Australian Journal of Veterinary Medicine

ISSN: 2203-9489 (Print) ISSN: 2203-9497 (Online)

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Retrospective Study on the Incidence of Bovine Tuberculosis A Case Study of Abak Abbattoir

Offiong, Edem E. A.

Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus.

PMB 1167, Uyo . Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria

Phone: +2348023219422; Email: dredemoffiong@gmail.com, dredemoffiong@yahoo.com

Obioku, Obioku Eyo. Eddie Veterinary Clinic

16 Akpakpan Street, Uyo. Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria

Phone: +2348080561137; Email:obioku.obioku@yahoo.com, sunnypriest@gmail.com

Akpabio, Uduak

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Michael Opara University of

Agriculture, Umurdike. Abia State. Nigeria.

Phone: +2348035028894; email: udiakpabio@yahoo.com, udiakpabio@gmail.com

Ukpanah, Unwana

Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus.

PMB 1167, Uyo . Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria.

+2348028322876; Email:unwanaanietie@gmail.com

Abstract

In a retrospective study of BTB incidence in cattle slaughtered for meat in Abak Abattoir. It was

discovered that a total of 4196 cattle were slaughtered of which 277 showed signs indicating BTB. This

figure represents about 6.60% of the total numbers of cattle slaughtered during the period. The highest

rate of the BTB prevalence was recorded in 2013 with 98(6.89%) and the lowest incidence was

recorded in the year 2012 with 84(5.76%) reported cases. These figures present BTB as major

problems to successful livestock business as well as threat to public health and food safety. The paper

further describes in facts, figures, tables and charts about the subject matter. This therefore calls for

action and cooperation among stakeholders in all sectors to ensure that the threat of BTB is contained

and possibly eradicated.

1.0 Introduction

Bovine tuberculosis is of great economic importance due to its effects on public health as well as

international trade on live animals and their products (Eriquez-Cruz et al., 2010). This is why the

World Organization for Animal Health placed BTB into their list B. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a

chronic bacterial disease affecting all Animals on the terrestrial habitat (O‘Brien et al., 2006; Proano-

Perez et al., 2006). It is caused by a member of the family Mycobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium bovis- a

gram positive acid fast bacterium.

Infected animals do not show signs of the disease readily, later there would be evidence of emaciation,

anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes, weakness, cough etc.

Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonosis that can affect humans through the inhalation of aerosols, the

ingestion of unpasteurized milk and uncooked meat from infected animals. It is believed that man can

also contact the BTB through breaks in skin according the report from Center for Food Security and

Public Health of Iowa State University, 2009.

Bovine Tuberculosis BTB has a worldwide distribution but there are reports of tuberculosis free

countries- most of them are in the developed countries categories. These countries have well developed

plans for BTB control programs.

In Africa and some part of Asia where most of the developing countries are located, cases of BTB in

livestock and humans are still widespread. The spread of BTB in these countries may be attributed to

poverty, malnutrition, HIV infections (WHO, 1994).

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The relationship between humans TB and BTB is not established. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS

and human TB as a result of M. bovis may take a new turn (Amangu, 2006). Human TB as a result of

infection from M. bovis has been reported to be common among rural farmers according to a report;

(ACERDEN, 2011). These farmers interact daily with their livestock, walk and graze within the same

environment. This view is agreed upon by many authors (Tamiru et al., 2013; Garba, 2002; Abubakar,

2007).

Aliyu et al., 2009 stated that 85% of cattle and 82% of the human population in Africa are in areas

where bovine TB is either partly controlled or not controlled at all. Neill et al., 1994; Roxo, 1998

agreed that BTB in cattle is transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. In humans it is

believed transmission is through ingestion of contaminated bovine products. Ashford et al, 2001

estimated that M. bovis is responsible for 10 to 15% human cases of Tuberculosis in countries where

pasteurization of milk is rear and bovine Tuberculosis is common.

Nigeria as a developing country and as contained in a 2004 WHO report; Nigeria has the fourth highest

burden of human TB in the world, with 304 cases per 100,000 as well as 89 per 100,000 mortality rate.

As the effects of BTB is becoming noticed in the public health sector, so is the effects on animal

production (O‘RallyandDabon, 1995).

The losses of revenue due to tuberculosis could not be estimated globally because apart from its effects

on the health and wellbeing of the animal, which may be seen in the form of reduced production,

culling of infected animals and overall condemnation of carcasses (Diguimbaye-Djaibeet al, 2006;

Proano-Perez et al, 2006; Elias et al, 2008).

Bovine Tuberculosis is considered a major factor in screening animals for international livestock trade

when BTB is endemic in a region (Cousins, 2001; Demelashet al., 2009).

In citing (DOF, 1996, Enriquez-Cruz et al., 2010) reported losses due to BTB in Mexico to be about

USD 450 million due to limited exportation of livestock to the USA.

In Nigeria, Garba, 2002 estimated about 5 million USD losses in meat products alone. This is to say the

total loss in cattle business as a result of BTB in Nigeria could be up to 50 million USD.

The federal ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the regulation of BTB in Nigeria as stated in the

Animal Diseases Control Decree of 1988. These functions are poorly carried out in terms of monitoring

and reporting. On the other hand, the lack of facilities, kits and technical know-how for testing,

identification and typing also aid in the spread of BTB. Poor implementation of disease control

measures like meat inspection at abattoirs, poor communication networks, insufficient collaboration of

neighboring countries as well as lack of proper quarantine facilities and smuggling of live animals

across state boundaries were mentioned as hindrances to the control of BTB in Nigeria (Abubakar,

2007).

Aniebo, Wekhe and Okoli, (2009) estimated 36% of Nigerian meat supply is from beef and most of the

cattle slaughtered in Abak Local government Area are brought from the Northern states of Nigeria. It is

therefore necessary to monitor and report the prevalence of BTB in these locality as there may be

hazards of beef handling and consumption. Since BTB is a serious zoonotic disease with public health

concerns this paper is therefore long overdue.

2.0. Materials and Methods

This study was carried out in Abak Abattoir is located in Abak local Government Area of Akwa Ibom

State, Nigeria. Abak is a small town settlement of about 139,090 according to 2006 census figure from

the National Population Commission (NPC, 2006). Abak has a total Land mass of 70 square meters. It

is located within 4°59'N 7°47'E/4.983°N7.783°E (Wikipedia). From the seasonal calendars in Abak are

divided into two: the dry season start from November till April while the wet season which commences

from April till September with breaks in August. The settlers in Abak local government are mainly

rural dwellers mostly farmers who trade on produce/products of their subsistence farming practice.

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Major agricultural produce are cassava, palm oil, palm kernel, vegetables etc. Abak is also littered with

small scale agro allied industries.

The Abak town where the abattoir is located has civil servants as major settlers as well as small

business owners.

Apart from fish, goat meat, pork and chicken, a cattle slaughtered at this abattoir serves as a major

source of animal protein for those living in Abak town. It is common knowledge that the climate in the

south-southern region of Nigeria where Abak is located does not support cattle production as a result of

Tsetse fly infestation and subsequent transmission of trypanosomiasis, therefore most of the cattle

slaughtered for meat comes from the Northern part of Nigeria.

2.1 Data Collection

Being a retrospective study, data were collected from the post mortem inspection records of Bovine

Tuberculosis (BTB) cases in the Abak abattoir from January, 2011 to December, 2013. During the

period of the study, daily visits were made to the abattoir from 5.am-7.00 am for six months for post

mortem examination of the cattle slaughtered for meat. Thereafter, the data were compared with that of

the qualified Veterinarians under the employment of the State Ministry of Agriculture. Later a request

was put through to the Ministry of Agriculture for the records of post mortem examination of

slaughtered cattle in Abak Abattoir. The data showed the number of cattle slaughtered and examined

during the post mortem examinations. Cases of BTB were recorded after post mortem inspections were

carried out in the predilection sites of BTB. These includes, the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, udder etc.

the inspection were carried out by physically examining the organs, palpation as well as making

incision into the organs to reveal BTB lesions if there was any.

The record also indicated the number of bulls and cows slaughtered as well as BTB cases among the

sexes.

2.2. Data Analysis

The data collected from the study were subjected to simple percentage calculation as well Microsoft

excel spread sheets for further analysis.

3.0 Results Table I: Prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2011. Months No. of

Cattle Slaughtered

No. of Bulls

No. of Cows

Total BTB cases

BTB in Bulls

BTB in Cows

% Prevalence

Jan. 144 97 97 13 4 9 9.00 Feb. 120 108 12 5 3 2 4.16 Mar. 101 83 18 5 4 1 4.16 Apr. 96 75 21 7 3 4 7.29 May 105 89 16 3 2 1 2.85 Jun. 89 76 10 16 10 6 17.97 Jul 118 115 3 7 7 - 5.93 Aug. 138 115 23 4 1 3 2.89 Sep. 79 57 22 8 5 3 10.12 Oct. 116 108 14 2 - 2 1.72 Nov. 93 85 8 5 3 2 5.37 Dec. 124 118 6 12 8 4 9.67

Total 1323 1120 200 87 50 37 81.92

Table I above shows that about 1323 cattle were slaughtered in the year 2011 with about 87(6.58%)

cases of BTB. Of the 1323 cattle slaughtered for the year, about 1120 (84.66%) were bulls with about

50(4.46%) cases of BTB as against 200(15.12%) cows with 37 BTB representing (18.50%) of the total

number of cows slaughtered for the year 2011.

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Table II: Prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the Year 2012. Months No. of Cattle

Slaughtered No. of Bulls

No. of Cows

Total BTB cases

BTB in Bulls

BTB in Cows

% Prevalence

Jan. 87 80 7 - - - - Feb. 103 96 2 4 1 3 3.88 Mar. 132 79 53 10 7 3 7.50 Apr. 136 117 19 11 9 2 8.09 May 100 85 15 6 3 3 6.00 Jun. 149 89 60 5 2 3 3.36 Jul 127 100 21 3 1 2 2.36 Aug. 132 120 12 18 8 10 13.63 Sep. 139 130 9 2 1 1 1.43 Oct. 93 92 3 9 4 5 9.47 Nov. 128 113 15 7 5 2 5.45 Dec. 144 119 25 9 5 4 6.25

Total 1470 1220 246 84 46 3i 68.04

The year 2012 showed that about 1470 cattle were slaughtered as presented in table II above.. Total

number of bulls slaughtered was 1220(80%) while the number of cows was 246(16%) with about

84(5.76%) BTB cases. The bulls had 46(3.77%) BTB cases while the cows slaughtered indicated

38(15.45%) BTB cases as presented in Table II above.

Table III: prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the Year 2013. Months No. of Cattle

Slaughtered No. of Bulls

No. of Cows

Total BTB cases

BTB in Bulls

BTB in Cows

% Prevalence

Jan. 123 103 20 9 5 4 7.31 Feb. 141 89 52 4 1 3 2.84 Mar. 117 97 20 15 7 8 12.82 Apr. 139 109 30 8 5 3 5.76 May 149 140 6 6 4 2 4.11 Jun. 91 82 9 2 2 - 2.19 Jul 76 75 1 12 4 8 15.78 Aug. 145 122 23 12 7 5 8.26 Sep. 65 62 3 10 6 4 15.38 Oct. 86 80 6 4 - 4 4.65 Nov. 135 116 19 7 2 5 5.19 Dec. 154 144 14 9 4 5 5.69

Total 1422 1116 203 98 47 51 89.98

Table III above represents data gathered for the year 2013 against the prevalence of BTB in Abak

Abattoir. Of the 1422 cattle slaughtered, 1116(78.48%) were bulls and 203(14.28%) were cows. The

year saw a total of 98(6.89%) cases of BTB sharing 47(4.211%) cases in bulls and 51(25.12%) BTB

cases in cows.

Table IV: Three Year prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the Year 2011-2013. Months No. of Cattle

Slaughtered No. of Bulls

No. of Cows

Total BTB cases

BTB in Bulls

BTB in Cows

% Prevalence

Jan. 354 280 74 22 9 13 6.21 Feb. 365 293 71 13 5 8 3.56 Mar. 350 259 91 30 18 12 8.57 Apr. 371 301 70 26 17 9 7.00 May 351 314 37 15 9 6 4.27 Jun. 329 250 79 23 14 9 6.99 Jul. 321 290 25 22 12 10 6.85

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Aug. 415 357 58 34 16 18 8.19 Sep. 283 249 34 20 12 8 7.06 Oct. 297 274 23 15 4 11 5.05 Nov. 356 314 42 19 10 9 5.33 Dec. 404 347 57 38 20 18 9.4

Total 4196 3528 641 277 146 131 78.48

Table IV above represents the total number of cattle slaughtered during the study period. Of the 4196

cattle slaughtered, about 3528 were bulls while the remaining 641 were cows. The overall prevalence

of BTB as recorded was 78.48%.

Figure 1. BTB cases in Cattle slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2011.

Figure 1 above represents the prevalence of BTB in cattle slaughtered in the year 2011. The highest

level of incidence was recorded in July, followed by January and December respectively. Figure 1 also

showed that the highest level of BTB cases in Bulls was recorded in the month of June and the lowest

case of BTB in bulls was recorded in August of the same year. Highest BTBcases in Cows was

recorded January while the lowest cases were in the months of March and May. In the month of

October, there was no case of BTB recorded from any cow.

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

No. of BTB cases 13 5 5 7 3 16 7 4 8 2 5 12

No. of BTB in Bulls 4 3 4 3 2 10 7 1 5 0 3 8

No. of BTB in Cows 9 2 1 4 1 6 0 3 3 2 2 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

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18

Pre

vala

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of

BTB

.

No. of BTBcases

No. of BTBin Bulls

No. of BTBin Cows

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Figure 2. BTB cases in Cattle slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2012.

Figure 2 above indicates that the month of December recorded the highest incidence of BTB in cattle

slaughtered for meat in the year 2012 while the lowest incidence was captured in the month of

September.

Feb.

Mar

AprMay

Jun JulAug

Sep OctNov

Dec

No. of BTB cases - 4 10 11 6 5 3 18 2 9 7 92

No. of BTB in Bulls - 1 7 9 3 2 1 8 1 4 5 49

No. of BTB in Cows - 3 3 2 3 3 2 10 1 5 2 43

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100B

TB P

reva

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No. of BTB cases -

No. of BTB in Bulls -

No. of BTB in Cows -

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Figure 3. BTB cases in cattle slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2013.

In the year 2013, the highest incidence of BTB was in the month of March, followed by July and

August while June indicated the lowest rate of BTB in all the cattle slaughtered for that month.

Although Bull cases of BTB was higher than that of the Cows, it is however necessary to point out that

the number of bulls slaughtered is relatively higher than that of cows.

Jan Feb Mar AprMay

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

No. of BTB cases 9 4 15 8 6 2 12 12 10 4 7 9

No. of BTB in Bulls 5 1 7 5 4 2 4 7 6 0 2 4

No. of BTB in Cows 4 3 8 3 2 0 8 5 4 4 5 5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

B

T

B

P

r

e

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No. of BTB cases

No. of BTB in Bulls

No. of BTB in Cows

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Figure 4. A 3-year BTB prevalence in Abak Abattoir (2011-2013)

In a three-year summary as represented in figure 4 above, it was observed that the highest level of BTB

incidence in slaughtered cattle was in the month of December. Cases in August, March, April, June,

January, July, September, November, and February followed successively. Figures for the months of

May and October were similar. Nigeria has two major seasons (i.e. the dry and the rainy seasons). The

dry season starts from October till March while the rainy season starts from March till September. It is

worthy of mention that the high incidence of BTB cases in December may be attributed to the harsh,

dusty harmattan weather.

Jan FebMa

rApr

May

Jun Jul AugSep

.Oct

.Nov Dec

No. of BTB cases 22 13 30 26 15 23 22 34 20 15 19 38

No. of BTB in Bulls 9 5 18 17 9 14 12 16 12 4 10 20

No. of BTB in Cows 13 8 12 9 6 9 10 18 8 11 9 18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

B

T

B

P

r

e

v

a

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e

n

c

e

No. of BTB cases

No. of BTB in Bulls

No. of BTB in Cows

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Figure 5: Organ distribution of BTB during Post Mortem in Abak abattoir.

In figure 5 above, we see the organ distribution of BTB. However, the highest cases of BTB incidence

in cattle slaughtered in the abattoir studied were reported from the lungs, followed by the Lymph nodes

and the liver. This is because lungs and the lymph nodes are the major predilection sites for BTB.

4.0 Discussion

As presented in the results from our tables and figures above. The annual prevalence of bovine

tuberculosis BTB for the 3 years of the retrospective study ranges from 5.76% to 6.89% the year 2011

had 87(6.58%) case of BTB which 2012 had 84(5.76%) cases-lowest and the year 2013 had 98(6.89%)

and the highest so far.

The overall prevalence for the 3years was 6.60% as shown in table IV in the study which is greater

than what was reported by Opara et.al. 2012 who reported 3.40% in Imo state, South Eastern part of

Nigeria. The result above is similar to what was recorded by Ejeh et al., 2014 who reported 6.50% of

bovine tuberculosis in Otukpo abattoir in Benue State (north Central of Nigeria). Nwanta et al., 2011

reported 1.40% prevalence. In quoting Nwanta et al., 2011 as he cited Aliyu et al., 1993, Garba, 2001.

Bikon et al., 2007and Ameen et al., 2008 reports of BTB prevalence values were put at 2.1, 0.8, 1.1

and 0.55% for Maiduguri, Sokoto, Cross River and Ogbomosho areas. These Values are lower than

what was obtained from in this study. The reason being that all cattle slaughtered in Akwa Ibom State

(South-South Nigeria) are transported down from the Northern part of Nigeria. Transit stress and the

slightly different weather and climate in the south may be a predisposing factor to BTB as well as the

unhealthy practices the livestock business such as the selling and slaughtering of sick animal without

regards to public health implications.

This statement agrees with Ojukwu, 2006. To further confirm the above fact, of the 4196 cattle

slaughtered during this study, about 3528 (table IV) were bulls with 146(4.14%) cases of BTB while

about 661 were cows with 131(19.82%) cases of BTB, higher than the bull cases in relation to the

number of cows slaughtered. This is an indication that, cows are more susceptible to BTB infection

than the bulls, similar to observations made by Ejeh, et al, 2014, Terefe, 2014. Since most cows

Jan Feb Mar AprMay

Jun Jul AugSep

.Oct. Nov Dec

No. of lung cases 11 6 23 16 13 17 19 25 14 15 15 24

No.Liver cases 3 3 5 3 5 2 0 8 2 4 5 8

No.of Lymph node cases 8 7 10 15 5 9 6 12 10 4 10 15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

N

u

m

b

e

r

Months of the 3 years

No. of lung cases

No.Liver cases

No.of Lymph node cases

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slaughtered are old and must have passed their productive life. Offiong et al., 2104 found that female

goats had higher cases of TB in his case study which Eckert and Deplazes, 2001 attributed to

physiologic conditions such as pregnancy, lactation that may render the animal vulnerable to diseases.

Milian-Suazo et al., 2000 reported prevalence o BTB in dairy cattle after a study between and 1997 to

be 16% mostly positive animals were adult females. Another report from Milian et al., 2000 showed 17%

prevalence during slaughter house carcass inspections.

However, a higher incidence of BTB in this study is an indication tha BTB is still an endemic livestock

diseases in Nigeria-Africa. From Ghana, 5.0% (145/2886) prevalence with lesions indicating BTB

(Atiadeve, et al., 2014); From Ethiopia, Terefe, 2014, reported 6.79% prevalence of BTB in cattle

examine in Adama municipal abattoir, which is very similar to this study. Regassa, 1999; Ameni and

Wudie, 2003; Teklu et. al., 2004. These authors used similar methodology as this study. It should be

noted that BTB prevalence may be under reported as BTB positive cattle takes time before showing

visible signs of the disease and during meat inspection, lesions may be undetected at this stage of

infection (Aliyu et al., 2009). This is in agreement with Terefe, 2014 as he reported that necropsy

procedure failed to detect 84.86% of tuberculous animals. He attributed the low sensitivity to low

number of tissues inspected as well as high proportion of small lesions which could not be detected in

routine inspection.

Atiadeve et al., 2014 cited Corner et al., 1990; Aylate et al., 2012; Shitaye et al., 2006; Bekele and

Belay, 2011 as saying that the efficiency of any routine abattoir meat inspection to be dependent on

time, work load and diligence on the part of the meat inspector. This agrees with Eldersten, 1996 who

stated that butchers do put meat inspectors under pressure. Organ distributors of BTB in this study are

as presented in figure 4. However, this study was limited because isolation, culture and identification

were not carried out to eliminate similar organism that could exhibit similar lesion. The authors did not

see the necessity of documenting the breeds of cattle slaughtered. This calls for cooperation between

livestock traders, butchers and veterinarians. Because cooperation is necessary at all levels to curb,

eradicate the BTB menace. Government and those involved in the animal health sector should step up

and ensure that animals are tested before slaughter (tuberculin test). Government should ensure the

provision of needed equipment/kits for testing, detection and control of BTB. There should be an

enforcement of its policies on animal health to ensure that the influxes of livestock from BTB

prevalent neighboring countries are checked. There should be active border control and quarantine

services. Punishment of serious prison terms should be handed down to defaulters.

5.0 Conclusion

The result of this study shows that BTB is a serious endemic livestock problem within our geographic

area. Akwa Ibom state where Abak is Local government within it does not support cattle rearing,

therefore most of the BTB cases seen here are imported from the origin of these cattle. It is worthy of

note that BTB is a Serious zoonotic disease with socio-economic impact and as such government,

individuals and the general public should be involved in the checking, reporting and the control of this

disease in livestock most especially those involve in the business of livestock trading. They should be

patriotic enough to stop at Interstate boundaries to enable veterinarians to checking and detecting this

type of diseases.

Also, the real state of BTB is in Akwa Ibom State is not known and its impact on the population of the

state is not known. This therefore calls for action and collaborations between stake holders as well as

researchers to ascertain the state of the problem as it will play an important role in the control of the

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