt correspondin&IO the response where boltes have been p«)vidcd and
wrhethernponu: where space has been provided fOf tM response
]. For question 32. indic* C(Correc:t}. W(Wron&). D(Oon', know) in the boxes
provJdcd undc:rtbc road signs
I. HowoldwereyolJ.c)'OW"latbirtbday?
L < lIyews
b. 11·21ycan
e 28-]7yean
d J 8--47yc.ws
e. 4S·.s7 yea"S
f. >S7~
2. Sel(ofdrivcr
Mille ( I Fern. [ 1
) . W~isyourhigbeslcdllcationallevel7
•. Tertiary
b. S«......"
c Middle or Junior High School
d. Prirnaryeducation
4. Ate you a Union registered drivel in the Municipalily1 If no, sk ip 10 que50lion 6 .
Y"I J No l J
S. Wlwisthenameofthetnnsportunion1
6. Whattypeofvehicledo YOlldrive1
7. Howaonclulveyoubeendrivms?
b. 6-IOyan
c. II.JSycar.>
d. J6-20~
0. >20yean
8 Have you twrb«a involved .,aroadtrafficacc,d~nf? IfNo.sk,ptoqo~slion Il
Yes I INol J
9. HowlNI'I)'limn.?
b. kintan'lJ"O-Techiman
c: Kintampo-NkoranL3
d. Kintampo-ApesiU
I; Kuampo-New)onsoro
f. KintamPOlOwndaip
8- Odwr(tpeCify) ...
lID1d)'ou~My 'njYfin? lf No.sk ,ploquesl,ooll
Vn( IN.( I
12. Were you hospilahled?
Yes I INo( I
B. DRIVER FACTOR
I. proresslonalltmortlriven
11. Do)'OU uve. drivio8 licence? If No, skip to question 16
Ynl I No[ I
14.What,~thedIlllOf)'OUrdrivmg)if:enc.e?
A( )H( le( IO( IE( IF( I
IS. WhaI islhcstMusof"yourJic:caM:?
Active ( I Expired! 1
16 bthcvdlicleinsured7lfNo,skiploquc:stion 18
y,,( )No( (
17. Type of insurance policy
a Comprehc:MiVc
b.Thlrdparty
18. Did youanmd dr1ving Khool?
Ves (} No [ INAI I
19. Did you write an exam before you were siven the driving license by DVLA?
Y"I I No( )NA( I
20. Did DVLA cond~1 in-traffIC test for you. before you were aiven the licence?
y,,( ( No( INAI )
21. How many hours do you driver. dl;y?
d.>12bow,;
22.. Ho\\'oftaIdoYOUlmltcc)'OW"VebKk?
b.>I..oaIhs
23. WhIItdo you believe is the main causeofRTA
.. Driversanitude
b. carconditiou
c. Roadcondition
24. Do you believe thai r<*I traffic accident can be preventcd?
y,,( )No( )
25. Did you bribe your through m DVLA before beina: Iicens.ed?
Yos( )No( )
IL Ro.dpractieeofdrivers
26. Have you ever wen any medication and driven a vebK:le1
y .. ( )No( )
27. Havc you ever drunk alcobol and driven a vehicle?
Yes( ]No[ I
ll.Haveyoue\lerdrivcQtited?
Yes I JNol I
29. Have you c:ver engaged in any of the following traffic offences?
a. Violated lhered traffic lighl signal Yes! )Nol )
b. Overt.akiasavdlK:lcmacW'VeYa[ I~o[ 1
c. ChanFd lanet without signalling Ye! [ ) No [ )
Ii Stopped at no atop sicn Yes I INo[ J
e. OribcdapolK:eoffteeraftninmngcmentofroadtraft"lCregulations
Yes I INo' 1
f. Picked puscngcn ~ dtm the required number of passenaers rot Ihc vehide
Yes I JNo{ J
I . Orivc:nbe)-ondrhclllAXimumspc:edlilftityC"S[ INol I
30. Havc),oucvcrrcceivc:dan)'tratftc:$UWIWlftSbefotc?
Yo( INo( I
31 . ftowoldis)'Ourmo~recerdl)'boYAhityre?
12. WhalisthclMMingofthefollo""inlroadsiansasspelloutb)'theNationaIRo.d
Safety CQIIIlf11Hion(NSRC)?
'· 1 1 G( I HI J II I
C. VEHICLE FACTORS
)). 00)'OU know the year your tyres were manufactured?
Y"I INo! )
34. 00)ou know Ihe yat your tyrn will expire?
Y"I 1'.01 )
L Hono'Ya. )No! I
b. InleriorandeJl.I.:riormim:n7 Yet:( )No( )
c. Specdomc:ler?YCi( INo( I
d. Wiper7Yes[ JNol J
e. Llgbts(headlighl$, indkatorandbrake Jigbts)7Yes[ )Nol I
f. Selitbehs?Yes( ]No[ )
g. Rcf1ectors?Yes( INol J
R"'Silru
36. Are the road signs on the road enough to minimize road ITllffic aceident?
V., ( INol )
37. Are the rofId markings enough 10 minimize road traffic accident?
V"I INol I
18.Arethetrafficcontrollightsenoughtominimizeroad~ccidenl?
V., I INo( )
39. Arethestreelligh15enoughfo minimize road accident?
Yes { INol I
Eadtime(24brfonnat): __ , _
TbaDkYouforthe('oo~ration.
nutlAdUliPoku 1YU'Jit)'ofGhana ,,*ofPubhcllcalth JOftoA«r3
.t..~ H:::hh S ...... ;('#" F.rhiC"1 Review Comminee hilS reYIewed and (lhlcn apJ)f"oval for Ihe implemenlalion of
~ - .-- .. - -. -' .-IS-EJtCNumbet GHS-ERC:OS8IIV17 . . ~ Faclors Contributing to Road Traffic AccidenlS among Commen:1ai Vehicle
Dnver! in Kintampo North Munici Ii Bran Ahafa-Ghana I OaK . 20"'April201' ~_ ICJ6A"2019
• Symumon of ~e.rly progrcn rcpot'l of the )Iucfy 10 the Elhics Review Cumminee (ERe)
I lcnewllofeduul lIJI9f'OVa' IftMSNdy luu for IOOre tnan 12 rnondu.,
• IlIIportiItc 01 aJl serious adverse eventi rel"'d 10 lhi. study 10 the ERe wilhin tlvee days verbtlly and lIWI'Id8ytiawriti"S·
I SubmiWon of a final rcpon .flcr rompled ... of the slUdy
• InfClflJlint ERe if study cannot be imp~mented or is disc.ontinued and reasons why
• Inrvnnon! Ihe F.RC -..d )'OVr sponsor (where applicable) befN't: any poMk-alion ortl)e rCl>Qf'Ch flNlinp.
- rl()(c Itllt Iny modification orthc study Wilhnlll ERe appro ..... ' of dlc amendment i~ invalid
I BC ~ ~c cr C.lUX to be observed prO';cdures and records of the Rudy during Md after --....lfOI'I.
1IiI)' ... tbcprotOCOI;dcnllfi.:al,vnnumberinallfun.e~~inrelalionIOlhi5.Ppt"OVCdp~
SiGNED ..... . ~~~ ..... . DR. CThTHlJ\ BANNERMAN (GHS·ERC CHAIRPERSON)