Q3-5-022-67-TA2 #4 Research Unit #: 359 Report Period

FIN2L REW3RT

Contract #: Q3-5-022-67-TA2 #4Research Unit #: 359Report Period: 1 May 1975 to 31 March 1977Number of Pages: 340

BEAUFORT SEA PTJWKTON STUDIES

T. Saunders EnglishRita A. Homer

Department of OceanographyUniversity of Washington

SeaEtle, ‘Washington 98195

I.April 1977

Departmental Concurrence: :&&_.

Francis A. Richards ‘Associate Chairman for Research

REF : A77-4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1. Nearshore: Prudhoe Bay and USCGC G~acier

i

iii

1

List of Figures

List of Tables

I. Summary of objectives, conclusions, and implicationswith respect to oil and gas development

11. Introduction 1

1122

A. General nature and scope of studyB. Specific objectivesc. Relevance to problems of petroleum developmentD. Acknowledgements

III. Current state of knowledge 3

Iv. Study area 6

v. Sources, methods, and rationale of data collection 6

14VI. Results

A. Prudhoe BayB. USCGC GZaeier

1419

1. Hydrography2. Primary productivity and chlorophyll a3. Phytoplankton standing stock4. Zooplankton standing stock

19193939

VII . Discussion 116

A. Prudhoe BayB. USCGC GZaeie~

116117

L. Phytoplankton standing stock and productivity2. Zooplankton

117119

VIII . Conclusions 122

A. PhytoplanktonB. Zooplankton

122122

IX. Needs for further study 123

x. Summary of 4th quarter operations 124

XI. Bibliographies 124

XII. Archived samples and unpublished data 125

129XIII. Literature cited

XIV . Appendix: Bibliographies 136

A. PhytoplanktonB. Zooplanktonc. Ichthyoplankton

137150197

SECTION 2. Offshore: AIDJEX

i

iii

1

List of Figures

List of Tables

1. Summary of objectives, conclusions, and implicationswith respect to oil and gas development

II. Introduction 2

A. General nature and scope of studyB; Specific objectivec. Relevance to problems of petroleum development

222

III . Current state of knowledge 4

Iv. Study area 4

v. Rationale and methods of data collection 8

A. Rationale 8

1. General description2. Selection of variables

88

B. Methods 9

1. Field observations2. Data analysis3. Variance analysis

VI. Results 15

A. NitrateB. Chlorophyll ac. Assimilation potentialD. Assimilation numberE. Graduated light experiments

1515222222

F. In situ assimilationG. ZooplanktonH. Environmental observations

VII. Discussion

VIII. Conclusions

IX. Recommendations

x. Literature cited

XI. Appendices

A. AssimilationB. Chlorophyll ac. Zooplankton

333342

48

50

51

53

58

59129136

SECTION 1

Nearshore

Prudhoe Bay and USCGC Glae~eP

Rita A. Horner

Kevin D. Wyman

Thomas R. Kaperak

i

LIST OF FIGURESPage

Number

7

8

9

27

EQ2!.E

1

2

Station locations, Prudhoe Bay, Sep 1975.

Chukchi Sea cruise track and station locations,USCGC Glae~er, 7 Aug to 4 Sep 1976.

3 Beaufort Sea cruise track and station locations,USCGC Glacier, 7 Aug to 4 Sep 1976.

4 Depth profiles of temperature-salinity and chloro-phyll a - 14C assimilation in the Chukchi andBeaufort seas, Aug-Sep 1976.

‘2 . hr-l), Chukchi SeaIntegrated 14C uptake (mg c mstations, Aug 1976.

5

6

7

33

Integrated chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m-2) ,Chukchi Sea stations, Aug 1976.

34

Integrated phaeophytin concentrations (mg m-2) ,

Chukchi Sea stations, Aug 1976.35

36

37

38

8 “ Integrated 14C uptake (mg C m-2 ● hr-l) BeaufortSea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.

Integrated chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m-2),Beaufort Sea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.

9

10

11

Integrated phaeophytin concentrations (mg m-2),Beaufort Sea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.

Per cent Chaetoeeros species, all other diatoms,flagellates, and dinoflagellates at depth ofgreatest carbon assimilation.

42

12

13

Percentage of phytoplankton by major category bydepth for each station.

44

Abundance of zooplankton (number m2 X 103) collectedby USCGC G2aeier in the Beaufort Sea, 18 Aug to2 Sep 1976.

79

80

81

Percentage of zooplankton composed of copepods,barnacle larvae, and all other zooplankton from10-0 m hauls.

15 Percentage of zooplankton composed of copepods,barnacle larvae, and all other zooplankton from20-0 m hauls.

-r-lAL

ZxY.?E

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

Stations where Aeartia spp. were present.

Abundance of C’alanus glacia~is.

Stations where

Stations where50-0 m hauls.

Stations where

Stations where

Stations where

Stations where

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

Calanus hype~boreus was present.

Calanus phmchrus was present in

Derjuginia tolli was present.

Eucalanus bungii bungii was present.

Limnoealanus grimaldii was present.

Microcalanus pygmaeus was present.

Oithona similis.

Pseudoealanus spp.

barnacle larvae.

Stations where Thysanoessa inermis was present.

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

Abundance of

anomuran zoea.

brachyuran zoea.

shrimp larvae.

polychaete larvae.

Fritellaria bo~ealis.

Oikopleuxa sw.

Sagitta elegans.

AgZantha digitale.

Stations wherepresent.

Stations where

Stations where

Stations where

Perigonimus yoldia-arctieae was

Rathkea octopunctata was present.

G’yanea capillata was present.

Boreogadus saia% was present.

PageNumber

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Expeditions, publications, and subjects of marinebiological studies in coastal waters of the BeaufortSea

Station locations, USCGC GZaeier, 7 Aug to 4 Sep1976

References aiding identification of zooplankton

Hydrographic data for OCS stations taken duringSep 1975 in Prudhoe Bay

Hydrographic data for OCS stations taken duringAug-Sep 1976, USCGC GZac;er, in the Chukchi andBeaufort seas

Preliminary list of phytoplankton species in theBeaufort Sea

Per cent Ckzetoceros species, all other diatoms,flagellates, and dinoflagellates at depth ofgreatest carbon uptake

Percentage of phytoplankton by major category forthe upper 40 m

Total number of phytoplankton cells by major categoryfor the upper 40 m

Zooplankton found in the Beaufort Sea samplescollected from 18 Aug to 2 Sep 1976

Abundances of zooplanktonnet hauls from 10-0 m





Abundances of zooplanktonhauls

collected in 0.75 m ring





collected in bongo net

PageNumber

4

10

13

15

20

40

43

48

50

53

55

59

63

67

71

75

iv

Table

17 Number of fish larvae found in two WEBSEC-72Isaacs-Kidd mid-water trawl samples

18 Fish eggs and larvae from two vertical net hauls

19 Copepods sorted from station 005, AB 72-132(70° 51.7’ N, 143° 45.4’ W), 5Aug 1972, 50m

20 Copepods sorted from station 019, AB 72-199(71° 09.0’ N, 146° 29.0’ W), llAug 1972, 250m

PageNumber

126

126

127

128

1. Summary of objectives, conclusions, and implications with respect toOCS oil and gas development

The primary objectives of this project were to determine the seasonaldensity distribution and environmental requirements of principal speciesof phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton, and to determine sea-sonal indices of phytoplankton production. A secondary objective was tosummarize existing literature, unpublished data, and archived samples.

Most of our conclusions must be preliminary because so little informa-tion is available concerning plankton of the Beaufort Sea. In general,the distribution of individual phytoplankton species appears to be wide-spread within the Beaufort Sea, while the distribution of some zooplanktonspecies is influenced by local hydrographic regimes. Primary productionand standing stocks of phytoplankton are variable and patchy based ondata from one summer (August) sampling period. Highest primary productivityoccurs below the surface , usually between 5 and 20 m, and where diatomsare the most abundant organisms. Meroplankton comprise a large part ofthe zooplankton of the western Beaufort Sea. Expatriate species are foundwith the intrusion of Bering Sea water into the Beaufort Sea.

Most of the basic background information necessary to make adequateassessments of the impact of oil and gas development on the plankton isstill not available. Changes in species composition or loss of someplanktonic species because of an oil spill would probably affect higherlevels of the food chain and be damaging to fish, birds and mammals.Basic life history information is not known for most planktonic speciesand. tlhere are essentially no experimental studies concerning the effectsof oil on Arctic plankton. Our studies point out the lack of availableknowledge on the plankton.

11. Introduction

A. General nature and scope of study

As primary producers and primary and secondary consumers, phyto-plankton and zooplankton play an important role in the Beaufort Sea eco-system. Our purpose was to provide basic biological information aboutthese organisms in order to understand their relationships within the eco-system.

B. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this project were to

1. Determine the seasonal density distribution and environmentalrequirements of principal species of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ich-thyoplankton;

2. Determine seasonal indices of phytoplankton production;

samples.

c.

to have,

2

3. Summarize existing literature, unpublished data, and archived

Relevance to problems of petroleum development

The development of gas and oil reserves has had, and will continuean impact on the marine environment of the Beaufort Sea. In order

to detect changes and predict or assess adverse effects caused by thisdevelopment, it is necessary to have basic background information on pro-ductivity, species composition, distributions, abundances, life cycles andmigration patterns of planktonic organisms.

Potential dangers to the plankton community include reduced pri-mary productivity caused by direct toxicity effects or reduced light pene-tration into the water column as a result of a surface oil slick, andpossible changes in the phytoplankton species composition with possibleconcurrent changes in the zooplankton because of modified food sources.

Some life cycle stages, especially larvae, are more susceptibleto pollutants than other stages. It is important to know what thesestages are and when and where they occur in the water column.

Oil trapped under the ice would affect the ice algae communitythat commonly occurs in spring. While the areal extent of this communityis not well known, it is important in the shallow water areas (10 to 15 m)along the Beaufort Sea coast and provides a source of food for a number ofimportant species, including amphipods, that are in turn utilized as foodby birds and mammals.

In addition to the chemical effects of possible oil pollution,physical changes in the environment will also be critical. Constructionof causeways and other structures or dredging of channels that could changecirculation patterns will have an effect on primary productivity throughchanges in nutrient supply, and on planktonic organisms in general throughchanges in possible migration patterns and recruitment rates.

D. Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Deborah White, Rich McKinney, and MichaelMacaulay for their help in the field in 1975. The field party at theAIDJEX camp in 1975 consisted of Clarence Pautzkej Kevin Wyman, JerryHornof, and Maureen McCrae. Special thanks go to the officers and men ofUSCGC GZaeier for their assistance during the 1976 cruise. We thank TomKaperak for assistance in the field, analyzing samples, and data process-ing; Kevin Wyman and Leanne Legacie for analyzing zooplankton and ichthyo-plankton samples; Deborah White for analyzing the 1975 phytoplanktonsamples; Clarence Pautzke and Jerry Hornof for data processing; and MichaelMacaulay for data processing and management. Sue Latourell put in manyhours of secretarial assistance. The section on the AIDJEX study is thework of Clarence Pautzke, Jerry Hornof, and Kevin Wyman.

3

III. Current state of knowledge

Little is known about the biology of the plankton in the Chukchiand Beaufort seas. Table 1 lists expeditions, collections, and publica-tions on plankton from this area. The earliest collections were madeduring the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918. Major groups of zoo-plankton reported from this expedition included ctenophores andhydromedusae (Bigelow 1920), amphipods (Shoemaker 1920), copepods (Willey1920), and schizopod crustaceans (Schmitt 1919). The primary constituentsof the zooplankton in these samples were crustaceans, particularly copepods.Diatoms, described by Mann (1925), were primarily benthic forms.

Johnson (1956) reported on zooplankton collected in the Chukchi andBeaufort seas in 1950 and 1951 and demonstrated, for the first time, thepresence of Bering Sea water in the Beaufort Sea based on zooplanktondistributions. Hand and Kan (1961) described the hydromedusae from thesesamples, including breeding ranges and the influence of hydrography onspecies distribution.

Wing (1974) described the kinds and abundance of zooplankton fromthe eastern Chukchi Sea in September and October 1970. Quast (1974)reported the density distribution of juvenile Arctic cod (Boreogadwsaida Lepechin) from the same cruise and considered Arctic cod to be a“key species in the ecology of the arctic seas”, being important as amajor secondary consumer.

Studies concerned with annual cycles, biomass, population dynamics,and production of both phytoplankton and zooplankton have been doneprimarily at Pt. Barrow (MacGini.tie 1955; Johnson 1958, Bursa 1963;Homer 1969, 1972; Redburn 1974). MacGinitie (1955), concerned mainlywith benthic invertebrates, included a limited discussion of phytoplanktonand zooplankton based on relative abundances and reproductive periods.Johnson (1958) described the qualitative and quantitative composition ofthe inshore zooplankton community for one month in summer.

Redburn (1974] described the zooplankton community in terms ofspecies abundance and composition, life cycles, and relationship to thehydrographic regime. Copepods were the major constituents of the communityalong with large numbers of meroplanktonic larvae. The occurrence ofBering Sea water was indicated by the presence of several expatriatespecies of copepods and several populations of copepods and hydromedusaethat breed from the Bering Sea to Barrow.

Bursa (1963) studied the taxonomy, ecology, and abundance of phyto-plankton from several habitats near Barrow. Homer (1969, 1972) reporteda bimodal annual phytoplankton cycle with a spring maximum in June andearly July before ice breakup and a fall maximum in August-September.

In the nearshore area of the Beaufort Sea, Alexander (1974)has reported primary productivity, chlorophyll a, and biomass data forthe phytoplankton community in the Colville River system, includingHarrison Bay and Simpson Lagoon. Coyle (1974) and Homer et aZ. (1974)

4

Table 1. Expeditions, publications, and subjects of marinebiological studies in coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea

Expedition or location

Canadian Arctic Exped. 1913-18Chukchi - Beaufort

Chelan 1934

Burton Island 1950, 1951

LCMR@2ey 1954

Barrow: mainlyChukchi Sea

References

Bigelow 1920

Shoemaker 1920

Willey 1920

Schmitt 1919

Mann 1925

Johnson 1936

1953

Johnson 1956

Hand & Kan 1961

Mohr et az. 1957

MacGinitie 1955

Shoemaker 1955

Johnson 1958

Bursa 1963

Homer 1969

1972

Homer &Alexander 1972

Matheke 1973Matheke &Homer 1974

Alexander, Homer& Clasby 1974

Redburn 1974

Subject

hydromedusaectenophores

amphipods

copepods

schizopod crusta-ceans

diatoms

zooplankton

zooplankton

copepods

hydromedusae

fish

some zooplankton andphytoplankton

amphipods

inshore zooplankton(summer)

phytoplankton

phytoplankton

phytoplankton

ice algae

benthic microalgae

ice algae, some phyto-plankton

zooplankton

5

Table 1. (continued)

Expedition or location References Subject

Oliktok Alexander 1974 phytoplankton

Prudhoe Bay Homer, Coyle, phytoplankton, zoo-Redburn 1974 plankton

Coyle 1974 phytoplankton

WEBSEC

Glacier 1970, 1971, 1972,1973

Staten Island 1974

OCSEAP

1975 Prudhoe Bay

GZacter 1976 Beaufort Seato P.B.

Chukchi SeaIcy Cape -Brw.

Southern Beaufort Sea

Quast 1974

Cobb & McConnellno date

Wing 1974

Homer unpubl

Homer unpubl

English, HomerOCS reps.

English, HomerOCS reps.

Grainger &Grohe 1975

Adams 1974

Hsiao 1976

Arctic cod - Chukchi

zooplankton 1971

zooplankton - Chukchi

phytoplankton - chl a,standing stock

phytoplankton - chl a,standing stock

phytoplankton

phytoplankton - chl a,species, prim. prod.

zooplankton - speciesstanding stock

ichthyoplankton -species, standingstock

zooplankton

prim. prod., oil underice

phytoplankton

6

studied the Prudhoe Bay plankton in terms of primary productivity, stand-ing stock, species composition, and spatial variability, along with localhydrographic conditions.

Cobb and McConnell (unpubl. ins.) have described the species composi-tion, relative abundances, and distributions of zooplankton collected insummer 1971. Homer (unpubl.) has data on phytoplankton standing stock,distribution, and chlorophylls concentrations from summer 1973 and 1974.

Hsiao (1976) and Grainger and Grohe (1975) have reported on phyto-plankton and zooplankton studies in the southern Beaufort Sea (MackenzieRiver delta), and Adams (1975) studied light intensity and primary produc-tivity under sea ice containing oil.

With the exception of Adams (1975), these studies have been concernedwith species composition, abundance, and distribution. Few attempts havebeen made to determine energy flow within the Arctic ecosystem and onlyAdams (1975) and Hsiao (1976) have studied the effects of oil on phyto-plankton productivity in the Beaufort Sea.

IV. Study area

Plankton collections were made in Prudhoe Bay in Aug-Sep 1975 (Fig. 1)and in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas in Aug-Sep 1976 (Fig. 2 to 3,Table 2). The Prudhoe Bay samples were collected when and where localweather and ice conditions permitted. Plankton collections were made inthe Chukchi Sea early during the GZacier cruise because ice conditionsprevented the ship from entering the Beaufort Sea. Beaufort Sea stationswere generally taken along the transects designated by OCS off Pitt Pointand Narwhal Island. Ice prevented our working the transect off BarterIsland. Additional stations were taken where investigators requested andice permitted.

V* Sources$ methods, and rationale of data collection

Phytoplankton samples were collected in Prudhoe Bay with a 6-! Scott-Richards water bottle (modified Van Dorn bottle). Following collection,the water samples were drained into 4-L polyethylene bottles, kept in acool place, and returned to the shore laboratory at the V & E Constructioncamp, Deadhorse, for further processing.

In the laboratory, portions of each water sample were used for chloro-phyll a, primary productivity, standing stock, and salinity. Water forchlorophyll a determination was filtered through 47 mm Millipore HA (0.45 pm)filters. A few drops of a saturated MgC03 solution were added and thefilter tower rinsed with filtered seawater. The filters were folded intoquarters, placed in a dessicator, and frozen. At the University ofWashington, the chlorophyll concentrations were determined using a Turnerfluorometer (Strickland and Parsons 1968).

JI2rVMD2121VVD e' e e

16 V1IVKI)Kenrr' 51

r-:

NV\'\( \S\(

30 21

00

7

30’ 148°20’ w 10’

I } I

REINDEER

“ L A N D %MIDWAY ISLANDS

=ARGO ISLAND

‘PA30 31 17, 22, 28,

c\ /?

\_

L

.>.3,:.. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .

‘,”: .. . . . \,,, 33 \ \

30’ 148”20’ w 10’

o’

‘o!5N

!C

Fig. 1. Station locations, Prudhoe Bay, Sep 1975. A is iceedge 10 Sep; B is ice edge 11 Sep; C is ice edge 14 Sep.

Ov%O '---

I

?:

71

0

91

16G0 164” 162° 16fJ” I me 156”

f’.-.I’OINT LAY.?

:d-.i l...–___l._–-... J._._. I I Ilr,~~ 160” 162” Ic,()” 158”

Fig. 2. Chukchi Sea cruise track and station locations, USCGCGlacier, 7 Aug to 4 Sep 1976.

I L)

ow 1012

/

. w MI1MICkJ.

VbE v4krlk1

CubE lb2O1

CubE NrIEii

so

12

162° 160° 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148”I I .j 1 \ . 1 I / I I I 1

t

I ‘ \ /J--G=77 =“”’”;

I 1 J1/

)KILOMETERS

1 I / I I I \160” 158° 156° 154” 152° 150” 148°

Fig. 3 . Beaufort Sea cruise track and station locations, USCGC Gi!acier, 7 Aug to 4 Sep 1976.

10

Table 2. Station locations, USCGC Glacier, 7 Aug to 4 Sep 1976

ChartDepth

Station Latitude (N) Longitude (lJ) (m) Location

1 70° 54’3 70° 43’4 70° 50’5 70° 47’6 70° 39’7 70° 28’8 70° 34’9 71° 03’

10 71° 16’11 71° 25.5’12 ‘ 71° 31.5’13 71° 31’14 71° 11’15 70° 36’1 7 70° 32’18 70° 39’19B 70° 57’20 71° 08’21 71° 43’23 71° 22’24 71° 19’25 71° 08’26 71° 23’27 71° 36’

160° 04”160° 40’162° 09’162° 14’162° 16’163° 26’162° 50’159° 17’157° 43’156° 54.8’156° 09’155° 05’153° 09’148° 12’147° 33’147° 37’149° 33’151° 19’151° 47’152° 20’152° 32’152° 57’154° 21’155° 32’

542040363640276170

10613931251625253034

170075522230

171

Chukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaChukchi SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeauforc SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort SeaBeaufort Sea

11

Primary productivity experiments were run in 60 ml reagent bottles.Two light bottles and one dark bottle were used for each depth. Two ml ofNaH14C03 solution were added to each bottle, aluminum foil was placedaround the dark bottle, and the samples were incubated in a plastic bucketfilled with water under daylight illumination and ambient air temperature.After a 4 hr incubation period, the samples were filtered onto 25 mmMillipore HA (0.45 Urn) filters, rinsed with 5 ml filtered seawater, andthe filters were placed in liquid scintillation vials. In Seattle,radioactive uptake was measured using a Packard Tri-Carb Liquid Scintil-lation Spectrometer with Aquasol (New England Nuclear) as the scintillationcocktail.

Standing stock samples were preserved with 5 to 10 ml of 4% formalinbuffered with sodium acetate. Cell counts and species identificationwere made using a Zeiss phase-contrast inverted microscope following themethod of Uterm6hl (1931). Species identifications were made usingstandard phytoplankton reference books with Hustedt (1930, 1959) and Schiller(1933, 1937) as the main authorities. Voucher specimens were not kept.

Nutrient determinations were made on Millipore filtered seawater thatwas frozen and returned to Seattle. Autoanalyzer methods (Strickland andParsons 1968) were used to determine nutrient concentrations. Filteredseawater was also used to determine salinity. These samples were analyzedat the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, Alaska, using a BeckmanRS 7 B induction salinometer using Copenhagen seawater as the standard.

During the cruise of the USCGC GZaeier zooplankton and ichthyoplanktonwere sampled with bongo nets and 0.75-m ring nets. The bongo net consistsof a double-mouthed frame, each mouth with an inside diameter of 60 cmand an area of 0.2827 m2. Nets with a mesh size of 505 Urn (8:1 OAR) and333 pm (8:1 OAR) were attached to the frame. A TSK flow meter was mountedin the mouth of each net to determine the amount of water filtered, and abathykymograph (BKG) was attached at the center of the frame to determinetow depth. Two or three 25-lb cannon ball weights were attached to theframe. Tows were double oblique with deployment at approximately 50 m/min,with a 30 sec soaking time, and retrieval at 20 m/min. Sampling depthvaried because of the shallow water, but the net was placed as close tothe bottom as possible without endangering the net. Because of adverse iceconditions, only 10 bongo tows were made.

The ring net has a mesh size of 308 pm (2:1 OAR) and is mounted on a0.75-m ring. This net was lowered to a predetermined depth, usually 10or 20 m, allowed to soak for 10 secDepending on the water depth,

, and vertically hauled to the surface.two or more tows were made at a station,

with 51 tows being done during the cruise.

The zooplankton samples were concentrated by gently swirling the samplein a net collection bucket to remove excess water. The samples were thenplaced in 250 or 500 ml jars and preserved with 100% formalin and saturatedsodium borate solution. The amount of formalin and buffer depended on thejar size. A label containing collection data was put in the jar, seawaterwas added, if necessary to fill the jar, and the jar was tightly capped forstorage.

12

The zooplankton samples were first sorted for large or rare organisms,then each sample was split in a Folsom plankton splitter until a subsamplecontaining 100 specimens of the most abundant species was obtained. Theorganisms were identified and counted using a dissecting microscope.Voucher specimens have been kept for some species. References used toidentify zooplankton are given in Table 3.

Acoustic surveys were conducted using a Ross 200A Fine Line Echosoundersystem operating with a frequency of 105 kHz. A 10° transducer mountedin a 0.6 m V-Fin depressor was lowered to the water surface when the shipwas stopped on station. The incoming signal was recorded on a paper chartmarked with the station number, date, time (LDT), and other pertinentinformation. When ice and time allowed, the incoming signal was alsorecorded on magnetic tape for later analysis. Most of the recording wasdone in the 0-50 fm range because of the shallowness of the water. Fewacoustic measurements were made because of ice conditions.

Phytoplankton samples were collected with 5-1 Niskin bottles. Sub-samples were taken for salinity, standing stock, primary productivity, andchlorophyll a determinations. Salinity was measured on board using aBisset Berman Hytech salinometer Model 6220 (USCG # 4691 m). Standingstock samples were preserved with approximately 10 ml of 4% formalin.Cell counts and species identifications were made using a Zeiss phase-contrast inverted microscope following the method of Uterm5hl (1931).Five and 50-ml settling chambers were set up for each sample. Rareorganisms and cells larger than 50 ~m were counted at 10 X in the 50-mlchambers and small, abundant organisms were counted at 25 X in the 5-mlchambers. Usually 1/5 of each chamber was counted. Species identifica-tions were made using standard phytoplankton reference books with Hustedt(1930, 1959) and Schiller (1933, 1937) as the main authorities. Voucherspecimens were not kept. Standing stock samples collected in the ChukchiSea have not been analyzed because of time limitations.

Primary productivity measurements were made in 60 ml reagent bottles.Two Ii ht bottles and one dark bottle were used for each depth.

?4Two ml

of NaH C03 solution were added to each bottle, aluminum foil was placedaround the dark bottle, and the samples were incubated in a sink in thelaboratory. A bank of cool white fluorescent lights was set up over thesink. Light levels were measured at the beginning and end of the incuba-tion period with a Gossen Super Pilot photographic light meter. Lowtemperature in the sink was maintained by running seawater; temperaturewas measured at the beginning and end of the incubation period. The incuba-tion period was usually 3-4 hours. The samples were filtered onto 25 mmMillipore HA (0.45 pm) filters, rinsed with approximately 5 ml filteredseawater and 5 ml 0.01 N HCL, and placed in liquid scintillation vials.Radioactive uptake was measured using a Packard Tri-Carb Liquid Scintilla-tion Spectrometer with Aquasol (Newcocktail. Primary productivity was

Ps (mg C m-3 ● hr-l) =

England Nuclear) as the scintillationcalculated using the equation

(L-D) xwx 1.05R x T

13

Copepoda

Table 3. References aiding identification

Brodskii, 1950Heron and Damkaer, 1976Jaschnov, 1948Mori, 1937Sars, 1900Sars, 1903Vidal, 1971

Euphausiacea

Leung, 1970a

Ostracoda

Leung, 1972cSars, 1928

Mysidacea

Leung, 1972b

Decapoda

Leung, Havens, and Rork, 1971Makarov, 1967

Amphipoda

Sars, 1895Tencati, 1970

Polychaeta

of zooplankton

Pettibone, 1954Yingst, 1972

Appendicularia

Leung, 1972a

Chaetognatha

Dawson, 1971

Hydrozoa

Naumov, 1960Shirley and Leung, 1970

Ctenophora

Leung, 1970b

Pteropoda

Leung, 1971

Pisces

Blackburn, 1973Ehrenbaum, 1909Gorbunova, 1954Rass, 1949

DJx(0 mxJE \L I X 0 0

I mx j(K )1L CE \E )

14

where (L-D) is light-dark bottle disintegrations per minute; W iscarbonate carbon; 1.05 is a “C isotope factor; R is the activity ofthe 14C used; and T is the incubation time.

Water for chlorophyll a determinations was filtered through 47 mmMillipore HA (0.45 pm) filters. A few drops of a saturated MgC03 solutionwere added and the filter tower was rinsed with filtered seawater. Thefilters were folded into quarters, placed in labelled coin envelopes,and frozen. The samples were analyzed using a Turner fluorometer(Strickland and Parsons 1968). Calculations were done using the equations

Fo/Famax

Fe/F(Kx) (F. - Fa)

amax-1chl a =

Vol filtered

~j:;_j(Kx)[Fo(FJFoma: -Fa)Phaeo =

Vol filtered

where F is fluorometer reading before acidification; F is fluorometerreading”after acidification; K is fluorometer door cali~ration factor;and Vol filtered is the volume of sample filtered.

Temperatures, measured using reversing thermometers, were correctedusing the calibration factors provided by the Coast Guard and followingthe procedure outlined in U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office Publ 607 (1968).

VI. Results

A. Prudhoe Bay

Hydrographic data are given intions were generally < 1 mg m-3, except

Table 4. Chlorophyll afor near-bottom samples

concentra-at stations

24, 27, and 30, where concentrations were 2 to 3 mg m-3. Different speciesaccounted for the higher chlorophyll a concentrations in the deeper waterwith pennate diatoms being most abundant at station 39-15 and Chaetoeerosfuree2Zatus Bailey being most abundant at station 24-7.

Temperature ranged from -1.0 to +3.0° C with the lowest and high-est temperatures at the surface. Salinity ranged from 11.648 to 24.959 O/oowith higher salinities generally being in deeper water.

Phosphate concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 1.31 pg at R-l,“generally being below 0.60 pg at L-l. Silicate concentrations ranged

Table 4. Hydrographic data for OCS stations taken during Sep 1975 in Prudhoe Bay

DateSta. (1975) Sample

Nutrients (pg at !2) Chl. aNo. (ADT) Depth T s“/oo P04 Si NO s N02 NHQ (mg m3)

-1.0 12.844

20.208

22.126

13.16812.642

14.05418.948

17.317

16.10719.497

20.579

14.77812.317

17.18613.405

12.57019.148

0.36 16.60 0.20 0.12 0.86

0.80

1.86

0.521.08

0.941.62

1.29

1.900.60

0.88

2.011.09

0.850.84

1.820.62

0.845 “

1.284

0.777

0.8790.811

P0.714 U

1.048

0.545

0.6420.946

1.169

0.7770.533

0.8790.630

0.4360.787

P-1

P-2

P-3

P-4

P-5

P-6

P-7

P-8

P-9

P-lo

P-n

9-5

9-5

9-5

9-7

0

0 -1.0 0.52 10.14 0.35 0.24

8.00 1.19 0.060 -1.0 0.71

0.21.2

0.940.95

20.95 0.27 0.1020.64 1.15 0.10

07

-0.8-0.4

0.730.36

19.21 0.16 0.1312.47 0.85 0.21

9-7 08

0.57(No

11.21 0.37 0.17bottom samples taken here)

9-7 03

-0.8-1.5

0.520.58

14.16 0.92 0.217.91 0.24 0.39

9-7 05

-0.8-1.2

1.28(No

10.38 0.08 0.57bottom samples taken here)

9-7 02

-1.0-1.0

0.480.43

14.65 0.58 0.4220.92 0.08 0.30

9-7 07

-1.0-1.0

4.72 0.20 0.055.65 0.35 0.05

9-8 06

0.80.8

0.220.29

20.20 1.19 0.1110.91 0.24 0.06

9-8 07

-0.8-0.4

0.470.36

DateSta. (1975) Sample Nutrients (Ug at 1) Chl. aNo. (ADT) Depth T solo. P04 Si NO 3 N02 NH4 (mg m3)

P-12

P-13

P-14

P-15

P-16

P-17

P-18

P-19

P-20

P-21

9-8

9-8

9-8

9-1o

9-1o

9-1o

9-1o

9-1o

9-11

9-11

08

06

05

05

023

030

011

07

08

-0.5-0.2

-0.4-0.2

-1.0-0.5

0.50.2

1.00.8

0.80.5

1.20.5

1.21.0

1.51.2

1.21.2

12.45619.416

12.52216.811

11.64817.687

16.06717.675

17.57218.031

22.61823.091

23.36624.959

21.46222.134

15.49418.356

16.22717.708

0.450.63

0.490.36

0.280.38

0.170.40

0.270.51

0.530.72

0.500.70

0.450.61

----

.---

15.918.92

20.7114.48

20.228.33

14.3515.45

15.6114.15

14.2211.80

11.4710.17

12.1712 ● 49

----

----

1.150.15

0.860.40

0.920.23

0.110.59

0.100.15

0.270.56

0.140.82

0.420.33

----

----

0.110.05

0.13O*1O

0.090.01

0.000.28

0.070.09

0.120.09

0.070.10

0.140.08

----

--.-

1.151.04

1.701.39

2.030.74

1.032.17

1.262.65

2.571.23

0.931.47

1.171.30

----

----

0.4721.220

0.5210.606

0.3510.845

0.557 G0.946

0.4240.823

0.4600.606

0.2790.465

0.2540.509

0.8551.790

0.8230.799


DateSta. (1975) Sample

Nutrients (Bg at L) Chl. aNo. (ADT) Depth T s“/oo Po~ Si NO s N02 NH4 (mg m3)

P-22

P-23

P-24

P-25

P-26

P-27

P-28

P-29

P-30

P-31

9-11

9-13

9-13

9-13

9-13

9-14

9-14

9-14

9-14

9-16

019

05

07

08

06

05

020

019

015

015

1.21.2

2.52.3

2.22.2

1.92.2

1.81.8

2.21.8

1.50.3

0.30.0

1.90.6

2.21.4

23.16623.186,

19.66020.002

20.49120.832

19.57120.693

17.01018.895

17.48921.055

19.31423.530

21.75923.587

17.26122.801

17.60020.872

---.

0.470.46

0.450.47

0.210.29

0.190.28

0.030.56

0.161.09

0.451.31

0.33--

----

----

9.648.97

10.7710.33

11.2610.42

8.2411.03

13.0111.25

12.6411.20

9.9611.25

13.83--

----

----

0.130.26

0.540.15

0.800.38

0.050.32

0.090.03

0.030.28

0.120.21

0.04--

----

-.--

0.260.46

0.280.29

0.801.10

0.071.05

0.130.09

0.130.27

0.150.36

0.18--

----

----

2.522.40

1.030.67

1.250.94

1.061.01

2.180.21

0.210.21

----

----

----

—

0.6060.545

0.4721.217

0.7992.907

0.7990.690

0.6420.690

0.3392,260

1.0480.744

0.2460.777

0.1732.330

0.6420.744


DateStae (1975) SampleNo. (ADT) Depth T S“/oo P04 Si

Nutrients (pg at 1)

NO 3 N02 NH4Chl. a(mg m3)

P-32 9-16 0 1.2 22.217 -- -- -. -- .- 1.18020 1.1 22.258 -- -- -- -- -- 0.702

P-33 9-16 0 1.9 ‘20.767 -- -- -- -- -- 0.36315 1.5 21.274 -- -- -- -- -- 0.744

P-34 9-16 0 2.0 14.567 -- -- -- -- -. 0.6307 3.0 18.690 -- -- -- -- -- 0.879

P-35 9-16 0 2.1 20.067 -- -- -- -. -- 0.7026 2.0 20.094 -- -- -- -- -- 0.879

P-36 9-16 0 2.0 20.071 -- -- -- -- -- 0.3757 1.7 20.097 -- -- -- -- -- 0.545

P-37 9-16 0 2.0 19.916 -- -- -- -- -- 0.7445 2.0 19.930 -- -- -- -- -- 0.507

19

from 4.72 to 20.95 vg at Y.-l. The lowest silicate concentration was atstation 10 and the highest at station 4, both located inside the baynear the east dock. The samples were collected one day apart and fewdiatoms were present at either station. Nitrate concentrations rangedfrom 0.03 to 1.19 pg at t-l ; nitrite ranged from 0.00 to 0.57 Vg at l-l;ammonia ranged from 0.60 to 2.57 pg at g-l.

Primary productivity was generally low, ranging from 0.01 to 2.97mg C m-3 * hr-], with the highest occurring at station 24-7 where thechlorophyll a concentration was also high.

Inside Prudhoe Bay, small species of the diatom genus Chaetoceros,especially Ch. furcellatus, were dominant. Pennate diatoms, mostly un-identified, were also present, but usually not in large nuu,bers. At station33, slightly north of Gull Island, at 15 m, small flagellates were abun-dant along with ChaetocePos spp. Small flagellates were also abundant atthe surface at station 30. Ciliates were abundant at stations 6, 14, 15,16, 23, 24, and 31, probably grazing on the phytoplankton.

B. USCGC Glaeie~

1. Hydrography

Hydrographic data for stations taken in the Chukchi andBeaufort Seas are given in Table 5. Temperature and salinity depth pro-fjles are plotted in Fig. 4. Bering Sea water, indicated by highertemperatures, can be seen at 10 to 20 m at stations 13,. 21, 23, 24, 26,27, and possibly 20. The presence of Bering Sea water in the BeaufortSea is important when discussing distribution patterns of phytoplanktonand zooplankton.

2. Primary productivity and chlorophyll a

Primary productivity and chlorophyll a values are listed inTable 5, and depth profiles are shown in Fig. 4. Integrated values forcarbon assimilation, chlorophyll a, and phaeophytin are given in Figs.5 to 10. In general, high chlorophyll a concentrations were found at thesame depths as high primary productivity. High productivity and highphytoplankton cell counts did not always occur at the same depth. Thesame species were usually abundant at the depth of greatest primary pro-ductivity with the exceptions of stations 23 and 24. At these stations, ~highest productivity occurred at 15 m in Bering Sea water where Lepto-cylindrus minhus Gran and Nitzsehia elosterium (Ehrb.) W. Smith were themost abundant species.

Relatively high production and chlorophyll a concentrationswere found in the Prudhoe Bay area (stations 15, 17, and 18) except at thesurface where small flagellates comprised about 75% of the population.Primary productivity was generally < 1 mg C m-3 ● hr-l at stations anddepths where flagellates were the most abundant.

Table 5. Hydrographic data for OCS stations taken during Aug-Sep 1976,USCGC GZaeier, in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas

Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Temp. Chl a Phaeo Primary Prod.No (GMT) (GMT) (N) (w) (m) (m) S“/.. (“C) (mg m-3) (mg m-3) (mg C ‘-’ “hr-l)

01

02

03

04

09 Aug 0635 70°54.0’ 160°04.0’

No hydrographic station

09 Aug 2300

10 Aug 1800

70°43.0’ 160°40.0’

70° .0’ 162°09.0’

54

20

40

000005010015020025030045

000005010015020035

000005010015020025035

28.54 0.9330.09 -0.3331.82 -1.3232.15 -1.7232.25 -1.8532.67 -1.7232.97 -1.2533.01 -1.27

29.27 2.0629.25 1.9629.20 1.9531.65 -1.1732.49 -1.4732.93 -1.19

29.88 3.9729.90 4.0429.91 3.9031.57 3.0131.86 O*6632.63 -0.5732.59 MALF

0.170.140.951.945.960.633.190.70

0.180.120.160.180.830.29

0.190.160.160.30

0.030.320.190.120.090.250.280.34

0.040.040.040.090.380.22

0.040.030.040.05

0.1701.603

--6.7935.1352.8350.6100.426

0.0680.1130.0760.1800.7150.452

0.1050.0960.1200.436

0.22 0.05 0.5800.66 0.27 0.698 -

0.48 0.25 0.425


Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Temp. Chl a Phaeo Primary Prod.No (GMT) (GMT) (N) (w) (m) (m) SO/O. (“c) (mgm-3) (mgm-3) (mg Cm-3-hr-1)

05

06

07

08

11 Aug 1453 70°47.0’ 162°14.0’ 36

11 Aug 2308 70°39.0’ 162°16.0’ 36

12 Aug 1510 70°28.0’ 163°26.0’ 40

13 Aug 0745 70°34.0’ 162°50.0’ 27

000 29.19 5.02005 29.42 4.77010 29.98 3.78015 30.94 1.94020 32.16 -0.20025 32.49 -0.85030 32.66 -1.07035 32.64 -1.04

000 32.48 4.78005 32.48 5.45010 32.28 5.91015 32.23 1.65020 32.06 0.12025 31.00 -0.84030 30.90 -1.03035 29.66 -1.00

000 30.30 4.82005 30.27 4.82010 30.32 4.90015 no sample 4.81020 30.62 5.01025 32.44 -0.85030 32.44 -0.09040 32.44 -0.13

000 29.34 3.78005 29.57 2.95010 no sample015 30.74 -0.09

0.180.230.200.250.410.490.710.66

0.220.310.240.261.692.590.470.57

0.270.260.17

0.220.941.341.64

0.230.18

0.25

0.020.020.060.090.190.280.540.44

0.030 . 0 40.030.050.380.340.290.42

0.030.030.32

0.020.120.110.02

0.040.03

0.04

0.1310.1390.2440.2510.2660.4710.4880.589

0.1540.1890.2100.2391.7213.0120.6150.647

0.1720.2260.148

0.1281.0341.5731.412

0.1110.129

0.205


Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Temp. Chl a Phaeo Primary Prod.No (GMT) (Gl@) (N) (w) (m) (m] SO/OO (“c) (mgm-3) (mgm-3) (mgCm-3*hr-1)

09 14 Aug 1843 71°03.0’ 159”17.0’ 61 000 29.81 2.08005 29.81 1.94010 31.73 -1.08015 32.67 -1.33020 32.79 -1.29

“ 025 32.81 -1.28035 32.71 -1.27055 32.77 -1.26

10 15 Au~ 1843 71°16.0’ 157°43.0’ 70 000 29.10 2.42005 29.42 2.20010 30.68 -1.08015 32.67 -1.24020 32.70 -1.26025 32.70 -1.25045 no sample -1.33065 32.94 -1.47

11 16 Aug 1538 71°25.5’ 156°54.8’ 106 000 28.57 3.26005 28.76 2.54010 28.90 2.26015 32.51 -1.38025 32.74 -1.32050 32.79 -1.38

0 7 5 32.94 -1.51100 33.03 -1.58

0.190.170.208.002.713.002.552.49

0.240.280.812.692.543.43

3.30

0.370.330.29

14.201.721.992.382.65

0.030.030.070.320.220.170.170.30

0.040.030.18 “0.210.440.24

0.14

0.070.050.060.280.180.240.250.38

0.0820.0380.0904.5281.9901.6841.4841.605

0.1440.2840.9422.0222.9542;’762

2.527

0.3750.3970.3940.9551.5571.7421.6971.912


Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Chl a Phaeo Primary Prod.No (GMT) (N) (w) (m) (m) So,oo ‘:::; (mg m-3) (mg m-3) (wcm-3ehr-1)

12

13

14

15

16

17 Aug 1545 71°31.5’ 156°09.0’

18 Aug 1555 71°31.0’ 155°05.0’

21 Aug 0100 71°11.0’ 153°09.0’

24 Aug 0053 70°36.0’ 148°12.0’

No hydrographic data

139

31

25

16

000005010015025050075100

000005010015020025

000005010015020

000005010015

29.09 3.2329.06 3.2329.25 3.4629.64 2.5431.88 -0.7232.67 -1.3332.69 -1.2932.74 -1.34

15.35 1.0328.22 2.5429.44 2.8229.63 2.5329.90 2.0930.56 0.72

07.84 1.7827.72 -0.8029.67 -0.6731.29 -0.6731.46 -0.87

10.04 -0.2128.48 -0.9128.23 -1.4130.32 -1.43

0.310.270.310.540.563.102.902.60

0.620.490.590.510.540.47

0.290.810.180.150.12

0.325.075.205:38

0.040.020.040.230.190.250.400.37

0.090.10 ‘0.130.080.100.10

0.060.020.060.110.12

0.030.180.080.14

0.1450.1980.1630.4470.4482.8121.7531.812

0.3590.5160.4270.5440.5380.622

0.1640.5500.0700.0940.066

0.2244.3623.9364.198

NJw


Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Temp. Chl a PhaeoNo (GMT) (GMT) (N) (w) (m) (m) ‘rtia:;.:;:!jS O/ OO (“C) (mg m-3) (mg m-3) (mgCm

17 26 Aug 0518 70°32.0’ 147°33.0’

18 26 Aug 1808 70°39.0’ 147°37.0’

19A Salinity at O & 20 m only from thisstation

19B 27 Aug 0900 70°57.0’ i49”33.o’

20 28 J@ 2327

21 30 Aug 0035

71°08.0’ 151°19.0’

71°43.0’ 151°47.0’

25

25

30

34

1700

000005010015020

000005010015

000020

000005010015020025

000005010015

000005010015020025

06.0228.8830.0630.7231.72

05.0525.9029.7030.21

10.7531.90

07.6424.6330.0131.4430.4331.62

19.0522.8132.2530.73

10.1825.6328.0629.5430.0430.58

-1.34-1.56-1.48-1.540.67

0.33-0.84-1.56-1.60

0.43-1.15-1.12-1.16-1.01-1.05

MALF0.78

-1.36-0.57

0.28-0.98-1..02-0.960.540.53

0.483.223.802.931.64

0.362.003.363.08

0.430.710.380.230.320.20

0.301.763.900.50

0:180.480.650.530.740.63

0.060.510.250.360.18

0.050.080.340.21

0.080.070.070.130.210.15

0.030.060.750.12

0.030.100.020.040.100.03

0.1944.3345.9793.4001.672

0.0942.3643.9473.366

0:3350.4470.1440.1830.0370.123

0.0980.8612.4490.465

0.0950.3560.4930.3770.7180.375

Table b. (continued)

Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Temp. Chl a Phaeo Primary Prod.No (GMT) (GMT) (N) (w) (m) (m) SO/o* (“C) (mgm-3) (mgm-3) (mgCm-3.hr-1)

29 Aug 2355 71°43.0’ 151°47.0’ 1700 030 30.85 MALF(co::. ) 040 31.33 -0.12

050 32.04 -0.77060 32.44 -1.19075 32.62 -1.30100 32.74 -1.49

29 Aug 2300 500 no sample 0.33510 34.79 0.34700 34.84 0.05800 34.84 -0.04900 34.85 -0.09

1000 34.85 -0.18

22 No hydrographic data

23 31 Aug 0112 71°22.0’ 152°20.0’ 75 000 15.71 0.54005 25.52 1.45010 27.43 1.91015 28.84 2.67020 30.98 0.92Q25 31.25 0.52030 24.05 1.33040 28.34 2.34050 31.10 -0.12060 31.59 -0.66075 32.22 -0.94

0.220.250.240.390.390.62

0.110.350.090.190.18

0.530.670.831.980.410.380.731.000.360.270.77

0.03 0.1310.10 0.1740.18 0.1340.260.25 0.1190.20 0.318

0.140.300.110.30 .0.28

0.040.080.060.830.090.110.140.060.120.130.35

0.2320.3180.5990.7560.3150.2710.3630.9720.2500.1660.546


Date Sonic SampleSta (1976) Time Latitude Longitude Depth Depth Temp. Chl a Phaeo Primary Prod.No (GMT) (GMT) (N) (w) (m) (m) SO/oo (“C) (mg m-3) (mg m-3) (mg Cm-3* hr-1)

24

25

26

27

31 Aug 1715 71°19.0’ 152°32.0’ 52

22

30

171

000005010015020025030045

000005010 ~015

000005010015020025

000

17.3625.8327.8728.5529.4230.0930.6031.47

0.271.683.182.782.321.912.05

-0.30

0.580.750.891.030.740.490.340.46

0.070.090.120.090.060.050.070.16

0.2330.4220.5830.7670.5270.3640.2170.~06

01 Sep 1625

02 Sep 1420

02 Sep 2158

71°08.0’ 152°57.0’

71°23.0’ 154°21.0’

71°36.0’ 155e32.0’

20.4726.2428.9930.09

1.79-0.26-0.410.30

0.190.472.201.08

0.030.070 . 6 00.14

0.123 m0.353

m

2.2500.734

17.4025.2727.5528.7729.1529.38

1.150.19*2.952.732.152.13

0.220.440.690.620.660.36

0.030.080.100.090.090.06

0;0630.2860.3800.4790.3720.168

08.35 0.14 1.00 0.20 0.29825.79 2.31 0.54 0.05 0.31527.73 2.12 0.46 0.05. 0.34428.48 -0.67 0.53 0.04 0.29931.05 -1.34 1.28 0.01 1.24031.92 0.23 0.69 0.12 0.36132.00 0.19 0.51 0.15 0.334

005010015020025030

* One thermometer malfunctioned; this temperature based on only one thermometer.

30

so

I0

201

f 0

201

40

STFITION 1

27

1 1 1 I I I

STFITION 3

STfITI~N 4

STflTION 5

sO/OO 26 28 30 320

‘v

\10 \\

\20

\‘\

\30 1

I

4

~oc :t---l- 2 0 2 4 6

rII1

# 1 I 1 t

I I I I I I

ChlaoO 1 2 3 4 5 6

10

m

20 \

30 \

14C:t---l0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 4. Depth profiles of temperature-salinity and chlorophyll a-14Cassimilation in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, Aug-Sep 1976. Salinity ---;temperature _; chl a, mg m-3 14C assimilation, mg C m-3 . hr-l ----— ;

30

so

0 3 't 8

I II I

38 30 35

(

28

STf+TION 6

STFITION 7

STFITION 8

S“loo

STflTION 9

T“C

7k-

Chl

14C

I 1 I 1 1

I 1 1 1 I

I 1 I I I 1 1

I 1 I I I

aoO 1 23 4 5 6

[[ ‘I I 1 I

10

I l l I50 ~0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 4. (continued)

/_____j t\ I'-J

IJ

STFITION 10

STRTION 11

STRTION 12

STFlTI(3N 13

t I \ I1-.-r

iIIIII1IIIi

I 1 1 I

IIIIII

t I I I

SO/OO J5 20 25 30 35-i 1

-1,20 “ \,

40 -

60 -

80 -

l(J(JL—L——LJT“C -2 0 2 4 6

Chl

14C

mIIIIII

t I 1 1 1

-1

f

(’I!

1 2 3 4 5 61 I 1 I i !

20 -

40 -

60 -

80 -

1oo- 1 I I 1 10 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fige 4. (continued)

)I/

///

11 I

I

V

30

STFITION 14

STFITION 15

STFITION 17

sO/OO

STFITION 18

(’”.-~’--- -.~-

1II\\1\

[

----

I 1 1

15 20 25 30 350 I i

- .

5 - \\ \10 -

\\I

15 - I

20 -

25 ~T°C -2 0 2 4 6

Fig. 4. (continued)

Chl a

14C

1 1 [ I I I

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

5

F

‘x\\% \10 \f

It15 t

25LJJ_u_JO 1 23 4 56

-100

90

90

so

0D12

0

so

S

32 30

9

32

31

STFITION 19

STRTION 20

STflTI(3N 21

STflTION 23

So/o

T°C

\ \

I I 1

?“/-’------- -

I I 1 J

r- [-\ \\ii\

11

III

1 1

}’ I t I 1

1 t I I I

l=====-

Chl

14C

0 1 23 45 6so\\ 1 1 I

\

\80 -’

100 I I 1 I IO 1 23 45 6

Fig. 4. (continued)

32

STRTION 24

STFITION 25

STRTI(Xi 26

10

20

30

40

STFITION 27

S“/o. Js 20 25 30 35 Chl a

F

o------

10 \\\\

20‘\

30 I

7 b I I I

\

- \

}

1I

1I

I 1 1 # t J

40t

1 23 4 56

5oLJ_&_L_ 14 50T°C ‘2 O 2 4 6 c 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 # I 1

Fig. 4. (continued)

I

t /1rvA

ICA Cb[

I f._fSOOw so

33

16G” 164° 162° K5C)” 15FI” 156°

I I I 1 I I 1-—y-y-+jjyjz

2“

71<

‘o

;9

o wu~KILOME I EJ?S

CAPE LIMIURtJE /fi\~ L___~ J.–_———l—— —. J. I I 1IC,6” 164” 16?0 160” 15[1”

1°

‘c)’

)9’

—‘2 . hr-l ) , Chukchi SeaFig. 5. Integrated “C uptake (mg C m

stations, Aug 1976.

T I

CvtE rErn1c

0

KIIObNE I EI I I

‘2(

71’

‘o

;9

166° 164” 162” 169” I m“ 156°

—~-l-- 1 I ,--v~%i~

,/. <.

it-POINT LAY

J.\.

h) h

’2’

,0I

‘(J

i!)’

—

Fig. 6 . Integrated chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m‘2) , Chukchi;ea stations, Aug 1976.

ow

-'

\!CACt

35

2

71

‘o

19

/,;\/tk..-POINT LAY

(

~

>.:,,.,

‘1I,“

,tid..‘?.o

1 I 1 I50

IKILOMCT[l{S

.l.~_..-. r_,. .._. __L____J IIf-,I-i” Ir)v 162” Ir,(j’, I ‘)fl”

Fig. 7. Integrated phaeophytin concentrations (mg m‘2), Chukchi

2’

1°

o’

q“

—

Sea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.

ç.j:.

J

MV.?WCHf\.

ThE EBK1iA

/7

I ii

162” 160° 158° 156° 154° 152” 150° 148°i I L{ I \

~n _ >2; m 200m / \ / I I I.- 2000 m

pe<$.L. ”’”‘o”< !

L!72

‘“ 1.f ,-” “< .++?O

,,, . %,.. . ‘u;..=, ,. ~ ‘“=x(0. ‘j k? ?“ ~ 1’: 53’’.7:\do !’ “i‘) /

. ,. ‘,KILOMETERS

//.’+, -’ . .

I i, \ II / I160° 158” 156° 154” 152° 150° 148”

‘2 .hr-~), Beaufort Sea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.14C uptake (mg C mFig. 8. Integrated

Jt

c--',-A<

58Z"bE

8e JctS45

.13

580

CbE

,---- --- ---, 1 I ~nm ;2C)m 290m i / I I I

\n 2im0 m.

IG7” 16(-)0 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148°

71

7(T

160° 158° 156° 154” 13<- 13U i-rui

‘2), Beaufort Sea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.Fig. 9. Integrated chlorophyll a concentrations (mg m

ol--I_5°KILOMETERS J

I I I I I / I‘J1 R*

.-a. ,Cno l/ln O

72

71

LJ--l

-,--- .

SOwe

'iM

L

162° 160° 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148°

I i ‘1 / ‘\t2Sm %JOm– I I

\ [ - I 1>nnrl m

1

160° 158° 156° 154° 152° “ I !2U” 14ij-

Fig.. 10. Integrated phaeophytin concentrations (mg m-z), Beaufort Sea stations, Aug-Sep 1976.

0,

p<

I A

oL_-d”KILOMETERS

.

L4m

39

3. Phytoplankton standing stock

A list of phytoplankton species known to occur in the Beau-fort Sea is given in Table 6. Not all of these species were found inthe GZacier76 samples, although 75 categories from 6 phyla, including 61species and 14 other categories including unidentified species and groupsof species were present. With the exception of LeptocyZ<n&zw minimus,all species identified in the GZac~eP76 samples have previously beenreported from the Chukchi and Beaufort seas (Bursa 1963, Homer 1969,Hsiao 1976).

The phytoplankton have been grouped into four major categoriesbased on taxonomic group and abundance in the samples. The percentage ofphytoplankton by major category at the depth of greatest carbon uptake ateach station is given in Fig. 11 and Table 7. The percentage of phyto-plankton by major category by depth for each station is given in Fig. 12and Table 8. Table 9 lists the number of cells per liter by depth.

Standing stock ranged from ea. 1.0 x 105 cells ● 1-1 atstation 14-20 to 5.0 x 106 cells - g-~ at station 15-10. Small flagellateswere the most abundant organisms at station 14-20, with ea. 5.0 x 104 cellscells ● I.-l, while C7taetoeeros spp., with 4.7 x 106 cells “ L-l, was mostabundant at station 15-10.

Species of the genus tie~oee~os were the most abundant organ-isms at most stations and were especially numerous below the surface atstations 15, 17, and 18 near Prudhoe Bay. The category Chaetoeeros spp.includes L%. frag<l{s Meunier, Ch. fu.rcella~ue, Ch. graciZis Schiitt,C?i. soeiaZis Lauder, and Cl.. vigh.ani Brightwell which were not separatedin the cell counts (listed on data cards as C?zaetoeeros spp.), along with(34. atlantieus Cleve, C%.. eompressus Lauder, Ch. concav<eorn{s M.angin,Ch. debilis Cleve, Ch. septentrionaZis Ostrup, and several other speciespresent in smaller numbers.

At stations 23 and 24, the diatoms Nitzschia eZos-teriwnand LeptioeyZindrus minimus were most abundant in Bering Sea water.

Small flagellates, mostly < 10 Bm in diameter, were generallymore abundant at western stations and at the surface at the eastern sta-tions (Fig. 12). Where flagellates were abundant, productivity andchlorophyll a concentrations were low, suggesting that many of the flagel-lates were probably not photosynthetic.

Dinoflagellates, while never very abundant, ranged from ea.2.0 x 103 to 61.2 x 103 cells ● k-l, and were always present. They oc-curred in larger numbers at stations taken toward the end of August andin early September.

4. Zooplankton standing stock

A list of zooplankton species found in the Beaufort Sea is

TableSea. Thisice or the

40

6. Preliminary list of phytoplankton species in the Beaufortlist does not include species that are known primarily from thebenthos.

Bacillariophyta

Amphiprora h.ype~borea

Baeterosira fragilis

BidduZphia aurita

Chaetoceros atlanticusborealisceratosporumcompressesconcavicornisdanicusdebilisdeeipiensfragilisfureellatusgraeiliskarianusradieansseptentrionalissoeialissubsecundustereswighmi

Coseinodiseus centraliscurvatulusexeentrieusoculus-i~idis

Coseinosira (Thalassiosira) polyeh.orda

DetonuZa confervacea

Eucampia zoodiaeus

Gomphonema sp.

Leptoeylindrus danicusminimus

Melosiru aretiieajuergensimoniliformis

flavicula pelagicatransitansSpp .

Nitzsc%a elosterhmdelieatissimafrigidagrunotiiseriataSpp .

Porosira glacialis

RhizosoZeni2z alatahebatata

Skeletonema eostatum

Stiauroneis granii

Thalassionema nitzschioides

Thalassiosira antaretieadeeipiensgravidahyalinanordenskioe ldiiSpp .

unidentified diatoms, mostlypennates

Pyrrophyta

Amphidinium cf. longum

Ceratium areticumlongipes

Dinophysis acutanorvegiearotundata

GonyauZax catenataspiniferaSp .

Gymnodinium lohmanniSpp .

41


OXytoxum Spp.

Peridiniwn belgicumbrevipesconieumdepressumgroenlandicumminuseulumpal’lidwntriquetrumtroehoidemSpp .

Protoceratium reticulatum

unidentified dinoflagellates,mostly athecate

Flagellates

Calyeomonas g~acilisovalis

Craspedomonadaceae

Chroomonas Spp.

Cryptomonas spp.

Dinema Zitiorale

Diaph.anoeca g~andis

Dinobqon balticwnpetiolatm

Ebria tripartite

Eutreptiella braarudii

Monosiga marina

Parvicorbicula socialis

Unknown organisms

Pi~opsis polita

Polyasterias problematic

Radiospemum corbiferum

Platymonas Sppa

Pterosperma spp.

'"S.S.'""S.'"S.S."'S.

SOw 4-..-

'sow

e s

C'E

acw50W SCOW

l90

C7 k'EIL

- 2S0

''S.'"S.S.'

ieo0 l2e Ipso 1200

KlrovE.LEaI I \\\

Fig.11. Per cent Chaetoceros species (broken lines), all other diatoms (white), flagellates(stippled), and dinoflagellates (black) at depth of greatest carbon assimilation.

D6IProrJ

CG0L

43

Table 7. Per cent Chaetoeeros species, all other diatoms, flagellates,and dinoflagellates at depth of greatest carbon uptake

= c~eto=,osspp ‘=2 ‘lagellates ,inoflagellates

13-20

14-05

15-05

17-10 “

18-10

19-05

20-10

23-15

24-15

25-10

27-10

46

65

93 -

85

79

32

62

6

4

63

71

6

2

4

11

15

6

4

63

78

4

5

46

33

2

4

6

59

33

28

16

32

24

2

<1

<1

<1

< 1

4

<1

3

2

1

1

0El

0- 0

44

0

•1❑

I Jo - I 15 -10 -Is -20 - 1 125 - r 130 -3s -40 - I 1 I 1Station 13

5

1’,’

.

1015

I

n

20

.1Dc1

r J

1 I

r I

nI I

no

1IDn❑

25 t

35 -40 - I I t IStation 14

[ I

o1i

UI1I

202530[351-40 I I I 1

Station 15C%aetoceros All other diatoms Flagellates Dinoflagellates

Fig. 12. Percentage of phytoplankton by major categoryeach station. Blanks indicate depths where samples were notPercentages add up to 100% running from left to right across

by depth foranalyzed.the diagram.

12

I0

2 o0

IIUElD

IIII

25/30\3+40 I I I 1Station 17

0 m•1❑

L I I I tStation 18

❑

nm

I Jr 1

o -5 - L 110 - 1 115 - 1 120 -25 -30 -35 -40 [ I I I JStation 19

Chaetoceros All other diatoms Flagellates Dinoflagellates

ElIID

Fig. 12. (continued)

12 U I I

0D

El

I I

I I

46

0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -

R nn

I 1I J

III

Station 20

0

[

n ❑ I J ❑

5 r I nto n: r 1 1 1 0

40 n t r [ 1 [ J I II IStation 23

ui-lDD

I 1[ I

o -5 -

10 -

15 -

20 -

25 -30 -35 -40 - I t I 1

UDIID

Station 24Chaetoeeros All other diatoms Flagellates Dinoflagellates


0r 1

0 ~5 -10 - 1 115 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 - t I t iStation 25

0

5101520

25

30

35

40I

•1

0II

❑

✻ ✻

f II I

i

D

[ I tr J II

Station 27C%aetoeeros All other diatoms Flagellates Dinoflagellates


48

Table 8. Percentage of phytoplankton by major category for theupper 40 m. Where no number is present, the sample was not analyzed.

All other Dino-Station Chaetoceros diatoms Flagellates flagellatesNumber Depth (Per Cent)

0 00510152025

000510

‘ 1520

00051015

0005101520

00051015

000510152025

00

38 2 57 213

14

15

17

18

19

20

4639

67

4651

22

866529”9

21

1233606646

1<1

595

126

1529

2<1< 1< 1

18939395

5454

75211

86857768

9111520

548

11

<1<1<1<1

781266

5<1<1

1

12747977

5141516

324738

61114

593837

44

12

051015

1062

34

8433

2<1

49


All other Dino-Station Chaetoce?os diatoms Flagellates flagellatesNumber Depth (Per Cent)

23 0005101520253040

24 000510

‘ 1520253045

25 00051015

27 00051015202530

81556

23142

12

43“45

6320

7

4

7128

820666327321450

48697869

8060272838486434

43241623

4 3227 50

5 84

18 77

5 2430 40

7423

116

204

4423

50

Table 9. Totalfor the upper 40 m.analyzed.

number of phytoplankton cells by major categoryWhere no number is present, the sample was not

Station All other Dino-Number Depth Chaetoeeros diatoms Flagellates flagellates

13

14

15

17

18

19

20

000510152025

000510

. 1520

00051015

0005101520

00051015

000510152025

00051015

467600

10560057600

2228600321000390001120022400

153000411300047320004680000

282400030530001987000907000

101000225700031620002917000

1590008700051000

8700051000

23200

1386010880

22200101608000

1840031200

40000187000268240193400

284000388400378900265400

37000425300611200616500

290002030018400

2030018400

698400

10560075600

317400164000790007920049600

6180001030807416045300

169000126000195000150000

636200356000227000234000

2950007100050000

7100050000

26420

37603680

3092019606560

112005680

164001500071606200

2000930060004000

430007200

1240019000

179008300

16000

830016000

51


Station All other Dino-Number Depth fiaetoceros diatoms Flagellates flagellates

23

24

25

27

0005101520253040

000510.1520253045

00051015

00051015202530

5500086000380005500099000490005000

57000

22000160003700025000

117500062000

125000

39000

1132000143000

3200011320050570061090011720011700044000

235000

244100326200713400350100

7540083700

80000

178400

73800151400

528000337000207000272000162000173000194000158000

217000114000151000116000

4760023700165002940049000235006120017300

22500178001860014500

594000 14400154000 6300

1437000 68300

781000 13700

383000 16800203000 13700

52

given in Table 10. Sixty-one categories of zooplankton were identifiedfrom 12 stations, representing 8 phyla, 42 species, and 19 other categoriesincluding larval stages and categories where identification was made toorder, suborder or family (Tables 11 to 16). Abundance of all zooplank-ton at each station collected in vertical ring net hauls is given in Fig.13. The percentages of copepods, barnacle larvae, and all other zooplank-ton collected in vertical ring net hauls are given in Figs. 14 and 15.Presence or abundance by species or taxonomic category found at each sta-tion is given in Figs. 16 to 39.

Maximum abundances of total zooplankton occurred at stations13 and 26, while minimum abundances were found at stations 14 and 15 for20 - 0 m and 10 - 0 mhauls. Barnacle larvae comprised the largest per-centage of zooplankton at stations with maximum abundances and copepodscomprised the largest percentage of zooplankton at stations with minimumabundances.

Results for each taxonomic category are given in alphabeticalorder under major taxonomic categories.

.

COPEPODA

Twenty-four species of copepods were found, including two unidentifiedcalanoid species, one unidentified cyclopoid species, and two unidentifiedharpacticoid species. Four species showed a widespread distribution; threeof these occurred at all 12 stations. The occurrence of other species wasprimarily dependent upon hydrographic conditions and depth of sampling.Included among these are four characteristically deep-water species, threeneritic species associated with lower salinity, three species characteristi-cally found in larger numbers offshore, five expatriate species from thesouth, and one species previously undescribed in the area.

Acart{a spp.

Two species, Aeartia Zongire?nis (Lilljeborg) and Aeartia clau.si Gies-brecht have been reported in the plankton off Pt. Barrow (Redburn 1974).However, juveniles of these two species were not easily distinguishableand therefore have been grouped together as Acartia spp. Juveniles werepresent as stage IV and V copepodites of Aeart<a SPP. Only adult femaleA. Zongiremis were found in our samples.

Acart{a spp. showed a widespread distribution occurring at 8 stations,but absent from the eastern-m st stations (Fig. 16). Maximum abundances

Yoccurred at station 21 (326/m ) and station 13 (290/m2) for 20 - 0 m and10 - 0 m vertical net hauls. Acart<a hngiremis is a widespread speciescharacteristic of neritic surface waters; A. elausi is characteristic ofwarmer surface water and probably occurs in the Beaufort Sea as an expatri-ate from the south. Aca.rtia spp. was taken from hauls as deep as 50 m atstation 24.

53

Table 10. Zooplankton found18 Aug to 2 Sep 1976.

COPEPODA

Calanoida

Acartiia bngirernisAeartia clausiCalan.us cristiatusCaZanus glaciulisCalanus hyperboreusCalanus phmehrusCentropages abdominalisDerjuginia tolliEucalanus bungii bungiiEuehueta glaeiaZisEurytemora riehingsiLimnocalanus grimaldiiMetridia longsMicrocalanus pygmaeusPseudoealanus minutusPseudoealanus majorPseudoealanus sp.Seaph.oealanus magnusunidentified Calanoida

Cyclopoida

Oithon.u similisOneaea borealisunidentified Cyclopoida

Harpacticoida

unidentified Harpacticoida

Copepod nauplii

CIRRIPEDIA

Balanus spp. naupliiBalanus spp. cypris

EUPHAUSIACEA

Th~sanoessa inermisTh.ysanoessa ZongipesTlnjsanoessa raschiiThysanoessa spp. larvae

in Beaufort Sea samples collected from

OSTRACODA

ConchoeciaPhilomedes

CLADOCERA

borealis maximaglobosus

unidentified Cladocera

MYSIDACEA

Mgsis litoralisMysis ocu~ataunidentified

DECAPODA

Anomura

unidentified

Brachyura

Chionoeeetesunidentified

Caridea

unidentified

AMPHIPODA

unidentifiedunidentified

POLYCHAETA

larvae

zoea

opilio zoeazoea

larvae

GammarideaHyperiidea

pelagic larvae

APPENDICULARIA

F?itellaFia borealisi7ikopleura spp.

CHAETOGNATHA

Sagitta elegans

54


CNIDARIA

Hydrozoa

Aeginopsis ZaurentiiAglantha digitaleBougainvilZia supereiliarisCorymorpha flarruneaperigonimus yoldia-aretieaePlotocnide borealisRathkea oetopunetataunidentified Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Qanea eapillata

CTENOPHORA.

Beroe eucumisunidentified Ctenophora

PTEROPODA

Spiratella h.elieina

ECHINODERMATA

Unidentified larvae

PISCES

Bo~eogadus saidaLwnpenus sp.unidentified Cyclopteridaeunidentified Gadidae

Table 11. Abundances of zooplankton collected in 0.75 m ring net hauls from 10-0 m. Quantities are abundance mz.

Taxon Station Numbers

13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Copepoda

Acartia spp. 290C’alanus cristatusCalanus glacialis ;2

Calanus hyperboreus .Calanus plumchrus .Centropages abdominalis .Derjuginia tolli ●

Eucalanus bungii bungi< ●

Eu&ueta glacialis .Eurytemora riehingsi ●

Limnocalanus grimaldii ●

Metridia longs .Microcalanus pygmaeus .Oith.onu similis 1086Oncaea borealis .Pseudocalanus spp. 72Scaphoealanus magnus .unidentified calanoida .unidentified cyclopoida .unidentified Harpacticoida 72miscellaneous nauplii 1086

Cirripedia

Balanus spp. nauplii 13032Ba2anus spp. cyprids 1375

.19 36 18 108 72 145 36● .

14;54

.

.

.●

.

130;.

18145

●

1050

3;.

54145

..P

.15445

65;18

90436

.P 59i

36

.P

.398

.1557

36● . ●

✎

.

.

.

.

.. ● . . ●... 10;

. ..

.

.

.

. .. ●

✎

.

...

.

.. .. . ●

. wu-l.

. . . ..

. . .●

✎

..9

● ●

918

615552

e

18..

.

. .. ...

.P

54

. . . . . ● ●

.P

.18 18i 21;

.217

.145P

29638;.

1846.

1339 253; 92;.

1376 14i.

434. ● ●

✎

.e

.

.. .

2531818

.36. . .

.1854

.36

1285

●

36398

3;1050

.7272

● .36

289

.

12;.

507.

145.

588706

10936

P.

235163

1448851

6154253

110052606

55022679

4109832

128879412

.

.

1 Not observed in sample2 P indicates present in sample but not subsample



13 14 15 17 ’18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Euphausiacea

ThysanoessaThysanoessaThzjsanoessaThysanoessa

Ostracoda


Cladocera

inemisLongipes?aschiispp. larvae

● ● ✎ . ....

. ..●

✎

● ✎ ●

✎ ✎ ✎

✎ ✎ ●

✎ ✎ ✎

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . .

. .

. . i.2

borealis~lobosus

. ..

●

✎

.

.. . #. . .

.

...

.

unidentified Polyphemidae ● . . . . ● . ● . ..

Mysidacea

Mgsis lito~a~isMysis oculataunidentified larvae

Decapoda

Anornuran zoeaBrachyuran zoeaCaridea larvae

Amphipoda


*..

.●

●

e

a

.

.

.●

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

●

✎

✎

●

✎

✎

e

●

.

Q

*

.

. 5

. 1; 9 ;

. ● 5 *

9 5 e . 223 5 ; . 29 2 . i. .

29

11 .

2.

5 2 13 2. . . 0

. 11 7 2 2 20

. 0 . . * .27

.



19B 2013 14 15 17 21 23 24 25 26

Polychaeta

pelagic larvae 1376 624 36 45 18 1701 1701 1376 1882 2751 1792 9774

Appendicularia

F~iteZhria bo?eaZisOikopUura spp.

1810 36 .290 308 .

308 796 941 742 2425 579 217 814 7249 36 344 778 290 362 217 1068 724

Chaetognatha

217 145Sagitta elegans 145 724 1412 1158 579 1285. . .

Hydrozoa

Aeg<nopsis Zaurenti<AgZantha d-igita~eBougainvillea supercili-

arisCorymorphu fi!anmwaPerigonirnus yoZd<a-

arctieaePlotcmnide boreaZisl?athkea octopunctiataunidentified Hydrozoa

14;. .. ●

● ●

2 . ● .P 123;

●

.

.

14;.

2

●

.

. .1093;

*90 2 [,489 253.

.. ● ● . . .

.

.. ●

✎ ✎

●

✎

●

✎

. .

. ●

.

.

2 .18 18

. 9

● ●

✎ ✎

✎ ●

.

.●

●

✎

✎

●

72 :.

145.145 . ● .

Scyphozoa

Cyanea capiZZata 2 5 7 2 2. . . ● . ●

Ctenophora

Beroe cucumi.s .unidentified Ctenophora ●

9.

5 1? “.. ● ●

. .

. .●

●

. ●

✎ ✎

●

✎


Taxon Station Number

13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Mollusca

SpirateZla helicina 2 9 . 136Lamellibranch larvae . . ● eGastropod veligers ● . . .

Echinodermata

unidentified larvae . 18 .

.●

✎

9 163

.●

✎

18..

7236

.

Pisces

Boreogadu.s saidk . . . e . .

36 145 72

Lwnpenus sp.unidentifiedunidentified

TOTAL

. . . . . ●

Cyclopteridae . . . . . .Gadidae . . . . . .

21041 3401 2488 3379 3967 9247

.

.

.

.

8553

.

.

.

.

2..

.

2.●

●

P72

●

●

.●

✎

✎

18 P.

54 14;

.

.

.

.

MZm●

✎

✎

15829 19631 17831 11924 45841

Table 12. Abundances of zooplankton collected in 0.75 m ring net hauls from 20-10 m. Quantities are abundance m2.


13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Copepoda.2

18;253

.

.

.●

36.

14;39461194

6196.

i

14;

36.

dca~t{a spp. 290Calanus cristatus .Calanus glacialis 145Calanus hyperboreus .Calanus phnchrus .Centropages abdomhzlis .Derjuginia tolli ●

Eucalanus bungii bung{{ ●

Euchaeta glaeialis .Eurytemora richingsi .Limnocalanus grimaldii ●

Metridia longs .Microcalanus pygmaeusOithona similis 984;Oncaea borealis .Pseudocalanus spp. 2172Scaphocalanus magnus .unidentified Calanoida .unidentified Cyclopoida .unidentified Harpacticoida 290miscellaneous nauplii 6805

18●

597.

72 326.

1158145

.36

.

.

.

.

.

.2498

1664...

1811376

8362941

217.

579......●

.

.

65;

115;...

290579

146246009

.

;3

.

.145

.

.●

.

.

.

.145

144●

.

43;579

185346950

●

✎

724145

.

.

.

.

.

.

.●

.1303

.1701

.36

7;615

28961303

. ..

101336

.

.72

.

.

.

.●

.P

●

2027.●

7;507

10141158

.507290

485i145 .

..●

36., .

.. .

.●

●

.

...

155i.

72...

7247172

.●

652●

224;●

2174096.

11946●

72..

.290

Zli.

362;.

18.

398 434

Cirripedia

131767964

Balanus spp. nauplii 24036Balanus spp. cyprids 5937

109.

217290

11401267

1 NO 20-0 m haul taken2 Not observed in sample3 P indicates present in sample but not subsample



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

. . 2 .

. . . .

. ● . ●

● ● . .

. .

Euphausiacea

ThysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessa

2 2inermiklongipesrasehiiSI.W. larvae

●

✎

✎

✎

. . ....

. . . ...

.

. i:

Ostracoda

Conchoeciaphilomedes

Cladocera

boreal{s ..

...

.●

.

...

●

✎ ❉✚● ●

unidentified Polyphemidae . . . . . . . 2 ...

Mysidacea

Mysis litoralisMysis oculataunidentified larvae

Decapoda

Anomuran zoeaBrachyuran zoeaCaridea larvae

Amphipoda


o

.

.

.

.

.

●

e

.

●

✎

✎

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.●

✎

7279

18235

9365

294550

2-2-5 -

7 2. .2 .

295

2..2

5.

2●

23.

22

22

7-7 -

. 16 34i 2 2 2

.

.



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Polychaeta

pelagic larvae 36 796 2824 2389 2570 6371 4778 3005 107158833 471 -

Appendicularia

326 869 3258 1.231 5792 1593 2027 1013 57972 398 2172 1701 688 362 724 833 1158

Fritellaria borealisOikopleura spp.

7240 18 -290 253 -

Chaetognatha

Sagitta elegans . . 1231 724 5394 2100 1448 1013 1520 m+2751 253 -

Hydrozoa

2P.

Aeginopsis laurentiiAglantha digitaleBougainviZlia supt?rcili-

UrisCo~ymorpha fbnmeaperigonimus yolidia-

arcticaePlo-tocnide borealisRatkikea octiopunctataunidentified Hydrozoa

●

P.

36. .

72 2389 390;. .

109 8398...

.145

. . . . . .. . .

2.

● ✎ ✎

✎ ✎ ✎

. .

. .i●

✎

.

..●

.

.

. . . . .. 72

●

18...

●

✎

✎

.●

✎

36 . .● ✎. . ., ●

Scyphozoa

Cyanea capillata 2 5 - 2 9 2 2 18. 2 5.

Ctenophora

B&roe cucwn{s . 9 0 - . . . . . .unidentified Ctenophora . . . . . . i::..



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Mollusca

SpirateZla helicinaLamellibranch larvaeGastropod veligers

Echinodermata

unidentified larvae

Pisces

86; 16 -. 18 -

.

Boreogadus saida .Lumpenus sp. ●

unidentified Cyclopteridae ●

unidentified Gadidae ●

.

2-...

290●

●

615..

. 290 145 72

. 7; 145 7; 290 290. 36 72 . 145 72

. 1448 217 “ 398 579 217 .

●

✎

✎

✎

.

.

.

.

2...

.

.●

✎

.

.

.●

. .

. .

. .● ✎

253 217

●

.

(mw

●

.

.

.

TOTAL 69634 6532 - 12903 11991 31307 12535 32356 37232 40445 15532 45681

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

I

Table 13. Abundances of zooplankton collected in 0.75 m ring net hauls from 50-o m. Quantities are abundance mz.


13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Copepoda

Acam%a spp.Calanus cristatusCalanus glacialiscalanus hyperbo?eusCalanus plwnchrusCentropages abdominul<sDer~uginia tolliEucalanus bungii bungiiEuch.aeta glaciaZis.!W.rytemora rich.ingsiLimnocalanus grimaldi<Metridia ZongaMicrocalanus pygmaeusOithona similisOncaea borealisPseudocalanus spp.Scaphocalanus magnusunidentified Calanoidaunidentified Cyclopoidaunidentified Harpacticoidamiscellaneous nauplii

Cirripedia

Balanus spp. naupliiBalanus spp. cyprids

2. 869.●

347743411

.

i....●

5505.

16804●

.

.145

4925

136175215

●

1883362

.2318

i...

. ●

✎.. ●

✎

. ●

412;.

5360

lo35i.

4346. .. ●

.507 576

39113332

55051086

282488402

1 No .50-o m haul taken2 Not observed in sample3 P indicates present in sample but not subsample



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Euphausiacea

ThysarwessaThysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessa

inemisZongipesraschiispp. larvae

. . .

. . .

. 2 5

Ostracoda

ConchmciaPhilomedes

Cladocera

120real<sglobosus

. . .

. . .

unidentified Polyphemidae . . ●

Mysidacea


Decapoda


Amphipoda


● ✎ ✎

✎ ✎ ✎

✎ ✎ ✎

7 . 255 5 725 . 14

● 5 5 - -. 2 2--



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Polychaeta

pelagic larvae 7533 18397 25785 -

Appendicularia

7605 4780 3911 -217 . 724 -

Fzwtellaria borealisOikopleura spp.

Chaetognatha

Sagitta elegans 2608 2318 4201 -

Hydrozoa

Aeginopsis Zauxent<iAgZantha digitaleBougainvillea supercili-

arisCoqjmorpha flanuwaPerigonimus yoldia-

arcticaeplotocnide borealisRathkea octopunctataunidentified Hydrozoa

●

72 “1449 434:● ✎ .

.

.. .. .

. . .145P P

7 . .

Scyphozoa

Cyanea capillata -“-. 2 9 11 -

Ctenophora

Beroe cucum<s . . .unidentified Ctenophora . 2---



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Mollusca

Spiratella hel<cinaLamellibranch larvaeGastropod veligers

507 P . -1738 2028 3766 -

. . 145 -

Echinodermata

1521 1593 579unidentified larvae

Piscesmm,-. . .

. . ●

✎ ● ✎

✎ ✎ ✎

Boreogadus saidaLumpenus sp.unidentified Cyclopteridaeunidentified Gadidae

48983 80725 97776 -TOTAL

Table 14. Abundances of zooplankton collected in 0.75 m ring net hauls from 100-0 m. Quantities are abundance mz.

Taxon StaEion Number

13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Copepoda

Acartia spp.Calanus cristatusCaZanus glacialisCaZanus hyperboreusCalanus plumchrusCentropages abdominalisDwjuginiu tolliEucalanus bungii bungiiEuchaeta glacia2isEur@emora richingsiLimnocaZanus grimaldiiMetridiu ZongaMicrocalanus pygmaeusOithona similisOncaea borealisl?seudocalanus spp.Scaphocalanus magnusunidentified CalaUoidaunidentified Cyclopoidaunidentified Harpacticoidamiscellaneous nauplii

Cirripedia


2.

144;579

.

;32...P.

3187.

31000.●

.290

3187

-.1

,_

,-

63741449

1 No 1OO-O m haul taken2 Not observed in sample3 P indicates present in sample but not subsample



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Euphausiacea

Th.ysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessa

●

✎

✎

✌

inermisZongipesPaschiispp. larvae

Ostracoda


Cladocera

moximaborealisglobosus

●

✎

unidentified Polyphemidae ●

Mysidacea

Mysis ZitoralisMysis oculataunidentified larvae

Decapoda


Amphipoda


l;----●

9----7----



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Polychaeta

1 1 0 1 0pelagic larvae

Appendicularia

FritelZaria borealisOikopleura spp.

18253 -290 -

Chaetognatha

Sagit*a elegans 2028

Hydrozoa

Aeginopsis Zaurent<iAglantha digitaleBougainv{llia supe~c<li-

arisCorymorpha fbnmeaPerigonimus yoldia-

arcticaeplotocnide borealisRathkea octopunctataunidentified Hydrozoa

2;.

22

.P.

Scyphozoa

Cyanea capillata 5----

Ctenophora

Beroe cucumis l?----unidentified Ctenophora .

Table 14” (continued)


13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

.Mollusca

Spiratella kwlicina 1159 -Lamellibranch larvae .Gastropod veligers .

Echinodermata

unidentified larvae

Pisces

Boreogadus saidaLz.uripenus sp.unidentified Cyclopteridae - -unidentified Gadidae

TOTAL

1739

.

.

.

.

82062 -

Table 15. Abundances of zooplankton collected in 0.75 m ring net hauls from 200-0 m. Quantities are abundance rn2.


13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Copepoda

Aca?tia spp. _lCalanus cristatusCaZanus glacialisCalanus hyperboreusCalanus plumchrusCentropages abdominalis -Derjuginia toll;Eucalanus bungii bungii -Euchaeta glacialisEuxgtemora richingsi -Limnocalanus g~imaldii -Met~idia LongsMic~ocaZanus pygmaeus -Oithona similisOncaea borealisPseudocalanus spp.Scaphocalanus magnus -unidentified Calanoida -unidentified Cyclopoida -unidentified Harpacticoida -miscellaneous nauplii

Cirripedia

Balanus spp. nauplii -BaZanus spp. cyprids -

.2

637;2318

.

is

lie.

1738.

9561290

588145

290●

.5505

52132027

1 NO 200-0 m haul taken2 Not observed in sample3 P indicates present in sample but not subsample



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

\

inermisZongipes -~aschiispp. larvae -

Euphausiacea

!i%ysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessaThysanoessa

2 -●

.

.

Ostracoda

ConchoeeiaPhilomedes

Cladocera

23 -.

borealisglobosus

unidentified Polyphemidae .

Mysidacea


o

e

.

Decapoda

16----7----5----


Amphipoda

57----7----




13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Polychaeta

pelagic larvae

Appendicularia

Fritellaria borealisOikopleura spp.

Chaetognatha

Sagitta elegans

Hydrozoa

Aeginopsis ZaurentidAglantha d<gitaleBougainvillea supercili-

arisCoYymorpha fhmmeaPe~igonimus yoldia-

arcticaeplotocn{de bo~ealisRathkea octopunctataunidentified Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Cyanea capillata

Ctenophora

Beroe cucum{sunidentified Ctenophora

10720 -

31290 -290 -

2028 -

2; -●

.●

.

i-

.

2 - - - -.



13 14 15 17 18 19B 20 21 23 24 25 26

Mollusca

Spiratella helicina 290 - - - -Lamellibranch larvaeGastropod veligers

.

.

Echinodermata

unidentified larvae

Pisces

Boreogadus saidaLumpenus sp.unidentified Cyclopteridae -unidentified Gadidae

869 -

●

●

●

✎

TOTAL 137781

Table 16. Abundances of zooplankton collected in bongo net hauls. Quantities are abundance/100 ms.

Taxon Station 201 Station 252

500 p 333P 500 !J 333 u

Copepoda.3 33 70

95635348

Acartia spp.CaZanus cristatusCalanus glacialisCalanus h.yperboreusCalanus phnchrusCentropages abdominalisDerjuginia toZliEucalanus bungii bungii.Euchaeta glacialisEury_temora richingsiLimnoealanus grimaldiilietridia longsMicrocalanus pygmaeusOithona sim;lisOncaea bo~ealisPseudocalanus spp.Scaphocaknus magnusunidentified Calanoidaunidentified Cyclopoidaunidentified Harpacticoidamiscellaneous nauplii

.2933

38418; 706;

133... .

6; i.

76. ● .

. -dw

.

.

.

.●

✎

.. .

.200 493;

.19

.267 549;

.i

●

●

●

13;626

.196229

.●

67

Cirripedia

2497413009

628676

93716759

18267467


1 Double oblique haul from 10-0 m.2 Double oblique haul from 20-0 m.3 Not observed in sample



500 u 333 l-l 500 p 333 p

inemis .longipes .raschii .spp. larvae

Euphausiacea

ThysanoessaThysanoessaTh.ysanoessaThysanoessa

4●

i3325

. ●

229

Ostracoda


Cladocera

maximabo~ealisglobosus

e

.

.

...

.

.-d(m

Polyphemidae . . .unidentified

Mysidacea

Mysis ZitoralisMysis oculataunidentified larvae

.●

2

224

817

●

9..

Decapoda

143641

123533

50142108

4412657


Amphipoda

8713

36412

3026

14217


,

nLrqsIscrGq

ri?qoso

cc

qoo

l-l

a

o0u-l

$?

0-!

mm

.

● .



500 l.1 333 !-I 500 p 333 u

Mollusca

SpiratieZZa helicinaLamellibranch larvaeGastropod veligers

Echinodermata

unidentified larvae

Pisces

Boreogadus saidaLwnpenus sp.unidentified Cyclopteridaeunidentified Gadidae

P..

●

102●

.

65..

33

662●

133..

.

33.

i

139139

.

●

17●

80w/ 5QWSQOW" s000w

% -, I -

e(33

CSE HvrIE11

162” 160° 1 5 8 ° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148”

71

7P

‘- -% - -0+ s.. \\/---

o 50 :.,

160° 158° 156” I 54° 1 5 2 ° 150° 148°

Fig. 13. Abundance of zooplankton (number m2 x 102) collected by USCGC G2acier in the Beaufort Sea,18 Aug to 2 Sep 1976. Upper number represents 20-0 m haul; lower number represents 10-0 m haul. No 20-0 m

haul was taken at station 15.

0Q

SO

wbQ

k4\..

ow

roY

E1E

b2

020

ies0tea0

ooI

osal

-ro;

II

Im

OO

Qs

mO

OS

mC

S'

m08

°sai

80

DN 0—

.

Q-!o

. . . . . . . .

-Js

J9Wv

I I

0 20

woo162° 160° - 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148”

I \ / \ / I

?“ “[”? ‘;oy”

I I i

\

--i

-r%?T’dKILOMETERS J

I I I I / ~)1

I \ b‘1

160° 158” 156° 15.4° 152° I 50° 148”

Fig. 15. Percentage of zooplankton composed of copepods (white), barnacle larvae (black) and allother zooplankton (stippled) from 20-0 m hauls.

03I-J

*No 20-O m haul was taken at statiOII 15.

0rn0O"\

a-

0

80w150W

cw

cv'

0E0E

—

L%m

bto—

0Ng

-

.102

ow/

O OU'Y I.4

J5

162° 160° 158” 156° 154° 152° 150° 148°

n

‘o+- \ ‘v

1 h.,.

0 , 5p

I I

.

).. ;,,Y. .., ,,. :

I K - S Jf,. ).

‘J1/’~F”Q Y’=f#1 f #- fl~l ,,*. TTYf \ ! ,,, ,, .I I I I I I J

160° 158° 156° I 54° 152° 150” 148°

Fig. 17. Abundance of Ca~anus glacial{s (number m2 x 102) . Upper number represents 20-0 m haul;

OJw

lower number represents 10-0 m haul. No 20-0 m haul was taken at station 15.

V V

0I

I

R3T

JMO

JIN

°ael

O8a

I

9

TT

3NJA

m00

0S

08e1

T/

\m

OO

Sm

OS

I/

m08

OQ

osal

m

84

&a—

bu-)—

(-’”xv L“$i%f,.,

(

CVbE HVrKELI

71”

IG7” 16(-)0 158° 156° 154° 152° [50° 148°

oL-L--2°KILOMETERS

y

I / I /---- ---- ,“-”

!60” 158° 156° I 54’ 13Z” 13(J” l+u-

Fig. 19. Stations where CaZamus pZwnehrus was present (P) in 50-0 m hauls.

BO

WI

SO

WS

DO

Ws000

86

(w -—

)

ir

0cu

k r-( /

II I I / I /

S AD

moo

sm

OS

Im

oa

oa9

3T

BM

oJI

87

(.,.:: :..

CV

bE2Ib2O

V

cnws030

w

b

CubE

Hvrjj.

“mIn—

b(c

0mu—

Yii -u .. .- . .z ‘: :.-i<1 ,

\

z .a -,,aIl. . ..

,,. Og. ..”’ .,, ,. . . .

1Inu

+-’:’’.”.””.. . . . k

,-

—.

CC

\

m00

0Sm

(

(000

T

(000

ro(00

ci:0

m00

0Sm

(

t\lIJ

)4lA

W3

3AI

owA

Wm

TH

89

I

&u—

0N 43

I

●

JJ

t%3

.00WIk

BO

WI

!S

OW

cnrwS

000W

0E

BO

WI

!S

OW

cnrwS

000W

Vb ii<rii

hW1MICj

.ow

KIro kNEIEb2I

2b :2i

162° 160° 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148°I I \ / \lzom bOm I I I I I

km I ~ 2i00 m\

160° 158e 156” I 54° 152° 15(3° 148”

Fi~. 2 5 . Abundance of pseudocalanus SPP. (number m2 x 102). Upper number represents 20-0 m haul;lower-”n&ber represents 10-0 m haul. No 20~0 m haul was taken at station H.

CV

bEH

VrK

EJ.i

S.'

-.....

...S

.53

Cvb

2IVb2O

1t5

JJ,221

Bow

I5O

W0w

/

83

dbO

M30

S

TH

OIW

1IA

Wm

.

oa0

R3T

3MO

JIN

mO

A

92

0(u 0—

k)r

&*—

5n—

bm—

Ln—

i%u-l—

&m—

%m

LIn—

&l i)u-) m——

bCD &— In—

Lu)— b

to

0

K ~

43

2

!.4

0

Kb

L

160” 158° !56” 154° 152° 150° 148°162° i

/ \ \ / \ / Izo:om

n

aeEYw.2?”” F

KILOMETERS

~’160”

-... ;.., . . . 4> ., -.:y .-’ r

,. J 4+; ,, .,;-d‘ ,’=-..,’. . . . “..!..Y“; ●

Fig. 27. Stations where l’h.ysanoessa inermis was present (P).

162° 160° 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148°

I I \ / \ /\ 120m kOm_ /2!300 m

- I I II

?,0[

k4om

.

2 I 72’

“\\Yo~ i*. . . . . . . . . . .~r “%. “.:.’

L .-..--”.. ...”... ’,.... . . .,- ?. :.

‘0’ 71°.-

“.,.,, ,., ,

t $) , 5p .~. 1{ IKILOMETERS

I I / I I I \

160° 158° 156° 154° 152” I 50° 148°

Fig. 28. Abundance of anomuran koea (number m2). Upper number represents 20-0 m haul; lowernumber represents a 10-0 m haul. No 20-0 m haul was taken at station 15.

I

0

1T3)LIAH 3J

162” 160° 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148°1

I i \ / \ \ I I I I I120m mom

/brn 1 ~ 20;0 m

I

“~’ ‘y.. ) ‘1(// 1 ~:’”~;}k

KILOMETERSI I / I I f I \ P’~/ fl(h ~ 1 1

160” 158° 156° 154° 152° I 50”

J/ ‘— 148°

Fig. 29. Abundance of brachyuran zoea (number m2). Upper number represents 20-0 m haul; lowernumber represents 10-0 m haul. No 20-0 m haul was taken at station 15.

-I

Im

OO

mO

SI

'm

000S

mQ

e

eI1

O2q

MI2

0

WO

RP

.8

VIJ

)VA

3qA

sc

-uc'

mci

'-iai

°8d1

°sai

II

O8I

0ol

°sai

°AI

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106

Calanus cz%status Kr@yer

This large copepod is abundant in the North Pacific and Bering Sea andis characteristically a bathypelagic species of cold waters (Brodskii 1950).It occurs in the Beaufort Sea as an expatriate from the Bering Sea. Itwas not present in vertical ring net hauls, but two stage V copepoditeswere collected in a bongo tow from 20 - 0 m at station 25.

CaZanus glacialis Jaschnov

Cahnus glac<alis was one of three widespread, large, truly arcticcalanoid species which occurred at all 12 stations (Fig. 17). Maximumabundances were found at station 19B for both 20 - 0 m and 10 - 0 m hauls.All developmental stages were present with stage II, 111 and IV copepoditesgenerally most abundant. Adult females were present in small numbers.Calanus glaeiazis appears throughout the water column with large numberspresent in the 200 - 0 m haul taken at station 21.

Calanus hyperboreus Kr@yer

This large calanoid copepod is one of the dominant copepods of theArctic Basin, and is usually found in large numbers in deeper water of thecentral Arctic. The species generally does not occur south of the northernChukchi Sea (Brodskii 1950).

Ca_Zanus h.yperboreus was observed at 6 stations, but did not appear inthe western-most stations near the Pt. Barrow - Cape Simpson area (Fig. 18).Maximum abundances occurred at station 18 for 20 - 0 m and 10 - 0 m verticalnet hauls. Specimens observed were stage 1, 11, 111, and IV copepodites.No stage V copepodites or adult females were found.

Caknus phurd?.rus Marukawa

CaZanus phm??zrus is another expatriate member of the Beaufort Seaplankton community usually found in abundance in the Bering Sea. It hasbeen reported in the Pt. Barrow area, but disappeared from the planktoncommunity by mid-August (Redburn 1974). This species was found in 50 - 0 mvertical net hauls only at stations 23 and 24 (Fig. 19). Five stage Vcopepodites were taken at station 23 while 1 female and 2 stage V cope-podites were collected at station 24.

Centropages abdominaZis Sato

This copepod appeared in only one sample collected at station 24 ina 2 0 - 0 m vertical ring net haul, Only stage V copepodites were observed.Centropages abdominalis is a neritic species at times abundant in the NorthPacific off western Canada, in the Bering Sea, and in the southern ChukchiSea, and, therefore, is probably indicative of Bering Sea water in theBeaufort Sea.

107

Derj’uginia tolli (Linko)

A neritic species of slightly less saline waters, Derjug{nia tollioccurred at four stations predominately as stage III, IV, and V copepodites(Fig. 20). No adult females were taken. Maximum abundance was found atstation 15 in a 10 - 0 m vertical net haul. The occurrence of this speciesat station 21 and in samples collected from AIDJEX, 1975, indicate thatDerj’ug{nia toll{ is widely distributed and may show a greater tolerance tohigher salinity water than other characteristically neritic species.

Eueahnus bung;{ bung{i Johnson

Only two specimens of this species were collected. At station 21, oneadult female was taken in a 100 - 0 m vertical ring net haul while onestage V copepodite was taken from a 50 - 0 m haul at station 24 (Fig. 21).EucaZanus bungii bungii is a large copepod expatriated from the Bering Sea.

Euc~aeta glacialis Hansen.

This large carnivorous copepod isspecies found in greater abundances inand five copepodites (stages IV and V)ring net haul at station 21. Stage IV

characteristically a deep-wateroffshore plankton. One adult femalewere taken in a 200 - 0 m verticalcopepodites were also present in a

2 0 - 0 rn vertical ring net haul at station 17.

No specimens of Euehaeta norvegica, previously reported from this area(Johnson 1956) were collected in either vertical or double oblique net hauls.

Euxytemo?a richingsi Heron and Damkaer

An unexpected member of the inshore plankton of the Beaufort Sea isEurytemora riehingsi. This new species was previously found in three of 54samples collected from Fletcher’s Ice Island (T-3) from May to September,1968 (Heron and Damkaer 1976). Most of these samples were collected atdepths greater than 500 m.

In the GZaeier samples, one adult female was collected in a doubleoblique bongo net haul from 20 - 0 m at station 25, providing additionalinformation on the distribution and ecology of this species. Identificationwas confirmed by Gayle Heron.

Limnoeahnus gtimaldii (Guerne)

Occurring primarily in the upper 10 m of the water column, this neritic,less saline water species was present in samples from five stations (Fig. 22).Though abundant at eastern stations, it was absent from samples collectedat station 15. Maximum abundances were found at station 18 for both 20 - 0 mand 10 - 0 m hauls. Abundances at other stations were much lower. Adultfemales and males were most numerous, while stage III, IV, and V copepoditeswere also collected.

108

Metridia Zonga (Lubbock)

Metrid<a longs is primarily a deep-water copepodfound in large numbers offshore at depths between 175during winter months when it is found in the upper 50

characteristicallyand 300 m, exceptm of the water column

(Tidmarsh 1973). This species was collected at stations 17, 18, and 21,although at station 21 it was collected only in 100 - 0 m and 200 - 0 mvertical ring net hauls. Maximum abundance occurred in the 200 - 0 m haulsat station 21. Metridia 2onga occurred in the upper 10 m of the watercolumn only at station 17, where stage I and II copepodites were collected.Stage IV and V copepodites were most abundant in the deep hauls at station21.

most20 -

Few adult females were present.

Microcaknus pygmaeus (G. O. Sars)

Mieroea2anus pygmaeus was found in samples collected at the eastern-stations off Prudhoe Bay only (Fig. 23). Maximm abundances for bothO mandlO- 0 m vertical ring net hauls were found at station 17.

Stage V copepodites were most abundant, although adult females and maleswere also numerous. Stage III copepodites were the youngest developmentalstage collected. The species is usually abundant in the offshore waters ofthe central Arctic.

Oith.ona similis Claus

Oithona similis was the only cyclopoid copepod collected in the upper20 m at all 12 stations (Fig. 24). At some stations, it was the most numer-ous copepod species, reaching a maximum abundance at station 13. The specieswas poorly represented in samples collected from station 14. All develop-mental copepodite stages were observed, with stage IV and V copepoditesgenerally most numerous. Adult females were most numerous at station 17,although few were ovigerous. A few adult males were found in some samples.

Oncaea borealis G. O. Sars

ringalisfrom

This cyclopoid copepod was collected only in the 200 - 0 m verticalnet haul at station 21. Only adult females were found. Oncaea bo~e-was collected in large numbers in the upper 150 m of the water columnAIDJEX, 1975, and is widespread throughout the Arctic (Sars 1900, 1903).

Pseudocalanus spp.

By far the most abundant copepod category, Pseudoealanu.s spp. wascollected at all 12 stations (Fig. 25). Two species, possibly three, com-prise this category, but were grouped together in view of current taxonomicrevision of the genus and difficulty in identifying juveniles. Pseudo-eazanus minutus (Kroyer) appeared to be the most abundant species. However,PseudocaZanus majo~ G. O. Sars, a larger form characteristic of less salinewater, was numerous at stations 14, 15, 17, and 18. Johnson (1956) alsorecognized a larger form but made no attempt to distinguish it from P.minutus.

109

Maximum abundances for PseudoeaZanus spp. were found at station 19B.Stage III and IV copepodites predominated in the Prudhoe Bay area, whilestage IV and V copepodites were numerous in other areas. Other developmentalstages, including adult males, were collected, but in fewer numbers. Moreadult females were found in deeper hauls from station 21, but none was ovi-gerous.

SeaphocaZanus magnus (Scott)

A widespread species, Seaphocalanus magnus occurs primarily in waterdeeper than 50 m. Only two specimens, an adult female and a stage V cope-podite, were collected in the 200 - 0 m haul at station 21.

Unidentified copepoda

TWO species of calanoid copepods could not be identified. One speciesappeared to belong to the family Aetideidae and was especially prevalent atstations 15 and 18. Only stage III, IV, and V copepodites were collected.One species of cyclopoid copepod could not be identified because of smallsize and damaged specimens. Two species of harpacticoid copepods were col-lected, but no attempt was made to identify them to genus and species.Harpacticoids were collected from all stations except station 17.

Copepod nauplii

Copepod nauplii were collected at all stations with the exception ofstation 15. Maximum abundances were found at stations 13 and 19B. Mostspecimens collected were greater than 0.4 mm, although a large number ofnauplii less than 4 mm were collected in samples containing large amountsof phytoplankton. This is in part reflected in those stations showingmaximum abundances.

CIRRIPEDIA

Nauplii and cyprid larvae of BaZanus SPP. were abundant at most stations,often comprising the largest percentage of the total zooplankton in theupper 20 m, except at Prudhoe Bay where they were poorly represented (Fig.26) . Maximum abundances for nauplii were found at station 13, while maxi-mum abundances for cyprids were found at station 26, two weeks later.Redburn (1974) suggested that the developmental period between naupliusand cypris stage in the Barrow area was 31 days.

BaZanus erenatus Brugui;re and Ba_lanus baZan.us Linnaeus have beenreported in the Barrow area with B. erenatus being the most abundant (Mac-Ginitie 1955).

EUPHAUSIACEA

Three species of euphausids were collected during the two-week samplingperiod. Although few numbers were present in our samples, euphausids areapparently an important part of the diet of the marine birds and mammals of

110

the area.

Thysanoessa inermb (KrOyer)

This species was the only euphausid caught in vertical ring net hauls.It was found at four stations, although never more than one individual wascaught at a station (Fig. 27). Specimens collected were approximately 15to 17 mm long. No specimens were collected in 10 - 0 m vertical net hauls.Johnson (1956) reported T. inermis at three stations in the Chukchi Sea,but not in the Beaufort Sea.

T@sanoessa rasehi< (M. Sars)

Thysanoessa rasch{{ was caught only in a bongo tow from 20 - 0 m atstation 25. Nine specimens were caught in the two nets, giving a concentra-tion of 27/100 m3. Specimens caught ranged from 14 to 17 mm in size.Johnson (1956) reported T. zwsehii to be the predominant euphausid of thearea.

Thysa~oessa hngipes Brandt

One 14 mm specimen was collected in the 20 - 0 m double oblique bongotow at station 25.

Thysanoessa spp. larvae

T@sanoessa spp. nauplii and calyptopid larvae we~e collected at sta-tions 21, 23, 24, and 26, but were never very abundant.

OSTRACODA

Two species of ostracods were found. Johnson (1956) reported thatostracods of the area prefer deeper water,

Conehoeeia borealis maxima Brady and Norman.

Ten specimens were collected at station 21 in the 200 - 0 m verticalring net haul.

Philomedes globosus (Lilljeborg)

One specimen was collected in the 20 - 0 m vertical net tow at station23.

CLADOCERA

One unidentified member of the family Polyphemidae was collected inthe 20 - 0 m vertical ring net haul at station 25. This specimen waseither Podon let.iekarti G. O. Sars or Evadne no~dmanni Loven, both of whichare characteristically found inshore in less saline waters.

111

MY SIDACEA

TWO species of mysids were collected although adults and larger juve-niles were caught in the bongo net hauls only.

Mysis Zitoralis (Banner) and ~~sis oeulata (Fabricius) were present inbongo aet hauls from stations 20 and 25. Small Mysis spp. juveniles werepresent in vertical ring net hauls from stations 20 and 21. No gravidfemales of either species were found.

DECAPODA

The decapods were divided into three categories: anomuran crab zoea,brachyuran crab zoea, and caridea or shrimp larvae. Decapod larvae werenever very abundant relative to other zooplankton categories, but weregenerally widespread throughout the sampling area.

Anomuran zoea were represented primarily by members of the familyPaguridae, “although Redburn (1974) reported larvae of the king crab, F’ara-lithodes cmrtseh.atiea (family Lithodidae) near Pt. Barrow. Maximum abun-dances were found at station 13 in 20 - 0 m and 10 - 0 m hauls (Fig. 20).Anomuran zoea were absent from stations 15, 17, and 18 in the Prudhoe Bayarea.

Brachyuran zoea were generally the most abundant decapods throughoutthe area, although relatively few were present in stations toward the east(Fig. 29). These zoea were represented primarily by members of the familyMajidae and were probably the zoea of the snow crab, Ckionoeee~es opizio(O. Fabricius). No megalopa larval stages were found in the GZaeier-76samples.

Caridea, or shrimp larvae, were found at all stations except station15 (Fig. 30). This category appeared to be primarily represented by membersof the family Hippolytidae. Maximum abundances were found at stations 13and 20. The large size, up to 10 mm, make these larvae prey for marinevertebrates in offshore areas where other prey are not available (Frostpersonal communication).

AMPHIPODA

Amphipods were grouped into two taxonomic categories, suborders Gam–maridea and Hyperiidea. No attempt was made to identify specimens to genusand species.

Gammaridea

The gammarid amphipods were represented by three or four species,most of which occur in the top 10 m of the water column as under-iceorganisms. Gammarid amphipods were collected at all 12 stations sampled,with maximum abundances found at station 20. No gravid females werecollected.

112

Hyperiidea

Only one species was found representing this category. It was absentfrom all of the 10 - 0 m vertical net hauls, and was most abundant atstation 14 in the 20 - 0 m vertical net haul.

POLYCHAETA

Pelagic larvae of polychaetes contributed a great deal to the mero-planktonic component of the zooplankton throughout the area, being secondin importance to barnacle larvae. Polychaete larvae composed of trocho-phores, intermediate and late larval stages were present at all 12 stations,although in fewer numbers at the eastern stations (Fig. 31). Maximum abun-dances were found at station 26 for vertical net hauls.

Redburn (1974) reported that members of the families Phyllodocidae,Syllidae, and Polynoidae were abundant in the plankton off Pt. Barrow.

APPENDIWLARIA

Fz%tellaria borealis Lohmann

One of two species found in the sampling area, F~itelLzria borealisshowed a widespread distribution, occurring at all stations except station15 (Fig. 32). This small species showed maximum abundances at stations13 and 21.

Oikopleura spp.

Questionable taxonomic characteristics resulted in grouping members ofthis larger appendicularian genus into one category. Although trunk lengthsexceeded those of Oikopleura Zabradoriensis Lohmann, gastrointestinal char-acteristics did not match those of 0ikop2eura ?xznhoef,feni Lohmann.

O<kopleura spp. showed a widespread distribution, being absent onlyat station 15 (Fig. 33). Maximum abundances were found at stations 19Band 25. Most specimens collected were immature.

CHAETOGNATHA

Sagitta e2egans Verrill

Sagitta ezegans was the only chaetognath species collected during thesampling period. It was widely distributed throughout the area, althoughabsent or sparse at those stations located near Prudhoe Bay (Fig. 34). Max-imum abundances occurred at stations 13 and 21. Most specimens were imma-ture, although mature specimens were always present. Sagitta elegans ap-parently did not occur at depths greater than 50 m at station 21.

113

CNIDARIA

Hydrozoa

Eight species of hydrozoa were collected in the sampling area, includingone unidentified species. Only two species were present in appreciablenumbers and were widespread in distribution.

AE@nops<s Zaurentii Brandt

A common circumpolar species, Aeginopsis Zaurent<i was found insamples from only two stations. One 8 mm specimen was taken in a 10 - 0 mhaul at station 18 while a 9 mm specimen was collected in a 20 - 0 m haulat station 20. Aeginopsis Zaurentii is a holoplanktonic hydrozoan spendingits entire life in the plankton.

Aglan-tha d<g{tale (M~ller) var. canrkch.ati;ea (Brandt)

This holoplanktonic species was by far the most numerous hydro-zoan medusa. It occurred at 10 stations, primarily in the upper 10 m, al-though it was poorly represented in samples collected in the Prudhoe Bayarea (Fig. 35). Maximum abundances were observed at station 26 for both20 - O m andlO- 0 m vertical net hauls. Stations 23, 24, and 26 showedlarge numbers of small, immature specimens, while at other stations, largerjuveniles and mature specimens predominated.

Bouga<nvillia supercil{aris (L. Agassiz)

This species was absent from all of the vertical ring net samples.One immature specimen was collected in a 10 - 0 m bongo net tow at station20. Polyp colonies generally occur at depths of 1 to 17 m (Naurnov 1960).

Corymorpha fkmmea Linko

Corymorpha fhunmea was poorly represented in the zooplankton of thearea, occurring at only two stations. One immature medusa was collected atstation 17 in a 20 - 0 m vertical haul, while another immature medusa wastaken from the 100 - 0 m vertical haul at station 21.

Pmigonimus yoldia-mcticae Birula

This hydrozoan medusa was found at five stations although in fewnumbers (Fig. 36). Maximum abundance was 7/m2 in a 20 - 0 m haul at station14. At station 25, the species was taken in a bongo tow from 20 - 0 m.

PZotoenide borealis Wagner

A rare species, one immature medusa was collected in a verticalring net haul from 10 - 0 m at station 19B. The polyp generation of thisspecies is unknown (Naumov 1960).

114

Rathkea octopunctata (M. Sars)

This species was second in abundance to AgZantha d<gitale andwas found in samples collected at seven stations (Fig. 34). Maximum abun-dances were found at stations 23 and 26. No mature specimens were found.

Unidentified hydrozoa

Included in this category are specimens too damaged to be iden-tified. However, one immature specimen taken from a 50 - 0 m vertical ringnet haul at station 21 might be Coryne pzw%eeps (Haeckel).

Scyphozoa

Cyanea eap~zza~a (Linnaeus)

Cyanea eapi2Zata was the only scyphozoan found in samples collec-ted from the sampling area. The species was sparsely present at ninestations, and was absent in samples collected in the Prudhoe Bay area (Fig.38) . Maximum abundances were found at stations 4 and 6. Although capableof reaching 500 mm, specimens collected were 8 to 30 mm in diameter. Thedistribution of this species may be of some importance, as an associationbetweenit and the arctic cod Boreogadus saida has been suggested (Redbum1974) .

CTENOPHORA

Two species of ctenophores were found in samples collected from thearea. However, one species remains unidentified because of the poor condi-tion of preserved specimens. A quantitative analysis of the abundance ofspecies of this phylum is difficult because of the poor preservation. Onlycomplete or nearly complete specimens were counted.

Beroe eueum%s Fabricius

Although present at four stations, Beroe cucz.ui?is was most abundant atstation 14.

Unidentified ctenophores

Two unidentified ctenophores were found in vertical ring net samplescollected at stations 21 and 23 and bongo net tows at stations 20 and 25.

MOLLUSCA

SpirateZZa heZicina (Phipps)

This pteropod species was the most abundant and widespread representa-tive of the Mollusca in the zooplankton population. It was present insamples collected from 10 stations. Maximum abundances were found atstations 17 and 18. Most specimens were small, generally < 0.5 mm, although

115

larger pteropods, 1 to 2 mm, were also present.

Unidentified larvae

Two categories of molluscan larvae were distinguished: lamellibranchor bivalve larvae and gastropod veligers.

Lamellibranch larvae were abundant at times although primarily below10 m. Maximum abundances were found at stations 13, 21, 23, and 24. Lamel-libranch larvae were found at eight of the 12 stations sampled.

Gastropod veligers were present in samples collected from six stations.Maximum abundances were found at stations 24 and 26.

ECHINODERMATA

This phylum was represented in the zooplankton samples by pluteilarval stages of ophiuroids (brittle stars) and echinoids (sea urchins).Bipinnaria.larvae were also found. Echinoderm larvae were present insamples collected from 10 stations with maximum abundances occurring atstation 18 where large numbers of ophioplutei were the only echinodermlarvae encountered.

PISCES

Three or possibly four species of fish larvae were encountered in thesampling area, two of which were found only in bongo net samples from station2 0 . No fish eggs were collected.

Boreogadus sa;da (Lepechin)

The arctic cod Bowogadus saida was the most abundant and widespreadfish larva observed. It occurred in vertical ring net samples at stations14 and 19B in 20 - 0 mhauls, and at stations 23 and 26 in 10 - 0 m hauls(Fig. 39). No more than one larva was caught in any one vertical net haul.Specimens ranged from 11 to 14 mm in length.

Boreogadus sa<da was also caught in bongo net tows at stations 20 and25. Seven larvae ranging from 9 to 16 mm were caught in a double obliquehaul from 10 - 0 m at station 20. Seven larvae, caught at station 25 in a “double oblique haul from 20 - 0 m, ranged in size from 14 to 18 mm.

Lwnpenus sp.

This fish larva was present only in the bongo net tow at station 20where 4 larvae were caught in a 10 - 0 m haul. Larvae were 15 to 16 mm inlength.

Unidentified Cyclopteridae

This species, probably Lip&s sp., was caught in bongo net tows at

116

stations 20 and 25. One 17 mm larva was caught in the 10 - 0 m haul atstation 20, and a 28 mm specimen was collected in the 20 - 0 m haul atstation 25. *

Unidentified Gadidae

This category was represented at station 25 in vertical ring andbongo net hauls with one 19 mm larva collected in a 20 - 0 m ring net hauland two larvae, 21 and 24 mm, collected in the bongo net haul from 20 - 0m. These fish larvae may be Boreogadua saida, although pigment patternson these specimens do not match those described for this species.

VII . Discussion

A. Prudhoe Bay

Adverse ice conditions in the summer of 1975 prevented planktonsampling except for a fairly intensive program in September within PrudhoeBay and in the lagoon area between Prudhoe Bay and the Midway Islands.

Carbon assimilation and chlorophyll a concentrations were gener-ally variable throughout the study area except that higher values wereusually found in deeper water, which agrees with the findings of Homeret aZ. (1974). Standing stock was also variable. Chaetoeeros fureellatvs,unidentified pennate diatoms, and unidentified flagellates were the mostcommon organisms present. The pennate diatoms appeared to be speciesusually associated with the ice and comprising a large part of the icealgae community in spring. CAaetoeeros fureellatus is also considered tobe a spring species and frequently occurs with resting spores during icebreakup. Several species of the genus l%alassiosira were also present andare usually spring species. It appears that the phytoplankton communitysampled in September 1975 consisted of species characteristic of the springbloom that usually occurs about the time of ice breakup.

Other indications that the spring bloom was occurring in Septem-ber were the relatively high nutrient concentrations, suggesting that thephytoplankton had not yet utilized the nutrients. The average nitrate plusnitrite concentration was about twice as high as that reported by Homeret al. (1974) for August 1972.

Homer etaz. (1974)communities within the Prudhoefound in this study. The mostarea and in the water column.

reported the presence of three phytoplanktonBay area. No such specific communities werecommon taxa were distributed throughout the

Annual variation in species composition, distribution and produc-tion in the shallow bay and the lagoon area inside the barrier islands inthe Prudhoe Bay area is apparently a function of local weather and iceconditions along with available nutrient concentrations.

117

B. USCCC Glacier

1. Phytoplankton standing stock and productivity

Nearly all the species reported for the Chukchi and Beaufortseas (Bursa 1963, Homer 1969, Coyle 1974, Homer et a2. 1974, Hsiao 1976)are common and widespread in north temperate and subarctic (as defined byDunbar 1968) waters. Many species, especially pennate diatoms and flagel-lates, are only found in the epontic ice community in spring (Homer 1976)and are not listed in Table 6. Some species, including NZLzsehia ~r;gidcGrunow and Nitzsehia grun.ouii Hasle, are found in ice and in the watercolumn. Nit,zschia frigidz is a dominant member of the ice community and isoccasionally found in the water column, while Nitzschia grummii is often amajor component of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the water column.

Another major component of the spring bloom in the watercolumn is Poros;ra gzaeialis (Grunow) Jorgensen, which was not common inthe GZacie~76 samples. ThaZassiosira Antarctica Comber was present atstations 15, 17, and 18 near Prudhoe Bay. These two species have beententatively called bipolar species by Hasle (1974) because they are foundin extreme inshore waters or near ice in both polar regions. This distri–bution is difficult to explain, although Smayda (1958) suggested that bi-polar distribution could be explained only if the species were cosmopolitan.Obviously more samples from low latitude oceanic areas must be examinedbefore any decisions can be reached.

Chaetoeeros fuFce2Zatus, G%. wighami, included in Chaetoce~osspp., and Ch. septentrionaz;s often occur in the water column either inspring or associated with ice. Chaetoee~os atZantieus, Ch. compresses,G%. coneavicornis, Ch. deeipiens, and &%. suhseeundus commonly occur inthe Barrow area in summer.

Nitzseh.ia elosterium and LeptocyZindrws minimus were abundantin Bering Sea water at stations 23 and 24. Iiitzschia closkerium is an ubi-quitous species, commonly found in temperate and Arctic waters, and isalways present in nearshore waters of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas(Bursa 1963, Homer 1969, Homer et az. 1974). Leptocy2indrus minimusis the only species in GZaeier-76 samples that has not been reported pre-viously from the Beaufort Sea. Its distribution is not well known, butit has been reported from the Bering Sea (Ohwada 1972, Motoda and Minoda1974) . It is possible that L. minimus has been present in other BeallfortSea samples, but not recognized because of its small size and superficialresemblance to broken Chaetoceros spines. Its presence in Beaufort Seawater indicates that it is probably an expatriate.

The diatom Eucampia zoodiaeus Ehrenberg occurred more fre-quently in GZacier-76 samples than in earlier collections, but its distri-bution was more restricted, occurring mainly at the inshore stations 15,17, and 18 near Prudhoe Bay. In WEBSEC-73 samples from the Beaufort Sea,it was found from Pt. McIntyre to Flaxman Island, offshore as well asinshore.

118

Small flagellates are difficult to identify in preservedphytoplankton samples because of poor preservation, small size, scatteredreference material, and the enumeration technique, i.e., use of the in-verted microscope and settling chambers. No preservative currently avail-able will work equally well on the wide variety of organisms in a phyto-planlcton sample. Formalin appears to be as good as any other preservativeand does not require a bleaching step as does Lugol’s iodine. Many of thesmaller flagellates, those < 10 pm in diameter, require study under thetransmission electron microscope before positive identification can bemade. Most of these organisms, therefore, have been grouped into sizeclasses based on the length and diameter of the cells. Where possible,they have been identified to family or phylum.

Dinoflagellates are also often difficult to identify in in-verted microscope counting chambers, because they frequently settle at oddangles, so that identifying characteristics cannot be seen. This is espe-cially true of species having relatively heavy thecae or spines, includingspecies of Petidinium and Ceratiiwn. Other forms, which are usually smallerin size, have very thin thecae and may be poorly preserved as are flagel-lates. Many of the smaller forms have probably not been described in thescientific literature, and they have been grouped as undetermined Pyrro-phyta.

The lack of information on species distributions based onadequate taxonomic data makes it difficult to separate the phytoplanktoninto categories based on hydrography. Most of the species listed in Table6 are considered to be neritic species, but many of them, including spe-cies of Thalassiosi~a, Chaetoceros, Nitzsehia, and NavieuZa, have beenreported from the central Arctic as well (Kawamura 1967).

Hasle (1976) discusses early attempts to group phytoplanktonby habitat and points out some of the difficulties. She also resorts tosimple terminology such as “warm water” or “cold water” assemblages.

Our use of a constant light incubator, while practical forthe conditions under which we were working, gives relative production. Theaverage light value used here, ea. 2100 lUX, is somewhat lower than thelight levels reported by Alexander et aZ. (1974) for 6 m near Barrow whenno ice is present. Photosynthetic efficiency was probably not inhibitedby the light levels we used.

The temperature in our incubator was usually 5 to 7° Chigher than the in situ temperature. This might have enhanced photosyn-thetic rates somewhat, but the low light levels probably compensated forthe higher temperatures.

Some estimates of annual production in the Chukchi andBeaufort Seas have been made, primarily from data collected in shallownearshore areas (Coyle 1974, Homer e$ al. 1974, Alexander 1974, andHsiao 1976). Coyle (1974) and Homer et az. (1974) based their figureson data collected in Prudhoe Bay and the lagoon area between the coast

119

and the Midway Islands for the water column and on Barrow for the icealgae and benthic microalgae; therefore their estimates may be somewhathigh. Total annual production within Prudhoe Bay was estimated to bec 10 g C m-2 “yr-l, and ea. 13 to 23 g C m-2 - yr-l in the lagoon. Alex-ander (1974) estimated the annual production of the water column inHarrison Bay and Simpson Lagoon to be ea. 10 to 15 g C m-2* yr-l.

Using the assumptions given below and Hsiao’s (1976} averageintegrated productivity value of 28.14 mg C m-2 “ yr-l for inshore and off-shore stations, annual production in the southern Beaufort Sea is about8 g Cm-2 *yr-l. In the eastern Canadian Arctic, Grainger (1971) reportedannual production in excess of 40 g C m-2 “ yr-l from Frobisher Bay.

Estimates of annual production for the northeastern ChukchiSea and western Beaufort Sea have been calculated using GZacier-76 data.The calculations assume 24 hr days in June and July, 20 hr days in August,and 15 hr days in September. It is also assumed that twice as much produc-tion occurs in June during the spring bloom as occurs later in the summerand that essentially no production occurs during other months. The icealgae and benthic microalgae have not been included in these estimates. Inthe northeastern Chukchi Sea, annual production is ea. 18 f c m-z ● yr-1,while in the western Beaufort Sea it is ea. 9 g C m–2 s yr– .

2. Zooplankton

The zooplankton of the western Beaufort Sea may be groupedinto 4 categories: species which are expatriates from the Bering andChukchi Seas, species occurring throughout the Arctic Basin, species char-acteristically found in neritic, less saline environments, and speciescontributing meroplanktonic life history stages to the zooplankton. Theabundance, distribution, and diversity of these categories is primarily areflection of hydrographic conditions resulting from the clockwise circu-lation of the Polar Basin gyre, wind-driven upwelling, and from theeasterly intrusion of warmer, more saline Bering Sea water.

The northward flow and subsequent easterly intrusion ofBering Sea water is not an unusual phenomenon in the western Beaufort Sea.Hufford (1973) has documented a warm, high salinity layer in 10 - 60 m ofwater in 10 of 16 years examined. This layer may extend as far east as1430 w. Hydrographic data during the summer of 1976 indicate an eastwardextension of this layer to 1510 19.0’ W (station 20).

Eastward extension of Bering Sea water is also indicated bythe occurrence of expatriate copepod species Ca2anus eristatus, Ca2arzxsplumchrus, Centropages abdominalis, and EticaZanus bungii bungii (Johnson1956) . The cladocerans, Evadne nor~anni and Podon leuekarti, may also beexpatriate species (Redburn 1974). These species were not found east of.station 20, thus substantiating hydrographic data. The absence of thesespecies at stations 13 and 26 may be due to the small volumes of waterfiltered relative to their abundance.

120

Other species reported by Johnson (1956) in the westernBeaufort Sea as coastal expatriates from the south were Aeaxtia ebusi,.Wrytemora herdmani, and Tortanus discauhtus. Redburn (1974) found thesespecies only when surface temperatures exceeded 7° C. These species werenot found during the 1976 sampling period, possibly because surface temper-atures were always less than 70 C.

The majority of species occurring throughout the Arctic Basinwere well represented in the inshore zooplankton of the western BeaufortSea. Included in this category are Calanus glaeialis, O{thona similis,Thgsanoessa spp., Fritellaria borealis, Oikopleura spp., Sagitta elegans,and Boreogadus saida. Redburn (1974) suggested that distributions andabundances of these species are less directly affected by advective proces-ses than they are by biological interactions and characteristics of thesespecies, including predation, food requirements, natural death and sinking,and reproductive success.

Amphipods in this region are primarily under-ice organismsand therefore influenced by the presence or absence of ice. The widespreaddistribution of amphipods during the 1976 sampling period may be due toadverse ice conditions and little open water during that period.

There remains some question as to the distribution of EUPY-temora fiefiingsi, although its presence at station 25 and in deep hauls off-shore ~,akes it appear to be a widespread, though rare, species.

Other widely distributed species showed distributions andabundances which were affected by advective processes. Johnson (1956)suggested zooplankton distributions in the Beaufort Sea are influenced bythe prevailing circulation in the Polar Basin in which clockwise circulationintroduces cold central Arctic water from the north into the eastern BeaufortSea. Using data collected in 1972, Hufford (1974) described the presenceof a wind-driven, upwelling regime on the eastern half of the North Alaskanshelf which apparently is not a regular feature of the shelf circulation(Mountain 1974). English and Homer (1976) reported [email protected] magnus,Heterorhabdus norvegieus, and Gaidius tenuispinus in WEBSEC-72 samplescollected from 50 m off Barter Island (1430 45’ W). These copepod speciesare characteristically deep water species in the central Arctic.

O’Brien and Hurlburt (1972) suggested that the upwellingregime proposed by Hufford (1974) should be accompanied by westward movementof water in the upwelling region, which will be in opposition to the east-erly flow of Bering Sea water. The influence of this circulation regimeis apparent in the Prudhoe Bay area, where copepods which are more abundantoffshore or in deeper water, such as Calanu.s h.yperborexs, Euehaeta g2aei-alis, Metridia 2onga, and Microealanus pygmaeus, were collected in 20 - 0 mnet hauls in greatest abundance or only at stations in the Prudhoe Bay areain 1976.

Hand and Kan (1961) suggested a similar advective influenceon the holoplanktonic hydrozoans Aglantha digitale and Aeginopsis 2aurentii

121

collected in 1950 and 1951. These species were poorly represented in thePrudhoe Bay area during the sampling period in 1976.

Aglantha d@{taZe, however, may show a response to the in-trusion of Bering Sea water. Large numbers of this species were reportedat the easterly front of intruding Bering Sea water in 1950. Hand and Kan(1961) suggested a downward movement of water at this front with an accumu-lation of A. d;gitaZe as a result of attempts by this species to remainclose to the surface. During 1976, large numbers of A. d@ita2e were col-lected at stations where Bering Sea water occurred. Whether this accumula-tion of individuals is a result of downwelling or is the result of recruit-ment of juvenile medusae into the plankton cannot be determined with pre-sent data, although the presence of large numbers of juvenile A. digita2eat station 26 suggests recruitment.

Some species collected during 1976 are characteristicallyfound in the Beaufort Sea and are neritic in nature. Pseudoealanus spp.is the largest representative of this category occurring throughout thesampling area, but absent from waters of the central Arctic. PseudoeaZanusminutus and Aeartia Zongiremis are characteristic of those species whosedistributions and abundances in the inshore environment are more likely in-fluenced by biological phenomena.

Pseudoealanus mq”or, Derjuginia tolli, and Limnoeaknusgrimalciii are neritic species whose distribution and abundances are primar-ily influenced by the extent of lower salinity water resulting from runoffand melt water. Pseudoealanus mqjor was restricted to the eastern stationsduring 1976, while Derjuginia to12i showed a wider distribution resultingfrom a higher tolerance to more saline waters.

In addition to the extent of less saline water, the distribu-tion of Limnoealanus gtimaldii is apparently influenced by advective proces–ses. Johnson (1956) found L. grimaZdii off the Colville River (ea.150° 30’ W) in 1950 when Bering Sea water extended to 143° W. English andHomer (1976) reported L. grimaZdii in WEBSEC-72 samples collected offBarter Island (143° 45’ W). In the 1976 samples, L. grimaldii was foundonly east of the Colville River. This distribution pattern suggests thatL. grimaZdii is a more eastern species, whose distribution in the westernBeaufort Sea is restricted by the easterly flow of Bering Sea water.

Meroplanktonic life history stages of barnacles, polychaetes, “hydrozoans, gastropod, and echinoderms comprised the largest part of thezooplankton in the western Beaufort Sea. Johnson (1956) suggested thatmeroplanktonic production was greater in the Chukchi and western Beaufortseas than in the eastern Beaufort Sea because of the larger area of shallowwater in the western areas. Except for echinoderm larvae, meroplanktoniclarval stages were most abundant at stations 13 and 26 during 1976.

Maximum abundances of barnacle larvae were found northwest ofPt. Barrow in 1950 and 1951, suggesting that a sizeable portion of barnaclelarvae in the western Beaufort Sea may be due to advection (Johnson 1956).

122

This would seem a plausible hypothesis as barnacle larvae diminished inabundance at the easternmost stations.

Abundances of barnacle larvae collected at offshore stationswere similar in 1951 and 1952, but were greater at inshore stations in 1976.Cypris larvae were more abundant in 1951, while nauplii ~’ere more abundantin 1976, although samples for both years were collected the last two weeksin August. This is probably due to the later release of meroplanktoniclarval stages associated with adverse ice conditions in 1976.

Hand and Kan (1961) suggested that meroplanktonic hydrozoanmedusae were advected into the western Beaufort Sea from the Chukchi Sea.During 1976, most meroplanktonic hydrozoans were not found in sufficientnumbers to describe distributions and responses to advective processes.Bath.kea octopunetiata, however, was widespread in the western Beaufort Seain 1976 and many small individuals were found suggesting a locally repro-ducing population.

VIII . Conclusions

Conclusions listed here, especially for the phytoplankton, must beconsidered preliminary because so few data are available.

A. Phytoplankton

1. Individual phytoplankton species have widespread distribu-tions in the nearshore T3eaufort Sea, but standing stocks ofphytoplankton are variable and patchy.

2. Some apparently expatriate species occur when Bering Seawater is found in the Beaufort Sea.

3. Primary production is variable and patchy, with highestproduction occurring between 5 and 20 m and where diatomsare the most abundant organisms.

B. Zooplankton

1. Zooplankton species can be grouped into four categories:

a. Expatriates from the Bering and Chukchi seas;b. Species occurring throughout the Arctic Basin;c. Species from less saline, nearshore areas;d. Species contributing meroplanktonic stages.

2 . Distribution of some species or larval groups is patchy andis influenced by hydrography.

123

3.

4.

5.

Expatriate species occur when Bering Sea water is found inthe Beaufort Sea.

Meroplankton comprise a large part of the zooplankton inthe western Bering Sea.

Species utilized as food by birds and mammals generally werenot caught by our sampling gear. The presence of ice pre-vented use of horizontally-towed nets and larger, fastermoving species are able to avoid vertically-towed nets.

I x . Needs for further study

Information currently available on the phytoplankton and zooplanktonof the Beaufort Sea consists primarily of species distributions and abun-dances during the summer, usually August and early September, and usuallywest of Barter Island. This kind of information should be extended toinclude all seasons of the year and the area from Prudhoe Bay east atleast to the Canadian border.

Essentially no data are available on life cycles of any phytoplanktonor zooplankton species. A little information has been obtained from distri-bution and abundance surveys, but there have been no concerted efforts todetermine life cycles of even the most common species.

No information is available on the vertical distribution of planktonspecies or on diel vertical migrations of zooplankton species in theBeaufort Sea.

No information is available on year-to-year variability of planktonpopulations, with the exception of the phytoplankton cycle in the nearshorewater at Pt. Barrow.

There is very little information available on trophic dependencies.Some of the important food species for fish and mammals are amphipods,shrimps, euphausids, and Arctic cod, but distribution patterns, lifecycles, and food habits of these organisms generally are not known. Itis not known what role the ice algae play in the food web of the BeaufortSea, although it has been suggested that this community lengthens thegrowing season by about two months (Homer 1976). In addition, Schell(personal communication) has suggested that the ice algae act as a nutrientpump, especially in water < 10 m deep, and that ice algae serve as foodfor grazers and also concentrate nutrients that will be released into thesediments or water column when the algal cells disintegrate, thus increas-ing the nutrient supply to benthic and planktonic microalgae.

Critical species or groups of species have not been identified. Thesecritical species might be important food species, rare species that wouldbe adversely affected by pollution, or abundant species.

124

Very little information is available on the effects of oil on plank–ton in the Arctic. Hsiao (1976) has shown that rates of primary produc-tion vary with type and concentration of oil, methods Of preparation Of Oil-seawater mixtures, species composition of the plankton, and duration ofexposure. Diatoms especially were inhibited by crude oils and mixturesof crude oils and Corexit (a compound used in oil spill clean-up). Aslick ~f oil on the water surface would reduce light penetration, thusreducing photosynthesis and growth of phytoplankton. Organic pollutantsmight also contribute to changes in the species composition of the phyto-plankton, changing the population from one composed of diatoms to onecomposed of microflagellates (Fisher 1976). This change in structure ofthe phytoplankton community could seriously affect other levels of the foodchain. Some life cycle stages have been shown to be more sensitive topollutants than other stages; in particular, larvae are often more sus-ceptible than adults.

Environmental information should be collected at the same time asbiological information. Knowledge of current regimes, for example, wouldhelp biologists determine dispersion patterns for plankton which could beimportant in repopulating an area after an oil spill.

x . Summary of 4th quarter operations

R.U. #359 had no field program during this quarter. Our activities con-sisted of finishing the laboratory analyses of samples, primarily sorting,counting, and identifying plankton samples, and working on data analysisfor the final report.

X I . Bibliographies

Extensive bibliographies for phytoplankton and zooplankton have beencompiled. All references have been checked, and key words identified;nearly all are available in the University of Washington library system,and UW call numbers are given along with the location in the UW library.Journal abbreviations are from the World List of Scientific Periodicalsor follow the World List abbreviations for individual words where possible.Some publications have been written out in full to facilitate finding thereference. Bibliographic style generally follows the CBE Style Manual,third edition, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D. C.Foreign language references, journal abbreviations, library call numbers,and punctuation marks have been modified (use of capital letters, noumlauts, no degree signs, asterisks in place of quotation marks and apos-trophes, etc.) to accommodate the computer.

Many of the references are taxonomic in nature and are not limited toArctic taxa. The literature search has been designed to include referencesfor the whole Arctic Ocean and peripheral waters, including the northernBering Sea, Norwegian Sea, Denmark Strait, Baffin Bay, and Davis Strait,because it is impossible to separate the Beaufort Sea biologically from therest of the Arctic.

125

The ichthyoplankton bibliography is not extensive and contains morereferences to adult fish than to larvae and juveniles. A more extensivebibliography for ichthyoplankton was done for R.U. #349 (English 1976).The present bibliography is limited primarily to the nearshore BeaufortSea and streams entering into this area.

All three bibliographies are appended to this report, section

XII . Archived samples and unpublished data

Archived samples and unpublished data concerning zooplankton

XIV .

andphytoplankton are primarily from WEBSEC (Western Beaufort Sea EcologicalCruises) cruises sponsored by the U. S. Coast Guard from 1970 to 1973.Wing (1974) published the results of zooplankton collections made duringthe 1970 cruise in the eastern Chukchi Sea; Cobb and McConnell (unpubl. ins.)described the species composition, relative abundances, and distribution,of zooplankton from the 1971 cruise. Wing also collected zooplanktonsamples during the 1972 WEBSEC cruise. Some of these samples have beenprocessed as part of the present OCSEAP project, and four tables includedin our first annual report (R.U. #359), 1 April 1976 (English and Homer1976), are reprinted here (Tables 17 to 20).

Homer collected phytoplankton seand$ng stock and chlorophyll asamples during WEBSEC-73. All of the samples have been processed, butthe results have not been published. Chlorophyll a and phytoplanktonstanding stock samples were collected in 1974 from Icy Cape to Barrow andfrom Barrow to Barter Island. The chlorophyll a samples have been analyzed,but the standing stock samples have not (Homer unpubl.).

126

Table 17. Number of fish larvae found in two WEBSEC-72 Isaacs-Kiddmid-water trawl samples

Station Date Depth (m)

009 7 h~ 7 2 0(70°30.8’N, 40144027.O’W) 2 0

7 Aug 72010 20(70°19.3’N, 15144°46.5’W) 1 0

0

AB 72-157-159-160

-163-164-165-166

FishLarvae

2915

0

263859

272

Table 18. Fish eggs and larvae from two vertical net hauls

Fish FishStation Date Depth (m) Sample Larvae m

005 5 Aug 72 500 AB 7 2 - 1 3 7 0 1(70°51.7’N, 800 - 1 3 8 0 1143045.4’W)

010 7 Aug 72 30 -161 1 0(70°19.3’N,144°46.5’W]

AlAl

127

Table 19. Copepods sorted from station 005, AB 72-132 (70°51.7’N,143°45.4’W), 5 Aug 1972, 50 m. The total number of copepods was 1742.

Species =

Calanus hyperboreus VI ?vIvIIII

CaZanus glacialis VI PvIv11111I

Me-&idia Zonga

Euchaeta gticialis

Pseudoeahznus minutus VI 9

Staph.oealanus magnus VI 9VT

.V dIv $

Heterorhabdws norvegieus VI ?VI d

Gaidius tenuispinus ~~ YVI 2V9v@Iv ?

Aetideopsis rostrata ~~ Y

% Total

38.8019.172.460 . 4 00 . 1 1

1 4 . 1 23 . 3 20 . 7 41 . 3 20 . 7 40 . 1 1

4 . 5 31 . 0 32 . 5 80 . 8 00 . 9 20 . 4 5

0 . 8 60 . 6 30 . 6 3

“ 0 . 1 10 . 1 10 . 0 60 . 2 30 . 0 5

3 . 2 0

0 . 2 80 . 1 70 . 0 60 . 0 6

0 . 4 60 . 2 2

0 . 1 10 . 1 10 . 1 70 . 1 10 . 0 6

0 . 2 9

0 . 1 10 . 0 60 . 0 60 . 0 6

128

Table 20. Copepods sorted from station 019, AB 72-199 (71°09.0’N,146°29.0’W), 11 Aug 1972, 250 m. The total number of copepods was 265.

Species .sEfE

Calanus hyperbo?eus VI QvIVIII

Calanus glacialis

Metridia longs

Euchaeta gticialis

Pseudocalanus minutus

ScaphocaZanus magnus

VI ?VI tivIV111III

VI 7v ?VCP

VI &VQIV ?Iv S111

VI ?v

VI ?

% Total

2.644.150.750.75

4.150.383.019.81

35.098.300.38

3 . 0 17 . 1 77 . 9 2

0 . 3 80 . 3 80 . 3 80 . 3 80 . 3 8

1 2 . 8 30 . 7 5

0 . 3 8

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SECTION 2

Offshore

Marine Ecosystems Studies at AIDJEX

in the Southeast Beaufort Sea

Clarence G. Pautzke

Gerald F. Hornof

Kevin D. Wyman

i

LIST OF FIGURES

.w2E

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Stages of the marine ecosystems studies at AIDJEXin the southeast Beaufort Sea

Drift track of AIDJEX main camp, Big Bear, Junethrough September 1975.

Three dimensional plot of chlorophyll a at O - 100 m,June through September.

Chlorophyll a (mg

Chlorophyll a (mg100 m.

Chlorophyll a andfive depths, withintervals.

m - 3, over time at 12 depths.

m-2) integrated over the upper

assimilation potential measured at5-day geometric means

“-3 . hr-l)Assimilation potential (mg C m12 depths.

and confidence

over time at

Chlorophyll a depth profiles overlaid on assimilationpotential depth profiles.

Assimilation potential versus chlorophyll a measuredat 20, 40, and 60 m.

Relative assimilation (Pr) versus relative light(Ir) for observations from graduated light experi-ments at five depths.

Assimilation number (mg C.mg Chl a-l “hr-l),Ik (W+ cm-2 x 10-3), and initial slope(mg C”mg Chla-l ● (W-m-z) “hr-l) over time andconfidence intervals.

Relative abundance of CaZanus h.yperboreus, femalesand stages I to V, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates.

Relative abundance of Calanu.s glac$al{s, females andstages I to V, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates.

Relative abundance of Euchaeta glaeialis, females,males, and stages II to V, for 3 depth intervalsand 8 dates.

Relative abundance of ~4etridia Zonga, females, males,and stages III to V, for 3 depth intervals and8 dates.

PageNumber

3

7

18

19

20

2 1

24

25

26

27

32

38

39

4 0

41

ii

PageNumber

16 Relative abundance of M-icPoeaknus pygmaeus,females and stages I to V, for 3 depth intervalsand 8 dates.

43

17

18

Relative abundance of Oiihonu stilis, females, 44males, and stages I to V, for 3 depth intervals and8 dates.

Relative abundance of Oncaea borea2is, females and 45males; O. n.otopus, females; and Oncaea spp. juveniles,for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates.

19 Relative abundance of small, large, and total nauplii, 46for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates.

20 Air temperature (°C), wind speed (knots), and island 47movement (km “ day-l) recorded at AIDJEX main camp.

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Expeditions, years of field collections, authorsand years of publications of marine biologicalstudies in the Arctic Ocean

PageNumber

5

Sampling program at AIDJEX main camp, summer 1975 10

Summary of samples taken and analyzed 12

Nitrate concentrations (mg at t-l) measured at 16AIDJEX main camp, Big Bear

Nitrate and chlorophyll a measured at two depths 17during helicopter transects

Chlorophyll a (mg m‘3 x 100) measured during the 23

replication experiments at four depths on ten days

Surface characteristics of the melt pond, lead, 34and bare ice sites during in situ incubations,and the associated average assimilation(mg Cm-3 *hr-1)

Copepods identified in samples taken at AIDJEX

Maximum numbers of animals per 100 m3 for speciesand stages collected at AIDJEX

36

37

I. Summary of objectives, conclusions, and implications with respect toOCS oil and gas development

The objective was to obtain a description of the plankton in thepelagic environment of the Beaufort Sea beyond the continental shelf duringthe summer season.

Nitrate depletion was observed in the upper 40-45 m in June andremained depleted throughout the summer. Within the same depth and timeinterval the phytoplankton population (estimated by chlorophyll a) waslow , suggesting nutrient limitation. The disappearance of snow cover andformation of melt ponds resulted in a gradual increase in submarine lightlevels through July. Active growth of phytoplankton at the pycnocline(45 m) was observed. The highest chlorophyll a concentrations occurredat this depth in late July and’ early August. Graduated light experimentsindicated the phytoplankton population was adapted to low light levels.The zooplankton population was sampled and vertical distribution for eightspecies on eight dates is presented.

The impact on the Beaufort Sea beyond the continental shelf from thedevelopment of coastal oil and gas reserves is difficult to assess. Apartfrom a major oil spill, only slight concentrations of oil and its by-products might be expected to reach this area by ocean and wind circulation.Their presence might directly alter the albedo, the thermoconductivity ofthe ice, and rates of ice growth. The sensitivity of the ecosystem tochanges in these parameters is not known.

2

I I . Introduction

A. General nature and scope of study

The oceanic waters of the Beaufort Sea are separated from thenorthern coasts of Alaska and Canada by a 60 - 100 mile wide continentalshelf. Proceeding seaward from the coastline, the marine ecosystemchanges from a neritic environment to an oceanic one. The sea surfacealso changes. Inshore, the presence of shorefast and drifting sea-ice ishighly seasonal. Offshore, the pack-ice becomes more concentrated andperennial. The Beaufort Sea thus provides two extremes: a shallowwater, seasonal ice environment, and a deep water, perennial ice environ-ment.

The Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Programincluded several studies describing the shallow water, seasonal ice en-vironment, including fisheries (Roguski R.U. #233), benthos (CareyR.U. #6, Broad R.U. #356), microbial activity (Morita R.U. #190), andmarine plankton (English and Homer R.U. #359). These efforts were con-centrated in the 1975-1976 field seasons and some are still in progress.An additional part of the marine plankton studies (English and HomerR.U. #359) was conducted during summer 1975 at the Arctic Ice DynamicsJoint Experiment (AIDJEX) main camp, Big Bear. The research took placewithin the perennial ice zone over deep water.

B. Specific objective

The objective of the biological oceanography program at AIDJEXwas to develop an understanding of the seasonal changes in abundance anddistribution of planktonic components of the marine pelagic ecosystem.Equipment and time limitations resulted in emphasis on the primary pro-ducer level though zooplankton was also sampled regularly.

The research program was designed to progress toward the ultimategoal of understanding the marine ecosystem well enough to formulate apredictive model (Fig. 1). We are presently in the descriptive phase.

c . Relevance to problems of petroleum development

The energy fixed by photosynthesis is transferred through her-bivorous zooplankton to arctic cod, waterfowl, seals, whales, and polarbears. Some of these are important to the subsistence and economic wel-fare of coastal natives. An understanding of primary and secondary pro-duction dynamics is a prerequisite to assessment of the impacts of oildevelopment in the Arctic Ocean periphery. No previous ecosystemsstudies have been made in the deep water perennial ice zone of thesoutheastern Beaufort Sea.

The fate and consequence of oil spilled in the Arctic arelargely unknown. Biodegradation would be slow due to the extremely lowwater temperatures. It is possible that oil would be trapped betweenice floes or within brine channels and eventually swept out into the

.

3

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

I

1---1 BACKGROUNDLiterature Search I

I IUnpublished Data J

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMGeneral Description and Selection of Variables

,

METHODOLOGYMethods, Materials, Sampling Schedules

I

DATA ACQUISITIONNitrates Net ZooplanktonChlorophyll a Solar RadiationAssimilation Environmental Observations

ANALYSIS-Liquid Scintillation Analysis of VarianceChlorophyll a Confidence IntervalsNitrate Chemistry Linear RegressionZooplankton Enumeration Non-linear Regression

IIrDESCRIPTION

Quantitative and Qualitative

IPRELIMINARY SYSTEM DEFINITION

andMODEL FORMULATION

IMODEL TESTING

Sensitivity Analysis ValidationParameter Evaluation Real World Comparisons

‘ \I

FINAL SYSTEM DEFINITIONand

PREDICTIVE MODEL

Fig. 1. Stages of the marine ecosystems studies atAIDJEX in the Southeast Beaufort Sea.

4

Pacific gyre of the Beaufort Sea. The oil could cause lowered albedos,reduction in thermoconductivity of the ice, and reduced rates of icegrowth (Seelye Martin, seminar at UW, 22 May 1974). In addition, itcould change the submarine light regime by reducing transmission proper-ties of the overlying ice or open water areas. The sensitivity of theecosystem to the latter type of perturbation will be tested in themodelling phase of this research.

111. Current state of knowledge

In the past 80 years, in excess of 40 expeditions and field pro-grams have been staged in the Arctic Ocean or its periphery. Approxi-mately 25 have yielded biological information (Table 1). Much of thisinformation is descriptive in nature with only marginal efforts made torelate species to their environment or to each other (Shoemaker 1920,Farran 1936, Brodskii and Nikitin 1955, Barnard 1959, Hand and Kan 1961,Hi.ilsemann 1963, Shirley 1966). Early attempts to associate higher levelsof phytoplankton abundance with environmental factors emphasized theimportance of light and temperature (Gran 1904, 1912). Later investi-gators discussed the effects of mixing and nutrient supply on phytoplank-ton development (Sverdrup 1929, Braarud 1935), and temperature and salin-

ity on zooplankton distribution (Bigelow 1920, Bernstein 1932, Johnson1956, Grainger 1965, Tibbs 1964).

Quantitative estimates of phytoplankton abundance, primary produc-tion, and zooplankton standing stocks and life cycles were made at theSoviet North Pole stations (Brodskii 1956) and the U. S. drift stationsAlpha (English 1961, 1963; Johnson 1963 a, b), Bravo (Apollonio 1959,Grainger 1965), Arlis II (Kawamura 1967), and T-3 (Harding 1966, Hughes1968, Hopkins 1969, English unpublished data). From these investigationsemerged a general recognition of the components and processes of possibleimportance in determining changes in the marine ecosystem below the icepack.

This understanding was based primarily on data collected in thecentral Arctic Ocean (north of 800 N) and in the western Beaufort Sea.With the exception of two studies on protozoa (Tibbs 1964) and medusae(Shirley 1966) at Arlis I, there is no published biological informationfor the oceanic perennial ice zone of the southeast Beaufort Sea wherethe AIDJEX platforms were located.

IV. Study area

The field program was conducted from 2 June to 1 October 1975 atthe AIDJEX main camp, Big Bear. During this time, Big Bear driftedapproximately 870 km in the southeast Beaufort Sea (Fig. 2). Samplingended on 1 October when the main camp ice floe broke apart and campmembers had to evacuate.

5

Table 1. Expeditions, years ofof publications of marine biological

Expedition or Vessel

Fram

Canadian Arctic

Maud

Sedov

@st >

Naut{lus

NP-I

Sedov

N-169

NP-2

Burton Island

14.V. Caneoliin

NP-2,3,4,5

T-3

Bravo

II

Dates

1893-1896

1913-1918

1922-1924

1925-1929

1929

1931

1937-1938

1937-1939

1941

1950-1951

1950-1951

1951

1954-1957

1954-1955

field collections, authors and yearsstudies in the Arctic Ocean

Papers Published

Sars 1900Nansen 1902Gran 1904Gran 1912

Shoemaker 1920Willey 1920Bigelow 1920

Sverdrup 1929

Bernstein 1932

Braarud 1935

Farran 1936Hardy 1936Garstang and Georgeson 1936

Shirshov 1938, 1944

Bogorov 193”8, 1939, 1946a, bShirshov 1944Usachev 1946

Shirshov 1944

Brodskii and Nikitin 1955

Johnson 1956Hand and Kan 1961

Grainger 1965

Brodskii 1956

Barnard 1959Green 1959

1957-1958

Knox 1959Mohr 1959Hiilsemann 1963

Apollonio 1959Grainger 1965

6


Expedition or Vessel

Alpha

Seadragon

Arlis I

Polar ContinentalShelf Project

14.V. Salvelinus

Arlis II

.T-3

Dates

1957-1958

1960

1960-1961

1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 1

1960-1962

1964

19641966-74

Papers Published

English 1961, 1963Johnson 1963a, b

Grice 1962

Tibbs 1964Shirley 1966

Grainger 1965

Grainger 1965

Shirley 1966Kawamura 1967Minoda 1967

Harding 1966Hopkins 1969Hughes 1968Scott 1969

80

N uuA t

- nuL t

z'¼

'¼

.1 O

oqpo

16C

Fig. 2. Drift track of AIDJEX main camp, Big Bear, June through September 1975.

8

v . Rationale and methods of data collection

A. Rationale

We first formulated a general description of the ecosystem basedon published and unpublished accounts. From this description, a suiteof variables was selected to be measured in the field.

1. General description

Incoming solar radiation is low from October through Februaryin the Arctic Ocean. Solar elevations and day length increase from lateFebruary until the summer solstice on 21 June. Although solar radiationalso increases during this period, the amount that is transmitted to thewater below the pack ice is very small. Maximum submarine radiationoccurs in early to mid-July after the snow cover has melted and the icesurface is dominated by melt ponds which have a lower albedo than eithersnow or bare sea-ice.

Phytoplankton abundance in the water below the ice remainslow throughout winter and spring. In response to higher levels of sub-marine radiation in late June and early July, phytoplankton biomass in-creases in the surface mixed layer (upper 25 - 50 m). The extent andduration of the development may depend on:

(1) availability of light, which is influenced by degree of melt,frequency of summer freeze-ups and snow storms, solar angle, day length,and timing of the first sustained autumn snowfall;

(2) availability of nutrients, which is influenced by initialspring nutrient concentrations, and their maintenance through turbulentmixing, convective overturn, and remineralization processes; and

(3) Losses of biomass from the phytoplankton population throughsinking below the pycnocline, or from grazing by herbivorous zooplankton.

The major decrease in phytoplankton biotiss usually occurs in the latterhalf of August, and low concentrations prevail throughout the ensuingdark period.

Though much is known about the species composition of theherbivorous zooplankton and their depth distribution, there are no stu-dies showing the extent to which they interact with the phytoplanktonpopulations. There is evidence from collections made in 1970-72 atT-3 (English, personal communication) of a general movement toward thesurface from depths exceeding 100 - 200 m by Ca2anus hyperboreus earlyin the spring, and later by C. glaeialis. The intensity with which theygraze upon phytoplankton is not known.

2. Selection of variables

The biological variables selected for measurement included

9

chlorophyll a, phytoplankton cell numbers, radiocarbon assimilation, andnet zooplankton. Environmental variables included reactive nitrate, in-coming solar radiation, ice surface melt conditions, air temperature,wind speed, island movement, and seawater temperature and salinity.

B. Methods

1. Field observations

Water samples were taken with a 5-!L PVC water bottle. Sub-samples were drawn for the determination of nitrate concentration (50 ml),radiocarbon assimilation (125 ml), chlorophyll a concentration (4-I.),and phytoplankton cell counts (120 ml).

The analysis of nitrate concentration was done on stationusing the methods of Strickland and Parsons (1968).

To determine assimilation potential, paired light and darksubsamples were inoculated with a known amount of 14C and incubated inaO- 10 C water bath Und”er controlled fluorescent lighting. The maXimUmlight intensity was 117 microeinsteins ● m-2 ● S-l. In graduated lightexperiments, nine additional bottles were treated and fitted with metalscreens.” The screens were constructed to transmit 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 16,19, 49, or 74% of the total light available. All incubation periods were6 hours. The subsamples were filtered through 25 mm Millipore HA(0.4s pm) filters, and the filters were placed in liquid scintillationvials. Radioactive uptake was measured using a Packard Tri-Carb LiquidScintillation Spectrometer with Aquasol (New England Nuclear) as thescintillation cocktail.

The subsamples drawn to determine chlorophyll a concentrationwere filtered using 0.47 Urn glass fiber filters treated with saturatedMgC03 solution. The filters were frozen for later analysis (Stricklandand Parsons 1968).

Subsamples designated for phytoplankton cell counts were fixedin 4% formalin.

Zooplankton was sampled with depth-to-surface vertical towsusing a non-closing conical l-m diameter ring net with 73 pm mesh. Sam-ples were preserved in 4% buffered formalin. Large copepods were firstsorted from the whole sample, counted, and identified. Small copepodsand nauplii were sorted from a known volume of the sample. Copepods werecounted and identified to species; nauplii were counted and separatedinto size classes ( <0.3 mm and > 0.3 mm). Zooplankton counts were ad-justed to depth increment (O - 50, 50 - 75, 75 - 150 m) and volume fil-tered by the l-m ring net assuming 100% filtration efficiency.

Zooplankton and chlorophyll a samples were taken and assimila-tion potential was measured every 3 days (Table 2). The vertical zoo-plankton net tows were taken from 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mto the surface. Chlorophyll a and assimilation potential were measured

Table 2. Sampling program at AIDJEX main camp during summer 1975

Variable Type of Sampling

Nitrate Depth profile

Chlorophyll a

Helicopter transect

Depth profile

Assimilation

‘Replications

Helicopter transect

Depth profile

Replications

Graduated light

In situ

Zooplankton Vertical tows

Depths

10-70 m, 10 m intervals

46-64 m, 2 m intervals

80 and 100 m

10 and 20 m

3 m, 5-60 m, 5 m intervals

46-64 m, 2 m intervals, and80 m, 100 m

5, 10, 20, 30 m

10 and 20 m

3 m, 5-50 m, 5 m intervals,and 60 m

5, 10, 20, 30 m

5, 10, 20, 30 m

10 m

1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 7 5 ,100, 150 m to surface

Solar radiation 400 to 700 nm 1 m above ice surface

Frequency

3-6 day intervals

Eight times

Seven times

Once

3 day intervals

3-6 day intervals

7-10 day intervals

Once

3 day intervals

7 - 1 0 d a y i n t e r v a l s

3 day intervals

22 times

3 day intervals

30 second intervals

11

at 12 depths from 3 to 60 m. Less frequently,sured at 12 depths from 46 to 100 m. Nitratesupper 40m every3 to 6 days, and to 100 m less

chlorophyll a was mea-were measured in thefrequently. Graduated

light experiments at 5, 10, 20, and 30 m were run every 3 days.

Ten replication experiments were run at four depths (5, 10,20, and 30 m) every7 to 10 days. In each experiment, four water sampleswere taken within 5 min from the same depth. Ikro subsamples for thedetermination of assimilation potential and one subsample for the deter-mination of chlorophyll a were drawn from each water sample.

Twenty-two in siih assimilation experiments were conducted.For each experiment a water sample from 10 m was taken and 6 to 9 sub-samples were drawn. These subsamples were inoculated with 14C andseparated into three groups of 2 or 3 bottles per group. Each group wastaken to one of three prepared locations and lowered to 10 m. The firstlocation was the center of a melt pond which was 4 m in diameter, with afreshwater depth of 25 cm covering ice 1.6 m thick. The second locationwas an area of bare ice, 2.3 m thick, and situated 80 m from the melt pond.The third <location was a lead, 100 m wide, 50 m from locations one andtwo . The bottles were suspended at each site for six hours, and thenprocessed as previously described. Due to mishaps, only 19 of the 22experiments allow inter-site comparisons.

Chlorophyll a and nitrate.were sampled on 3 and 4 Augustalong helicopter transects from main camp to the two satellite camps,Caribou and Blue Fox. Distance covered was 75 miles. Samples from10 and 20 m were taken every 7 - 10 miles.

Solar radiation (400 to 700 nm) was measured daily at 1 mabove the ice surface using a quantum meter (Model LI-COR-185, LambdaInstruments Corp.). Melt conditions were logged daily and aerial photo-graphs were taken by helicopter as scheduling and conditions permitted.Air temperature, wind speed, island movement, and seawater temperatureand salinity were recorded by other research teams on AIDJEX.

2. Data analysis

Data analysis of chlorophyll a and assimilation potentialmeasurements from depth profiles, replication experiments and in s;tuincubations has been completed (Table 3). All chlorophyll a and assimila-tion potential data were transformed by taking logarithms to the base 10to make variances and means independent.

The ten assimilation measurements of each graduated lightexperiment were fitted to a curvilinear assimilation-light relation(Steele 1962):

P Pmax . I= rel/Ik ● el-lrel’lk ,

where P is assimilation (mg C m-3 .hr-]); Pmax is calculated maximum

1 2

Table 3. Summary of samples taken and analyzed

Type Number Taken Number Analyzed

Zooplankton 994 24

Phytoplankthn Standing Stock 209 0

Chlorophyll

Radiocarbon

Nitrate

a 1096 1096

Assimilation 2941 2941

272 272

13

‘3 . hr-l); Irel is light intensity expressed as aassimilation (mg C mfraction of 117 microeinsteins “ m-z ● s-l; and Ik is relative lightintensity at which Pmax occurred. The curve fitting procedure requiredsubstitution of paired assimilation and light measurements into theequation and iterative adjustment of Pmax and Ik to minimize the sum ofsquared differences between calculated and observed P. Measured assimila-tions were then divided by the calculated Pmax to allow relative compari-son of curves from different depths and days.

Additional comparisons were made by calculating the initialslopes of the curves. First, light measurem~~ts were converted to W “ m-2using the relation 1 microeinsteins ● m-2 ● s = 0.22W “ m-2 of photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR), where 1 microeinstein = 6.02 x 1017quanta, and 1 W = 2.77 x 1018 quanta w s-l (Morel and Smith 1974). Theinitial slope (mg C - mg Chl a-l “ hr-~ c (W ● m-2)-1) was calculated asthe partial derivative of P from the fitted curve with respect to Irelas Irel approaches zero:

Initial slope = e ● Pmx/ (Ik ● Im “ Chl a) ,

where Im is full light intensity (W . m-2); and Chl a is mg Chla m-3.

The assimilation number (mg C “ mg Chla -1 .hr-l) is theratio of observed assimilation potential to chlorophyll a concentration.Assimilation numbers were calculated for all depth profiles and graduatedlight experiments. Since the means and variances of initial slopes andassimilation numbers were positively correlated, they were transformedby taking logarithms to the base 10 before further analysis.

Data .for chlorophyll a and assimilation potential depth pro-files, graduated light experiments, assimilation potential replicationexperiments, and zooplankton counts have been submitted in previousreports (Appendice~). Data for nitrate determinations, chlorophyll areplications, in sttu assimilations, and the helicopter transects aresubmitted in this report.

3.

lk, initialEach higherin addition

Variance analysis

The variability of chlorophyll a, assimilation potential,slope, and assimilation number arises from three levels.level contains variabilities associated with all lower levelsto that of the level itself. The first level, experimental

error, includes variations in the physical or chemical treatment of thesamples, and, for assimilation potential, light variations in the incuba–tion chamber. The first level of error includes all variations intro-duced after the sample is brought to the surface. The second level oferror is small-scale patchiness introduced from variations in measuredproperties over distances of less than several meters. This level hasno temporal component. The third level of error includes the combinedeffects of temporal changes in the measured property, advective changesresulting from large scale patchiness (> 10’s of meters), and differentialmotions of the ice with respect to the water.

14

The magnitudes of the two lowest levels of error were esti-mated using results of replication experiments for chlorophyll a andassimilation. A one-way analysis of variance was done on replicatedchlorophyll a subsamples from a single depth. For each depth there were10 experiments of four replicates each. The resulting mean square error(MSE) is an estimate of the combined variability of experimental andsmall-scale patchiness error. A nested one-way analysis of variance wasdone on assimilation potential measurements from a single depth. Foreach depth there were 10 experiments with 4 water samples per experimentand 2 replicate observations per water sample. The resulting MSE esti-mates experimental error.

The third or highest level of error was estimated for chlor-ophyll a, assimilation potential, assimilation numbers, Ik, and initialslope. This was done by dividing the 4-month sampling period into equaltime intervals and pooling observations within each interval. Five-dayintervals were selected for chlorophyll a, assimilation potential, andassimilation numbers, and two-day intervals were selected for Ik andinitial slopes. All chlorophyll a measurements made from a single depthin the same time interval were pooled, including samples from depthprofiles and graduated light experiments. Measurements of assimilationpotential were pooled similarly. Initial slopes and Ik values werepooled” from the four sampled depths (5, 10, 20 and 30 m). Assimilationnumbers from all samples in the upper 30 m were pooled.

One-way analyses of variance were done on the grouped datato determine the within group mean square error (MSE), The MSE term isan estimate of the combined effects of variation due to experimental,small-scale patchiness, spatial, and temporal errors. Xinety-five per-cent confidence intervals (CI) about cell means for chlorophyll a,assimilation potential, Ik, and initial slope were calculated as:

CI = %X x/: antilog (t. 05 df ● (MSE/n) ) ,. 3

where ~ equals the geometric mean, n equals the number of samples in atime cell, and df equals the within group degrees of freedom. Confidenceintervals for assimilation numbers were determined as:

CI = Fkt0.05,df

● (MSE/n)+ ,

—where X equals the arithmetic mean. Sample size (n) was typically 3 or 4for chlorophyll a and assimilation potential, 4 for Ib and initial slope,and 7 for assimilation number.

,.

A one-way analysis of variance was done on each inassimilation experiment for which an inter-site comparison wasThere were 2 or 3 sites, with 2 or 3 replicates for each site,

situ

available.

15

The zooplankton counts have not been analyzed statistically.Solar radiation measurements and phytoplankton standing stock sampleshave not been analyzed.

VI. Results

A. Nitrate

Nitrate concentrations were below detectable limits in theupper 40 m throughout the summer (Table 4). Samples taken during thehelicopter transects showed that nitrate depletion in the upper 20 mwas widespread (Table 5). At the bottom of the pycnocline, 48 to 52 m,nitrate was undetectable until early September. Trace amounts (< 1.0 vgat Q-l) were measured at 42 m by late September. Concentrations in-creased with depth across the pycnocline at 50 to 60 m. Nitrate at 100 mwas >10.0 vg at 1-1. At 1.0 Bg at k-l concentrations, ex erimental errorresults in$the correct value being within f 0.05 vg at !- Y of the mea-sured value (Strickland and Parsons 1968).

B. Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a concentrations in the upper 40 to 45 m were about0.10 mg m-3 in early June. Chlorophyll a in this depth range declined inlate June and remained below 0.03 mg m- 3 throughout July and August.Similar low chlorophyll a concentrations were found along the helicoptertransect (Table 5). Concentrations increased in the upper 40 to 45 min late September (Figs. 3 and 4). During July and August, a major in-crease in chlorophyll a occurred in the pycnocline at 58 to 64 m. Atmid-summer the concentrations in this depth range were above 0.25 mg m-3,but declined thereafter. Chlorophyll a below 70 m remained less than0.10 mg m-3.

The total chlorophyll a integrated over the upper 100 m showedtwo peaks (Fig. 5). The first, of about 6.0 mg m-3, occurred in earlyJune due to increased chlorophyll a in the upper 40 m. Following adecline to less than 2.0 mg m-3 in late June, a second peak of about6.8 mg m-3 occurred in early August due to the chlorophyll a increase atthe pycnocline.

A one-way analysis of variance performed on the transformedchlorophyll a data pooled into 5-day intervals indicates that at the 4depths analyzed, there is a highly significant (1? < 0.01) variancecomponent added between time periods {Appendix B). The variability ofthe chlorophyll a concentrations pooled into individual time periods is20 to 31% of the total variability. The 95% confidence intervals about5-day means extend from about 71 to 140% of the means (Fig. 6). Theanalysis of variance performed on the chlorophyll a replications indicatethat the combined effects of experimental and small-scale patchiness

Depth(m)

10

20

30

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

70

80

100

Table 4.

JUN

11 17 20 23

Nitrate concentrations (pg at L-l) measured at AIDJEX Main Camp Big Bear

JUL AUG SEP

29 5 7 11 17 .23 29 4 10 ~~ 22 2$ 3~ 6 ~2 22 27

0.0 0.0 O*O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O*O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 0.0 “0,4 0.4 0.7

0.0 0 . 0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.4 1.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ,0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.8 1.0 1.9

0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 3 1.2 0.2 1.3 1.4 3.0

0 . 1 0 . 2 0.5 1.9 0.3 1.8 2.1 3.3

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.6 0.9 1.9 2.4 3.6

0 . 4 1 . 2 2.4 1.3 2.1 2.1 4.3

1.3 0,2 0.6 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.1 0.2 0.1 2.4 0.9 0.5 1.2 1.7 3.0 1.9 2.1 3.4 5.6

0 . 9 1 . 9 3.4 3.7 3.4 5.0 5.4

0.3 0.6 2.4 1.4 2 . 4 3.7 5.8 2.8 4.4 6.4

6 . 3 3.5 2.8 2.6 4.7 4.5 2.4 4.0 6.6 3.6 3.0 5.8 6.5

7 . 4 5.8 8.4 6.6 7*O 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 2 9 . 6 10.8

11.0 10.5 ~ 1 2 . 2 13.5 14.8 14.3 13.3

Table 5. Nitrate and chlorophyll a measured at two depths during helicopter transects

Camp Caribou Big Bear Blue Fox

Mileage +35 +27 -I-18 +10 +4 o +12 +22 i-32 +42

Nitrate(pg at !l-l) 10m 0.0 0.0 O*O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

20 m 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0P+

Chl a(mg m-3) 10 m 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 . 0 2

20 m 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02

18

.

.0 .1 2

CHL s(mg m-s)

Fig. 3. Three dimensional plot of chlorophyll a at 0–100 m, Junethrough September.

'1

12 W

3 M

5rl

10 M

20 H

.30

.25 - 2!5 !-l

E 420 -<.1s -‘.10 -

.05 -0

JUN JUL AIJG SEP

30 fl

3s m

40 N

I 1 ,

45 H

4

so m

t

Fig. ft. Chlorophyll a (mg m-3) over time at 12 depths.

7.0[

6.~

5-01

4.0(

3 .0[

2.0[

1 ●

c — I I

JUN JUL AUG SEP

T O T A L

Fig. 5. ‘2) integrated over the upper 100 m.Chlorophyll a (mg m

-1

DA U

D

0D

ci:

C)0'

21

-, I 1l.&olJ-JOIn 0y:.-o. . .

22

error was only 5 to 14% of the variability of chlorophyll a concentra-tions pooled within 5-day intervals (Table 6 and Appendix B).

c. Assimilation potential

The assimilation potential of the upper 40 to 45 m was0.1 - ‘S.hr-l0.2 mg C m in early June (Fig. 7). The potential in thisdepth range declined in late June and remained below 0.1 mg C m-3 ● hr-luntil late September, when it increased slightly. The major increase inassimilation potential occurred at the py~nocline i~llate JUIY and earlyAugust (Fig. 8). Values of 0.48 - 0.S0 mg C m-3”hr were measuredduring this period. Assimilation potential decreased at these depthsthrough the rest of the summer.

The analysis of variance performed on the transformed assimila-tion potential data pooled into 5-day intervals indicates that at the4 depths analyzed, there is a highly significant (P ~ 0.01) variancecomponent between time periods (Appendix A). The variability of theassimilation potential pooled within each time interval is 33 to 41%of the total variability. The 95% confidence intervals of 5-day meansextend from about 68 to 147% of the mean (Fig. 6).

The nested analysis of variance performed on the assimilationpotential replications indicates there is a significant (P < 0.05)component of variance added between water bottle samples (Appendix A).The variability due to experimental error was about 35-57% of thatfound among samples pooled within 5-day intervals. The variability dueto small-scale patchiness errors was less than that due to experimentalerror. The combined effect of experimental and small-scale patchinesserror is 47 - 90% of the variability of assimilation potential pooledwithin 5-day intervals.

l). Assimilation number

Assimilation numbers ranged from < 1.0 to 8.3 mg C.mg Chla-l”hr-l.Values were generally higher in July and August than in early or latesummer (Fig. 1$. The 95% confidence intervals about the means of the5-day periods extend from about 80 to 125% of the mean. The regressionof assimilation potential on chlorophyll a was highly significant(P < 0.01, r = 0.90) and resulted in a slope of 1.73 mg C~mg Chl a-l “hr-lfor samples combined from 20, 40, and 60 m (Fig. 9).

E. Graduated light experiments

The curvilinear relation of assimilation versus light (Steele1962) was fitted to 120 graduated light data sets (Fig. 10). Ik, con-verted from relative to absolute light intensity (W . cm-2PAR) was1.0 - 4.0 x 10-3 W“cm 2 (Fig. 11). Values were highest in August. The95% confidence interval about the mean of the 2-day periods was themean i 0.8 x 10-3 W“ cm2.

Table 6. -3Chlorophyll a (mg m x 100) measured during the replication experiments at four depths on10 days

Depth (m)

Date 5 10 20 30

0703

0712

0721

0731

0809

0818

0827

0905

0914

0929

1.7 1.6 1.6 1.9

2.1 2.2 2.4 2.7

1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3

1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3

2.5 2.3 2.5 2.6

1.4 1.7 1.6 1.4

2.5 2.2 2.3 2.0

3.4 3.3 3.3 3.8

3.6 3.4 4.2 3.9

4.4 4.2 5.3 4.2

1.2

1.5

1.1

1.7

2.2

1.8

2.5

3.0

4.1

5.1

1 . 3

1 . 8

1 . 2

1 . 8

2 . 4

1 . 5

2 . 6

3 . 2

4 . 2

5 . 4

1 . 2

1 . 5

1 . 6

1 . 7

2 . 3

1 . 4

2 . 4

3 . 1

4 . 4

5 . 1

1.8 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.8 3.3

1.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.6

1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.2

1.6 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 3.0 2.9

2.4 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.4

1.5 2.0 2.6 2.2 2.2 3.2 2.9

2.6 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.9 5.4 5.1

3.3 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.3 5.6 4.4

5.0 3.8 3.4 3.6 3.6 5.0 5.4

5.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.0 3.8

3.2

3.3

1.9

2.8

3.2

3.0

5.0

4.8

5.2

3.6

3.3

2.9

2.1

2.9

3.6 :

2.8

3.6

4.4

5.3

3.5

20 W

rv

3n

—’LnA-fw+.-J-5M

10 HI

15 H

20 m

.60

.s0 - 2s tl

Z*4O -~ .30 -a . 2 0 -

.10 -n- * , 1

JUN JUL AUG SEP

30 n

35 M

t40 fl

t45 II

Fig. 7. Assimilation potential (mg C m-3 ● hr-]) over time at12 depths.

F I I

9I F I I

ev4

I

.1 I I I I

:(I F I I

e\soF I I

:

I I I

:1

I I I I

.\ 8I I I

I I I I

1+

a

I I I

9\iO

:(I I I 1

e\I

:

Ae I I

s:\e I I

e a e C \ I I I

I I I

:j

I I I I I

8\30

25

r‘+L-EL

E+6/2s

o

s50.cu

2Cl“.EI9/21

100F7

assim (mg C m-3 - hr-l),. 0 .2 .4 .6

. ~2ti3

9/3chl a (mg m-3)

I r I # I i

Fig. 8. Chlorophyll a depth profiles overlaid on assimilationpotential depth profiles. (+) chl a (-) assim.

.50

.40

.30

, 2 0

.10

0

26

.

●

●

● ✎

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

● ✎

● ☛

● ☛

.,0

●

..*

. .

..

.

●

, .

*05 .10 .15 .20 .25-1)Chlorophyll a (mg m

Fig. 9. Assimilation potential versus chlorophyll ameasured at 20, 40 and 60 m. The regression line equationis: assim. = 1.73 Chl a + 0.026.

27

Fig. 10. Relative assimilation (Pr) versus relative light (Ir)for observations from graduated light experiments at five depths,Month and day are indicated to the left. The last five graphs arefrom 60 m.

NNj

V

w.

i

28

10 m5 m 20 m

9-1oJun

Jun

Jun

Jun

Jun

Jun

Jun

JunJul

Jul

Jul

t

Ezzl12-13

n.— *i“

15-16

1 8 - 1 9

.

21 L---l—.

CA24-25

mA

A27-28

3 0 -1

3 - 4

1.

0 . 1.Ir

Fig. 10.

30 iii

I

V

V

V

VV

-V

29

10 m5 m 20 m

EJul

Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul

JG1

Jul

Aug

Aug

9-1o

12-13

15-16

mAAk’?f”-18-19

mA AA

%’21-22

Lzzl*24-25

27-28

30-31

2-3

1.

5-60.


2 Ii' so in

V

kg 8 - 9

Aug 1 1 - 1 2

Aug 14-15

Aug 17-18

Aug 21

Aug 30

Sep 2

1.

Sep 4-50.

Cl.#’--

30

10 m

HVA*mAA

AA

mAA

mA

AA

El

I

kAA

La/-mA

mA AA

AA

ElElmA

A

ncl/-’

30 m

m&AA

AA

Elc1

El

o. ~ 1.r


GD flJc

GJ) 3-3

VrJ

T

5m

l.. l.L

3110 m

E

A

60 m 60 m

60m .J-.

o .

o . 1~1..

60 m

30 m

t

c60 m

mFig. 10. (continued)

s -

4 -

3 -

2 -

1 -

s

4

3

2

1

0

.5

● 4

● 3

.2

● 1

o

Fig. 11. Assimilation number (mg C.mg Chl a-l “ hr-l),Ik (W - cm-2

X 10-3), and initial slope (mg C.mg Chl a-l “ (W . m-z)-l . hr-l)over time with means and confidence intervals.

33

Initial slopes ranged from 0.10 to 0.69 mg C mg Chl a-l “(W. m-2)-] .hr-1 (Fig. 11). Slopes were highest in the second half ofJune and at the end of summer. The 95% confidence intervals about themean of the 2-day periods extendmean.

A slight photoinhibitioniments (e.g., 5 m on 12-13 June,

F. ln situ assimilation

from about 68-147% of the geometric

at high light was noted in some exper-Fig. 10).

ln s{tu assimilation, averaging the 2 or 3 replicate observations‘3 . hr-l below bare-i~e drafted withper site, ranged from 0.005 mg C m

snow on 28 July, to 0.076 mg C m-3 ● hr-l below a melt pond skimmed withice and some slushy snow on 14 August (Table 7). There was a significant(P ~ 0.05) variance component added between sites in onlyexperiments where inter-site comparison was possible. Intion was generally the same for the pond and lead sites.

the ice site was usually less than at the other sites.

G. Zooplankton

Twenty-two copepod species were identified (Table

6 of the 19S{tU assimila-Assimilation at

8). The smaller. .species, M~croeaZanus pygmaeus, Oithona sitilis, and Oneaea borealis~were more abundant (Table 9). Calanus gZueialis and Euehaeta glaeialiswere least abundant. Nauplii were much more abundant than adults. Maleswere rarely encountered except in Oithona s~mil;s and Oncaea borealis.

Calanus hyperboreus adult females were present in the upper 75 mall summer (Fig. 12). Stage I appeared in mid-.July and was present inthe upper 75 m until mid-August. Stage 11 appeared in mid-August andremained until mid-September. Stage 111 was most abundant in September.Stages IV and V were present throughout the summer in the upper 50 m.

CaZanus gZaciaZis adult females were most abundant in July (Fig.13) . Stage I appeared in mid-July, and stages 11 and 111 appeared inearly September and mid-August. Stage IV (possibly individuals that over-wintered) was present in June and early July. Stage V was most abundantin July, though present all summer.

Euehaeta gZucial{s adult females were present after mid-July(Fig. 14). Stage II was present in early summer, mainly in the 50 to75 m stratum. Stages III and IV were abundant in August and September.Stage V was present from late June onward. Except for stages II and 111,this species was generally below the mixed layer (O - 50 m).

Metridia 2onga adult females and males were present all summer(Fig. 15). Stage 111 was present mainly in September. Stages IV and Vwere present all summer. The species was generally below 75 m.

Tab Ie 7. Surface characteristics of the melt pond, lead, and bare ice sites during ?k situ incubations,and the associated average assimilation (mg C m-3 “ hr-l). An asterisk denotes a significant (P < 0.05)added variance component between sites.

Pond Lead . IceDate Character Assim. Character Assim. Character Assim.

0722 Skim ice 0.010 Open 0.009 Snow veneer, bright 0.006white

0723 Open 0.007 Open 0.011 Snow veneer, bright 0.013white

Melting greyish ice 0.008*0725

0726

Open

Skim ice

0.007

0.008

Open

Ice bergs but open

0.011

0.009 Snow veneer, bright 0.008white

*0728

Ao729

0801

Ice and snow

Snow, ice and slush

2 cm ice, 1/3 snowcovered

Split by lead

New pond, skim ice

Snow drifted

Clear, some ice chunks

Open

Open

Slcim ice, some slush-snow

0.008

0.043

0.042

Open

Ice bergs but open

Open

0.007

0.021

0.024

Snow drifts 0.005

Fresh snow, 6-7 cm 0.034

Fresh snow, 5-6 cm

0803

$to807

0809

0811

0812

0813

0814

Ice raft

50% mush

Open

Open

Open

Open

Open

0.014

0.030

0.039

0.047

0.052

0.030

0.061

Frost and snow, 4-5 cm 0.012

Snow, 2-5 cm 0.021

Wind-blown snow, greyish 0.036

Snow veneer 0.040

Bright white, frosty 0.049

Snow frosted 0.026

Snow frosted 0.052

0.022

0.051

0.044

0.025

0.076


Pond Lead IceDate Character Assim. Character . Assim. Character Assim.

0815

0816

0818Ao821

Ao824

0902

0908

0914

Skim ice, grey slush

Open

Skim ice

4 cm ice

Blue ice

Drifted snow

Drifted snow

Drifted snow

0 . 0 3 3 Open

0.066 Open

0.030 Skim ice

0.030 2 cm ice

0.019 Open

Open

Ice and snow

Mush, drifted snow

0.040

0.050

0.026

0.025

0.024

0.053

0.059

0.053

Snowy, melting 0.032

Melting 0.053

Frosted 0.020

Melting, grey 0.025

Frosty white 0.021

Drifted snow

Drifted snow

Drifted snow

wW

.

36

Table 8. Copepods identified in samples taken at AIDJEX

Aetidiopsis multiserratuCaZanus glacialisCalanus hgperboreusChiridius obtusifronsDe~juginia tolliEuehaeta glaeialisGaidius brevispinusGaidius tenuispinusHeterorhabdus compactusHeterorhabdus norvegicusLubboekia glacialisMetridia longsMicrocalanus pygmaeusMicroealanus sp.Oi-thona similisOneaea borealisOncaea notopusScaphocalanus magnusScoleeithricella minorSpinoca2anus Zongieowis~pinocalanus sp.Temorites brevisunidentified copepoda

37

Table 9. Maximum numbers of animals per 100 m3 for species andstages collected at AIDJEX

Species

Calanus h.yperboreus

Calanus glaeialis

Rmhaeta glaeialis

liei~idia Zonga

kiic~ocalanus pygmaeus

Oith.ona similis

Oneaea bopealfs

Oneaea notiopus

69

41

239

4455

7000

5091

1061

@ v Iv 111 II I— — — — — .

0 143 99 832 239 109

2 38 5 20 41 76

2 41 10 90 36 0

5 265 66 132

0 10182 15273 31818 38818 27364

1273 7318 3500 3818 7000 20682

21636

}

Oncaea spp. juveniles

o ~ 39773 ~

Nauplii - small 371148

Nauplii - large 9866

Nauplii - total 373545

RnI fl

III II I

38

0

m -

m -

WI

o

m -I

Ilm -

lsw

o

so - I IF Im -W

7 Jun 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

Fig. 12. Relative abundance of Calanus h.gperboreus, females

11

I

andstages I to V.for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates. The width of rec-tangles indicates ”the relative abundance at depths and dates withinlife history stages.

IL

Li

H 1 H

U

u

al -

tm -

KO

o

al - Ir

ico -

m

o

“‘nw -

WI

o

m -

m) -

HJ

o

&o - u Im .

—

Eu

o

Ell . I

Im -

lm~ Jun 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

F

v

Iv

111

XI

I

Fig. 13. R e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e o f Ca~anus gi!acia2is, f e m a l e s a n dstages I to V, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates. The width of rec-tangles indicates’ the relative abundance at depths and dates withinlife history stages.

0

tin

u

93 -

la) -

w

o

w - u❑ , I 11 I

lm -

1= -

m -

~m-n n nnHHo

so - II1(O -

1s0

o

m ~& Lull ❑ ID -1 . r

m -

m7. Jul 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

Fig. 14. Relative abundance of Euchaeta g2aeialis, females,males, and stages II to V, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates. The

III

11

width-of recta~gles indicates the r~lative abundance at depths anddates within life history stages.

rn

icc

I]

t I ml II

L1J Li U

0

SI -

lm

m

“‘n1 et fl

im

13

7 Jun 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

F

M

v

IV

I I I

Fig. 15. Relative abundance of Metridia bnga, females, males,and stages 111 to IV, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates. The widthof rectangles indicates the relative abundance at depths and dateswithin life history stages.

42

Mieroealanus pygmaeus adult females were present, usually below50 m, all summer (Fig. 16). Stages I through V were present all summerand generally remained above 50 m. Stage I was in greatest abundancein late June, stage II in late July, and stages 111 and IV in mid-Sep-tember.

(litihona similisthe 50 to 75 m stratum,5 0 m ( F i g . 1 7 ) . S t a g e s

Oneaea bo~ealis

adult females and males were most abundant inwhereas the juveniles were generally in the upperI through V were present all summer.

adult females and males were present all summer,the females being somewhat deeper than the males (Fig: 18), Oneaeanotopus females were abundant in early summer and remained deep (Fig. 18).Oneaea spp. juveniles were present in the upper 50 m all summer.

Large and small copepod nauplii were present all swmner andmainly associated with the upper mixed layer (Fig. 19). In general,the juveniles and nauplii were in the upper 75 m. There was a patternof development shared in common by Calanus hype~boreus~ C. gZacialis~and Mic~oeaZanus pygmaeus, wherein the juveniles passed from stage Ithrough stage 111 during the summer. Euehaeta gZaeialis juvenflespassed from stage II through stage IV during the summer.

H. Environmental observations

Air temperatures increased and remained near the freezing pointabout 22 June (Fig. 20). In late July, temperatures temporarily decreased,snow accumulated, and pond surfaces froze. These conditions lasted untillate August when a brief rainy period caused a slight melting of thesurface. The autumn snow began to increase in September as temperaturesdecreased. Though there was a brief rise in temperature to near freezingin the first half of September, snow continued to accumulate.

Observed changes in the ice cover can be delineated roughly intoeight periods:

1-22 June: pre-melt, crusty, snowy, bright white surface

22 June - 1 July: heavy melting, melt ponds increasing,intermittent rains

2 - 9 July: m a x i m u m meltwater (40 to 60%), intermittent snow

1 0 - 1 5 J u l y : pond drainage, increased leads, intermittent snow

16-25 July: little change, grey ice, pond surfaces frozen,some snow

26 July - 19 August: heavy snow accumulation, ponds driftedover, bare ice covered with snow

20-20 August : brief rain, warm melt period, grey ice, slightmelt water accumulation

:co-

0E

o

9) -

v~m -

1s

o

m - Im Iv

lm -

W

o I

91 . u 1III

ml -

1s0

o

w - II J -1 11

lm -

lm

o

so .

imI

1s0 +7 Jun . 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17. Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

F i g . 1 6 . Relative abundance of Mierocalanus pygmaeus, femalesand stages I to V, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates. The width ofrectangles indicates the relative abundance at depths and dates withinlife history stages.

U

Rn n H n'lI'

—

0

50 - a a 00im -

ED

o

!N .

lm -

la

o

9J - Hc1 00 [“1

im -

lWo

50 -

ml

mo

I“ ‘cl

u I I — [“1lW -

m

o

ErJ - u Iim -

150 -

T “Jun 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 ‘Sep 13 Sep 28 %p

F

M

W

Iv

III

IT.

I

Fig. 17’. Reiative abundance of O~thona sim{lis,and stages 1 to V, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates.rectangles indicates the relative abundance at depthslife history stages.

females, males,The width ofand dates within

nIi

45

0 -

m Oncaea— borealis

ml . F

o

9J . 0. bore-alisi-

~m M%- tslJjCbo:

w .0. ?loto-pus

7 l-!Km - F

iso-

o-

Oneaea50 .

i-l Juv .m!

la -7 Jun 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

Fig. 18. Relative abundance of Oneae’a borealis, females and males;O. notopus, females; and Oneaea spp. copepodite stages, for 3 depthintervals and 8 dates. The width of rectangles indicates the relativeabundance at depths and dates within life history stages.

ti0)

11

E

20 n

46

0?

w .L-J Small

im

193

0-

50 . H~ Total

lm -

lso~7 Jun 24 Jun 12 Jul 30 Jul 17 Aug 4 Sep 13 Sep 28 Sep

Fig. 19. Relative abundance of small, large, and total copepodnauplii, for 3 depth intervals and 8 dates. The width of rectanglesindicates the relative abundance at depths and dates within lifehistory stages.

r

10

0 n

-lo -

-zo- 1 I I

I20

10

OJ I 1 I

w

10

0

Fig. 20. Air temperature (°C), wind speed (knots), and islandmovement (km “ day-l) recorded at AIDJEX main camp.

48

30 August - 30 September: final snow build-up, ponds and bareice all snow-covered

Wind speed was rarely greater than 20 knots (Fig. 20). Therewere roughly seven periods of sustained high winds (> 12 to 13 knots).The initial and longest period was in late June and early July. Thehighest winds were recorded in late September. The response time of theice movement (Fig. 20) to the increased winds was on the order of hours.

A sharp salinity increase marked the base of the mixed layer.There were small incremental steps in salinity within the mixed layeritself. From June through mid-July, the bottom of the mixed layer wasgenerally at 50 to 60 m. At present, we do not have the temperatureand salinity data for the remainder of the summer. The depth of thesubsurface chlorophyll a maximum during July and August was at 55 to 60 m.Nitrate concentrations increased substantially at these depths. We in-ferred from these two variables that the sharp increase in density re-mained at about 50 to 60 m all summer long, though there were varyingdegrees of shallower density stratification.

VII . Discussion.

Our observations commenced on 2 June and ended on 30 September.Experience on Fletcher’s Ice Island, T-3, has shown this time intervalto encompass the annual active growth of phytoplankton in the ice-coveredareas of the Arctic Ocean. The initial chlorophyll a concentrations inthe upper 40 m in June 1975 were 0.06 to 0.11 mg m-3. In early June atT-3, chlorophyll a in the upper 40 m averaged 0.10 mg m-3 in 1968,0.05 mg m-3 in 1971, 0.09 mg m-3 in 1972, and 0.02 mg m-3 in 1973.Though these initial concentrations were comparable, the pattern ofdevelopment during late June and July was markedly different at AIDJEXcompared to T-3. The 1975 summer increase in phytoplankton occurred atthe pycnocline (50 to 60 m). On T-3, the active growth occurred in theupper 40 m, and maximum concentrations were found in late July. In 1975,phytoplankton in the mixed layer declined in late June and remained lowuntil September.

A major difference between T-3 and AIDJEX was the nutrient regime.Our first measurements of nitrate were not made until 11 June. At thattime and until mid-September, there was no detectable nitrate in the upper40 In. June nitrate concentrations on T-3 averaged about 0.5 - 3.0 pgat !Z-l. Conceivably, nitrate mixed into the upper 40 to 50 m throughturbulence and convective processes during the winter was depletedduring the initial spring phytoplankton activity. Whether there wereever any substantial concentrations of nitrate prior to June is unknown.

We propose that the growth of phytoplankton at the pycnoclineeffectively limited the flux of nutrients across the density gradient

49

into the mixed layer and that this lack of nutrients severely curtailedthe phytoplankton development that would normally have occurred above40 m. Visual microscopic examination of Thalassiosira and C’haetoeerosSpp. cells lend support to this argument. During mid-summer, cellstaken from the upper 50 m were very pale in color compared to those inthe pycnocline. Toward the end of summer, as nitrate spread into theupper 50 m, chlorophyll a increased and the cells were golden brown andhealthy.

The development of phytoplankton at the pycnocline was stimulatedby changes in the surface of the pack ice allowing greater transmissionof incident radiation to the waters below. The most rapid increase inchlorophyll a was during the late June ablation of snow and the develop-ment of melt ponds and frequent rainy periods during July. During thisperiod the average surface albedo generally declines to about 50 to 60%(Weller and Holmgren 1974). Considering the floe ice to average 3 m inthickness (Maykut and Untersteiner 1971) and have an absorption coeffi-cient of 1.1 IR-l (Weller 1968), the radiation at the ice-water interfaceis about 1 to 2% of the radiation incident on the ice. Using 0.04 m-lfor the absorption coefficient of water (Smith 1973), the light at50 to 60 m depth is only 0.1 to 0.2% of the incident radiation.

The phytoplankton populations seemed particularly well adapted tothese low light intensities. This conclusion is supported by the valuesof Ik, initial slope and assimilation number. The Ik’S determined for1975 were 2.0 to 2.5 x 10-3 W“ cm-2. Ryther (1956) reported values,

‘2 PAR (1 ft-c natural sunlight =converted to W ● cm 4.6 x 10-6 W* cm-2 PAR,Strickland 1958), of 4.6x 10-3 W. cm‘

2 for diatoms and 11.0 x 10-3 W.cm-2for dinoflagellates. Initial slopes for 1975 were generally 0.20 to0.30 mg C.mg Chl a-l ● hr-l ● (W. m–2)-l. Platt (1969) reported initialslopes for coastal populations of 0.01 to 0.20, and Parsons and Taka-hashi (1973) reported slopes of 0.09 to 0.10 for Arctic and Antarcticwaters. Assimilation numbers for 1975 were mainly 2.0 to 4.0 mg C.mgChla-l*hr-l. These are comparable to values reported by Parsonsand Takahashi (1973). The above indicates that the phytoplankton popu-lations observed in 1975 were able to use low light intensities with highefficiency.

The best period for growth was during July. On 26 July, loweredtemperatures put skim ice on ponds and snow rapidly accumulated. Theponds were rapidly covered with drifted snow. This period of loweredsubmarine light levels lasted until about 20 August. Then, for about aweek, warmer temperatures and some rain caused the ice surface to meltand turn greyish. There was a slight accumulation of melt water, butmost ponds remained snow-filled.

Chlorophyll a abundance at the pycnocline did not increase in thesecond half of August. Sun elevations were low and days short this timeof year. Through September, phytoplankton abundance at depth declined.Nutrients not utilized at the pycnocline were spread into the

50

mixed layer during periods of higher winds, contributing to the brieffall increase in phytoplankton above 30 m.

The pattern of early summer and late fall development of phyto-plankton in the mixed layer, coupled with a mid-summer development inthe pycnocline, resulted in generally high amounts of total chlorophylla throughout the summer. Only in late June did any substantial decreaseoccur .

The sampling done by helicopter enroute to the satellite campsindicates observations at main camp may be representative of a broadgeographic area. At mid-summer, the chlorophyll a values were low andnitrate not dectected over this 75-mile transect. This indicatesthat nutrients may be limiting over large areas. The results furthersuggest that the variability in observations due to short term islandmovement may be small.

The zooplankton counts show that the juveniles of several of thecopepods advanced through 3 to 4 stages during the summer. This periodof higher food abundance was probably important to the survival of thecohort. Unfortunately, our sampling program was constrained in timeand space, and changes due to migration in and out of the sample spacecannotin the

VIII .

be assessed. Nor can conclusions be drawn about the survivalfall or over-wintering process.

Conclusions

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

The phytoplankton populations in the upper 40 m remainedlow during summer and were probably nutrient-limited.Nitrate was not detected in this depth range through Julyand August.

The period of increased submarine light was confined tolate June through July. This was also the period whenactive growth of phytoplankton occurred at the pycnocline.This growth inhibited nutrient transfer to the mixed layer.

Phytoplankton was low and nitrate was not detected in themixed layer over a large area.

Graduated light experiments indicated the phytoplanktonwere well adapted to low light intensities. In comparisonto other oceanic areas, Ik was low, initial slope was high,and assimilation numbers were average,

Statistical analysis of chlorophyll a and assimilation po-tential indicated that the combined effects of variabilitydue to experimental and small-scale patchiness errors wasa much higher proportion of the variability within 5–day

51

intervals for assimilation than for chlorophyll a.

F . Though the surface conditions associated with the threein situ incubation sites were very different, a significantdifference between assimilation measured at the differentsites could only be shown in 32% of the experiments.

G. Eight species of copepods, C’ahnus hyperboreus, C. glacialis,Euehaeta glatialis, Metridiu longs, Mierocalanua pygmaeus,Oncaea borealis, O. notopus, and Oithona similis, were themost abundant calanoids out of 22 species identified.

H. Smaller species of copepods, Microcahnus pygmaeus, Oith.onasimilis, and Oncaea borealis, were more abundant than largercopepods. Nauplii were more abundant than adults. Malesof all species were rarely encountered except in Oithonasimilis and Oncaea borealis.

I. “In general, juveniles and nauplii were in the upper 75 m.

J. Juveniles of Calanus hyperbo~eus, C. gl.aeialis, and MicPo-eahznus pggmaeus passed from stage I through stage III duringthe summer. Euehaeta glacialis juveniles passed from stageII through stage IV during the summer.

IX. Recommendations

A longerassessment ofdistributionsout the year,stages within

time series is required for this region to allow thetrophic dependencies and seasonal changes of the verticalof zooplankton. A sequence of zooplankton samples through-to depths of 300 m, could be enumerated to species andspecies to elucidate the over-wintering process, and

determine survival rates and the critical periods of development.

Herbivore development may depend on the depth and timing of increasedphytoplankton activity. Therefore it is important to know if significantyearly differences occur in the cycle of phytoplankton abundance dueto summer melt patterns, nutrient fluxes, mixing, or other environmentalfactors. The continued evaluation of the changes in the character ofthe pack ice surface, as well as the nutrient regime and mixing processesin the mixed layer, would allow assessment of important driving forcesof the marine ecosystem. It should include a synoptic sampling programin order to assess small and large scale patchiness.

If no platform could be put in the perennial ice zone, it wouldstill be very useful to make helicopter or aircraft transects from theedge of the ice northward. These could be made hi-weekly, if not morefrequently, throughout the summer, to evaluate the development of

52

chlorophyll a and nutrients. These transects, along with icebreakertransects from the coast to the edge of the pack ice, would furnishinformation useful to determining geographic differences in the dynamicsof the marine ecosystem, especially those associated with the transitionfrom the coastal shelf systems to the deep oceanic type.

Sampling of the various environmental properties as well as thephytoplankton and zooplankton populations at close intervals in timeand depth would allow the variability in these dimensions to be assessed.This assessment would allow a more efficient field program to be formu-lated.

Only with the estimation of variability inherent in the environmentand several complete time series of samples will we be in a positionto attempt an evaluation of short and long term changes that may beattributable to resource development on the outer shelf.

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58

XI. Appendices

A. Assimilation

B. Chlorophyll a

c . Zooplankton

PageNumber

59

129

136

59

A. Assimilation

Table 1.

Analysis of variance of the transformed radio-carbon assimilation potentials pooled into 5-daytime cells at 4 depths

Table 2.

Analysis of variance of the transformed radio-

carbon assimilation potentials for 10 replication

experiments at 4 depths

Table 3.

Depth series assimilation experiments

Table 4.

Replication assimilation experiments

Table 5.

PageNumber

60

61

62

77

Graduated light series assimilation experiments 88

Table 1. Analysis of variance of the transformed radiocarbon assimilationpotentials pooled into 5-day time cells at 4 depths

Pooled ,

Depth Source DF Ss MS F

5 m Between time cellsWithin time cellsTotal




224466

225072

224567

224466

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2.6781.0273.705

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cmo

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(22,44) = 2.24‘o. 01

(22,50) = 2.22

Table 2. Analysis of variance of the transformed radiocarbon assimilationpotentials at 4 depths for 10 replication experiments

Replication


5 m Between daysAmong water bottlesWithin water bottlesTotal




9304079

9304079

9304079

9304079

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7.2900.3970.2987.985

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0.5570.0330.013

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48. O*1.3

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* p ‘c 0.01 Fool (30,40) = 2.20 ‘o. 01 (9, 30) = 3.06

** p < ().()5‘o. 05

(9,30) = 2.21 F0.05 (30,40) = 1.74

62

14C assimilation experimentsTable 3. Depth series

Explanation of Table Values:

1. Date:

2s Standard:

3. Time:

4. Eff :

‘5. Depth:

6. Light:

7. Assim:

8. Chl a:

9. Normalized:

Month, day, year of experiment

Total activity (microcuries) added towater sampled

Duration (hours) of incubation

Liquid scintillation external standard(e.g. 13) and resultant percentagecounting efficiency (e.g. 75.6)

Depth (m) of water sampled

Light intensity (microeinsteins m-2sec-1)in incubation box during experiment

Light, -dark, and net assimilation(mgCm-5hr-1)

Measured chlorophyll a (mgwater sample

Assimilation normalized onassimilation normalized on

m3) of incubated

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ries-i1 VcdI? (UC\1\Hb) CHI V iObV1IEi)

Q\cJ\L 2ivL)2u C\I4b IIt 2 Ht EEE \.3ç1

(coul)

r i

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(Jr\S\2) r

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(t4tL/v>/s} L r) N (“lG/M3)

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.07 .02 .06

.07 .0? .06

.07 .02 .o~

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A/c

1 . 5 51.18? . 9 01.851.781.76-3.24? . 7 4? . 4 9?s803*R5? . 9 7

. 0 7

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.(’)8● 1O. ] ?.10

fwGc/M3/uR) cl-i~ h VOF?$4AL17EV

I-1 N (MG/t43)

. 0 3*O?.02.0?.02. 9 ?.0?. 0 2.02● O3.03. 0 5

A/C

1.76?.111.40?.78? . 9 7? . 3 92.9060513 . 2 93.063.761 . 7 0

A / L

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nooqq”.00079.000Q7.00073

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A/c

2.123.993.09Q*373 . 6 7R.245 * 5 35.412.354.633*3O?.2’6

A / L

.00037

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tjOUjS oOOtic

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O003'00043o00JS 000 4t

66(cont. )

7/ ?/7? sTAN~At2!l 7 . 5 0 ‘4cf4Mo TI~~E 6 . 0 t-tR FFF ~&/75.9

LIGNT dR51V (u Gc/M3/HR) CHL A NORM AL17Em(ME/ M~/S) L 9 N (M G/!43) A/C

● on .07 .04.07 .0] .()&.05 .01 . 0 4● O6 .01 .()&.07 .01 ● 06.n5 .01 .(lri.07 .0] .rl~.07 .01 .OA.08 .01 . 0 7.11 .01 ● II-I.]4 ● O1 .13*I3 .01 .1?

.02

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.03● O3*O1.02.04.04.04.11

? * 8 43 . 1 14 . 0 45,?71.921.305.403.li1.76?.573.161.07

FFF J5/74.~

(’-lGc/M3/~R) CHL 4 VORMALIZEnn

.0?● n]

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N (MG/M3)

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4 / c

?.383*1O3 . 7 5? . 4 5? . 7 5? . 6 4?.3??.11? * ? 3?.314 . 2 63*Q8

A / L

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FFF 3z+/75.2

(vGc/M,3/wR) CHi. A ~(-JRrdA~17EP

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A / C

4.135.993.924.403.166.?15.454.711.96L+.063.18? . 4 0

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67

Table 3 (cont.)

7/11/7< sT4hlnAQf-) 7.5(J ~c/AMp TIME 6.5 H R EFF ?3/75.7

.09 .02 . 0 7

. 0 9 .02 .(-)R.(I% .02 .03.n~ .02 .07.11 .(-).2 .00.]? .0? .11. 1 0 ● O1 .()~.11 .0] .()~*II .rl~ ● OQ.16 .92 ● JiL.F8 .0? . 2 7.3] .02’ ● 3Q

. 0 3

.03

.03

.03,03.04.03.03.03.04.06.13

?.32?.531.06?.473.10?.643*OO3.12-3.08?*4O4 . 4 5? . 3 0

7il/,/7< STAhJOA5~ 7.50 ‘lc/A~~ TIME 6.0 l-iR FFF 2q/77.9

LIGHT. A<’iIM (uGc/M3/HR) CHL A VORMALIZF~(Mk/~?ISl L P N (’.4f3/M3) A / C A/L

116 .05 .01 .0!4 .01 3.5? *!3(J070llQ .05 .0] .04 , 0 1 3 . 5 3 .o(?(l~o~~n .(-)6 .01 .oi . 0 1 <.06 ,060’*2121 ● OQ .01 .07 . 0 2 3.70 .f)(-loAl12n .~q .01 .07 . 0 2 3 . 3 0 .000<<11~ ● rJQ .02 .(-l? .02 3.66 .00(7:.?110 .09 .01 .09 .02 3 . 7 6 .oot-)GJl117 .10 .(I1 .()~ ● 03 P*84 ● {tflfjT/=/

114 . 1 0 .01 .OQ .03 3.05 .00920~11% .1? .02 .]n .04 ?e51 .of)(lPi%117 ● 14 .01 .13 .05 ?,63 .0011311~, , 22 .0] ● .21 .08 2.58 .f)o17Q

7/17/75 STAND5~n 7.50 ~c/AvP 7114~ 6,0 HR FFF 79/77.5

LIGHT AsqIM (YGC/M3/uR) cHL A wF?MAL17E~(Mii/M?/s) L # N (’4(i/M3) A / C A/[

11A .06 .02 .(-)[. .01 4.07 .ooQ-1~Ilq ,07 ● n] ● O6 .01 5 . 9 6 .000=1l?n .06 .f-)1 .07 ● O1 $.56 .0~n2Q1.21 .0’5 .(I] .07 ● O1 3.42 .0002R12n .05 .01 .()& ● O1 3*82 *ooon2lIQ . 0 7 .02 .05 .01 4.$39 .000/.1Iln .07 .01 .06 .02 ?.85 .c)floF>

11? .OP .01 . 0 7 . 0 2 3 . 5 2 .00(363114 . 1 0 . 0 2 ● on .03 ?.71 .00n71]IA .l~ .01 .17 *O5 ?.46 .O(-)]4Q117 ● -j’i .01 ● 33 .)? ? . 7 7 .00?5411~, .3? .0] . 3 1 . 1 6 1.92 .~o?~?

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68

Table 3 (cont. )

.06 .02 .(-JiL

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.(I7 ;01 .Ofi

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.(-)4 .0? ,()?

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?.74 .oo@2fi? . 4 7 .oon~l?.81 .000~??.51 .000>37 . 4 6 .0002Q?.2s ,rl(-)o~R2.28 .000/.?? . 9 9 .000<33.]3 *OOOK5] . 9 7 .00!)%11950 .000<11.47 ,0(-)379

7/dk/75 STAhJi3ADn 7.50 vC/AMP TIME (j.O HR F F F q~/T6.~

L16HT ASSIM (WGC/M3/~Jl?) CHL A NORMIIL17EII{Mk/V?/s) L n N (MG/M3) $J/c A / L

. 0 4 .02’ .()?,nq .01 .07.04 .01 ● 03.04 .0? .07● ()/+ .02 .07.06 .01 *oci.06 .n2 . 0 4~n~ .01 .07.~rl ● f)l .07● OR .01 .07.09 .0? .07.43 f)] ● 4?

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Table 3 (cont.)

f3/ 7/7~ STANIIADO 6095 $Jc/4$Jp TIME 6.9 H R FFF 76/-!6.3

(MGC/t4S/HR) CHL A NORMALIZE!T0

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tuIfiC/M3/I+R) CHL 4 ‘40QMAL17FnN (MG/M3) h / c

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?.81?.2]1.39? . 5 2? * 8 9?.244*1I?.391.931,86?.2?31.96

13

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Table 3 (cont.)72

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Table 4.

Explanation of

1. Date:

2. Standard:

3. Time:

4. Eff:

5 . Depth:

6. Replicate

Results of replicated 14C assimilation experiments

Table Values:

assimilation:

7 . Mean net assimilation

8. Standard deviation:

9. Standard error:

10. Coefficient of variation:


Total activity (microcuries) added to watersample


Liquid scintillation external standard (e.g.14) and resultant percentage counting effici-ency (e.g. 75.9)

Depth (m) of water sampled

Light, dark, and net assimilation (mgCm-3hr-1)for 8 experiments on water samples from samedepth. (Darks were not replicated.)

Mean of 8 experiments (mgCm-3hr-1)

Pertains to above 8 data values

Pertains to mean of above 8 data values

~Std dev/8

Pertains to above 8 data values, the meandivided by standard deviation times 100%

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79

Table 4 (cont.)

DATE 7/i?/7c

OEPTH qN

L~cHTUACKNET

STALI13$DD 7.5(j !’C/AM= TIME 6*O Hi? FFF 7Q/77.5

~EpLICATrO ASSIMILATION (MGC/M3/H~)

.078 ● 050 ,OKO .049 . 0 4 8 .(-)40 .olfl> . 0 5 4● 0]7 .017 .017 . ( - ) 1 7 .017 .017 .017 .017.06] .n44 .(-)34 . 0 3 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 2 3 ● o&& .038

PATE 7/12/7c STAh!DAOm 7.50 MC/AMD TIME 600 Hl? FFF 99/7705

nF~Tti 10 f-l CI~pLIcATF~ As~~tJ~LATIohJ (MGc/M3/HD}

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r)E’PTH 20 M ~EPLICATFO .ASSIl~ILdTION (MGC/M3/HQ)

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I?FDTH 3 0 f+ PFPLICATFO AssIMIL4TIO~ (MGC/M3/HQ)

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Table 4 (cont.)

ntlTE 7/39/75 sTbNDApn 6.95 @c/bvD T114E 6.0 H R ~fF 93/78.3

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MEAN N E T ASSIMIIATInNI .11c:2 MGC/V3/W?STANDARn nFV~ATIONSTANVAkn FPROR {N=R)

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niTE 7/31/75 STANDARD 6 . 9 5 wC/AMP TIME 6.rI HR EFF >3/?8.3

OEPTH 30 ~~ GIEPLICATFD A S S I M I L A T I O N (MGC/M3/HD)

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82

Table 4 (cont.)

PFPTFI y M REPL ICATFD A S S I M I L A T I O N (MGC/M3/HQl

LInHT .106 .098 ● 9R3 .(-!97 .111 .116 .f)tlQ .105~~c>< .rl]c4 .0]4 .014 .014 ● 014 .014 .01?+ ● 014NJLT .093 ● OQ5 ● 070 .0Q3 .097 .102 ● 07< .091

MEAN NLT ficSIMII.ATIO~! .0s49 MGc/M3/H?STAN[>AR”~ n~V~ATTf)N .OII1 MGC/~3/H?STANOA~n CDROR (N=PI) .0039 MGc/M3/H?COEFFICTEMT OF vARIATION 12.74

LIGHT .127 *f)n5 ~008 .097 . 1 0 5 .105 .089 . 9 6 9UA~K *1’?15 .01% .015 .015 . 0 1 5 .01’5 ● ol~ .015NET . 9112 .071 .0Q3 .f)R2 ,o~() .090 .0-?? .r)54

QATE qf’ q/7F sTAN[)A=n 6.95 ‘.’C/AMD TIfJE 6 . 0 HR FfF 3{+/75.2

f?EpTH 20 ~ UEPLICATFO ASS+MILQTIOKJ (MGC/M3/tiQ)

LiciiT .]47 .1?7 .1Q2 .137 .171 .190 .196 .17.2DAgK .01s .015 .015 901s . 0 ] 5 . 0 1 5 0015 , 9 1 5NtT ● 133 .112 .168 .122 .157 . 1 7 5 •lfl~ .158

LIGHT . 0 4 7 .Osti . 0 4 4 .052 .104 .103 ● 07J. .f-)fiiuA~K * 9 1 6 .916 .0]6 .0]6 .016 .016 er)lk S016NLT ● n32 . 0 4 3 . 0 ? 9 .f)36 . 0 8 9 .(-)87 ● 061 .046

CUrEETCIEVi Oh AV3IVijU1'1 ""la2!'1ML)v tt3OK (i'1=) Oos ieC\3\H3dIVi4t)) L)tAIVflUvl 'OO.J eC\3\H3

t4Ei- 2IUIV1Ik1 *Oct\tJ G'.\J\H3

CUELETrIEVLL OL AVhIvi1U1 jj21Vv1L)v'i) LbbOh (kti) '003 OC\3\Há21VAL)KD Ut.AIVIJUv1 'OJsJ vC\k3\H3Evvi tir1 c2INI1 jJu.' OR QC\W3\r3

U.O 'OdO Oc O¼J tW2 0d3.oJ Ufl:I OJ1 JJ OJ OJ3 'OJc(flj OQ OJ2 'O.So Oi 0ô2 'JJJ

OIRU2

83

Table 4 (cont. )

L1:HT .!-)49 . 0 5 4 . 0 7 1 . 0 5 2 .057 . 0 6 0 .06< , 0 5 7Ufi;?K .0]4 .014 .014 .014 , 0 1 4 .014 . 0 1 4 .014NET .035 .040 .()=7 .r-)3~ .063 .046 ● 0%1 .042

n&TE $3/1$1/7~ STAhlf)AOn 7.55 $Jc/4M~ TIME 15.rI I-4R EFF 3 3 / 7 5 . 7

nEPTH 10 M R~P1-ICAT~D A S S I M I L A T I O N {MGC/Ms/HQ)

LIRHT .Ofb? .041 . 0 4 0 .!)3(-) . 0 4 4 ,042” .05L •f)~()

l)Antt .0]5 .015 .9]5 .015 .015 .01!5 ● 01< .015NbT “ .0?8 .02’6 .0?6 .015 .030 .028 ● 03Q ,035

MEAN NtT AcSIMILATIO~l .02Q12 MGC/M3/H?sTANDAKo nFVIATIoN .0071 t-lGC/M3/HRSTANDARD F~ROR (N=Q} .0075 r{(3c/143/H?C@EFFIC]E~’T O F VAR]A710M 25.22

LIGHT ● CIP5 .066 . 0 7 1 .079 . 0 7 5 .096 ● o9fl .!-)94UADK .0]5 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 ● 0]< .016NiT ● fJ6Q .05(-) .054 .qkz .059 .(379 ● OB? .077

!)FDTH 30 M ~EpI_?CATF() A S S I M I L A T I O N (MGC/M3/ti.o]

MEAN N E T hcSIWI!.ATIOY’! .0642 MGC/M3/H~STAN9hN0 nFVIATlf)hl .01q8 (+Gc/M3/H?STANllANn I=DROR (N=H) .0049 ~Gc/~3/ti?COLFFILIEXIT O F VbRIATION 20.~4

COrEETC1iJ. Ok AtIviIO JVsi21Vv1Di'-W Lo4Ob (1) ooa C\i3\*211itjiu Li.A1ViIOj'i .00J kC\v3\H3

1r.'. vcaruiv1IM Och'. eC\i3\H

COEETC1EvLL OL(\Vt1ViItiV J2°i821VADvL' EoO (ki) OOà k(?C\3\H32Iv4Dv-w uAJv1IOki OJ HGC\H3\H-Evv1 'J. VjtVjjtM 10d5 t3C\v3\H

'JUT 'OQS 'IS US 'Oô 'JOb Oo 'Illnvk '050 '050 'OsO 'OSO '050 OSO '050 OSOrjtii. '1sT 'oJ 'JS '105 'IL 'JS 'JJS J3J

CQELT(1E''i OL /\Lv11OV1 JQcQ21Vv1L)V3LJ LbO (vi=) 00c! CC\3\H32iVv1Uvcu UEAJVJ.lOi'l OJvO QC\3\kEv1 !4Fi- V42IIt V1IU e3'd-3

94

Table 4 (cont. )

LJc;I+T ● Ofih ● 062 .076 .061 , 0 6 2 . 0 5 6 Q07? .070Ullml’( .n]R .(?18 .018 .()]8 .018 .018 eolQ .OlaNLT .036 .04L .0K9 4044 . 0 4 4 .038 -055 .n53

LiG!dT ● 113 .]23 ,176 •~17 .156 .117 .147 .111L)AQK ● f-)?? .017 .0]7 ● r)17 .0]7 .0]7 ● 017 .017NtT . ~(-)a(j .106 .109 ● loo .139 .100 ● 13n .(-)94

L~GHT .Ost . 0 6 0 .]07 .092 . 0 9 3 .092 .]07 . 0 9 1UAQK 0!-)15 .015 . 0 1 5 .015 . 0 1 5 .015 ● O]< , 0 1 sNtiT ● ()’5O . 0 4 5 ● OQ2 ,077 .068 .(-)78 *~Q7 .076

MEAN NET AcSIMILATIqN!

5.TAN(lAdO r}FVIATlON.07?2 MGc/M3/H?.0173 MGC/M3/ii?

STAvOARn FDROR (FJ=R) .00G1 MGc/M3/H?COEFFIcJE~lT O F VAQIATION 23.Q7

rTHiUEbI-4 d W

LJV.LE à\ c\IPI6 (cou)

L)VtE \ c'\-d 2IVVIUVJ S°22 v'C\Vh 1IVE QJ 4L tEE

COFELTCJEIU CE. AVhI1±1U/t Ji!d11VUVl-4L) OtOF i'1=fl 'O0c C\3\HIV'1Q'fKL) L)ATV!1UV1 'OJ3 C\3\H

v4Evvl ('Wj- VIIV11U N(\3\H3

UI E1 J03 'H 0o 0S2 OJ 'JOo 0i '02nK °0J3 QJ3 0i3 )J3 QJ3 00J .ØJj 01T1

rHi JJc! 1S? 'JUl 'U 08Q 'JSI 0ct '0

LIEDIk JO w bEbFICV±D 2IIrv1Iov1 (iGC\3\Hi)

UVi.E ci\ 21vvUVoJ '2? 1C\Vvo 1IE U H EE.L Jc\.Q'S

COLLTCIE1J. CE AVbl11UV1 P'32IVADVKI) LbhO tvI=t) OJUQ NeC\3\H311L)4J L)LAIVIIUV) E(yj.JJ eC\3\HEv1 UIEI vc2JI$ V.L1U1 JJ,3 C\i3\H

85

STANDAon 7 . 5 5 ~~C/AMD TIME 6*o H R FFF 1%/76.2

DEPLIcATF~ AsqIt41LATIO~ (M(3C/M3/HU)

.095 ,o~tl . 1 1 0 .ljs .191 . 1 2 7 .13% . 1 ? 7.(-II% .015 .015 .f)15 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 5 .f)l~ . 0 1 5.oPn ● OQ3 ,005 .120 . 1 7 6 . 1 1 2 .]pn . 1 1 3

r)FEJTti 20 !4 D~PL~CA,TFD ASSIMILATION

LIGHT .n86 .070 ● 095 .096 . 0 7 8lJADK .015 .Q15 .0]5 ● n15 .015NLT ● 071 .055 .070 ,~~1 .063

MEAN N E T ASSIMILATIOEJ ● 07]8 MGc/M3/H?sTANDAko OI=vIATTnrq .(3103 MGc/~3/H?STANf)A~n FL?ROR (N=8) ,00a6 r4Gc/M3/H?C O E F F I C I E N T OF VbQIATI~N 14.27

(M6C/M3/H?)

. 0 8 3 ● 104

. 0 1 s ● 015

.068 0c)F?f2

. 0 9 1

. 0 1 5

. 0 7 6

13ATE 9/ ci/75 STAPJOADO 7 . 5 5 ~C/4MD TIME 60 0 HR FFF IQ/7703

nEpTH 30 M DEP~ Ic.ATFD A S S I M I L A T I O N (~~GC/M3/H?)

LI~HT .073 .f)6u .lt-’8 .110 . 1 0 0 .118 ● loo .102UA2K .0}5 .015 .015 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 5 ● 4-)15 ● 01’=! .015NbT ● 058 . 0 5 3 .003 .095 .085 .10? 8(-lQ& . 0 8 7

MFAN NtT A%SIMII ATIm$l .{)836 $4(3c/t43/H?STANOAHO m=VIATtnN ● (J12~ MGc/M3/H?STAV13AHP FQi+~R (fd=~) .0064 MGClM3/H?C O E F F I C I E N T O F vAPIATInt~ ZI.A$3

COEEETCIEV.1. OL AvbIi1U4 Scu321t)u toKO3 (Vt=d) IOJJÔ eC\y3\H21V1U-ik) t'LATVIjUv1 03i2 UC\i.3\+frF1v1 M11 VrU1 Viluil 'J3d? WC\3\R

COE1C1EWL OE AbIVIIUi'12IVADiu ô}O (v1) OJu. VCC\3\H

1V1DlKi) UAIV11UVI 0303 keQC\3\H,E'1 iii V2II[V1Iiv .JOj vWC\k3\H

COLEICiEVi OL AVb1iIQV riiJ1VADvJ L64O4 ('1) 0040 C\h3\-4321VAOti uLAIVI1O OOdc GC\\H

EvA I,1F.L Vd2IrUI i1U'I 'OÔU.Y C\v3\H

86

Table 4 (cont. )

~~c.p+T .]09 ● 124 .133 .lq6 . 1 7 0 . 1 2 7 .19? ,171OA:.>K .013 .013 .!)13 .(-)13 . 0 1 3 . 0 1 3 .()]? . 0 1 3NET .096 .111 ● ~?@ .193 .157 . 1 1 3 ● ]7a .158

LIRHT .131 .(IRO .114 ● 1 1 5 .100 .184” .Ill .110UAnK ● 0 1 3 .01:3 .013 0 0 1 3 .013 . 0 1 3 ● 01? ,013iNILT “ ● )\H .067 .lnl ● 101 ● !)Q7 .171 ● (397 . 0 9 7

PATE 9 / 1 3 / 7 % sThNnAon 7e55 ‘JC/AM~ T I M E 6,0 HR I=FF 13/75.6

L~CI+T .ln9 ● 1?] * (-)q~ .n97 . 0 9 7 .107 .]OL, . 1 0 1lJA2K .0)3 . 0 1 3 .!)13 .01.3 . 0 1 3 .013 ● 017 .013NfiT ● ?95 .107 .~R3 ● !lQ3 .I)R3 .094 ● 093 .088

L~cHT .)13 ,1?5 .ln7 .114 .100 ● 117 .092 . 0 9 6tiA:>K .014 . 0 1 4 .(314 .014 . 0 1 4 . 0 1 4 ● 014 .(-)14~~T .099 .111 .o~3 ● 1OO .096 . 1 0 3 ● 07$7 .082

MEAN NET h~sItII1.ATIn~! .09?8 NIGC/M3#H?STANC)A~n nrVIATJON .0111 MGc/M3/HQSTANf)A~’~ !=QR~R (N=~) .0039 MGc/rJ3/HQCOEFFILTEMT UF VAPIaTION 11.P6

(.iaoo) sIcfT

"c\PS\P 3Tti'

9 HTQRfl

THr 1 J ic AU

TJL/i

COFE±TC1E4I Oh AVIVIUV JJe:a1VyL)1K3 Lo3oc (v1=fl 'Ou WQC\43\H

2J1L)iK0 Ut.AIV!iUV'l 'OJO C\3\Hsvri VC4flV1jJ,i °J+j3 QC\3\H

COELETCIEV1 flE Avb11Iut'i S1.i2.LVAD\lkU Lb-sOr (1=) 'OOi& C\3\H1iADicu UbAIVIIM 'OSJ ftC\3\H3

VE1v1 yj Vc?I V11t)v IUJB keC\fr3\H3

Uct

ooe

Oi3Oic

I utUJcP

JJ.

JS

J s

0aII Oc

Jc'c

I

LJEoIH 30 4 EbrIcv1D V21vI1V1IO4 (C\v3\F4)

J0

J s5

UVJ.E ô\Sd\ 21Vv1UL) Q°3P C\Vh .iIIr1E U i-*3 F-LE JJ\.2I

87

ST AIIP4G(I 6.35 $~C/AMP T I M E 6.0 HR F F F >7/78.3

P~PLIcATF() 4 5 5 IM1LATION fMGC/W3/H3)

.159 .]73 ● ] a f j •~~9 . 1 6 6 . 1 6 4 .167 . 1 6 0● n]~ . 0 1 5 .015 .0]s . 0 1 5 .015 .O]K . 0 1 5.]43 .158 .1?0 ● 113 . 1 5 1 .14~ .]5> . 1 4 5

nA~E Q/,22/7c STANf)AU~ b . 3 5 fJC/AMp TIME 6or) HR FFF 23/78.3

nF~TH 10 lx PEP1. IcATrD 4551MILATION (MGC/M3/Hd)

LIGHT .]fb5 .145 .144 .165 .1!36 . 1 6 7~4?K”

● 1 7 7 .164.0]1 .011 .011 .f)ll ● 011 ● 011 ● (’)11 .011

tdLT ‘ 0134 .13~ .~~3 cJ54 . 1 5 5 .1S6 •16~ . 1 5 3

MEAN NET AqslMILATrO~f _15.nl M(j~/M3/k+~STANOARn nrVIAT~oN .0102 M6C/M3/H?STAN94Rn FDROR (~!=~) .00?6 qGc/M3/H?COLFFICIEXIT OF VAQIATI~N 6*R2

I_)hTE 9/2R/7c STAhJ9ADn 6 . 3 5 rL~C/A?~P T]ME 6.r7 HQ FFF i n / 7 4 . 8

rlEPTH 2(’) PI PEPL1cATcD AssIPILATION (MGc/!43/H~)

L~GtiT *115 . 1 ? 3 . 1 ? 4 .140 . 1 1 9 . 1 3 5 ● 1 4 4 . 0 9 7UA?K .n]3 .013 .013 .013 .013 .013 ● r)la .013Nk~ ● 1(?2 ● 110 .1?1 .]?7 . 1 0 6 . 1 2 3 ● 131 . 0 8 4

~EAN NET &qsIqI[ ATIfTkj .]117 MGC/M3/H?STAkJ~ARr) OFVIATION .0152 MGC/M3/H?STA’qf)ARn FPR~ff (N=a) .0054 MGC/M3/H?COLFFlcIE$JT OF VARIa~IC)N 13.64

88

Table 5. Results of graduated light series 14Cassimilation experiments

Explanation of Table Values:

1 . Date:

2 . Standard:

3. Time:

4. Eff:

5. Depth:

6. Dark Assim:

7. Light:

8 . Max:

9. Assim:

10. Normalized:


Total activities (microcuries) added to watersample


Liquid scintillation external standard(e.g. 12) and resultant percentagecounting efficienc (e.g. 75.4)

Depth (m) of water sample

Dark bottle assimilation (mgCm‘Shr-l)

Light intensity (microeinsteins m-2sec-1) inincubation box during experiment

Light intensity expressed as percentage ofmaximum light in box ~~.e., % of 117microeinsteins m‘2sec )

Light, net assimilation (mgCm-3hr-1)and net assimilation normalized on, andexpressed as a percentage of, the maximumnet assimilation that occurred during theexperiment

Net assimilation normalized on light intensity

2iVL)VtL .i') C\b 11 Qu Ht3 L.E i\

2 .Oss

I -

Iouvu

s0

U¼

U

04

V22I

uEt!H 34)

UVIE z\J U\c

89

Table 5 (cont. )

nATE 6/ Ca/7c

nFQTti 10 M DARK ASSIM .0] !4G/M3/HR

NORM4L17E0A / L

.n026n

.(’)0362

.00-345

.n03Q6

.00407

.00484

. 9 0 4 7 3

.00?8’5

. 0 0 1 7 5

.00162

AsSIM (vGC/M3/I-iR)L $J MAX

.0? .01 3

.03 ,02 10

.0.4 .nz 13

.0s .n4 21

.n~ ● O7 3 7

.10 .ng 49

.1? .10 5 5

.17 .16 8h

.16 . 1 5 80

.?0 .19 100

TIME 6.() HR EFF 1 3 / ” [ 5 . 6nA_f~ fj/

Kf

.no

.n2

.0?

.f15

.06

.nq

.04

.15● 13.14

MAX 4/~

?00 ?5.*O 47.0 A

10.0 R1790 IL19.0 ]<?200 1~5 7 . 0 498 7 0 0 74

117.0 100

1101432415255

100859 0

.00067

.00308

.f)0353

.oo&8R

.00362

.00415

.00374,ilo264.00153.0011’5

I IGI-IT ASSIML

.02

.Ofl

.(-I4

.0.s● OR.OSJ.11.15.16

(tqG~/M3/fiR) NORMAL17F0(MF/i4Z/S)

?.05 . 07.()

1!-).017*O19.0?2*n5 7 . 08 7 . 0

117.0

MAX 4/L

,(30167.f)fi’546sO042J3.()()489.f)0392.(’)0417.00430.00?50.no174.(-)0125

2lH203 24 4526394

loi)9 6100 .16

(vC\I13\Ha} ioi'rJDDv3K Vccj4 0J 'v3\,-b

J I.1s'I'

SOSS U I

I-

V221

0'C

-1-

.-,

I-

(IC\W3\Hb) vobvrI[)DVL3K VdI4 .01 N1?\3\kb

IJJ

JL)u2Uct

Usuj

v?21

90

Table S (cont. )

13AT~ 6/’1?/7~ ST4P!l)AO~ 7 . 7 0 MC/AMD TIME 6.fI HP F F F 1~/7S.6

F/

.(70

.01

.(-)?

.03

.06

.06

.07

.10

.11

.?n

4 / L

.00067

.00?41

.i-)o?77

.f)0267.(-)0334.0033R..00?96.00172.00128.00086

5.0 &“7.0 G

10.0 r+17.0 I (,IQ*O 1622.0 IQ5 ? . 0 4cl8700 74

117.0 100

7.7U lAC/AMCI TIME 6.0 HR F F F 13/75.6

DARK AssI!4 .01 MG/M3/HQ

NOi?VAl_I~FOA/l-

. 0 0 9 3 6

.oo34f3

.00363

.00368

. 0 0 3 5 0

.003$+4

.00?80

.00175

.(-10158

.00106

2*O ?5.0 67*O &

10GO Si1 7 . 0 ] Id19.0 1<2 2 . 0 1957.0 4 08 7 . 0 76

117.0 100

● n3 •n~ 14● n3 ● Q2 1 3.04 .03 18.05 .04 27.07 .f)5 43● 08 .07 53*1O .n~ 61.11 .10 72. 1 5 .14 100. 1 4 .12 9(J

sTnh]nnmn 7.70 MC/AMP

PI

.00● nI-l● O]● n?.Q3qn~

.n3

.rlR

. 1 0● OQ

MAX A / L

?*II ?‘5.(-) &7 . 0 6

10.0 R17.0 1-4lQ.O 16?2.0 105 7 . 0 4Q87.9 76

? 1 7 . 0 IOrl

.00133

.00013

.00133● oo?4il. 0 0 1 5 7. 0 0 1 6 1. 0 0 1 5 4. 0 0 1 4 6.001?0.00(-)80

.-.

uE1k it) W

UVIE Q\T3\.cJPTG 2 (corJ.)

91

ST AhI[)h~ll 7 . 7 0 MC/AMP TIME 6.0 HI? FFF ~4/75. Y

DARK AqqI~ .01 MG/M3/HP

ASSIM (~ GC/t.$3/HR) FJORMAL1?FOL K! MAX A/L

.01 .00 1 .00067● n7 .01 Y . 0 0 1 ? 7 7.n7 .01 14 .no?o~.02 .02 13 .!70187.nfb ,n3 32 .f)o196.nf+ .n~ 4 5 .00?42.n~ .n4 41 .00191.10 .Oq 82

● I-)0149911 .10 95 .00113● ?1 .10 10U .0008$+

I 1(, HT(M!=/M2/s)

?.f)5.fl7.0

10*O17*O19.972.057.0R7.O

117.0

nATE 6/15/7?

nEPTH 5 M DARK As$IM .01 MG/M3/HP

(IJGC/!43/Hi?) NORMALIZEDASST}.Ip!

,00● fll● A].r)l,02.03.n2.04,n5.f)s

MAX A / l -{

.0000(- )

.00107

.f-)o133

.00147

.00129

.00140,0008R.(-)0064. 0 0 0 5 4.00040

? * ( I ?5.(-) b7.0 A

10.0 n17.0 1419.9 1A??.0 IQ57.O 4987.0 74117.0 100

.01● n].0?.0?.03,nfi.0?.n~.n6.06

0112(I314b56417(99

100,-

7 . 7 0 uC/AMp 71MZ ~.fl HP EFF 1[./75.9

flARK ASSIM .0] M~/M3/HFi

PATE 6/15/7G

-.f)EUTH 1 0 M

ASSIML

i IGH7-.(MF/Mr?/S)

2.0-.5.07.0

li).o17*O19.0?Z.q5 7 . 087.0

1 1 7 . 0

MAX A/L

.noo67

. 0 0 1 4 7

.00181

.00147

.00]57

.00?10

.00161

.(-)0130

.00093

. 0 0 0 7 0

29

15183 34Y4391J99

100

V2d1 ((iC\w3\3-b) UbV1ILD

DibK VddI .01 U\3\kt2.LVvDVtL) C\VhIh jl QU H3 ELL Jc\@S

-n

Table 5 (cont. )

n4TE 6 / 1 6 / 7 s

DFPT~ 20 A

I iGn T(M~/qc!/s)

ZSo5*O7*O

IO*O170014*O22.05 7 . 98 7 . 0

117*O

. .r, A1-r E 6/16/7G

QEPTtj 3f) r+

I IGHT-. (~p-/&)~/~) Ml+y

2.0 75,(-) &7*O 6

IO*O R1-?.0 141 9 . 0 14+?2.0 la5 7 . 0 4Q87.0 71,

117.O 100

PATE 6/1?/7?

PEPTH 5 M

1 IGHT(MF/Mc’/S) MAY

?.fi-. ?5*O 47*O 6

10.0 R17.0 1(,1 ? . 0 Is?2.0 1957.(-) 4087.9 -? /+

117.0 100

92

I NJ.-

.(I1 .f-)n

.f-)p ● f)]

.(-I? .nl● 0.3 .02.04 .03.05 .04.()% .04● n9 .07.OR .r!7

. .fjfl .f)7

MAX

o8

1525425454

1009696

4 / L

.Oof’’)of)

. 9 0 1 2 0

.00161

.00179

.00180

.00?06

.00178

.00128

.00081

.00060

7 . 7 0 @?C/AMP TIME 6.(I HR FFF 25/74.8

ASSJM (MR~/Fi3/HQ)I KJ MAX

DtRK AsSIM .01 MG/M3/t-iP

.fl? .01 H● O? .01 12.n3 .Oz 22.(-l-l ,fl~ 29.05 .04 5H.06 .n~ 67.05 .04 52.06 ,f-)s 71.07 ,05 76.08 .07 10U

.00271

.0016?

.flo???

.00?03

.00?39

.I-)0246

.00166

.90087

.00041

.00060

sTA~.lD4~n 7.7(_I ~C/AMP T I M E 6.n HR FFF 7ci/7G.d

ASSIML

.0?● f-l?

. 0 ?

.07

.04,05.()’5.(?7.I-)7.07

f)hRK ASSIM . 0 1 MG/M3/HR

(V~ClM3/qQ) NORMALIZEDM M&X A/L

.0] 12 ● 0033R

. 01 .2() .00?30

.i-11 u . 0 0 1 4 5

.01 2b .oo14~

.n~ 50 . 0 0 1 7 1

.04 67 .00704

.04 6.3 .00166

.n5 92 .00094

.nfj 97 .00065● 0.6 100 .00050

(C\fr3\-ft) iOv1ISuDVbK Vdd1I '01 L\3\Hb

JLO iou

ss.oJo.o

Jt100

r100S0O S

100

as

2323ssSIjç

93 “.-.

Table 5 (cont. )

ASSIMt.. *.J

.nl

.nl● n].ni?.n4.nk

.n~

.n~

.n7

.07

MAX 4 / L

.r)c1304

.00162

.00213

.00155

.90219

.00196

.c)o?o~

.00114

.00076

.00060

.0?,n?

● n3.n7.05● n5.06.0$3.08● nR

7070 MC/A~~ TIME 6.() HQ EFF IG/74.8

DARK ASSIM .01 MG/M3/HQnE’1.JTt-l 20 14

AssIM (MGC/H3/HR)1. hl MAX

N0i?MAL17ED14/L

.00606

.(’)036S

.00242

.00196

.00175

.oo18~

.00154

.00106

.00060

.00049

2.0 ?5.() [~7 * O A

10*O Q1 7 . 0 1429.(-) 1A? 2 . 0 ICI5 7 . 0 4Q8 7 . 0 7&

117.0 100

● r)? .n] 13.03 ,n? 3iI● n-? .n2 2!9.f)~ ● n? 33● !-Jr* .07 49.0% .n~ 60.n’i ,!)3 54.07 ,!l~ 100.06 .05 8?.07 ,05 94

TIME 6.n HR F F F 7 4 / 7 5 . 2

nEC’TH 3 0 :4 DnRK A’S%IM .01 YG/V31HQ

(lJGc/M3/tiQ) hIORq~LTZrDI I(;HT(~F/M~/S) MAY

~sslML MAX A / LN

● I-)(-)● 02

.03● n>.n!5.07.nq

.11

.?2

. 1 1

2.0 ?5.0 4-? ● o 6

1(-).9 R17.0 ] f,19.0 16?2.() lQ

57*C) 4Q87.0 7fi

117.0 Ion

.00168

.00736

.00384

. 0 0 3 0 9

.00364

.f)03bR

.00351

.no186,00136.00097

UEtDII4 SO kJ

uVI Q\SA.c

t'iov1I\EiDvk VccjI 'OS 2\I13\-b

94

.-

Table 5 (cont.)

DATE 6/21/7<

PEoTti 5 X

! IGHT(MF/Mr?/S)

2.05.07.0

10.(-)17.019*O2?.()57.087.0

l17Qo

r131-E h/d?/7G

~FpT~ If) A

t IGhT”(’dF/M?/S) ~4AY

2*O ?5 . 0 47*f) k

10*O la1 7 . 0 141 9 . 0 16.??*O 105 7 . 0 4Q9 7 . 0 74

117.0 10(-)

I lGhT(MF/r+~/s)

2.05.07.0

10.017.019.022.05 7 . 0R?.(I

117.0

tiAY

>

L

6

R14LlfilQt+ Q74

Ion

sT’At.I134ufI 7.70 UC/AMP TIME 6.0 W FFF ?7/7qe&

OAR!( AssIH .(-)I MG/143/HQ

ASSIM (ufic/M3/tiR) N0Q!44L17FnL N MAX h / L

.01 .00 1 .00032

.0] .00 0 .Oonoo● ()? ● O1 18 .00]29.0? .01 Z’z .00110● O3 ● i-l? 38 .00114.n4 .0? 61 .00163● fit+ . 0 2 43 .(-)0100.nfi .04 86 .f)oo77.06 .05 96 .00056.p6 .n5 100 .00044

ASSIFJL

.n~

.(!2

.!?~

.n3

.n4● n4

● n&.07● OR.07

AsslM1.

.n?

.nz

.02

.03

.05

.04

.05

.n7

.(77● n7

MAX

3

1;284436418.2

1 0 08 6

A/L

.00097

. 0 0 0 7 7

.clo13fi

.00174

.00163

.001?6

.00117

.00091

.00073

.00046

7 . 7 0 ‘.lc/A$4P T I M E 6.n HR EfF 37/7~.4

D~RK As$lM .~? fTls/M3/tiD

(t.fcc/~3/)-fR\ Nol?$4AL17FnN

. r-1~

.00● O1.flz’.03.03.03.06.05.nb

MAY 4 / L

.f)o?sfl

.()!)090

. 0 0 1 0 1

. 0 0 1 5 5

.no175

.00149

.00155

.oor)9~

.00065

.00049

95

!

ST JIN!DADO 7 . 7 0 l! C/AMP T I ME 6.0 HR FF~- .~7/-/qo4

Table 5 (cont. )

PATE 6/24/7’i

D A R K Ass IM .01 MG/M3/FiP

(M Gc/M3/HR) NO R’i AL IZFDASS]Vi.

.!1?● O3.f)7.0-!● f?3.03.n4.05.05● o’i

h!

.01

.nl

.rl]

. n~

.01

.02

.02

.n4

.nb

.Q4

MAX A/l-

.9025$3

.00?19

. 0 0 1 9 4

.00110

. 0 0 0 8 7

. ( ’)008’5

.00109

. 0 0 0 7 0

.oof146

.00033

2.(-) ?S*O &

7.0 A10.() fl1760 1419.0 ]6?2. (-) IQ5 7 * O 4G8“7.0 7 f,

1170(-) 10P

13?734273 74060

1 0 0100

9 7

7 . 7 ( I ‘~C/AMP TIME A.O HR F F F >7/78.4

N0R!44LIZEf!A / L

.00161

.00000

.ooft55

.00032

.90087

.0006S

.00085

.00066

.00035

. 0 0 0 3 3

I IGHT.(’4F-/i~2/s) MAY

ASSIM (t.!GC/M3/HR)1. hl r44x

2.0 ?5.0 47.fl 5

10.0 R1 7 . 0 lL19.0 1622.0 1~57.fl 4Q8 7 . 0 7&

1 1 7 . 0 100

.(}? .(!0 4● ~1 ,nf) o.n? .no 10.02 ,no 8.ns .01 39.n3 .nl 3 2.03 .n2 49.ns ● n4 98.0.4 .n3 S0.05 .04 1 0 0

-.

TIME b.n H R F F F >7/79.4

/=

.

D4RK AsSIM .01 MG/M3/HD

ASSIM (MGC/M3/tif?) NORhlAl_17Erll.. N MAX A / L

.02 .00 3 .f)oobs

.fi? .nl 13 .f)o12~9(I? ,n] 2 1 .00147.I-iq .nl 30 ● 0014H.04 *Q7 61 .00175.n~ .nz 50 .r-lol?~● n5 .~4 76 .(-)0170● 05 ● n3 71 .00061.n6 .05 1(’)0 .Oonsfl● O5 ,94 7b .f)on32

2.0 ?%00 47*O 6

]0.017.0 1;19.0 162200 lQ5 7 . 0 4Q87.0 74

1 1 7 0 0 100

96 ‘“

Table 5 (cont.)

nATt 4/L?5/7~

!3nRK ASSIM .01 ‘4s/w3/HR

(MGc/M3/~p) N0W44L17rDMAx

1s

15195 1485 57592

100

.00f)32

.oonti4

.#o12~

.nollfi

.00178

. 0 0 1 5 ?

..00149

.0007’a

.00064

. 0 0 0 5 1

? . 0 ?5.0 L

7.0 610.0 R17.0 141 9 . 0 1A.?i?.o lQ5 7 . 0 4Q87.0 7h

117.0 100

● 019 0?.(?2.03.04.04.0s‘.06.07. 0 7

7*7U 54c/4t4P TIME 6.0 HQ F F F 7’+/78.6

DARK ASSIM ● O1 MG/M3/HRTJEDTH 5 r4

1 If;i-IT(!.fF/~~/s)

2.05.07 . 0

1 0 * OI-?*O1 9 . 022.05 7 . 087.0

}i7.o

ASSI!.41.

NORMALIZE!)A/L

.00064

.00180.

.0016%

.00167

.00110

.ori?07

.00102

.00097

.00027

.f)oo51

.01

.0?

.03● rf3.03.05.(34.07.n4.n7

.00 2

.f)l 1 5

.01 1 ?

.02 25

.02 31

.04 66

.02’ 38● OF) ’22f-)2 39.05 100

f)ATE 6/t?7/’7%

DEPTH 10 M

sTAND4=n 7 . 7 0 ~C/AMP TINE 6.0 HR F F F 7(4/78.6

1 IGHT(MF/t”12/s)

2.05.07*O

10.017.01 9 . 0?Z.il5-?.087.0

117.0

ASSIt.i1.

(MfiC/M.3/HP) NORMAL17FC)MAX 4 / L

.oo129

.00154

.00184

.(-)0090

.00083

.0008J3

.00061

.00053

.(-)0032

.(-)0028

.0?● O2.03.9?.03.03.03● (-)4.04.05

}32440264452

42948b

1 0 0

97

STAt.10ADn 7 . 7 0 M e / A M P TIME 6.0 HR FFF >4/78.6

Table 5 (cont.)

!TATE 6/2$)/7<

DARK As’sIM . 0 1 MG/M3/HQ

ASSIM(.

● n?● O?.l]~.03● 0fb.Oh.rl&● i)6.05.06

(MGc//43/HR) NORMALIZ~DMAX 4/LAI

.01

.00

● i)].01.02● OP.n2.04● no.n4

?.0 25.() .47.0 A

1000 P1 7 . 0 1 4]’J.O 162 2 * O 1<>5 7 * O 4~8 7 * O 74

11-?80 100

159

!?a315051)519994

100

.0032?

. 0 0 0 7 7

.0(’’)175

.n0135

.0012Q

.00115

.(-)(-)102

.00076

.00047

. 0 0 0 3 7

13LT~ 5/2A/7c, sTANDAa17 T I M E 6.0 HP FFF 3f+/7q.67 . 7 0 ~4c/4~P

DEPTH 30 M<

ASsI~4I

~()~qALIz~~

d/L

.0078A

.00(’)64

.00101

.00148

.00151

.f-)o146

.00167

.0006?

.oon44

.oon34

? . 0 ?5.0 67 . 0 l%

1 0 . 0 Q17.0 141900 1A22.0 1~57.n 4Q87.0 74

117.0 $00

.0] 20

.00 H

.01 18

.nl 34,03 66.03 70.04 93.04 90.04

~i

.n4 1 0 0

DATE 6/3n/7fi

~EPTt-i sM

STANi3AD~ 7 . 7 0 IJC/AMCI TIME 6.0 HI? EFF 14/75.9

D81?K AS%IM .01 MG/M3/HD

(MGc/M3/fii?) NORMAL17F9ASSIM1.

.(-I?

.rll

.0?

.0?

.07

.0?

.03

.05

.pfb

.04

MAX 4/L

.2.n >5.0 L7.0 6

10.017.0 1:19.0 162?.0 lQ5 7 . 0 4Q8700 74

1 1 7 . 0 100

04H

25.35254()

1008185

.00100

.00027

.00(’)38

.Oor-)flf-l

.~on67

.0004?

.00059

.00n56

.90030

.00f)23

03 US 100.0 'us q

03 uS 1

'us uJ 2c'US 'ui 2S

'us uj PS'UI UU JR'UI u0'UI UO 9'UI 01.) 0

.DvbK VddIV OJ U\v3\Hb

.PO C\v 1IE ciu H IEE J\-3

98

TI~!E 6.~ HR FfF l&/75.9

Table 5 (cont.)

nAaTE 6/3~/75

~$-PTH lfi M

STANnA~m 7.71J ‘4C/4MP

DARK A%% M .01 f4G/M3/HQ

ASSIM (MGC/M3/t-iQl NORMALIZED1. FJ MAX A / L

. 0 0 0 0 0

. 0 0 ( ? 2 7

.ooft4!3

.00027

.00063

.00057

.00045

.00027

.Ooolq

.0001s

2905 . 07*O

10*O1 7 * O1~.o2 2 * O57.08 7 * O

117.0

f)&RI( A$sIN ● O I MG/M3/Hu

(f4Gc/M3/tlQ) NORMAL17F,DASS1?.IL

.rl?n2

:f)3.03.03.n4.03.nq● 05.05

M&x h/L

.!)0733

.00080

.rlo?oo.

.00?07

.00114

.0011!5

.00094

.0005R

.00040● f)oo30

2.0 ?5.rt &7.0 6

10.0 H17.0 lL19.0 16??.0 IQ5 7 * O 4G8 7 . 0 7(4

1 1 7 . 0 100

13114 0565 562

569498

100,.-

ITATE 7 / 1/75

(MGC/M3/r{Q) NORMALIZEDt IGHT(MF/M2/s) t~AY

ASSILIL

.np

.!)1

.0?

.np

.n~

.03

.n?

.04

.94

.n4

MAX A / L

2.0 ?5 . 0 &7 . 0 k

10.0 Q1 7 . 0 lL1 9 . 0 1A22.0 ]Q5 7 . 0 4GH7*0 7L

117.0 1o11

. ( - ) 0 ? 7 4

.00068

.f-)o(-)7!fl

.00103

. 0 0 1 3 7● I901O8.00090.00049.oort31.00022

99Table S (Cont.)

STAN174mf3 7 . 5 0 ?.$c/AMP TIqE 6.n HR FFF l&/75.9

DARK AqsIh! .01 MG/M3/ i i !?

ASSIML

.01

.1}?

.0?

.0?● O3● O?● f13.04● (]4.04

(vGc/M3/HR) NOFW4L17F0N MAX 4 / L

?.0 ?5.0 47.0 6

10.0 Q17*O 1419.I-) ]6?2.0 195 7 * 9 4 087.0 74

11790 Ion

● ()().01.01.nl.92.01.n2.03. f’13.0?

J2b2 33656315’4

100919 2

.00034

. f-)1-)137● 00i)llq.!-)0096.90!-)89.00043.00072.non47. 0 0 0 3 0● 00021

7.50 ~’C/AMP TIqE 6.0 Ht-? F F F 34/”75.9

NORMAL17FD4 / l -

● 00000.00137.00176..00055.00056. 0 0 0 4 7. 0 0 0 5 0.00(-)42.00029.00026

t4fix-.

-,

2.05.07.0

10.017.019.02?.057.087.9117.0

.0] .noe (1 ? .01.n3 .01. 0 ? .nl.0? ,nlf ) ? .nl● n? ● nll - ) 4 .n?.(-)4 .03.n4 ● O3

o.22401831293b788“2

1O(-J

~ATE 7/

PEPTH 20 M

I IGHT(Mf-/kl~/5) MAY

7.0 ?5=0 4-{.0 &

IO*O R17.0 14lQ.O 1622*(-) 1057.0 4~87.0 ?&

11700 Ion

DARK 4S<IM .o? MGfM3/HQ

ASSTM

L

.n3● 04● (-)6.04r - ) 5.06● f15● f17● P6.06

MAX 4/L

.00625

.90F]4

. 0060!5

.00?43

.0018H

. 0 0 ? 4 1

.00133● 00089.00051.00039

DVbK V1I 'OS r3\1ti

21VvUVbL) I2O C\Vrb 1Ip' Q0 H LE jt\.2.S

su u.o,.o w

u uSu.. uSOj usLi uJSOS 0JOs uO.os ,j

DbK d1 'OJ Ie\3\Hb

iC\ViU lIviE QU H)ç EEL

uSuS

eusUS

uJJ(is

22 1

100

Table 5 (cont. )

nATE 7/ ‘4/75

N(9Qv AI_ IzF94 / L

.oo13~

.fior169

.(-)0168

.OI-)OQ7

.r)oll~

.f-)o139

.0008?

.00054

.rloo4~

.00022 .

.02 ● (-) b

.fi? .00

.03 cn~ 2;i - )? ● n] 23.(-)4 .Q2 4’7.04 .03 61.04 .02 4!2.05 .03 73.(-lfi .n4 lolj.f)4 .03 60

2.0 ?5.0 Lb7.0 &

10.0 R17.0 141’3.0 1A22*O ]Q5“/.0 4Q87*O 7(.117.0 lot-l

~ATE 7 / 4/75

DARK ASSIM .01 Mr-t/M3/Hf?

ASSIM (wGC/M3/H2) NOQMALIZ5DMAX 4/L

2.(-) ?5.0 47 0 0 4

10.0 91 7 * O 1419.0 Ifi22.0 IQ57.() 4 087.0 7 4

117.0 100

1 4lfJ242938bb3 7869“7

100

.00710

.00083

. 0 0 1 4 7

. 0 0 1 2 4

. 0 0 0 9 7

. 0 0 1 0 5

.0007?

.00065

.oon49

. 0 0 0 3 7

.

.-oFf’TtI lCI M

(k4Cc/~J/l+R) IVORM4L17F9t,IGIIT”fML”/t4r?/~)

2*(I5.07 . 0

in.o17.019.0??*f-l5 7 . 08 ’ 7 . 0

117.0

MAX “4/1N

.00

. no

.00● n]

.0]

.01

.01● QZ

● n?

.02

213

1.235303YSti76

100100

● 00?41. 0 0 0 1 4.00039● ol-)rlR3.00040.00047.00059.00030.0(-)026.Oool’=1

DVb VddJt .01 4i\vd3\Hb

TOOTOO

2S

ss

?JT

UEbI'-4 2 w

LJVIE '\

O' 0c JOO'Uiz' 'Uç ?.o ui0:3 uJ SSu3 'uj Si

'u uJ S50s 01) P

SOS 'Uu 403 uJ 3S

'uS u.j JcP

101

Table 5 (cont. )

nhTE 7/ 7/7i ST ANDii CJ!I 7.50 ‘~C/AMD TIME 4.0 H14 FFF 7b/75.2

ASSIML MAX A / L

.f)o?7!i

.oon41

.0004Q

.Oon?$l

.!30053

.00105● !lon97.00068.00047.00035

2.0 ?5.() 4

7 * O 61040 H17*O 1 419.9 1+22.0 IQ5 7 * O 4Q87.(-) 7 f,

11790 109

.(,)?

.* 0?.0?.0?● O2.l-)~.n660%● (76● f16

nATE 7 / 7/7q 7.5d KAC/At4P TIME (i.o HP FFF 12/75.7

DARK ASSIM .01 Ms/M3/tiP

AsSIM (!.4Kc/M3/nR)

1. hl MAXNOR!4ALIZFD

4 / L

.0010-3

.Oonl-1(-)”

.00039

.00021

.00052

.00047

.90053

.00040

.00034

.00026

.-

2.0 7‘5.0 h7.0 6

)0.(-! R1 7 . 0 lL1 9 . 0 1(,2 2 . 0 IQ5 7 . 0 4Q87.0 7 4

117.0 lot-)

.01 .00 7● 01 .no o.0? .nn Y.01 ● nfl 7.11? ● n] 29.fl? .01 .29● n? .01 38*n3 .n2 73. 0 4 .03 96. (IL ● q3 1 0 0

sTAFlnCiP~ “I*5O “C/AMp TI~E 6.(7 HR F F F 72/76.1

DARK A<SIM .o? Mfi/M.3/HP ,.

ASSIM (r4cc/M~/tIr?) N(3Rv4L17F[~1. ttl MAA A / L

.oo3i17

.00?73

.00049

. 0 0 0 ? 7

.000s6

.t)oo47

.noo43

.lloos&

.00047

.00037

2.0 25 * O 47 . 0 A

100017.0 1:19s0 lf-22.0 lQ57.0 4 ?87.0 7/4

11?.0 100

TO

LIVLF' V'-'-Lfl fl_. 'n.y ND

2lVv)UVzt) .'2O riC\V4h !JYE QU H LEL i.\i?'

Oc U'Oc U3tLwt uS'03 'vi(J.t USu3 'iiiu_j L)5'us '03'Us '00

Table 5 (cont. )

tIAT~ 7 / u/7G

DEDTH ]o M

I IGF!T(lJF/Mr?/S) Mt$ti

2*O 3

5.0 67*fl G

1 0 . 0 R1780 1419.0 1A22. (-) 1~5 7 . 0 4Q87.0 7L

117. (-) 100

2 .“05.0.-7.0

1(-).017.01 9 . 0?2.057. (I87. (-)

117.0

DATE 7/10/7<

nE~TH 30 M

t TGtIT(v F/l’l Z/s) MA, Y

Z*O ?5.0 (,7.fl k

10.() n1700 I [,l~. o 1A22. (I 1057.0 4?87.0 7 4

117*O 100

1. hJ

.n? .00

.9? .nfl

.fl,? .no

.0? .nn

.(-)3 .0]*O? .n?.n3 .02● 05 .03● (-)6 ● n&.06 .n4

MAX

9s65

313?4.36ti

1009 “?

7 0 5 0 PC/AMp

A / L

.00?06

.00041

.of)r)39

.00027

.f)o(lfll● f)of)137.f)onfl?.(-)0053● 0 0 0 s 1.00037

DARK As$IH . 0 2 MG/M3/Hl?

ASST!W! (qGC/t-13/t-IQ) NORYAL17F!3I N! MAX A / L

.n? .nn o

.04 ● O2 34

.n3 .nz 28

.(’)3 .~l 2(1● n4 .nl? 41.n4 .I12 34.04 ● !)2 34. 0 7 .05 9 0.Ilq .n6 98.(-)li ,06 100

. ( - ) 0 ( - ) 0 0

. 0 0 4 1 2

.(-)0235

.00117

.00145

.00I0H

.0010?

. 0 0 0 9 4

.00067

.00051

sTANDA~D 7,.50 MC/AMP “TIME 6.fI HR FFF q~/76.]

DARK AssIM .02 ~GlM3/HQ

MAX

o113 3lh41?b40

1007377

A / L

.00000

.00109

.00??4

.00(-)75

.00116

.00065

.noo87

.00084

.00(-)40

.(-)0031

Ud U3 S?t)'c U3 S1

jJ JOOoJ .iJ Iiu3 uJo

'03 u1 J

'03 uJ 13us '00 fl'us '00

103

Table 5 (cont. )

nhTE 7/12/7G

ASSTM (McC/M3/H~) NORMAL17FDI N MAX A/l-

.0,3 .n? 30

.0? . 0 0s

.07 .07 27● O? ,no 5● nil .02 35● O3 .01 24● n4 .93 43● O7 ‘-l-.$3 79.07 .05 85.(78 .nfi 100

.00905

.oon67

.(-)0?3’3

. 0 0 0 4 7

.00126

.f)of-)7R

.f)ol19

.000s5● oon59.00052

Z.() ?5.0 47.(-) k

1 0 . 0 R1790 141 7 9 0 1A22.0 IQ57.() 4 087.0 7 4

117.0 lof)

nllTE 7/1?/75

D A R K As51M . 0 1 MG/M3/HQ

NOI?MALIZFi)4/L

2.0 ?5.0 47.0 &

1 0 . 0 n17.0 1(+1 9 . 0 1622.0 in5 7 . 0 4Q8 7 . 0 7L

117.0 100

.0? .01 36

.{}2 .00 14● f}.? .nl 24● n-j ● n] 4f’i.0’-3 .n2 64.rJ? .nl 31.03 ● n? 60.r14 *n3 9s.04 ● n? 8].n4 .(-I3 100

.00503

.000$30

.(-)0096..00136.001(-)6.00046.00076.00047.00026.oO1324

.-.

.

I I(jAT

(MF/!4c!/s) MAYASSIM (F4Gc/M3/HQ) NOWWALIZFII

L b,j MAX A / L

.00?33

.Oooorl

. 0 0 ? 0 0

.00140

. 0 0 0 5 1

.00049

.00055

.no194

.oon?~

.00024

2.0 ?%.0 47.0 6

1 0 . 0‘ 17.0 1:

1~.o 1622.0 lQ5 7 . 0 4 q8?.0 7L

117.0 100. .

It-HJ. v21J (vniC\I3\Htj) VOriJDULUIH 30 W DVt3K VcdId OJ r\I3\HbUV IE 21vV)L)/iL) .2() "C\Vh jIrE 1.0 Hb EkE '2.L9PTG ? (coxJ)

u.oi

'Vc

jio

c.

J\O()100

SU S

JJ.'O lou

P._.oUss.0 JLi

v\rv 013 r i EL)

u3 aTjoo9'

u3 &du1

'usu3 c3Q

uJ n'uO J

104

I N

● O4 ,n3● /)~ .0]● 0.3 .01.n~ ● RI.06 ● nit● n4 .02● f)(+ .n3.06 .04● (16 .n5.n7 .ns

MAX A/l-

.01307

.00174

.no?ll

. 0 0 1 4 7

.90244

.f)ol14

.(-)0134

.(’)0074

.00055

. 0 0 0 4 5

TIM~ 6.() HF2 FfF 3P./77.9sTANllADn

nEDTH 5 M

ASSIMI_

(lvffR~/f.+3/HQ)f.J t4AX

,00?00.0Q?27● (lo41~.Oo?bf).00114● (-)OQ3Q.nOllQ● oor-147.00035.eO0024

?.0 >5.0 4

7.0 610.0 G1 7 . 0 I t.1 9 . 0 1A22.0 IQ57.(-) 4Q87.0 76

117.0 Ion

.nz

.n3

.n4

.04● 03.0?.nh

.04

.04

.f14

----

T I M E 6.fI !-fR F F F ~Q177.5STAFJf)APn 7.5c) MC/AMP

DARK A5sIM .0? MG/M3/HQ

(MGc/!’43/HQ) NOQpjALI?r~ASSTML

.0?

.03

.03

.n=l

.03

.nh

.03

.05

.()%

.06

MAX A / L

2.0 ?5 . 0 47.0 A

10.0 Q17.0 IL1~.o 1A22.0 IQ5 7 . 0 408 7 . 0 7L

117.0 100

12263 42?3b4 542!7582

100

.00302

.00255

.oo23fJ

.00134

.Of-)lo?

.00)16● 001-IQ4.norl(j’i.00046.00042

2.\Pc RTh H 3t'IT aM\34 (.V (1 CJ t' (1 .1 t I 2

cR\EM\M SO. ?lJpA cia

So S

05Od03

Ut?

u3U S

03uS

V 221 k'4

L)EoIH c? k

UV.tE .1\Td\

105Table 5 (cont. )

DATE 7/16/7~

nEPTH 20 ~

ASSIW (’Jfl C/ M3/HR)L t~ MAX

● O? .f-in b.Of, .02 4H.03 .~l 21.(-l? .n] 1?● n3 .nl 27.03 ● PI 3?.03 .01 35● [)5 ● f)3 98.04 .93 75.05 .03 100

I IGHT(’4F/Md/S~

?*OS.o-7.0

10.017.(-I19.022*O57*(-)87.(-)

117*O

A / L

.00101

.00335

.00105

.00060

.nOo55

.00n67

.000%5

.00060

.of)n30

.00030

DARK A%51M . 0 ? MG/M3/liQ

($tcc/M3/tlu) N01?MAL17~Ds!

.0(-)

.01● l-l].01● n4● n>.n2.n4● OS.05

MAX A/L--..,

2.0 ?5.(-) f!7 . 0 k

1(-).0 P1 7 . 0 1 [,19.0 1622.0 195 7 . 0 4q8 7 * O 7&

117.0 1o11

H201219765 73473

l(io~b

. 0 0 ? 0 1

.00?01

. 0 0 0 8 6

.00094

.00221

.00144

.00076

.00063

.oon57

.00041

7.5o $.!C/AMP TIME 6.n Hf+ FFF 2J/77.>

DARK AssIM . 0 1 t4G/M3/HQ

sTANOA~n

,...

I I(;HT(MF/r42/s)

2.05*O7 . 0

10.01 7 . 019.022.n5 7 . 0E17*0

..- 11-?.0

ASSTqL

.0?

.02

.03

.0?

.0?

.03

.0?

.03

.nk

.n4

MAX A/LN

. (II● n(-).02.nl.01● O2● fll.llz.f-13● O3

201 3512922542Y67d9

100

.n0799

.Oooflo

.00219

.00086

.()(-)039

.00091

.non3Q

.00035

.00031

.n0n26

ctoSS'o ILl

Jiz

J,I..oJO'O

20s.o

(r\WS\d) vxI I(s1

ULhli-f JO N

L)VIE 3\J1\LPTG ? (couc)

L)EbIk SO W

UVJ.E

(L\k1S\d}

uEujH 30 W

c 4' o.j

o.v Q 0.01

0.VE

01 0.SS PA

o.cR noc 0.\:fr

u3 TOO03

) oc:

jI .Jc:.01 '+

uJ 3S'Ui

'Ui Jr

106

! IGh T(Mc/~~/.s)

2.05.0-,7.0

1 0 . 01 7 . 01 9 . 022. (-)5 7 . 087.0

1 1 7 * O

OARK Aq51M .OI MG/M3/HQ

ASSIM(.

.02

.0?● rl.3.0?● 03.07● ().3.(14● 04905

.t-lo?9~

.ooll~

.002(-)9

.C!ol(-)n● OOOR?.l-io031.00057,00057● (-)0034.!30027

DfiRK A’5SIM . 0 1 MG/M3/HQ

ASSIM (VGC/M3/hQ)( Al MAX

● f)-) “.()] 2 7.11-1 ● n2 42.03 •n~ 4 “7● O4 ,02 53.03 .01 34.n4 .02 5(I;n4 ● Q2 4ti.05 .nh 86.05 .n4” 41.06 .04 100

ASSIM(..

.()?

.n?

.n~

.03

.04

.n4● O4● (lfl.nf>

.07

hIOF?MALIZF~4 / L

.00568

.00361

.(-)0?86

.00i?27

.oof)8”6,00113.000?4. 0 0 0 6 4.oon45.00037

(M~C/M3/HR) tQOPMAL17F”~N

.00

.fil

.01

.01i)?.f)2i-l!?.n&●n$

.05

MAX

41(-)201.339353 57 1,)7b

1 0 0

All

.f)olol

.I-)OIOR

.Oolsf+

. 0 0 0 9 4

.00123

.(-)0099

.0008%

.00065

.0004!?

.(lon46

(C\W3\H) 1OvvrIE[;DVK dIv '0) U4ô

u3 0S 100uJ us. .

Ui tJ] '?c

4JS u0 SSt_Js uo J:us oJUS uJ scSOS .UJ S

SOS 'uJ Jçt

SOS 00 J

.LUt

Table 5 (cont. )

nA7E 7/dif’75 sTAPJ~Sr>n 7.5u MC/4M~ T I M E 6.fI H“Q F F F ~f)/77.O

~FPTH 5rl

ASSIML

● 0?.02.(-)?.0?f)?● n?.n3.(\4.04.04

*I

.00

.~l

.0]

.0(3● ofl● nl.fi].n?.0?.’03

MAX 4/L

F!*O >5*O h7*O A

10*O Q1“?90 lL1’;.0 1A?290 IQ57.0 4Q87.(-) 76

117.0 Ion

1028231 0la235 h9085

1(IO

. ( -)0134

.00147

.00086

.00027

.00(-)27

.f30f)32

.00067● 00041.90(?25.!-)00?2

7 . 5 0 ‘L4C/A,9p TIME 6.n HR FFF 1~/77.O

NORM4LIZF0A / L

. 0 0 2 0 0

. , ( - ) 0 1 4 7

.00076

. 0 0 0 6 0

.00035

.000?1● oor121.00025.00018.00(-)18

TIME 6.n h~ F F F ~n/77.O

ASSIM (fAGc/f+3/tiQ)1. N MAX

2.0 25.0 &7.0 A,

10.0 R17.0 lL19.0 162?.0 la57.0 4~-.87.0 ?4117.0 Ion

sTAt\lllAQn 7.5U ~’C/AfJDPATE 7/2?/7’<,.

nFmTH”~O M

ASSIML

.n?

.0?

.0-3● O2● n?.0?.0?,03● 03.n?

{yGc/!43/tlQ) Noi?h4AL17Ff7MAX A/LNJ

.01

.nfl

.nl

.01

.01

.nfi

.nO,nl

.fl?

.nl

?.*O ?5.0 &7.0 6

10.0 Q1 7 . 0 1419.0 162.2*(I lQ57.() 4Q87.(-) 7 4

1)700 100

322()6H3246lb1272

10060

.oo?f)fl

.00067

.00”163

.f)on54

.00(-)47

.00014

.000o~

.00021

.oofll~

.000(-)9

lu w

UVJ-E .\Sc\-

108

sTANl)AnD 7.50 vc/AMLJ T I ME 6.n H R EFF 7?/76.6

Table 5 fcont.)

IIATE 7/2?/7~.

DARK A%’51M . 0 ? MG/M3,/HQ

(IAcc/M3/HR) h’ORMALIZF!lI lGriT(!4F/Mz/5)

2.05807.0

1 0 . 01 7 . 019.(-)22005 7 * O8 7 . 0. .

117-0

ASSIML

.0?

.0?● (73.0?● O?● OL.#3● I-)6● 07● !-)6

N

.no

.01

.01

. 01● nl.Q2.n).n5.ns

● n5

MAX A#L

11220]H2 6393(-I91

1 0 093

.00034

.00122

.no145

.oonRR

.00076

. 0 0 1 0 4

.00069

.00080

.(-)0058

. 0 0 0 4 0

7 0 5 0 ‘4C/A~P TIME fj.f) HR FFF q&/75=2

DARK As51M .02 M5/M3/HQ”

!-14TE 7/l?~/7K

~F.PTH 5 M“

STANI_)ARn

ASSIM1.

● I-)2.02.0,?● O?.0?● L!>.0,?.0.3.04● 03

(MGc/M3/HR) NOf?MALlzFDMAX 4 / L-..

-.

?*O5 . 07 . 0

1 0 . 01 7 . 01 9 . 0?2.05 7 * O8 7 . 0

1 1 7 . 0

,f-)o,01.01.0].01.01.01.02.!)2.92

1 92 531313 44 42875

loil81

.00204

.00109

.00097

.00068

.00044

.00050

.flof12R

.(-)0(-)?9

.0002%

.00015

7 . 5 0 MC/AMD TIME 6.0 Hf? F F F 35/74.8

OARK 45SIM .ol MG/M3/H?

●

ASSIML

.np

.(32

.02● 0?.n3.02.0?.02● O3● 03

. . .

f IGHT(MF/MZ/S) May

2.0 ?5 . 0 &7 0 0 6

1 0 * O F417.0 ‘ lL1 9 0 0 162 2 . 0 1057.() 4Q87.0 7 4

,.. 11700 Ion

(}4~c/M3/H~)N MAX

NORMAL17EC)fi/L

.00 ]7

. 00 7

.f)r) 7

.00 2 0

. f)? 100”

.r)o 10

.nn 17

.01 47,rll 6 7.02 93

.00171● 000?7.000?0.00041.00121.00011.0(-)016.00017.00(-)16.f’)orllfl

100

S aIs1cSpISJo

Table 5 (cont. )

nATE 7/24/7~

DEPTH ?0 M

lUY

ST.ANOAr7n 7.50 ‘~C/AMP TIVE fY.fI HR E F F 35/74.8

(lAR~ ASSIM .Op M5/M3/i-lR

(MGc/M3/t+R) NORMALIZEDt IGHT(Mr/~2/s)

Assl!.1L

. 0 ?

.02● (-)2.0?.0?.0?.(IP.(-I4.04.05

MAX A/L

.l-lo13n

.OI-)06Q

.0010$+

.0005<

.130(-).2R

.oon44

.oon34

.f)on3~

. 0 0 0 3 3

.00025

5.07.0

10*O1 7 . 019.02 2 . 05 7 . 087.0

117.0

7.5@ ~C/AMP TIME 6.n H R EFF 75/74.8

DARK ASSIM . 0 2 !lG/M3/HRPE~Tt-i 30 M

I IGHT. (MF/M2/s) M A Y

ASSIML

● O?● 0290?.02● O2.n~.92.n4. 0 4.05

(Mfic/f+3/t-iR)N MAX

NOI?L~ALIZFOA / l

~.(-)” ?5*O 47 . 0 6

loo R

1 7 . 0 1.419.0 1A”?2.0 IQ5 7 . 0 4 98“{.0 7&

1 1 7 0 0 100

.00 H

.no o

.r)f-) H

.f-11 17

.no 10

.n] 3 3

.n] 1 7● QZ 71,03 7“7.03’ 100

.00139.00000.00049.00055.00020● oof)5Q.nof)25.00041

‘.00029.0002??

STAPIli3dQn 7 . 5 0 ~~c/4MP T I M E 6.fI HC? F F F 7n/77.uPATE 7 / 2 7 / 7 5

DhRK AssIM . 0 1 Mci/v3/l-iP

(WGc/M3/ti~) NOiWAL17FDt IGhT(MF/MZ/S)

Z*O5 . 07 . 0

10.017.019.022.057.08 7 . 0

117.0

A’SSIM1.

.n?

. 0 ?

.0]●

fJ~9 n?.0?● 0?.n3.04.n4

MkY 4/L

. 0 0 4 9 7

.00146

.ooflo~

.00099

.00051

. ( - ) 0 0 4 9

.00042

.00029

.00027

.000?0

Table 5 (cont. )

DATE 7/2 Q/7?

13FoTH 10 M

! IGHT(MF/M~/s)

2*OS.o7.0

10=017*O19*O2?9057*O87.()

11790

DATE 7/27/75

PFPTH 20 M

I IGHT(t.~F/qd/S) MAY

-..

,2*(-) ?5*O &-.7 . 0 f+

1 0 . 01 7 . 0 121~.o 1622.() lQ5 7 * O 4Q07.0 74

.117.0 100.

OATE 7/d7/7G

I TGHT($!F/M//s)

~.o5 . 07.0

10.01 7 * O19.022.05 7 * O87.0

1 1 7 * O

STflNf)AG?n 6 . 9 5 MC/AMP TIME 6.0 HR FFF aI/76.6

ASS1P4 (’4r=C/M3/tiQ) NORMALIZED1. $} MAX A/L

.01 -.00 -5

.n? .0] 22● tl? ● Q] 3 5.(’)4 .n? 92.n3 .n2 68.0? .nl 19● 0? .(I1 24403 .01 49● O4 .n2 84..04 ● !-)3 1 0 0

-,i)O072.00115.00134.00?45. 0 0 1 0 6.00027.oon29.oon23.oon26. 0 0 0 2 3

AssIMI

● 01.0?.n?.0?● f)3

‘.0?f - ) 3.nb.n5.n~

D6RK A%%IM . 0 1 MG/M3/H~

(~CC/M3/HR) NORMAL17~nh!

.00,(-IO● no,nl.fll.01● n].02.03.03

sTANt_)A~n

.f-)~

.(-)?● f)z’.03.04● n2.(31.0%.(-)5.06

MAX

o12

b2 4412 43 76 5

10082

4/L

. 0 0 0 0 0

.000$1● OO02Y.00081.C)O(-)7Q.00043.00055.00038.(-)0039. 0 0 0 2 3

DhRK ASSI~ .02 MS/M3/tiQ

.f-)fl 7

.0(-) 7

.t-11-) 9

.nl 24,02 54,0] 20..02 41.n? 87,n4 ~1.n4 100

.00146

.f)on5P1

.0005?

.0009s

.90]24

.0004?

.00073

.00060

.oof)L1

.(-)0034

UEt.1H 2 w

L)V.LE \J\cIPT6 2 (cou)

DARK AsSIM .01 MG/M3/H~

(M~C/M3/HR) NORMAL17Fi)ASSIML

t IGHT($~F/M2/S) MAY N

.0(7● (I(’).01.01,0].(-l?.nl

.0?

.04

● 03

A/L

● O?.02.0?● 0 ?.0?● 03● O2404● O5● O4

61416la2d462b60

100H4

.(-)0106

.000Q9

.00080

.00063

.00058

.00085

.(lon4?

.rloo37

.00040

.oon25

2.0 ?5.0 47.0 A

1 0 * O q1 7 * O 1A19.0 162.?.0 lQ5 7 . 0 4Q8 7 . 0 7 4

11790 10(-)

6.95 $.4c/AMP TlrqE 6.f) HR E F F 2i+/79.b

DhRK AFSIM ● O ? MG/M3/Hp-. DEPTH 1 0 M-

t IGHToqF/M~/$) MrIY

AssIM (MRc/M3/HR)L h) M4K

NOWJUIZFD4/i_

2 . 0 ?5.0 47.0 6

1 0 . 0 Q1 7 . 0 IL1 9 * O 162?.0 IQ5 7 . 0 4~8 7 . 0 76

117.0 109

.03 ● r-l] 23● 04 .02 53.I-)3 ,01 2.3.03 .02 35.03 .f)l 27.03 .01 34.04 ● Q2 56.06 ● O4 100.n6 .n4 ~j

.06 .06 94

. 0 0 4 9 1

. 0 0 4 6 3

.90140

.00154

.00079.

. ( - ) 0 0 7 8

. ( - ) 0 1 1 2

. . 0 0 0 7 6

.0004R

.oor)35

I’)ATE 7/31/75 TIME 6.o HR F F F PQ/77.5

t IGHT{Ml=/M2/s) MAY M A X A/L

?.0 ?5*O h7 . 0 A

10.01700 1:1 9 . 0 1A22.0 lQ57.0 498 7 . 0 7L

.n? .00

.n7 .nl

.0? ● OI

. 0 ? ● O]

.n3 .01

.n? .01

.ilf+ ● 03

.06 .05● OR .07

52?1 01 4161 3387 5

1 0 088

.no18(-l

.Oo?RR

.00093

.00094

.(-)0064

.f)of-)46

.00115

.00087● oor-)7FJ.(-)0050

H\CM\'M 10. 11??A )i5AO

O3HJAPOUl (1\EM\3)

uEblH 2 w.

UVJ.E \ 3\ 21V1L)DL)

(vC\3\Hb) vOtVrIEU

UVbK vdd1 '01 rW\r3\Hb

112Table 5 (cont. )

DATE 7/31/7G STAF!C)A~m 6.95 Me/d MP TIME 6.0 HR FFF 9Q/77.5

nEPTti 3fI t~

I IGrIT(M F/t-t 2/s) qAx’

Z*9 ?5.0 47 . 0 4

1 0 0 0 R17*O .lL1 9 0 0 1<?,2.0 lQ57.0 4 987.0 7L

11700 Ion

ASSIML

f ) ?● 03● n?.03.03● O7● (-)5● rt6● ln7● 06

N

.()]

. 01

. 01

.0?

.n2

.02

.04

.f14

.06

.n5

MAX

1421]’+3]3 7286 07 5

1 0 083

4 / L

.00399

.00247

.00155

.nol~l

.00128

.f)oofl~

.00162

.00078

.00068

. 0 0 0 4 2

6.95 MC/AMD T I ME 6.0 HR FFF 20/77.5

Dfi!?K AssIM . 0 1 piG/M3/HR

2.0 ?5 . 0 &

7 0 0 &1 0 . 0 R1 7 . 0 lLlY.O 162 2 . 0 1?57.0 498 7 . 0 7 4

117.0 100

● f-)? .flo 25.01 .00 8.0} ● no 8.0? .00 2 5.(-)7 .~l 71● 0? .00 21.02 ● QO 29.03 .01 75.03 .02 100.03 .02 92

OFUTH 10 M

I I(3HT ASSTMOJF/M~/S) Vhy L

2.0 ? .n?5 * O 6 ● O?7 . 0 6 .0?

1 0 . 0 .021 7 . 0 1: .0?19.0 1A .03.22.0 IQ .n?5 7 . 0 40 .n487.0 7L .04

117.0 100 .04

NORMALIZF!IA/l_

.00?13

.00028

.00020

.f)oo43

.00071

.(-lf)ol~

. 0 0 0 2 3

.0002?

.00020

.00013

TIME 6.(’! HR F F F 2 0 / 7 7 . 5

rd

● n].0(3.00.01● f)]● O]● fll.02.n?,0=3

MAX

21]bH

2 6264237578i

1 0 0

A/l-

.00?84

.t-)ooi35

.00030

.00071

.0004?

.00069

.00045

.00n41

.f)on27

.00023

211i1UcU o? rC\Vb 1Iv'E ?U HK EEL J\.&'3

113

Table 5 (cont. )

PATE q/ >/7K

nEDTH ~f) M

t lGHT(MF/q2/s) Mr,x

2.0 ?5.0 47.0 6

10.0 R17.0 lfi19.0 lk22.0 IQ57.0 4Q87.0 74

117*O 100

~ATE Q/ 2/7c

PEPTH 3 0 M“

I IGtiT “(MF/M2/S) MAY

2.0 >5.0 t~7 . 0 6

10.0 ~1 7 . 0 141 9 . 0 162?.0 1’357.0 4Q8 7 . 0 7 4

117.0 100

I IGHT(MF/$4Z/S~

~.o5 . 07*O

1 9 . 01 7 * O1~.f)22*O5 7 . 08 7 . 0

1 1 7 * O

MAY

?[+6G

1416104 07L

100

ASSJML

● ()?.i-i3.n?.07.(-I5● 03.t-)s.(-)Q● 1(-)● 11

D A R K ASSIM .02 MG/!43/Hi?

(MGc/)43/tiR) N0R*44LIZroMAX 4 / L

511

“il b3 32 04 1799 3

100

.00?46

. 0 0 1 9 7

. 0 0 0 9 0● 00148.00178.(}0095. 0 0 1 7 0“ .001?6.f)0097.00078

6.95 Me/AMP T I M E 6.0 HR F F F 77/7H.~

DARK ASSIM .o? !AG/M3/H~.

ASSI!J (IAGC/lWt3/HQ) N~RMAI-I~~rI1. NJ MAX A / L

.04 ● n3 43

.(-)2 .00 7

.0? *f?n o

.0? .00 5

.03 .01 19

.04 ● Q? 3ti

.03 f)? 31

.05 ● r14 6.2

.n7 ● ~5 95

.(38 .f)fl 1 0 0

.01472

.00084

.00000•(Jof)2~.00068.00125.Or)oflq.00067.00049.00053

sTAPl17hL~n 6 . 9 5 ‘uC/AYp T I M E 6.!) HR F F F 7 6 / 7 4 . 3

DARK .A%sIM .01 MG/M3/HP

ASSIM (uGc~M3/HR) N~R$~ALIZFnL u

.01 ,00● (-)? .00● O3 ● Q?.t-13 .nl● O2 .01.0? .nl● (-)3 .01.04 .03.flf+ .r!3.03 .(-)2

MAX

~

}46Li4331?44083

’10071

A / L

.00074

.90nR9

.oo?6fJ*00133. 0 0 0 5 7.0003~.90n57. 0 0 9 4 5.00036.00019

.

Um\NS\d) vxI ie-u

114

Table 5 (cont. )

RATE 8/ 6/7F sTh~04LJ~ 6.95 MC/AMD TIYE 400 H R EFF 21/7708

DARK AsSIM . 0 ] MG/M3/H~

(’4Gc/M3/HQ) NORMALIZEDASSIMf$J

● I-)1.fl.2

.n(l

,0]

.ftl

.nl

.f)z!,r13

.rls

.05

MAX A/L1.

2.0 ?5.0 47.() A

If).1-) n1 7 . 0 1!+19.0 152290 IQ57.0 4Q87*O 7&

117.0 Ion

113%

51 52 32i3 26b

100100

.(30?83

.(-)0726

.orln40● f)oo78.00071.00056.00074.00060.r-J(-)fi5Q.00C!44

6.95 ‘~C/A~P TILAE 4.0 H R F F F >fI/i7,5

DARK ASSIM .01 MG/M7!/iiQnEPTH 20 M -

ASSIM (MGC/M3/HQ)1. AJ MAX

NOqMA1.IZEDA / L

.0007?

. 0 0 ? 2 9

.00072

.00093

.00101

.0007Q

.90088

.00108‘ . 0 0 0 7 2.00051

2.(-)- ? .0? .(-lo L.03 .fll 18.0? .01 8.0? ● O1 15.03 .fJ2 27.03 .02 2 4.03 .02 31.!?8 ● O!3 9b.Ofl ,nh 100.07 .06 94

5.0 (+7 . 0 &

10.01 ? . 0 J1 9 . 0 IA2’,?.0’ 1957.0 4987.0 7 4

117.0 1 0 0

iTATE ~i ‘i/75 STANDaPn 6.95 ‘~c/AVp TIF4E 6.0 I-Ii+ EFF an/77.5.-.

f)FDTH 3 0 M DARK AS51M .ol M5/143/HR

ASS~ML MAX 4/L

?*O ?5.0 67 * O 6

loci) R1 7 . 0 1619.0 IA2290 1~5 7 . 0 4ql87*() 74

117*CJ 100

.0?

.()-3● I)?● n3.03.n3● O4.07.07.07

92213262 92 240

1 0 09 497

.00255

.f-)o?47

.00]04

.r)o\46

.oof)9R● r)0065.00]07.t-)nlof).00061.00047

21v1D.) '' C\vt 1I c?'u HK EEL 3S\?'J

TT

OEuIH 2 w

UV1E 8\ (\c

I.1obrrIEU

DVK Vcd1W '01 3\Ho

OqbK d2jL 'Os 3\v3\Hb

('Ô? tC\tr lIc4E QU t-4t EgE

IGHI

(C\1\-1h) k1oVr1LD

DVbK VddI '01 Hb

,,..-

Table 5 (cont. )

ASSTM1- K)

. no

.nrl● l?].nl● Q2.n2.03.nq.n9.n9

MAX h/L

.00145

.oon.87● 00155.90123.00124● 00130● 00155.00085. 0 0 1 0 7.00079

2!00 ?5*O h7 . 0 A

loon N

1700 141 9 . 0 1A’2 ? . 0 lQ57 .(-) 4Q87.0 74

11700 100

● O?● O?.n?

Go-j

● (-!3● OL● O5.06● 11● II

3s

12132.2263b52

10099

ST AK!il ADTI

DEPTH 10 M“

NC)R’44L1ZED4 / L.-.

2.()” 7 .i-)~ .n? 1 [+

.n? f-)2 1?

.03 .0] 12

.i-!4 .03 2 5

.ns .n4 32

.05 .Q3 29

.05 ● n4 35

.o~ .n~ 69● I1 .10 89.13 . 1 1 1 0 0

. 9 0 7 9 6

.00376

.00197

.00?82

.noP13

.o1316fl

.00178

.00136

.00112

.00095

5.(’I 47.fl &

10.01 7 . 0 1:1 9 . 0 1622.0 lQ5 7 . 0 498 7 . 0 7fb

1 1 7 . 0 100

-.

sTA~JDAtJ13 6.95 ~iC/AM”P TI!!E 6 . 0 H R FFF ‘a5/74.8nATE R/ P/7fi

I IGHT(VF/M2/S) Mby

ASSIVL MAX 4 / L

2.0 25 . 0 47.0 6

10.0 R1700 lL1 9 . 0 IA22.0 19%70n &q87.0 7 4

117.0 100

1;1 7142 017399 38 4

100

.00590

.003?4

. 0 0 3 2 6

.00192

. 0 0 1 6 0

.00116

.no?3R

.00217

.00129

.00114

(.ino) 9,EdzT

\ 3TAn

(C\3\4t5) VOrIELDVbK Vd2IN OS N3\Hc

DVIK VcdIi OS d\Y43\I-

QÔP C\ib 1Ir'E U H LEE .1çV\S5

UEb1}- 2 W

UVJ-E \TS\c

DVbK cJI 0J 3\Hb

JS( rC\Thb 1IE QU Hh LEE. 1'c

116 ‘

ST ANr)AnP 6 . 9 5 ‘4c/4MP .TIME 6.0 HR FFF 3?/-/ 6.1

ASSIM1, MAX A/L

2 * O ?5=0 47*O 6

10*O Q1 7 * O 14]Q. () 1622.0 1 95 7 . 0 4QR7*r3 7i

1 1 7 9 0 100

.03

.0?

.Pi’

.nd

.n4● oh.04.f)7.(-)6.05

23121/42495 442

io(t9762

.00591

.00118

.000R4

.90214

.00148

. 0 0 1 4 4

.90097

.00089

. 0 0 0 5 7

. 0 0 0 2 7

STAN13&Dn

ASSIWL

(MGC/M3/HQ) NCIFWALIZFOMAX AILPI

● no● f)5.Ilq.n9.3?, 1 5● 7.?.%5● 28● ?7

..-

?.0 ?5.(-) Lb

7.0 A1(3.01700 1:19.0 1622.0 1~5700 4cl8 7 . 0 ?6

1 1 7 . 0 100

199

lb582b57

1005249

.90154

.00969

.(-)0581

.oo~77

.f)lR9?

.00765,01437.00Q66. 0 0 3 2 7.00233

. .

STAMf)A@~

i-IGIIT(q~/M~/S)

2*O5.()7.0

10.017*O19.022.057*O87.0

-. 11700

ASSTML

(*siGC/M3/t-if?) NOQMAL17EDMAX A / L

● O?.0?.n?.03.04● f)4.n4.07.n7● O7

101 4112 43 5463s

100”96)99

.qo284

.00170

. 0 0 0 9 1

.nO142

.00121

.00149

.00094

.00105

.00066

. 0 0 0 5 0

,*-I

-.

--

Table 5 (cont. )

f) ATE 8 / 1 ? / 7 5 sTbfilt3A[J0 6.95 ~c/h~D TIME 6.0 HR EFF 39/77.9

IIECITH ]() M E)8R< ASSIM .02 !4G/M3/HQ

f IGHT ASSIfJ (~~RC/ti3/HQ) NC) RMAL,17E13(MF/MZ/S) MAX L PI MAX A / L

2.0 ?5*O 47.f) 6

1 0 * O R17*O lL1 9 * O 162 2 * O 1~5 7 * O 4Q87.0 7 4

117-0 100

.03 .01 9● (-)3 r - l ] 12*O3 .01 14.(-I3 .nl 1 “?.05 ● f13 43

● r)& .nz .29.05 .n3 32.(lH .05 77● O9 .n7 91● 10 .OR 100

.00355

.00185● 00162.00135. 0 0 ? 0 5.00123.00116,00108.00084.00(169

~FLJTH .?() M’ lJAR~ 4$s1M . 0 2 M5/M3/HR

2*O ?5.0 47.(-I 6

10.0 R1 7 . 0 1419.0 1A22.0 1~57*O 4Q8 7 . 0 76

117*O 100

.(-)? .01 7● O3 .nl 13.0? .nl 7.03 ● ]. 12.04 ● n? ?2.04 .n? 17.06 .n$ 36.Oi! ● n5 56.13 .!1 100.Ii! .1.1 93

NOf?VALIZE~A / L

● r)0393.00?86.00112.00136.(-)0147.00101.(’)0188.00113.00131.00091

nATE 8/11/7< sTANofiQO 6 0 9 5 ~C/AiPTIME 6.n tiR F-fF ~Q/77.5

?.0 25 9 0 47 . 0 6

10.0 Q17*O 1419.0 1A22.0 1~5 7 . 0 498 7 . 0 7A

1 1 7 * O Ion

.r)~ .01 5

.03 .01 6

.03 ● fll b

.f)4 ,n~ 11

.04 .~? ]5

.05 ,03 17

.06 .!74 23

.n~ ● i17 4.3

.1? .1.0 61● ]O .17 1 0 0

.00435

.00?03

. 0 0 1 3 5

.Oolfil

.00145

.f)o14~

.(-)0172

.001?7

.00118

. 0 0 1 4 - !

1 Ith-u V22I

UEc1H 2 w

iL't) iOu.ct

2U cdss.O Jc5Ja.o Jz

Ic'Jo.O

ct

s.O S

u JOO

ucJS S..\

u1 IS'us 1?uJ 53

'us r'uJ SOus S?

(VwC\W3\-lb) I'ObV1IED

DK VcIV OS \W3\Hh

.Is

.1s'ii

0cu3

Od

I

v221

118

Table 5 (cont. )

DATE 8/15/75 ST&NOfioO 6.95 rlc/A~P T I M E 6,fi H R FFF >R/77.9

DARK ASSIM .0? MG/M3/HQ

(MGC/M3/tIQ) NOf?MALI?~9r]

● i-l?.n~

.n~

.flk● !I6.02.04.05.04

.06

MAX A/LL

.(ifl

.I-)A

.05● 06● 96● O4● O6.07.06● OR

.f)lof-)7

.i)0733

.00421

.00403

.00.?33

.00106,00180.00086.00050.0004~

356552717035708677

100

fj.95 Mc/AM~ T I M E 6.0 HR FFF ?7/76.4

DARK AssIM . 0 ? vG/M3/HR

ASSIM (MGC/M3/HN)$j MAX

N13QFJIAL,IzF!3.A/LL

.0=4

. 0 3

.03● O3.04.n~

.04

.~6

.OR

.Ofi

. 0 0 7 5 1

.00243

.00112

. 0 0 1 3 6

.001??

.0003~

.00075

. 0 0 0 ? 3

.00063

.00051

?.0 ?5 * O 4

7*O 610.0 p17,0 1419,0 1522.0 ~Q57.0 4~87.0 7&

?1”?.0 100

. .

I IGHT(MF/M2/s) Mfix M A X A / L

2.0 ?5.0 &7.() 6

10=0 R1 7 . 0 1419.0 1622*O 195 7 . 0 4~8 7 . 0 74

11700. 100

. 0 0 s 5 3

.003H7

.00178

.0020R

. 0 0 1 7 5

.00131

. ( - ) 0 1 2 9

.00153

.00121

.00085

119Table 5 (cont. )

~ATE Q/l L/75 STAN13a~n 6*95 ‘Jc/4MP T I ME 6.0 HR FFF >R/77.9

i I(iHT ‘ ASSIM (~4CC/Y3/Hg) NORMAL,IZF!I($.fF-/M//S) M4x L h] MAX A#L

2.() ?5.0 &7*O 6

1 0 * O R1 7 * 9 1 419.0 1622.0 105 7 * O 4 98-!90 7 4

117*O 100

.03 .01 10● n3 .fll Y.i).A .02 12.06 .f?4 2 7.q6 .04 3.2906 ● 114 ?7.07 .ns 37● I3 .10 77● IL .11 84● 16 .14 100

.00683

.00?44

.00236

.00374‘ . 0 0 ? 5 4. 0 0 1 9 7.00?29.00184.00131.00117

I.IGHT AsslM (\~GC/M3/hR) NORM~LIZF9(MF/M’d/S) M&Y L lq MAX A / L

2.(-)” ?5 . 0 47.(-) A

1 0 . 0 Q1 7 . 0 141 9 . 0 162 2 . 0 1~5 7 . ( ) 4Q8 7 . 0 7 4

1 1 7 . 0 Iofl

. 0 9 .07 12

.?6 .?5 42

.?0 ,lR 31● AI ● %Q 100.32 .-1o 51● 31 .?9 49.35 .33 56.44 f+? 71.4R ● 46 79● ~+2 .40 69

.03616

.ni908

.02572

.03R8ti

.01774~01527. 0 1 4 9 7. 0 0 7 3 4.00531.00345

DATE 8/lQ/75 STANllADn - ? . 5 5 ~Jc?4tiP T I M E 6.n HR FFF 77/75.7

1. IGHT ASsIM (MGc/M3/H~”) NORMALIZE(){MF-/f4z/s) M4Y 1. KI MAX A / L

2 . 0 ? .0? .f)l 315.(-) 4 .0? .nl 197*O 6 ● O? .nl 17

1 0 0 0 R .03 ● n2 5017*O 14 .q4 .02 6219*O 16 ● Q3 .0] 3ti22*O 10 .03 .07 605 7 . 0 49 ● f)’i .03 9087.0 74 ● I-)5 . 0 3 100

117.0 lof’) .!-)5 .07 100

.00538

.00135

.00086

.00175

.00127

.(-)0071

.0009’5

.00055

.00040

.00070

120Table 5 (cont. )

D4TF 8/114/7~

DEPTH 10 M .

sTAhl~A!>n 7 . 5 5 MC/AMP TIVE 6.() HI? EFF >?/75.7

DaRK Asq IM .ol !4G/M~/HQ

(M Rc/M3/riR} N.ORMALIZFDI IGIIT(h4F/q2/s)

2.05 * O7.0

1 0 . 017.01’3.02 2 . 05 7 . . 08 7 . 0

117.0

ASSIML Mhx A / L

4 1 .0050552 *0030934 . 0 0 1 4 455 .0016159 .0010350 .0007880 . ( ’ ) 0 1 0 7

.oon441 u .00034

93 . 0 0 0 2 4

7 * 5 5 Mc/4~~P T I M E 6.0 HR EFF 75/74.8

flhRK ASs?M .o~ MG/M3/Hl?

● O-3.I-)3.02.03● Q3.03.04.06.04● f)4

. .

! IGHT

f--- (MF/M~/-s) WAY

5*O ?5*O 47.0 6

1 0 . 0 P1 7 . 0 IL]9.0 1622.0 1~5 7 . 0 498 7 . 0 7 4

117.0 100

ASSIM1.

(Pf=c/M3/H2) N0RY4!_IZFDN

● n5.03.(”)1.nz.n3.n7.03.07● n+.97

MAX A/L

.02315

. 0 0 6 9 4

.00175

.00197

.00148

.003s1 ~~

. 0 0 1 5 2

. 0 0 1 2 4

.00069

.00059

.06

. 9 5● n?J● O4● 04.(IR.O’=1.“f)~.flR. 0 9

65491 7283b9 44 7

10.0849d

7 . 5 5 ~4C/AYP TIME 6.n H R FFF qq/75.7

13ARK A5$IM .0? MG/M3/H~

nhTE 8/17/75----

PE@Tt-i 30 M

I,lGtiT(MF/M2/s)

2.05.07*O

1 0 . 01 7 . 01~.o22.05 “ ? . 087.0

1 1 7 . 0

ASSIM (!-4GC/M3/iiQ)L N MAX A/L

.n4

.n4

.03

.0s

.06● n&.04.07.(lq,09

.02 24

.fi? 25

.01 17,n4 50.04 56● Q2 3 5.03 36.05 72.n% 82● q7 100’

.00Q49

.00353

.00175

.00353

.no?32

.001.2Q

.001?0

.00088

.00066

.00060

o.s

o.vo.nI

o.ss04vRo.-i

ooso

s

0022

1O

U2O

UO

.i3

tJO

ôO

UO

1c00

3S00

2o3

0.s0.2

0.010.0o.c10.ss00.V

80.

I

OO

O':o

OO

O.?

0008

200

JJQ

000!

cU

OJ

2O

03ô

00c0

SO

OcS

ô

QV

OO

02U10

21Q

004aooc'8O

O

OR

SOn

OIsO

000(00

) ;) )

000000=0=0

● * * * O * * * be

UEbJ.H JO w

Uv.LE

OVbK VddIk 'OS iJ3\Ht

.'22 C\vb IIiiE: 'U Ht. ELL i\.çt3

109L,LL

sTAPJDAan 7 . 5 5 vC/AMO T I M E 7.1 HR EFF ~1/76.6

Table 5 (cont.)

~ATE 8/dL/75

DARK A<sIM .01 MG/M3/HR

(M5C/M3/t-i2) NOt?VALIZr!7ASSIML

.0?

.0?

.0?● n?● O?.07.!73● n4

.(34● 05

! IGIIT(MF-/t42/s) t-thY MAX 4/L

.00506

.00067,00080.000R4;00063.001(-)1.00061● i-loo4?.00032.000?7

2.0 ?5 . 0 l!7 9 0 &

10.91 7 * O 1:19.0 16. 2 2 . 0 IQ57*O 4987.0 7-4

117-0 100

3?11lHZb336U4?7586

1 0 0

7.55 MC/4M~ T I M E 6.n H R FFF ‘~%/74.8

C)ARK AssIt4 ,02 vfi/M3/HQDEPTH 5 M

I IGtiT(qF/M2/s) MAY

ASSIML

.(-)L

.03

.!)2

.03

.04

.03

.03

.nti

.06

.05

(LIGC/M3/HQ) NOi?qALIZED*J

● n?.nl.01.nl.f-12.nl

.fll

.f14

.n4

.04

MAX 4 / L..-

2*O ?5 * O IL7 . 0 6

1 0 . 0 Q1 7 . 0 lL1 9 . 0 162 ? . 0 1~5 7 . 0 4Q8 7 . 0 7 4

117*O 100

5 41 ‘)1732Sb2Y3 29.8

1009 0

.01086

. 0 0 1 4 9

.00097

.00129

.(-)0132.00061.f)oo59.00069.00046.00031

ASSIML

.(-)3

.n~

.03

.n3

.04

.f)~

.fi7

.nJ1

.1?

.11

(kfGC/M3/HF?) N O R M A L I Z E1 IGHT(MF/MZ/s)

2.05*O7 . 0

10.017*O19.022.05 7 . 087.0

117.0

MAY

?46Q

14161~4Q7 4

100

flAX AA-

lU13

9142 729526 3

1O(I95

.()()512

.clo?5~

.90127

.00143

.00157

.00151

.00?3Y

.00110

.00115

.00082

L)Eb!H JO L

UVJ.E

Jc TOO

jJ O

''Jo Qç:i

u SI'us JQ

JR0

uJ puJ a

-.

. .

/..

Table 5 (cont. )

pATE El126/75

nFPTH ~o M

! IGHT(~qF/M~/s}

2905 * O7.(-)

IO*O17*()1 9 * O22*O57.!387.()

li7*o

~Ax

?&6

Q

1416104Q74

100

nATE f3/26(7K

nEPT1-i 3 0 M

f lGHT(Mr/M2/S) MfiY

?.0 77.0 6

1 0 . 01 7 . 0 1:19.0 162 2 . 0 1~5 7 . 0 4Q87.0 7ti

1 1 7 . 0 100

t IGHT(MF/Md/s)

?.05 . 07.0

1 0 0 01/.01 9 * O2 2 . 05 7 . 087.0

117.0

MAY

?f!+6Q

141A]Q4Q7 4

100

123

STANDAQn 7 * 5 5 MC/AMP TIME 6.0 HR FFF 31/76.6

OARK As%IM . 0 2 MG/M3/HP

ASSIM (MGC/!43/tiR) NORMALIZF9L N M4X A / L

.n5 .93 27● 05 .n3 2 7.04 .!nz IH.05 .n3 24.f)7 .n5 42● 03 .0] 12● O7 ● Q5 43.1? .10 89● 13 . 1 1 100● 1? .10 89

.01524

.00610

.(-)0293

.00277

. ( - ) 0 ? 7 7

.00073

.00223

.00177

.00130

.00087

STArillfiQn 7.55 ~’C/AMP TIME 6.0 HR F F F ‘>1/”/f)eb

ASSIML

DARK ASSIM .02 MG/M3/HQ

(MGc/M3/HQ) N0RMAL17E0*J

. 0 0

.ni)

.01

.n3

.02

.02● n4● O4.04

STArJl)AD~

.03

.03f!?● n3.n4. 0 4.fl’i.11. 1 ?● 15

MAX

()11196 63 “t509 79 4

100

A/l-

*00000.00068.000FI1.00163.000!3?.00095.00071.00045● llot936

7 . 5 5 MC/AvP TIME 6.0 Hq E F F 35/74.8

DARK A’isIM. .O2 14ri/M3/HP

N13RMALIZE0AfI_

,00407.0024L.90087.001]5.00146. 0 0 1 1 1.00130. 0 0 1 5 6.00124,0011s

us

r21r

Table 5 (cont. )

PATE 9/ ?/75

f)Fo TH 10 lq

2 0 05.07.()

IO*O17*O19.022.057.087.0

117.0

DATE 9/

nEoTI+ ~ ii

I IGHT{M F/M~/S) MAY

?.0 ?S.O 47 . 0 6

1000 n17.0 lL1 9 , 0 162 2 * O 1~57.0 4Qn87.0 7 4

1 1 7 . 0 100

P

DATE 9/ ‘i/75

DEDTH 10 M

(t”4F/k’1,2/s)

2005 . 0700

1 0 . 0170019.02?*()5 7 * O8 7 . 0

11790

Mri Y

?L

6f?

1416IQ4Qi’ f+

100

124

ST ANJDAQ~ 7 . 5 5 ‘.4c/4MP TI}~E 6.9 HR. F F F >1/-?7.8

DARK Aci$IM . 0 ? Mci/t43/HQ

ASSIM (MGC/143/HQ) NORMALIZEDI_ N MAX 4/L

● 9? .~l 6.0? .i-11 10● f)? .ftl 10● O9 ,09 86● n4 .n3 29.f!3 ,0? 17.04 .02 23;07 .05 61● 10 .fl~ 1 0 0● 1O .09 99

.00?61

.00170● f-Jo1219 00750. 0 0 1 5 0. 0 0 0 7 9. . 0 0 0 . 9 2● f)on93. 0 , 0 1 0 0. 0 0 0 7 4

sThFJr)A?n 7 . 5 5 wC/.4MP T I ME 6.0 H R EFF 1~/7A.2’

ASSIM”1.

● OI● O2.0?.03● n4.04.04.(I9.09.09

DARK ASSIM . 0 1 t.IG/M3/H?

(MGc/M3/}iR) NORMALIZFDMAX

o2

713292 ‘f3193~4

100

4/L

.Oorl(-)o

. ( -)0027,00076”.00107.00137.00112.00112.00131.00087.00968

7.55 k4C/A~P TIME 6.0 HR FFF l’i/75.2

DARK As$lM .0] MG/M3/HQ

(tAGc/~3/tiQ) IvORM411?EDN

. I-)1

. 01● n?. 01● n?.n?•n~

.ntj

.07

.10

MAX

1311151 42 42 1286 163

100

A / L

.00666

.00226

.!-)0228

.00147

.00145

.0011?

. 0 0 1 3 . ?

. 0 0 1 1 0

.00075● oo9@J3

L)CDIH SO

UVJ-E c3\ c\.d

JPTG (corJ)

1o4vrLSEu

DVW< Vdc?IN OS \Ht

cD'C

rut-

t-V)---

UEbIH JO w

UVLE ô\ U\.ic

125 !.

sTnND4D~ 7 . 5 5 uC/AMp TIME 6.n HR FFF ~1/,77.8

DARK AWIM’ .02 NG/M3/HQ

ASsIu (MGC/M3/HR) NOR$4ALIZFDI_ ~1 MAX A / L

1 IrjHT(MF/!4Z/S)

-.200se(-)7*O

10.017.01 9 . 022.057.(I8 7 . 0. .

117s0

cl-l? ,fll 7.(-l? .nl 1 3on? .nfl b.rl~ .0] 17● O4 .02 30.06 .n? 29. 0 5 .03 43.07 ,n5 74● 07 .ob 81909 .07 100

.00?61

. ( - ) 0 1 8 3

.oon6s

.00117

.00127

.00)10. . 0 0 1 3 9.00097.00066.00061

!_JAT~ 9/

r)EDTH 30 “M

\.IGHT(MF/MZ/S) HAY

ASS]ML

.0?

.02

.n?

.03

.05

.05● ny.08‘.OR.07

N

.no

.f?l*n”l.Q2.f)3.03.03● f)6● O7.n6

MAX A / L

.00065

. 0 0 1 7 0

.00127

.00190

.f)olll● !.)o15q.!)0158. 0 0 1 1 4.00076.(-)0049

.?.0 ?5.0 47.0 6

1 0 . 0 Q1 7 * O 1 419.0 1622.0 IQ57.0 4Q87.f) 7L

117.0 100

- . .

7.55 ~c/AM~ TIME 6.0 H R FFF lA/76.4

D A R K AWIM . 0 1 MG/M3/HQ

I IGHT ASSIM (qGc/b13/HR) NORMALIZED(MF/M2/s)

2.05 * O7 . 0

1 0 * O1 7 . 01~.rl2 2 . 057.087.0

117.0

MAY N

● 00.01”.f-)1. nl.02.03.03● Q9. 1 1.10

MAX A / L

456

A220303175

1009!I

.00199

.001(-)5

.00095

.001?6

.ool?~

. 0 0 1 7 1

.00151~00142.f)O124.00083

(-C\k3\Ht3) iOhr4vrIEU

DvbK Vcd1 0S e\i]\Hb

Table 5 (cont. )

sTAMPAnn 7.55 ~c/AMD T I M E 6.0 HI? F F F 76/79.8DATE 9/11/7~

I I(3HT(qF/M2/S) ~&Y

ASSIM1.

● fl?,05.05.nq.n9● P9.?4● 17.16.]9

?,1

.nl

.93

.04

.07

.07

.n7

.?2

.15

.14● 17

MAX A/L

2.0 ?S*O 47*O 6

10*O R17*O 1419*O 1A??*O ]Q57.0 4q87.o 76

117.0 100

31.3”1632’3033

loo696378

.00374

.f)059R

.00525, 0 0 7 0 7. 0 0 4 0 9.00387.01017.00270.00163.00149

7.55 !~C/AMD TIME 6.fl HR F F F 1~/~6.~

nEpTH S’M D A R K ASSIM . 0 1 f+G/M3/t-iP

t IGIIT(VF/qr?/S) MljY

NORMAL17F0AIL

,00400.00?26.00181.00187.00216● 00151.00176. 0 0 1 3 4. 0 0 0 9 0.00082

ASSIM (MGC/M3/FiR)f. F] MAX

2.0 ?5.0 47 . 0 k

1 0 . 0 R1 7 . 0 141 9 . 0 1A22.9 Ic)57.(-) 4987.0 74

117.0 ](-)0

.0? *n] a

.0? ● n] 12● rl~ ● n] 1 3.C3 .02 19.05 .QG 38.04 .n3 30.n5 .0$ 40.nQ ● O9 80‘.o~ .09 -82. 1 1 . 1 0 100

sTAFJ[)Ann 7 . 5 5 ‘4C/A~P TIME ~o(l t-if? FFI= ] 6 / 7 6 . 4

DbRK A%’SIM . 0 1 ‘-lG/M3/HR

ASSTML

.0?ef)3.03● O3● n/i.nb.05● 10.09● I3

{MGc/M3/tlR) N0PMAi_17FDN

● n].01.nl.02.03.03.04.r)R.l-lq. 12

M4X A / L

.00?64

.00?39

.f)o171

.00?06

.00164

.00133

.0017?

.00144

.00f)92

. 0 0 1 0 0

2.0 ?5 0 0 47*O 6

10.0 R17.0 IL19*O 162 2 . 0 lG57s0 4Q87.(-) 74

)17.0 Ion

510101824.2132706d

1O(J

k1OviIEDDvEcK Vcd1 .01 vW\v43\Hb

(L\'S\d) VX

lepi

UEcjH SO N

VIUOflVI 1L)

DVbI< VddIi SOS VU\v3\Hb

,.

127

Table 5 (cont. )

sTAMDdqO 7 . 5 5 ‘4C/AMp TIME 6.n HR FF; 13/75.6DATE 9 / 1 7 / 7 %

AsslM!_

.0?

.0?

.0?

.03

.(14

.ll&

.05● f)R.10.11

MAX A / L

6111117252 7397589

1 0 0

.00?68

.00215

.00144

.00161

.()()14?

.00134

.00168

.qO125,(’)0097.oo~131

~.o ?5.0 47.0 6

10.0 R17.0 IL1 9 . 0 1%?2.0 ]~5 7 . 0 4Q8 7 . 0 7 4

117.0 100

7.55 Mc/4MP TIVE 640 HR EFF 12/75.6DATE 9/1?/75

oE~TH 30 M’ f)ARK AsSIM .01 MG/M3/ti17

[. IGHT(1.lF/M~/s) MAY.-.

● O? ● n] ?.03 .01 14.03 .01 15.04 .03 27.06 .flb 44● O5 ,n3 33.06 .05 48.o~ w~~ 7b● 11 .10 99*11 .10 100

.00369

.00?8?

. 0 0 2 1 1

. 0 0 2 6 2

.00253

. 0 0 1 7 3

.00?13

.f)o132

.00112

.oo(-J8~+

5.0 47 * O h

10.0 Q1 7 . 0 1419.0 16?2.0 la57.0-. 4Q8 7 . 0 7 4

1 1 7 . 0 Ion

!jT/.3Ni3A?f) 6.35 vc/AtiP TIME 6.0 HR EFF 7?/7~.3

I IGtiT(MF/M2/s) MAX

ASsIML

.(-l?

.n4

.05

.05

.08● OR.00015.17● 16

MAX A / Ltq

.(-)1● II2.03.n4.n?.05.07.13.]5.14

2*O 75.(I 47.() 6

10.0 R1 7 . 0 141 9 . 0 162?00 1~579(I 4Q87.0 7&

117.0 ]00

6 :.

]4212 445404685

1 0 09 3

. 0 0 4 6 2

.(-)0447

.00473

.00370

.00408

.f)032R

.0032?

.00?31● 0017$1.00122

128

Table 5 (cont. )nh~~ 9/29/75

D A R K A~%IM . 0 ] WG/M3/HQ

(MGC/t43/Hi?) NORMALIZ~P .t IGHT “(~~/M2/s) MAY

AsSIt~1.

.05

.04

.04

.05

.flf-l..08.09.14

.15

.14

MAX fi/L

.02118

. ( - ) 0 5 8 5

.0(-) 4.29

.n0416

.00408

.no353

.00378

.00?34

.00156

. 0 0 1 1 5

~.o ?5.0 47 . 0 6

10.0 R1 7 . 0 1 419.0 162,2.0 1~57.0 4~8 7 . 0 76

1 1 7 0 0 lofl

TI’4~ 6of) I-If? F F F 10/74.86.35 ‘4c/4Mp

D 4 R K A5<Iti .01 M(i/u3/HRDEPTH PO M

Ass~M (vRc/M3/ri~)L M MAX

.003 .n? 1.2● f)4 f)? 20● OF .03 ,28.ns .f)3 26.n7 .05 44. 0 5 .04 30.0$3 _f)6 52.12 .11 90.14 ,12 100. 1 2 .10 83

NO??%ALIZFDA / L

.f-)07f56

.00500

.00495

.0032!?

.00322

.00195

.i)0293

.00194

. ( ’ ) 0 1 4 ?

.00088

2.0 75.0 47.0 6

10.0 R17.0 141 9 . 0 )622.0 ) 0

5 7 . 0 4Q87*Q 76

117.0 100.,.

TIV~ 6.0 H i ? ~FF 11/75.1

DARK A5SIM , 0 ] MG/M3/HL!

ASSIM

. .DEPTH 30 M

NORVAL17Fn4 / LL

.rl?● OG.n3.n4.nh.n6.07.11.10.10

?.0 ?5* o &7.0 6

10.0 R17.() 141 9 . 0 16??*Q 105 7 . 0 4987.() 76

117.0 ]On

.n) 1 1,02 25.02 23.~2 26● O% 54.04 4b.05 57● (19 100● O8 8+.fl~ 92

.(I04R2

. 0 0 4 6 6● f3079Q

.00241

.002R8

.00220

.00?37

.00161

.f)or194

. 0 0 0 7 . 2

129

B . Chlorophyll a

Table 1.

Analysis of variance of transformed chlorophylla concentrations pooled into 5-day time cellsat 4 depths

Table 2.

Analysis of variance of the transformed chloro-phyll a concentrations for 10 replicationexperiments at 4 depths

Table 3.

PageNumber

1 3 0

131

132

Chlorophyll a concentrations measured at AIDJEXmain camp

Table 1. Analysis of variance of transformed chlorophyll a concentrations pooledinto 5-day time cells at 4 depths

Pooled .




20 m

30 m

Between time cellsWithin time cellsTotal

Between time cellsWithin time cellsTotal

235174

235376

235376

235174

5.5740.9546.528

‘6.1531 . 0 0 47.157

4 . 5 3 90 . 8 0 05 . 3 3 9

2.5910.7203.312

0.242 12.9*0.019

0.268 14.1*0.019

0 . 1 9 7 1 3 . 1 *0 . 0 1 5

0.113 ~*o*

0 .014

* P < 0.01 Fomol ( 2 3 , 5 1 ) = 2 . 1 8 Foaol { 2 3 , 5 3 ) s 2 . 1 5

Table 2. Analysis of variance of transformed chlorophyll a concentrations for10 replication experiments at 4 depths

Replication .


5 m Between daysWithin daysTotal

10 m Between daysWithin daysTotal

30 m

Between daysWithin daysTotal

Between daysWithin daysTotal

93039

93039

93039

93039

1.2800.0401.320

1.7120.0651.776

1.1160.0311.147

0 . 5 3 10 . 0 5 00 . 5 8 1

0.142 106.1*0.001

0.190 88. 3*o ● 002

0.124 120.1*0.001

0 . 0 5 9 3 5 . 2 *0 . 0 0 2

* p < ().01‘o. 01 ( 9 , 3 0 ) = 3 . 0 6

Jon

P0

p5

Q0

Pp

Pp

PS

P0

0

Sn

12

I 0

P

(wDEb I H

132

Table 3. Chlorophyll a concentrations measured at AIDJEXmain camp,

C H L O R O P H Y L L A (HG/M3) FOR JiJ~E 1975

2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 DAY

.09 ● 1O ● O9 .08 . 0 5 . 0 7 ● O3 ● 0 4 . 0 3 . 0 2

.10 . 1 0 .]0 . 0 8 . 0 6 . 0 6 ● O4 .04 ● O2 . 0 1

.11 .09 .10 .08 . 0 6 . 0 5 ● O3 . 0 2 ● O2 . 0 1

● 11 ● 11 .09 ● O9 .06 .07 .03 . 0 3 ● O2 .01

. 1 0 ● 11 ● OB . 0 8 . 0 6 .05 ● O3 ● O3 ● O2 . 0 1

.(-)8 .09 .11 .07 ● O7 .05 . 0 3 . 0 3 .02 . 0 1

.09 . 1 0 ● 08 ● 07 .06 .04 .03 ● O2 .02 .01

● O8 ● 1I .06 ● 07 .07 .05 ● 04 .03 .02 .01

.06 .08 .08 . 0 7 . 0 7 . 0 4 9 0 4 ● O3 .02 .02

. 0 6 .08 . 0 9 . 0 8 . 0 6 . 0 5 . 0 5 ● 03 ● O3 .02

● O7 . 0 6 . 0 2

● O9 . 0 5 . 0 3

. 0 7 . 1 0 .08 . 0 7 . 0 6 . 0 6 . 0 6 ● O3 .(-)3 .03

.06 . 0 8 .03

● O5 . 0 9 . 0 4

** 905 .11 . 0 4

.04 . 0 8 . 0 8

. 0 6 .(34 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 5 e08 ● 05 ● O5 . 0 7

● O4 . 0 6 ● 0 5

. 0 4 .04 . 0 3

. 0 2 . 0 0 . 0 1

. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0

pc

pp

c4

;Ds

?n

Sn

12

TO

2

133


C H L O R O P H Y L L A (MG/M3) FOR JULY 1 9 7 5

DEPiH(i-’!) 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 DAY

002 ● 0.3 .01 003 .01 ● O1 . 0 1 . 0 1 .01 . 0 1#

,02 . 0 3 .01 . 0 3 . 0 1 .01 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1

,01 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 0 3 ● O1 . 0 1 . 0 1 .0] .01 .02

sol . 0 3 .O1 .03 ● O2 ● O1 .01 . 0 1 ● O1 .01

.03 . 0 3 ● 01 .0.3 . 0 2 . 0 1 ● O1 . 0 1 . 0 1 .02

,03 .o~ .01 “ .04 .02 . 0 1 ● O2 .02 001 .03.

,01 .03 ● O1 .03 ● O2 . 0 2 . 0 2 ● O2 sol . 0 3

.02 .04 ● O2 . 0 3 ● O3 . 0 2 . 0 2 ● O2 .02 . 0 3

. 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 4 *O3 . 0 3 ● O3 . 0 3 ● O2 . 0 2 ● O3

,04 .06 .05 .04 .04 .05 ● 04 ● O3 .02 ● O4

. 1 0 ● O4 . 0 6 .02

.11 . 0 6 . 0 7 ● O2

.04 .11 . 0 8 . 0 6 . 0 5 . 0 9 ● O5 . 0 4 . 0 3 . 0 2

.11 .09 . 1 0 *02

. 1 3 .09 . 1 0 ● O4

● 12 .11 . 1 3 . 0 7

● l-l ● O8 .12 .12

.11 .11 .12 ● 0Y .08 ● 12 ● 14 ● .26 .19 .13

● 12 . 1 0 .13 ● 13

. 1 2 . 0 9 .14 ● 10

● O3 ● 04 . 0 s . 0 7

. 0 1 . 0 1 .02 . 0 3


134

C H L O R O P H Y L L A (MG/M”l FOR AUGUST 1 9 7 5

DEPTH(f-i) 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 DAY

.01 .02 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 0 3 .01 ● O3 . 0 2 .03 *O2

. 0 2 *O2 .01 .03 ● O2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 2

● O1 .01 ● O1 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 3 ● O1 . 0 2 ● O2 . 0 2

.01 ● O2 .03 . 0 3 ● 02 .05 ● 02 ● O2 . 0 2 . 0 3 ● O4

.02 ● O3 . 0 6 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 2 ● 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 3 ● O4

. 0 3 .02 .04 ● O4 *O3 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 4 ● O3 . 0 3 . 0 3

.02 .02 . 0 3 bo3 *04 ● O4 . 0 3 ● O3 ● O3 . 0 4 . 0 4

. 0 3 . 0 3 ● O4 . 0 3 . 0 6 . 0 7 . 0 3 . 0 3 ● O3 . 0 5 . 0 4

● 04 . 0 4 ● O4 ● O4 ● O9 . 0 5 ● O5 .04 *O5 . 0 5 . 0 6

.06 . 0 8 . 0 6 . 0 5 .19 . 0 6 ● 10 . 0 7 ’ . 0 7 . 0 6 .12

● O4 .(I6 ● O7 ● 19 .08 ● O7 . 0 5 . 0 8 ● 1O ,07

. 0 7 . 0 6 .10 .14 ● O7 ● lo ● O9 . 0 8 ● I2 . 0 9

. 0 6 ● Q9 .08 ● 11 ● 17 .10 .13 ● 12 ● O9 *1I . 1 0

.08 . 1 2 ● IO . 1 7 .10 . 1 6 .i4 . 1 2 .11

.07 .12 .10 . 1 4 . 1 1 . 1 6 . 1 4 .12 .10 .18

.li .10 .10 ● 14 . 1 8 .15 . 1 4 . 1 4 . 0 8 . 1 7

.14 . 1 4 .08 . 0 9 . 1 4 .10 ● 11 . 1 2 . 0 9 .14 ‘

. 1 7 .20 . 1 6 ● O9 . 0 8 ● 13 . 0 8 ● 11 . 1 2 ,11 .14

. 2 6/

. 1 5 .09 ● O7 . 1 4 ● O8 ● 10 . 1 0 . 0 9 . 1 1

. 2 4 .]4 . 1 0 . 0 6 .12 . 0 6 .10 ● lo .07 . 0 8

. 0 5 .08 .06 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 4 ● O4 . 0 4 . 0 5 ● O5

.03 . 0 5 . 0 4 ● 02 .04 .03 ● O3 *f)3 . 0 2 .02

Jon

RO

PS

P0

pq

pp

PS

20

p

5?

Tn

P

(w

135

.Table 3. . (continued)

CHLOROPHYLL A (MG/M ) FOR SEPTEMBER 1975

DEPTH3 6 9 1 2 15 18 21 24 27 30 D A Y

.03

. 0 3

. 0 5

. 0 5

. 0 3

. 0 4

. 0 4

.04

. 0 5

. 0 5

. 0 4

. 0 6

. 1 0

.10

.12

.11

.12

.12

● 12

● O3

.02

● 0 2

. 0 3

. 0 3

● O3

.02

.04

. 0 4

. 0 4

. 0 4

● O5

. 0 6

● O7

. 0 7

● G8

.09

● 11

● 12

● 1;

.12

● I1

● 04

.02

● O4

. 0 5

. 0 4

. 0 4

.04

.03

. 0 3

. 0 4

.04

. 0 6

● O6

. 0 7

.(-)7

.08

.08

.(-)9

.10

. 0 9

.07

.08

.(I4

● O2

● O5

.05

. 0 6

.04

● O4

. 0 4

. 0 4

. 0 4

. 0 6

● OY

. 1 0

.oa

.10

.i2

● 12

.11

● 11

● lo

● 1O

.09

. 0 4

● U2

. 0 6

. 0 4

. 0 4

● O3

. 0 4

. 0 3

● O4

*O5

.08

● 12

. 0 8

.08

. 0 8

. 0 8

.08

.08

.08

.06

● O7

. 0 6

.05

.03

. 0 5

. 0 6

. 0 4

. 0 4

. 0 2

● O3

. 0 4

● 04

. 0 5

,05

.09

. 0 8

. 0 4

● O5

. 0 5

. 0 5

● O5

● O5

● 05

. 0 5

. 0 5

. 0 7

. 0 7

. 0 7

. 0 8

. 0 8

. 0 7

. 0 8

● O7

.07

. 0 6

. 0 6

. 0 3

● 02

● O5

● O5

.05

. 0 5

● O5

*O5

.05

. 0 6

● 06

.Or

.08

.08

● O7

.06

. 0 7

. 0 5

. 0 5

. 0 5

● 04

. 0 4

.02

● O1

.04

● O4

● O4

. 0 4

● O4

.04

004

*O4

● o5

. 0 6

.06

● O7

. 0 6

● O5

.05

● O5

● O5

. 0 5

.04

● O3

.02

● (-)2

● U4

. 0 4

● O4

. 0 4

● O4

. 0 4

. 0 4

. 0 4

. 0 6

. 0 6

. 0 6

. 0 6

.05

.05

.05

. 0 6

. 0 4

. 0 6

. 0 s

. 0 4

● O2

*O2

c. Zooplankton

Table 1.

Number of adult females and copepodite stagesI-V for Calanus hyperboreus, C. glaeialis, andEuchaeta g2acia2fs

PageNumber

137

137

Table 1. Numbers of adult females and copepodite stages I-Vfor Calanus hqperboreus, C. glacialis, and Euchaeta g~acial~s assampled by 156-O m net hauls-8 times during summer 1975

‘*Females

v

IV

III

II ‘

I

Females

v

IV

III

II

I

Females

v

IV

III

11

I

June

7

20

39

22

0

0

0

7

11000

002

0

21

0

24

54

44

16

0

0

0

16

7

1

0

0

0

0

3

1

3

13

0

July August

12 30 17

Calanus h.ype~boreus

71 73 20

47 47 7

3 14 23

0 0 43

0 0 115

0 0 5

Calanus glacialis

63 40 24

10 13 6

0 0 0

01 1

0 0 30

43 25 67

Euchaeta glaeialis

2 5 3

68 9

0 0 2

15 65 39

12 2 1

0 0 0

September

4 13 28

35 54 26

34 43 14

42 48 57

319 371 138

32 8 0

0 0 0

7 17 17

6 9 8

0 0 0

2 4 19

24 17 17

7 27 11

2 5 3

5 7 5 ”

3 6 3

8 8 2

221

0 0 0

Q3-5-022-67-TA2 #4 Research Unit #: 359 Report Period

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Transcript of Q3-5-022-67-TA2 #4 Research Unit #: 359 Report Period