REARING JUVENILES OF THE ANEMONE FISH, AMPHIPRION BICINCTUS IN CAPTIVITY

EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC RESEARCH ISSN: 1687-4285

VOL. 34, NO. 2 2008: 412-425

REARING JUVENILES OF THE ANEMONE FISH, AMPHIPRION

BICINCTUS IN CAPTIVITY

AMR M. HELAL*1 AND NEVINE M. ABOU SHABANA

2

National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries 1 Fish rearing Lab .

2 Fish reproduction Lab

*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: rearing, early larvae, juveniles, Amphiprion bicinctus, captivity.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to create and develop a suitable method for rearing juveniles of the

anemone fish Amphiprion bicinctus, under captivity conditions. Six egg clutches (about

1138 embryos) are obtained from the two breeding couples used to estimate the relation

between different live cultured preys and the early larval survival rate. By establishing a

regime consisting of enriched rotifers (15 ind /ml) and various stages of enriched Artemia

sp (1.0- 2.5 ind /ml), under two temperature conditions (25°C (T1) & 27°C (T2) for 40

days. Two feeding regimes are applied for rearing juveniles, First group (F1) (10% body

weight formulated diet, 50% protein spurted with frozen food), second group (F2) (12%

body weight formulated diet) for 60 days. Results demonstrated that highest survival rate

was 36.36 and 38.29 % for 3th and 4th clutches, respectively. The result revealed also a

significant difference in post larval size in presence of different temperature treatments T1

& T2. Thermal growth coefficient (TGC) revealed that (T2) is the fastest growing group.

The highest juvenile survival rate (85%) is observed in juveniles of (F1) group. The instant

daily gain in length and weight is significantly higher in (F1) group than (F2) group.

1. INTRODUCTION

On the increased popularity of owning

aquaria in households in many parts of the

world, ornamental fish plays an important

role in the international fish trade. The total

value of wholesale ornamental trade is

estimated to about US$ 1 billion, and retail

trade about US$ 3 billion. Many fish

collectors in tropical and subtropical

countries employ cyanide to stun tropical

fish, making it easier to collect them, but

widespread cyanide application harms coral

reefs and marine ecosystems and threatens

the food source of the local population.

Therefore, in the last few years, a number of

scientists have studied the reproduction of

some species most commonly used in the

aquarium trade for the purpose of rearing

them in captivity (Thresher, 1884; Riley and

Holt, 1993; Holt, 2003; Olivotto et al., 2003,

2004, 2005 and 2006)

One of the most common marine fishes in

Red sea is the Anemone or clown fishes.

Among the most interesting fishes are those

of the genus Amphiprion (Brusle- Sicard &

Reinboth 1990, Brusle-Sicard et al. 1994),

which live symbiotically with sea anemones

Gyrostoma sp, Radianthus sp and other

closely related genera (Fishelson 1965 and

Fricke 1980). A. bicinctus is the only species

of this genus that occur in the Red Sea

(Ahron Maroz and Lev Fishelson 1997).

Previous studies demonstrated the effect of

photoperiod on growth of larvae and

juveniles of A. melanopus. (Arvedlund et al.,

2000).Similarly, Buston (2004), (2003)

previously investigated the influence of non-

breeders on size, growth modification as well

as breeding fitness of A. percula.

AMR M. HELAL AND NEVINE M.ABOU SHABANA

423

Patrick et al. (2004) studied the breeding

of A. chrysogaster, that is endemic in

Mascarne Island belonging to the Indian

Ocean, growth larval development and

swimming performance in temperate fish

species have distinctive responses to

temperature change. The relative importance

of temperature change in the tropics has been

previously examined (Rombough, 1997; Hunt

von Herbing, 2002), but rarely tested.

Tropical latitudes generally have little

temperature fluctuation relative to temperate

environments, due to the large ocean surfaces

and absence of a cold season (McGregor and

Nieuwolt, 1998). For example, the Great

Barrier Reef, Australia the sea surface

temperature fluctuates from 4 to 6 oC

seasonally, and 1 oC diurnally (McGregor and

Nieuwolt, 1998). Accordingly, temperature

variation of only a few degrees represents a

proportionally large change for organisms

that are adapted to this relatively stable

thermal environment, as physiologically

expensive adaptations to temperature change

are not often maintained in relatively stable

systems (Feder, 1978; Relyea, 2002).

Temperature, in particular, causes variation in

rates of fish development in the embryonic

(Heath et al., 1993), larval (Hunt von Herbing

et al., 1996; Björnsson et al., 2001) and

juvenile stages (Beacham and Murray, 1990;

Benoit and Pepin, 1999). A decrease in the

rate of ontogeny caused by a change in

temperature results in a longer larval duration

and increases exposure to the high-risk

pelagic larval environment (Atkinson, 1996).

Moreover, through varying rates of

development, temperature can influence the

size of the organism at which ontogenetic

transformations occur. The metamorphosis in

marine fish from pelagic larvae to demersal

juvenile can entail a shift in habitat,

appearance or structure of the fish and is

species specific (McCormick et al., 2002).

To our knowledge, none of the available

references studied the larval and juveniles

childhood of Amphiprion bicinctus in

captivity either all over the world or in Egypt.

Previous study from our laboratory

demonstrated the natural production of A.

bicinctus in captivity conditions regarding

brood stock rearing and embryological

development (Shabana and Helal, 2006).

The main objective of the present study is

to extend the rearing knowledge of A.

bicinctus and to launch a new rearing

protocol to aquaculturists in order to

introduce a new precious species to

ornamental fish trade.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Experimental design and maintenance

of test animals

Studies are carried out in the marine

Aquarium of the National Institute of

Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria

branch located in El-Anfoushy.

The brood-stock was purchased in April 2005

from Safaga coast which lies 60 km. far from

Hurghada then delivered to the Alexandria

marine aquarium.

Fig. (1): Experimental design showing the two different experiments.

Clutch I

Clutch II

Clutch III

Clutch IV

Clutch V Clutch VI

T1 25 oC T 2 27 oC

Temperature treatments

Rearing treatments

F1 F2

REARING JUVENILES OF THE ANEMONE FISH, AMPHIPRION BICINCTUS IN CAPTIVITY

425

A couple of breeding pair are reared

separately in two glass aquaria of 70L.

volume till spawning time with their

symbiotic tank mate anemones (Shabana and

Helal ,2006). When spawning took place on a

rocky substratum, the rocks were removed in

separate aquaria. The total numbers of

embryos obtained from six clutches

throughout the entire experiment are (1138).

Immediately after hatching, between 200 and

300 larvae were transferred randomly into

four 70L glass aquaria held at 25oC.

Throughout the larval phase, 2 tanks were

maintained at 25oC (T1) and 2 tanks at 27

oC

(T2). This was repeated for three clutches of

larvae from two separate pairs of broad stock.

Larvae were reared using ‘green water’ as

described by Daintitch (1993), where

Nannochloropsis sp. algal culture is added to

tanks every morning. Tanks were lit by

fluorescent lights simulating a 24L/0D, and

maintained as a semi-closed system, flushed

nightly with temperature controlled water (25

and 27 oC) when the lights were off.

Schematic diagram demonstrates different

treatments (Fig.1).Thermal growth coefficient

(TGC) is calculated as described by Cho

(1992): TGC = (w21/3

-w1 1/3

) × 1000/Σ (t ×

feeding days), where Σ t× feeding days) is the

sum of water temperatures (°C) for every

feeding day during the experimental period.

Larvae are fed on rotifers (Brachionus

sp.) at a density of 15 ind /ml for the first 4

days after hatching, and on the third day after

hatching Artemia sp nauplii were added at a

rate of 1.0-2.5 ind /ml. Salinity is maintained

at 36 ppt , pH 8.2 and NO2 and NH3<0.03

ppm.

Total length of larvae was used to

determine the effects of temperature on the

ontogenetic rate of Amphiprion bicinctus, and

larval morphology is used to mark the end of

the larval period.

2.2. Feeding regime

Two feeding regimes were conducted to

juveniles: the first fish were fed at rate of 10

% of body weight per day consisting of

artificial diet spurted with a variety of frozen

foods (mainly shrimp) (F1), and the second

was 12 % of body weight per day of artificial

diet only (F2). All fishes were weighed every

ten days. The artificial diet brought from

COPPENS international bv–feeds for

aquaculture (Table 1).

Physico-chemical parameters sustained

for rearing tropical fish larvae as described by

Olivetti et al., 2003 were also employed

during the present study ( Table 2).

The results were analyzed using ANOVA,

followed by Student’s t-test, with a statistical

software package, Stat View 512 + TM

(Brain Power, USA). A probability level of

0.05 was utilized to account for the statistical

difference between the mean values. The

results are expressed as the means ± S.E.

Table (1): Chemical analysis (%) of artificial diet used for Amphiprion bicinctus juveniles

during the present study.

Chemical analysis (%)

Dry matter 87.12

Crude protein 50

Either extract 20

Crude fiber 0.6

Ash 9.2

Nitrogen free extract 20.2

From COPPENS ®


423

Table (2): Physico-chemical parameters for successful rearing of larvae.

Temperature 27°C

Salinity 36 ppt.

pH 8.2

Photoperiod 24L/0D

First food PUFA-enriched B. plicatilis (15 ind /ml) from day 1 – 5

Second food PUFA-enriched Artemia sp nauplii (1.0- 2.5 ind / ml)from day4-19

3. RESULTS

3.1. Effect of feeding regime on larval

survival.

The total number of eggs collected from

the couple of breeding pairs was 2250,

obtained in the form of six egg clutches. The

larvae collected from the first clutch are

totally lost due the action of their symbiotic

tank mates which disturb the pH of the

surrounding medium. The final amount of

hatched larvae is 1138. The highest survival

is achieved from the 4th

clutch reaching

38.29% .The same clutch hatchability

comprises the highest rate reaching 74.47%

(Table 3).

3.2. Effect of water temperatures on fish

juveniles performance:

The average initial body length and

weight at the beginning of the experiment of

two experimental groups (T1 and T2) are

5±0.76 mm and 0.06±0.03 gm respectively

(Fig.9). The results revealed a significant

difference in body size of post larvae at

p<0.05 due to water temperature (Table 4).

The average final length and weight were

significantly higher at 27°C reaching

9.00±0.43 mm and 0.33±0.03 gm

respectively, while, the corresponding values

recorded at 25°C are displaying a lower

values and reaching only 8.70±0.88 mm and

0.28±0.065 gm respectively. Ultimately, it is

clear that the survival rate of post larvae

recorded in (T2) group (83.33 %) is higher

than that in (T1) group (62.50 %) (Fig.3).The

growth performance concerning the weight

and length gain is higher in (T2) group than

in (T1) group as they display a value of

328.5,278.5µg/day and 2.12,2.0µm/day. As a

result, the thermal growth coefficient of (T2)

group is higher than that of (T2) group,

reaching 0.298 and 0.261 respectively (Fig.2)

and Table(4).

3. 3- Production of A.bicinctus juveniles

supplying two food regimes.

The final length and weight of juveniles

A. bicinctus recorded due to the conduction of

the first food regime (F1) varies significantly

from those recorded after the supply of the

second regime at p<0.05.They reached

4.5±1.09 cm and 2.86±1.23 gm respectively

.While, the second food regime (F2) resulted

in a final length of 3.9±0.98 cm and a final

weight of 2.32±1.05 gm. Accordingly, the

daily length and weight gain in (F1) are

higher and varying significantly from those

recorded in (F2) treatment. They reached 6.0

mm/day, 42.0 mg/day in (F1) treatment and

5.0 mm/day, 33.0 mg/day in (F2) treatment

respectively (Fig.5) and (Table 5).Also the

survival rate of (F1) displays a higher

percentage (85%) than that the recorded in

(F2) which displays 55% only (Fig.6) and

(Table 5)


425

Table (3): The hatchability and survival rate of the egg clutches which are obtained from

the two couples of breeding pairs.

No. of

clutch No. of eggs

No. of

Hatched

Larvae Hatchability

%

Post larvae

after 15 days survival %

clutch I 280±0.34

0 0 0 Did not

survive

clutch II 310 ± 0.67 90 29.03 30 33.33

clutch III 350± 0.88 110 31.43 40 36.36

clutch IV 480± 0.77 350 74.47 134 38.29

Clutch V 400± 0.95 280 70.00 100 35.71

Clutch VI 430± 0.56

308 71.63 90 29.22

Σ 2250 1138 380

Table(4): Growth performance and survival of post larvae at two temperature treatments

for 40 days.

Items Temperature treatments

25 oC (T1) 27

oC (T2)

(1) Stocking data

Average initial length (mm) 5±0.76

5±0.76

Average initial weight(g) 0.06±0.034 0.06±0.034

No. of fish stocked / 70 l glass aquaria 24 24

(2) Final data

Average final length (mm) 8.70±0.876a

9.00±0.432b

Average final weight(gm) 0.28± 0.06a

0.33±0.03b

Survival rate (%) 62.5 83.33

(3) Growth performance data

Daily length gain(μm/fish/day) 2.05 2.12

Daily weight gain (μg/fish/day) 278.5a

328.5b

Instant Daily Growth(IDG)1 3.851

a 4.261

b

Thermal growth coefficient (TGC)2

0.261a

0.298b

Values in same line with different superscript are significantly different at (p<0.05)

1-Instant Daily Growth (IDG) =100* (Ln final weight - Ln initial weight)/days

2- Thermal growth coefficient (TGC) = (w2 1/3

−w1 1/3

) × 1000/Σ (t× feeding days)


423

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 day 10 days 20 days 30 day 40 days

Rearing period

Av. to

tal b

ody w

eig

ht (m

g)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Av. to

tal b

ody le

ngth

(m

m)

Total length (T1) Total length (T2)

Total weight (T1) Total weight(T2)

Fig. (2): Average body weight and total length of Amphiprion bicinctus post larvae in

the two experimental groups 25°C (T1), 27°C (T2).

Fig. (3): Survival of post larvae of Amphiprion bicinctus in the two experimental groups.

survival

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 day 10 days 20 days 30 day 40 days

Rearing period

No. of post la

rvae

T1 T2


425

Fig. (4): A comparison between thermal growth coefficient (TGC) and instant daily

growth (IDG) in the two experimental groups at 25°C and 27°C for 40 days.

Table (5): Mean growth and survival of Amphiprion bicinctus juvenile using two feeding

regimes for 60 days at 27°C.

Item

Feeding regime

10 % body weight +

frozen food(F1)

12 % body weight

artificial diet(F2)

(1) stocking data

Average initial length (mm) 9.00±0.43 9.00±0.43

Average initial weight(gm) 0.33±0.03 0.33±0.03

No. of fish stocked/ 70 L glass aquaria 20 20

(2) End data

Average final length (cm) 4.5±1.09a 3.9±0.98b

Average final weight(gm) 2.86±1.23a 2.32±1.05b

Survival rate (%) 85 55

(3) Growth performance data Daily length gain(mm/fish/day) 6.0a 5.0b

Daily weight gain (mg/fish/day) 42.01a 33.0b

Instant Daily Growth(IDG) 7.43a 7.08b

Values in same line with different superscript are significantly different at (p<0.05)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

25 oC 27 oC

Treatments

TG

C

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

IDG

Instant Daily Growth(IDG) Thermal growth coefficient (TGC)


423

Fig. (5): Average body weight and average total length of the Amphiprion bicinctus

juveniles due to different feeding regime F1 and F2.

Fig. (6): Effect of different feeding regime F1, F2 on survival rate of Amphiprion bicinctus

juvenile.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 day 10 days 20 days 30 day 40 days 50 day 60 days

Rearing period

av. to

tal body w

eig

ht(

g)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

av. to

tal body length

(cm

)

Total weight (F1) Total weight(F2)

Total length (F1) Total length (F2)

survival

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 day 10 days 20 days 30 day 40 days 50 day 60 days

Rearing period

No

. o

f ju

ve

nil

es

F1 F2


425

Fig. (7): Comparison of daily weight gain (mg/fish/day) and daily length gain

(mm/fish/day) due to different feeding regimen F1, F2.

Fig. (8): A photograph of Amphiprion bicinctus juveniles at the end of experiments

(120days) marketable size.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

F1 F2

Feeding Regime

Da

ily

wei

gh

t g

ain

(m

g/f

ish

/da

y)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Da

ily

len

gth

ga

in (

mm

/fis

h/d

ay

)

Daily weight gain (mg/fish/day) Daily length gain(mm/fish/day)


423

Fig. (9): Post larva of Amphiprion bicinctus 2 days after hatching. Magnification (15X).

4. DISCUSSION

Actually, rearing and husbandry of some

species commonly used in the ornamental

fish trade represent an important tool for

broadening economical development. The

present study was able to demonstrate a

successful method of rearing Amphiprion

bicinctus under captivity conditions and to

investigate the effects of water temperature

on early growth and behavior, as well as

establishing a balanced regime for

maintaining a considerably high and fast

growth rate.

Our findings showed that the highest

survival rate of newly hatched larvae fed

on enriched rotifers (15indv/ml) and

enriched Artemia (1.0-2.5 indv/ml ) was

38.29 %. In accordance to our results,

Olivotto et al., 2004 showed that enriched

initial natural food is essential to larval

survival; and it changes dramatically when

larvae fed on enriched rotifers and reared

under different light/dark conditions. Marine

fish larvae fed first on a wide variety of

marine micro-zooplankton such as protozoans

(ciliates, foraminiferans), dinoflagellates,

mollusk larvae and copepod eggs and nauplii

(Holt and Holt, 2000; Riley and Holt, 1993;

Olivotto et al., 2004 and 2006).

The extended photoperiod 24 h of light

resulted in high survival and growth rate.

This is in agreement with the results of

Olivotto et al., 2003 ,which found that,

Chrysiptera parasema larvae grow faster and

survive with an extended photoperiod of 24 h

of light. Under these conditions the fish fed

for longer periods of time and yielded higher

rates of growth and development. In contrast,

Arvedlund et al.,2000 mentioned that A.

melanopus larvae and juveniles up to 25 days

after hatching grew fastest under an extended

photoperiod of 16-hour light, while 24 -hour

light displayed slower growth rate.

Our results demonstrate also a significant

correlation between body size of post-larvae

and thermal growth coefficient (TGC),

survival rate and different water temperatures

(25, 27 0C). Similarly, Bridget and Rebecca

(2004) found that in the tropical reef fish A.

melanopus, a small variation in temperature

resulted in a large variation in growth,

development and swimming performance.


425

Additionally, a small difference in

temperature (±2 oC) resulted in a large

variation in larval activity and survival

(Olivotto et al., 2006).

In the present study, it was demonstrated

that 10% body weight formulated diet (50 %

protein), spurted with a variety of frozen

foods for feeding juveniles of A. bicinctus,

was found to be superior over 12 % body

weight formulated diet (50 % protein) as it

gives highest juvenile survival rate (85 %)

and highest growth performance . Olivotto et

al. (2008) observed a positive effect of

feeding Tisbe spp copepods in A. clarkiaii

larviculture as a supplement live food to the

traditional diet based on rotifers and A.

nauplii.

Most of the recent studies recommended

the enrichment of the live food fed to

tropical fish as they are unfortunately poor in

HUFAs which are essential for the

development of nervous system and

maintenance of cell memebranes (Sargent et

al., 1997). At present, larviculture marine

protocols for marine ornamentals still need to

be optimized to produce organisms that

commercially compete with less expensive

specimens from the wild. Olivotto et al.

(2006) investigated the importance of fresh

food enrichment during the larval phase of

the Sunrise Dottyback (Pseudochromis

flavivertex ) and its effects on larval survival,

growth and metamorphosis timing. It was

evident that live prey enrichment is essential

for Sunrise Dottyback larvae growth and

survival. In addition, a positive correlation

between enrichment intakes via live prey and

growth, survival rate and metamorphosis

timing was found.

5. CONCLUSION

The present study strongly suggest that

the scientific, rigorous approach was a

demand in order to employ rearing protocols

of Amphiprion bicinctus as it could be reared

successfully under captivity conditions and

routinely fed on artificial commercial diets

spurted with a variety of frozen foods (mainly

shrimp).

The concurrent findings could help

aquaculturists dealing with ornamental fish

industry to start applying our rearing protocol

and launch the mass production of such rare

and valuable Red sea species in the

Mediterranean water.

N.B: The marketable size of A.bicinctus

obtained after 120 days of the current

experiment is illustrated in (Fig.8).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is sponsored by NIOF. The

authors would like to thank Prof. Soliman H.

Abdel-Rahman and Prof. Dr. Mohamed .A.

Shereadah for their financial support and

assistance supplying the aquarium with all

facilities.

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REARING JUVENILES OF THE ANEMONE FISH, AMPHIPRION BICINCTUS IN CAPTIVITY

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