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Transcript of Proceedings of the Asiatic Society - Forgotten Books
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,
1 ) cats
EDITED B Y
THE HONORARY SECRETARIES.
J A N U A RY TO D E C EM B ER,
1 8 7 1 .
CALCUTTA .
P l‘
dNTED BY C . B . LEWIS , BAPTIST M ISS ION PRES S .
1 8 7 1 :
CONTENTS .
List of Members of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on the3 1 stDecember, 1 8 70 , Appendix inFebruary Proceedings ,
Abstract Statement ofReceipts andDisbursements of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal for the year 1 8 70 , Appendixin February Proceedings ,
Proceedings for January, 1 8 7 1 ,Do . for February, 1 8 7 1 , including Annual Report
andPresident’s Address,
Do . for March,
1 8 7 1 , , n .
Do . for April,DO . for May,
Do . for June,
DO . for July,
DO . for August,
Do . for September; n
Do . for October,Do . for November,
Do . for December ,Meteorological observations for January to December,1 8 7 1 , I to XOVIII
Appendix A,300
Do. B ,306
307
ERRATA .
9,
1 6,
1 4,
1 6,
22,
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Prékrita .
Vyakuranam, Vyakaranam.
Hdlim, Hétim.
APPENDIX .
L IS T O F M EM B E R S
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,
pN T H E 31 s r PE C EM B ER , 1 8 7 1 .
L IS T O F O R D IN A R Y M E M B E R S .
The 3“ distinguishes Non-Subscribing , the 1" Non-Resident Members,andthe ILife-Members .
N . B .—Gentlemen who may have changed their residence, since this list was
drawn up, are requested to give intimation of such a change to the S ecretames , 1 n
order that the necessary alterations may be made in the subsequent ed1 t1 0n . Errorsor omissions in the following list should also be communicated to the Secretaries .
G entlemen who are proceeding to Europe, with the intention of not returnlng toIndia, are particularly requestedto notify to the S ecretar ies , whether 1 t be the1 r desire to continue as members of the Society.
Date 0 1 Elec tion .
1 847 Ju ne 2 .
1 8 7 1 March 1 .
1 860 Dec . 5 .
1 8 68 Sept . 2 .
1 8 69 Jan . 20 .
1 8 60 July 4 .
1 8 60 April1 859 Feb . 2 .
1 8 7 1 O ct . 4 .
1 8 66 Jan . 1 7 .
1 852 July 7 .
1 8 69 Oct . 6 .
1 8 7 1 Jun e 7 .
1 8 60 Oct . 3 .
1 8 70 Jun e 1 .
1 865 Jan . 1 1 .
1 8 41 3 Sept .1 8 6 1 Dec .
1 8 6 1 Sept .1 8 69 Feb.
1 8 6 1 July1 8 7 1 Sept .1 8 55 July1 8 69 Feb .
1 8 7 1 April ew
wie
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co
oo
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1 835 Oct . 7 .
1 859 Aug . 3
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TAbbey Walter, Esq ,Civil Surgeon .
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fKhan Bahadur , Maulavi.TAdam,
R . M .
, Esq .
JrAdley, C . C.
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Iron Co .
TAhmadKhan, Sayyid, B ahadur .
tAi tchison ,J . E . T .
,Esq ,
M . D .
*Alabaster,C . , Esq .
Aldis , J . A .
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Allan , Lieut . -Col. A . S .
*Allan,C .
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B . C. S .
*Allardyce, A .
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TAlexander, J . W .,Esq .
Amir Ali Khan,Bahadur
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,Raja.
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>“Anderson , Lieut . -Col. W .,B . Art illery .
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, Esq .
*A sghar Ali Khan B alladur , Nawab .
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,
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TAthin son ,E . T .
, Esq , C . S .
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, Esq , M . A .,F
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Ayrton , W. E ., Esq .
*B aker, Col. W. E ., B engal Engineers .
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1 8 60 Nov. 7 . B anerjea, Rev. K . M .
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Bayley, E . C .
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, Esq ,B . C . S .
TBhau Daj i , Dr .Bhudeva Mukerjea , Babu .
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ble J . E . L .
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tBrown , Col. D .
TBrowne , Lieut . -Col. Horace A .
TBrownfield, C . , Esq .
TBuck, E . C ., E sq C . S .
TBuekland, C . T . , Esq , C . S .
TBuckle , Dr . H . B .,C . B . .
TBuckle , H . , Esq .
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B . C. S . Nagpur1 868 Aug . 5 . iChandramohana G o svami
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1 8 63 Aug . 5 . TChandranatha Raya, Raja . Nator1 8 7 1 Sept . 6 tChisholm ,
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,E sq . Haidarabad
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*Cooper, F . H .
,E sq , B . C. S . Europe
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ble Sir R . Calcutta1 857 March 4 . E . B . , E sq , M . A . Europe1 866 May 2 . W. H .
,E sq . Europe
1 861 July 3 .
”“Crockett , Oliver B . , Esq . Chin a1 8 7 1 April 5 . Curtoys , W. J Esq . Calcutt a1 8 68 Sept . 2 . Cutsem
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, C. S . I . , Staff Corps . Chota Nagp1 8 70 May 4 . tDamant
,G . H .
, Esq , C . S . Din ajepore1 8 7 1 Jan . 4 . TDaukes , F C .
,Esq , C. S . Allahabad
1 861 March 6 . Davey, N . T .
,E sq ,
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’
bleR . H . , C . S . I. ,B .C. S . Panjab
1 8 69 April 7 . TDay , Dr . E ., F . L . S . , F . Z . S . India
1 856 Jun e 4 .
JrDeBourbel
,Major R .
,Bengal Engrs . Oudh
1 8 70 Feb . 2 . TDeFabeck, F . W. A .
,Esq ,
B engal MedicalService . Jeypore
1 869 Oct . 6 . tDelmerick, J . G . , Esq . Rawal Pindi1 8 61 June 5 . H is Excellency Sir W .
, K . C. B . Europe1 864 July 6 . Devendra Mallika , Babu . Calcutta1 8 61 March 6 . The Hon
’
ble H . B .
,B . C . S . Europe
1 862 May 7 c anapati Sin gha Dughar, Raya Bahadur . Azimganj1 853 Sept . 7 Dickens , Lieut . -Col. 0 . H . Calcutta,1 8 7 1 March 1 . Dijendranatha Thakura , Babu . Calcutta1 8 70 May 4 Dobson , G . E .
,Esq ,
M . B . Calcutta,1 8 59 Sept . 7 tDouglas , Col. 0 . Meerut1 869 Feb . 3 TDI
’
OW ,F . , Esq . Jummoo
, Vla.
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B OSS .
1 864 Dec . . 7 .
”“Dun lop , H . C .,Esq .
1 8 67 Jun e 5 .
*Duthoit , W .,Esq , C. S .
1 861 May 1 .
="Earle , Capt . E . L . , Bengal Artillery.
1 857 May 6. Dr . W. C. B .
iEddowes , W . , Esq ,M . D .
TEdg ar, J . W. Esq ,B . C . S .
M . P .
, E sq , B . C . S .
*Egerton , Ph .
,Esq ,
B . C . S .
="Elliot,Sir Walter, late M . C . S .
TElliot , C . A .,Esq ,
B . C . S .
Lieut . -Col. R . R. W ., 23rd Regt
B . N . I .
Capt . M . W ., 30th Regt
B . N . I .
a"Erskine,The Hon
’
ble C. J BombayC . S .
”“Erskine , M ajor W. C. B .
TEvezardCol. Gr. E .
Ewart,J .
, Esq , M . D .
="Eyre, Col. Vincent , C. B .
Farr, Cr. C. Esq .
Fayrer, Dr . J C . S . I .TFedden ,
Francis,E sq ,
G eo] . Survey.
tFerrar , M . L .,Esq , B . A .
,C . S .
tField, C . D .,Esq ,
M . A ., C. S .
TFisher , J . H .,Esq , C . S .
*Fitzwilliam ,The Hon
’
ble W. S .
TFord, Lieut . -Col. B .
TForest , R .,Esq , Civil Engineer .
tForlong , Lieut . -Col. J . G . R . , MadrasS taff Corps .
TForsyth ,T . D .
,Esq , C . B .
tFo ster, J . M .
,Esq , M . R . C . P .
*Frederic of Schleswig-Holstein,H . R . H
Prince .
*Frere , Sir H . B a1t 1e, K . C. B .
, B . C. S .
TFryer , Capt . G . E .
, Dy . Commissioner.Futteh Ali, Maulavi .
The Rev . W. C .
”“Fyt che , Major G enl . A ., C. S . I.
, Chi e
Commi ssioner of Emm a.
G angaprasad Sinha , Babu.
tG angapras ad, Mun shi .*G astrell
,Col. J . E .
,Supdt .
, Rev. Survey.
tG auradésa Baséka, Babu .
tG auvain ,Capt . V.
G ay, E .,Esq ,
M . A .
*G eddes , J . C .
,Esq , C S .
G eogheghan , J .
,Esq ,
B . C. S .
TG iripraséda S ingha , Thakur .W .
,Esq .
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,Assam .
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phical Survey .
"
tG omes,A . D . B .
,Esq .
*G oodeve , E .,Esq ,
M . D .
tG ordon ,J . D . ,
Esq , C. S . I.,C. S .
+Gordon , Robert , Esq . C. E .
tG ough,A . E .
,Esq .
TG ovindacoomar Chaudhuri .tG owan ,
Lieut . -Col. J . G .
TG raham ,M ajor J . M .
>"G ran t,Sir J . P .
, K . C . B .
T . R .,Esq .
*G ray , R .,E sq ,
M . B .
*Gregory, Capt . J Depy . Commr .
TG ribble , T . W .,Esq ,
B . C . S .
TG riflin ,L . H .
,E sq ,
B . C. S .
"
tGriffith , R . T . H .
, Esq ,M . A .
TG rowse , F . S .
, Esq ,M . A .
,B . C. S .
Gunendranatha Thakura,Babu .
"
tGurucharana Dasa , Babu,
*Guthrie,Col. C . S .
,B engal Engrs .
Habiburrahman , Maulavi.tHacket
,C . A .
,Esq ,
G eol Survey .
tHaeberlin , The Rev . C .
1 847 June 2 .*Hall
,F . E . ,
Esq , M . A .,D . C. L .
1 866 Jan . 1 7 .*Hamilton
,M ajor T . C.
1 8 63 June 3 .*Hamilton
, Col. G . W.
1 855 M arch 7 . THamilton , R ., E sq .
1 8 7 1 July 5 . Hamilton,Col. 0 .
1 847 May 5 .*Hannyngton , Col. J . C .
, 63rdRegt . ,
1 8 61 March 1 . THarachandra Chaudhari,B abu .
1 859 Oct . 1 2 .
=>tHardie,Dr . G . K .
1 866 Nov . 1 . Harendra Krishna B ahadur,Kumar.
1 862 Oct . 8 .
*Harington ,The Hon
’
ble H . B .
1 8 7 1 Feb . 1 .iiHarkness
,T . E .
,Esq ,
C . S .
1 861 Feb . 6 .
"
tHarrison, A . S .
, Esq ,B . A .
1 859 Oct . 1 2 . THaughton , Lieut .-Col. J . C.
,C . S . I .
1 862 Aug . 6 . Heeley,W. L . Esq , B . A .
,C . S .
1 8 66 April 4 . N . A .
, Esq .
1 853 July 6 . tHerschel,W . J Sir, Bart .
,B . C . S .
1 854 March 1 .
*H ichens,Lieut . W .
,B engal Engrs .
1 868 Aug . 5 . THobart, R . T .
,Esq ,
C . S .
1 8 68 Nov . 4 .
*Holroyd, Capt . W . R . M .
1 863 July 1 .
*Horne , C .,E sq , C . S .
1 8 63 Jan . 1 5 .
*H owell,M . S . E sq ,
C. S .
1 8 7 1 April, 5 . Howell, A . P .,Esq , C. S .
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1 8 66 Feb . 7 . Hoyle , G . W .,Esq .
1 867 Aug . 7 .
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,F . G
S .,G eol . Survey .
1 866 Jan . 1 7 . THughes , Captain W. G .
1 8 70 Jan . 5 . Hume , Allan O .,Esq , C . B .
, C. S .
1 8 70 June 1 .
*Hunter, W. W ., Esq , LL . D .
, C . S .
1 867 M ay, 1 .
*Hyatt , Dr . B . N .
,Civil Surgeon .
1 8 68 April, 1 . Lieut .-Col. H .
, R . E .
1 869 Sept . 1 .
*Hyde,E .
,Esq .
1 8 60 Jan . 4 . Innes , Lieut .-Col. J . J . M cLeod, R . E .
1 8 70 April 6 .
*Innes , F . W. E sq , M . D .
, C . B .
1 866 March 7 . TIrvine , W .,Esq , C . S .
1 8 62 Oct . 8 .
*Irwin,Valentine, Esq C . S .
1 8 7 1 March 1 . Isaac , T . S . , Esq , C . E .
1 8 53 Dec . 7 .
J
(Isvariprasada S ingha Bahadur , Raja .
1 864 Sept . 7 . Jackson,The Hon
’
ble E .
1 841 M arch 5 .
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Esq , B . C . S .
1 861 Dec . 4 .
*James , Major H . R .
, C . B .
1 8 65 June 7 . tJayakissen Dasa Bahadur , Raja , C . S . I .
1 845 Dec . 3 .
*Jerdon ,Dr . T . C .
1 866 Feb . 7 . tJohnson ,W. H . ,
E sq .
1 847 June 2 . J Esq .
1 8 62 March 5 . TJohnstone , Capt . J .
‘vV. H .
, AssistantCommissioner .
1 867 Dec . 4 .
*Johnstone,Capt . J .
1 859 Sept . 7 . ones,R .
,E sq .
1 869 April 7 . Kabiruddin Ahmad, Maulavi .1 8 7 1 May 3 . Kaliprasanna Ghosha Babu .
1 863 July 1 .
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M . D .
1 8 50 April 3 . fli ay , Rev . W . ,D . D .
1 8 61 Dec . 4 . TKempson , M . ,Esq , M . A .
1 8 67 Dec . 4 . King , G . E sq , M . B .
1 8 67 M arch 6 . TKing , Capt . H . W.
1 862 Jan . 1 5 . TKing , W .
,Jr .
,Esq , G eol . Survey .
1 867 March 6 . tKnox,G . E .
,Esq , C . S .
1 869 May 5 . Kurz,S . ,Esq .
1 8 39 March 6 .
*Laidlay, J . W .,Esq .
1 8 61 March 6 .
*Laing ,The Hon
’
ble S .
1 8 69 Sept . 1 .
”I‘Latham , G .
, Esq , C . E .
1 852 April 7 .
*Lees,Lieut . -Col. W . N . ,
LL . D .
1 868 Feb . 5 .
*Lees , L . H .,Esq , M . D .
1 868 July 1 . tLeitner, Dr . G . W . ,
1 8 59 Dec . 7 . Leonard , H . E sq , M . A .
1 8 70 July 6 . Lethbridge , E .,Esq ,
M . A .
1 8 69 June 2 . TLeupolt , J . C . , Esq ,C . S .
1 8 65 Ju ne 7 .
*Lewin,Capt . T . H .
Calcutta
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1 856 Feb .
1 8 60 Jan .
1 8 62 Dec .
1 864 Nov .
1 869 April1 866 May1 866 Jan . 1 7
1 8 54 Nov . 1
1 8 69 July1 8 70 April
1 868 Dec .
1 866 Jun e1 848 April1 867 July1 8 7 1 April1 8 70 May 4
1 853 April 6.
1 8 67 April 3 .
1 8 63 Jan . 1 5 .
1 8 67 April 3 .
1 8 60 Jan . 4 .
1 862 Sept . 3 .
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1 867 March 6 .
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="Lindsay, E . J Esq .
tLobb, S .
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M . A .
Locke, H . H .,E sq .
="Lockwood,E . D .
,Esq , C. S .
*Lovett , Lieutenant B .
TLow J . Esq , G . T . S .
*Lushingt on ,F . A . , Esq ,
B . C. S .
tLyall, C. J Esq ,B . A . , C. S .
ILyman ,B . Smith, Esq .
tMacauliflF',M . ,
Esq , B . A . , C . S .
Macdonald, Major J Staff Corps .
*Maclagan ,G .
Macnamara,Dr . C.
Macnamara , Dr . F . N .
TMacnaghten , C. ,Esq .
*Macrae , Dr . A . C.
Mahendraléla Saracara, Dr .*Maine, Sir H . S .
“
tMainwaring, Lieut . Col. G . B .
*Mair,D . K .
,Esq ,
M . A .
TMallet, F . R .
,Esq , G eol . Survey .
Manickjee Rustamjee, Esq .
Markby, The Hon’
ble W.
tMarkham,A . M . , Esq , C. S .
*Marshman,J . C .
,E sq .
*McClelland, Dr . J .
*M cLeod,Sir D . F .
, C. B .,K . C . S . I. ,
B
C . S .
. tMedlicott, H . B .
,Esq , F . G . S .
, G eolSurvey .
1 855 Nov . 7 . J Esq .
1 861 Feb . 6 .
1 8 7 1 Sept . 6
1 850 April1 8 70 July
1 847 April1 856 Feb . 6
1 8 67 M arch 61 854 Dec . 6
1 8 7 1 July 5
1 837 July 5
1 854 Oct . 1 1
1 802 July 2
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1 867 June 5 .
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Capt . A . B .
, Staff Corps .
tMiles , Capt . S . B .
A . J . M . ,Esq , B . C . S .
Miller, A . B .,Esq .
M ilman , R .
, D . D .,The Right Rev . Lord
B ishop of Calcutta .
*Money, D . J ., Esq , B . C. S .
TMoney, W. J .,Esq , C . S . I.
,B . C. S .
tMontgomerie, M ajor T . G .
, R . E .
G . G ., Esq , B . C . S .
tMuhammadHasan Khalifah , Sayyid .
*Muir , J .,E sq .
fMuir, Sir W .
, K . C. S . I.,B . C . S .
“
I'Napier of Magdala , Lord R .
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America
Hoshiarpore
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EuropeCalcutta
G eol . S . Oiiice
CalcuttaCalcuttaB ijnourEuropeEurope
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G eol . S . OfficeEuropeEuropeB ombayEuropeCalcutta
CalcuttaEuropeNuddea
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Sir W. R.
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”X‘Partridge, S . B .,Esq ,
M . D . ,
*Paul, J . Esq .
TPeal, S . E .,Esq .
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fPearse, M aj or G . G .
TPearson ,C . E .
Pell,S .
,Esq .
Pellew ,F . H . , Esq , C. S .
TPeppé , J . H .,Esq .
Peterson ,F . W . , Esq .
*Pet it,Mons . Eugene .
M ajor G .
, Sir A . P . , K . C. S . I., C.
Phear, The Hon’
ble J . B .
TPickford, J . ,Esq , M . A .
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1 856 Mar . 5 . Raj endralala M itra, Babu.
1 868 Jan . 1 5 . fRakhaldass Haldar, Babu.
1 8 7 1 June 7 . Ramakrishn a Dasa,Babu.
1 837 Feb . 1 . Ramanatha Thakura , Babu.
1 866 Jan . 1 7 . A .,Esq . Asst . Commr.
1 860 Mar . 7 . TReid, H . S . , Esq , C . S .
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1 87 1 M ay1 8 70 M ay1 8 61 Dec .
1 8 64 Jun e1 854 Dec .
1 8 70 M ay1 8 69 Feb .
1 860 Feb .
1 869 Aug .
1 8 60 July
1 845 Jan . 1 4
1 868 Oct . 7 .
1 863 April 1
1 8 66 Jun e 6
1 864 Sept . 71 866 June 6
1 8 65 July, 5
1 868 April 1
1 856 Feb. 6
1 8 7 1 July 5
1 854 Sept . 6
1 864 Mar. 2
1 867 M ay 1
1 867 Dec . 4
1 8 63 Sept . 2
1 864 April 6
1 8 70 April 6
1 8 70 Sept .1 861 Sept . 4
1 863 Nov. 4
6
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1 8 54 May 2 .
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TReid, J . R . , Esq , C. S .
*Riddell, The Hon’
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Robb, G . , Esq .
*Robert s , Rev . J .
TRobertson , C. , Esq , C. S .
Robin son , S . H .
,Esq .
*Rogers , Capt . T . E .
Rogers , A ., E sq .
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(Rogers , Capt . B .
*Ross,Lieut . J . C .
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TRoss , Alexander G . , Capt . Staff Corps .
Rundall, Col. F . H .
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Sanderson, C .
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SatyanandGhoshala , Raja .
t Saunders , c . B .,E sq , c . B . , B . c . s .
iiSaunders , J . O’
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TSaxton , Col. G . H .,F . G . S .
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TSchli ch ,Dr . W.
Schwendler, L ., Esq .
I*Scott , Col. E . W . s .
*Selbach,W .
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*Sherwill , Lieut .-Col.W . S .
, 66th RegimentB . N . I. , F . G . S .
,F . R . G . S .
Shireore,Dr . S . M .
tShowers, Lieut . -Col. C. L .
TSime, J . , Esq ,B . A .
1Sladen ,Major E . B .
TSmart, R . B .
,Esq , Rev . Survey.
Smith , D . B oyes,Esq , M . D .
tSmith,M cLaren W .
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*Smith , Col. J . F .
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*Spankie, The Hon’
ble R ., B . C. S .
TSpearman, Capt . H . R .
TSteel, Lieut . E . H .
, R . A .
*Stephen ,Major J . G .
, 8 th N . I .
TStewart , R . D ., Esq .
*Stewart , J . L . ,Esq ,
M . D .
Stewart , R . , Esq .
tst . John , R . T ., Esq .
*Stokes , Whitley , Esq .
Stoli czka , F .
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Survey.
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,Chord
CalcuttaCalcutt aH aidarabadEurope
OotacamundEuropeKurachee
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Europe
EuropeCalcutta
Europe
Calcutta
1 843 lWa-
y 3 . Major G eneral , R . F . R . S .,F . L .
S .
,F G . S .
, C . S . I. , C . B . Europe1 869 Feb. 3 . Strachey , The Hon
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ble J . Calcut ta1 8 59 Mar . 2 . TStubbs , Major F . W .
,Bengal Ar t illery . Lucknow
1 8 58 July 7 .
J
(Sutherland, H . C .
,Esq ,
B . C . S . Sylhet1 8 64 Aug . 1 1 . Swinhoe , W .
,E sq . Calcutta
1 863 Sept . 3 . Syamacharana Saracara, Babu. Calcutta
1 865 Sept . 6 . Tawney,C . H .
, Esq ,M . A . Calcutta
1 8 65 April 5 .
J
(Taylor, R .
,Esq . Lahore
1 8 60 May 2 . Calcutta1 8 7 1 Feb . 1 . Tennant
,Lieut . -Col. J . E.
,R . E .
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(Theobald, W .,E sq ,
G eological Survey . B . Burma1 869 Oct . 6 . TThomson
,A .
,Esq . Faizabad
1 8 60 June 6 .
*Thompson,J . G . , Esq . Europe
1 8 63 Mar. 4 .
*Thompson,Major G .H .
,BengalStaffCorps . Europe
1 863 June 4 .
*'
Thom ton,T . H .
,E sq ,
D . C . L .
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,Royal Art illery
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S . C . S . I . Calcutt a1 862 July 2 .
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ble T . J . H . Europe1 8 65 July 5 .
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Panjab1 865 July 5 . Tonn erre, Dr . C . F . Calcutta1 8 62 Feb . 5 .
>"Torrens,Col. H . D . Europe
1 8 7 1 April 5 . Trefft z, Oscar, Esq . Calcutta
1 8 61 Jun e 5 .
*Tremlett,J . D .
,Esq , M . A . , C . S . Europe
1 863 Mar . 4 . Europe1 84 1 Feb . 3 .
*Trevor,The Hon
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ble C . B .,B . C . S . Europe
1 861 Sept . 4 . Tween,A .
,Esq , G eological Survey . Calcutta
1 8 63 May 6 .
J
[Tyler, Dr . J . Mynpuri
1 8 69 June 2 . tUdayachanda Dat ta , Babu. Nowakhali
1 860 May 2 . TVanrenen ,Major A . D .
,B engal Staff Corps . Moradabad
1 8 64 Feb . 3 . Verchere , A . M .
,E sq ,
M . D . Barrackpore1 864 April 6 . tVijayarzima G ajapati Raj Mumma Sultan
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1 8 70 Jun e 1 . TV1indévanachandr a Mandala , Babu. Balasore
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vey1 8 69 Augt . 4 . WzihidAli, Prince Jahan Qadr Muhammad
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B ahadur . G arden Reach1 8 65 Nov . 1 . Waldie
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,Esq .
,F . C . S . Calcutta
1 8 61 May 1 .
”“Walke1 , Col ,J . T .
,Royal Eng1 s .
,Bombay Eul ope
1 8 63 M ay 6 . P . W. E sq Esq . C . S . Europe1 8 63 O ct . 7 . Waller, W. K . . E sq , M . B . Calcutta1 8 62 Jan . 1 5 . TWard
, G . E ., Esq . B C . S . Furm ckabad
1 8 52 July 7 .
*Ward,J . J
,Esq . B . C . S . Europe
1 859 July 6 . R . H . M .,Esq .
,B . C S Europe
1 8 65 May 3 . Watei house,Capt . J .
,R . A . Calcutta
1 854 July 5 . J Esq ,B . C. S Europe
1 847 Nov. 3 .
=”Waugh, Major-G eneral S1rA . S .,C. B . , F .
R . S .
,F . R . G . S . Europe
1 8 69 Sept . 1 Westland, J Esq , C. S . Calcutta1 8 67 Feb . 6 J
[Westmacott , E . V .,E sq ,
B . A . , C. S . Dmajpur1 862 Oct . 8 .
J
(Wheeler , J . T .
,E sq . Bn tish B
1 867 Aug . 7 . fWilcox, E . , Esq , B engal Police . Pur u ha
1 8 67 Jan . 1 6 .
*Williamson , Lieut . W. J . Europe1 867 Mar . 6 tWillson ,
W . G .,E sq ,
B . A . Krishnagur
1 8 7 1 M ar. 1 . Willson ,James , E sq . G eol . Survey
1 8 70 Aug . 3 . Wilson,R . H .
,E sq , C. S . Calcutta
1 8 59 Aug . 3 *Wilmot , C. W .,Esq . Europe
1 866 Mar . 7 . TWise, Dr . J . F . N . Dacca1 8 67 July 3 TWood, Dr . J . J Ranchi1 8 70 Jan . 5 Wood-Mason , J Esq , F . G . S . Calcutta1 851 May 7 . Woodrow,
H .
,Esq ,
M . A . Calcutta1 859 Mar . 2 .
*Wortley, Major A . H . P . Europe1 8 62 Aug . 6 .
*Wylie,J . W . ,
E sq ,B ombay C. S . Europe
1 8 69 Sept . 1 . Y aduléla M allika,Babu . Calcutta
1 8 68 June 3 . Y at indramohana Thakura , Rajah Bahadiir . Calcutta1 867 Mar . 6 . Y ogendranatha M allika , Babu. An dul1 8 58 April >X‘Y oung, Lieut . -Col. C. B . Europe1 856 July 2 .
*Yu1e, Col. H .,R . E . Europe
1 8 7 1 Mar . 1 . TZiauddin Ahmad Khan B ahadur,Nawab . Delhi
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS .
M . G arcin de Tassy, Membre de I’Inst .sParis
Sir John Phillippart . LondonCount de Noe . ParisProf. C . Lassen . BonnCol. W . H . Sykes, F . R . S . LondonProf. Lea . PhiladelphiaDr . Ewald . Gott ingenRight Hon
’
ble Sir Edward Ryan,Kt . London
Prof. Jules Mohl , M emb . de l’
Institute . ParisHis H ighness H ekekyan B ey. EgyptCol. W . Munro . LondonHis H ighness the Nawab Nazim ofBengal MurshidabadDr . J . D . Hooker
,R . N .
,F . R . S . Kew
Prof. Henry . Prin ceton,U . S .
M ajor-G en . Sir H . C. Rawlinson,K . C. B . ,
F . R. S . , D . C. L . London
LOSS OF MEMBERS DURING 1 87 1 .
Br RETIREMENT .
C. F . Amery .
Capt . J . P . Basevi,R. E .
T . Thomas,Esq ,
W. H . S tevens,Esq .
The Hon’
ble SirW. Grey,K .
L . B . B owring , Esq .
W. C. Bonnerjee, Esq .
J . Schroeder , E sq .
Lieut . -Col. C . Macgregor.
Dr . S . C. M ackenzie .
R . J . Leeds,Esq .
Capt . R . D . Osborn .
Lieut . W. A . J . Wallace .
Col. A . D . Dickens,
Dr . H . Warth,
J . F . Cockburn,Esq .
Dr. J . M . Fleming .
BY TIIE ELECTION BEING CAN CELLED ON ACCOUNT OF NON-COMPLIAN CEWITH THE RULES OF THE SOCIE TY.
Nawab Sir Sheriful Omra Bahadur . Madras
STRUCK OFF .
A . G . Walker, Esq .
C . J . Wilkinson ,E sq.
Dr . C . Williams .
C . B . G arrett , Esq , C. S .
F . J . Chambers, Esq .
Br DEATH .
The Hon’
ble J . P . Norman .
The Ven’
ble Archdeacon J . H . Pratt , M . A .
LahO1 e
DeraLucknowDarbanga
CalcuttaEuropeCalcuttaCalcuttaSimlaCalcuttaB andaCalcuttaCalcuttaCalcutta
Kanoo Junction ,I. R .
Kundua Nemar,Central
Provinces
[APPENDIX ]
A B S TRA CT S TA T EM E N T
R E CE IP T S A N D D IS B UR S EM ENT S
OF THE
jasm i ne SO C IET Y O F fiE N G A L
T H E Y EA R 1 8 7 1 .
S TA TE M E N T
flbs tra ct of the Ca sh .flccoun t
RECEIPTS .
ADMISSION FEES .
Receivedfrom Members, Rs . 0 0
SUBSCRIPTIONS .
Received from Members, 7 0
PUBLICATIONS .
Sale proceeds of Journal andProceedings,Subscription s to ditto ,Refund of Postage S tamps,Ditto of Freight,Ditto of Printing charges,
L IBRARY .
S ale proceeds of B ooks,Refund Of Freight,Ditto Of Postage Stamps,
SECRETARY’S OFFICE .
Received Commission on pur chase of PostageS tamps , &0 0o
,
Ditto,Fin e,
Refuiid of the amoun t from Noarpat S inhaJemadar
,
CONSERVATION or SANSCRIT MSS .
Received from the Accountant G eneral OfBengal in part of the amount sanctioned t o
wards the Con servation Of S anscrit MSS .
be ing the 2ndhalf of 1 8 70 -7 1 ,Ditto
,ditto
,the l st half Of 1 8 7 1 -72 ,
S ale proceeds of 7 Copies of Notices of san
scrit MSS . ,
Refund of amount paid for copying Midhatithi on the 27 th April, 1 87 1 ,
Ditto , ditto , for copying Madana Parijat
VESTED FUND .
Received Interest on the G overnment Secur ities from the Bank of Bengal,
Less income Tax on ditto,
O . P . FUND.
Received on ac count of Loan ,MISCELLANEOUS .
Col. E . T. Dalton , Ethnology of Bengal,Messrs . William s andNorgate,Dr . F . S toliczka ,Wali-oollah Sayy id,B . Quarit ch , Esq ,
E . T. Atkinson, Esq ,
656 3 6
1 8 7 1 . 1 870 .
o o 8 64 o 0
7 0 1 0 0
8 3 1 3
37 1 3 3 7 52 1 4 0
32 7 1 0 287 6 0
1 0 2 9
1 08 1 4 0
656 3 6
5 0 0
50 6 3
548 1 4 8
6 6 0
31 4 0
1 4 1 1
Carried over , Rs . 1 2 1 0
N o . 1 .
of the A sia tic S oc iety for 1 8 71 .
DISBURSEMENTS .
PUBLICATIONS .
Paid Fre ight for sending Journ al andPro
c eedings to Messrs . Williams and Norgate ,Ditto Lithographing and Engraving charges ,D1 tto P1 1nt 1ng charges ,Ditto Commission on Sale of BoOks
,&c .
Ditto B inding charges,Ditto Paper for . plates , &c . ,
D1 tto Pur chase Of Postage Stamps,D1 tto Petty Charges,
1 4. 1 0 1 3 5
LIBRARY .
Paid Messrs . William s and Norgate for pur
chase of L ibrary Books as per their draftdated, 1 8 th July , 1 8 7 1 ,
D1 tto S alary of the L 1brarian,
D1 t to Establishment,
Ditto Comm iss ion on Sale of BooksDitto Purchase of Books
,
Ditto Landing Charges ,Ditto Book B 1nding ,
D1 t to Subscription to the Medical Gazette, “
Ditto S alary of Pankhaman,
Ditto Postage Stamp s ,Ditto Bearing Postage ,Ditto Petty Charges,
1 4 9 3 3
S ECRETARr’s OFFICE .
Paid G en eral Estabh shm ent,
Ditto Secretary’
s Office Establishm ent,
D1 tto Purchase of Postage S tamps ,Ditto ditto of S tationery,Ditto In sufficient Postage ,D1 t to Bearing Postage ,DItto Meeting Charge s,Ditto Commis sion on CollectingSubSCI ip t ions ,D 1 tto S alary ofMali
,
D1 tto Subscription to the Army List,Ditto D1 tto , D1 rec tory ,Ditto fo i prepai ing a Teak woodBoard,D 1 tto Engraving andPunting cha i ge s ,Di tto Donation to the Piddington Fund,Ditto Advertising charges ,Ditto Editing chai ges for the An nual accountcurrent of 1 8 70 ,
Ditto repa iring a Clock,
Ditto fo i a Marble Pedestal forDr . Falconer’sbust
,
Ditto fee t o the Baiikof Bengal fOI stampin g blank cheque s ,
DIt tO Petty1 0 2
1 3 0
Ca i ri edover, Rs . 7 9
XVIII
W. Duthoit , Esq .
A . E . G augh , EsqR . J. Leeds , Esq ,
G . E Ward, Esq ,
W. Stokes , Esq ,
Harigopal Padye , Esq .
The Rev . F . Foulke s ,The G overnm ent Noith Western ProvincesBabu Rakhal Dass Halder
,
Col J. C. Haughton ,Jugul Kis sore ,F . S . Grow se , Esq ,
Dr . G . W. L eitner ,L . S chwendler , Esq ,
B abu Rasavihari Vasu,Major M . W. Carr ,W. L . Hsele Esy’ q ’
1 0 6
Carried over, Rs . 7 4
RECEIPTS .
Brought over, Rs .
M
H
O
O
H
O
O
O
N
N
O
H
1-41—1
'O
O
O
CD
H
IAP
DISBURSEMENTS . 1 8 7 1 .
Brought over, Rs .
CONSERVATION OF S ANSCRIT MS S .
Pa id S 1 la ry fo i p repa ring Catalogue of S an
scrit MS S . ,
Ditto d1 t to for Collecting Materials fo i Cata logue of MS S . ,
Ditto d1 tto fo i t i anslat ing the San scrit Cataloguo ,
Ditto Babu Rajondi a M i t ra, as advance for
pui ch 1 se o f S an SCI it M S S . ,
Ditto Printing Charges of Notices of Sanscri tMS S . ,
Ditto foiDi tto iOI Packi ng Charges,D1 t tO Postage for sendmg Notices of Sanscri tMS S .
,
Ditto Fre ight for ditto ditto ,DIt tO Banghy expen se s for ditto ditto,D itto Advertis ing Charges ,Di tto Copying MS S . ,
Ditto Khurrua cloth,andPasteboard &C. , for
Fatahs for binding S anscrit MS S . ,
Petty Charges,VESTED FUND.
Paid Comm iss ion to the Bank of Bengal for
draw ing in teres t on the Governm ent S ecurities ,
BUILDINGPa id House rate
,
Ditto PO IICO andLighting l ate,
D1 t to Wats i rate ,O . P. FUND.
Paid on Loan,
MISCELLANEOUS .
Col. E . T. Dalton,Ethnology of Bengal,
S ayy id Wa llI-oollali,
F . S . G i ow se , Esq ,
The G overnment,NorthWesternP1 ovinces ,
S . Lobb , EsqCol. 0 . M . Macgregor,G . E . Frye i , Esq ,
E . T. A tkin son, Esq
W. Oldham,Esq ,
Dr . C. Valen tyne ,Col. J . C . Haughton ,
J . G . Delmerick,Esq ,
Dr . G W. Leit 1 1 e 1 ,L . S chw endler
,Esq ,
G . NeV ll, Esq ,
JugulKissoI e ,G q Churn Doss
,
J. Wood Mason,Esq ,
Dr . F . S tohczka,
2
O
”
4
4
9
4
9
1
1 1 0 e 6
0 4 4
8 7 7 3 2
2 74 9 9
91 0 1 0 3
RECEIPTS . 1 8 7 1 .
Brought over, Rs 7BALANCE or 1 870 .
In the Bank of Bengal, viz. account-currentDr . J. Muir
,
Ditto Conservation of Sanscrit MSS . ,
Ditto Asiatic Society,5 7 1 92 77
Cash in hand, 1 25 1 5 3
Rs . 8 4
S TA T EM E N T
flbstra c t of the Ca shflccoun t,
RECEIPTS .
ORIENTAL PUBLICATIONS .
Received by S ale Of B ibliotheca Indica ,Ditto by Subscription t o do .
Ditto Refund of Postage andPacking charges,1 0 5 6
G OVERNMENT ALLOWANCE .
Received from the G en eral Treasury at 500
Rs . p er m onth, 0 0
Ditto ditto additional grant for the publication Of San skrit works , at 250 Rs . per
month, 0 0
0 0 0 0
VESTED FUND.
Received Interest on the Governm ent Security by the Bank Of B engal, 8 7 8 0
Ditto by S ale Ofa n ew 5 per centG overnment S ecur ity ,
Ditto di tto Premium on do .
Ditto dItto Interest on do .
4 2 1
1 1 8ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
Receivedon Loan , 274 9 9
274 9 9MISCELLANEOUS .
Babu Luchmun Smgh ,
Chlb Ghan ano Sarawali,J . Bisch, Esq . ,
N . Muller ROW , EsqBabu Tarin i Churn Chuckerbut ty ,B abu S adasakh
Pandita Damara Vallabha,
B abu Nobin Chunder Roy ,
Pandita Chunder Kanta Tarkalanker,
Babu Ram Chunder Bose ,C . W. Macm, Esq .
A . Royn OO Gopall, Esq .
The Principal Of the Dacca College ,G . Jyanna Esq .
B abu Pearilal],
Mun shee Gungapershad,Ram Kissen G . Bhander Kur
,
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
5
0
0
1
2
0
2
0
4
2
0
71
4
4
2
3
4
0
4
4
8
8
8
0
71
8
0
5
2
m4
8
2
1
1 50 5 6
Carried over,Rs .
xxiii
N o . 2 .
Or ien ta lPublica tion Fund,1 8 71 .
DISBUSEMENTS .
ORIENTAL PUBLICATIONS .
Paid Comm i ssion on S ale of Books,Pack ing Charges ,Po stage S tamp s ,Advertising Charges,Fre ight,B e ar ing Postage ,Pr inting Charges ,Petty Charges,
1 4 3 8 0
VESTED FUND.
Pa id Comm iss ion to the Bank Of‘
Bengal for
drawing Interest on the Government S ecur it ies ,
Renew ing a Government Securi ty,Commiss ion on S ale Of the Government Secux1 ty ,
Brokerage on ditto ditto,1 1 0 1 0 7 0
LIBRARY .
PaidPurchase Of Books ,Book B inding ,
1 90 1 4 6 520 6 O
CUSTODY or ORIENTAL WORKS
Paid Salary of the Librarian,
Establishment,S tation ery ,Fee for S tamping Cheques ,Ditto for audi ting the Annual
m
Accoun t for1 8 70 ,
Petty Charges ,3 6 1 0
A SIATIC S OCIETY or BENGAL.
Paid on account Of Loan, 656 3 6
656 3 6CATALOGUE or SANSCRIT MSS
Pa id S alary for Cataloguing San scri t 360 O O
360 0 0 27 8 0 O
COPY ING 1 1 8 3 .
Paid Copying Charges , 1 98 5 0
1 98 5 0 7 1 3 6
AIN I AKBARI .Paid Mun shi allow ance
,
Ditto Prin t ing Charges ,8 0 1 3 0
TAND’
YA MAHA BRAHi IANA .
Paid Edi ting andPrinting Charges , 1 2 0
1 2 0 1 2 0
MiAIANSA DARSANAPaid Edi ting andPrinting Charges , 539 1 0 O
539 1 0 O 427 2 0
Carried over,Rs . 6 1 0
RECEIPTS . 1 8 7 1 .
Brought over Rs 1 50 5 6 5
M . Sasha G iri Sastri, 1 1 8 0
Ram Lall Misser , O 1 5 O
Vadlamannati Damsdarayya, 1 2 0
1 63 1 4 6
Carried over, Rs . 4 1 1
DISBURSEMENTS . 1 8 7 1 . 1
Brought over, Rs . 6 1 0
NRISINHA TAPINI .Paid Editing andPrin ting Charges, 960 1 3 0
Ditto Postage andRegistering fee for returning MSS .
,0 6 0
961 3 0
MAASIR ALAMG IRI.Paid Editing and Printing Charges, 550 0 O
550 0 0 61 4 0 O
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY .
Paid Editing andPrinting ,Charges, 9 0
9 0
BRAEMA SUTRA .
Paid Printing Charges, 278 0 0
278 0 0
SAMA VEDA .
Paid Editing andPrinting Charges, 984 9 0
984 9 0 1 08 8 6GOPATHA BRAHMANA .
Paid Printing Charges, 232 3 0
232 3 0 96 O OLATYAYANA SRAUTA SUTRA
Paid Printing Charges, 232 3 0
232 3 0 5 0
MATRI UPANISHAD .
Paid Printing Charges , 1 09 6 0
1 09 6 0 1 8 2 3
TAITTIRIYA BRAHMANA .
Paid Printing Charges , 31 0 1 0 0
31 0 1 0 0 348 O O
TAITTIRIYA SANHITA.
Pait . Edi ting andPrinting Charges, 339 1 2 0
339 1 2 0 96 0 O
POEMS CHAND.
Paid Freight andPacking Charges for sending MS S . ,
8 1 5 0
8 1 5 O 7 9 0
FARHANG RASHIDI.Paid Editing andPrinting Charges, 7 03 0 O
703 0 O 468 1 2 O
TAITTIRIYA ARANYAKA .
Paid Editing andPrinting Charges, 396 8 0
396 8 0 380 1 2 0
CHATURVARGA CHINTAMANI .Pa id Editing andPrinting Charges, 656 6 0
656 6 O
OHBANDA SUTRA.
Paid Edi ting andPrinting Charges, 328 3 0
328 3 0
GOBIL SUTRA .
Pa id Edi ting andPrinting Charges, 40 2 6 0Ditto Banghy Exp en ses &c . ,
for sendin gS anscrit Books &c .
,to Pandita Chandra
Kanta Tarkaankar , 3 1 2 - 0
406 2 0TAITTIRIYA PRATISAKHYA .
Paid Editing andPrinting Charges, 328 3 0
328 3 O
Carried over, Rs . 2 1 0
BALANCE or 1 8 70 .
In the Bank of Bengal,
9 6
xxvi
RECEIPTS . 1 87 1 .
Brought over, Rs . 4 1 1
8 36 4 7
XXVII
K . Roghunath ROW,
Babu Heetalal Misser,Babu Luchmun S ingh,Babu Tarin i Churn Chuckerbutty,Damara Jetta
,
The Pri ncipal of the Dacca College ,Babu Brojo Bhusan Dass,J . Bisch, Esq ,,S adaskh Lall
,Esq . ,
N . Muller Row ,Esq
Damaru Vallabha ,Babu Ram Chunder Bose,Major C . W. Carr,Ramkr ishna G
"
. Bhauderkur ,Munshee Gunga Persad,
243 2 6
BALANCE .
In the Bank Of Bengal,Cash in hand,
Errors andOmission s excepted,(Sd.) BUDDINATH B Y SACK,
Ca shi er ,Asia ti c Socwty, B engal.
Audited andfound correct,(Sd.) F . W. PETERSON
,
D WA LDIE
1 8 7 1 .DISBURSEMENTS .
Brought over , Rs .
1 37 1 2
1
3
1
N1
1
1
3
7
4
5
£1
0
3
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR JANUARY, 1 8 7 1 .
The monthly meeting Of the Society was held on Wednesday the4th instant at 9 O ’clock P _ M .
The Hon’ble Mr . Justice Fhear, President, in the chair .
The minutes of the la st meeting were read andconfirmed .
Presentations were announced .
1 . From the G overnment Of India , Home Department, 5 photographs Of the temples and inscriptions at Barsee Taklee a nd
2 . From the Author— Ruckblick auf die Jabre 1 8 45 his 1 8 70 ,
Schreiben von W. R. von Haidinger an H errn E . Doll .3 . From Dr. Newman— five s ilver coins .
4 . From H . v . Schlagintweit-Sakiinlinsky
— a revolving scalefor measuring curved lines on maps, &c .
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting were balloted for andelected ordinary members .
Isaac Newton,Esq .
R. S . Brough , Esq.
F . C. Daukes, Esq .
Babu Ganendranatha Thakur a .
The following gentlemen are candi dates for ballot at the next
meeting .
T . F . Harkness, Esq . , C. S . , proposed by A . M . Markham,Esq .
seconded by Col. A . D. Vanrenen .
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society . [JAN .
0 0 1 . J .F
.Tennant, proposed by Col. H . Hyde , seconded by
Dr . F . Stoliczka .
Dr.W . Waagen, preposed by Dr . F . Stoliczka, seconded by Mr.
H . Blochmann .
G . C.Farr
,Esq .
,proposed by Mr . E . Hyde
,seconded by Col.
H . Hyde .
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw from the Society, C. F. Amery, Esq .
, Capt . J . P . Basevi, R . E .,
T . Thomas , Esq .
,H . W . S eevens, Esq .
The Council reported on the progress which has been made inthe collecting andpreservation ofSanskrit MSS .
,andcommunicated
the subj oined correspondence on the subject .In laying this corresponden ce on the table the President Observed,
that inasmuch a s the measures preposed and subsequently undertaken for the conservation Of Sanskrit MSS . ,
and the preparationOf Catalogues, were commun icated to the Society, in May 1 8 69, the
Council thought it right to inform the Society of the progress whi chhad since been made in the matter . He referred to the originalinstruction s of the G overnment , andthe few a lterations which havebeen suggested by the Society . The task was entrusted to BabuRajendr alala M itra , whom the G overnment hadrecommended forit. One instalment Of the Notices hadbeen published andwas on the table before them . It would be seen that this was notin the tabular form whi ch the G overnment at fir st contemplated ,but the deviation from it had been sanctioned by the G overnment Of B engal in their letter, dated 22nd May, 1 8 69, and
whether or not every one would consider it judicious , there werecertainly very substantial reasons to be urged in support of itf
When these Notices” were submitted to G overnment, no Objectionwas taken to the form Of the publication , but it appears that theadvisers of the Government con sidered that it was defective in
certain important points . The President quoted a passage to thiseffect from an Official letter of the Government Of India . He
could not better expla in the error into which the Governmenthadhere fallen ,
than by reading the answer whi ch the SecretaryOf the Society hadwritten in behalf of the Council . In conclusion
P roceedings of the A siatic Society .
he sa id it was almost incomprehensible , how the blunder came to becommitted
,not only in the S ecretariat to the G overnment of India ,
but also by a scholar like Mr . Chalmers , to whose very pos itivebut mistaken Observa tions the Pres ident referred . These gentlemen must have penned their strictures without having read the
Sanskrit,and yet it was in Sanskrit, that the Governmen t letter
directed the prin cipal matter of the li sts , inclusive Of the verymatter in question, to be published .
No . 395 .
A siatic Society’
s Rooms, Calcutta, 27 th June, 1 8 7 0 .
From F . STOLIczxA,ESQ. PII . D . ,
Honorary S ecretary, A siatic S ociety of B engal,To the HON
’BLE ASHLEY EDEN ,S ecretary to the Government of Bengal.
SIR,— Referring to the correspondence, noted at margin, regard
NO 5557 dated23rdNov . , 1 8 68 Govt. ofB engal.mg the conservatlon Of
309 l s t May, 1 8 69 A s . Soc records andpurchases Of1 949 22nd GOV“
Sanskrit Manuscripts innative libraries , I am des ired by the Coun cil of the Asiatic Society to forward a Copy Of Babu Raj endralala Mi tra ’s report on the
subject, explain ing the Operations which have been instituted bythe Society for that purpose
,in accordance with the orders Of the
Government Of Bengal .A specimen copy of No . 1 of the “ Notices of Sanskrit MSS .
”is
herewith en closed, as well as COpies Of the lists noted in para . 8 th
of Babu Raj endralala Mitra ’s letter .The slight alteration in the arrangement of printing has also been
expla ined by Babu Raj endralala M itra , and the Coun cil Of theSociety hopes that this change will be advantageous .
The expenses incurred by the Society for the above Object Of
collecting MSS . during the latter half Of the offi cial year , 1 8 69 and
1 8 70 , are deta iled in the accompanying bill, andin submitting thesame for the consideration of the Governmen t of Bengal , I amdesired by the Coun cil Of the Asiatic S ociety of Bengal to re
quest that the Society may be sanctioned to draw a quarterly or
half yearly advance , equal to one fourth or one half Of the annualgrant sanctioned for the purpose . A detailed statement of the half
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety . [JAIL
yearly expenses will be prepared andsubmitted to the GovernmentOf Bengal , if desired .
Babu Raj endralala Mitra expects to publish annually 3 or 4
numbers Of the Notices Of Sanskrit MSS . ofNO . 1 Of these Notices1 50 copies have been printed, and they are now at the disposalof the G overnment Of Bengal .With regard to the di stribution Of the Notices, I am desired by
the Coun cil Of the Asiatic Society to submit a list* Of names towhom copies could be sent , for the favourable cons ideration of the
G overnment Of Bengal . The spare copies Of these Notices,” the
Council would suggest, may be sold to the public at one Rupee
per number .From BA
’BU RA
’
JENDRALA'
LA M ITRA ,To the S ecretary, A sia tic S ociety of B engal.
Dated,Chitp ar , 24th Mag, 1 8 7 0 .
SIR,— I have the honor to submit the following report on the
Operations carried on during the last Ofii cial year for collecting in
formation regarding Sanskrit MSS . extant in n ative librari es .
2 . The final orders Of G overnment on the subject were rece ivedin May 1 8 69 I happened to be unwell at the time , and nothingwas done until my arri val at B enares in the middle Of June following ,when I commenced to collect lists Of such rare MSS .
,as were ava il
able in that city. Although some ultra orthodox pandits wereaverse to allow the ir collection to be examined andanalysed for theinformation Of Europeans , I hadno difficulty in inducing severalpersons to allow me access to their Libraries for the purpose of
taking notes and copies of such MSS . as I liked, and obta inedmuch valuable information from some of the professors Of the localSanskrit College . Two native gentlemen of the city
, Babu HarisChandr a andSitalprasad, very Oblig ingly placed the whole Of theircollections, each con ta in ing upwards Of two thousand works, at mydi sposal , andPandit Vinayaka S
’
astri brought me a few rare MSS .
Of the Kalpa sutra s and of the Sikshas . The Rajguru of B enares
andseveral other pandits also offered me assistance,andI soon had
a total of upwards Of five thousand MSS . at my disposal . Owing ,however, to the delicate state of my health at the time , and my
This lis t is omitted in the present communication .
P roceedings of the A siatic Society .
stay at Benares having been limited to seven weeks only, I , couldnot examine more than about half of them . These were mostlyworks of which the Asiatic Society possesses copies . The few thatappeared to me to be new have been included in the accompanyingvolume of “ Notices .
”
3 . The principle on which the notices have been drawn up has
already been expla ined in my minute Of April I have takenthe Catalogue of the Society
’s Library for my guide , anddescribed
only such works as were not included in it, except when better MSS .
were met with than are to be found in Ca lcutta .
4 . The plan of quoting the in itial andthe concluding sentences ,as also the epigraphs, whi ch was firs t suggested by me and ap
‘
proved by Government , rendered a departure form the tabular formOriginally proposed unavoidably necessary but none of the headsof information recommended by Mr . Stokes has been omi tted , andon the whole the form adopted will
,I believe , be found to be in
every respect conven ient . It has greatly economi sed space,and
obviated the necessity Of printing, in narrow columns,long extracts,
mostly in verse,and other matter not fit to be tabulated .
5 . Among the works noticed I would draw the a ttention Of theCommittee to the Upan ishads , most of which are rare
,and have
hi therto been known only through Duperron’s translation of the
Persian version of Dara Sekoh . From three to five Copies of each Ofthem have now been obtained, andplaced at the disposal of Professor Ramamaya Tarkaratna for publication in the B ibliothecaIndica . The li ttle treatises on Vedic Phonetics (Nos . 1 32 to 1 36)are also rare , andof cons iderable interest . Professor Max Muller
,
in his history Of Sanskrit literature notices only one Of them— thatOf Narada— and the others
,therefore
,I imagine , will be new to
many scholars in Europe . The commentary Of S iires ’vara on the
Brihadaryanaka Upan ishad and that of Sankarananda on the
Atharva Upanishads are also worthy Of note . Most of the dramaticworks noticed are not included in the list annexed to Professor Wilson ’
s H indu Theatre some Of the medical works are also valuable,
and the Mahabhashya is remarkable for age andaccuracy . Altogether 204 works have been noticed, of whi ch 69 -are portion s Of
Proceedings, As iatic So c iety, Bengal, for May, 1 869, p . 1 27 et seq .
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society. [JAN .
the Vedas or commentaries thereon , 26 are treatises on Vedi cceremonials, and 8 parts Of the Vedangas ; 1 1 are on the Vedanta ,8 on the Nyaya , and2 on astronomy, one Of them being an exposi
tion Of Arabic terms borrowed by the Brahmans . Of grammaticaltreatises 2 only are in cluded in the li st, andOf medi cal compilations 5 but law
,rituals , poetry
‘
and the drama,are repre
s ented in it by 6 , 1 2, 28 , and 1 4 codi ces respectively.
6 . On my return to Calcutta , a pandit was employed on a salaryOf Rs . 30 a month
,and travelling allowances
,to proceed to the
mofussil . H e commenced Operations at Krishnagar and in five
months collected the names and short descriptive a ccounts of aboutfour hundred MSS . new to the Society. Among these are includeda number ofTantras belonging to the Raja Of Krishnanagar ; butfew Of them are Of any great antiquity. Notices of these have beendrawn up in the prescribed form , andwill be sent to press in the
course of next month .
7 . In March last, advantage was taken Of the Rev . J . Long’strip to Dacca to send the pandit to that di strict
,andhe has s ince
been employed there . The field,however, does not seem to be
promising , and no work Of any value has yet been met with .
I have,therefore, a sked the pandit to return to Krishnagar, where
andin the neighbouring town Of Nuddea , the most renowned seat
Of the Nyaya s chool in B engal, there rema ins yet much to bedone .
8 . In July 1 8 69, two MS . lists were Obta ined from the HomeOffice , one conta in ing the names Of 2744 works sa id to be e wnedby Pandit Radhakrishna Of Lahore, andthe other Of works supposedby the Nepalese pandits to be rare in the Nepalese Libraries atKhatmandu. B oth these have been printed
, and copies are herewith submitted for inspection . The first contains the names Of agreat number of scarce works
,but it has been much swelled out
by inserting the same treatises under different names in differentplaces . The Nepalese list conta ins nothing Of any value .
9. Nomina l lists have likewise been obtained from the renowned Pandi t Rangachari Svami of Brindaban
,and from different
parts of B engal, extracts from whi ch will ere long be published .
1 0 . Much has not been done in the way Of purchasing MSS . At
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [JAN .
penses during the current year will, it is believed, take up the wholeOf the amount sanctioned .
No . 20 1 7 .
From H . S . BEADON , Esa ,
ogy . Under-Secretary to the Govt. of B engal
To the B ony. S ecy. to the A siatic Society of B engal.
Fort PVilliain, the 1 lth July 1 8 70 .
SIR,— I am directed to acknowledge the receipt Of your letter No .
395 dated the 2 7th ultimo,with its enclosures, reporting the Oper
e tions carried out by the Society in view to giving effect to thewishes of G overnment for the discovery andpreservation of recordsOf an cient Sanskrit literature, andin reply I am to request thatyou will convey to the Society an expression Of the LieutenantG overn or’s thanks for the trouble they have taken in the matter .H is Honor also desires me to ackn owledge the services renderedby Babu Raj endralala Mi tra in this undertaking . A copy of
your letter and Babu Raj endralala Mitra ’s report will be transwi tted to the Government of India
,andwill also be published in
the supplement to the Calcutta Gazette. A copy Of the “ catalogueOf Sanskrit MSS .
”and of “
notices Of Sanskrit MSS .
” will also befurni shed to the G overnment Of India .
2 . With reference to paragraph 4 Of your letter the LieutenantG overnor is pleased to san ction the payment Of the bill submi tted,amounting to Rs .
-2 -9,for expenses incurred by the Society
in collecting MSS . during the second-half Of the financial year1 8 69- 7 0 . The Accountant-General will be instructed accordingly,andwi ll also be addressed in regard to advancing the Society fundsto carry on future expenses , subj ect to adjustment half-yearly, as
suggested by you .
3 . The Lieutenant-Governor approves Of the li st proposedbyyou of persons and institutions to be supplied with copies Of theNotices Of Sanskr it but desires that the Cambridge Univer
WM your le tter No .
sity and the Coond0 0 1‘1 family Of Bhagyo
28 1 dated the 1 0 th May kul, in Dacca, may be added to the di s1 8 7 0 '
tribution li st . The number Of copies thusto be distributed is seventy-five , and I am to request that Of thebalance
,fifty
-five copies may be forwarded to this G overnment for
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety .
use and transmission to the G overnment Of India , the remainingtwenty copies be ing sold to the public at 1 Re . per copy.
NO . 27 34 .
From H . S . BEADON ,Esq . ,
Ofg . Under- S ecy . to the Govt . of B engal,
To the Honorary S ecy . to the A s iatic S ociety of B engal.
Fort William, the 1 9th S ep tember 1 8 70 .
Sun— With reference to my letter NO . 20 1 7,dated the 1 i th July
1 8 7 0,the subj ect Of the discovery andpreservation of records of an
cient Sanskrit literature , I am directed to forward for the informationOf your Society the accompanying Copy ofNO . 3963 dated the
29th ultimo, and enelo a letter"‘ from the Government of India
sum‘
in the Home Departmen t,containing the
views of His Excellency the G overnor-G enera l in Council on theoperations of the Society in this undertaking .
2 . It will be seen that the catalogues [ “ Notices of Sanskritmanuscripts” ] are considered incomplete in some points
,which
tend materia lly to lessen the ir value and usefulness , e specially tO
European scholars,and the G overnment of India accordingly de
s ire the insertion in the “ Notices” of the names and addresses of
the persons to whom the manuscripts belong , the places in whichthey are depos ited
,the number of pages in each manuscript, the
number Of lines in each page , and the peculi arities of the manuscripts
,in order to afford a ready means Of identifying them here
after . The directions can be ea sily followed in all Notices” tha tmay be published hereafter, but this is of course not possible inthe volume already printed . I am,
however , to suggest that effectmight be given to the wishes of the G overnment of India by addinga supplementary list Of the manuscripts drawn up numericallywith the additional information .
3 . The Government of Indi a , it will be noticed, desire to add’[i, The Cambridge Uni sixteen names to the list Of persons andversity has a lready been Societies to whom copies Of the “ Noticesincluded, r ide pa i ag i aph 3of my lette r above quoted. are to be Ci rculated
,andpe int out several
typographi cal errors in the names in the list Of the Society .
4 . In conclusion I am to invite a ttention tO the suggestion madeby the G overnment Of India in paragraph 5 of the ir letter regardingthe use Of better paper and type in prin t ing the Noti ces .
”
1 0 Proceedings of the A siatic Soci. ty . [JAN .
From E C. B ayley, E sq. , C. S . I. , S ecretary to the Government of
India, Home Dep artment, to the Ofi ciating S ecretary to the Govern
ment of B engal, General Dep artment,— (No. 3963 , datedS imla ,
the 29th A ugust,
SIR, —I am directed to acknowledge the receipt Of your letter NO .
20 1 8 , dated the 1 1 th ultimo,
and the en closed correspondence ,showing the Operations carried on by the Asiatic Society Of B engalin regard tO the discovery and preservation Of records of ancientSanskrit literature .
2 . In reply I am directed to state that the efforts that have beenmade by the Asiatic Society to give effect to the wishes Of theG overnment for the discovery and conserva tion Of these Sanskritmanuscripts are satisfactory . I am,
however,to point out that the
c atalogues rece ived with your letter are incomplete in some points,which tend materia lly to lessen their value andusefulness , espec ially to European scholars .
3 . It is very desirable that the names Of the persons to whomthe manuscripts belong should be inserted in the notices , as shouldalso the places in which th ey are depos ited . This might still bedone by adding a supplementary list Of the manuscripts drawn up
numerically, with the names of the owners and their addressesOpposite . The number Of pages in each manuscript , the number Oflines in each page , andthe peculiarities of the manuscripts
,should
also be given in the ca talogues, as a means Of identifying themhereafter4 . The list Of persons andSocieties to whom it is proposed todistribute the notices may be also cons iderably enlarged, and thereare some inaccuracies in that list . A corrected copy Of the latteris enclosed, (here follows a list Of institutions , &e .
,
From DR . F . STOLICZKA,
Hon . S ecretary to the A siatic Society of B engal,To H . S . BEADON , Esa ,
Ofig . Under-Secretary to the Government of B engal.SIR,
- I have the honor, by direction of the Council Of the A siaticSociety of Bengal, to acknowledge the rece ipt Of your letter NO .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society .
2734, dated the 1 9th September last, forwarding copy of a letter fromthe Secretary to the G overnment of India , Home Department, No .
3963, dated Simla , the 29th August, 1 8 7 0 , and stating that the
Notices of Sanskrit Manuscripts” la tely submitted by the Societyare consideredincomple te in some points
,which tend materially to
lessen their value andusefulness , especially to European scholars ,”
andthat the G overnment of India accordingly des ire the compi~lation of a supplementary list of the manuscripts dr awn up numerically” with the additional information .
2 . In reply, I am directed to sta te that in the blank form , annexedto the Government of India letter No . 4353
,dated 3rdN ovember,
1 8 68, which was forwarded to the Society for its guidance , there are
n ine columns 1 st for number ; 2ndfor name , in Devanagari 3rd
for ditto , in Roman character ; 4th for subj ect matter and name ofauthor 5th for number of pages 6th for number of lines in eachpage ; 7 th for substance on which is written and character ; 8 th fornames of place where andof person with whom found , and9th forremarks regarding accura cy andpeculiarities . Of these , informationunder the heads 5
,6,8,9, it is n ow said, is wanting in the Notices .
’
On reference , however, to the Sanskrit text it will be seen that therequired details regarding the 5th , 6th and9th heads are given in
the second para .
,andthat regarding the 8 th in the third para . under
each name . The editor has likewise added (loth) the extent of thework calculated according to the Indi an method in stanzas of 32
syllables each ; 1 1 th , the date of writing' whenever ava ilable ; 1 2th,
the in itial words or stanza ; 1 3th , the concluding words ; 1 4th, thecolophon which in Sanskrit works serves the purpose of the titlepage , and 1 5th, a full description of the work , its contents, history,andli terary notices . The Coun cil of the Asiatic Society fa il, therefore, to perceive how it has been made out that information undersome of the heads hadnot been supplied
,and are dr iven to suppose
that the Sanskrit portion of the Notices” has been entirely overlooked by the Government of India . From a reference to thoseNotices , it is clear that more information of an useful characterhas been supplied than was asked for .3 . It might be sa id that if all the information hadbeen g iven
in English, it would have proved more conven ient . But the word
1 2 P roceedings of the A siatic S ociety . [JAN .
ing of the origina l order of G overnment left no option to the Societyin the matter . It is there distictly la id down that all procurableunprinted li sts of Sanskrit MSS . in native Librarie s should beprinted uniformly in octave , in the Nagari character, ” andthe editorcould not depart from that positive injunction without laying him oself open to censure . The scheme contemplated no quotations or
extracts,andthe Nagari character could not, therefore , be limited to
any one particular part . It may be added that those who willhereafter wish to identify the MSS . noticed, will be men conversan twith the Sanskrit literature, and to them the Sanskrit part of the
Notices will prove more useful than the English part, whi le to
Indi an scholars,at the suggestion of one ofwhom the work has been
undertaken by Government, the Sanskrit will be the only part ofuse
,and for years to come the English will be of no ava il . It is
scarcely likely that those who know nothing of Sanskrit will interestthemselves much in tracing oldMSS . in that language .
4 . Better paper will be used for the printing of the futureNos . of the “ Notices .
”
The following copy of a minute relating to the cataloguing of
Sanskrit MSS . has been rece ived from the Secretary to the Government N . W . Provinces .
NOTICE S or SANSKRIT MSS . by B ogendraliila JIIitra .
“ These Notices aremost unsatisfactory . The editor statesthat he has taken “ the cata logue of the Asiatic Society’s Libraryfor his guide , and has noticed only such works as are not to befound in it . ”
“ He carefully avoids all mention of where the MSS . he
comments on are to be found . H e does not state who they belongto
,what their value is , or whether G overnment should endeavour
to purchase them .
Whenever he gives a sensible notice it seems to be takenfrom Max Muller ’s Sanskrit Literature .
“ A catalogue of this kind to be practically useful shouldcontain a report of the places searched for MSS . and the placewhere each MS . is to be found .
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety.
“ It should also mention whether the book is available ornot to European scholars . The catalogues of the Bodleian , IndiaCflice andB erlin Libraries would shew this .
Sd. J . CHALMERS .
lllinntc of Bdha e j cndralcila M itra on the above [in a letter addressed
to the S ecreta ry] .
Mr . Chalmers ’ criticisms are founded on the same imaginaryshortcomings on which the G overnment of India commented on
my unfortunate “ Notices ; I have therefore only to refer tothe reply lately forwarded to the G overnment of B engal on the
The 1 st para . of the critique con ta ins a general observation ,the
value of which depends on what follows . I need not therefore no
tice it .The 2md para . accuses me of having (1 ) carefully avoided all
mention of where the MSS . commented upon are to be found ; (2)whom they belong to ; (3)what is the ir value ; (4) and whetherG overnment should endeavour to purchase them or not . The firstthree charges are, as you are aware , entirely unfounded— due eitherto the criti c’s not knowing the Sanskrit language, or to his havingfa iled to qualify himself for the task he has assumed , by reading the Sanskrit portion of the Notices which would have at
once shown him that the required information has been dulyfurn ished . The last charge cannot be fairly brought aga inst me .
I am required by G overnmen t to print lists, andnothing butli sts , in order that Sanskrit scholars in Europe and India may
point out what MSS . should be purchased . The words of the
G overnment letter are To print un iformly all procurable nu
printed lists ofSanskrit manuscripts in Indian Libraries , and to sendthem to the various learned Societies of Europe , and to individualscholars in Europe andIndia , with an intimation that the G overnmentw ill carefully attend to their suggestions a s to which of the manuscripts there in mentioned should be examined , or transcribed .
” Ihave quoted this part of the letter in my Preface , and as Mr . Cha lmers has read it
,he should have suggested what -MSS . are worth
having , andnot found fault with me for not doing'
what he as a
1 4 Proceedings of the A si ati c S ociety. [JAN .
s cholar and others are required to do . Sanskrit scholars in B en
gal are exceedingly averse to sell MSS ., but when Opportun ities do
offer I never fa il to take advantage of them,and purchase for
G overnment whatever , in my humble opin ion , appears valuable .
The 3rdpara . without directly charging m e with having cribbedfrom Max Muller’s ancient Sanskrit Literature
,ins inuates that I
have done so . I cannot but take this a s unfa ir . I have g iven thename of Max Muller whenever I have quoted from him , and shallbe glad to be shewn an in stance to the con trary .
The 4th para . repea ts the fir st charge of the 2nd, and thereforecalls for no further remark .
The 5th conta ins a suggestion ,but the published portion of the
Notices” should have shewn to Mr . Chalmers that it was un calledfor . I have quoted from Aufrecht
’s Catalogi codieum manuscripto
rum B ibliothecae Bodleianae,and from Weber’s Verzeichn iss der
Sanskrit-Handschriften ,the only B erlin catalogue accessible to me .
Mr . Chalmers seems not to be aware that no cata logue of the IndiaHouse Library has yet been published , and therefore it is imposs ible to quote from it . I have lately got a MS . list of the con tentsof that Library through the kindness of Dr . Rest, and intend tonotice it when necessary .
The rea l cause of the misunderstanding lies in the expectationthat the Notices should serve the purpose of a catalogue raissoné
which they do not profess to do,nor were they originally re
quired to do . The Society undertook to supply on ly lists in the
Nagari character of MSS . still extan t in the country,with brief
notes of their contents,in order that future scholars in Europe may
be enabled to compile a complete catalogue of Sanskrit literature ,and not to supply that desideratum now . The Government is of
opin ion that the time has not yet come for a comprehens ive schemeof this kind
,and if this be borne in mind , the “ Notices” will not
be found to be so defective as they are sa id to be .
The President placed on the table di agrams exhibiting the
diurnal oscillations of the barometer observed by him at Dal
housie during a portion of last October . H e did so , not on accountof the merits of these curves, for they were only rough approxima
1 6 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. DAN .
Colonel Strachey noticed certain modifications of the usual da ilymaxima andm inima in the atmospheric pressures
,to be observed in
the hills . These must be considered a s purely local , and are to beexplained as caused by certa in disturbances of the plan es of equalpressure in the air
,due to the unequal expansion of the variable
depth of air over the pla ins and mounta in slopes,which aga in are
followed by currents of a ir between the plain s andthe '
hills . Duringthe day, the air is heated over the plain andforms a superior currenttoward the mountain , at n ight the converse takes place and g ivesrise to an inferior current towards the pla in . These changes are
quite analogous to the daily sea andland-breeze .
Dr . Stoliczka observed that he was struck with the great regularity with which the maxima andminima in the atmospheric pressure return at high elevation . H e hadmade observations for twosuccess ive years on the elevated pla ins of Tibet
,between 1 5 and
feet,andfound that as a rule the maxima fell about the hour
of 1 0 A . M . and 1 ] P . M .,the minima between 3 and5 P . M . and
about 3 A . M . Certa inly the regular oscilla tion s of the atmosphere inthese reg ions could not be a ttributed to the existence of vapour, forthere is almost none whatever present . The annual ra in fall scarcely amounts to half an in ch .
In reply to remarks which fell from Col. Strachey, the Pres identsaid that nothing could be further from his mind than any intentionto set up or ma inta in the dogma” which Col S tra chey attributedto him . In truth he hadbrought the matter forward solely for thepurpose of urging that observation andresearch were still needed,andthat the peculiar facilities of Indi a in thi s respect were neg
lected. We had it in our power to make observations , with variations of condi tion as to elevation
,humidity and temperature, such
as could hardly be secured elsewhere . We could almost be sa idto be able to experiment in this subj ect
,so great were our opper
tunities ofmaking simultaneous observations at different heights inpretty nearly the same vertical line , and at variously situatedstations , distributed over a largely extended surface of the earth .
The advantages offered by the character, andpos ition of the country for analysis of the elements of the problem and comparison of
results seemed to be in a great measure unheeded . They could only
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
be effectively made use Of by combined action , and of this at pre
sent i t could hardly be sa id that there was any.
The following papers were brought before the meeting .
1 . Notes on the district Of Dera Isma il Khan , by T . W . H .
Tolbort , Esq .
, C. S .
This paper contains notes on the history, archaeology,natural productions of the district ; it will shortly appear inJournal Of the Society .
2 . On the antiquity Of Indian Architecture , by Babu Raj endralala Mitra . (A bstract )The oldest remains that have come to light are the pillars of
As’oka
,and they are not of a greater age than the middle Of the
third century before Christ . H ence an opin ion is gain ing groundthat the ancient Aryans were not proficient in the art Of buildingsubstantial edifices with stones andbricks, and that the primitiveH indus were dwellers in thatched huts and mud houses . Mr .
Fergusson , who has adopted this opinion , adds that the H induslearnt the art of building from the G recians who came to Indiawith Alexander , and that the Oldest specimens of architecture in thec ountry appear to be in the first stage of transition from wood tostone . The author combats these Opin ions by a number Of quotations from the B ig Veda— a work generally believed to be Of thesame age with the Mosa ic chron icles— in which allusions are made tofortified towns , large palaces , three-storied dwellings , bricks , pillarsandother Obj ects which could not have existed without masonryworks Of some kind or other . Quotations are also g iven fromPanini , the B imayana andthe Mahabharatha to prove the existenceof masonry houses at a very early period of Indian history . It isden ied that the Buddhist religion— a mere reformation Of the old
H indu fa ith— could have any influence in originating archi tecture ,andthe invasion of Alexander
,is compared to the recent British
expedition to Abyssinia,in whi ch very little impression was produced
on the domestic arts Of the Abyssinians . It is difficult to believethat Alexander brought any large number Of quarriers , masons, andarchitects to leave some behind for the education Of the people of
1 8 Proceedings of the A sia tic Society. [JAN .
the country in architecture, and it would be absurd to suppose thata king , like As
’oka , who is presumed to have originally lived inthatched huts , would Of his own accord send for architects and
quarriers from Greece to build him a palace . In reply to the argument founded on the ornaments Of Old Indian architecture beingcopied from wooden originals , it is contended that they do not
suffice to indicate the exact age when the transition first tookplace , inasmuch as there is a spirit Of conservatism
,a mannerism or
a survival Of custom in architectural ornamentation,so strong that
it preserves intact forms long after the lapse of the exigencies whichfirst lead to their production
, andsuch evidence,therefore , cannot
be accepted as con clusive .
Rev . K . M . B enerj ea made some Observations in support Of theviews expressed by , Babu Raj endralala M itra .
Mr . Wood-Mason exhibited an interesting case of polydactylism(see pl . I), in a horse from Bagdad, andremarked that the splintlike rudiments of the metacarpals of the fourth toe on each fore-foot(iv . in figs . 1 et 2 of pl . I) hadg iven rise to a supernumerary dig itprovided with the regular number of pha langes and encased in an
asymmetrical hoof the asymmetry Of which was such, that the presen ce Of another of the same shape internally to it would have formeda symmetrical pair, like the cleft hoof Of a ruminant . The metatarsalsOf the fourth toe on each hind feet were by the law of correlationsimilarly affected, but the supernumerary hoofs of these were stout,er andmore irregular in shape . H e next mentioned the fa ct thatM . Arloing in a recent contribution’6 to our knowledge of the organization of the foot Of the horse had described a polydactyle horsewith the extra dig its developed from the rudiments Of the secondtoe (i i . in figs . L et 2) the hoofs Of these only differed from thoseof the principal dig its in the ir smaller size . He next distinguished between
‘those monstrosities‘r that hadresulted from injur iesreceived by the embryo in utero or in the egg , between those whichmight be ,
sa id to be,
due,to‘
the anomalous retention of embryon ic
Ann . -des so . nat . 5c Ser vol. viii, pp . 55 e t seqq . , pl. 1 .
1 For full information on the subj ect of monstrosities mole Darwin’s Ani
mals andPlants under domestication.
”
P roceedings of the A siatic Society. 1
characters,
and those that took the form of the re-development ofvisible rudiments of digits, or other structures, normally presentin some remote ancestors of the group to which the individualaffected belonged . This explanation applied to the polydactylefoot figured on the accompanying plate The resemblance to theextinct H ipp arion
’t would have been perfect if the two outer toeson each foot hadbeen developed . In illustrat ion Of these remarks
,
he traced the Horses back in time to their three- teed progenitors ,B yp ar ion andAnehitherinm
,whose remains abounded in themiocene
deposits ofEurope,lndia (in the Sewalik-hills), andAmerica inH ip
p arion the two outer toes of each foot possessed the same numberof phalanges as the principal toe , but were reduced to mere dewclawsanddid not touch the ground in A nchitheriam, on the the other hand ,they were nearly equal in size to it . The figures sufficiently showed the great length andbreadth of the “
splints” (i i . et iv . in figs .
1 et andthe obtuseness Of the ir distal extremities as comparedwith the slender
,finely pointed character of these same structures
in an ordinary horse .
Explanation of Plate I.
Fig. 1 . Front view of right carpus (minus the proximal series of carpal bones)of a polydactyle horse ; n a t . s ize .
Fig 2 . Poste rior view of same .
The Roman numerals 1 1,1 1 1
,IV refer to the zud, 3rd and 4th digits respec
tively in both figures .
The following papers were rece ived .
On terrestrial Mollusca from the neighbourhood of Moulme in ,Tenasserim Provinces
,by Dr . F . Stoliczka .
Monograph of the Indian Cyprinidae, Pt. I, by Dr . F . Day .
LIBRARY .
The following additions have beenmade to the Library since themeeting held in December last .
Presentations .
Names of Donors in Capitals .
Proceedings Of the Royal Institution of G reat Britain,Vol. V .
Part VII.— TIIE INSTITUTION .
Journal Of the Chemical Society,Sept , 1 8 70 .
— THE SOCIETY.
Vide the magn ificent memo irs of M . Gaudry andDr. Le idy ,and in con
nexion therew ith Pro f. Huxley’
s Pres idential address to the G eolog-cal SocietyOf London, February ,
1 8 7O.
20 Proceedings of the A siatic Society; [JAN.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Of B ombay, Vol. IX . No .
26 .— The ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY or BOMBAY .
Monatsbericht der K . Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,Juli , 1 8 7 0 . AKAD . DER WISSENSCHAFTEN zc BERLIN .
Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft,Band
XXIV,Heft 3 .
— THE ED ITOR .
Rahasya Sandarbha , No . 62 .—THE EDITOR .
The Pali Text of Kachchayano’s Grammar, by F . Mason — THE
ED ITOR .
Professional Papers Of Indian Engineering, NO . 29.— TIIE
EDITOR .
Memoir of Dwarkanath Tagore, by Ki ssory Chand Mittra .
THE AUTHOR .
Memoirs Of the G e olog ical Survey of India , Palaeontologia Indica , Vol. III. Nos . 1 — 4 .
— Icones Plantarum Indi a Orientales , byMaj or H . Beddome , parts 4-6.
— Flora Sylvetica, byfMaj or H .
Beddome,parts 3— 5 .
—Selections from the Records Of Govern:ment , ‘
Home Departmen t,No . 8 0
,Foreign 8 1 .
THE GOVERNMENT OF IND IA .
Records Of the Geolog ical Survey, Vol. III, Nos . 3-4 .— THE
GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL .
Purchase.
The Kamil, part 7 .— Zenker ’s Turc-Arabe-Persian Dictionary
part 1 6 .— Lond . E . and D . Phi losophical Magazine, NO . 268 .
Annals '
and Magazine Of Natural H istory, NO . 35 .
—ComptesRendus, No . 9.
— Museum Heineanum by Caban is,Theil I— IV .
Exchange.
The Nature, Nos . 53— 57 .
22 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [FER
present year is compared w ith the past , andeven with several Ofthe preceding years , a s will be seen from the subjoined table
A bsent . Total.
1 8 6 1 225 55 28 0
1 8 62 229 8 2 3 1 1
1 8 63 2 7 6 7 9 355
1 8 64 22 8 92 38 0
1 8 65 267 1 09 37 6
1 8 66 293 94 38 7
1 8 67 307 1 09 4 1 6
1 8 68 294 1 33 427
1 8 69 304 1 38 442
1 8 7 0 266 1 4 8 4 1 4
The Council regret to ann ounce the dea th Of the following ordinary meinbers — J . Kavenagh ,
Esq . ,R . Jardine
,Esq .
,Lieut . R .
C. Beavan , BabuRadhanatha Sikadara , M . H . Ormsby, Esq . LL . D. ,
Babu Kaliprasanna S inha , J . Avdall, Esq .,Maj or J . J . HO
venden ,Raja Sir Deonarciyana S inha , Bahadur, K . C. S . I. , Dr . T .
Anderson,F . L . S .
A lthough it might at first sight appear that the decrease in the
a ccession of new members , and the somewhat numerous resignations are due to a dimin ishing apprecia tion of the scien tific effortsof the Society on the part Of the publi c
,the Council take pleasure
in remarking tha t such is far from being the ca se . On the con
trary , the Council feel themselves justified in asserting that the in
terest of the scientific public in the working of the Society has inthe last twelve months sens ibly increased in India as well asabroad . This is particularly shewn by the largely increased demandfor the publications of the Society, the sale of the Journal and
Proceedings having been grea ter than in any previous year, and
the Society having a lso rece ived several Offers Of various fore ignscientific institutions for an exchange of their publications . In no
less a degree have the members themselves evinced the ir interestin the Society by the regularity of their contributions , both in the
way Of subscriptions and of scientific commun ications . The ac
tual income of the Society has exceeded the estimate by an appre
ciable amount .
Proceedings of the A s ia tic S ociety .
The numerous communications,forwarded to the S ociety, - chiefly
by its members,— equally shew tha t the scientific interest in the
S ociety are largely increas ing . More than 50 valuable contribu
tions in various branches of science and litera ture have been re
ceived,and this does not include many of the shorter papers printed
in our Proceedings .
MUsEUM .
During the past year, the Council of the So ciety, in a ccordancewith the provis ions of Act XVII of 1 8 65 , andtheir previous pra ctice , have continued to transfer all the donation s rece ived in theNatura l H istory andArchae ologica l Departments
,to the Trustees of
the Indian Museum . A deta iled statemen t of these donationshas been published in the December Proceedings for last year.The Council of the Asiatic Society feel it the ir pa inful duty to
express, a t this Opportunity, the ir great regret , tha t the G overnment ofIndia will not be able to provide in the newMuseum buildinga t the appointed time— 23rdMarch
,1 8 7 1
,— the necessary accommo
dation,which the members Of the Society had a right to expect
for their valuable collections . The Council, however, enterta in thehOpe, tha t the delay in carrying out the provisions of the Museum
A ct will be only temporary, and tha t the G overnment will spare no
efforts to g ive to the public and the S ocie ty at the earliest possiblemoment
,the benefits which it is the purpose Of tha t Act to bring
about .CO IN CAB INET .
The Society’s collection of Coins rece ived an increase Of 1 4Copper coins , presented by Capta in A . B loomfie ld
,M . L . Ferra r,
Esq .
,andH . J . Rainey, Esq . A set of 1 7 silver coins has been
purchased .
LIBRARY.
Within the past year, the Library received an addi tion of 7 7 6
volumes, or pa rts of volumes . Many of these were Obta ined inexchange for the publications of the Society, others were purchased,andfor a considerable number the Society is indebted to privateindividuals andto the Government of India . Deta iled lists of themonthly accessions to the Library have been regularly publishedin each number of the Proceedings . In the collection of manu
24 P roceedings of the A s ia tic Soc iety . [FEEL
cripte, valuable additions have also been made there were 94
Sanscrit manuscripts purchased or copied, and 6 Pers ian workswere purchased .
The Council regret that it has been beyond the ir power to makethe Library a s useful a s the members have a right to expec t it tobe , andas the Council would earnestly desire to make it . The
difficulty lies principally in the inadequa te space now ava ilablefor the books . It wa s chiefly on that accoun t that the new con
templatededition Of the Library catalogue has not been completed.The Council will, however, endeavour to remedy this growing evil a tthe earliest possible Oppo rtun ity, but they cannot take any effect ivesteps until the Natural H istory collections are removed from the
Society’s house .
The collection of MSS . has also been examined during last year .Maulavi Abdul Hakim
,under the Secretary’s superintendence ,
checked the Arabic , Persian , and H inddstani MSS ., and Pundit
Premchandra Choudhari examines at present the Sanscrit MSS .
The Catalogue of the Pundi t is to be a catalogue raisonné he has
analyzed about 500 works on grammar , lexicography, prosody,prose andpo etry, rhetoric , ma thema tics , astronomy, andmedicine .
AllMSS . rece ived since the preparation Of the Old catalogueshave been entered into the MS . ca talogues Of the Society .
A list of the Societies and other scientific institutions , with whichexchanges of publications have been made , is appended further on .
PUBLICATIONS .
The Coun cil have anxiously bes towed continued attention upon thepublications , as these con stitute the truest indicia of active life in theSociety, and they have now the satisfa ction to announce that the49th volume Of the Journal will very shortly be completed , and one
volume Of Proceedings was is sued both will extend over more than1 200 pages , accompanied by 36 plates . It has been the aim Of theOfficers Of the Soc iety not only to insur e the regularity of issue of thevarious numbers of the Journal andProceedings , but also to introduce an improvemen t in the illustrations accompanying the papers.The value Of the improvemen ts effected is clearly indicated by the
increasing applicat ions for the various numbers of the Journal and
Proceedings of the A siatic Society .
Proceedings . The sale of these has been during the past yea rlarger than in any previous year, amounting to Rs . 1 903 .
There have been issued for the year 1 8 7 0,eleven numbers of
Proceedings , equal to 347 pages , (exclus ive of appendices), and 5plates . Of the Journal
,part I
, (Philology , Archaeology, &c .
,&c . ,
3 numbers were issued and the 4th is ready for issue the part willextend over 304 pages and 1 3 plates . Part II, Na tural H istory
,&c .
,
wa s issued in 4 quarterly numbers,and includes 432 pages and
1 8 plates,andin addition 98 pages of Meteorolog ica l Observation s .
Each of these parts can form a separate volume , for each is separately paged, andprovided with a special index , &c . &c .
B IBLIOTHECA INDICA .
During 1 8 7 0 , forty- seven fasciculi have been issued of OrientalWorks , visa ,
2 Arabic , 1 2 Pers ian ,30 S an scrit
, and 3 fa sciculi of
English Translations , via,1 from the Persian , and 2 from the
Sanscrit .A rabic Works.
Maulavi ’Abdul Hai has issued 2 fasciculi of the Igabah, or
B iographical Dictionary of Persons who knew Muhammad . The
work wa s commenced by Dr . A . Sprenger, andcontinued by Maulavi ’Abdul Haq ,
whose death temporarily interfered with the pro
gress of the book .
Persian Works .
Of Khafi Khan ’s H istory
,Maulavis Kabiruddin and Ghulam
Qadir, Of the Ca lcutta Madrasah,have issued six fa sciculi . An
o ther fa sciculus will comple te this important history Of the MughulEmperors of Delhi . Maulavi A'
ghé Ahmad ’Ali has issued 3 fa s
ciculi of the Maasir i ’A’lamg iri, a history of the reign of Aurangzib . Of the Quarto Text edition of the ’A
'
in i Akbari , Mr . B lochmann has issued two fa sciculi and one fasciculus of the EnglishTran slation .
Maulavi Zulfaqar ’Ali, of the Calcutta Madrasah
,has brought
out one fa sciculus of the Critical Pers ian Dictionary, entitled Far
hang i Ra shidi,
’ by Maulavi ’Abdurra shid of Ta ttah .
A'
gha Ahmad ’Ali’s introduction to the S ikandarnamah i Bahri
is nearly,completed andwill shortly be issued .
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety .
Sanscrit Works .
In consequence Of the additional grant of Rs . 3000 p er annum,
made by the G overnment of India for the publication Of Sanscritworks , announced at the last Annual Meeting , the Sanscrit serieshas made con siderable progress . No less than 30 fasciculi havebeen issued during the pa st year , aga inst 9 in 1 8 69 and 5 in 1 8 68 .
Babu Raj endralala M itra has issued 2 fasciculi of the Ta ittiriya
Brahmana Of the B lack Yajur Veda,
and one Of the A’ranyaka .
Both works are now almost completed,
and an index is in the
course Of preparation . Pandita Anandachandra Vedantavagisa haspublished 1 0 fasciculi Of the Tandya Mahabrahmana
,andeight fa sci
culi Of the Srauta S litra ofLatyayana . The Council have en trustedthe publication Of the Sama Veda Sanhita to Pandita SatyavrataSamasrami who has already issued the first fasciculus of the samewith the Commentaries of Sayana . Pandita H arachandra Vidyabhu
shana has publi shed three fasciculi of the Agni Purana , andone of
the GOpatha Brahmana of the Atharva Veda . He has also issuedthe G opala Tapan i Of the same Veda
,with the commentary Of Visv
esvara . Pandita Ramamaya Tarkaratna of the Sanscrit College ,Calcutta has published one fasciculus of the Nrisinha Tapani withSankara s Commentary another fasciculus will complete the
work . Pandi ta Mahesachandra Nyayaratna has issued one fasciculns each of the Mimansa Darsana and the Sanhita Of the B lackYajur Veda . Pandita Chandrakanta Tarkalankara is now editingthe G obhila S i
’
Itra anda fasciculus Of the same is soon to be issued .
During 1 8 70 , Babu Raj endralala Mitra issued the fir st number ofNotices of Sanscrit Manuscripts
,
”and a second number has just
been published . BabuRaj endralala ’s annual report on the work doneby the trave lling pandit will appear at the endof the Official year .Professor E . B . Cowell issued his translation of the Ma itriUpan ishad , and Rev . K . M . B anerjea the first fasciculus Of histranslation of the Brahma Sutra .
The following is a detailed list of works published during 1 8 7 0 .
Old S eries,A rabia — A B iographical Dictionary of Persons who
knew Muhammad, by Ibn H ajar,edited in Arab ic by Maulavi
Abdul Hai, Nos . 225,226
,Fasc . VIII and IX of Vol. IV.
Proceedings of the A sia tic Soc iety .
New Series, Persian — The Mun takhab al Luhab of Khafi Khan ,
edited by Maulavis Kab ir al Din Ahmad and Ghulam Qadir, No s .
1 7 8,1 8 0
,1 8 6
,1 92
,204
,205 , Fa sc . XIII to XVIII .
The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazl i Mubarak i Allami , edited byH . Blochmann
,M . A .
,Nos . 1 93, 2 1 1 , Fasc XI , XII.
The Maasir i ’Alamgiri of Muhammad Saq i Must’aidd Khan ,
edited by Maulavi A'
ghaAhmad Ali , No . 1 95 , 2 1 0 , Fa sc . I, II .
The Farhang i Rashidi by MullaAbdur Rashid of Tattah,edited
andannotated by Maulavi Zulfaqar Ali , NO . 200 , Fasc . I .Old S eries
,Sanscrit.— The Taittiriya Brahmana of the B lack
Yajur Veda , with the commentary of Sayanacharya , edited by BabuRéj endralala Mitra , Nos . 222 , 223 , Fasc . XXIII, XXIV .
The Sanhita of the B lack Yajur Veda with the commentary ofMadhava A
'charya , edited by Mahesachandra Nayaratna , Vol . IIINO . 224
,Fa sc . XXIII .
New S eries,S anscrit.— Tandya Mahébrahmana with the commem
tary of Sayana A'charyya,edited by Anandachandra Vedantavagisa ,
Nos . 1 7 9, 1 8 2 , 1 8 8 , 1 90 , 1 9 1 , 1 99, Fasc . IV to XIII .
The Srauta Sutra of Latyayana , w ith the commentary of Agn iswami
,edited by Anandachandra Vedantavagisa , Nos . 1 8 1
,1 8 4
,
1 8 5, 1 8 7 , 1 96, 1 98 , 202 , 2 1 3 , Fasc . I to VIII .
G opala Tapan i of the A tharva Veda , with the commentary ofVisvesvara
,edited by Harachandra Vidyabhushana and Visvané
tha Sastri, NO . 1 8 3 .
The Agn i Purana , a system of H indu Mythology and Traditionin the original Sanscrit, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhushana ,
No . 1 8 9, 1 97 , 20 1 , Fasc . I to III.
The Ta itteriya A'ranyaka of the Black Yajur Veda
,with the com
mentary of Sayanacharaya , edited by Rij endr alala Mitra , No . 203,
Fasc . IX .
The Mimansé Darsana , with the commentary of Savara Swa
min,edited by Pandita Mahesachandra Nyayaratna , No s . 20 8 , 209,
Fasc . IX andX .
GOpatha Brahmana of the Atharva Veda in the Original Sanscrit, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhusana , No . 2 1 5 , Fa sc . I .
The Nrisinha Tapani with the commentary of Sankara Achi rya ,
edi ted by Ramamaya Tarkaratna , No . 2 1 6, Fasc . I .
28 P roceedings of the A siatic Society. [FER
English Transla tions .—The Ain i Akbari of Abul Fazl i Allami .
Translated from the Persian by H . Blochmann,M . A . , No . 1 94 ,
Vol . I. Fasc . IV .
OldS eries , S anscri t. —TheMa itri Upan ishad with the commentaryof Ramatirtha , edited w ith an English Translation by E . B .
Cowell, M . A .
N ew S eries,S anscrit — The B rahma Sutras
,with the commen tary
of Sankaracharya translated into English by Rev. K . M . B an erj ea ,No . 2 1 4
,Fasc . I.
FINANCE .
The Council has already had occas ion to remark that the finan
c ial condition Of the Society is sa tisfa ctory . The expendi ture hasbeen as much as poss ible kept within the estimated limits of thevarious items , regula ted by the in come . The a ctual income hasexceeded the estima ted in come by Rs . 7 45
,while at the same time
a saving Of Rs . 58 2 was effected in the estima ted expendi ture ,thus making a total surplus Of Rs . which
,added to the
balance ofRs . left to the credit of the Society at the close of1 8 69, makes a grand total of Rs . The reserved funds of the
Society in G overnment S ecurities amounting to Be . 20 00,rema ined
the same as in the previous year .The Coun cil were anxious to s ecure this surplus for the benefit
of the Society, because they expe ct tha t in a short time a considerable outlay will be required for the repa irs of the building , and
they are equally alive to the necessity Of in creasing the amoun t,
to be devoted for the proper a ccommoda tion and a rrangement Ofthe library
,as soon as sufficient room for it can be Obta ined .
An abstra ct Of the accounts for the year 1 8 7 0 is shewn in the
subj oined tableINCOME .
Admission fees ,Subscriptions,Publica tions,Library,Coin Fund,
Excluding Rupees 8 98 -1 0 0 held trus t foxDr . J. Muir.
30 Proceedings of the A s iatic S ociety . [FEB .
5 3
1 0
Rs . 7 2
Your Council desire to place on record , that they have had nu
der their con s ideration the very importan t question of reduction Of
the subscription s now con tributed by members , whether res iden tor non -resident . They have calcula ted the immediate loss of annual receipts which this would produce , and carefully e stimatedhow far andhow soon they could justly anticipate that the incomeof the Society would recover itself. They are confident
,that such a
reduction of the subscriptions would lead to a future increase Ofin come , by bringing to the Society a considerable increase in thenumber of members , andwould at the same time render that income less fluctuating by placing it on a wider and more securebasis . They felt strongly also that these benefits should be granted to the members of the Society at the earliest possible date and
seeing that the time is now nea r at hand (23rdMarch,
whenthe Society under the ir con tract with the G overnment Of India willbecome entitled to such permanent addition to their income
,a s may
be realized for the use Of the building which they now occupy,
(and which is valued and as se ssed at 400 Rs . per month), theywere disposed to recommend to the Society the immedia te reductionof the subscription of resident members by one - third
,and of non
res ident members by one-s ixth of their present contributions . Any
immediate reduction Of income,resulting from this action
,would
have been more than recouped by the rent of the ir premises . Af
ter a full consideration , however, they have for various reasonsresolved to leave this very important question until the time shallhave actually arrived, when the Society will become entitled torealize this addition to the ir permanent income . They confinethemselves
,therefore , to expressing the hope , bas ed on the ir con
viction of the importance of the matter,that their successors in
office may be enabled to satisfy the wishes and just expectations
Proceedings of the A s ia ti c S ociety . 3 1
of the members of the Society by carrying out a t an early date thisimportant change .
Rej ecting ,there fore for the present
,the consideration o f this
question as affecting the income o f the Socie ty , the Council beg tosubmit the following estima te of the probable receipts and expendi
ture .
Subscriptions,
PublicationsLibrary ,Coin Fund ,S ecretary ’
s Office ,M iscellaneous
,
Rs . 0 0 0 0
OFFICERS .
The genera l dutie s of the S ecre tary , including the publication ofthe monthly Proceedings , have been ,
as likewise in the p reviousyear, carried on by the H onorary Secretaries , Mr . H . B lochmann andDr . F . S toliczka . Th e Philolog ica l Par t (I.) of the
Journa l has been edited by Mr . Ble chmann, and the NaturalH istory Part Dr . S toliczka .
Colonel carried on the duties Of Financial SecretaryandTrea surer .The Council des ire to record the ir satisfaction with the good services which Babu Pra tapachandra Ghosha has rendered to theSociety as Assistant S ecre tary a ndLibra rian they also favourablyreport on the service s of Babu Manilala Bysa ck, and MaulaviSayyid Waliulla , assistants in the office and li brary.
List of Societies andother Institutions with which exchanges ofpublications have been made during 1 8 7 0 .
Batavia — Société des Sciences des Indes Nederlandises .
Berlin — Roya l Academy .
32 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [FER
B ombay -Royal Asiatic Society .
B oston -Natura l H istory Society.
B ordeaux z— B or‘deaux Academy.
Buenos Ai res -Public Museum .
B ruxelles z— Academie Royale des Sciences &c . de Belgique.Cherbourgh z— Soeiété Imperiale des S ciences Na turelle s .
Calcutta — Agricultural andH orticultural Society of India .
z— Tattvavodhini Sabha.
— Geolog ical Survey Of India .
Christian ia — Un ivers ity .
Dacca z— Dacca News andPlanters’ Journal .Dera — Great Trigonometrical Survey.
Dublin — Royal Irish Academy.
—Natural H istory Society .
Edinburgh - Royal Society .
G ermany z— Oriental Society .
Lahore — Agricultural Society Of Punjab .
London z— Royal S ocie ty.
— Royal As iatic Society of G reat Britain andIreland .-Royal Institution .
— Royal G eographical Society .
— Museum of Practical Geology.
— Zoological Society .
—S tatistica l Society .
—G eological Society.
— Linnean Society .
A thenaeum .
Anthropological Society.
-Nature .
Lyon z— Agricultural Society .
Moscow — Société des Natura listes .
Mun ich z- Royal Academy .
Madras z— Government Central Museum .
Manchester — Literary andPhi losophical S ociety .
New York — Commissioners of the Department ofAgriculture.
Netherlands — Royal Society.Paris — Ethnographical Society.
Proceedings of tlie A siatic Society. 33
Paris — Geographical Society.
A s iatic Society .
S t . Petersburgh z— Imperial Academy of Science .
Vienna — Imperial Academy of Science .
— Anthropolog ical Society .
— Zoological andBotanical Society .
— Imperial Roya l G eolog ical Institute .
Washington — Smithson ian Institution .
It was proposed by D . Waldie,Esq .
,and seconded by
Locke,Esq . ,
that the report be adopted— Carried .
The President requested Mr . H . H . Locke , and Mr . J . WoodMason to ac t as Scrutineers .
During the time that the balloting lists for the election of officersandmembers of Council of the Society were examined
,the Pres i
dent addressed the meeting .
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS .
GENTLEMEN ,— It will be seen from the report of the Council that
the admin istration of our finances during the past year has beeneffected with care , andhas been such as to exhibit very satisfa ctoryresults . For this
, in great measure , we have to thank our excellent Finan cial S ecretary , Colonel Hyde . The diminution of income
,
however , which appears to be imminent as a consequence of anapparently growing loss of members , will seriously cripple the So
c iety , unless the current can be turned andour numbers be speedi ~
ly augmented by new accessions . Unfortunately, the position in
which the Society has for some time been,and still is
,kept by
reason of the non - completion of the New Museum bui lding , is one
of grievous embarra ssment anddisadvan tage . The greater part ofour house space is taken up by the Museum Trustees under statutable powers for the purpose of displaying the collections to thepubli c . Our valuable library is rendered practically useless , forwant of standing ground whereon to range the ca ses . Andwe
have no room in which we can properly set out the current literary
34 Proceedings of the A sia tic Society . [FEB .
andscientific periodicals for inspection andda ily referen ce on the
part of our members . Thus it has on this account alone becomema tter of public concern ,
that the existing state of thi ngs shouldnot be prolonged . Moreover
,by the Mus eum A ct of 1 8 66
,the
Council of the Society was in a manner charged with the duty ofs ee ing that the building to be erected by the G overnment underthe terms of that Act for the reception of the Collection s should befit and proper for its obj ect . And the period prescribed by theLeg islature for the completion of this building extended only to2 3rd March
,1 8 7 1 . When ,
then,in the early part of the past
year it was seen that the Museum building works rema ined at a.stand still
,andno sign was given by the G overnment of any im
mediate in tention to resume them,it became incumbent upon the
Council, as well on account of the interests of the Society a s byreason of their statutable obligations , to press the exigency of the
ca se upon the attention of G overnmen t . A ctuated by this doublemotive
,honourable alike, I venture to think on e ither part, the
Council wrote to the Governmen t of India,and received in reply a
letter,which appearing as it does to ignore or set aside the orig i
nal agreement made with the Society , ha s been to your Councilmatter of grave concern and regret . I will not
,however
,dwell
upon this unpleasan t incident,for after all, it may have been less
due to design than to gaucherie and maladroitness in the S tateS ecretaria t .I am sorry to say that the correspondence between your Council and the G overnment has led to nothing definite . The Council
,
in their reply to the commun ication of which I have spoken,
while they remon strated aga in st the attitude which the G overnment a ssumed towards them
,expre ss ed their readiness to do all in
their power to a ssist the G overnment out of its difficulties . To
this no answer has been returned to us . And the matter thereforestands thus : The G overnment is under a s ta tutable contra ct withthe Society to complete the Museum building by the 23rd of nextmonth
,so far as to render it fitted to receive the extensive natural
history andarchaeological collections which should then be transferred to the Museum Trustees . By the same con tra ct
,on the
completion of the building, the Society is to have a portion thereof
P roceedings of t/zc A s iatic S ociety. 35
for its own accommodation , andfor the reception of its Library andother property . Our presen t house would thus , on the G overnment fulfilling its undertaking , become an additiona l source of revenue to us . These advantages to the Society were the consideration for the tran sfer to the G overnment on behalf of the public ofour exceedingly valuable , andin many respe cts , unique collections .
And so far a s the public are concerned , this transfer took effe ct fromthe time of pa ss ing the A ct, for it wa s one of the terms of the Act ,
tha t the collections of the Society and the additions thereto (subsequently to be made) should
,until the building was so far com
ple ted, as to be in a condition to rece ive them,rema in in the Socie
ty’s house under the care of the Museum Trustees
,and should be
open to all persons desirous to view the same under rules to beestablished by the Trustees . This term in the contract ha s beenfully complied with . And the result ha s been ,
that for some timepast, the Society ha s been in the situation of need
,and embarrass
men t which I have already de scribed . I do not wish to exaggeratethe difficulty which the Council now experiences in merely ma inta in ing the existence so to speak of the Society . It is enough tosay tha t it is very great , and increases every day . By our contra ctw ith the G overnmen t no doubt we were bound to bear this burdenfor a time , andwe have no right to compla in tha t it has proved tobe more heavy than we anticipated . But we are entitled to expectthat the Government will perform its side of the barga in ,
at any
rate to the extent of enabling us to get free of the most heavy ofour obligation s at the appointed date . I wish to a ssume that i twill do so . Although it is plainly imposs ible that the Museumbuilding should be completed on the 23rdMarch
, we have reasonto believe
,indeed I may say we know , that the works will be re
sumed almost immediately, and will be carried on to some sort ofcompletion at
, perhaps , no very distant date . It will,however
, be
a very serious matter to us , if we should be compelled to remainin our presen t s ituation until the building be made fitted in
any degree to rece ive the collections . And there is no reason,why
we should be called upon to suffer in this way. There is certa inlya choice of modes for the Government in which it c an afford usrelief, andI do not even now doubt that it will adopt one or the
36 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [FEB .
other of them . It is nevertheless much to be deplored that the Go
vernment has not yet, at the eleventh hour I may say, made us ao
quaintedwith the course which it proposes to pursue .
The Society has , I regret to state , susta ined the loss of severalvaluable members by death during the past year . The names are
all g iven in the Report of the Council , andI will only repeat oneor two of them here .
Of these, Mr . Avdall was our oldest member . H e was elected solong ago as the year 1 8 26
, andalways ma intained a strong interestin the welfare of the Society . H e contributed several papers tothe Journal .BabuKaliprosona S ingh , although at the time of his death still
a young man ,haddistinguished himself by his B engali translation
of the Mahabharat in 1 8 volumes . H e hadalso translated someSanscrit Dramas , and was known as the author of Sketches byHootoone .
Mr . Ormsby, was for a short time one of the H onorary Secretariesof the Society .
AndLt . B eavn was a naturalist of considerable promise .
I have already spoken of the success which has attended the ad
min istration of our funds during the year, just terminated andhavea cknowledged how much we owe to Colonel Hyde for hi s exertionsin this department . We are not the less indebted to our other H o
norary Secretaries , Mr . Blochmann andDr . S toliczka,who by the ir
unwearied labours,and the application of the ir great literary and
scientific acquiremen ts have brought our Journal , in the Philological andNatur a l H istory parts respectively, to a high pitch of excellence . A lso both Babu Raj endralala Mitra and Mr . Blochmann
have done great public service by most ably editing , and superin
tending the publication of the Sanscrit and Pers ian works whichwe have been able to issue under the G overnmen t grant for thatpurpose andthe other learned pundits , engaged in the undertaking ,have done their work in a manner deserving our best commendation .
The salaried staff of the Society, with Babu Protapachandra
Ghosha at their head , have performed the ir several duties to theentire satisfaction of the Coun cil .
38 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [FEB .
posed to be approaching the equator and to be moving under theinfluence of an initial velocity , would in consequen ce of the rotation ,be such as to cut the successive parallels of latitude at continuallydimin ishing angles on the eastern side andthe case would bereversed for a particle receding from the equator . Or to state thesame proposition somewhat differen tly, a particle starting w ith a
g iven velocity, in passing from the smaller circles of latitude to thelarger would , as it went on
,seem to observers at each successive
poin t in its course to be coming from a more and more easterlydirection , while conversely in passing from the larger circles to thesmaller its apparent direction would grow to be more andmorewesterly. It is true that the earth’s surface cannot be consideredsmooth even as regards its action upon such a mobile fluid as the
atmosphere . The horizontal motion of masses of air over theearth is much checked by friction a long the surface of con tact ormore correctly by the obstruction which is afforded by the earth’sinequalities of surface . S till the effect of this disturbing cause isupon the whole of a subordinate character ; and speaking generallywithout regard to special localities or occasions , I may say that thelaw which expresses the motion of a free particle relative to theearth, also g ives with some degree of approximation the course of
moving portions of the atmosphere . The flow of polar air towardsthe equatorial belt , of which I have spoken
,thus becomes an eas
terly wind in both hemispheres,while the upper outflow or an ti
trade current is westerly and in both cases with a certain exceptionthe longer the course by which the current has reached a g ivenpoint, the greater is its deviation from a polar direction .
Thisexplanation of the trade winds andof the intervening belt of calmswas developed, more than a century ago , by Halley and all ob
servations s ince made have served most fully to demonstrate itstruth .
It is comparatively la tely , however, that Dove and others haveshown that the atmospheric phenomena of the trade and inter- tradereg ions are but s imple cases of the air -movements which take placeoutside those limits . For instance
, the well known veering of
winds in the temperate zone is now held to be referable to precisely the same cause as is the peculiar constant direction of the trade
Proceedings of the A s iatic Society.
currents . There is no t much difficulty in perce iving one grea t reason why the problems furn ished by the extra - tropical parts of the
globe are of especia l complexity . The volume of vapour -bearingair which
,rising from the equatorial belt and e scaping away north
wards andsouthwards , constitutes the anti- trades , must, so to speak ,shrink in volume as it proceeds towards the poles . It advances orflows away from the place of ascen t in consequence of the superio
rity of the horizontal pressure which is represented by the sum ofits own tension and that of its contained vapour a t the height,where the latera l e scape occurs over that of the adjacent portionof a tmosphere . And it is enabled to pa ss into and fit itself to the
gradua lly lessen ing spherical space which , a s the result of gravitation
,corresponds to the higher latitude of the terrestrial globe ,
because i t gradually cools by radiation on its j ourney and as itcools contracts . The necessary result of this process is , that theonward flowing mixture of air and vapour comes to be a t somepoint specifically heavier than the comparatively dry air whichfeeds the trades below it
, andwhich is itself undergoing a converseprocess . Consequently the upper stream falls, or ra ther (for it isof course at any con siderable distance from the equator generallymoving with a high rela tive velocity) drives through the lowerstratum , andmakes its appearance on the earth’s surface a s a steadysouthwest wind in the northern hemisphere and as a n orthwestwind in the southern hemisphere . The downcoming in this wayof the anti -trades determines the outside edge of the belt, overwhich the trades preva il, so that on the polar side of this edge thea tmospheric phenomena are the resultants of a totally new order ofthings , n amely, a conflict of currents of equatorial westerly windson the one side with currents of polar easterly winds on the other,the currents constantly shifting beds inter se and always varyinggreatly in hygrometrical condition . We , therefore , see ample rea
son here for the complexity and variableness of the atmosphericphenomena in the extra -tropical zones .
I have so far entered upon these deta ils,notwithstanding that
every one presen t is probably more or less familiar with them, sim
ply by way of leading the members of this Society and indeedthrough them, persons outside our body to consider the singular ad
40 Proceedings of the A sia tic Society . [FEE
vantages which India offers for meteorological observation andre
search . The great peninsula covering as it does scarcely less thantwenty-eight degrees of latitude is in various respects so special inits character, that the periodic shiftings of the equatorial wind beltsof which I have spoken ,
have a greater range above its surface or
in its ne ighbourhood than any where else probably in the wholecircui t of the globe . Not only does the southern trade belt comeup to and over it in the period of the southwest Monsoon ,
but in
the other half of the year the polar edge of the northern tradeslies far to the south of the H imalayas
,thus bringing some of the
principal phenomena of the extra - tropical region well within theobservation of the Indian Meteorologist . So low as Calcutta we
not unfrequently get warm equa torial breezes and showers of ra inabout Christmas time . Also neither of the trade winds preservesits normal character in our region . The belt of highest temperature does not
,where it transverses this part of Asia in the summer
months , mark the locus of min imum a tmospheric pressure obser
vation appears to have shown that this min imum preva ils at thattime over an exten sive area in Central Asia , while there are com
paratively small spots of relative min imum within the pen insulai tself. On the other hand in the winter months there seems commonly to exist in the northern part of the pen insula a locus of relativemaximum pressure . The consequen ce of these conditions is
,that
instead of a trade -wind in the ordinary sense of the term,i . e. an
atmospheric movement effected in approximately parallel currentstowards an annulus which is coinciden t with the diurnal locus ofmaximum surface temperature , we have as long as the sun is on
the n orth of the equator a monsoon converging towards a loca lfocus of low pressure which li es outside that annulus and at the
oppos ite periodof the year we perceive that the wind constantlyinclines away, andoften apparently blows directly , from a centre inthe upper part of India . These recurring phenomena appear to present such a particular case of a general law as is especially va luablefor the purposes of scientific inqui ry.
Again a consideration of the possible causes which g ive ris eto a separation between the simultaneous positions of placesof min imum pressure and of maximum heat respectively
,leads
us to see another reason for rating highly the importance of
P roceedings of the Asia tic S oc iety.
India as an area of meteorological observation . The height atwhich the mercury of the barometer stands , indicates to us
something more than the mere amount of a tmospheric pressureon the surface of the mercury in the bowl of the instrument .It gives us the weight of the whole superincumbent column of airand this nece s sarily varies with the compos ition of that column .
Now with us in India during a great part at lea st, if not the wholeof the year . the vertical atmospheric column is made up of tworadically distinct portions, a lower andan upper, the one polar,comparatively cool
,dry anddense , the other equatorial warm ,
va
pour~bearing andspecifically light . The barometer is immediate
ly affected by any alteration of the relations between these portion s .
Also the heating of the surface soil has the effect, in an interval oftime more or less short
, of dimin ishing the air-material in the
column which is vertically above it, andof contemporaneously increasing the vapour there in as long as a source of vapour remainsat the base . These two changes are
,it is man ifest , diametrically
Opposite in chara cter,and it would be imposs ible to say , a p r i or i
which would at any g iven hour preva il over the other. As a mat
ter of fa ct, almost un iversally over all zones of the earth’s surface ,the barometric column exhibits regular diurnal oscillations in itsheight . In the temperate zones these oscillations are comparatively speaking , small . But in the tropical and subtropical regionsthe case is diflerent . There , the barometer discloses con siderableand, well marked periodic changes of atmospheric pressur e duringthe twenty four-hours
,constituting in the whole two distinct o scil
lations . At different times,va rious theories have been put forward
to account for this phenomenon . I need not now endeavour tospecify them in detail . I will , however , very shortly refer to two ,in order to indicate the ve il of uncertainty which still obscures the
subject,andwhich we cannot hope to pierce except by the force of
exhaustive observation . One explanation ,which has been very
exten sively accepted , is based on the particular solar agency of
which I have just spoken . The pressure at a given point in thea tmosphere (in accordance with a well known law of pressure in
elastic fluids) is taken to be the sum of two separate pressures ,namely, the tension of the vapour at that point under the conditions
42 P roceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [FEB .
of density and tempera ture,which there obtain
, and the pressureof the dry air a lone at the same point exclusive of its conta inedvapour . The first may be calculated from data furn ished by ob
servation at the supposed point . And in this way conclusionshave undoubtedly been rea ched , to the effect that
,in general , of
the two great components of the resultant a tmospheric pressure ,each exhibits a single continuous progression in the twenty-fourhours , having its points of maximum andmin imum non - coin cidentwith those of the other
,the two progressions being so related as
not at any point to compensate each other . Andthus it has beenthought that the phenomenon is sufficiently traced to its causes .
On the other hand , many accurate observers , and notably our
own distinguished meteorologist , Colonel S tra chey, main tain thatthe facts do not bear out this explanation inasmuch as
,among
other things , the barometric oscillations are just a s distinctly marked at elevations , where scarcely any vapour can be perceived toexist as elsewhere . And from curves , exhibiting the diurnal va
riations of the calculated vapour tension at Calcutta for everymon th of the year , which Mr. Blanford ha s been so kind a s toshow me , i t is apparent to the eye that the explanation in question,to say the least of it, is exceedingly in complete .
Colonel S trachey ’s own opin ion is
,I believe
,that the s ingle
rarifying a ction of the sun is sufficient cause to produce the wholeof the phenomenon . I have a lready
,somewhat earlier in this ad
dress,had occasi on to draw your attention to the fact , that that por
tion of the earth’s surfa ce , which at a g iven instan t is the more nearlyso to say under the sun becomes for a time
,relatively speaking ,
heated more than the rest , and the consequen ce is (I do not nowenter into the process) that the air above it is put in to vertical mo
tion,and after rising to some eleva tion makes its e scape sideways .
The proposition that motion of this sort takes place is beyond question . It is as I have before sa id the foundation of our theory of
all winds , and of the trade—winds in particular . The pressurewhich gives rise to the latera l e scape must urge in all directionsalike
,but the principal pers isten t outflow occurs towards the poles .
S imilarly the principal inflow is from the poles . A s long as thiscondition of things obtains, the air-material is less than the aver
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society. 4
age in the column of ascending air,andprobably greater than the
average in all azimuthal directions at some point where the twocurrents overlap e ach other . In the general case , then , it wouldseem that we should thus be presented at any in stant with a locusof maximum pressure , forming a closed curve round the place of thesun , and surrounding an area of pre ssure less than the averag e .
In fact this is very nearly the converse of the tida l action of thesun
,andaccordingly accoun ts very well for the periodic minimum
pressure , which occurs in the day . But it would also seem to follow from this expos ition tha t in general each of the diurn a l maxima would take place at an hour which would vary from point topoint along a g iven meridian ; the antemeridional andpostmeridionaltimes approaching each other as you went polarwards until a pointwas reached at which they coalesced after which point no diurna lperiod would be apparent . I need hardly say that the actua l factsare very diflerent from this . It may be , however, that a close enquiryin to the conditions of the problem would shew that the maxima donot under this explanation lie along a closed curve , as I have assumedto be the general case , but that on the contrary the accumulation of
material must be east andwest of the sun in meridional lines . Iam ashamed to say tha t I am not acquainted with Col. Strachey’spapers on this topic
,andI do not know precisely how he works out
the explanation . But I think I may nevertheless venture to affirmtha t whatever may be his confidence in its completeness, he wouldbe exceedingly glad to get extensively collected data ,
wherewithto test andto fortify it .And even if we assume , as we rightly may, that in this ma tter afalse importance ha s been attached to the element of vapour tens ion calculated
'
at the poin t of observation,because it appears now
to be certa in that that element is not a s imple function, and does
not afford a measure,of the tota l vapour material which may exist
in the superincumbent atmospheri c column ; still for that very rea
son the question rema ins open , how far does the local atmosphericpressure depend upon the existence of local sources of vapour .If I have succeeded thus far in bringing you to my own point ofview, I am sure you will see at once what immense value a complete , and connected system of barometric observations made
44 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [FEB .
throughout Indi a would have for science generally, and as meansfor the solution of this question in particular , under careful analysis and comparison Every condition affecting the supply of
vapour through the action of hea t at the earth ’s surface , is a causewhi ch influences the local atmospheric pressure in a direction con
trary to that in which the heat alone Operates, andwe findsuchconditions existing in notable opposition of extreme throughoutthe countries whi ch are immediately subj ect to Her Maj esty’s Indi an G overnment . Need I contrast the maritime and the continental tracts , the deltas and the inland plateaux , the plains and
the mountain peaks which I may say are pa ired against eachother from the H imalayas to Point de G alle (more than the breadthof the northern tropic) andfrom the west coa st of Malabar to theSalween . In truth we possess in India almost unrivalled Opportumitis s for examining and analysing the atmospheric column in all
its parts .
Doubtless the da ily periodic changes of pressure , by the ir verynature , are ineffective to cause anythi ng more than very limitedoscillatory local movemen t of air masses . These movements , however, are not always insign ificant in themselves , as for instan ce theland and sea breezes of our coast districts
,the winds on the outer
flanks of mountain ranges and in mounta in va lleys andthe diurnalmodifications of the Mon soon which we experience in Calcutta .
But the da ily phenomena of this class are especially important , because they are both the type and the materia l of those annual variations which are serious enough to be the govern ing forces inregard to the winds of this portion of the globe . We may in thisma tter liken the year to one long day with the solstices for midn ight andnoon . The gradual increase of temperature which takesplace over the greater part of the earth ’s surface from a min imumin the winter months to a maximum in the summer months is (asin the case of a day of 24 hours andprobably for a common reason)generally speaking accompan ied by a double oscillation of the
atmospheric pressure . In places of western Europe near the sea,
Where I may remark the source of vapour is unlimited,both sets of
maxima andminima are I believe invariably strongly marked, thesummer maximum which is attributed to the vapour
,being commonly
46 Proceedings of the A s iatic Soc iety . LFEB .
of the causes of this class of phenomena . One locus'
of such
pla ces of min imum pressure for the northern hemisphere in thehotter months appears to be a large tra ct of central Asia , extendingdown into , or ra ther having what I may call outliers in ,
our
own Indian pen insula . I have already referred to this in men
tioning the cause of our Monsoons . The part which this region of
low barometer plays in governing the course of the periodi c windsis only vaguely ascerta ined ; and its possible influence as an ele
ment in the generation of our circular storms has not yet, I believe,been made the subj ect of serious inquiry. It would appear probable that the barrier to horizontal motion which is presen ted by theH imalayas must to a large extent exclude the barometrical condition of the atmosphere over Central Asia from be ing any sign ificante lemen t in the motion of the lower strata of the atmosphere overthe peninsula of Indi a
,at any rate over those tracts which are com
paratively close to the hills . The H imalayan range , if assumed tobe of the effective height of feet on ly
, (probably the effectiveheight is almost double this), would in truth be a dam to at leastone -fourth of the whole material of the a tmosphere , and to muchmore than that proportion of the therein conta ined vapour . For
strata above this height, no doubt, any differen ce which mightexist between the northern and southern pressures would becomea ctive but it may, perhaps , be questioned whether there is muchdifference at a high level in any degree proportional to that whichis found to obtain near the earth-surfa ce for a ssuming the relativesmallness of weight in the tran s -H imalayan atmospheric column tobe in any considerable degree due to the absence of vapour
,it is
probable that this element affects the density of the lower part ofthe column especially . If
,however, in consequence of the exist
ence of the H imalayan moun ta in range , there is at one periodof the year, so far as regards the G angetic trough and the
higher part of the B ay of B engal, a motive force Operative uponthe upper strata of the a tmosphere which has no effe ct or com
paratively little effect upon the lower there must thus ariseby a sort of torsion such a divergence of curren ts in the bodyof the atmosphere a s would be favorable to the formation of
local centres of minimum pressure and consequent vorticellary
Proceedings of tile A siatic Society . 47
movement. This last cons ideration leads me to notice the remarkable mechanical cflect which is produced upon the course of thelower streams of a ir in our regions by the physical configuration of
the land . The pen insula of India acts as a wedge to divide the
advancing stream of the southern trades into two branches,one of
which slides up the Malabar coast,the other passes along the eas
tern s ide of the peninsula ; a portion of the latter cross ing the B ayof B engal is headed by the highlands of Burma and by themdiverted northward and westward a long the flanks of the H imalayas . The angular space marked out by this last deflection li eson the left side of the stream ,
and therefore by an experimental lawwhich the illustration of the free moving particle above g iven perhaps goes some way towards explain ing, but which has a lso beeno therwise ingen iously expla ined by Dove , the atmospheric pressurewithin the bend will be commonly less than that on the outs ide , andthus we here aga in meet with a cause tending to produce periodically in the n e ighbourhood of our shores a locus of relatively lowbarometrical pressure , and so to originate a rotatory motion of theair. Andfinally we have the periodic occurrence of warm currentsin the eastern portion of the B ay of Bengal , to which Mr . B lanfordin his valuable paper published in the Proceedings of the RoyalSociety attributes the generation of these low pressure centers .
It is I think apparent from the facts stated in the hasty sketchwhich I have just made , that India proper, the B ay of B engal andBurma together, constitute a region which, for the purposes of one
branch at lea st of meteorolog ical science , demands to be taken and
trea ted as a whole . It is a most happily s ituated field of view,
s ingularly complete in itself, of distributed phenomena which are
mutually inter-dependent andwhich cannot be separated withoutdestruction of their value . It is rich in the data of the highestproblems of the science . Within it are to be found in the s implestform the se materials for inquiry and investigation which a lmostcerta inly contain the clue to further great advances in knowledge .
If this valuable mine of scientific information is to be worked atpubli c cost for the public advantage , is it not evident that theorganization for the purpose should , if possible , be un iform for thewhole area andsubordinate in all its parts to one centre of manage
48 P roceedings of the A sia tic Society. [FEB .
ment ? I am happy to say tha t the hypothesis of this questiondoes not need to be argued out by me . The G overnment of thiscountry has already satisfied itself tha t the regular observation of
meteorological phenomena is work proper to be done at public expense . It is
,therefore , I assume , desirous tha t the best ava ilable
results should be arrived at . Now I do not hesitate to say, havingregard to the peculiar circumstances of situation which I have men
tioned,that a carefully prepared system of observa tions carried on
throughout this tra ct , under the direction of one competen t head,
ought to yield results of the highest scientific importance to thewhole world . Need I point out that in any system which is to beeffective
,the disposition of the station s must be ma tter of consider
ed arrangemen t, with a view to combined work . The observationsshould be made in conformity with well devised directions adaptedto secure results as complete as possible . The instruments uponthe accuracy andun iformity of which everything depends shouldbe issued from one central station after comparison andadjustmen twith standards there kept and ma inta ined in efficiency. Theyshould also from time to time be readjusted by reference to thesesame standards . Every sta ti on should be furn ished with the meansof keeping correct local time a t lea st . And above all
,the results of
the local observation s should be reduced andtabulated for publication and reference , under the in struction and superintendence of
one directing head . Unless this be done,they are useless for com
parison with the results of observations made with different instruments andunder difi '
erent circumstan ces, i . e . useless for the whole
body of scien tific men . A s it is what have weritish India for admin istrative and other purposes is divided
in to eight prin cipal districts or provin ces , via , B enga l, Madras,
B ombay , N . W . Provinces , Oude , Panj ab , Central Provinces and
Burma ; and in ea ch of these , excepting Burma,is a separate
loca l system ofmeteorological observa tion with its own independenthead . It is rema i kable , too , that the gentlemen who are at the
head of these differen t systems , possess as little commun i ty of chara cter andsituation a s can well be con ceived . They are
, in B engal
and the N . W. Provinces officers of the Educational Department.in the Panj ab a member of the Medical Service
,in Madras the
Proceedings of the A siatic Society .
G overnment Astronomer, all specially salaried for this extra workin Bombay, the S uperintendent of the Observa tory, in (Jude theScientific officer , ” and in the Centra l Province s the S anitary
Commissioner , under an obliga tion to do this work ex- otfi cio . Thereare no official relations between these provincial officers
,and as a
matter of fa ct, I believe , if one of them requires the registers , orresults of a neighbouring province for comparison with his own
,or
for the purposes of scientific inquiry, he experiences great difficulty anddelay in obtain ing them .
Then aga in , in regard to organization , the systems seem to varycons iderably in the different provinces . In the Panj ab
,I am ia
formed,the officers who keep the registers are all volunteers and
they seem to be somewhat irregular in the ma tter of observing ,for
according to the published reports out of 1 9 stations,from 2 only
have continuous reg ister s extending over 25 years been furn ished ;from most of the other stations registers covering a few monthsonly, or for interrupted periods , are forthcoming . In B engal andMadras there is a pa id observer at each station and also a superin
tending officer (generally the Civil Surgeon) who receives an al
lowance for supervising the work .
As to the instruments, the kinds in use are very diverse . The
head of the system in each province, (except Madras , andfrom a
recent period Bengal) gets them whence and how he can . Forinstance , barometers of several sorts
,standards or aneroids
,are
employed indiscriminately , and consequently the registers of ob
servations effected by them are of little value whenever smalldifferences are importan t , a s for example in the comparison of rangein the daily oscillations of atmospheric pressure , ina smuch as no
data exist by which due allowance can be made for the instrumen
tal irregulaties , and these a re of the same order as the differen cesin question . In Benga l andMadra s
, the barometers are comparedwith a provincial standard at the Presidency towns . And those oftwo stations in the N . W . P . have been compared with the Calentta standard . Whether or not in the other provinces any comparison is effected with a local standard I cannot say positively, thoughI have heard that it is not ; but certa inly no attempt has yet beenmade to compare the local standards if there are any, with one as
50 Proceedings of tile A sia tic Society . [FEB .
certained govern ing standard . Moreover , the elevation of the
barometer-cisterns above the sea - level has been determined for exceedingly few sta tions out of B engal . I need hardly remark , thatregisters of observa tions , which are subj ect to such drawbacks as
these are unfortunately restricted in value .
The laborious, yet indispensable work of reducing the observa
tions is but partially performed . Only in B engal , and perhaps inB ombay, is the reporter furn ished with a staff competent to relievehim of this purely mechan ical duty . The result is , that most of theregisters g ive the observations in their crude unreduced state and
therefore not generally ava ilable a s data in extended investigations .
In Burma there is no established system of observation at all.
Observers at Akyab andPort B la ir send reg isters to the reporterfor B engal ; but the most important of these reg isters is kept upsolely by the voluntary exertions , and activity of the Civil Surgeon ,who might at any momen t leave his post and so extinguish thestation as a place of meteorological record .
In B engal aga in ,curiously enough , the central Meteorolog ical
Observatory is quite independent of the Local Reporter,who is thus
not only powerless in regard to the p rin cipal s ta tion of his own
provin ce,but is also reduced to the alternative of e ither testing hi s
instruments himself personally, or of entrusting them for thisobj ect to officers , over whom he has no control . H e is
,moreover
,
in this way deprived of the means of carrying out any special experimea ta l inquiry, however important it may be for the regulationof his own work .
I may add that,at Calcutta , even to this day, as our Council
know s too well, for one reason or another we have nothing that wecan offer to the scien tific Societies of theWe st in exchange for the irpublications in meteorology . The se - called Observatory in ParkStreet, ta cas a non taeeado
,is so pla ced that no effe ctive observa
tion of the sky can be hadfrom it . I need hardly say that oftentimes the forms andbehaviour of the clouds g ive most importantinforma tion relative to movements and even to the constitution of
a ir ma sses at high altitudes . One or two especial instances of thishave occurred lately, but our official observers have literally beenunable to notice them .
Proceedinys of the A siatic S oc iety.
Experiments of such a character a s those which would be neces
sary to test Tyndall’s theory in regard to the cause of the a zurecolour of the sky , or to measure the retardative operation of invis ible vapour on terrestrial radiation , are , I believe , scarcely thought ofas falling within the work of any meteorolog ica l station in Indi a .
And I do no t know that a s ingle spectroscope ha s yet been introduced into our official collections of instruments .
It seems to me that the state of things whi ch I have just described is most discredi table . I should scarcely go too far if I sa idthat it represents a good deal of money thrown away certa inly itis very remote from that whi ch ought to be . Surely the time hasc ome -when in the place of this infirm and unsatisfactory system(or more properly want of system) a well planned s imple organization inspired anddirected by a man of real scien tific power andacquiremen ts should be put into action .
If anything tha t I have said to -n ight should help to hasten sucha reform as this , my obj ect will have been attaine l .
The scrutineers announced the following electionsPresident.
The Hon’ble Mr . Justice Phsar.
Vice-Presidents .
Th . Oldham,LL . D .
Babu Raj endralala Mitra .
Lord Napier of Magdala , G . C. S . I.
,G . C. B .
S ecretaries .
Col. H . Hyde , R . E . (Financia l DeptH . Ble chmann ,
M . A . (Philological Dept . )F . S toliczka
,Ph . D . (Natural H istory
Members of Council.The Hon
’ble Mr . Justice Fhear .
T . Oldham,Esq . , LL . D.
,F . R . andG . S .
Babu Raj endralala M itra .
Lord Napier ofMagdala , General, G . C. S . I., G . C. B .
Col. H Hyde , R . E .
Babu Devondra Mallika .
J . Ewart, Esq .
, M . D .
52 Proceedings of the As ia tic Society .
FFEB:
F . S toliczka , Esq .
,Ph . D .
,F . G S .
H . Ble chmann ,Esq .
,M . A .
Col. H . Thuillier , R . A .
,F . R. S .
, C. S . I.H . F . B lanford, Esq .
,F . G . S .
W . S . Atkinson ,Esq . , M . A .
F . W . Inn is,Esq . ,
M . D,C . B .
E . Gay , Esq .
,M . A .
W . W. Hunter, Esq .
,LL D .
It was proposed by D . Waldie , Esq .
,seconded by Maulavi
Abdullattif Khan,B ahadur, and carried unan imously
That the marked thanks of the Society be given to the Secretariesfor their earnest attention to the duties of the ir office during the
past year , from which the regularity in the issue andthe value ofthe Journal
,as well as the very satisfactory financial condition of
the Society, have largely resulted .
Messrs . L Schwendler andJ . Wood-Mason were appointedauditors of accoun ts for the past year .
The meeting then resolved itself into an Ordinary Monthly meeting .
The Hon’ble Mr . Justice Fhear , Presiden t , in the cha ir .
The minutes of the last meet ing were read and confirmed .
The receipt of the following presentations was announced1 . From the Govt . of India — .A copy of Antiquities of Kashmir ,
by Lieut . H . H . Cole,R . E .
2 . From the G overnment of India,Home Dept — n ine photo
graphs of the ancien t temples in West B erars,
and twenty-onephotographs of ancient architectural structures in Mysore .
The following gentlemen duly proposed and s econded at the lastmeeting were ba lloted for and elected ordi nary members .
Col. J F . Tennant .Dr . W . Waagen .
G . C . Farr , Esq .
T . F . H arkness,Esq . , C. S .
The following gentlemen have been announced as candidates forballot at the next meeting
54 Proceedinys of the A siatic S ociety . [FEB .
Bullettins della SocietaGeografica Italiana, fasc . -THE GEO
GRAPH ICAL SOCIETY OF ITALY .
B ulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow,1 8 7 0
,NO . I.
—TRE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS OF MOSCOW .
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Socie ty, NO . 1 04 .— THE
GEOLOG ICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Journal of the Statistical Society, September, 1 8 70 .—THE STA
TISTICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
The Numismatic Chronicle, NO . 39.— TRE NUM ISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON .
The Smithsonian Report for 1 8 68 ; Smithson ian MiscellaneousCollection , Vols . 8 and9 ; Smithsonian Contributions to knowledge ,Vol. 1 6 .
— THE SM ITH SON IAN INSTITUTION .
Cowell’s Lectures on H indu Law .—THE UN IVERSITY OF CALCUTTA .
Ramayana, Vol. 2 No . 5
,edited by Hemachandra Bhuttacharya .
— TRE EDITOR .
Illustrations Of Ancient Buildi ngs in Kashmir, by Lieut . H . H .
Cole ; Deaths Of Madras,during 1 8 68 .
— TRE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA .
G riffin’s Panjab Chiefs .
— THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PANJAR .
G enera l Report Of Public Instruction in B engal during 1 8 69- 7 0
Annual Report Of the Admin istra tion of the-Bengal Pres idency for1 8 69- 70 .
— TRE GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL .
Purchase.
Helfenstein ’s Comparative Grammar Of the Teuton ic Languages
—Etude sur le rituel du respect social dans l ’etat Brahman ique , par C. Schoebel .— Vuller ’s Grammatica Linguae PersicaeDas Jatapatala , von Dr . G . Thibaut z— Ueber die Entstehung und
Verwendung der im Sanskrit mit R . anlautenden Personalendun
gen , von Th . B enfey— Dr . A . B astian ’
s Sprach-vergleichendeS tudien — V . von Strauss ’ LaO- tse’s Tao te King —B . Gachet’s
(Euvres de Koutsa et de Hirayastoupa .-Dr . Stickel ’s Handbuch zur
Morgenlandi schen Munzkunde,1 Heft z— Deutsches WOrterbuch
,
1 4 Band — Dr . C. Semper’
s Re isen im Archipel der Philippinen,
1 - 2 H eft — Philosophical Magazine , NO . 269 .— Calcutta Review,
January,1 7 1 z— Reeve’s Con . Icon ica
,parts 28 4
,28 5
The Nature,Nos . 58 - 6 1 . The A thenseum
,November
,1 8 70 .
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR MARCH,1 8 7 1 .
The monthly meeting Of the Society was held onWednesday,the
1 st instant,at 9 O’clock
,r . M .
The Hon’ble Mr . Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed .
Presentations were announced1 . From the author— A copy of a pamphlet entitled :A revision
of the Terehratntidce andL inya tidce, with remarks anddescription Ofs ome recent forms
,by W. H . Dall
,Esq .
, Smithson ian Institution .
2 . From the author— a copy Of Tatvavali, a treatise on Va isha
s ika Philosophy in Sanscrit verse , with notes by the author, Pandit
Chandrakanta Tarkalankara — also Pravida Sataka by the same .
3 . From the author— Genera l report on the Punj ab Oil Lands,
by Benj . Smith Lyman .
4 . From Rev . C. H Dall— Three Nepal coins bearing on the
obverse in a square compartment the legend in Nagari charactersM ate rial
i
sm and on the reverse W flni‘afi mmfi’
i a, andat the lower margin on the reverse the date t s c q 1 7 8 9.
Legend I . Sr i Sri Sri Nepala Sarkéra , the G overnment OfNepal .II. Sr i Sri Sri Surendra vikramarka Deva (the name Of
the prince).The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the lastmeeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members .
0 . B . Clarke,Esq . ,
M . A .
J . Wilson ,Esq .
Babu Dvij endranatha Thakura .
Harachandra Chaudhuri .Govindacumara Chaudhuri .
A . G ough , Esq .
56 Proceedings of the Asia tic Society . [MARCH
Nawab Ziauddin Ahmad Khan , B ahadur.W. Abbey, Esq .
E . B enedict, Esq ., C. E .
J . S . Isaac,Esq .
, C. E .
Benjamin Smith Lyman , Esq .,has expressed his wish to become
a life member of the Society, in conformity with rule 1 4 Of theBye
- laws Of the Society .
The following gen tlemen are candidates for ballot at the nextmeeting :
Dr . F . N . Macnamara (for re- election), proposed by the Hon’ble
J . B . Phear , seconded by D . Waldie , Esq .
Oscar Trefftz , Esq ., Calcutta , proposed by H . Blochmann
,Esq .
,
seconded by Dr . W . Waagen .
M . S . Howell, Esq . , proposed by C0 1 . Hyde, seconded by Dr .Stoliczka .
Capta in A . J . Filgatte, R . E .
,proposed by Col. Hyde, seconded
by Dr . Stoliczka .
Maj or J . M . Graham , proposed by Col. Hyde , seconded by Col.Tennant .Col. F . H . Rundall, R . E . , proposed by C0 1 . Hyde, seconded byDr . T . Oldham .
T . M . Bourn , Esq . ,Min ing Engineer, proposed by F . Fedden ,
Esq .
, seconded by Dr . T . Oldham .
W . J . Curtoys , Esq . ,proposed by the Hon
’ble J . B . Fhear, se
condedby H . H . Locke , Esq .
W . E . Ayrton , Esq . ,proposedby the Hon
’ble J . B . Fhear,se
condedby Col. Hyde .
Walter B ourne , Esq . C . E ., preposed by Dr . T . Oldham,
seconded by Dr . Stoliczka .
Mr . W. C . Bonnerj ea has intimated his desire to withdraw fromthe Society .
J . Schroeder , Esq .
,andLt .
-Col. C. Macgregor have resigned theirmembership on their leaving India .
The following letters were read1 . From the Secy.
,Trustees Indian Museum
,forwarding a cer
respondence on the earthquake felt in S ind on 28 th October, 1 8 7 0 .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
This correspondence is a copy Of one forwarded by the BombayGovt . to the Secy . of State for India .
— The Collector Of Shikarporereports that a severe shock of an earthquake was felt about a quarter to 3 P . M . on the 2 8 th October, 1 8 7 0 ; it lasted for about aminute . The earthquake was especially felt at Naushera , Larkhana
,Lubdurza , Mehur andKukur
,andthe shock is stated to have
been more severe in the hills than in the pla ins . A second butslighter shock was aga in felt at Nusseerabad, Tej e , Mehur and
Kukur on the 1 st November , 1 8 7 0 .
Another report from the Commissioner in S ind says that a slightshock was experienced at JacobabadandThOOle at about 2-30 P . M .
on the 28 th October, 1 8 7 0 .
A third report records a. severe shock of an earthquake at
Dadoo , lasting for about 5 minutes , at 2 P . M . on the 28 th
October,1 8 7 0 and a second slighter shock, lasting for about
one minute , was felt about 3 P . M . on the same day . The earthquake appears to have been experienced thr oughout the TalookaDadoo
,as various reports state that shocks have also been felt at
different times of the day andn ight on the 27 th,28 th and 29th
October,1 8 70 . NO serious damage appears to have been done .
2 . From Mr. J . H . Samuells addressed to,andcommuni cated
by, Col. Dalton .
Mr . Samuells reports that the temples near Harchoka in Chang
Bhokar are very extensive , but unfortunately some Of them are
a lmost entirely in ruins and the destruction by the annual floodsin the ra iny season goes on so rapidly
,that in another 1 00 years
many will have probably altogether disappeared . The inscrip
t ions are very much worn Off,but wha t rema ined preserved
,Mr.
Samuells had taken rubbings of, and also executed plans of the
different temples . The inscriptions appear to be in very Old Nagaricharacter .
The Council notified (in conformity with rule 1 3 B . of bye- laws)
that the names Of the following gentlemen have to be struck. Off
the list Of members for non-compliance with rule 1 3 of bye- laws.
A . G . Walker,Esq .
C. J . Wilkinson,Esq .
58 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. LMABCH ,
Dr . C. Williams .
C. B . G arrett, Esq .
F. J . Chambers,Esq .
Babu Nundolala Bose .
J . C. VVhi Shaw , Esq .
H . Duhan,Esq .
R . L . Martin,Esq .
J . W. Sherer, Esq .
Andthat the election of Sir Sherif til Omara,B ahadur
,be can
celled for non -payment of admission feeA lso that Rs . 1 203 due from the above gentlemen , together with
Rs . 204 , due to the Society from Kaliprasanna S inha , dead , andRs .
57 from Ramanarayana Tarkalankara , dead , andRs . 5- 1 0,due to
the Oriental Publi cation Fund from the last named,be written Off.
The Council reported that they have elected the following gen
tlemen to serve in the severa l Committees* during the ensuing
year .
Finance.
T . Oldh am,Esq . ,
LL . D .
E . Gay, Esq .,M . A .
COLA . A llan .
L ibrary.
T . Oldham , Esq .
,LL . D .
Col. A . Allan .
Babu Raj endraléla Mitra .
Dr . J . Anderson .
J . Wood-Mason , Esq .
Dr . Mohindralal S ircar .
G . Nevill,Esq .
Col. J . F. Tennan t .E . Gay, Esq .
, M . A .
E . C. Bayley,Esq . , C. S . I .
Babu Raj endralala Mitra .
C. Tawney, Esq .
The President and S ecretaries of the Society are ea-ojficio members Of allCommittees .
Proceedings of the A s iatic S ociety .
W . W . Hunter,Esq .
, LL . D .
Rev . J . Long .
Rev . K . M . Banerjea .
Dr . Mohindralal S ircar .Maulavi Kabiruddin Ahmad .
Maulavi Abdul Latif Khan .
NaturalHistory.
T . Oldham ,Esq .
,LL . D .
Dr . J . Fayrer , C. S . I .Dr. J . Ewart .H . F . Blanford, Esq .
W . T . Blanford, Esq .
W . S . Atkinson , Esq .
V . Ball , Esq .
H . B . Medlicott,Esq .
Dr . J . Anderson .
D . Waldie, Esq .
J . Wood-Mason ,Esq .
G . Nevill,Esq .
Dr . Mohindralal S ircar .
Physical S cience.
Lord Napier of Magdala , G . C. B . ,
Col. H . L . Thuillier,C. S . I .
T . Oldham ,Esq . ,
LL . D.
Col. J . F . Tennant .H . F . B lanford, Esq .
D . Waldie,Esq .
L . Schwendler, Esq .
Coins.
E . C. Bayley, Esq ., C. S . I .
Babu Raj endralala M itra .
Maj or F . W . Stubbs .
Rev . M . A . Sherring .
J . G . Delmerick,Esq .
60 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [MARCH,
Col. the Hon’ble R . Strachey made a commun ication to the effect,
that the Governmen t Of India have lately resolved to place 4 lacs ofrupees in depos it, which sum should be available for completingthe new Museum building . He regretted the delay which has beencaused in the construction Of the building and stated that it wasgreatly due to the financial difficulty in which the Government ofIndi a found themselves a short time ago . Col. Strachey mentionedthat the orig inal approximate estimate amounted to about 3 -
21 lacs of
rupees . This sum hadbeen sanctioned by Government, andthe workfor the new building was commenced . Subsequently the regularestimate came up and it amoun ted to about 7 lacs . After about 4 lacshadalready been spent, a revised estimate was called for, and thisrose up to about 1 0 lacs . It was , therefore , not surprising that theG overnment stepped in andenquired into the whole matter carefully,andthi s caused such delay that it became impossible to complete theMuseum within the appointed time
,23rdMarch, 1 8 7 1 . However
he (Col. Strachey) hoped that the present a ction taken by Government in the matter would bring the bui lding to its des ired completion at as early a date a s possible .
Col. Strachey’s commun ication was most favorably rece ived by
the meeting .
Mr. H . F . B lanford exhibited several barometric and othermeteorological curves andmade the following ObservationsThe di agrams that I have to lay before the meeting this evening ,will, I think, be interesting to the Society, as they exhibit in a gra
phic and readily appreciable form certa in important features ofour local Meteorology . Beyond this
,there is no especial connexion
between them each illustrates certain special points, some Of whichhave recently been discussed in the Society, and they must be re
garded as materials which have been generalized up a certain point ;representing facts which may be Of important service in any futurescientific treatment of our Meteorology .
The first sheet shews the mean diurnal variation Of some of
the principal Meteorolog ical elements at Calcutta for each month of
the year, as deduced from the hourly Observations recorded for 1 6years at the Surveyor General’s Office . These e lements are (1 ) the
62 P roceedings of tbe A siatic Society. [MARCH ,
the daytime and decrease towards early morning , forming a curveof s ingle variation . From September to May the curve is morecomplicated . It presents a rise for an hour or two after sunrise thenin most months a rapid anddeep depression to a min imum about3 or 4 P . M . ,
after which the rise is very rapid to 7 or 8 P . M . and
thereafter (in the hot months) gradua l to mi dnight . From thishour it falls again to sunrise . In December and January
,the
absolute minimum is at sunrise , in the other months in the afternoon ,
and i t is deepest in March, (the driest month). The absolute maxi
mum is in the even ing or at midnight from October to March, andinthe morning in April, May and June . The curve generally for all
these months may be described as one conforming to that of temperature , but with a deep notch cut out of it during the warmerhours of the day, thus producing two crests , of which the earlier isthe higher in the hottest months the later in the remainder . Thisform of curve is well known as characterizing a continental climate,andsomething s imilar, but much less in the relative and absolutemagni tude of the afternoon depression ,
obta ins at certa in stationsin the interior of Europe during the summer months . The curvesof saturated vapour pressure are g iven for comparison
,andthe
ratios of the two are shewn by the humidity curves which are almostan exact inversion of those of temperature . The temperatur ecurves are of the same general form throughout di ffering chieflyin the absolute magn itudes of their ordinates which are greatestin March
,the driest, least in July andAugust the dampest months .
The next set of curves that I have to exhibit are the diurnalbarometric curves for S imla , deduced from Maj or Boileau’
s hourlyobservations for 3 years . They are as regular and shew nearlyas great a range of tidal pressure as those of Calcutta , but withthis marked difference
,that in all months except July and August
the morning (4 A . M .) is the absolute min imum of the day . Thispeculiarity of the barometric curve has been noticed by Plantamour in the case of the Great Sa int Bernard, and is stated to be
characteristic of mounta in stations situated on ridges , as distinguished from stations on plateaux and plains . The explanationg iven , I believe , by him is that the lower strata of the a tmospherebeing heated, lift a larger proportion of the upper atmosphere above
Proceedings of the A sia tic S ociety .
stations in the positions of S imla andthe S t. Bernard,andso dimi
n ish relatively the loss of pressure due to overflow in the highes treg ions of the atmosphere . Plantamour
’s law of the dilference
between stations on ridges and those on table - lands is borne out
by our local experience,in so far that while Darj eeling , a ridge
station , in several months of the year has , like S imla,an absolute
minimum a t or about 4 A . M ., both Shillong feet andHuzari
baugh (2000 feet) which are on table - lands,have
,like Ca lcutta
,an
absolute min imum in the afternoon .
The next sheet to which I have to direct attention is one shewing the mean curves of pressure andtemperature for the year,as g iven by the mean da ily values of these elements at Calcuttafor 1 5 years . The temperature curve exhibits great irregularities
, as if there were a tendency to rapid changes at certainperiods . Father Secchi has noticed a s imilar result on discussing theRoman registers for a much longer period , and Mr . Buchan has
pointed out that the registers of Scotland show a tendency to therecurrence of warm andcold days a t certa in periods of the year.
It would,however , be premature to draw any such conclusion from
the registers of only 1 5 years .
I have here two sheets that shew the variation of the meanda ily pressure at a considerable number of stations
,for the years
1 8 69 and 1 8 7 0 . The northernmos t station is Roorkee,the son
thernmost Port B la ir . The chief noticeable feature that thesecurves present is the almost exact coincidence of all the ir irregularities , these be ing greatest at Roorkee andleast at Port B la ir . Thiscorrespondence ofthe barometric wavesandthe decrease in the amountof their variations in proceeding from north to south, was firstpointedout in the case of European sta tion s
,many years ago , I believe , by
Professor Dan iell ; andthe explanation of the phenomenon given byProfessor Dove is
,that the alternations of the crests and troughs
forming these irregular waves , depends on the prevalence of Polarandequatorial currents , the trade andantitrade currents which crossand alternate with each other in the Temperate Zone . Thesecurves shew that the same phenomenon is presented here in theMonsoon region at all periods of the year, the variations beingabsolutely less , however , than in Europe
,and decreasing in like
manner as the stations are in lower latitudes
64 Proceedings of tlie A s ia tic S ociety . [MARCH ,
Finally I have to bring to the notice of the Society a set of curvesshowing the mean diurnal variation of the wind for each monthof the year at Calcutta . These have been drawn up from a dis
ca ssion of 1 0 years’ observations at the Surveyor G eneral’s Office .
The observations are recorded only to eight points, m , N . NE . E .
SE,&c . ,
andI may remark how this very rough method of obser
vation suffices (when so long a period as 1 0 years is cons idered), toshew a regular variation ,
even when in some months it amoun ts tolittle more than one point of the compass . The diurnal variationof the wind appears at first sight somewhat anomalous , s inceCalcutta is at no very great distance from the sea , and i t mightbe expected that a s at coast stations , there would be a tendency toa southerly or sea breeze during the latter part of the day anda
land breeze at n ight . The case is,however, precisely the reverse .
The land wind at Calcutta,i . e .
, a WNW . wind prevails s tronglyduring the day, in the cold and hot weather months , and even inthe rains , when the variation is very small , the westerly tendency isstill man ifest ; while the southerly or sea breeze prevails or tends topreva il during the n ight . When the mean of the whole year is cousidered, it appears that theWNW. wind tends to set in about 1 0 A . M . ,
andto increase in force ands teadiness up to about 4 P . M .
,after which
the wind veers round rapidly to south , anda li ttle east of south, inWhich quarter it continues till midnight or 1 A . M . It then diminishesin force and there is a tenden cy to calm un til about sunrise . The
coincidence of the prevalence of the westerly wind with the periodduring which the barometric gradient is from west to eas t, owingto the advan ce of the afternoon min imum from the eastward
,sug
gests the cause of this phenomenon . It is true that this gradien tis absolutely small, and the loci of maximum and minimum are
separated by a quadrant of the earth’s circumference ; but the effectto be accounted for as the diurna l oscillation
,when deduction is
made of the mean monthly or annual componen t,is also small
,being
a predominance of 1 2 or 1 3 p er cent . only, and is probably not
greater than may be accounted for by the cause suggested, whichmust have some effect .Colonel the B ou’ble R . Strachey sa id that he thought the Society,
andindeed allpersons interested in the progress ofscience , were much
66 P roceedings of the A siatic Society) [MAncm
by a hygrometer, from the total pressure , indicated by the barome
ter,was to commit an act of folly . It mean t nothing . It repre
sen ted no physical fact . The vapour tension at the earth’s surfacewas not the result of the pressure of the particles of vapour in the
upper strata of the atmosphere,but of something quite different .
It was the measure of the resistance offered to the passage of thevapour particles in an upward direction by the air particles
,and
the superincumbent vapour particles together andthe condition of
the vapour in the upper strata proved that this resistance of the
air particles was very great, so that, roughly speaking , the vapourtension was commonly about four times a s great at any place as the
pressure from above of the vapour particles . Of course there weregreat local variations from any such rough general average , butthe average might be mentioned to show how senseless was the
subtraction of the observed vapour tension from the observed totalpressure .
Referring next to the local variation s of vapour pressure at Cal
outta , Col. Strachey remarked , that the only satisfactory way of considering such phenomena was in connexion with their physicalcauses
,and that most of the apparen t peculiarities , such as those
noticed by Mr . B lanford, might readily be expla ined when viewedin this mann er . H e (Col. S .) hadnot had the means of criticallyexamining the variations of vapour tension at Ca lcutta
, but he re
membered enough of the re sults of such an examination made byhim of the phenomena at Madras , to be able to indica te to the S 0ciety the kind of analysis of these facts tha t he had suggested . Thusit was observed a t Madras that at a certa in hour of the day a verysudden increase occurred in the quantity of vapour . This was at
once expla ined by the fact tha t at this hour the sea breeze becamee stablished . As the heat of the day increased, the wind blowingfrom over the sea brought in more vapour, anda maximum occurredin the afternoon . A s the temperature fell
, and the wind veeredlandward , the vapour became less, and when the land wind wasthoroughly es tablished , the vapour became much less, anda min imum was arrived at somewhere near the min imum of temperature .
But certa in subsidiary complications of this general rule were alsoobservable . After the sun rose , the heat, radiated to the earth ,
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
caused the rapid evaporation of any water , e ither a deposit of dewor pools of water &c ,
exposed to the rays of the sun . Thus a
rapid development of vapour began . But soon the a ir becamehea ted , and its capa city for vapour increased more rapidly thanthe process of evaporation could supply vapour . This caused the
a ir to become relatively drier . Like operations in the conversesense took pla ce in the even ing . Such results were more or lessvis ible in the observations made at various places that had comeunder his notice , but necessarily each locality would have its own
peculiar conditions, andwould show a special set of changes . Itwas , he thought, in some such mann er a s this that allMeteorolog ical phenomena should be looked into , with the intention of asoertaining as far as possible the precise physical causes of their component elements . A mere record of facts such as was commonly
put forward as a discussion of the Meteorolog ical phenomena ofany locality, could only be of use in a scientific point of view so
far as it was thus treated,andhe hoped that all observers would
bear this in mind .
The variations of the pressure of the atmosphere were next referred to . Col. Strachey sa id that he had little doubt that the double tide was simply the result of the hea ting power of the sun on
the atmosphere , though we did not distinctly know how the resultwas brought about . H e remarked that the explanation of thephenomenon involved the solution of a very difficult problem in hydrodynamics , and that he believed that it was only by the aidof ma
thematical science tha t any precise explanation could be given . He
regretted his own want of mathema tical knowledge andhoped thatsome of the mathematicians of India or Europe might be led to investigate the problem . It was , to ascerta in the effect produced , (onan elastic vapour atmosphere covering a sphere), by a source of
heat gradually moving round the sphere . The necessary result ofsuch a process could be genera lly stated with great case , but itsprecise mathematical expression was quite a different thing . The
Sun,the source of heat
,certa inly caused the expansion of the por
tion of the atmosphere between the meridians say of 8 o ’clock A . M .
and5 P . M ., anda general overflow of the upper parts of the atmos
pheric columns so expanded must take place to the east and the
68 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety . [MARCH,
west,causing a dispersion of air andconsequent reduction of pres
sure , n ear the centre of the heated space,
and a heaping up of air
and increase of pressure at its two margins . This he believed tobe the most likely explana tion of the two maxima and the intervening min imum of pressure . At the same time he must guardhimself by saying that the above was a very coarse and imperfectexplanation of the phenomenon ,
not intended to be put forward as
scientifically precise . As a fact the movement of the air particleswhich caused the diurnal tide of pressure was a wave movemen t,and not a real permanent movement of translation . This wasprovedby the circumstance that the tide of air pressure movedround the earth with the Sun andquite independent of the a ctualmotion of the mass of the atmosphere at the place of observation .
Col. S . referred to various peculiarities in the form of the curve of
diurnal pressure at various places,and offered comments on some
of them . H e particularly suggested the propriety of making careful observations at some small island , in an extensive sea areawithin the tropics , as a means of ascerta in ing the normal diurnalcurve in its simplest form . H e noticed the well known mechan icallaw of the possible co- existence of any number of waves in a fluidbody
,and sa id that
,no doubt
,many of the local peculiarities of the
barometrical curves,daily or other, were due to such superimposed
waves , andthat what the scientific observer had to do was to se
parate these and indicate the ir several causes .
Col. Strachey pointed out how the diurnal variation of pressurewas most marked when the diurnal variation of temperature was
greatest . Also how the da ily tide was best marked near the equa
tor,and gradually faded away towards the poles . He suggested
a s a sufficient explanation of this,that at the equator the force,
exerted by the sun in creating the wave action in the atmosphere ,continued const antly parallel to the actual motion of the air particles,forming the atmospheric wave as they revolved with the earth on
its axis,and that consequently the impulse was accumulated in an
intense degree , and a true a ccelerating force developed . As we
leave the equa tor this parallelism is departed from, the a ctualdirection of the air particles of the atmospheric wave be ing forcedinto a small circle of latitude
,so that the impulse caused by the
7 0 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [MARCH,
tainedover the laws of the ordinary diurnal change of temperature,
and to the study of these,he would express a hope , that Indi an
observers would apply themselves . The primary causes of thesechanges were simple enough . On the one s ide
,the Sun during the
day added to the heat of the air andthe earth,and on the other
the air andthe earth during the n ight threw off their heat intocelestial space . Very little wa s yet known of how these operationstook place
,or why it was that special laws of increa se anddecrease
of temperature governed each season or each locality . One of the
causes of such variations he might refer to , (a s be fore , rather inillustration of the general scope of his advice , than as an a ttemptto deal exhaustively with the subj ect), was the quantity of vapourin the air
,by reason of which its power of transmitting radiant
heat varied . As the air was dry, it transmitted more a s it wasfilled with vapour
,it transmitted less heat . Thus the diurnal va
riations both by day andn ight would increase in extent a s the air
was drier, andvice versa. Col. Strachey had examined the Madrasobservations with a view of ascertain ing how the matter was , afterthe suggestion hadbeen made by the researches of Professor Tyndall
, andthe result, as above stated, quite corroborated the laboratory experiments .
The diurnal winds of Upper India were very well known to all
persons acquainted with that part of the coun try . That they weredue to the da ily variation of the pressure he had little doubt . Theywere not confined to India at all
,andin truth extended all over
Southern Asia up to the Caspian . The correctness of this theoretical explanation of these diurnal westerly winds
,was, he thought,
quite confirmed by the circumstance that during the months of drywesterly wind a fa int ea sterly wind was common early in the
morning, showing that the high pressure to the east of the placeof observation hada similar effect to that produced to the west ofit . Of course as the actual course of the crest of the wave of pressur e was east to west
,andthe great fall of pressure was to the
east of the crest, the westerly wind must be the best marked .
It is important, Col. S . said, always to bear in mind that wind isnothing more than a consequence of inequality of pressure, and
,
therefore,commonly
,if not always , more or less directly of changes
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
of temp erature. It is a vulgar error to drop out of view the essen
tial change of pressure as the direct cause of wind , which shouldbe studiously avoided in Col. S trachey’s opinion by every scientificMeteorologis t . The study of the winds , with the view of obta iningthe precise explanation of the ir mechanical causes , is much to berecommended
,but here , as in all other like enquiries , the observer
must seek for true physical forces , and not permit himse lf to beblinded by the vague generalities which afllict this section of
meteorology as they do all others .
Closely connected with the winds is the subj ect of rain ,but on this
he (Col. S .)would not venture to say anything excepting that, of allthe phenomena with which meteorology affected to deal , this was
least understood , andmost involved in all sorts ofmiscon ceptions ofthe grossest description of the phys ical forces that were operative inits production .
In conclusion Col. Strachey sa id , he would earnestly exhort everyone who des ired to assist the progress of meteorology, to treat it insome such spirit as he had expla ined
,to abandon the misleading
dogmatism that had hitherto obstructed all rea l progress, and toseek for the precise , true , physical and mechan ical forces whi chproduce the phenomena that he studies .
The President briefly alluded to a few of the most importantmeteorological questions noticed by Col. S trachey, andexpre sseda hope that the time may soon arrive when it will be poss ible tocarry out the many valuable suggestions which Col. S trachey hasbrought forward .
The following papers were read
ON A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR DETECTING BAD IN SULATORS ON
TELEGRAPH LINEs, - by LOUIS SCHWENDLER, ESQ.
One of the many practical measures , and certa inly not one ofthe least important , introduced during the last few years with a
view of increas ing the efliciency of the Telegraph Department ,
72 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. LMAROH ,
is the establishment of a scientific system of testing all materialsand instrum ents employed on the line . Many practical resultshave already been obta ined therefrom ,
but it is not the obj ect ofthe presen t communication to enter into the details of this mostinteresting subj ect I will
,on ly point out one important fact that
has been established .
A great many lines in India contain electrically defective insulators
some to such an extent as to lower the insulation to a degree which is
fatal to the direct andregula r worhing of long lines .
Why such insulators could cre ep in, notwithstanding the care
taken in England to secure efficien t Telegraph Stores for India ,is a question with which I cannot deal at present, but which may
perhaps form the subj ect of a future paper , when more data havebeen collected .
’6
The very fact that electrically defective insulators , showing no
thing externally, do exist andare distributed over lines of suchvast extent
,has created the necessity of having a reliable method
by which such insulators can be detected,and other perfect ones
substituted with the least poss ible expense .
It is clear that such a method, if practicable , must be very sim
ple, andthe instruments used portable andhandy .1After some searching in this direction , the following methodWas
found to answer the purpose most satisfactorily .
The principle of the method is to produce magneto-electriccurrents through the resistance of the insulator under test, and to
measure these currents by the effect they have on the body of the
tester .
The cause for the low insulation of insulators seems to be the porousstate of some porcelain , through which a m inute quantity of water diffusesitself in time . When heating an imperfect insulator, it becomes always perfe
ct,
but immerging i t a suffi ciently long time in water, it becomes again imperfect .The leakage seem s to be invariably in this part of a porcela in which iscemented in the iron hood.
"i“ To use a deflection me thod is out of the que stion , because the still compara
t ivelyhigh resistance of insulators , which have to bedetec ted, wouldn ecess itatea. high electromotive force , and a very delicate G alvanometer
, which arrangements could not be made eas1 1y portable, as it is required when the tester proosede along a line .
74 P roceedings of the A siatic Society . [MARCH
The tester proceeds as followsAfter having cleaned the in sulator carefully, he removes tem
porarily the line from the insulator and hooks the leading wireN o . I to the iron hood and leading wire No . II to the bracket of theinsulator . He then turns the handle of the magneto ~ electric ma
chine with one hand,while one finger of the other is resting on
the knob m of clamp e.
As soon as he touches with the other finger the knob m/ of
clamp c’
,at the same time pressing it down , the metalic cir
cui t between 0 and m ’ is Opened,and the pos itive and negative
magneto-electric currents have to pass from one finger to the
other, and consequen tly , if strong enough , will give the tester sensible shocks , by which he is at once informed that the insulatorunder test is defective , and much under the fix ed standard of
insulation .
If the tester does not feel any current through his fingers , (acomparatively rough galvanoscop), he has only to repeat the ex
periment by placing his tongue on the knob m,while his hand
still presses the knob m/ down . If no current is felt by the testerthrough thi s most delicate galvanoscop , the tongue, he can restassured that the insulator is perfect for all pra ctical purposes .
By opening and closing the circuit alternately at the knob mthe tester has it in his power to allow at short in terval currents topass through hi s tongue , and consequently will be able to detectthe slightest induction currents .
The following experiments were made with insulators of knownresistance to ascerta in the highest limit by which the tongue isstill able to detect induction currents .
The currents in these experiments were produced by one of
S iemen ’s well known dial instruments
, the revolving bobbin of
which hada res istance 1 57 7 S .U
.
The absolute res istance of each insulator was first carefullymeasured in the ordinary manner
,without water in the porcela in
cups , andthe insulator afterwards tested by the method abovedescribed .
Proceedings of the A siatic Soc iety.
S . U . body , through the resrs tanc e of t he
insula to r unde r te st .
Distinct, but slight acid taste .
From these experiments it follows that all insulators offering a
resistance up to about 1 mill. S . U . can be detected by the fingers ,and those above 1 mill . andunder
/8 mills . can be unm istakably de
tected by the tongue . It appeared also that tongues of diflerentpersons were equally sen sitive , since several persons, Europeansandnatives , acknowledged the known acid taste
,even thr ough the
insulator No . 9,having mill. S . U . resistance .
The highest limit of the method could of course be in creased byfilling the revolving bobbin of the magneto - electric machi ne withmuch finer wire and increasing the number of permanent magnetshowever , this will be scarcely necessary
,because it seems to be a
fact that if an insulator has more than about 8 mills ,the res istance
is generally so high as to be practically infin ite and,therefore , a
S trong shocks felt by fingers .
Ditto ditto .
Ditto di tto .
Ditto ditto .
S light shocks felt by finge rs .
No shocks felt by fingers , but go odshocks through tongue .
No shocks felt by tongue , but a.
strong acid taste .
Ditto ditto.
Nothing felt by tongue .
Ditto ditto .
Ditto ditto .
Di tto ditto.
Ditto ditto .
7 6 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [MAReH,
greater sensitiveness of the instrument would only complicate themethod .
A s it is intended that the tester himself should turn the handleof the magneto-electric machine , he has it entirely in his power to
regulate the strength of the induction currents by turning fasteror slower, andas
,besides this
,he always begins the testing by at
first sending the currents through his fingers, no severe shocks cano ccur to him in the subsequent operation .
The method has also a safeguard in itself against carelesslyrej ecting good insulators, becaus e the tester will certa inly becareful in having the insulator properly cleaned before testing it,in order to avoid severe shocks .
There can also be scarcely any doubt that the tongue is thebest detector in this particular case
,because it is sufficiently
sensitive,never comes out of order and indicates almost momen
tary currents it is besides the cheapest instrument that could beused .
[Note] . This method,
may also with advantage be used fordetecting badj oints in a telegraph line . It is then only necessaryto connect the two ends of the j oin t to the two terminals of the
magnetoelectric machine , in such a way that the body of the testeracts as a shun t to the j oint .A j oint which offers a resistance of not less than 5 S . U . allows
a curren t to pass sufli ciently strong to be detected by the tonguebut if the j oint has a resistan ce of more than 200 S . U . the cur
rent passing is strong enough to be felt already by the fingers of
the tester .
Mr . W . E . Ayrton observed, that there is one point of excellencyin Mr . S chw endler
’s arrangemen t for detecting bad insulators
which, as Mr . Schwendler has not mentioned it, he should like to
say a few words about . Testing insulators by passing a currentthrough them is not new , but the curren t used for this purpose hasup to the present time been that obta ined from a galvanic battery ,andto observe such a curren t a most delicate galvanometer is re
quired. Now both a ga lvanic battery anda delicate galvanometerare in themselves most unportable
,the battery because it must be
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [MARCH,
The typical number of phalanges in the 2nd, 3rdand4th fingersof a bat is two in each digit ; this number is often exceeded in manygenera of Insectivorous bats by the addition of another short phalanx
,but in no genus , hi therto described , is the number less than
two . As the greatest breadth of a bat ’s wing is usually found bymea suring a long the 4th finger , it follows that , in this typical species where we findthe termina l phalanx of the 4th finger rudimen
tary, and the homologue Of the lst pha lanx only in other ba ts, (the
2nd and3rdphalanges be ing suppressed), the wing must be com
paratively extremely narrow . On account Of thi s remarkable nar
rowness of the wing , the author suggests to call the new genus
S tenop terns .
” The type species is from Darj eeling .
The new E'
erivonla differs from othe r allied species by certainpeculiarities in the shape Of the head, Of the ears &c . The specificname curate is proposed for it .
On I ndian andMalegan Telp hnsidw, by J . Wood-Mason,Esq .
The rece ipt Of the following communication was also announced .
Notes on birds observedin the neighbourhood of Nagp a’
cr , Kamp tz’
,
Central Provinces,Chzholdd and Ahold in B orer , by Lt . -Col. A . C.
McMaster, Madras S taff Corps .
LIBRARY .
The following additions have been made to the Library since themeeting , held in February last .
Presenta tions .
gs, Names of Donors in Capitals .
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Of London for
1 8 70 , vol . 1 60 , part I.—Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific papers ,
vol. IV .—THE ROY AL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Proceedings Of the Royal G eographical Society, vol. XVI, NO .
5 .— THE R . GEOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Journal Of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Nos . 47 and48 , B e tany 53 and 54 .
— Transactions Of the same , vol. XXVI,part 4,
XXVII,parts 1 and 2 .
—THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON .
G eschichtliche Ergebn isse der Aegyptologie .— Die Entfaltung
der Idee des Menschen durch dieWeltgeschichte .— S itzungsberichte
1 8 69,II . Heft iii~ iv ; 1 8 7 0 , I . H efte i- iv . Abhandlungen der Phi
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
losOphisch-Philologischon Classe , Band XII Abth . II ; der Mathe
matisch-Physikalisehen Olasse , Band X,Abth. III .
—BAY ERIsCIIE
AKADEMIE DER WIS SEN SCIIAFTEN zu Munchen .
Fossile Mollusken des Tertieer-Beckens von Wien , von Dr . M .
HO'
rnes .— K . K . GEOLOCIseHE REICH SAN STALT
,Wien .
Mémoires de la Société Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles deCherbourg , Tom . XIII andXIV.
— SOCIETE IMPERIALE DEs SCIENCESNATURELLEs DE CHERBOURG .
Monatsbericht, Novr . 1 8 70 .— Abhandlungen , 1 8 69.
— AKADEMIEDER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN .
Bulletin , Tom XV,Nos . 1 , 2 .
—Mémoires,TomXV
, Nos . 5 - 8 .
ACADEMIE IMPERIALE DEs SCIENCES DE ST. PETERsBOURG .
Tatvavali .— Pravoda Sataka
,by Chandrakanta Tarkalankara .
THE AUTHOR .
A revision Of the Terebratnlidw and .Mngnlidw, with remarks on
and description of some recent forms,by W . H . Dall .— THE AU
THOR.
La Langue et la Litterature Hindoustanies en 1 8 70 , par M .
Garcin de Tassy .— THE AUTHOR .
G eneral Report on the Panj ab Oil- lands,by B . Smith Lyman,
with 1 1 plates — THE AUTHOR .
Ueber das Ramayana,von A . Weber . — THE AUTHOR .
Journal of a Voyage up the Irrawaddy to Mandalay andBhamo ,by J. T . Wheeler .— THE AUTHOR .
Rahasya Sandarbha , NO . 63 .— BABU RAJENDRAL ALA M ITRA .
Annual Report on the Convict Settlement Of Port B la ir for 1 8 697 0 .
—THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA .
Annual Report on the Admin istration Of the B engal Pres idencyfor 1 8 69-70 .
— Report Of the Admi nistration of the N . W . Provincesfor 1 8 69-7 0 .
— Report of the Administration of the Registration Department in Bengal for 1 8 69 - The Cooch Behar Select Records,No . III.
— THE GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL .
Report on the Meteorology of the Panjab , for 1 8 69.— THE GO
VERNMENT OF THE PANJAB .
Exchange.
The Athenaeum,for December
,1 8 7 O.
The Nature, Nos . 62-65 .
80 Proc eedings of the A siatic S ociety .
Purchase.
Reisen in China von Peking zur Mongolischen Grenze, von Dr .
A . Bastian z— F . B opp’s Vergle ichende Grammatik -The L . E .
D. Philosophical Magazine , NO . 27 0 -Annals and Magazineof Natural H istory
,No . 37 — Zenker’s Dictionna ire Turc-Arabe
Persan ,Heft XVII — BOhtlingk und Roth’ Sanskrit-Wiirter
buch, Bogen 5 1 -60 .
8 2 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [APRIL,
sioner Of the H ill parts of Chittagong . It consists Of a great number Of small brass figures and two trees
,arranged on a wooden
block,nearly ten inches square andabout 1 % inch thick .
”
Amongst the figures will be found men engaged in acting , whi chconsists in repre sentations of fights, attacks on ,
or by,wild beasts ,
the proceedings Of war parties , &c . Their s ing ing is a low monotonous
,buzzing chant, often accompan ied by the music of drums
,small
gongs, andof a wind instrument whi ch in appearance,and sound ,
strongly resembles the bagpipe . Liquor making , dancing, fishing ,shooting , smoking &c . are also shown .
”
On the trees are figures of birds , andanimals , such as the Tou
can, andthe long -armed black ape or Hooluck.
’
The method of fasten ing the bison , (B os Ganrns),which an ima lis domesticated by the Lushais , will also be Observed .
”
The B ison is kept for the sake Of his flesh and,as he represents
a description of Lusha i curren cy, he is much used in barter .It is also worthy of. remark that, while the Lusha is will eat al~
most anything under the sun,they will not touch milk
,which they
consider to be excrement . ”
4 . From Lieut . W . Miller, M . N . I.— an egg Of Megap odius
Nicobariensis from Kamorta island andthe carapace Of a remarkablyshaped Pagurid Crab from one of the small N icobar islands .
From Capt . J . V . Falle, —a skin Of the great Albatross, D iomedeacantons, Linn . , shot Off the Cape .
The following gentlemen duly proposedandseconded at the lastmeeting were balloted for andelected ordinary members
Dr F . N . Macnamara, (re—election).
Oscar Trefftz, Esq .
Capt . A . J . Filgatte , R. E.
Maj or J . M. Graham .
0 0 1 . F. H . Rundall .T . M . Bourn , Esq .
W . J . Curtoys, Esq .
W . E . Ayrton , Esq .
W. Bourne, Esq .,C. E.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ba llot at the next
meeting :
Proceedings of the A siatic Society . 8 3
Babu Kaliprasanna Ghosha , proposed by Babu Rij endraléla
Mitra,seconded by Mr . H . Blochmann .
Capt . B . Rogers , B . S t . C.
,proposed by Mr. J . Wood-Mason
,
seconded by Col. H . Hyde .
C . F . Bligh, Esq .
,proposed by G . Nevill, Esq .
,seconded by J .
Wood-Mason,Esq .
Ch . Sanderson , Esq ., proposed by the Hon
’ble J . B . Phear
,
seconded by H . H . Locke,Esq .
The following members have intimated their desire to withdrawfrom the Society .
Dr . S . C. Mackenzie .
R . J. Leeds, Esq .
Letters were read1 . From Mr . St. John On some North Arracan Celts .
Mr. St. John gives outlines of several celts in hi s collection . One
large form is from Upper Burma and, in having a short abruptshoulder, resembles the Burmese ce lts describedandfigured by Mr.
Theobald in the Proceedings Of the Society for 1 8 69, p . 1 8 1 &c ., ple.
ii i and iv . Two other celts are from the hills in North Arracan and
are in form andsize very similar to those figured in the Proceedingsfor 1 8 70
, pls . iii andiv . One Of them has the lower edge sharpenedfrom both sides
,the other only from one . A fourth outline repre
sents a long iron hatchet, of the shape of a broad chi sel it is stillin use by the Arakanese in being simply put through a hole at the
endOf a stick Of a male bamboo .2 . A letter was also read from Mr . E . C . B ayley, C . S . I. ,
re
g arding a G oldmuhur , struck by Firdz Shah Zufar in A . H . 7 9 1 .
The coin appears to be unique . A drawing of it will appear in thephilological part of the Journal together with Mr . Bayley’s notes .
The following papers were read1 . ON INDIAN AND MALAYAN TELPHUSIDZE, by J. Wood-Mason
,
Esq . (Abstract . )The author gave a general sketch of the organ isation of Telp husa
indica andnoticed its relation to the two other known species Of thegenus , T. Lesehenanltii and Guerini. He also referred to the de
scriptions Of 1 5 new species Of which two belong to M ilne -Edwards ’
8 4 P roceedings of the A siatic Society. [APRIL,
subgenus Paratelphnsa , occurring in Eastern B engal, which provincepossess a decided Malayan character in its fauna . Some remarks onthe distribution Of the various species were a lso made .
Dr . Stoliczka observed that the results at which Mr . Wood-Masonarrived regarding the geographical di stribution of the Indi an landcrabs are particularly interesting , because they were Obtained independently Of the examination of other groups of animals . This waschiefly due to Mr . W . T . B lanford in having pointed the distinotions existing between the Indian and Malayan fauna within the
geographical area which we usually designate India . Many Of thedetails on the subj ect are given in Mr . Blanford’s paper on theCen tral Indian Reptiles , published in last year’s Journal . It is , Dr .Stoliczka stated, natural enough that Burma , Eastern B engal ,stre tching along the slope s Of the H imalayas up to Nepal
, shouldposse ss a fauna very closely alli ed to that Of the Malayan pen insulaandthe neighbouring islands , but it is difli cult to expla in how thesame Malayan forms have come into exis tence on nearly all the
higher ranges Of hills in South India , a long the Malabar coast,and
even on some perfectly isolated hills,while the interven ing part of
the lower coun try possesses an Indian fauna with a prevalence of
African type s . Reliable data regarding the di stribution of the
animals, particularly in India , are as yet very scanty,andcarefully
drawn up lists Of those Observed in various districts are muchn eeded
,that we may be able to expla in the peculiar phenomenon of
the isolation of the Malayan fauna in some parts of Southern India .
It does not appear improbable that the fauna Of India was at
some remote perio d chiefly, or altogether, Malayan, andthat it had
been more or les s destroyed in those parts which were affected bythe enormous volcan ic eruption s
,char acterized as the trappean
formation Of Central andN . W . India . It must have been somewhere about that time when a commun ication was established between India andAfrica , andwhen African forms were enabled totravel eastwards andatta in a firm hold in India . The immigrationfrom the West must have been considerable
,for it seems to have
greatly checked the further development of the Malayan fauna,
which remained preserved only on the more elevated hills,chiefly
those consisting Of gneissous andother metamorphic rocks . It is also
8 6 Proceedings of the Asiatic S ociety . LAPRIL ,
TO this list should be added(as is evident from certain remarks ofMr . Torrens) a complete series Of the minutes Of the Governors OfChinsur a . Mr . Torrens says The latter must undoubtedly
,I
think,have been Of very considerable historical importance and
I venture to beli eve that the Society will agree with me tha t someOf the series described in the accompanying list may probably befound to be of very high scientific value . The G overnment of H isMaj esty the King of the Netherlands is well known for its liberalencouragement of science ; and it is very probable that , if the So‘
ciety should think the matter Of sufficient importance to warrantits being mooted, copies Of the more important documents transferred from Chinsura , might be obta ined without much difficultyfrom the Record Department at the H ague .
It may be worth while here to adda brief account of the circumstances of this transfer— an account which I have gleaned from the
Records Of the Judge’s Court at Hooghly . It may be rememberedthat , at the time when Chinsura andother Dutch possess ions on theContinent of India were exchanged for the B ritish settlements inSumatra , in 1 8 24, a Dutch Officer (named the Fiscal) at Chinsurawas , under the terms Of the Treaty, taken into British employ, apparently to protect the in terests Of former Dutch subj ects . ManyOf the Old Dutch Records were reta ined in his custody ; possiblyallwere so retained, but on this point I have not been able to Obtain certa in information . On the death of this offi cer
-
in 1 8 52,the
G overnmen t Of Netherlands’ India expressed a wish “ to be fur
n ished by an early Opportun ity with the Dutch Records appertaining to the late Oflice of the Fisca l Of Chinsura .
” After some correspondence , the G overnor-G eneral ordered
,on the 3 1 st Dec .
1 8 53, that all records possessing any general historical interestshould be sent to Calcutta to be handed over to the Dutch authori
ties ; all records having only local importance , and generally all
those in B engali , being reta ined in the Judge ’s Ofli ce .
W ith regard to the contents of the more important recordsenumerated in the appended listNO . 57 is a book conta in ing a Note ofWarren Hastings on the
c apture of the Fort and Town of Chinsura in 1 7 8 1 . This may
very possibly prove to be merely a copy of,or an extract from
,a
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
Record of the Calcutta Foreign Office , which was established in
1 7 8 3 .
NO . 42, conta ins 2 1 volumes of Journals and Minutes Of theadmin istration from 1 7 7 3 to 1 8 05 this would in all probabilityfurnish materials for a fairly complete history ofNetherlands’ Indiafor that period .NO . 1 2 is a packet containing copies of 5 firmans permitting theDutch to trade in the provinces of Oudh, Allahabad, and Agra .
The dates are not given .
NO . 8 is a packet containing documents respecting transfer of
some premises at Dacca from the French authorities to the Dutchin 1 674 . This is
,I fancy
,the earliest mention that we have of
the French being settled in B engal . The India House Records(calendared by Mr . Bruce) mention the arrival Of a French fleetunder Admiral de la Haye , in the B ay of B engal in 1 67 3 ; and
S tewart says that the French settled here about 1 67 6 .
No . 6 contains two Perwanas under the seal Of Vizier SadoolahKhan respecting a house at Pa tna .
No . 4 contains documents respecting the acquisition Of land atBaranagore by the Dutch in 1 68 0 .
No . 3 conta ins copies Of grants respecting lands at Pipley and
Balasore , in 1 67 6 .
In conclusion,I may perhaps be pardoned, if I venture to call the
attention of the Society to a fact which must have frequently at
tracted the notice of many Of its members - I mean , the immensehistorical value Of many Of our Mofussil Records (especially thosepreserved at places Of historical note like Hooghly, Burdwan and
Dacca,)which are yearly crumbling away andbecoming lost toscience for ever
,through lack of the most ordinary precautions for
securing their preservation . I believe that in no other coun try inthe world, possessing a civilised Government
,is so little care be
stowed On the preservation Of the materials for its history ; andinno country is there a greater need for such precautions as can be
devised by the skill Of the archivist . With regard to accessibility,our Mofussil Records ar e practically
,for all purposes requiring
extensive research , absolutely closed to the student ; for whilst theyare scattered in scores of remote and insecure hiding -places, with
8 8 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [APR IL,
out indexes or calendars worthy Of the name , and in the custodyOf record-keepers Of no scientific skill and comparatively little in
telligence, the search for a single fact would not unfrequentlyinvolve the wa ste Of years, andyears Of hard labour . Moreover
,
he annual destruction of valuable documents that must gO on in a
climate,like that of B engal, must be enormous . A memoran dum
,
written by the late Mr . Piddington ,is noted by Mr . Torrens, (then
S ecretary Of the Asiatic Society ), as a paper of very great value ,andis printed in the Journal Of the Society for July 1 8 46. It indicates some Of the peculiar dangers to which documents are exposedin India , owing to the deleterious nature of some Of the ingredientsOf the ink generally used
,and to other causes . The dangers re
sulting from the dampness Of the climate from the ravages of
white -ants,rats, book-worms , and other vermin ; from decay from
mutilation,inflicted e ither intentionally, or through i gnorance or
carelessness from fire &c .
— all these are sufficiently Obvious . It willbe within the recollection Of the Society that a valuable collectionof Oriental manuscripts , the property of Government, was recen tlydamaged by ra in ; when a circular was issued by the Home Department
,ordering that in all annual reports made by Officers in
charge of public libraries, museums , or collections,it should be
specially stated whether Or not the whole Of the property is safeand in good condition . The present methods adopted in the preservation Of allMofussil Records are of such a nature that it isimpossible that any documents can long remain in good condition .
I believe that it was found, a short time ago , that the Collectora teRecords at Jessore hadbeen so extens ively tampered with by interestedparties
,that the evidence of any of these documents was
held to be almost worthless ; andI have heard many district Officersof experien ce state their beli ef that a similar state of things existsin many, if not in most of the Mofussil Record-Offices . It wasstated last week in the P ioneer that the Records of the cutcherry at Ermakulam are at present inaccessible , owing to the
number Of the venomous serpents that have taken up their abodeamongst them.
The Records are generally placed in common wooden almirasfastened by ordinary padlocks, andplaced in rooms Of more or less
90 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [APRIL ,
4 . 1 packet containing documents in Persian re specting transferOf some land in Buranagore, by one Ramepur Mozoomdar to the
Dutch authorities in 1 08 8,Hidgree .
5 . 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting the purchase of a parcel of ground, Cassimbazar , dated 1 9th January, 1 7 50 .
6 . 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting the
purchase Of two houses at Patna, and copies of two Purwanahswith seal Of Vizeer Sadoollah Kh an , awarding possession of the
houses to a Dutch G eneral, (no name mentioned).7 . 1 packet containing document in Persian ,
respecting the
proprietory title Of a house at Dacca, which formerly belonged toone Mehdee Alli Khan (date andyear not mentioned).8 . 1 packet conta ining documents , dated the 25th September,
1 674,in Dutch and Persian , relative to the making over garden
land with premises at Dacca,by the French Authorities .
9. 1 packet conta ining documents in Persian , and Bengalee,
respecting purchase of some land in B eestOOpore, zillah Moorshe
dabad, dated the 23rdDecember , 1 7 72 .
1 0 . 1 packet containing documents in Dutch , Bengalee andPer
s ian,respecting transfer Of a water-course at Kalkapore to the
Dutch Government .1 1 . 1 packet containing a deed of sale anda pottah in Persian
andBengalee, of a certa in quantity of land at Cassimbazar, grantedto Mr. T . M . Ross on the 2lst instant, 1 1 8 1 , B . S .
1 2 . 1 packet containing copies Of 5 Firmans permitting the
Dutch to trade in the provinces Of Oude, Allahabad, and Agra ,dated 1 st February .
1 3 . 1 packet containing documents respecting a house at Balasore .
1 4 . 4 Prothocoles in Dutch , marked A ,B,D andE respective to
Patna andCassimbazar from 1 7 63 to 1 7 8 5 .
1 5 . 1 Prothocole in Dutch , during the incumben cy Of W. F .
Van Citters from 1 8 1 7 to 1 8 1 8 .
1 6 . 2 ditto in Dutch Of the Resident for 1 823 and 1 8 24 .
1 7 . 1 Diary in Dutch from 1 8 1 8 to 1 8 23 .
1 8 . 1 Order book in Dutch from 1 8 20 to 1 8 22 .
1 9 . 1 Account-current book in Dutch,1 7 93-4 .
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society .
20 . 1 Journal book in Dutch,1 7 93-4 .
2 1 . 1 packet containing in Dutch rules for prosecuting actionsin Europe Courts .
22 . 1 B ook Of certificates in English regarding sale Of JapanCopper, &c . ,
commencing from 28 th August 1 8 1 8 to 7 th Feb . 1 8 20 .
23 . 1 Register of certificates in Dutch and English respectingpurchase Of a ship and other property by a Dutch gentlemannamed L . Christianson on the 7 th January, 1 8 22 .
24 . 1 Batavia , account- current book in Dutch for 1 794-5 .
25 . 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto .26. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto .
27 . 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto .2 8 . 1 Amsterdam ditto ditto ditto .29. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto .
30 . 1 Register of Pensioners in Dutch .
3 1 . 1 Regulations respecting B atavia in Dutch for 1 8 1 9 .
32 . Register of Minutes respecting Batavia in Dutch from 1 8 20
to 1 8 25 .
33 . 1 Book containing orders for the Police in Dutch for 1 8 1 7 .
34 . 1 Widow Fund Regulation B ook in Dutch for 1 8 1 7 .
35 . 1 Military Widow Fund Book in Dutch for 1 8 1 7 .
36. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1 8 22 .
37 . 1 Civil Widow Fund B ook in Dutch for 1 8 20 .
38 . 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1 8 22 .
39. 1 B ook containing receipts in English Of Despatches ad
dressed to the G overnor-G eneral of Balavi .40 . 1 Instruction Book in Dutch (date andyear not mentioned).4 1 . 2 1 Principal Ledgers in Dutch from 1 7 7 3 to 1 8 06 .
42 . 2 1 Journals andMinutes in Dutch from 1 7 7 3 to 1 8 05 .
43 . 8 Orphan Account Books in Dutch from 1 8 1 8 to 1 8 25 .
44 . 1 2 Books contain ing letters rece ived and copies of letterssent in Dutch from 1 7 7 5 to 1 8 2 1 .
45 . 7 Books containing orders re specting Batavia in Dutch,
1 7 1 8 - 1 9 to 1 8 25 .
46 . 4 Sequestratic or Account B ooks in Dutch from 1 7 8 9 to1 8 1 4 .
47 . 8 Castors or expense books in 'Dutch from 1 7 99 to 1 8 1 4 .
92 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [APRIL,
48 . 3 Regula tion B ooks in Dutch from 1 7 50 to 1 7 66.
49 . 2 Books contain ing statute for Batavia in Dutch from 1 664
to 1 669.
50 . l Chinsura Police Regulation B ook in Dutch for 1 7 6 15 1 . 1 Memorial of the Residents of Chinsura
,in Dutch, from
1 8 1 9 to 1 8 22 .
52 . 1 Book contain ing Proceedings in English andDutch of the
Dutch Court at Chinsura from 1 8 1 5 to 1 8 1 753 . 1 Memoir Book in Dutch .
54 . 3 Books containing Copies of letters in Dutch on varioussubj ects .
55 . 2 G eneral Muster Rolls in Dutch shewing the names of
Offi cers appointed by the Dutch G overnment of Chinsura .
56 . Correspondence on various subj ects in Dutch and Englishbetween the Dutch authorities andEnglish Commissioners .
57 . One B ook containing extract from the Proceedings Of theHon
’ble Warren Hastings, Governor-General , relative to the cap
ture of the Fort andTown Of Chinsura , 1 7 8 1 .
5 8 . 1 B ook containing letters andreceipts in Dutch from 1 797
to 1 798 .
59. 2 B ooks contain ing letters Of Colonel Van Citters in Dutch .
60 . 2 Books containing copies Of correspondence between the
Dutch Governors ofChinsura andBatavia from 1 7 92 to 1 795 .
6 1 . 2 Registers of letters in Dutch and English Of the 2nd
Resident on various subj ects,1 8 1 7 .
62 . 6 Various account B ooks in Dutch .
63 . 20 Reg isters of letters in Dutch on various subj ects .
64 . 1 B atavia account - current book in Dutch .
65 . 3 Accoun t Books in Dutch from 1 8 1 7 to 1 8 2 1 .
66 . 1 Register Of letters and accounts in Dutch and Englishrelative to the oldChurch at Chinsura .
3 . ON A QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF TESTING A“ TELEGRAPH
EARTH ,
” by W . E . Ayrton , Esq . (Abstract .)The method used up to the present time for testing a telegraph
earth has been qualitative only . As, however, the electrical condi
tion of every “earth” is of great practical importance, it is
94 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [APRIL,
Rahasya Sandarbha, Vol. 6,NO . 64 — BABU RAJENDRALALA
M ITRA .
Ramayana , Vol. II, No . 6, edi ted by Hemachandra Bhatta
charya— THE ED ITOR .
Records of the Geological Survey Of India, Vol. IV, part ITHE GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY OF INDIA .
Report on the Revenue Survey Operations of the Lower Provinces , for 1 8 69-7 0 — G eneral Report of the Revenue Survey operations Of the B engal Presidency upper circle , 1 8 69-70 z— THE SUR
VEY OR GENERAL OF INDIA.
G eneral Report on the Operations Of the Great Trigonometrica lSurvey Of India, 1 8 69- 7 0
’ — SUPERINTENDENT OF THE G . T . SUR
VEY OF INDIA .
Report on the Revenue Survey Operations in B ritish Burma,1 8 69-7 0 —Selections from the Records of the Government of India,Home Department
,No . LXXII — Selections from the Records of
the B engal Government , P . W . D . No . I — Report on the Administration of the Salt Department 1 8 69-7 0 — Palaeontologia Indi ca ,Vol. III, NOS . 1 -8 —THE G OVERNMENT OF BENGAL .
Flora Sylvatica , by Maj or R . H . B eddome , part VI — San itaryandMedical report on .the settlemen t Of Port B lair
,Andamans
,
for 1 8 69 — THE GOVERNMENT OF IND IA .
Purchases .
Grimm’s Deutsches Worterbuch , B and XV . Lieferung 1 0
The Calcutta Review, April 1 8 7 1 z— Hewitson’s Exotic Butterflies
,
part 7 7 — The Annals andMagazine of Natural H istory,No . 3 8
—The American Journal of Science , January 1 8 7 1 — The L . E .
and D . Philosophi cal Magaz ine , NO . 27 1 —The Ibis,January
,
1 8 7 1 z— Conchologia Indica , part 2 .
E rrata in the M arch andAp ril numbers of the P roceedings .
56 line 1 4 from above read A . P. Howell, Esq . for M . S . Howell, Esq .
1 6 Capt . A . J . Filgate, Capt . A . J . Filgatte .
22 T. M . Bourne, Esq . T. M . Bourn, Esq .
32 ditto ditto2 possesses possess7 It was This was
94 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [APRIL ,
Rahasya Sandarbha, Vol. 6,NO . 64 z— BABU RAJENDRALALA
MITRA .
Ramayana , Vol. II, NO . 6,edi ted by Hemachandra Bhatta
charya—THE EDITOR .
Records Of the G eological Survey Of India, Vol. IV, part ITHE GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY OF INDIA .
Report on the Revenue Survey operations of the Lower Provinces , for 1 8 69-7 0 —General Report Of the Revenue Survey operations Of the B engal Presidency upper circle , 1 8 69-70 z— THE SUR
VEY OR GENERAL OF INDIA .
G eneral Report on the Operations Of the G reat Trigonometricalfl 1 QRO _
'7 fl nw ,
'l‘flm G " T l S TIR
— ~o
andD. PhilosOphical Magazina
e,— The Ibis
, January,1 8 7 1 z— Conchologia
‘Indica,part 2 .
96 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [MAY,
(Extract from the Proceedings of the Boston Society of NaturalH istory) andNote on transversely striated muscular fibre amongthe Gastrop oda, (from the American Journal Of Science and Arts,Vol. I, February7 . From Rev. H . Gundert,— a copy Of prospectus of a Malaya
lam andEnglish Dictionary.
8 . From Babu Raj endr alala Mitra— a dried specimen Of a new
species of S cincus. (For a description of the species see p .
This specimen was Obta ined by Babu R. Mitra from a Kashmir merchant
, who stated that he brought the same from '
Arabia .
The lizard is largely used medicinally in various diseases , andisparticularly highly valued as an aphrodisiac by the Muhammadans .
It is commonly known under the names Of regmdhi, or the sandfish,
regsédah, or the descendant Of sand, and sugungi’
ir,which word is
said to be Of Greek origin . Sein es, and also the common greenEuropean lizards
,had been formerly largely used by medi aeval
European physicians , who attributed to them most wonderfulmedicinal virtues in all kind of di seases .
In India the seine is taken in the form of a paste mixed withsaffron
,cardamum and other Spices , or in the form Of a powder
with beetle leaf, but i t is never prescribed by H indu physicians .
The following gentlemen were elected ordinary membersA . P . Howell, Esq .
B abu Kaliprasanna Ghosha .
Capt . B . Rogers, B . S . C.
C. F . B ligh, Esq .
Ch . Sanderson , Esq .
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the nextmeetingCapt . 0 . Stewart Pratt
,Adjt . 34, N . I.
,Morar, proposed by Mr.
Wood-Mason,seconded by Col. H . Hyde .
Moulavi Hab iburrahman , proposed by Mr . Blochmann, secondedby Babu Raj endralala Mitra .
J . W . Alexander,Esq . ,
proposed by Dr . T . Oldham,seconded by
Dr . F . Stoliczka .
Babu Gangaprasad S inha , proposed by Mr . H . Blochmann ,
seconded by Maulavi Kabiruddin .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society .
Bi bu Ramakrishna Dasa , proposed by Mr. H . Ble chmann,
seconded by Moulavi Kabiruddin .
The President reported that the Council had elected Dr . F.
Stoliczka as a Trustee Of the Indian Museum,on behalf of the So
sc iety, in place ofDr . S . B . Partridge who has resigned his trus teeship on leaving India .
The President also commun icated a proposition of the Councilthat Oh. Darwin, Esq . be elected an honorary member of the
Society.
The President sa id that according to the provisions Of Rule 6 of
the Bye- laws of the Society
,the Coun cil should
,in the case of a pro
position for the election of an honorary member, state the grounds
on which the recommendation is based .
In the present case,the President thought it would scarcely be
necessary to say anything more in support of the propos ition of
the Council , than to recall the very great influence whi ch the worksOf the author of the Orig in of species , ’ Animals andplants underdomestication’ and the Descent of Man
’hadupon the study Of
natural hi story in every one Of its branches . Few can cla im sucha thoroughly phi losophi cal treatment Of natural hi story, as Ch.
Darwin , who is justly styled the naturalist Of the day.
The ballot will take place at the next meeting Of the Society .
The following letters were read1 .From Maj or Stubbs— on a Muhammadan coin .
Mr . Blochmann said — The coin of whi ch Maj or S tubbs has senta rubbing , is a most curious one . It was struck in A . H . 1 202
,
(A . D ., 1 7 8 8 ) by Muhammad Bedar Bakht, whom the notorious
Ghulam Qadir, on the 22nd Shawwzil, 1 202 (26th July, 1 7 8 8 )placed upon the throne Of Dihli . The reign Of thi s puppetking, who was a son of Ahmad Shah , was of short duration .
When he was first brought forward, Shah’A'
lam (II.) was stillupon the throne . Ghulam Qadir, sword in hand , made himdescend, and sent him to his apartments, andthree days later madethe new emperor inflict corporal punishment upon his venerablepredecessor . He used to lounge on the throne, s ide by sidewith Bedi r Bakht, ] whom he covered with abuse and ridicule,
98 Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
’
[MAY,
a s he“
smoked the huggah into his face andon the 1 2th day afterthe accession , he destroyed the same throne for the plating whichstill adhered to it . On the 7th September, 1 7 8 8 , Ghulam Qédi rleft Dilhi, sending Bedar Bakht before him, and threw himself ia ~
to the fort OfMirat . On the 2 1 st December, he was attacked bythe Mahrattas under RanaKhan andDe B oigne, anddi strustful Ofhi s Pathans, he escaped the next day, when he was caught and sent
prisoner to Sindiah. Bedar Bakht was carried to Dihli, where hewas confined andultimately slain fi
A drawing of the coin will be published in the Journal .
2 . From Babu Rashbihari Bose, —dated Banka , 8 th April, 1 8 7 1 ,“ I have at last seen the H indu work on Kh arakp iir, which I
have repeatedly men tioned to you, but instead of be ing a H istoryofKharakpur , as I had expected it to be, it is unfortunately filledwith descriptions Of the beauty of six hundred Ranis of one Ofthe Rajahs Of Kharakpur . The only thing in teresting in it is theline Of successmn it gives Of the Rajahs, which is as follows
1 . Sangram Shéhl
2 . Toral Mall .
3 . Bihr t’
iz S ingh .
4 . Tahawwur S ingh .
5 . Kaiqobad.
I6 . Afzun .
7 . Muzafl'
ar’Ali .
It is this last Rajah who owned 600 Ranis . The author Of thework is one B rahmo Dutt Chobay, a native of Ch
’hetar (in my Sub:
Division), who wrote in Fa‘lgoon , 1 8 07
, Sambat, when the Rajahwas living . From the work it would appear tha t the KharakplirRaj ahs trace the ir descent from the Solar race of the Kendowar
caste .
‘
It is plain from the above table that Toral Mall is identical withthe Rajah whom the Muhammadan H isto rians call Roz-afzdn , so
hamed after his conversion to Islam . According to popular le3“ Vide
'
Keene’s Mogul Empire, pp . 1 72 to 1 83.
1 00 Proceedings of the A siatic Soc iety. [MAY ,
g anj from Qi dir
’Ali,Afzunganj from Afzdn
,and Iqbélganj
from Iqbal’
Ali.
3 .There are at present no Rajahs of Kharakpiir in the di s
trict, all the ir es tates including the jag irs granted by the em
peror having been sold a few years ago by Mr . Latour by publi cauction
,whi ch led to long and harassing litigation . There are
some illegitimate chi ldren of the last Rij ah still surviving . I may
a s well mention here th e remain ing Raj ahs Of Kharakpdr subse
quent to the table given above Faiz ’Ali succeeded Muzafl‘ar’Ali
,andwas succeeded by Qadir ’Ali
,who was succeeded in hi s
turn by Iqbal’Ali , who aga in was succeeded by Rahmat ’Ali
,
with whom the line became extinct . ”
The following papers were readI .— STY T.E OF DRESS IN ANCIENT IND IA , by Babu Réjendr alala
Mitra ,Buchanan Hamilton ,
in hi s “ Eastern India,
” first started theOpinion that the an cien t Hindus knew not the art Of preparingneedle -made dresses and it has s in ce been adopted by Dr . ForbesWats on , Mrs . Manning , Dr . John Muir and others . The pre
mi ses , however, on whi ch thi s Opinion is founded, appear to beuntenable . Men tion is made Of the needle and sewing in the Rig
Veda , which dates fr om twelve centuries before the Christian era
according to the lowest computation , and th e existence Of thosewords in the langua g e cannot be ac counted for
,except on the sup
pos ition that the people who used them knew and had what theymeant . It is als o argued that it is very unli kely, that the heroes of
the Vedie age, who were able to forge , and were in the habit of
using, armour andma il coats, never came to the idea of fashi oningtheir clothes in to made dresses . References are likewise made tothe Ramayana , the Mahabhérata andother an cient Sanskrit works toshow that they allude to dr esses whi ch could not have been otherthan needle-made andshaped . The most overwhelming proofs on
the subj ect are , however, met with in sculptures . Though the bulkof the human figures at Sanchi, Amaravati andOrissa are nudes orsemi -nudes , still there are some whi ch bear unmistakeable evidenceof the antiqui ty Of Indian made dresses . Among the
.
Sanchi basreliefs there are several figures dressed in tunics which could never
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
have been fashioned without the aidof needles those Of the two
archers , one of them the Buddh ist King , Piliyuk Of B enares , figuredin Mr . Fergusson
’s
‘Tree and Serpent Worship , ’ (plate xxxvi)are particularly remarkable, inasmuch as the chapkans there shownare peculiarly H indu, and the like Of them has nowhere elsebeen seen . On a Buddhist rail-post from Buddha G aya whichprobably dates from a time earlier than the Sanchi ra il , and
which is now preserved in the Indian Museum, there are two
figures fully dressed from the neck to the middle of the leg
in a garment whi ch appears strongly like the j rimci of the presentday . At Amaravati , there ar e also several figures dressed in
tunics which owe their shape to the tailor’s art . (Vide Fergusson ’s
plates lxvi,lxxxiv). The Orissan sculptures Offer even more
positive proofs . In the Queen’s palace (Ran i Nour), among the
rock-rut caves of Khandagiri there is a statue 4 ’- 6
”in height , cut
Out Of the solid rock,whi ch is dressed in a close fitting chapkan ,
with the skirts hanging down four inches below the knee,and
having sleeves down to the wrist . Over the chapkan there is ahaubert or coat of cha in mail , the sleeves of whi ch reach the elbow.
A light scarf is wrapped round the waist, andits ends hang on the
sides,holding on the left side a short sword . The head is partially
mutilated, but there are traces on it of a twisted turban . The legs
andthe feet are enclosed in thi ck high boots or buskins . The age
Of the figure is supposed to be the thi rd century before Christ ,andthe existence of chapkan
,chain ma il andboots at the time
,it
is beli eved, must be accepted as the most conclusive evidence on
the subj ect. The dr ess difl'
ers so entirely from the chi ton,the
chlamys,the himation
,andsuch other vestments as the soldi ers
Of Alexander brought to Indi a , that they cannot be accepted asIndian modifications of the Grecian dr ess, even if it were possible ,which it is not
,to suppose that such a fore ign dr ess would at once
be imitated in stone many hundreds Of miles away from the placewhere it was exhibited in Indi a . The dress reappears on some Ofthe Amaravati bas - reliefs . Among the sculptures on the temples OfBhuvanesvara there are representations Of coats, kilts, boddices,ghagrri, p éyaj a
'
ma,and other articles Of needle-made dress , some of
them on gods andgoddesses, andthey cannot but be accepted as
1 02 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [MAY ,
indigenous . Among the Ajanta frescoes there are also traces of
flowing dresses with sleeves, and they all tend to Show thatthe H indus knew, anddiduse , made dresses long before the adventof the Muhammadans in India .
In reply to the remark of Capt. Meadows Taylor, in which hesays that the H indus hadno tailors among them , andthat there isno word in their language for tailors , it is shown that in the
Vocabulary Of Amara Siiiha,whi ch dates from before the Christian
era,there are two words for tailors, one
,tunnacdya, applying to
darning, andthe other, sauchiha, to general tailoring the derivationOf the last word is given in Panin i ’s rules . The profession Of thelatter was Of sufficient importance to necessitate the establishmentof a separate tribe, anda mixed class , the lawful issue Of Vaisyasby Sudra women
, was, a ccording to the ancient law-book ofUsanas,destined to live by it, and bear the distinctive ti tle of needle -men,
suchiha .
Sanskrit words are next quoted to show the names which vari
ous kinds of made dresses bore in ancient times the most remarkable Of these being hanchuha, hanchuliha, hurp risa , angika, cholalea ,
chola,nic i, &c . The first indicated the modern jdmci
,and warders
,
guards , and the personal attendants of kings generally dressedthemselves in it . Kings, princes , chiefs and warriors , when theydid not put on chain mail
,wore a tunic
, something closely like a
chapkan . Whi le ordinary people contented themselves with thesimple dhuti and chadar, no t unoften supplemented by a turban.
Among women , the boddice was in general use , the body clothesconsisting of either a sari or a ghrigrd the former predominating .
When respectable women went out Of the ir houses , they generallywrapped themselves in a chudder thrown over their ordinary dress .
S culptures,however, do not, in all cases , support the above deduc
tions,and nudity is the preva iling character of the bas-reliefs Of
Sanchi,Amaravati, andOrissa . The question is , therefore , raised as to
how far these sculptures may be taken as evidences on the subject .On the one hand, it is difficult to rej ect the testimony of authenticgraven stones on the other, the ancient records of the H indus andtheBuddhists, equally authentic, are in direct conflict with them . The
former represent queens , princesses and ladies Of rank in perfect
1 04 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [MAY
1 1 .— A HISTORY OF THE CARR
’HARS
,by J. G . Delmerick, Esq .
,
Rawul Pindee .
(Abstract .)Mr . Blochmann read extracts from the paper, which is to be pub
lished in the forthcoming number of Part I,Of the Journal
,for
1 8 7 1 . He said— The historical notes collected by Mr . Delmerick
are most interesting, and comprise nearly every notice of the tribefound in the Muhammadan H istorians Of India . Mr. Delmerick
mentions above forty chiefs who ruled over the tribe from the
time of MahmlidGhazn i till our age . The present chief, KaramDadKhan
,receives from the Government a small pension as a sort
of compensation for the losses suffered by his family during the
S ikh Rule . For the early history Of the tribe, the author has usedtraditional information Obta ined by him on the spot, and there isno doubt that the principal facts are reliable . The Akbarndmah
places the final settlement of the Gakk’hars in the Rawul PindiDistrict somewhat later than local traditions.Mr . Blochmann also mentioned that among the historical MSS .
Of the Society , there was a short history of Gakk’hars
,presented
some time ago by Maj or Pearse , who, on various occasions hadcontributed to the collections of the Society . There was a note on the
fly-leaf Of the MS . by the donor, according to which the work is
an extract from a larger work found at Rohtas .
” Mr . Del
merick,to whom the book hadbeen sent, says regarding it
“ I consider it an original production from the brain Of DoneeChand, the grandfather Of RaizadehRatan Chand Of Goliana
,zillah
Rawul Pindi, the head of the ancient Qaniingo family.I had
already seen a copy Of it. I believe the few historical facts containedin it have been scraped together from various histories
,andchiefly
from the legends or tales related by the bhate Of the country, par
ticularly from the family bhat Of the Gakk’hars, at Kari,zillah
Rawul Pindi . The work was compiled by order of Maj or JamesAbbott, Deputy Commissioner Of Hazara
,andas Maj or Pearse was
an Assistant Commissioner there for some time,he must have pre
cured a copy Of it from the Deputy Commissioner. It is perfectlyworthless.”
l8 7li] Proceedings of the A sia tic Society.
Mr . Lethbridge Observed that, with regard to the occupation OfTibet by the Gakk’hars , it may be interesting to note the similaritybetween certain forms Of the names of the chief towns of the
G akk’hars (which are properly Dangali andPharwala ), andOf thoseof Tibet , which are Lassa andPutala . De Lae't, writing in 1 63 1 ,
speaks Of Kakares,whose chief towns are Danhaler andPurhola , a
very broad and mount ainous region , divided from Tartary by theridges Of the Caucasus .
” Mandelsloe calls the district Kakires,
with the chief towns Dankalen and B insola .
” Rennell tells us ,
that the Tibetan capitals are sometimes called B aronthala and
Putala , andsometimes Ton/ter andPutala .
III — ON SOME NEW SPECIE S OF MALAYAN BATS FROM THE COLLECTIONOF DR. STOLIczxA ,— by G . E . DOBSON , B . A .
,M . B . , A ssistant
Surgeon H . M .
’s B ritish Forces .
Mr . Dobson sa id— I have the pleasure Of bringing to the notice ofthe members of the Society four new species Of Malayan batsfrom the collection of Dr . Stoliczka who
,knowing what an interest
I take in this order ofMammals,kindly placed at my disposal , for
examination and description ,the specimens collected by him at
Penang , Moulme in , the Nicobar andAndaman Islands . Of thesenew species two belong to the frug ivorous and two to the inseetivorous divisions of bats, andrepresent four genera namely Cynoptorus, Macroglossus, Phyllorhina , andA sellia . For these species Ip ropose the following namesl . Cynop terus brachysoma .
2 . Macroglossus sp ela us .
3 . Phyllorhina Nicobarensis.
4 . A sellia S tolicslcana
As full descriptions of these bats will be publishedwith illustrations, in the natural history part of the Journal
,the following short
di agnoses of the species will suffice for the present1 . Cy . brachysenea , Dobson .
Head, broad, triangular body very Short ; ta il short and slen
der ; fur bicoloured, slatey-blue with a greyish or S ilvery tingetips of the hairs sooty-brown .
1 06 P roceedings of the A siatic Society. {MAY ,
Length head and body head 1 . 25 forearm 2 . 2 2nd
finger2 . M. sp eloeus, Dobson .
Head long muzzle narrow, pointed tongue very long ; indexfinger without a claw a promi nent , subcutaneous gland on eachside of the anal Opening fur short
,dark-brown .
Length head andbody tail head forearm2 . 7 5 2ndfinger3 . Phyllorhina M cobarensis
,Dobson .
H ead long muzzle obtuse nose - leaf with three small pOInts onits anterior margin , the transverse portion erect
,forming an arc of
a circle, rolled back on itself and overhang ing the con cave basewhich is divided into two cells by a single long itudinal fold . W ingmembranes attached to base of metacarpal bone Of outer toe .
Length head andbody ta il forearm tibia l”.O.
4 . A sellia S toliczhana , Dob son .
Ears acutely pointed,outer edge doubly emarginate immediate
ly below the tip nose - leaf large , transverse por tion erect,upper
part of crest tri -acuminate , in form like an isosceles triangle withan obtuse vertica l angle, having its apex divided into three pointsby two narrow in cisions
,perpendicular to the base . Fur pure
whi te,with purplish-brown tips
,beneath dirty-white .
Length : head andbody, tail forearm 1 . 52 2nd
fingerThe di scovery of the new species Of Macroglossus leads to the
necessity Of an important change In the classification of the Pteropine bats, as proposed by Dr . Peters Of Berlin .
Dr . Peters has devoted,perhaps
,more attention to the examina
tion of this interesting order than any other living naturalist,and
hi s generali sations have , accordingly, been ,I believe
,very exten
sively a ccepted . In the Vol . Of the monthly Proceedings Of theBerlin Academy for the year 1 8 67 , page 8 65 , he arranges the generaOf the Pteropine bats (with the exception Of P terop us, Of which heenumerates the species in a former paper in the same volume)
1 08 Proceedings of theAsia tic S ociety. LMAY,
arrangement of the teeth But when we come to examine andcompare these parts in the specimens of the two species, we are at
once struck by the almost complete s imilarity of the specimens inthese respects , the relative importance ofwhi ch it is unnecessary todwell upon .
Therefore that part of Prof. Peters’s classification which dependson the presence or absence of a claw on the index finger must -be
abandoned,and some other generalisation , based on a more con
stant and importan t character, substituted, but I have not yet
examined a sufficien t number of species to enable me to indicatethis character .Among the bats obtained by Dr . Stoliczka at the Nicobars three
specimens of Miniop teris Australis , Tomes, occur . Mr . Tomes indescribing this species
’l< says “ the name under which I have de
s cribed this species was given under the impression that it wasexclusively a native of Australia . It was n ot until after I had
arranged andnamed the specimens in the British Museum and in
some other collections,that I found it to be an inhabitant of Timor
(andprobably of other islands of the Indian Archipelago), as wella s of Australia , and that the name of Austra lis was not strictlyappropria te . But to avoid the confusion whi ch might possiblyarise from a change of name
,I have thought it des irable that i t
should remain unaltered .
”I believe this is the first time 111 .
Australis has been recorded from the Nicobars , andin so recordingit,I not only adda species to the fauna
,but also a fresh locality to
the species placed nearly as far north of the equator as its firstlocality was south of it
,so that Mr . Tomes
’s surmise has proved
correct , though I believe m a far wider sense then he expected,
andtaking the name A ustralis litera lly,he might with almost equal
justice have called the species sep tentrionalis .
IV .-N0 TEs ON THE ANATOMY or CREMNOCONCHUS SYHADRENSIS,
by Dr . F . SromczxA .
A peculiar amphibious shell,living on the moist precipitous
rocks of the Western Ghats near Bombay, was described by Mr .
Annals andMag . Nat . Hist. 1 8 58 , Vol. II. p . 1 61 .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society . 1 09
W. T . Blanford as Orenznohutes Syhadrensis , in Ann . andMag . N . H .
for September, 1 8 68 , vol. I . In this paperMr . B lanford noted thespecies as representing , in some respects
,a connecting link between
the e ronmmm andCY CLOSTOMIDZE,but he inclined to its classi
fication in the former family,although he was not able to discover
the presence of gills .
In Ann . and Mag . N . H . for May 1 8 69, vol. III, p . 343,
Mr . B lanford proposed to substitute the generic name C'i
'
emnoeon
chus for Ci 'emnoba tes, the latter having been preoccupied by Dr .
Gunther in Ichthyology . In Journ . A siat . Soc . B engal , Vol .XXXIX, p . 1 0
, &c . , Mr . B lanford added a new species to thegenus, 0 . conicus
,with the variety canalicule tus , and classed Lay
ard’s Anculotus carinatus, in the same genus . All three forms occurat Mahableshwar in similar localities , as the first named speciesthey
“
appear to me to be only varieties of Layard’s carina tus .
Prof. Troschel obtained a specimen of C'
remnoconchus Syhailrens isWith the animal dried in
,but all he could examine were detached
portions of the radula ; these , however, agreed so well with thoseof L ittorina
, that no doubt remained as to the Littorinoidcharacterof the species in question (vide Archi v fij r Naturgesch .
,1 8 67
, pt . I,vol. XXXIII
,p .
In my review"6 of the genera of the family LITTORINIDZE I haveclassed C’remnoconchus in the sub -family LACUN INJE, but it appearsthat the species now known to constitute the genus shew rathermore affinities to Littorina than to La cuna . I shall return to thissubj ect of classification aga in .
Considering the very great importance which attaches itself to
the di scovery of every form , representing a link between two others,
now widely separated, I was glad to rece ive several specimens of
Croninoconchus Syharlrensis through Mr. Fa irbank from the Mahableshwar cliffs . The following notes will g ive an outline of the
principal anatomical characters of the species , in addition to thosealready noticed by Mr . Blanford andProf. Troschel .
Monograph of crc taccous G astropoda, Palaeont . Indica, II, 1 867-68 , p . 262 .
1 1 0 Proceedings of the Asia tic‘
Society. [MAY,
C'fremnoconchus Syhadrensis, W. Elf.
S ide view of a male specimen , partially protruding out of the shell.View from below of another specimen, shewing the sole of the foot .Anatomy of a. female specimenr— radula, k— kidney, lt— liver, o— vag ina.
g—gill, h—heart, m— shell retractor, f— foot.
ng— obsolete plume, i— intestines, ut— uterus, gee
— muzzle.
sg— salivary glands, st— stomach ou— ovary, a— anus.
2 series of teeth of the radula . 5. side view of the centre tooth.
The animal (figs . 1 -2) of 0 . Sg/hudrensis has a short rather stoutbody
,with a thick subcylindr ical foot, posteriorly with the oper
culum attached by a slight lobe, just above the base ; mantleedge very slightly crenated and somewhat thickened ; muzzleshort
,thick
,with the oral Open ing at the end, which is not lobed
tentacles subulate,of considerable length , rather far apart, pointed
at the end,with large, black eyes on their outer swollen bases ;
sole of foot roundi sh or oval, with an indistinct median groove .
S exes distinct : male with a large , flatly depressed pen is, perforated at the end, without any appendage .
General colour pale whitish grey, slightly darker on the back,
and with a few irregular darker spots at the sides of the foot, tentaeles usually blackish ; the muzzle appears reddish on account of
the red colour of the buccal parts .
The sexes appear slightly to differ in size at least none of the
males were as large as the females . The shell of the largest speci
1 1 2 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [MAY ,
portion of it lies rolled in on the right side behind the mouth .
It is composed of between 260 -28 0 transverse rows of taen ioglossateteeth , the formula being 3 1 3 . (see fig . The centre tooth issomewhat longer than broad , rounded above , strongly emarginate atthe sides
,and less so at the base . The upper edge is very strongly
inflected, with 7 denticles of which the median one is the largest,(see fig . Along the concave sides runs a very thin , raised lamella , andthe proj ecting corners of the base are also bent upwards .
The lateral teeth follow below each other under a rather steepangle all have the upper edges strongly inflected, each having the
'
median denticle the strongest and obliquely proj ecting, the enter 3
denticles on each s ide decreasing in size on the outermost teeththe latter are sometimes hardly traceable . The genera l shape of
the first lateral tooth is obliquely qradrangular, posteriorly deeplyemarginate andwith the posterior half of the upper edge thinnerand a little longer . The bases of the two outer lateral teeth are
obliquely, andmore or less obtusely, pointed .
The teeth of C. cerinetus,andits varieties
, are perfectly similarto those of Syhedrensis, except that the median denticles of theteeth are a little stronger andmore pointed , as compared with theadjoin ing l ateral den ticles .
When we compare the general anatomy of Cremnoconehus withthat of L ittorinafié we find that both are almost perfectly identica l .Prof. Troschel, in the above noted commun ication (p . characterized Cremnoconchus a s possessing an umbilicated she ll and themedian teeth of the radula without laterally ra ised lamellae, whileL ittorina has , according to the same author
,a non -umbilicated shell
andthe median teeth with lateral lamellae . The statement relatingto Oremnoconchus , is , however, evidently an oversight on the partof Prof. Troschel . The median teeth of Cremaioconchiis have , as
already noticed, laterally ra ised lamellae , and the shell is eitherumbilicated or not as is clearly shewn by Cremnoconchus carina tus
,
andits varieties . In the two points alluded to, the genus,
therefore,
perfectly agrees with L ittori na, and it is indeed not easy to findout
sufficiently distinctive chara cters between the two .
4“ I have examined in conn ection with this subject Li ttorina melanostoma, and
two o ther Spe c ies very closely allied or identicalW1 th undulata andin termedia .
P roceedings of the Asiatic Society .
The form of the shell of both is so variable that no importancecan be a ttached to it
,the only difference be ing , that the one of
Oremnocoaehus has a peculiarly thin texture , and that it is coveredwith a very distinct olivaceous epidermis . As to animals
,Cremno
conchus differs from L ittor ina by the subcylindrical foot,the sole
of which is only indistinctly grooved, and by the males havingthe penis destitute of an appendage . There is no peculiardifference in the form of the teeth
,except that each has 7 denticles ,
while in Littorina there are usually only 5 present . The operculumis also in both very s imilar, paucispiral andhorny, only in most spec imens of O. Syhadrensis it becomes in time quite testaceous .
For these reasons I believe , therefore , that Crentnoconehus can beregarded only as a subgenus of Littorina , and should be classednext to Riselta Benihicium), the relative position of the lateral andcentral teeth being very similar in both . Of Risella two specieso ccur on the Arracan coast
,at the Andamans
,and Nicobars ,
Penang , & c .
In my Monograph of the South Indian Gastropoda , (Palaeont .Indica
,II, p . 259
,et seq ), I have divided the LITTORINIDZE into
three sub -families,Fossnamzn
,LACUNINZE andLITTORININJE . Subse
quent researches make a thorough change in the classification of
the family necessary .
In the fir st named sub -family only Risella can be regardeda s a true L ittorinid
,andmust be placed near L ittor ina . Fossar
and its allies must be excluded from the present family . In
the LACUNINfE have provisionally to rema in : Lacuna,Modulus,
S tenotis, and Lacuna r ia,while L ithoglyphus is to all appearance
a Rissoid form,andmust be classed near Bythinia and Amnicola .
The LITTORININ JE include Cyclone/h a , Sp ironema , A /aberleya , Echinella ,
Hamus,Risella , Oremnoconchus, .Ncritoides
,andL i ttorina . Researches
in fossil conchology may increase this l ist cons iderably .
With regard to the relation of Cremnoconchus to Cyclostomus,
Cgelop horus, and some of their allies,it is worth while drawing
a ttention to the many points of similarity which exist between the
Littorines in general and these operculated landshells . The ani
mals, and the ir dentition , are in both often extremely similar, withthe exception that the former have the endof the muzzle trun cate,while the CY CLOPHORIDE have it lobed . The Operculum in Cyclo
1 1 4 P roceedings of the A sia tic Society . LMAY,
stonius is similar, paucispiral , but testaceous, while it is horny inL ittorina . Cremnoconchus, however, having occasionally a testaceousoperculum ,
indicates a link between the two genera andit also in clinesto the latter by the males not possessing an appendage to the pen is .
The gills of some Littorines , andparticularly those of C'reninoconchus,
equally indicate a passage to the form of the lungs of true PULMONATA .
Further, the foot is grooved along the middle of the sole inL ittorina , it is equally so in the Cyclostomi, only the two partsof the sole are in the latter genus still more developed on a ccoun t ofthe arboreal habitat of the species, though very probably this will notbe found to be so much the case in the purely terrestrial ones, and inCyclophorus andothers the groove has entirely disappeared . The Lit
torinw have no j aw,at least none distinctly developed, neither have
the Cyclostomi, but the Cyclop hori , which may be said to be moreterrestrial, than the former , possess a well -developed jaw,
like theHELICIDJE and other PULMONATA .
Considering these numerous points of structure which I havejust noticed, it can be scarcely doubted that there exists an intimate relation between Littorince andc lostomi andtheir associatesand that the orig in of the latter may be looked for in the explanation of certain slight changes in the organisation of the former .Crernnoconchus, as already stated, shews in several points a stillgreater inclination to Cyclostomus, than do the common Littorines .
Mr . Blanford’s general remarks‘
on this subj ect were,therefore
,
perfectly justified , though he was not in possession of all the detailsupon which he might have been able to base more definite conclus ions .
In point of genera l classification , the comparison of the ana
tomy of L ittorinee and O'yclostorni indicates , that among the different organs , the structure of the breathing organ seems tobe subj ected to a greater variation , or change, than are forinstance the generative or , digestive parts , or the radula , &0 .
Therefore , it is not advisable to use the brea thing organ as an imp ortant
character in the p rincipal class ifi cation of the Mollusca , in the way
in which it has been introduced for such a purpose in the systems ofCuvier and others .
I could quote other examples in support of this view, as forinstan ce that of Cerithidea obtusa
, where the g ills have entirelydisappeared, and become replaced by true lungs, while no one
1 1 6 Proceedings of the A sia tic S ociety . [MAY ,
eye the largest . Eight lower labials a large shield behind the
mental succeeded by three pairs of large shields, separated from
each other by a median , long itudinal, row of three smaller shields .
External ear completely hidden . Twenty-n ine to thirty rows of
smooth,imbricate scales round the middle of the body . Two large
preanal scales .
Colour Of dried specimen yellowish buff above,each scale with a
white spot in the centre of its free marg in with a brown spot one ither side of it . Ten vertically elongated , or more or less rounded,deep red-brown spots along the s ide from the middle of the neck toabove the thigh , the last spot reduced to little more than a speck .
S ides andunder surface yellowish . Snout to vent 4” ven t totip of tail 2” snout to posterior marg in of o ccipital 8 anteriorlimb 1 ” posterior limb ,
1”
The nails of this seine areflat andbroad,andra ther concave on the
under surface the toes are laterally extended by the outward elongation of the dorsal scales
,an arrangement which g ives the foot
great breadth , andsuggests the idea that it is specially modified to a
fossorial habit of life .
The specimen from which this description is drawn , was obta inedby Babu Raj endralala Mitra from a Kashmir merchant, who statedthat it came from Arabia and that it was the El-adda of the Arabs .
It is extremely likely that thi s term is a generic one applied to a
number of nearly alli ed scincs,inhabiting Arabia , Syria , Egypt and
Abyssinia , (see antea , p .
The present species is distinguished from S . oficina lis ,— if the
descriptions and drawings of that lizard are correct, —by its moremarkedly fossorial snout andby the number, form and dispositionof its cran ial pla tes , andby its peculiar coloration Another speciesfrom Arabia is the S c . meccensis, Hemp . andEhr .
The reading of the n ext paper was postponed .
Notes on severa l A rabic and Persian inscrip tions, by H . B lochmann
,Esq .
,M . A .
The following commun ications have been received1 . L egends andBallads connected w i th p ersons deified, or held in
great venera tion, in B hagulpur andthe neighbouring di stricts, by Babu.
Rashbihari Bose .
2 . L ist of birds, collected, or observedin the Ward/ta Valley and its
vicinity near Chanda , by W . T . B lanford, Esq .
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society .
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Presenta tions .
Names of Donors in Capitals .
Quarterly Journal Of the G eological Society of London,Vol .
XXVII, Part I z— THE GEOLOG ICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Tran sactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol . XXVI ,Part I ;— Proceedings , Session 1 8 69-7 0 — TE E ROYAL SOCIETY OF
ED INBURGH .
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of the Chemical Society of London ,Vol . VIII, Novem
ber and December ; Vol . IX,January — THE CHEM ICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.
Journa l Asiatique , NO . 58 z— TnE SOCIE ’
TE’ AsrATIQUE ,
PARIS .
Monatsbericht der K . Preussischen Akademie der VVissenschaften ,
January 1 8 7 1 —K. PREUS S ISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAPTEN ZU BERLIN .
A tti della B eale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino , Vol . V ,
Disp . 1 -7 — Vol . IV,Appendi ce ;— Notizia S torica dei lavori fatti
dalla classe di Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche,1 8 64- 1 8 65 — Obser
vation de L’Essaim des E
’toiles Filantes du 1 2 - 1 4 . Novembre,1 8 69 — Bollettino Meteorologico edAstronomico del Regio Osservatorio dell’ Un iversita di Torino, 1 8 69 — REALE ACCADEM IA DELLESCIENZE DI TORINO .
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar , Ny
Fo’
ljd, 1 8 64 - 67 — Meteorologiska Iakttagelser i Sverige utgifna af
Kongliga Svenska Veten skaps— Akademien
,anstallda Och bear
betade under inseendé af Er Edlund, l 8 64- 66 .— Lefnadsteckningar
ofver K . Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens , efter Ar 1 8 54 aflinda,
Ledamiiter , B and I , H alfte I ; 1 8 65— 68 .
— Die Thi erar
ten des Aristoteles von den Klassen der S iiugethiere , Viigel, Rep
tili en und Insekten von Carl . J . Sundevall ; -Conspectum Aviumpicinarium ,
edidit, Carl . J . Sundevall —H emiptera Africana des
cripsit Carolus Stal, Tom 1 -4 — KONGL . VETENsxArs -AKADEMIE ,
STOCKHOLM .
Mémoires de la SOCIeté Royale des Sciences de Li ege , 2me Série ,Tom 1 -2 z— SOCIE ’TE ’ ROYALE DES SCIENCES DE LIE fGE .
1 1 8 P roceedings of the As iatic Soc iety. [MAY ,
Journal of the Agricultural and H orticultural Society of India ,Vol . II, Pt . II — THE AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETYOF INDIA .
Archive per L’An tropologia e la Etnologia , pubbli cato per Dr .
P . Mantegazza , Dr . F . Finzi -THE AUTHOR S .
Brahma unddie Brahmanen , von Dr . M . Haug—THE AUTHOR .
Derivative Hypothesis of Life andSpecies,by Prof. Owen
THE AUTH OR .
Preliminary Sketch of a Natural Arrangement of the OrderDocoglossa , by W . H . Dall . —Note on the transversely striatedmuscular fibre among the Gasteropoda, by W . H . Dall z— THE
AUTHOR .
The Religious Sects of the H indus , by Akshayacumi ra Dat taTHE AUTHOR .
A Report on the Microscopic Obj ects found in Cholera evacuations
,by T . R . Lewis — THE AUTHOR .
Ramayana,Vol . II
,No . 7
,Edited by Hemachandra z— TH E
EDITOR .
Rahasya Sandarbha , November, 1 8 65 — THE EDITOR .
Flora Sylvatica , Part VII — Icones Plantarum Indies Orientalis , Part VII —G eneral Report on the Topographical Surveys OfIndia
,1 8 69- 7 0 ;
— G eneral Report on the Operations of the GreatTrigonometrical Survey ofIndia , during 1 8 69- 7 0 — General Reporton the Revenue Operations of the Bengal Presiden cy, 1 8 69- 7 0
THE GOVERNMENT OF IND IA .
Vedarthapradipa NO . 1 —H . H . THA’
HUR G IRIrRAsA’
D SINHA .
Exchange.
The Athenaeum for February, 1 8 70 .
Nature,Nos . 65- 7 5 .
Purchase.
Revue des deux Mondes,1 5th October, 1 8 70 z— Journal des Sa
vants , S eptember , October, November , December 1 8 7 0 — ComptesRendus , Nos . 1 1 - 1 9 — American Journal of Science , February 1 8 7 1
-Annals andMagazine of Natura l H istory, March 1 8 7 1 — L . E .
andDublin Philosophical Magaz ine , No . 27 2 z— Thorell’s Remarks
on Synonyms of European Spiders , No . 1 — Thorell on EuropeanSpiders z
— G ould’s B irds of Asia , Part XXIII z— Ferguson ’s H is
tory of Architecture , Vols . I andII :m Cunningham’s G eography of
An cient India , Vol. I .— Tyndall’s Diamagnetism z— Galten ’
e
Hereditary G en ius z— B eale ’s Disease Germs z— Jacolliot The B iblein India z— Bhagavatgita in Persian verse
, (MS ) by Feizi .
1 20 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [JUNE ,
7 . From the author .— The Topography of the Mogul Empire , a sknown to the Dutch in 1 63 1 , &c .
,by E . Lethbridge , Esq . ,
M . A .
8 . From the Society.- Six copies of Abstract of Proceedings of
the Muhammadan Literary Society of Calcutta .
Ch . Darwin , Esq . , propes edby the Council at the last meeting of
the Society was balloted for and elected an Honora ry Member.
The following gentlemen duly proposed andseconded at the lastmeeting were balloted for andelected ordinary members
Capt . C. Stewart Pratt .Maulavi Habiburrahman .
J . W . Alexander, Esq .
Babu G angaprasad S inha .
Babu Ramakrishna Dasa .
The following gentlemen are candidates for election at the JulymeetingJ . R . Reid, Esq .
,C. S .
, Azimghur, proposed by W . Oldham,Esq .
LL D .
, C. S . , seconded by H . B le chmann,Esq .
J . Smith , Esq . , C. S . , Ghazipur, proposed by W . Oldham, Esq . ,
LL .D .,C . S .
,seconded by H . B le chmann
, Esq .
E . W. Oates , Esq ., C . E .
, proposed by S . Kurz,Esq . , se
conded byDr . F . Stoliczka .
Col. Octavius Hamilton, proposed by the Hon’ble J . B . Phs ar
,
seconded by Col. H . Hyde .
C. T . Buckland, Esq .
, C. S . , proposedby Col. H . Hyde, secondedby Dr . F . Stoliczka .
Khalifah SayyidMuhammad Hasan,Prime Min ister to His High
ness the Maharajah of Patialah, prOposed by Maulavi Abdool
Luteef Khan Bahadur, seconded by the Hon’ble J . B . Phear .
0
Capt . R . D . Osborn has intimated his desire to withdraw fromthe Society.
The President said that, acting on the request of Dr . Neil, Me
teorological Reporter of the Punjab , he must ask the attention of
the meeting for a few moments to a short correspondence whichhadpassed between Dr . N eil and himself. It had happened nu
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society. 1 2 1
fortunately that a passage in the Presidential Address , delivered before the Society inMarch last
, was so couched as to lead Dr . Ne il toconsider that it conveyed an incorrect representation Of the state of
Meteorological Observations in the Punj ab, and accordingly that
gentleman wrote to the President in the following terms
Lahore,May 1 lth, 1 8 7 1 .
DEAR SIR,— Iwas somewhat surprised to findyou stating , in yourPresidential Address at a recent meeting of the Asiatic Society , thataccording tO the published reports out Of 1 9 from 2 only
have continuous registers extending over two anda half years,been
furnished,” &c . I must ask you to contradi ct this statement , as itdi sagrees entirely with facts, andin doing so
,I trust you will give
the same publicity both to your contradiction and to this letter,as
has already been given to your address .
’
From Multan alone I have records Of continuous reg istrationsfrom 1 8 62 to the present time . From Lahore
,Syalkote, Dera
Ismael Khan,Rawalpindi
,continuous registrations have been kept
up s ince May 1 8 66 . S ince January 1 8 69,Observations have been
registered at Ludianah, andfor three anda half years continuous registrations are on record at Shahpoor . ’
At present registrations of— B arometric pressure , Hygrometry ,Solar Temperature, Max . andMin . ditto .
, Direction of Wind,Ra in
fall ,— are being recorded in Lahore,Multan , Dera Ismael Khan , Ra
walpindi, Ludianah, Dhurmsala andMurree,at all of which places
the observers are p a id. The observations are recorded on the planrecommended by Glaischer ; the instruments are all good, the baremeters be ing , in the cases of those at Lahore
,Ludianah, Dera
Ismael Khan,Dhurmsala andMurree, mercurial which have been
compared with a standard . In other stations, registrations whi chdo not include records Of atmospheric pressure are kept as in Umritsur
,Gurdaspore andDalhousie . In some Of the stations I have
had anemographs erected for the continuous registration of the
di rection Of the wind . A hiatus will occasionally occur in a
register from such accidents as breakage or disorder Of instruments .
Out Of threabarometers (Adie’sMercurial)which I ordered recently
In the Panj ab .
1 22 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety . [JUNE,
only one reached me whi ch is destinedfor Ladakh . That embassyhas already cost Government three barometers andmyself one .
’
The remaining portion of Dr . Neil’s letter did not bear upon the
particular matter of compla int, andtherefore for the moment he , (thePresident), would abstain from reading it . He at once replied toDr . Neil as follows
1 9thMay, 1 8 7 1 .
DEAR SIR, —Your letter, dated the l 1 th May , reached me latein the evening of the 1 7 th . I regret much to learn from it that youconsider you have occasion to complain of a statement lately madeby me in the course of an Address to the As iatic Society . Y ou
quote from the Address the following words, According to thepublished reports , out Of 1 9 stations in the Punjab
,from 2 only
have continuous reg isters , extending over two anda half years beenfurn ished,” andyou say that this statement di sagrees entirely withfacts .
’
Y ou will Observe that in this passag e, I do not refer to yourrecords of registration , as to which I have indeed no information .
I merely speak here of the published reports . And at the timewhen I delivered my address there were, I believe, but three of
these,namely, the reports for 1 8 66, 1 8 67 and 1 8 68 . The report
for 1 8 69 was (if I am not mistaken) not then published. At any
rate,I was certa inly not aware of its existence .
’
The monthly abstracts in these three Reports for 1 8 66,1 8 67 and
l 8 68 , appear tome to cover a period of almost exactly two anda halfyears . I have just now in consequence Ofyour letter, carefully lookedthrough these again , andI must confess I am quite unable to discover ou this review that my orig inal statement in reference to thisperiod is in any degree erroneous . In regard to all excepting 2
out of the 1 9 stations, there seem to he breaks of greater or lessexten t in the continuity of every abstract . I take for instance yourown-prin cipal station of Lahore , I findthere are no observations,or results of observations g iven , for the months of May ,
June, July,August and September 1 8 68 . I need hardly say, however, that Iam nevertheless most ready (if you still wish me to do so) to complywith the request, which you make to the effect
,that I should g ive
the same publicity to your letter as was given to my address and,
1 24 Proceedings of the A siatic S oc iety. [JUNE ,
dress . Thi s Of course explains the mistake which would necessarilyfindits way into most people
’s minds, that up to the time of his
de livering his address, two anda half years of complete reg istrationhadbeen made in only 2 stations. The Registration of Meteorolo
gical Phenomena was only commenced in the middle of
A . N .
Had it not been for the especial request made in thi s secondletter ofDr . Neil
,he, (the President), should have consideredhimself
justified in laying before the meeting only that portion of Dr.
Neil’s first letter which he hadalready read,as being seemingly
sufficient to satisfy Dr . Ne il’s purpose . He felt himself, however,under the circumstances constrained to readthe remainder, althoughbefore doing so he must premise that one passage , at least, in itappeared to him to have a much greater tendency to di scredit thePunj ab Observations, than any words employed by him in his
addr ess could possibly have . The remainder of the letter was asfollows
I gather from your address that you are of Opini on that thewhole Meteorological Registration of Indi a should be under one
di recting head . I am quite Of Opinion that i t should be as muchas possible conducted upon one system, but that the entire management
,with any regard to useful result, is within the mental capa
city Of one human being , is a question which hardly merits beingargued . One defin ite system is requisite and necessary
,and the
simpler the system the better andmore accurate will be the results .
This most desirable starting -point would, I conceive, be best ohtainedby a conference of the present staff ofMeteorologists . Eachshould have his own province to manage upon the defined system,
andeach should interpret the data with whi ch he is suppli ed ac
cordi ng a s hi s better knowledge of his own province will guidehim . My field of Observation is, you will admit, a tolerably largeone . It embraces about 1 0 parallels of Latitude by about an
equal number of degrees of Longitude . Within this area there ismuch for theMeteorologist to consider. He has to do hi s best to interpret the laws whi ch regulate the climatic phases of a country,part of which has an elevation of only a few hundred feet abovesea level
,while immense tracts have an altitude as high as any
P roceedings of the A siatic Society .
kn own inhabited trac t on the globe . To expect , therefore , tha t onedirecting head could so expand his powers of observation, howeverprofound hi s knowledge of the general laws of Meteorology mightbe
,as to grasp and in terpret the masses ofMeteo rological facts
whi ch would pour in upon him from all the Provinces andPresidencies of Indi a , is to expect a mani fest impossibili ty . Our fir standgreatest necessi ty, I conce ive to be the correct regis trati on of
barometric and wind phenomena . The form of barometer whichpleasesme most is Gay Lus sac’s syphon , read by two Verniers . Someobject to the bother of reading two Verniers, but to thi s I alwayssay
— there is not so much trouble in reading two Verniers as there isin m’
aking all the troublesome corrections for capillarity, temperature , reduction to sea level &c. &c .
* The anemograph which Ihave in use g ives a pencil tracing Of the directi on of the windfor 24 hours . I enclose one for your inspecti on . It only givesthe direction you will perce ive . The force can be obtain ed as
required by a separate instrument— such as Robinson ’s anemo
meter . I can generally form an idea whether the wind has beenblowing high or gen tly, or even whether it has not been an abso
lute calm (we do not Often have an absolute calm in th e Punjab)by the straightness or otherwi se of the tracing .
’
I have notedwith great pleasure the evident interest whi chyou take in the progress of Meteorological Science . We can no
more foretell what the pati ent pursui t of thi s Science may disclose ,than could the past genera ti on have an ticipated the wonderful andglorious revelations of geology, microscopy and electricity .
’
I am,yours fa ithfully,
A . NEIL .
Profr . of A natomy andSurgery, Lahore hledical S chool,
MeteorologicalRep orter for the Punj ab.THE HON
’BLE MR . PHEAR
,
Pres ident of the A siatic S ociety of B engal.
If theMeteorological Reporter Of the Punjab really enterta ins thepersuas ion , as he seems here to intimate that he does , that by takingthe two readings of a syphon barometer, he gets observations , which
As in Fortin’
s bal'omete rS.
1 26 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. LJUNE,
are such as to free him from the obligation to reduce them by suchcorrections as correction for temperature andfor the height of theplace of observation above the sea-level before publishi ng , then it ishardly too much to say that his letter discloses that which makeshis own tables altogether untrustworthy .
The following papers were read
I.-No
'
rEs ON SEVERAL ARAB IC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS RECEIVEDFROM MEMBERS on THE SocrErv , -bg H . BLOCHMANN ,
Esa , M. A . ,
CALOUTTA MADRA SAH . (Abstract .)
Mr. Blochmann said,
The inscriptions which I lay before the meeting were rece ived bythe Society in the course of last year . Some of them were forwarded in the shape of rubbings , others were decyphered, by variousmembers as Dr . W . Oldham
, C. S . , Ghazipur ; Mr . J . G . Delmerick,
Rawal Pindi ; ,Mr . A . Cadell , C. S . ,
Muzaffarnagar ; Mr . A . S .
H arrison,Bareilly College, andMr . A . Oarllyle , Agrah , to whom
the Society owes several most costly contributions . One inscrip
tion I obtained from Burdwan .
I trust the members of our Society will continue to favourus with inscriptions and rubbings . These inscriptions , if not
always of historical importan ce,are yet interesting , and he lp his
torians to correct dates andverify events, or settle boundaries, or
fill up gaps and this is especially the case with oldBengal inscriptions— in the lists of kings .
1 . A n inscrip tion receivedfrom Dr . W'
. Oldham. It refers to the
bui lding of a mosque in A . D . 1 527 by a B engalAmir, who livedunder Nucrah Shah, the same king of B engal whose name o ccursin the inscriptions at Satganw . It is on black basalt, andwa s foundat S ikandarpur
,zil’ah ’
Azimgarh . The locality is here of importance .
2 . Two inscrip tions from Mr . Delmerick. One refers to the
building of Fort Atak by Akbar in 1 58 3 (991 , A . the otherto the construction of the Margalah Pass by Aurangzib, when the
emperor was at Hasan Abdal. Its date is A . D . 1 67 2 (A . H .
1 28 Proceedings of the A s iatic Society. D UNE,
6 . The last inscription I have received from Bardwan . It standsover the tomb of a Persian poet, Bahram Darvish Saqqa. Our libraryhas a copy ofhi s works . He was a faq ir, and wandered about thestreets ofA’
grah as a bhishtidi spensing water among the poor . Hencealso his nom-de-plume
, Sagga, a bhishti . H e is mentioned in works inPersian literature, andit is stated that he died on hisway to Ceylon .
His tomb was discovered at Bardwan by the Persian writer Khushgo . From the inscription it appears that Saqqa died at Bardwanin A . D . 1 57 4
,or A . H . 982 . Poeple often pray at his tomb .
Within his shrine is also the tomb of Sher Afkan , Jagirdar OfBardwén in A. D . 1 606, whom Jahangir had killed, in order tomarry his beautiful wife, Mihrunnisa, to whom he gave the title of
Nur Mahall,and later that ofNdr Jahan .
The tombs of Bahrain SaqqaandSher Afkan are the historicals ights Of Bardwan.
MEMORANDUM ON THE TOTAL ECLIPSE OF DECR. 1 8 7 1,
bg LIEUT .-COL . J. E . TENNANT
, R. E .
,F
. R. S .
In December Of this year we have a Total Eclipse visiblein Southern Indi a . The duration is short
, but in some respectsthe circumstances are very favourable, as the Line of centralEclipse passes over the Nilgherry Hills, where I understandfineweather may be confidently expected . In order to be prepared ,I have computed carefully the Central Line across India, andhaveadded the extent to which errors of the Tabular place Of the moonmay be expected to shift it . In the following Table Aa represents theexcess of the Moon’s time above the Tabular Right Ascension in
t ime, andAS the excess Of the Tabular above the true S declination .
I hope to have before the Eclipse a knowledge what errors maybe anticipated in the Tables andthus be in a position to choose a
central spot, if it is worth making a change . The figures, however,
show that this is not probable , the principal result of an error inRight Ascension be ing to shift the Centre of the Shadow along itspath the deviation from which would be corrected by a small error inthe declination which could hardly be foreseen.
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.1mr ]
gmoS.,
o
88.
m
.
88.
mm
4
2
3.8SS
w
d
fi
s m a o o ~ fi mN oo se
Nb83aggg2g
2mm
.
3g.
g3g8gg3g
agg38a8gga
g5Q2ggg8\
8
mm333zzfla&fi
om
g0
2
m
gc
g
m
g
0
5
m
g0
g
m
g
0
g
1 29
The duration of the
Eclipse will be small . At
the Nilgherries it will beabout 2 minutes , but thiscannot, so far as I know
,be
as yet accurately predi ctedfrom uncertain ty as to thereal diameters of the sun
andmoon,when free from
the enlargement by irradition . If the value of the
moon ’s diameter deduced
by Oudemans from Eclipses,be used with that Of the Sunobtained in the GreenwichTransit Circle, then I findthe duration in the Nil
gherries just 2 minutes .
The data of the NauticalAlmanac g ive 2 minutes 7seconds , and if I may judgefrom the result I got in
1 8 68 the real duration willfall between these .
Short as this time is , i t isenough with an adequatepreparation to produce som eresults Of value . It is longenough to allow Photo
graphs to be taken Of theCorona , as to whose structurethere is more to be di scovered.
There seems now no
sort of doubt that the Corona
is not only a Solar appendage, but is , as I stated in
1 30 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [JUNE,
my Report on the Eclipse Of 1 8 68, the comparatively c old
atmosphere of the Sun . This should be farther spectrosco
pically examined . Observers have differed about the number and
pos ition of the fa int bright lines they have seen,but it does not
seem that any one has connected the variations with the positionof the part examined . To do this appears urgently necessary , andthere have been additions made to the spectroscope which willallow more than one portion Of the Corona to be examined, andits lines recorded during the short time it is visible .
There is another subj ect too of spectroscopic examinati on . Kirchhoff in his theory of the solar constitution supposed it surroundedby an extensive atmosphere consisting of metallic and other vapours,as well as gases, by the absorption Of which the dark Fraunhoferlines were produced . It has long been clear that there was no
such extensive atmosphere andsome physicists have been satisfiedthat there is none such . Mr. Lockyer and his collaborateurs ,though they have detected a greater number of bright lines at the
bases of the prominences,have never approached
,so far as Iknow,
the number of even the conspicuous dark lines , whose explanationhas, therefore , not been satisfa ctorily made out . At the Eclipse of
December 22 , 1 8 7 0 , however, Profess or Young at the moment Ofobscuration , andfor one or two seconds later, saw as far as he
could judge every atmospheric line reversed , and this was con
firmed by Mr . Pye . I have but the scant information Of thispoin t given in the Royal A stronomical Society’s Council Report,but it is sufficient to show me why this has not been seen beforeby observers looking out for it
,andalsoto make me feel the im
portance of verifying the observation .
TO understand why it has not been seen before, it must be con
sideredthat the image. Of a bright Obj ect in the focus of a TeleSCOpe when relieved aga inst comparative darkness is enlarged by aphenomenon known as irradiation ; the light encroaches on the
darkness . The sun thus appears larger and the moon smallerthan the real size . This continues till the real contact of the Limbsinternally ; at this moment the thread Of light, which previously hadconsiderable width, appears suddenly broken and van ishes in a
TotalEclipse : while in the Transit of a Planet or Annular Eclipse
1 32 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. D UNE,
as it hadyet been effected, hadbeen productive Of no very certa inresults . The matter could not, however, be in better hands thanthose Of Col. Tennant . H e only wished to suggest that thosemembers of the Society, who might have the requisite le isure and
opportun ity, should, even with the una ided eye , endeavour to
Observe as carefully as possible the exact apparent shape and
characteristics of the Corona . He believed that data of very con
siderable value might be thus Obtainedby persons, who knew how
to observe .
Later in the evening Col. Tennant kindly consented to draw up
some short directions which might serve as a guide to members of
the Society who might visit localities of the Total Eclipse .
III . -NOTEs ON THREE INSCRIPTION S FOUND IN CHUTIA’ NA ’GRU
'
R,by
BA’BU RAKHAL DAs HALDAR .
Mr . Blochmann read extracts from the paper,which will be pub
lishedin the second number Of the philological part Of the Journal .
The inscriptions are in Sanscrit and H indi,Of the years A . D .
1 665, 1 668 , and 1 7 37 . In one of them (A . D . a ChutiaNagpur Raj ah Of the name of Raghunath is mentioned .
Mr . Blochmann said— Babli Rakhal Das Haldar remarks on theabsence Of apthenticated historical information regarding Chutia.Nagpur . Muhammadan historians certainly give very little to
enable us to verify the details of the family history Of the Rajahs .
I have,however
,collected the scattered notices which are found in
the historical works of the Mughul period, not only regardingChutiaNagpur, but also Pachet and Palamau
, and trust they may
throw some light on the history Of these districts .
The notices are taken from the Ahharndmah (Lucknow edition,
III .
,pp . 49 1 , the Tazah i Jahangiri (Sayyid Ahmad’s edition
,
p . 1 55) the Pddishcihn iiniah (I. , b . , p . 3 1 7 ; II .
,pp . 248 to 250
,and
356 to andthe ’A
'
la7ngirn (imah (pp . 649 to 660, and p .
A few additional notes may be ga thered from Sarishtahdar Grant’sessay on B engal andB ihar Finan ces in the Vth Report .The extracts will be published in the Journal . They refer to
the first invasion Of Chutia Nagplir (or Kokrah,as it is called,)
under Shahbaz Khan Kambu, one of Akbar’s generals, in A . D
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
1 58 5, when Médhti S ingh was zamindzir of Kokrah, and to the
second invasion, in 1 6 1 6,under Ibrahim Khan Fath -jang, governor
OfB ihi r, who defeated Raj ah B urjun Sal. There are also somenotes on the diamond washings as then carried on in the RiverSank .
Regarding Pachet we have a short notice of Raj ah Bir Naram ,
who died in A . H . 1 042-43,or A . D . 1 632-33 .
The extracts regarding Palamau refer to the invasions , in A . D .
1 64 1 and 1 643,by Shaistah Khan and Zabardast Khan, when
Pratab,son of B albhadr, the Chero , and Tij Rai
,his usurping
uncle, were Rajahs . Pratab was afterwards re instated, and wasstill alive in 1 647 . The j ama
’of Palamau was then R .
and thep eshkash which the Raj ahs hadto pay to Shahjahan’s trea
sury, was fixed at a lac Of rupees . The’A
'
lamgirndmah says that thethe Raj ahs did not regularly pay the peshkash ; and in 1 66 1 , the
fourth year of Aurangzib’s reign, Daud Khan , governor Of B ihar ,
was ordered to invade the . district . Of this expedition we have am
ple details . The result was that the forts Deokan , Kot’hi , and
Kundah,were occupied
,andPalaman itself was taken by storm on
the 1 4th December,1 66 1 , when the then Rajah , whose name is not
given ,hadto submi t to the appointment of an imperial Faujdar .
The first Fauj dar,Mankli Khan , remained at PalamRu for a few
years .
IV.— ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF PERsIAN RA
'
rs,by G . E . DOBSON ,
B . A . , M . B . A ssistant Surgeon H . M’s B ritish Forces.
(Abstract .)Mr . Dobson introduced to the notice of the Society two new
species of Persian bats . One of the species is the type of a new
genus of Rhinolophine bats , andits discovery leads to the necessityof forming for its reception a new group, as the characters givenby Dr . Gray of the four groups into whi ch he divides the R imlOphidee
"‘ do not admit of its being placed in any one Of them .
The nasal appendages are very complicated, the anterior portion of the nose-leaf is horse-shoe shaped , consisting of two
P1‘oc . Zool. Soc . 1 866.
1 34 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . D UNE ,
laminae ; the upper , overlying lamina deeply emarginate in front ,the Opposite sides of the emarg ination turned upwards , andsup
porting the anterior portion Of a broad,fiat
,longitudinal crest
which ends in a triangular head above and between the nostrils .
The hinder portion of the nose - leaf arises from a thick root immediately behind the nostrils the base is hollow containing a s inglecell, the Open ing to which is guarded by a lanceolate process Ofmembrane . The crest is trident shaped, consisting of a central,lanceolate process, similar to that below, but longer, andtwo
lateral and somewhat broader proje ctions, parallel to it, and
nearly equal to it in length . On each side of this hindernose -leaf are six cells of whi ch one is situated behind and at its
side, immediately above the eye, occupying the position of the
minute pores Observed in nearly all the animals of Gray’s 2ndgroup .
The form of the ears , andthe place of attachment of the Outermargin are also remarkable , as well as the peculiar shape Of thebones Of the arm in the ne ighbourhood of the elbow j oint .For the new genus Mr . Dobson proposes the name Trianop s,
and for the spe cies p ersicus.
2 1 1 2 2 3 3Denti ti om— In .
Z ’ c .1 1
;2 2
,In .
3
Length of head andbody 2 .25 ; tail 1 .2 forearm . 2 .O.
The second new species belongs to the genus P ipistrellas, G ray .
It approaches P . serotinus, but differs from it in the shape of the
tragus, colour of the fur, &c .
—Ears large , triangular, outer marginfaintly hollowed out below the tip
,and emarg inate opposite the
ba se Of the tragus, terminating by forming a small lobe ; tragusrather long with subacute , rounded tip, and almost straight innermargin ; fur above di rty buff, beneath pale buff.
2— 2 1 — 1 3— 3Dentrti on .
— In .
T ’ pm . m .
The minute upper pre-molar,placed inside the line of the teeth
,
so commonly seen in the species of the genus to which this batbelongs, is not discernible in either of the two specimens brough tfrom Persia .
Length of head andbody 2 . 8 ; tail 2 . 0 forearm 2 .2 .
1 36 Proceedings of the Asiatic S ociety . D UNE,
S itz ungsberichte , 1 8 70 . Heft I-IV z— Denkschrift auf Christ .Erich H ermann von Meyer
, von Carl . A . Zittel . -KONGL . BAYER .
AKADEM IE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU MENCHEN .
Discorso del Commre Negri Cristoforo .— SOCIETA GEOGRAI ‘
ICA
ITALIANA .
H istorical andStatistical Memoir of the Ghazeepoor District, byW . Oldham
,B . C. S LL . D
,part I .
—THE AUTHOR .
The Topography Of the Moghul Empire as known to the Dutchin 1 63 1
,by E . Lethbridge — THE AUTHOR .
English Legislation for India , by A . M . Broadley,O.
.S — THE
AUTHOR .
Gulzar- i-Kashmir,by Kriparam .
— THE AUTHOR .
Materials towards the monograph Of the Gadiniida , by W . H .
Dall — Remarks on the Anatomy Of the G enus S iphonaria, byW . H . Dall .— THE AUTHOR.
Pas’upas
’
amokshanam, by Radhamohana Sena .— BA
'
BU RA’MADA
’
SA SENA .
Memoirs Of the Geological Survey Of India , vol . VII part 3Palaeontologia Indica , vol. III, NOS . 5- 8 .
— THE SUPERINTENDENTOF THE GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY OF INDIA .
Abstract Of Proceedings Of the Muhammadan Literary Society OfCalcutta — THE M . LITERARY SOCIETY.
Report on the Land Revenue Administration of the LowerProvinces, 1 8 69- 7 0 .
—THE GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL .
Records of the G eolog ical Survey of India , vol. IV,parts I- II .
The Leepeedeepeeka .— G eneral Report on the Admin istration of
the Bombay Presidency, 1 8 69-7 0 .—THE G OVERNMENT OF INDIA .
Purchase .
The Westminster Review,April 1 8 7 1 .
— The Annals and Ma
gazine Of Na tura l History,NO XL .
—The L . E . D . Philoso
phical Magaz ine , No . 27 3 .— Revue deS Deux Mondes
,Jaur
,
Fevr .
,Mars, 1 8 7 1 .
— Comptes Rendus, NOS . 1 - 1 2 .
—Hewitson’s
Exotic Butterflies , part 7 8 .—Reeve ’s Conchologia Icon ica , parts
28 6,28 7 .
- Oheref-Nameh, vol. I, part II . -Ibn -El-Athiri vol. V .
E c change.
The Athenaeum for March , 1 8 7 0 .
The Nature , Nos . 7 6 —7 9.
0
Errata in
On page 1 06, line 23
H H 1 07, d , 2
7 ,
9? fl N
the two last numbers of‘Proceed-ings .
’
from above read ta il , 1 " 2 ’ for tail 0”
Cynonycteris for Cynonycterus.
g for i .
sun and moon’s l imbs ’ for
sun a moon ’
s limb .
’
3' for 3
’- 2
"7”
4' for 4
'- 1 1
”
after In insert C
1 38 Proceedings of the Asiatic S ociety. D ULY,
The following is a candidate for ballot at the next meetingBébli G anga Prasad , Deputy Collector of Moradabad , proposedby Maulavi Abdullatif Khan, Bahadur, seconded by Babu Réj endralala Mitra .
Lieut . W. A . J . Wallace has intimated his desire to withdrawfrom the Society.
The following communications were read
I.— OB SERVATIONS ON A PERS IAN MS . ON THE LIVES OF THE TWELVEAPOSTLES , BY JEROME XAV IER,— by H . BLOCHMANN , Esa ,
M . A .,
CALCUTTA MADRASAH .
At the meeting held in May last year, I laid before the Societya rare and curious Persian MS , entitled Jilirét-ul Quds . It was alife Of Christ, written by Jerome Xavier
,nephew to the renowned
Francis Xavier,anddedicated by him to the Emperor Akbar .
The sequel to this work has now turned up . The MS . beforethe meeting is a history of the lives of the twelve apostles by thesame author . The copy belongs to the Serampore College Library, and seems to be un ique . From a remark in the book
,it
appears that it was composed in 1 608 A . D.
,the third year of
Jahangir’s re ign . The first chapter, however, the life Of St . Peter,
was evidently written earlier, as the Latin translation Of it by thecelebrated Ludovicus de Dieu Of Leyden speaks Of it as a distinctwork
,andmentions A . D . 1 600 as the year in which it was writ
ten .
In point of style, both works exhibit the same features . The
sentences run smoothly and are occasionally elegant . We may,
therefore, conclude that Maulana’Abdussattar Of Lahor, who assist
edJ . Xavier in theMir iit-ulQuds, also superintended the translationof the sequel .In the preface, J . Xavier dedicates the work to Jahangir . He
saysAS the history of the life of Christ was written during the
reign of his late Majesty ’Arsh-ashyéni Jalaluddin Akbarshah ,
andwas dedicated to him, receiving from him the title Of Mirat-ulQuds , so , from motives of gratitude , has this history Of the twelveapostles 9‘ if been written in honour Of his Maj esty the present
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
emperor, the successor in power anddignity, the true son andheirof the late emperor
,the light of the dynasty that rules over the
ideal andworldly kingdoms, the t ib-girrin (Lord of the auspi
cious conjunction ), and will , I hope , meet with his approval, andreceive a name from his Majesty , the shadow of Godon earth.
”
Thus we see that the title of the former work, the M ra’
t-ul Quds
was g iven by Akbar ; but there is no record to Show that Jahri ngir,whose indifference to everything , save superstition
,is well known ,
conferred a title upon the lives of the twelve apostles .
The work itself calls for no further remark. The Rev. C. B .
Lewis has lately written a review of it in the Christian Spectator,July
,1 8 7 1 . J. Xavier’s life Of St . Thomas contains nothing new.
His mission to king Gondapherus Of H indiistan and the establishmen t Of the Nestorian Christians in the south of India are relatedin several works . The name of the king has been compared to tha tOf king GondOphareS who occurs on Bactrian coins. (Prinsep
’s
Antiqui ties by Thomas, II, p .
We know from Muhammadan historians (Badi oni) that Akbar’s
sons received lessons in the Christian religion ; andthe Dutchtraveller De Laét (De I mp er io Magni Mogolis, p . 27 1 ) tells us thatJahangir ordered the sons Of his younger brother Prince Dzinyalto be baptized and instructed in Christianity
,not because he
cared for the religion , but because he wished his nephews to app ear
desp icable in the eyes of hisMuhammadan courtiersf"
Copies of both Persian works by Jerome Xavier have been madefor the Library Of the Society .
Jam ante retulimus Regem quum majorem natu filium Gousro [Khusrau]minori suo filiO Sultano Ge rm [Dunc Xa Z iahan ,
i . e . Sultan Khurram ,n ow
Shéhj ahan] c omm it teret , 11 ndc omm ississe fra trii sui Dhan Cha [Danyal Shah]qui Barampore disc e sserat filios , Xa -Ethimorem e t Xa-Hos sen [S hah Tahmurasand Shah Hoshang] , quos in ipsa pueritia Jesuitis commiserat bap t izandos e t
Christiana relig ione imbuendos, non quod Christianae religioni feve re t , sed
nt pueros Mahometanis invisos facere t ; e t eadem levitate a fide Christiana.rursus abstraxerat .
I may mention that a notice Of the first part Of De Lae t’s work (the geographical portions) lately appeared ia the Calcutta Review by Mr. Le thbridgeo f the Hugli College . The second part of De Laet
’
s work, the bistori
c al portion , is also interesting and valuable , and deserves to be translated H is remarks on Jahéngir’s Mancabdars andtheirMancabs , on Khusrau
’
s
murder by Shahjahan , the last fight with ’Usman , on Abulfazl
’
s death a t the
handof RajahB Ir S ingh Bundelah (wrongly c alled in nearly all printedhistoriesNar S ingh) deserve the attention Of historians .
1 40 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . D ULY ,
1 1 .— NOTES ON THE ALLAH UPANISHAD
,-by BA
’BU RA ’JENDRALA'
LA
MITRA .
(Abstract . )After adverting to the imitation Of the Y ajur Veda prepared by
the Jesuit missionaries OfMadras,during the last century, with a
V iew to prove, by Vedie eviden ce , the authenticity of the B ible and
the divin ity Of Jesus Chr ist, the author describes in deta il a forgerywhich was committed about three centuries ago , to establish the divin ity of Allah as described by the Emperor Akbar . A copy Of thisspurious document has lately been received from BabuHarischandraof Benares . It bears the titled of “ Allah Upan ishad, ” and professes to be a chapter Of the Pipp ala
’
da S ilkltd of the Atharva Veda .
A s the Sakha in question is no longer extant, andhas cease d to beso for several centuries, it has been appealed to by at least half a dozenapocryphal Upan ishads, andnotably by the Gop a
'
zla Tapdnz'
,to serve
for their parentage, andthe author Of the work under notice, pro
bably aware of the circumstance,has availed himself of it to escape
detection . It Opens in the usualH indu style with a salutation to Ganesa
,andthen describes Allah to be bothMitra andVaruna that he is
the bestower of allblessings, andthe supporter of the Un iverse . He
is the Lord of all the gods (illah), andman ifest in his own light . He
is addressed as the Allah Of the prophet (rasii l) Muhammad Akbar,
andgloried repeatedly by being called “ the great God” in the
Arabic phrase A lldhu Ahbar . It terminates with a prayer for thepreservation ofmen , cattle, lions andaquatic an imals, in the courseof which a female divinity, the destrOyereSS Of demons (asura san
harinz’
) is invoked with the Tantric mysti c formulae hruni , hri ii andp ha t, which form the cija mantra of one of the manifestations of thegoddess Durga.
The language of the MS . is very Obscure,apparently so made
with a V iew to imitate the Vedic style , but the imitation is neitherhappy nor grammatically correct . A plural verb has been twiceused for a S ingular nominative , andthe adj ectives do not alwaysFrom a cursory perusal ofDe Laet’s work on Persia , I am inclined to thinkthat it contains no orig inalmatter , but 1 3 a compilation from other workson Persia . Even in his work on India , there is much that is copied fromothers . His topographical notes on B ihar andBengal are worthless, and Oftenmisleading .
1 42 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society: D ULY ,
took him for a Shi ’ah in Sunn i garb , and nowhere does Badzion i,the censor Of Akbar’s age , make the slightest allusion to H inddtendencies in the Khan Khanan .
The imputation therefore falls to the ground .
In connection with this subj ect, I may mention that the Society'
lately received from Allahabada copy Of a metrical Persian translation of the Bhagacat G ita
’
,the title page of which mentions Fa izi
as the author . A few.
weeks ago , I examined the book, andthoughsome passages in it, especially the beginn ing , are well written ,there are in it SO many H induized Persian phrases and occasionalSlips in rhyme and metre
,that I cannot bring myself to believe
that Faizi is the author .Maulavi ’Abdullatif observed that Fa izi was known to have been
the first Muhammadan that studied Sanscrit,andas the Upan ishad
hadbeen referred to Akbar’s times , he might be the author of it .Mr . Blochmann said that this was a mere supposition the statement of Fa izi being the first Muhammadan that learned Sanscritwas an exploded error [Elliot
’s Index, p . and there was ,
besides, no evidence whatever that the great poet knew Sanscrit .Maulavi ’Abdullatif thought that under these circumstances Fa izi
resembled the many Europeans who got the ir Munshis to printworks , putting the ir own names on the title page .
Mr. Blochmann said that Muhammadan historians invariably represen t the translations which appeared during the reign of Akbar
,
as having been made from H indi ; andnot directly by the Maulavis
from the Sanscrit . Some Of the translators , as Naq ib Khan ,knew
even so little of the vernacular, that they hadto get help In readingthe H indi versions .
III.—MEMORANDUM ON THE THUNDER-STORM WH ICH PASSED OVERCAL
CUTTA ON THE 8TH JUNE,1 8 7 1
,— by J . O . N . JAMES, ESQ.
About 9 P . M . I first Observed dark masses Of cloud rolling up
from the south,although the direction of the wind at the time was
from the N . E . Gradually these clouds spread over from S . E . to
West andN . W . andI then Observed distant thunder with occasioual flashes of lightning to S . W. andS . By 1 1 P . M . the entire
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. 1 43
Sky was overcast with heavy black clouds and about this time,I
experienced a peculiar sensation of uneasines which prevented mefrom sleeping . I got out of bed and walked into my verandahwhich faces the south, ,
and hadnot been there above ten minutes,when I was startled by a regular crash of thunder on the west .S everal crashes followed in quick success ion on the north andN.
W . ,andall
,as far as I could possibly Observe
,came from clouds
overhanging the northern portion of the city . This drew my at
tention to the north andI then walked out to an open terrace on
the north of my house . It was now midnight, the wind hadveered to south
, andI distinctly Observed black masses Of cloud coming up from the south
,while others seemed rushing towards them
from the N . W . andnorth . The clouds from the south were apparently lower than those coming from the N . W . and N . On
these clouds meeting or crossing each other , the first severe clapsof thunder and V ivid flashes of lightning were observed by me .
At times the flashes Of lightning followed with barely an interva lof a second between each , while the roar of thunder was con
tinuous for nearly 30 or 40 seconds at a time .
Ra in coming on, I returned to the south verandah this wasabout 1 A . M . I now experienced a sensation very s imilar to thatI hadOften felt when overtaken by storms in the higher Himalay
as, via , an i rritation about the surface of the skin caused by myhair turn ing , and felt sure that the storm was close in my neighbourhood. I now took up my pos ition so as to watch the lightn ing conductors and Observatory on the Surveyor G eneral ’s Ofli ce
,
distant from my house about 1 50 yardsAt 1 -20 A . M . the large masses of black clouds seemed to me to
be traversing over the southern portion Of the city from W . toE .
,wind N. W. The lightning was extremely vivid and the
thunder deafening, andI new first noticed , sparks (as it appearedto me) Shooting in andout Of the conductor over the anemometerat top of the S . G . O . Observatory .
The appearance Of the conductor is given in fig . 1 , plate II. The
portion of the conductor from A to A was alive with sparks,flash
ing to andfrom it . Suddenly there was a streak of lightning froma cloud overhead which almost blinded me
,followed on the in stant
1 44 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . D ULY,
by a detonation which made me shudder . The Observatory appeareda mass Of fire
,there was a sound of metal striking metal ,
and I Observed the large conductor on the east Of the Surveyor Generals Ofli ce looking as if it was redhot . This was momentary
,andas I was anxious to observe all I possibly could, I aga in
watched the Observatory . Aga in the conductor over the an emometer was alive with sparks along the same portion of it from A to
A,but not a spark seemed to touch the point . This seemed ex
traordinary to me, so I watched more closely to see if any otherportions Of the conductor were similarly affected, andnow noticedthat the horizontal portion Of it from the Observatory to the backs tair case was similarly affected
,as roughly shewn in fig . 2
,on
pl . II ; horizontal portions Of the conductor from A to A andB to B
receiving andemitting sparks .
About 1} to 2 A . M . the lightning andthunder was incessant , at
each flash andexplosion the masses of cloud seemed to recede fromeach other
,rise andthen fall lower towards the earth than before .
While watching this, there was a flash of lightning andI distinctlysaw a stream Of electricity, from a cloud overhead
,di scharged up
on the Oflice, which shot back aga in into the cloud, and then
flashed off towards the East end of Park Street this discharge Ibelieve struck NO . 22
,Park Street .
What I witnessed will be best understood from the drawinggiven in figure 3 , of plate II .
The conductor above the anemometer (A) and the one on the
east Of the Office (B) again appeared redhOt, andthe horizon ta l
portions emitted sparks for an instant only . After this there was
a perfect lull for nearly 1 0 minutes and then followed a success ionof flashes and detonations
,all overhead
,andfrom W . to S . over
Chowringhee andPark Street and south towards the Martiniere,
which I can only describe as a blaze Of lightning anda terrific roarOf thunder .This first portion of the storm seemed to me to pass away to the
South andEast, and then turn round by east to north or N . East .Throughout this storm,
for nearly 4 hours,I closely watched the
streams Of electricity discharged towards this city andreally fan ciedthat nearly every house must have been struck . From Government
Proceediflw of the A siatic Society .
House northwards and westwards towards Howrah, there ap
peared to me an almost continuous discharge of the electric fluid,
andas the storm advanced Southwards andEastwards,I Observed
the same phenomena extending , as nearly as I could ascerta in , in a
c ircle from the Fort up Park S treet to the Martiniere andovertowards the G eneral Hospital .Mr. H .
’Blanford, in reading Mr . James’ note , suggested that theappearance of Sparks given off by the horizontal part of the con
ductor might perhaps be due to a discharge towards the fallingrain drops . The zigzag flash returning from a struck Object to theclouds and then back aga in to the earth may be ascribed to anOptical deception .
Mr . Ayrton, saidMr . James ’ paper is certainly a vivid description of an Indian
thunderstorm . It is , however, I think , to less startling displaysthat we must look for our physical information about atmospheri celectricity . Not only during V isible storms, but at all times thereOccur in the air phenomena which instruments electrically moredelicate than our senses are able to see and measure . The bestkind of such instruments , electrometers as they are called , require ,however
,that the air inside them Should be kept artificially dry ;
and unfortunately the season when Observat ions of a tmosphericelectricity would be most interesting , Viz . during the monsoon ,
is the
very time when it is most difii cult to maintain an artificially drieda tmosphere . This difli culty , however, can be overcome whensufficient attention and time can be devoted to the management ofthe instrument — Observations too of this kind are only valuablewhen made regularly. Therefore
,I think that Observations Of
atmospheric electricity can only be carried on with any practicalbenefit
,when they are in the hands of a man who can devote his
t ime to meteorological registration . I would,therefore , strongly
recommend to those who have the management of the Meteorolo
gical Department at Calcutta , that arrangements should be madeS imilar to those already existing at G reenwich andKew for the
registration of the electric potential Of the air .
The only steps that have, I believe , been taken to register atmospheric electricity in this country consisted in two portable elec
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. D ULY ;
trometers being sent out about two years ago to the Indian Telegraph Department, but from an error in packing they were both sodamaged as to be unserviceable . These instruments too weremore suited for making rough measurements at different placeswhile travelling, than for making delicate measurements at an
Observatory . The instruments at present in use in Europe for thispurpose are very perfect
,andg ive on sensitive paper a photographic
curve showing the electric state Of the atmosphere .
AS an example Of the importance of Observations Of atmosphericand terrestrial currents I may mention that from tests made partlyon the loth
,partly on the 1 1 th
,andpartly on the 1 2th of February
of this year,it appeared that very strong positive natural curren ts
were flowing through the telegraph lines in the directions Deesato Agra , Indore to Agra, Allahabad to Agra , Agra to Umballa ,Calcutta to Raneegunge andCalcutta to Sahibgunge , in all casesin the same direction from southward to northward . In the
cases where the line ran nearly due north and south the currentwas such as could have been produced by the insertion of about8 galvan ic cells in the l ine . In the other cases it var ied fromabout 8 to 2 cells
,depending partly on how nearly the line ran due
north and south . On the 1 6th Of February the earthquakeoccurred at Calcutta . Now I do not for a moment conclude fromthis solitary instance, that natural e lectric currents have necessarily any connection with Earthquakes, still as we know very littleabout either of these phenomena
,it is just possible that they may
be connected .
And if in the observatories in Europe andAustralia it is thoughtworth while to carry on a regular system Of Observations Of atmospheric electricity mainly for the purpose Of endeavouring to con
nect the results Of these Observations with the wea ther, so that theelectric state Of the air may act as a barometer to foretell theweather, how much more important is i t that such a system of
Observations Should be established in a country like India, V isitedas it is by thunderstorms doing such a vast amount of damage .
Mr . Woodrow Observed that he heard several persons statingthat they saw the conductor Of a house appearing redhot duringthe late storm .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society .
wa s pass ing over from the S . W. andS . This encounters , or iscrossed by, the course Of a condens ing cause coming up from the
N . W . The latter is no doubt a relatively colder andgenerallyswifter moving current, somewhat above the first
,often perhaps
partially driving through it . The result is a curious movementon echelon while the lower clouds appear to be coming from the
S . W ., the heavy storm masses as a whole gather first in the
N . W . andseem to traverse the sky as if coming from that quarter .
A lso the two atmospheric currents in highly contrasted meteorolo
gical condition give rise to violent electrical disturbance . In the
normal course Of the monsoon ‘
ra ins, when the vapour-bearingcurrent is not interfered with by a differently conditioned crosscurrent, the precipitation of water
,however heavy the downfall may
be,is seldom found to be accompan ied by any g
reat manifestation
Of thunder andlightning . He, (the President,) was afra id that little
confidence could be placed upon the correctness of the path attri
buted to the lightning flashes . Many causes of deception existed withregard to this . And he might make the same remark with r egardto the behaviour Of the clouds Spoken of by Mr . James towardsthe east after the bulk Of the storm had passed. It was alwaysmatter ofmuch nicety to determine the true motion Of a cloud mass .
Indeed this could scarcely ever be done with much accuracy exceptfor a limited region near the zen ith. The apparent angular motionOf a portion of a surg ing mass at a low altitude did not affordSufficient data for the purpose . It was then almost impossiblewith the eye alone to form even an approximate estimate Of thegeometrical dimensions . With regard to the alleged heating Of theconductor to the extent of making it luminous, he would suggest byway of test for the future that a collar of wax or resin be keptcontinually surrounding the reds of all the principal buildings inthe town .
S omewhat later in the even ing Mr . Ayrton ObservedThe explanation has just occurred to me of the phenomenon
observed by Mr . James of sparks appearing to issue from the
horizontal, but not from the vertical portions of the lightningdischarges, so if it be not contrary to the rules of the Society
,I will
refer again to that subject.
1 50 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. D ULY ,
New by Faraday’s law the portions Of the conductor AB , BC,
CD 850 . each contain equal quantities of electricity, therefore thoseportions EF
, GH which are longest conta in least electricity, p er unitof length. The electricity
,therefore
,will be most concentrated at
the point J Of the conductor and least concentrated at the angles‘
y, 8, and along the vertical portion KA. But the resultant pressure on the air, or tendency to produce discharge at any point neara charged body, is directly proportional to the electric density orthe amount Of electricity per un it Of area at that point
,therefore
the discharge will be greatest at the point J,next greatest along
the horizontal portions AE,FG , andleast along the portions EF,
GM and the vertical portion HA. The only differen ce being thatat the poin t J the discharge although greatest will most probablybe a S ilent one
,whereas along the length of the conductor it will
be disruptive or in the form Of sparks . We may, therefore, expectto see with the eye no discharge a long EF
, GH ,KL or at the
poin t J, but sparks issuing from the horizontal portions AE andFG .
TIL— Suggestionsfor Visitors to the Total E clipse on 1 2th December,
1 8 7 1 , by L ieut .- Col. J . F . TENNANT, F . R . S .
At the last meeting of the Society after the conclusion Of myMemorandum the President suggested, that all who might have theOpportun ity Should V isit the Neilgherries , and should endeavour tocontribute their Share to the result, andthat those having spectroscopes should use them . There is in fact no difficulty in seeingduring the Total Phase of an Eclipse lines of light varying more or
less in number andbrightness with a spectroscope directed nearlyto the sun nor would it be impossible that any one so armedshould see some lines Of li ght or darkness which he believedto be unseen by others , but this would not be of any use . The
light falling on the Slit of a spectroscope at this time comespar tly from the Corona andpartly from the Protuberances
,while
there is of course such fa int diffused light a s is about . We knowthat this mixed light must vary with the point which happens to
be in the prolongation of the l ine of V ision Of the spectroscope,but
unless we can distinguish the Obj ects whi ch emit each ray we are
really gaining little knowledge .
1 52 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [Jung
rawidity on a white wall of one of the Military Establishments of“ the Rampart of St . Domin ique . The effect might be comparedwith that which is observed when the light of the Sun falls upona wall or ce iling after having been reflected from the surface of
“ water in a state of agitation . The same phenomenon appeared“at the emersion of the sun
,
”the undulations were at first very
intense and gradually died away.
“ M . Arago states that“ during the few seconds devoted by his colleagues and himself to“ the observation of such phenomena the facades of the great towerof the citadel of Perpignan appeared illuminated by a singularly
“
fluctuating light .” M . Lenthéric at Montpellier says “ A little be
“ fore the commencement of the total obscuration there were seen
“on the ground andon the walls undula ting shadows composed of asuccession of arcs , 3 or 4 decimetres in length , but of much lessbreadth, which seemed to turn on themselves . The effect was ana
“ logous to that produced by those moveable shadows which are
seen at the bottom of a shallow basin filled with clear water when“ the surface , slightly agitated, is illuminated by the sun
’s rays .
”
At Seyne,Mr . Savourn in says There were here andthere seen
’
shadows and luminous patches runn ing after each other,the
effect of which was similar to that produced by the passage of a
success ion of small clouds over the sun . These patches were not
“allof the same colour , some were red; others yellow,
blue or white. The
children amused themselves runn ing after them, andtrying to“
put their hands on them . This extraordinary phenomenon was
remarked only a few instants before the complete di sappearan ce“of the sun
Professor G rant quotes some Swedish observations of 1 7 33 , butthey do not seem to me to refer to the same phenomenon . The
accompanying quoted by him from Delisle,however, clearly
refers to this . The second observation is one which a curious individual acquain ted me with having made. by merea ccident . H aving directed his a ttention to a large whi te wall,at the momen t of the total immersion of an Eclipse of the Sun
,
he saw theMoon’s shadow pass upon the wall, tingedwith dwferentoolowrs .
”
This phenomenon was also seen and drawn by M . Poula in a
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
French officer at Goree in 1 8 6 1 , whose attention the AstronomerRoya l called to it .In 1 8 68
,I asked Col. Addison of H . M .
’e 2ud(the Queen
’
s)Regt .to examine this matter at Aden . I expressed considerable doubtas to the reality of the phenomenon which , save for M . Savournin’s
s tatement, that the children ran after these shadows,I thi nk one
might have considered (in the absence of evidence to the contrary)as caused while resting a weary eye . Col. Addison had a largesheet hung up and(I quote from memoe t more than one of his
officers saw these shadows pass ing rapidly across the sheet so
rapidly that they could not measure the velocity ; in the directionin Which the Moon was advancing on the Sun .
Colonel Addison andM . Poulain are the sole persons I know,
who have lookedfor this phenomenon, but it was seen again ,unless I mistake , in 1 8 69
,andI believe that the following des
cription by Mr . Charles Coale refers to i t . “ The grandest of“all to us
, who had no astronomical ambition,or astronomical
knowledge, to gratify, was the effect upon the clouds during“ the total obscuration . Those who have had the privilege of
being on White Top” (near Abingdon , Virg inia and 5530 feethigh) “
and enj oying the westward scene,will remember the
grand panoramic view of mountains beginning on the northern and southern horizon and stretching away to the west
,
“ till they seem to meet,andwill apprecia te the scene
,which we
now attempt to describe . S tretching along this semicircle ofmountains in long horizontal lines, far below the Sun lay lightandfleecy clouds , as if resting on the ir wings during the seeming struggle between the orbs above them . At the moment of thefalling of the dark shadow
,when naught was to be seen above
“ but the stars andthe circle of light around the moon , these cloudsbecame a rrayed in all the colours of the ra inbow,
presenting an
indescribable richn‘
tass with their back ground of sombre mountain . To our vision i t was as if bands of broad ribbon of everyconceivable hue hadbeen stretched in parallel lines half round theuniverse .
” One sees here the pen work of the American Journalist : indeed Mr. Coale in another letter remarks that he was
The papers were sent to the Royal Astronomical Society .
1 54 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [JULY ,
probably extravagant in g iving the clouds all the colours of the
rainbow (though he considers this allowable in country j ournalism)and he proceeds to name pink
,purple
,yellow orange , and
fiery red, ” and “a band of lilac
,
” though not green or blue , as beingcolours he hadseen . It is quite impossible notwithstanding exag
geration to compare this, whi ch I take fromMr . Proctor’s late workon the Sun ; with the descriptions I have quoted from ProfessorG rant
,without see ing that the phenomenon was the same that M .
Savournin saw at Seyne . It is eminently fitted for examination bythose unaccustomed to use instruments
,and
,while I believe worth
investigation , will not deprive them of the great spectacle . The
o ccasion will, I think, be very favourable .
To those one degree more professional who may possess telescopes on mountings and seek to do some further service
,without
too great a sacrifice of personal feelings, I would suggest theselection of certain parts of the Corona and their careful scrutiny,so as to enable drawings to be made anddescriptions to be writtenimmediately afterwards . The parts I would refer to are those whichI have in my Report of 1 8 68 called flare. I did not of oeurse see
them then, but it was quite impossible to examine carefully myoriginal n egatives without a strong conviction , that in those places atall events gas, luminous though much less so than the body of theprotuberan ces, was streaming from them into the general lightof the Corona . As photography will probably b e entirely directedto the general Corona , these brighter parts will be to a great extentlost in deta il . Indeed if they are to be done justice to by Photo
graphy, it must be by special arrangements allowing large picturesto be rapidly taken in some Eclipse of the future . At presen tI would call the attention of draughtsmen to these spots
,from
which,when found, they should not allow the ir attention to go .
Moderate power would alone be necessary,though if the a ir be
steady enough high power would concentrate the attention bylimiting the space . It is alleged too that there are nodes and
bands of light in the Corona of compli cated structure and quitefree of the Sun ; these too might be noticed
,probably the best
plan will be to attack the first such obj ect seen andadhere to it:Lastly, I would urge on those who I trust may be induced to
1 56 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. JULY,
LIBRARY .
The following additions have been made to the Library sincethe meeting held in June l ast .
Presentations .
3332, Names of donors in Capitals
Memoirs of the Royal Astronomi cal Society, Vols . XXXVXXXVIII Notices, Vols . XXVIII— XXX Index to the Firsttwenty-nine volumes of the Monthly Notices .
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Proceedings of the Royal Society,Vol . XIX
,No . 1 27 .
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ROYAL SOCIETY or LONDON .
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol . XV,
No . I.-THE ROYAL GEOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Journal of the Statistical Society of London, March 1 8 7 1 .
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Bollettino della Societa Geografica Italiana, volume sesto, 1 stMaggie , 1 8 7 1 .
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Nyelvtudomanyi Ko'
zlemények, Kiadj a A Magyar TudomanyasAkademia Nyelvtudomanyi Dizottsaga , szerkeszti, Hunfalvy Pal.
Hatodik Kiitet, F iizet, elso masodik,harmadi k ; Hetedik Ko’ tet,
Elso F iizet z— Ertekezések A . Természettudomanyi OsztalyK‘
Oréleol.
Kiadj a a Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia As Osztaly Rendeleté
bél,szerkesgti, Gregurs Gyula , levelezé taq ; Tzam 1
,IX
,XI
XIII —A Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Jegyzékb'
ny, 1 8 67,
Euzet 1 -2,Almanach 1 8 67
,1 8 68
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'
zle
mények, OtOdikKCtet, Euzet Elsé , Masodik, Harmadik — Ertesit6j e
Else Evfolyam, szam 1,
1 7 : Masodik Evfolyam, szam,1 — 20 .
A . MAGYAR TUDOMANY As AKADEMIA , PEST .
Abstract of Proceedings of the Mahomedan Literary Society of
Calcutta , 1 8 7 1 .— THE MAHOMEDAN LIT . SOCIETY OF CALCUTTA .
H istorical andS tatistical Memoir of the Ghazeepur District, byW . Oldham,
B . C. S , LL . D ., part I.
— THE AUTHOR.
Report on the H ill of Mohendragiri and the native part ofB arwah
,by C. Palmer, Esq .
,M . D. , Capt. W . G . Murray
,andV .
Ball , Esq. ,B . A.
— DR . C. PALMER.
Proceedings of the A siatic Society . 1 5 7
A Lecture on the Modern Buddhistic Researches by Babu RamDass Sen .
-TIIE AUTHOR .
Introduction to a Philosophical G rammar of Arabic, by G . W .
Leitner . - TIIE AUTHOR .
The Topography of the Mogul Empire as known to the Dutchin 1 63 1
,by E . Lethbridge, M . A .
— THE AUTHOR .
English Legislation for India by A . M. Broadley.— TIIE
AUTH OR .
The Calcutta Journal ofMedicine , Nos . 7— 1 2 .— THE EDITOR .
Uber das Ramayan von A . Weber .— H . BLOCHMANN,ESQ.
Christian Spectator, No . I.— REV . C. B . LEwrs .
Outlines of Amharic by Rev . C. H . B lumhardt ;— H istoricalNoticeconcerning Calcutta — A Manual of G eography by Maj or T .
Candy -The Holy B ible in Short Hand -The Parsee Acts bySarabj ee Shapoorjee B engalee — Phonetic Journal
,Vol. 23 — REv .
J . LONG .
Report on the Financial Results of the Excise Administration inthe Lower Provinces , 1 8 69— 7 0 — Report on the Cultivation and
preparation of Tabacco in India,by Dr . Forbes Watson .
— THE
GOVERNMENT or BENGAL .
Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, Nos .
1 1 8,1 1 9 .
— THE GOVERNMENT or BOMBAY.
Purchase.
Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica , 2 8 4— 28 7 .— Quarterly Review
April 1 8 7 1 .
— American Journal of Science, Nos . 3 and 4 .— L . E .
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine , NO . 274 .— Comptes Rendus
Nos . l5— 1 7 .— Feer ’s Etudes B ouddhiques, pr serie .
— Vémbéry’s
Uigurische Sprachmonumente unddas Kudatker B ilik .—Semper
’
s
Holothurien, Band I .- De Goej e B ibliotheca G eographica Arabi
corum .— Reise in Hadramaut .— Spiegel’s Eranische Alterthums
kunde,Band L— Lexic on Latino -Japonicum .
— Darwin ’s Descent
ofMan, Vols . 1 , 2 .
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [AUG .
Capt . S . B . Miles, Bombay S . C ., Asst . Pol. Agent, Quader ,
Makran,proposed by L . Schwendler, Esq ., seconded by C0 1 .
J . F . Tennan t.Henry Buckle
,Esq .
,Asst . Commiss ioner
,British Burma , pro
posed by Dr . T . Oldham,seconded by Dr. F . Stoliczka .
The following paperswere readI. SOME REMARKs ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN INERTIA
AND TIME , by W . E . AY RTON ,ESQ
The following was written not on account of its actual novelty,but because the ideas contained in it will probably be new to themaj ority of those presen t.Of all the properties of matter inertia is,
.
I think, the one leastunderstood by the general reader . With weight, hardness, friction ,elasticity, &c . b e is perfectly familiar, but that matter possessesanother property as important as any one of those I have men
tioned never seems to present itself to him. If you a sk an
ordinary practical man why it is difficult to set a mass ive fly-wheelin motion , he will probably say on accoun t of the weight andfriction . The friction certa inly does in a small degree preventmotion be ing given , but this can to a grea t extent be overcomeby the bearings of the fly-wheel being well made .
And not only is it difficult to set a massive fly-wheel in motion ,but it is difficult to stop such a wheel when in motion . Thiscerta inly is not caused by friction
,since the friction would itself
tend to stop the motion .
The weight too cannot in the least prevent motion being givento
, or taken away from,a wellbalanced wheel, s ince the action of
the earth on each side of the wheel is exactly the same .
There is,therefore , another property that matter possesses— its
inab ility to change its own state of rest or motion . This propertywhich is called inertia is best defined by N ewton ’
s law Everybody continues in its state of rest
,or of uniform motion in a straight
line, except in so far as it may be compelled by impressed forcesto change that state .
”Now
,by uniform motion we mean movi ng
through eq‘
ual spaces in equal times , or rather we should say, wecall those times equal during which a body unacted upon by any
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety.
force describes equal spaces ; for no person has an innate perception of equal times . Nobody can from his inner consciousnesssay one time is equal to another . Hours andminutes are as arbitvary in the ir conception , and require jus t as much explanationas degrees of temperature . By general consent the earth is thestandard body that has been selected to determine equal timesby its motion
,so that a ccording to Newton ’
s law the se timesare called equal during which the earth describes equa l spaces
,
or better during which any particular meridional plane describesequal angles . In fact when a person speaks of minutes or
hours , he is tacidly assuming the fact of the earth’s inertia .
Andfor comparing time without the aid of the earth’s rotation,
clocks are used in which the condition of a body in motion , prac
tically unacted upon by any force , is arrived at by compensatingby the action of a compressed spring or otherwise for the inevitable forces of friction .
The earth and moon regarded as a mechan ical system possessa certain amount of “
energy, ” or power to do work . This energyis partly potential , that is , energy depending on the relativepos ition of the earth andmoon
,andpartly kinetic
,that is
,energy
depending on the two bodies being in motion . Now the earth’s
daily rotation produces tides by the mutual attraction of the sea
andmoon , andas the motion of the sea on the surface of the earthis retarded by tidal fricti on a certa in amount of the energy possessed by the sy stem must be lost in overcoming the friction or ingenerating heat .One effect of this loss of energy is to cause the periods of rota
tion of the earth round its axis and of the moon round the earthto become more andmore equal , or in other words to make the
period of the earth’s diurnal rota tion gradually longer and longer .The earth is , therefore , not a true time -keeper , and if a chronometer were set now to keep true s ideral time
,we should ex
peet,if the chronometer neither ga ined nor lost, to find at the
end of a lapse of years,that it was apparently too fast, if com
pared with the then true sideral time . Such a chronome ter ithas been calculated would at the end of a century be apparently
of a minute too fast .
1 62 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [AUGZ
To compare, therefore, time at one period of the earth ’s existencewith time at another period we require , in addition to the s ideraland solar second
,a mechanical second which would be defined as
the period,or a defin ite portion of the period of vibration of a
body practically quite unacted upon by any force . Such a timekeeper has been made at the Un iversity of G lasgow and consistsof a spring pendulum truly balanced about its centre of inertiaandhermetically sealed in an exhausted glass tube . The vibrations of such a pendulum are of course not in the least affected bythe earth , and could only be influenced by the little air tha t ha sunavoidably been left in the tube producing some change in the
metal of which the pendulum is composed . The number of vibrations of the pendulum per second are carefully counted now,
and
will be counted aga in at some future period, when the numberwill be apparen tly greater p er second than it is now,
since a
sidereal second then will really be a longer time than a siderealsecond now . In this way the actual loss of speed of the earth
’s
diurnal rotation can be practically measured .
Col. Tennant saidHe did not see how our idea of inertia involved an idea of
time . Inertia was the pass ive power by which change of statewas resisted, and when a body was at rest there was no ques
tion of time involved ; but he had not Come prepared to discussthis point in detail . The paper seemed to be mainly leadingto the question which had lately been raised as to the effect of the
tides in retarding the Earth’s rota tion on its axis, and he
thought some account of this might be interesting .
He (Col. T .) would remark on Mr . Ayrton’s statement that an
increase in the duration of a revolution of of a minute in a
century has been found by calcula tion . The whole tidal problem is
of extreme complication , and in its genera lity cannot be touched byanalysis . The motion of the water ha s been deduced on certainhypotheses which are very far indeed from represen ting existen tfacts . Thus we have some knowledge of wha t the motion would bein a canal surrounding the earth equatorially andof un iform,
or great,depth and section, or in similar canals passing through the poles
1 64 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [AUG .
acceleration of the Moon ’s motion . It has been suggested that the
ether supposed to fill space, andwhose existence hadbeen con
sidered probable from the peculiarities of the motion of Encke ’scomet produced a s imilar though less result on the moon , but De
launay suggested that the tides should produce a retardation ofthe Earth’s velocity which might accoun t for it .S ince then the theoretical discussion of the result of the tidal
action ha s been in question . Col. Tennan t hadnot been in the wayof see ing all the solutions , but the problem is very intricate even on
the limited hypotheses which render it analytically possible . The
Astronomer Royal has shown that on the supposition of a canalequatorially surrounding the earth
,the result of using the first
order of small quantities only in the solution is that the frictionproduces no effect on the velocity of revolution
,but that it retards
the moon . This is precisely the opposite of the result sought, buthe has also found in the terms of the second order one whi chwould retard the earth .
This or anything similar is very far from g iving a trustworthyvalue of the retardation , however, and he (Col. T .) would cautionall to hesitate before giving faith to figures on thi s subj ect .
Mr . Ayrton repliedWith reference to Colonel Tennant’s remark that “ Inertia is
the passive power by which change of state is resisted, andthatwhen a body is at rest there is no question of time involved
,
”
it will be obvious that the first half of this sentence related to
two things , a body at rest and a body in motion,whereas the
second half of the sentence refers only to a body at rest . Now
as regards a body in motion , inertia is the property it possesses tomove un iformly . What
,I ask, is meant by moving un iformly if no
reference is to be made to time Also what is meant by equaltimes , if no reference is to be made to the inertia of a body in motion I therefore maintain
,as before
,that the two ideas inertia and
equal times are so intimately connected,that neither can be ex
plained without reference to the other .What follows in Colonel Tennant’s remarks rather tends to show
the difficulty of applying direct calculation to the actual motion of
P roceedings of the A siatic Society. 1 6 .
the sea , than to show that a retardation of the earth does not exis tor that the rate of this retardation could no t be calculated . The
calculation to which I have alluded of of a minute andto whichColone l Tennant Obj ects so strongly wa s Obta ined in the followingway by Prof. Thomson ,
Mr . Adams andProf. Ta it working together .They started with the assumption that the known difference betweenthe acceleration of the moon rela tive to the earth
,as calculated by
Mr . Adams,and the a ctual relative acceleration , as observed by
Mr . Dunthorne , was due to tidal friction , and then by allowing forthe necessary consequent retardation of the moon ’
s mean motion,
andusing a certain assumption with regard to the proportion Ofthe retardations due to the moon and sun
,they arrived at the
result I have g iven . New with reference to the general question ,independently of any calculation , it appears to me that as longa s the sea moves on the surfa ce of the earth there must betida l friction: Friction must produce heat . Heat produced in any
system of b odies must to a certain extent be dissipated unlessthe heated bodies be surrounded by a perfectly non - conductingthermal envelope , a thing of course quite unknown . Wherever
,
therefore,heat is produced
,there must be a certa in loss of energy .
Andthe loss of energy in the case in question must cause a retardation in the earth’s diurnal rotation
,unless ther e exists some
other cause not yet ascerta ined which compensates for this loss ofenergy. The connection
,therefore
,between tidal friction and the
undoubted fact of the earth’s retardation possesses,I think
, a highdegree of probab ility .
The President understood Mr . Ayrton’s remarks on Inertia to
be intended to lead up to the principal topic of his short paper .Mr. Adams demonstrated , now many years ago , tha t Laplace ’scelebrated explanation of the Moon ’
s accelera tion was not n earlyso complete as it hadbeen thought to be . It left about one halfof the inequality unaccounted for . But
,to discover the true cause
of this res iduum was a task of the greatest difficulty . Any one
who hadpractical experience in dealing with the formulae of theLunar Theory would know quite w ell how complicated the problemwas. The best supposition— one he behaved that was at this time
1 66 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [AUG .
generally accepted, — seemed to be that the earth’s angular velocityof rotation ,
an ingredien t in the calculation , was not con stant asit had always been assumed
,but was slowly dimin ishing . The
tide - action on the surfa ce of the globe is considered by manyeminent phys icists sufficient to bring about such a result . On the
other hand,if the earth is contracting in radius by a process of
cooling denudation or degradation an acceleration of rotation to
some extent would be the consequence . Hence it becomes a
matter of interest,if possible
,to contrive an accurate time -keeper
who should be independent of the earth’s rotation ,and serve to
make its deviation from constancy indisputable . He would beglad if Mr . Ayrton would kindly explain the particular mode inwhich this endwas sought to be a ttained in the case of the G lasgow instrument .
Mr . Ayrton saidThe pendulum at the G lasgow Un iversity to which I referred ismade simply on the principle Of the balance wheel of a watch , thatis
,a certa in mass of metal is made to oscillate by the a ction of a
spring, and independently of the a ction of gravity. The friction ,however
,of the pivot of the balance wheel is obviated by the wheel
andspring being virtually in one . The arrangement can be bestunderstood by imagin ing a stra ight fiat piece of spring rigidlyfixed at one end and having a mass ofmetal fixed at the otherendwhich mass oscillates in a horizontal plane by the action of the
spring . The actual arrangement of the pendulum is really morecomplicated than this, but the principal of action is as described .
As regards the President’s remark that the earth by con tractingmay acquire sufficien t a cceleration to compensate for the retardation produced by tidal friction ,
I would mention that Laplace provedsolely from Fourier’s theory of the conduction of heat that theacceleration of the earth’s diurnal rotation produced by shrinkingfrom cooling could not have amounted to g gath of a second in thelast years . Sir William Thomson has also shown that thea cceleration from this cause must be extremely small comparedwith the probable retardation produced by tidal friction .
1 68 P roceea ings of the A s ia tic S ociety . [AUG .
On a ttempting to pass from the Lach i’
Ing to the Lachen valleyby the Donkia pass and the small portion of the upper Lachenvalley which is in Tibet, the travellers found themselves againstopped by the Tibetans . After two or three days negotiation ,
a
much higher official, the governor of Kambaj ong , arrived,and
with much politeness said he was obliged to refuse to a llow themto pass, as he had just received special orders on the subj ect fromJigatzi and Lhassa . They were
,therefore , compelled aga in to
descend to the hot Tista valley, and make 1 0 long marches in
stead of 2 short ones to reach Kongra Lama pass or Djo -kongtong, the Tibetan frontier in the Lachen valley . H ere theyagain met the Sfiba of Kambaj ong , who hadprocured some Ocisammon and goa skins
,and 4 live Syrrhap tes Tibetana s for them .
They obtained from him a little information concern ing Tibet ,the most interesting of which was the absolute prohibition of all
imports Of tea from S ikkim .
Around Kongra Lama they obtained a few birds not elsewhereseen ,
amongst them a new Montifringilla . They left the pass on
the 5th October and, marching back by the Tista valley, reachedDarj iling again on the 2oth . In conclusion
,Mr . B lanford bri efiy
described some of the traces of former glaciers which he had seen .
None were noticed on the Chola range below 1 2000 feet elevation,
but in the upper Tista valley glacial markings descended to between 5000 and 6000 ft . H e especially noticed the great mo
ra ines of the Lach i’i ng and Lachen valleys , described by Hooker,and expressed an Opin ion that the plains of Phalung , four miles longby two miles broad, were entirely composed of moraine accumulation s
,probably derived from the great glacier which passed down
the Lachen valley .
Dr . Stoliczka sa id— he would not enter into the numerous deta ilsof observations made by Mr . B lanford on hi s interesting tour, butonly allude to one or two points noticed by him . Referring to thedifficulties which every traveller has at the present time to encounter in crossing the Tibetan frontier , it would appear
,as if the
Europeans had, so to say, come into discredit with the Tibetanswithin the last 20 years . Some 30 or 40 years ago , the difficulties
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society.
were by far not so great, as several Europeans had been able toenter Tibet through Bh i
’
itan , Kumaon andthe Sutlej valley . It isremarkable for instance that the two Roman Catholic M issionariesHue and G abbet were allowed peacefully to cross the whole ofEastern Tibet andNorth Chi na , even after they hadbeen expelledfrom Lhassa . It is by no means likely that a European would beequally well treated at the present time . Andstill every one who
approached any part of the frontier of that vast unknown countrywill understand the anxiety of a traveller to proceed into the interiorof Tibet, where nearly everything is new to the observer . Indianofli cers had, sometimes under the greatest difli culties , devoted the irtime to explore the sources of rivers of other countries
,while no one
has as yet made an earnest attempt, or at any rate not succeeded,to
discover the sources of the river from which India derives her name .
If his (Dr . memory serves him right , he thought , that the onlyreliable knowledge we have of the sources of the Indus is a statement by Moorcroft in his travels , that a range of hills separates thesources of the Indus from the Mansarovara lakes, but it is not
even perfectly certain whether Moorcroft had seen these sources ,or not . A subj ect Of such general interest, as this, would by itself warrant the equipment O i an expedi tion to these unknownregions . It is to be hoped that the endeavours of the G reat Trigonometrical Survey to increase our knowledge of the geography ofTibet will sooner or later solve thi s problem.
With regard to the personal obj ections which Tibetans make toEuropeans, attempting to cross the frontier from the Kumaon and
Ladak side,Dr . Stoliczka thought , they appeared to him to be
chiefly of a commercial nature . The Chinese as rulers of thecountry have a monopoly in supplying Tibet with tea , Opium and
all articles of luxury connected with the Bhudhist religion ;andbecause they are afra id of losing thi s monopoly, they refuseEuropeans access to the country. Naturally there are besidesthese other reasons, as for instance love for ruling or protectionto a co - religionist , & c .
, but these seem to be of minor importance .
The Tibetans themselves are not directly hostile to Europeans ;they invariably say that they have orders not to allow Europeansto cross the frontier, andthat if they would allow it, their homes
1 7 0 Proceedings of the A sia tic Society . [AUG .
would be burned down and they themselves killed or exp elledfrom the country .
’
A European when he goes into Tibet fromKumaon ,
Spiti or Eastern Ladak is not Opposed with force , buthe is starvedout . The success of an expedition into these regionsrests, therefore , principally in provision ing a party for a coupleof months , which it is certa inly not difficult to do .Another point to which Mr . B lanford alluded was the absence
of any large mora ines in the lower parts of Sikkim. The absenceof any very extensive traces of glacial action in the N . W . H imalaya is equally remarkable , as compared for instance with the Alps .
Large moraines and glacia l depos its are in the N . W . H imalayaschiefly confined to the central range andto the north of it . In the
valleys on the southern side Of the N . W . H imalayas traces of old
debris may be Often seen 3000 and 4000 feet above the presen tlevel of the rivers, but these accumulations appear with very fewexceptions to be common river depos its .
The following communications have been received
III . A FIFTH LIST OF BENGAL ALGAE,DETERM INED BY DR . G . v .
MARTENs,communica tedby MR . S . KURZ .
No . 27 58 . Oscillaria interrup ter, Martens . On muddy ground ofdried-up tanks , B ot . gardens , Calcutta .
27 59. Anabcena mollis,Kg
— Ca lcutta Botani c gardens , on mudalong the edges of tanks , and in water .27 60 . Hydrocoleum violaceum
,Martens
,n . sp .
Caespite atroviolaceo vaginis diametro 1/1 8 0 ad lin . , arctis ,
pellucidi s ; filis inclusis tern is v . pluribus,flexuosis
, lin .
crassis, palli de violaceis, obsolete articulatis ; articulis granulatis ,
diametro triplo brevioribus .-Calcutta
,in stagnant waters of the
Botan ic gardens .
27 62 . Lyngbya cincinnata , Kg , invested by l otila concatenata,
Kg , and colourless inarticulate filamen ts like Lep tothrix, but indeterminable .
— Seebpore, Howrah ,in swamps and tanks
,inha
biting the culms of grasses .
2763 , Nostoc gregarium, Thuret . - Botanic garden , Calcutta, oninflorescences of a Fimbris tylis, submerged in a tank .
(Unicum .) Oscillaria Froclichii,Kg , with the same l eptothrix
1 7 2 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [AUG .
3037 . Polys iphonia angustissima , Kg— Calcutta , salt -lakes
Nov. 1 8 70 .
3038 . Polysfiahonia p olychroma, Martens, n . sp .
Caespitosa , pollicaris, pulchre violacea , in rubrum,viridem, pallide
fuscum et flavescentem colorem transiens ; filis capillaribus, basilin . crassis
,radicantibus , superne complanatis ; articulis pen
tasiphoneis , diametro plerumque aequalibus , margins corticatis ,
supremis brevissimi s ramis divaricatis oppositis alternisque car
pocloniis lateralibus curvatis .— Calcutta , salt-lakes ; Nov . 1 8 7 0 .
3039 and3050 . Hyp oglossum pygmceum, Martens,n . sp .
Fronde tenui purpurea , 3 ad4 lin longa , vix semi-lineam lata ,repetite di chotoma ; cellulis frondis quadrangularibus , costae elongatis ; segmentis linearibus, apice Inci s1 s ; sorIs In segmentis ter
minalibus et sporophyllis axillaribus adcostam aggregatis ; cystocarpiis stipitatis urceolatis .
~ Calcutta , salt - lakes , on the culms of
p erus and on submerged branchlets along Balliaghat canal ;Nov . 1 8 70 .
3040 . Conferva Antilla/rum,Kg
— Calcutta , salt- lakes, on sub
merged culms of Panicum. Nov . 1 8 70 .
3042 and 3043 . Lyngbya cinerascens , Kg— Ca lcutta , salt- lakes ,
on an Old log of wood,in bra ckish water .
3044 . S cytonema granulatum,Martens
,n . sp .
Strato olivaceo fusco , tenui , pulverulento ; filis simplicibus cum
vagina ad lin . crass is , nunc virescentibus , nunc fuscis ,laxe intricatis vaginis arctis hyalinis articulis distinctis diametrousque ad duplum brevioribus
,duplici serie granulatis .
— Calcutta ,salt- lakes
,on mud-banks . Nov. 1 8 7 0 .
305 1 . Catenella Opuntia, Grev. , with Chthonoblastus Lyngbyei,
Kg , andPolysiphonia angustissima , Kg — Calcutta , salt-lakes ; Nov .
1 8 7 0 .
3053 . Ohwtomorpha chlorotica,Kg — Calcutta , salt -lakes , com
mon ; Nov . 1 8 7 0 .
3054 . Hypheothrix tenax, Martens,n . sp .
Strato compacto sordide virescente ; filis palli de aerugineis v.
lutescentibus,cum vagina ad lin . crassis
,dense intri
catis,obsolete articulatis ; articulis diametro brevioribus , vaginis
distinctis,hyalinis
— Hyph. investienti proxima . Calcutta , saltlakes
,on roots
,etc . Nov . 1 8 7 0 .
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society.
3055 . Oscillaria tenerr ima,Kg .
—Calcutta, salt - lakes, on wet
mud; Nov . 1 8 7 0 .
3057 . Lep tothrix mamiltosa , Menegh .— Calcutta, salt -lakes ,
amongst A lgae ; on mud,submerged ; Nov . 1 8 70 .
3058 . Leibleinia Juliana , Kg .— Calcutta, salt-lakes
, on Naj as ,Potamogeton, Ocra top hyllum,
etc . ; Nov. 1 8 7 0 .
3059. Oscillaria brevis, Kg ,with some filaments of the handsome
Sp irulina oscillarioides, Turpin .— Calcutta
,salt-lakes, covering the
mudwith a layer of soft green . Nov . 1 8 70 .
3060 . Oscillaria cers icolor , Martens , n . sp .
Strato tenui fusco v . violaceo ; filis lin . crassis,violaceis
v . fuscescentibus,interdum viridibus ; articulis diametro triplo ad
quadruplum brevioribus, adgen icula duplici serie granulatis api
cibus rectiS .— Calcutta
,salt -lakes , covering wet mud; Nov . 1 8 7 0 .
306 1 . Hydrocoleum Lenormandi , Martens,n . sp .
Vaginis pellucidis arctis, lin . crassis filis internis fascicu
latim contortis,
lin . crassis,obsolete articulatis ; articulis
diametro aequalibus , subgranulatis .—At first Observed in 1 8 66
, in
the collections of the celebrated botanist, Mr . René Lenormand,
at Vire , Dept. of the Calvados , from Java , and now found alsoby Mr . S . Kurz in the salt-lakes near Calcutta , on submergedgrasses .
(Un icum . ) Phormidium Lyngbyaceum,Kg — Calcutta, salt-lakes
,
on an oldsubmerged log of a tree ; Nov. 1 8 70 .
IV . LIST OP ALGzE COLLECTED BY MR . S . KURz IN BURMA AND
ADJACENT ISLANDS,BY DR . G . v . MARTENS
, IN STUTTGARD .
This paper will appear in the Natural H istory Part of theJournal .
V . NOTE ON HEMIDACTYLUS MARMORATUS , H . KELAARTI, Thech.
,
AND ABLABEs HUMBERTI,by WILLIAM T . BLANFORD .
In the Journal of the Asiatic Society for 1 8 7 0, Vol. xxxix,
Part ii , p . 363,I described a G ecko as new under the name of
Hemia’actylus marmora tus . I have since Obtained many specimensof this species , which is not rare on trees , and is occasionally seenon houses , in the lower Godavari valley andneighbouring parts Of
1 74 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [AUG .
the Madras Presidency, and I find that, although the maj orityresemble the typical specimen in the absence of any enlargedtubercles on the back , a
,few are occasionally found with such
tubercles , and;
that the form is only a small variety of E . Leschen
aultii, with uniform or nearly uniform granulations .
The largest specimens I have as yet Obtained of E midactylus
marmora tus measure inches of which the tail from the anus is
exactly one half or H . Lesehenaultii grows to a larger sizethan thi s . I findin 4 specimens of the latter that the number of
scales across the abdomen are respectively 36, 39 , 39, 42, andthe
upper labials from 1 0 to 1 3, (usually 1 1 or lower labials 7 to 9
,
(8 being the preva iling number). In 4 specimens of the varietymarmoratus
,the scales across the abdomen vary from 34 to 42
,
(the numbers are 34, 38 , 39, the upper labials vary from 1 0 to1 2
,the lower from 7 to 9 . The femoral pores are quite as constant
in number as either the scales across the abdomen or the labials,they are usually 1 2 in each thigh, but occasionally vary between1 0 and 1 4 .
From these differences, it is manifest that Hemidactylus Kelaarti,
Theobald , must also be cons idered a variety ofH . Leschenaultii .
As I had, guided by Gunther and other eminent herpetologists ,a ttached a higher value to the presence or absence of enlargedtubercles on the back of this group of Hemidactyli, than the character deserves , it is probable that some of my other identificationson page 364 (Ic e . cit .) are incorrect .I was in error in including A blabes Humberti in the faunacharacteristic of the Malabar province . I have found severalspecimens of a small snake near the lower Godavari which appearsto belong to that species
,andI find that the same form occurs
near Calcutta . The only important difference between specimensfrom the different localities is in the number of ventral scales
,
which I find to be 1 55 in a Malabar specimen sent by Maj or Beddome to Dr . Stoliczka ; about 2 1 0 in specimens from Ellore
,and
no less than 240 in one from Calcutta . This is a remarkable de
gree of variation certainly, andthere is a corresponding differencein l ength, the snakes from B engal andEllore being more elongate .
Dr. Gunther, I should add, found the number of ventral scales to
be 1 7 5 .
1 76 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety . [AUG .
S elections from the Records of the G overnment of N . W Pro
vinces, vol. IV,Nos . ii i— iv.
-THE GOVERNMENT OF THE N . WPROV INCES .
Purchase.
The L . E . D . Philosophical Magazine Nos .
‘
275, 276 .—The A .
andM . ofNatural H istory,NO . 42 .
— Jacut’s WO
’
rterbuch,vol. VI
part l .— Dictionnaire Djaghatai-Turc.— The American Journal
of Science, No . 50 .— The Numismatic Chronicle , 1 8 7 1 , part I.
— Re
vue Archéologie 1 8 70, No . IX .— Revue des Deux Mondes
,Jan . ,
1 8 7 1 .— Calcutta Review, July 1 8 7 1 .
— Comptes Rendus,NO . 1 8
22 .— Reise der Fregatte Novara , Botan ischer Theil, Band I.
-BOht
lingk undRoth’ Sanskrit-WOrterbuch, 45 Lief.Exchange.
Nature, ” Nos . 8 0- 8 8 .
Athenaeum,
” April andMay, 1 8 7 1 .
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR SEPTEMBER, 1 8 7 1 .
The monthly meeting of the Society was held onWednesday the6 th instant
,at 9 o ’clock P . M .
The Hon’ble Mr . Justice Phear, Presiden t, in the chair.
The minutes Of the last meeting were read andconfirmed .
The receipt of the following presentations was announced1 . From Captain W . G . Maitland— Two Thibetan MSS .
, givento him by an inhabitant of the Naga H ills .
2 . From the author— a copy of Kulu,its B eauties
,Antiquities ,
andS ilver Mines , including a trip over the snowy range and gla
ciers,
” by J . Calvert, Esq .
, F . G . S .
The following gentlemen were elected ordinary membersE . T . Atkinson ,
Esq .
, (re -election).R . F . Chisholm,
Esq .
Captain S . B . Miles .
H . Buckle,Esq .
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot a t the nextmeeting .
J . A . Aldis, Esq .
,M . A .
, proposed by the Hon’
ble J. B . Phear,
seconded by Col. A . S . Allan .
Dr. A . Neil
,Lahore
,proposed by the Hon
’ble J . B . Phear
,se c
condedby H . F . B lanford , Esq .
J. O
’Kinealy, Esq .
, C. S .
, proposed by Col. J . F . Tennant,second~
edby Dr . F . S toliczka .
J . A . Briggs, Esq .
,Asst . Supt . Telegraph Dept , preposed by
Mr . L . Schwendler , seconded by Mr. W . E . Ayrton .
H . G . Cooke , Esq .
, C. S .
,M idnapur, proposed by Mr. J . Wood .
Mason, seconded by Mr. H . Blochmann .
1 7 8 Proceedings of the A s iatic Society. [SEPT .
Col. G . E . Evezard, Magistrate of Poona, proposed by Mr . W . T .
B lanford, seconded by Dr . F . Stoliczka .
Col. A . D. Dickens has tendered his resignation as a member of
the Society.
The following letters were readFrom M . L . Ferrar
,Esq .
, C. S .,Seetapore, Audh, regarding the
birthplace of Rajah Todar Mall .“ In Fasc . IV, of your translation of the A
’
in Akbari, you record
that Rajah Todar Mall was born at Lahor . Would you kindlyinform me which of the native H istorians g ives his biography. Iask this, a s the people of t a/rpur, a large town of 1 1 000 inhabitants in the parganah of the same name , in this district (Sitapfir)andin cluded in the A'
in Akbari in S irkar Kha irabad’ all believethat he wa s a native of their town . I am inclined to thi nk that theyhave good grounds for the ir belief, for in the first place the Rajahwas not a mythical personage , like Ram Chandr or king B irat,whose birthplace is cla imed by many places— and secondly , hardby Laharpur is Rdj dpur , called after the Raj ab , andhaving a yearly meldin his honour . At the present time , there is a large com
mun ity ofK’hatris (the Rajah’s caste) a t Laharpur . I think the
point is worth clearing up .
”
Mr . Blochmann saidOn the receipt of Mr . Ferrar ’e le tter , I looked up several MS .
histories , andfound that the Madsir ul Umard and the Tafrih ul’Imcirat call the Raj ah a L ahauri . The Maasir must have derivedhi s information from the Akbarnamah
,though I have not yet
found a pa ssage in that work, where the Rajah’s birthplace isg iven . I then asked Mr . Ferrar
,to obta in more particulars re
garding Todar Mall’s father, who is not mentioned in the
hi stories,as I thought that the Laharpuri Raj ah might be the
Todar Ma ll Shdhg'
ahdni, a distinguished H indli courtier of Shah
jahan ’s time. But the Laharpuris evidently mean Akbar
’s re
nownedminister of finances . Mr . Ferrar replied“ I will make more enquiries from the Laharpur people about
Todar Mall, and shall let you know the result of them . Mean
while , and since my last, I have been informed by a respectable
1 8 0 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [SEPT .
war under Daud Khan,Aurangzeb
’s general , are still remembered
by the inhab itan ts of the district . Mr . Forbes ’s details provein a most striking manner the reliability Of our Muhammadan historians ; the only discrepancies refer to the relationship of severalChero chiefs . His geographical remarks form a valuable oommentary on several passages in the Pddishoihndmah and the
’A
’
lamgir
na’
mah,
and correct,in one case
,a bad reading of the Society’s
edition of the latter work .
2 . NOTES,ON AND TRANSLATION OF Two COPPER -PLATE INSCRIPTIONS
FROM CHAIBASSA , S INGBHU’M ,by PRATAPACHANDRA GHOSHA .
(Abstract .)The copper tablets were discovered buried in the ground in the
v illage of Bamanghati . They record grants of several villages Bamanvasti, &c .
,to two brahni ans by two princes of the Ma
yurbhanj family, a family still extan t in the Katak TributaryMahalle. The plates are each surmounted by a seal, bearing the
name of the donor, and s igns such as the bull,the trident , andthe
crescent moon . Rajabhanj a , the son of Ranabhanja , is the donormentioned in one tablet andRanabhanj a is the donor of the other .The tablet of Ranabhanja bears a date which is supposed to be 56Samvat
3 . ON Two SAURIAN GENERA EURY LEPIS AND PLOCEDERMA , BLYTH ,
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SPECIES or MAROUIA,FITZINGER
,
by DR . ANDERSON , CURATOR , IND IAN MUSEUM .
In comparing some of the Reptiles in the Indian Museum withthe catalogue of that Section prepared by Mr . Theobald for thisSociety, I have lately made two identifications which it is desirableshould be put on record, as they refer to two ofMr . Blyth’s generawhich have hitherto escaped the notice of H erpetolog ists . I referto the two genera Eurylep is and P locederma . In Mr . Theobald’sCatalogue , no men tion is made of e ither Of them
,andI can only ac
count for the ir having been overlooked by the circumstance thatthey were originally published as foot notes to two consecutivepages Of the Journal of this Society for The species illus
J. A . S Beng . vol. xxiii, pp . 738 -739.
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety . 1
trating the first mentioned so - called genus was referred by Theobald to Plcstiodon of Dumeril andB ibron ,
and renamed by himP . scutatus , and the other species for which B lyth had sugges ted thegeneric term Plocederma was placed by Theobald in the genus
Laudahia,which b e regarded as distin ct from S tellio, andreferred to
G ray’s species S tellio tubercula tus .
B efore considering the affin ities of these two forms I shall firstpoint out the characters of the sub -
genus Eumeces which Wiegmann
,its author , regarded as on ly a subdivis ion of his S ection Eu
p rep es .
In the Catalogue of the B erlin Museum published in 1 8 56’s
Lichtenstein iden tified Plestiodon A ldronandi, D . and B .
,with
S cmcus p avimenta tus . P . G eofl’
roy S t . H ilairet , but justly retainedfor P . A ldronandi , D and B I Schneider ’s n ame auratum§ which ,even according to Dumeril and B ibron
’s showing , was entitled
by priority to stand for the species to which they had affixedthe name of A ldrovandas . Prof. Peters“ was the fir st afterWiegmann himself to direct attention to the fact that the S . pac i
nzentatus,Is . G eoff. St . H ilaire was the type ofWiegmann
’s sub
genus Eumeces and Dr . Stoliczkafl last year brought Peters ’
observation to the notice of this Society .
The history of the sub-
genus Eumeces is as follows : In 1 8 34,
Wiegmann’t’f in establi shing the genus referred S . rufescens,
Merr . , andS . p unctatus , S chneider, to it , but in the following yearfihe pointed out that these two Specie s did not belong to it . In
1 8 31 1 1; he indicated that Eumeces wa s intermediate betweenGongylus and Eup rep es and that S . p avimentatus , Is . G eofl‘. St .
H ila ire , was the only species referable to it, and that it differedfrom Eup rcp es in the form of its tongue anddentition
,but he did
not regard these differences as of generic but only of sub-
generic
Nomen . Rept . et Amphib . Muse i Z ool. ,Berol. , L ichtenstein, p . 1 9 .
1‘ Desc . d l’Egyp t , p . 1 35, pl. 3 , fig . 3
, pl. 4 , fig . 4,4a .
1 D . andB . B e rpl. G en l. vol. v, p . 7 0 1 , 7 04 .
S chne ider , Hist. Amph. Z OO . 1 1 , p . 1 7 6. Gunther places S . c a rutas in
Maboui a andrecords it from Pe rsia .
Monats . der Akad. zu Berlin , 1 8 64, pp . 48 , 49.
{I Journ . As . S OC . Beng . 1 8 70 . vol xxxlx p . 1 74 .
He rpet Mex p . 36.
1 1 Areh . fur Na turge sch . (Wieg ) vol. II, p 28 8 .
1 1 Wieg . l. 0 . vol. v, p . 1 32 .
1 8 2 P roceedings of the A sia tic Society . LSEPT.
value . He states that the nostrils of S . p avimenta tus are situatedin the centre of a small nasal shield
, but in his work on the
H erpetology of Mexico be writes, naris in medio scutello sites
(scutellis duobus in unum coa litis)” which would lead me to
conclude that he doubted whether the character Of a s ingle nasal
shi eld were a reliable and constant feature . At that time he dividedthe genus into two small sub -divisions one Section , A . containing S . p animenta tus and S . rufescens, Merr .
,the latter of which he
afterwards referred to Eup rep es , andanother Section B . in whi ch heplaced S . p unctatus, Schneider , andwhich he also afterwards locatedin Eup rep es . The characters of the first sub-division were these
,
p alp ebra sup erior mediocris inferior scutellato squamosa dentes
p ala tini numerosi . ” It is therefore to b e understood that the
scales of Eumeces (E . p avimenta tus) were smooth the nostril in a
single plate resulting from the coalescence of two nasals,the in
ferior eyelid scaly,and that it hadpalatine teeth .
In 1 8 39,Dumeril and B ibron’t do not appear to have b een
aware that Wiegmann had corrected his original mistake and
had removed S . rufescwi s andS . punctatus from Eumeces, for theyenter into an elaborate criticism of his arrangement of the
genus in his H erp etology ofMexico . They regarded Wiegmann’s
.E'
umeces as not founded on a sufficient bas is and they thereforereta ined his name s imply to apply it to the group representedby the type S . p unctatus of Schneider
,which has a transparent
eyelid, a double fronto -parietal anda small un ilobular ear . They,
however,in the same volume described the genus Plestiodon
whi ch has all the characters of Wiegmann’s first section (A ) of
Eumeces a s represented by Eumeces p avimenta tus, G eoff , whichProfessor Peters states is synonymous with Scincus S chneideri
,
Is . Geoff. St . H ila ire , Plestiodon Aldronandi, D . andB .
,andPlestio
don cyp rius, Cuv . Under these circumstances P lestiodon cannotstand, as E inneces has the prior cla im to acceptance .
B lyth’s Eur ylep is has the palatine teeth and palate of Eumeces,
as described by Wiegmann , and also the scaly eyelid and smoothscales . The nostril, however, is not in a single plate but is placedbetween an anterior andposterior n asal shield
,andnot as described3“ Herpet . G enl. vol. v.
1 8 4 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . LS EPT ,
a keeled character in the scale , so tha t it would appear thatthey are perhaps modifications of the carinated form of scales . Itshould be borne in mind
,however
,that this form notwith
standing its grooved scales,is a truly smooth scaled scink .
To revert,however
,to the s ign ificance of the large dorsal
plates in the form under consideration ; it does not appear tome to merit generic status , because another and distinct specieshas recently come under my observa tion
,in which there are two
rows of enlarged dorsal shields, each about half the s ize of the
large scales of the type of Eurylep is . Mabouia with the foreg oingfacts before us may be defined as follows
MABOUIA,Fitz inger .
H ead con ical,scales smooth and finely grooved ; dorsal scales
e ither of uniform S ize or enlarged . Tail long , round and smoothwithout spines lower eyelid scaly . Nostril e ither in a s ingleplate or between two plates , an anterior and posterior . Teethnumerous , con ical , somewhat laterally compressed . Palatine teeth .
Palatine notch broad on a level with the eye . Limbs moderately orwell developed, rather for apart . Te es
,5, 5.
The species which has g iven rise to these remarks may be
characterized as follows :
MABOVIA TE NIOLATA,Blyth .
Eurylep is toen/iolatus, Blyth, Journ . As . Soc . xxii pp . 739, 740 .
Plestiodon scuta tus, Theobald, Cat . Rept . A s . S oc . Mus . 1 8 68 , pp . 25, 26,
Eumeces scutatus, Theob . ,Jerdon , Free . As . SOC. B engal, 1 8 7 0 , p . 7 3 .
Body rather elongated, limbs moderately developed and fa r
apart,the distance between them equalling five times the interval
between the shoulder andear . Ta il lgrds of the length betweenthe snout andthe vent : cylindrical, regularly tapered . Supranasals
transversely elongated forming a suture behind the rostral . Frontaltransversely octagonal . Post -frontals pentagonal, broad externallybut narrowing towards the common , broad, mesial suture . Verticalelongate , Oblong lateral andposterior margins concave . Two smallpre
- occipitals not forming a suture together, but separated by the
point of the anterior extremity of an azygos , arrow-head- Shapedoccipital, with a moderately s ized exoccipital shield
,on either S ide
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
of it. Two tempora ls , one above the other between the exoccipitaland the posterior margin of the last upper labial . A postocularbetween the two last labials, before the temporals
,and with a
small postocular above and two small shields in front of it . S ix
superciliaries,the third from before backwards being the largest .
A rather large pentagonal praeocular below the first superciliary .
A vertically oblong loreal with its upper margin wedged in be
tween the praafrontal andpostfrontals . An hexagonal postnasalover the suture of the first and second labials . Two rows of verysmall shields between the upper labials andthe scaly disk of the lowereyelid . Two transverse chin shields , one before the other, behindthe mental , the hindermost being the largest and succeeded bythree pairs of large shields, of which the anterior pair form a
suture . Ear ofmoderate size with three or four strong dentieulations on its anterior margin, the two uppermost being double the
size of the others . A dorsal line of transversely broad, longitudinally narrow
,hexagonal scales from over the shoulder to on a
line with the groin . These scales are as broad as the threelines of scales external to them, and are obscurely marked by1 0 or 1 1 fine grooves, while the small dorsal scales have three suchfine sulci . Twenty-one rows of sca les round the middle of thebody . Scales on the under surface of the ta il enlarged, those on theupper surface the same as on the side of the body. Two large analsseparated by an oblique suture . Anterior limb when la id forwardsreaches beyond the anterior angle of the eye posterior limb reaches only a short way beyond one - third of the distance between the
groin and the axilla . Centre of under surface of the feet coveredwith small tubercles a line of larger tubercles on the hind footembracing the smaller ones , andcurving backwards from the outerto the inner toe . About 8 inter-maxillary, and28 maxillary teethin the upper jaw,
as a whole ; andfive palatine teeth on either s ide .
The specimens are much faded, but the coloration appears tohave been a pale olive grey above with a dark brown band runningalong the large , dorsal scales , and spotted with whitish . A darkbrown band along the side from the eye and partially prolongedon to the tail . This band is ornamented at regular intervals withthr ee longitudinal lines of whitish spots . Tail more or less darklyspeckled, the markings tending to form transverse rings .
1 8 6 Proceedings of Me A siatic Society. [SEP‘
L
Length —snout to vent vent to tip of tail headfore limb hind limb l ”
,fourth toe
B ab. Punjab , Salt Range .
Two specimens were collected by Mr . Theobald in the SaltRange of the Punjab
,and presented by him to this Society and
described by Mr . Blyth who created the above named genus fortheir reception . There cannot be a doubt as to their identity,but both
, Blyth and Theobald,have fallen into some inaccu
racies regarding certain of their characters . The former saysthat the nostril is pierced in a small
,separate
,nasal shield, an error
repeated by Theobald . Mr . Blyth also states that the lower eyelid has a translucent disk
,but Mr . Theobald more accurately
describes it as scaly,with a transverse row of large plates . He
,
however,says the body is surrounded by 23 rows of scales While
the two specimens exhibit only 2 1 in the middle of the body,
andBlyth limited them to 1 9.
If I am wrong in my estimate of the value to be attached to theoccurrence of the nostril between two plates , and the presence of
the enlarged dorsal plates, then B lyth’s Ewrglqais will stand, butfor the reasons stated
,I do not regard these characters as gener ic .
MABOUIA BLY THIANA,n . sp .
Rostral triangular, hexagonal , in contact with the supranasals .
Anterior nasal tr iangular, rather small ; posterior shield sub
quadrangular . Supranasals transversely oblong , forming a suturebehind the rostral . Frontal transversely elongate, its anteriormargins forming an obtuse angle . Posterior frontals large ,hexagonal, forming a broad suture . Vertical elongate , lateral mar
gins slightly convergent posteriorly, hinder margins forming an
obtuse angle . Preeoccipitals pentagonal , forming a broad suturebehind the vertical. An azygos , wedge-shaped occipital . Ex
occipitals of moderate size, pentagonal . Three rather large temporals between the exoccipitals and the two last upper labials
,
one anterior to the other two shields which lie one above the other,the former separated from the eye by a chain of small shieldsrunning from the anterior angle of the eye, along the upper eyelidand the lower margin of the eye to its anterior third. Six
superciliaries, the first and last very small. A small point
1 8 8 Proceedings of the As iatic Society. [SEPT .
the back, from the nape to the base of the tail . A broaderdark-brown band from the eye over the tympanum,
along thes ide . A broad, pale-yellowish band below it from below the
eye through one half of the tympanum along the sides to the
groin. A palish dusky band from the angle of the mouth,over
the shoulder,andalong the side below the yellowish band . Up
per surface and sides of tail pale, uniform brownish-olive . All
the under parts yellowish .
B ab. Amritzur ? Purchased from a Bokhara merchant whostated that he obtained it at Amritzur .
Blythtt in a notice of some Reptiles from the Panjab writes of
the next form which I purpose to consider , a well markedsecond spe0 1 es of Dr . Gray’s genus Landa/cia ,
founded on Ayamatnberonlata of Hardwicke’s Ill. Ind. Zool . , if not rather a new
genus affinedto Landa/cia (in which case this may bear the namePlocederma, This specimen is still in the Museum andwas
referred by Theobald to Landalcia tnbercnla ta,Gray, which he con
sideredgenerically distinct from S tellio, andwhich it does not appearto be . The examples of the genus S tellio in the Indian Museum
agree with Dr . G iinther’s figure of S . indicns which he afterwards
referred to S . tnbercnlatns, Gray. There are , however, two - well
marked species of the genus in India as Dr . S toliczka has shown mefrom the rich materials in his possession , andas he is to describe theresult of his observations
,I shall proceed to point out the charac
ters of the type specimen of B lyth’s supposed genus P locederma,but, to enable me to do so , it is necessary for me to remark that thetwo species recogn ized by Dr . Stoliczka are distinguished by thesize and distribution of the enlarged scales of the dorsal region .
One species S . tnbercntatns has the scales considerably andgenerallysmaller than the other and more numerous , those on the back of
the neck being scarcely enlarged, while in the other, larger-scaledform
,the scales in that region partake to a certa in extent of the
nature of the dorsal scales andare prolonged more or less to theocciput . I am inclined to the conclusion that B lyth’s P lacodermais a young individual of Dr . Stoliczka
’s large scaled form
,but the
following are the characters of Blyth’s S melanwrns.
Journ. As . Soc . Beng . xxm, pp .
Procecdinys of the A siatic Society .
STELLIO MELANURUS , Blyth .
Landakia (Plocederma)melanoma , Blyth, Jonrn . As . Soc . Beng . 1 854, vol. xxiii,p . 737 -7 89.
Laudakia tuberculata,Gray, Theobald, Cat . Rept. As . Soc . Beng .
, 1 868 , p . 38 .
A short rudimentary crest of enlarged , keeled , tubercular scales .
Scales of the back enlarged, imbricate , strongly keeled , with serratedfree margins, andwith a small apical spine . On the middle of theback
,there are 8 rows of the enlarged scales much larger than
these external to them which number 7 rows , gradually decreasingfrom within outwards
,the outer row
,however, abruptly sepa
rated by its greater size from the minute scales of the sides .
In the large central rows of scales , the strong keels form longitudinal lines
,while in those external to them
,the keels form ob
lique lines , from within outwards . Half way between the middleof the back and the shoulder
,the number of rows of enlarged
dorsal scales decreases to 1 6,so that the scales are restricted to
a much narrower area than on the back,but before the shoulder
there is aga in a slight augmentation in their distribution,the
rows increasing to about twenty,but the scales having diminish
ed in size , the lateral extent covered by them is not much increased . On the back of the neck, there are no enlarged scalesbesidesthose of the central crest which begins where the enlarged scalesstop , on a line with the shoulder . The scales on the sides of thebody are granular, each with a minute apical spine and arrang
edin transverse lines , and there are no enlarged scales amongthem . (In this character it differs from S . tnbercnla tns). I count1 49 rows of scales round the middle of the body, 53 of which are
ventral , smooth and without any trace of keels . The scales on theupper surface of the limbs , with the exception of those on the tail , arethe largest, their margins are serrated andeach has an apical spine.
The scales of the tail are large andarranged in verticils which are interrupted, however, in their curve on the upper surface of the baseof the tail . All are keeled and have strong apical spines , withthe exception of those in the middle of the under surface of thetail which have no keels , but generally have an apical spine, witha smaller one on each side of it . Nostril above the second and
1 90 Proceedings of tbe A siatic Society . [SEPT.
third labials,but separated from them by two rows of scales .
Seventeen upper and fifteen lower labials . A median line ofs lightly enlarged keeled scales behind the snout
,anda similarly
enlarged plate on the occiput . Two to three rows of enlargedconical
,spined scales from below the eye to the tympanum . A
group of tubercular,spinous scales a t the anterior margin of
the ear. A fold at the under margin of the tympanum prolonged to the neck , on the under surface andsides of Which thereare numerous folds
,those in the latter locality being here and
there covered with groups of spines . A pit before the shoulderfrom the upper anterior margin of which a fold is prolonged overthe shoulder to the sides of the back with small spines occurringon it at intervals a smaller andmore indistinc t fold between the
latter fold and the shoulder with a few large sp1nous scales .
The opening of the ear is very large and patulous . The tail isslightly dilated at its base and depressed, long and slender and
more than twice as long as from the snout to the vent . The wristreaches as far forwards as the snout andthe hind limb just touchesthe vent . The third finger is nearly the length of the four thwhich is the proportion in the corresponding toes . A small callouspatch of about 20 scales in the centre of the abdomen
,with a
praeanal series of two rows of callous scales . A deep depressionbehind the vent . The dental formula of the upper j aw is pre
maxillary teeth 3 3 6 maxillary teeth 1 3 1 3 26 total 32 .
Snout to vent 3” vent to tip of tail 7" head 1 0 fore limb1” hind limb 2" fourth toeColour in spirit
,I quote from B lyth, “ Olive grey, probably olive
green andchangeable when alive ; the head and body speckledover with dark scales
,and also with some scales paler than the
rest ; the long slender portion of the tail dusky black and the
lower parts pale andbuffy white,apparently suffused with crim
son when alive the throat and below the shoulders beautifullymarbled with greyish black , probably blue in the living animal . ”
Blyth states that the locality f rom when ce the specimen was ob
tainedwas uncerta in ,but that he believed it to come from Kashmir .
Mr . Theobald, however, who collected the specimen states in his
Catalogue that it came from Simla .
1 92 P roceedings of the A siatic Society . LSEPT .
Dip sas Forsteni occurs at Pankabaree , base of Sikkim hills .
D . nexagonotns , Bl. is not identical with D. multifascia ta, Bl. , a s
sugge sted by Dr . Anderson .
D . tubalina is common in the low valleys of S ikkim.
.D. tm'
yonata from Qualior .
Lep too'liytaon j ara is not considered to be generically distinct from
Lycodon .
Hypsirli ina enhydris has sometimes 23 rows of scalesTrimeresnrns A ndersoni of Theobald is quite distinct from T.
monticola with which it was wrongly identified by Dr. Anderson .
It is an Andaman species, and allied to T. p orphyracens of B lyth .
[This paper will be published with illustration in the NaturalHistory Part of the Journal for the current year] .
5 . NOTES ON NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN INDIAN LIZARDS,
by DR . F . STOLICZKA .
(Abstract .)
After some preliminary remarks , the author gives notes on the
following, known or new,species
LAOERTIDJE .
Tachydromns sea lineatns , andthe allied species T. meridionalis,T.
Hanyktonianns* andT. sep temtrionalisf— Opiiiop s Jerdoni, B lyth,
Pseudop iiiop s Jerdoni Ps . Theobatdi and? Ps . B eddomei of
it The naming of this Species was the cause of a most unjustifiable attackby Dr. Anderson upon Dr . Jerdon , as recordedby the former in the Proc. of theZool. Soc . of London for 1 8 7 1 , p . 1 56. I do not wish to repeat that presumptuons statement, which has justly elicited the indignation ofnaturalists a thome ;
but a reference to p . 7 2 Of the Society ’
s Proceedings for February 1 8 70 will shew,
that it wa s I who originally gave that information to Dr. Jerdon , as re corded byhim (1 The specimen , for which the new name was p roposed, w as re c e ivedduring my temporary tenure of the offi ce as Curator of the Indian Museum , and
a s such I thought it right in communicating the information to Dr. Jerdon , whomI knew to be engaged in the preparation of a monograph of the Indian Reptiles .
A few po ints ofm inor importance in the identification of the species have beenafterwards compared by Dr. Jerdon , w ith the knowledge of one or the otherof the offi cers of the Museum . The name Hanghtonianns has been adopted byJerdon on my suggestion .
—Of all this Dr . Anderson should,orm ight, have been
aware . But if he W ishes to style himself a Director” of the Museum, why should
he be so anxious to apply Dr . Jerdon’
s statement “ wi th the concurrence of the
Curator” to himself ? The monopoly of naming and describing spec imens in a.
public Museum , which Dr. Anderson appears to claim as his exclusive right, hasfortuna tely not yet been made law in the Indian Museum a t Calcutta .
Proceedinys of t/re A siatic S ociety .
Jerdon . Op ti iop s [ Gymnolos] microiep is , Blanf. , from Kuhurbalee .
A cant/zodactylas Cantoris, from near Agra , Ambala , Ludiana &c .
GECKOTIDZE .
In this family the more important species noticed are
Of Hemidoctyti 1 5 species are distinguished1 . II. triedrns
, from which Jerdon’s H . snbtriedrns is possibly
distinct .2 . H
'
. niacnlatns, D . andB . (smaller form).3 . H . Pieresii, Kelaart H . maculatus
,D . and
.
B . ,large speci
men,
H . Sykes i, Gunther .4 - 5 . H
'
. gracilis , Blf. , andH . reticulatns , B edd .
6 . H . frenatae, E p nncta tns, Jerdon).7 . H . Lescbenanltii H
'
. Kolaarti,Theob .
, H . ma rmoratus,
Blanford .
8 . H . Mortoni,Theobald ; Burma .
9 . H . Coctce i H . B enyaZiensis , Anderson .
1 0 . H . aurantiacus,B edd .
1 1 . H . giganteus , n . sp . S imilar to Coctce i,but much larger, the
general size being equal to that of G eo/co gutta tus . First labial no tentering the nostril , 1 8— 20 femoral pores on e ither s ide of thi gh ,separate in prae-anal reg ion olive grey, marbled and spotted withdarker .flab. Godavari valley near Badrachalam , on trees ; discovered by
Mr . W . T . B lanford .
1 2 . If . [Dorynra ] B erdmorei, B lyth . Thi s species is re -de
scribed, and a figure of it given . Burma , Cachar, S ikkim Tera i,Tista valley andKumaon .
1 3 . H . [Dar-
yam] Mandelianns,n . sp . B ody long , much depres
sed,a s is also the tail, the latter with sharp lateral subtuberculate
edges ; 1 2— 1 4 upper,1 0— 1 2 lower labials ; first larger pa ir Of
enlarged chin - shi elds forms a suture,second smaller, separated
from each other andfrom the labials by smaller scales ; 36 long .
series of scales on middle of belly . No femoral pores observed .
G rey, densely marbled andpunctated or streaked with blackish and
with intermixed larger pale spots Pankabaree andTista valleyin Lower S ikkim .
1 94 P roceedings of the A s ia tic Society . [SEPT
1 4- 1 5 . H . [D ] Gander/ma andH . [D . ] Karenornm,Theob .
P erip ia Cantoris and P eronii have generally a distinct minuteseta on the inner toe .
Nycteridinm pta tynrus, Schne ider, is Nyct. Schneideriannm,
Shaw, JV. Himalayannm,Anderson .
Gymnodactylus Lawderanus , n . sp . Body covered with small andlarger tubercles no enlarged scales behind the nostril, 9 upper, 8lower labials first pair ofchin - shields forms a suture andis followedby smaller shields ; 32 long . series of scales across belly two pairsof femoral pores
,close together on prae-anal region ; pale greyish
brown , densely spotted with dark brown ; Kumaon discoveredby Mr . A . Lawder .
G . nebulosns, B eddome , is not G . nebulosns
,B lyth
, (nomennudum).Gym. maculatus
,Beddome
,1 8 70, is not G . macnlatns, Steind.
,
1 8 66 .
Gym. niarrnoratns, Beddome, 1 8 70,is not G . marmoratus, D .
andB .,1 8 36 .
Jap a tura var iegata, may possibly be the same a s J . microlep is , Jer
don, but is certainly distinct fr om Jerdon ’
s p lan idorsata, the latterhaving been wrongly identified by Anderson with the first .S itana P onticeriana extends eastward to the Ganges and north
wards to Rurki and into the Panjab .
Charas ia B lanfordana, n . sp . 0h. dorsalis,apud ‘ B lanford
,J
.
A . S . B .,vol. xxxix, 368 differs from the latter by its larger scaleswhich are in 8 0— 1 00 series round the body
, 850 .
Oh. [ Or iotiaris] tricarinatns (B lyth) Oriot. E lliotti Gunther .S teltioDaganas, n . sp .
,differs from S t. tnbercntatns
, S t. indicns of
B lyth, by the larger scales on the back,these being continuous on
the neck ; by having only 40 long . series of scales a cross belly, andbyits longer tail and limbs , &c . Hurdwar ; discovered by Dr . F . Day .
Eup rep es [Tiligna] macularia s, Blyth, quite distinct from the
next ; varies very much in coloration .
E . [T ] carina tus ha s quite as Often 5 as 3 keels on each scale .
E ap rep es monticola, from Sahibgunj on the Ganges , has a transparent disc ou lower eyelid .
B inatia indica , Gray, is distinct from II. macnlata,Blyth and
1 96 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [SEPT o
In Chambers’ lives of Scotchmen ,it is stated
,that Buchanan
Hamilton on his departure from India was deprived by the Ma r
quis of Hastings of all his extensive drawings andpapers relatingto every branch ofnatural history. (McClelland.) S ince this periodit has been generally admitted that the Indian Government appropriatedthe private collections of drawings belonging to that officer .H aving been furn ished with the orig inal correspondence , I findthat Buchanan, on having resigned the office of Superintendent of theB otan ic G ardens , sa iled for Europe in 1 8 1 5 in the Marchioness ofEly,
” taking with him “ collections of natural history, coins and
H indu Manuscripts” which he presented to the Court of Directorsof the East India Company .
In a commun ica tion from Dr . Hare,a successor to Dr . Buchanan ,
in the appointment of Superintendent of the B otan ic G ardens , tothe Chief Secretary to the G overnmen t, (dated July 27 th,there occurs the following passage , “ In a letter from the RightB ou’ble the G overnor-General of the 5th January, 1 8 1 5 , H isExcellency says by a letter from Dr . Buchanan received here ,it appears that he proposes to carry to Europe all the drawingsof animals andplants collected by him during the tour which hewas employed to make in this country . Dr . Buchanan statesthat it is his obj ect to request the Court of Directors to acceptthis collection as a presen t from him . Now, I apprehend thatthose drawings are already the property of the Hon
’ble Court,
the service for which Dr . Buchanan was employed and pa idhaving specifically been the furni shi ng Government with a know
‘ ledge of the an imal and vegetable productions of this country,delinea tions are essentially included in this service .
’ it it it The
drawings were transmitted to G overnment with the following“ letter , dated 1 8 th February.
‘I have been honoured with your‘letter of the 3 1 st ultimo , withdrawing the permission of the
Hon’ble Vice-President in Coun cil for
‘
sending to the Hon’
ble
Court of Directors , such drawings of natural productions as
have been made at the Public expense, and des iring me to
deliver them to you which I have accordingly done by the bearer ,a 95 my obj ect in requesting , that I might be permitted to
present the drawings to the Court of Directors, did not originate
Proceedings of the A sia tic Society .
in a view of cla iming the merit ofmaking a present to the Com‘pany of its own property, but arose from a conviction that the irbe ing deposi ted in the collection at the India H ouse was themost probable mean s of rendering them useful to science .
’ The
drawings were kept in India to illustrate Dr . Buchanan’s statistical
reports on several of the districts, and it was proposed to takecopies of the originals , which were subsequently to be transmittedto England .
I
Some Of these drawings have been transferred to the Illustrationsof Indian Zoology, G eneral Hardwicke having had them “ copiedfrom the drawings of Buchanan? Hamilton by that gentleman
’s*
consent .” (Richardson ) Others have been reproduced by McClelland
in his Memoir on the Cyp rinidce of India,R . A . S . of B . 1 8 39.
In the Zoological Record for 1 8 69, p . 1 27 , Dr . Gunther observesof these drawings , that they exist in triplicate, one copy beingin the British Museum, where their free use is allowed .
” He
a lso remarks “ It may be questioned whether it is desirable to
utilize dr awings , the types of which are lost,in any other way,
but as a help to supplement the insufficiently published descriptions .
” But have the types been lost In the Catalogue of theFishes of the British Museum
,
” Vol . III, p . iv, 1 8 6 1 , the receipt isacknowledged of 6 . A collection of fishes from B engal , believedto contain many typical specimens of Buchanan Hamilton ’
s work,
presented by G . R . Waterhouse,Esq .
The first consideration which suggests itself is , how was thiscollection obta ined from Bengal It does not appear to haveexisted in the Museum of the Asiatic Socie ty or in the Botan ica lG ardens , whilst the collections conveyed to Europe by Buchananwere presented by him to the India H ouse .
A t page 47 1 in the same volume , Dr . Gunther observes of the
Ophiocep halns aurantiacus, H . B .
,
“ the typical specimen is not pre
served in the collection presented by Mr . Waterhouse and in factthe drawing is taken from the Hardwicke collection . It wouldappea r from this
,tha t Dr . Gunther had arrived at the conclusion ,
probably on good evidence,that Mr . Waterhouse hadpre sented
More probably w ith the consent of the Superintendent of the BotanicG ardens in whose charge they rema ined.
1 98 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [SEPT
Hamilton Buchanan ’s typ es to the B ritishMuseum ; he also Observes
in several places of specimens probably types of the species .
”
In short it seems tha t the orig inal collection,or some part of it
,
still exists in the national one .
As to the second portion of the sentence, a slight inaccuracy hasoccurred
,because Hamilton Buchanan could not have copied from the
Illustrations of Indian Zoology.
” He published the “ Fishes of theGanges
” in 1 8 22,anddied in 1 8 29 . G eneral H ardwicke returned to
Europe in 1 8 1 8 , andhis work wa s published in 1 8 32 or 1 8 33, severalyears after Hamilton Buchanan ’
s death . Irrespective of this theoriginal drawing , No . 60 , was left in India in 1 8 1 8
,by Buchanan .
I cannot omit question ing whether the B ritish Museum possesses0 0 pies of all these original drawings . My reasons for doubtingare
,that some omissions and wrong identifications , besides
figures placed to the literary credit of G eneral Hardwicke , insteadofHamilton Buchanan
,have found a place in the B . M . Catalogues,
which could scarcely have occurred, hadDr . G iinther hada ccess tosuch ’
accurate delineations,as the Asiatic Society of B engal possesses .
I, therefore , propose enumerating the drawings which exist in the
Library, the figures marked before each being identical with whatI have placed in pencil on those of the collection
,for the purpose
of future identification .
In examin ing these drawings in volume marked iv,I have
first placed the unpublished names as existing upon them withinbrackets
,next the names as published in the fishes of the Ganges ,
with H . B . after each of them,and lastly the determinations in the
Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum,as it is believed
that that institution possesses copies of the orig ina l drawings, andit is also supposed the rema ins of the typica l collectionfi"
1 . (Centropomus p hnlchanda), 1 —7 inches long . Chanda phala,1 0
H . B . Ambassis oblonga , C. andV B . M . Cata l .
By reproduced, it must be distinctly understood that I mean with theleave of the autho r” or acknowledged as obtainedfrom H B . collec tion
, as
M ’
Clellandobse rved of the use he made of them I have been more anxiousto iden t ify Buc han an
’
s species than to describe new one s,and to re serve his
name s than to substitute others .
”By omittedI of course m ean accidentally”
o r overlooked,” andI believe due to the drawing in question not beingamongst those in the British Museum .
200 P roceedings of the A sia tic Society . [SEPT.
hhongta), 2 views , each 3 inches long . P . conta
Hara conta, B lyth , B . M . Catal .
telgagra andmonoda), published as P . corsnla, H .
B .
, pl 1 , f. 72 Macrones B . M . Catal . Macrones tra chacan
thus, C. andV .
,l . c .
1 9. tenggana), P . tengana, H . B .
,pl . 39
,f. 58 Macro
nes tengana , B . M . Ca tal .
20 . kenia), P . cenia,H . B . ,
pl 3 1,f. 59
,reference
omitted in B . M . Catal . z Ma crones itchlceea,Sykes l . cit . , it is a He
mip ini elodus .
' 2 1 .
‘
caoasi), P . cavasins,H. B . Macrones cavasins,
B . M . Catal .22 . knrhi), erroneously figured pl . 23, f. 60 , as P . ba ta
sins ; it is P . batasins , H . B . M . tengara, H . B . ,in B . M . Catal .
,
the latter name , however, referring to a different species with a longadipose dorsal fin , and therefore P . ba tasins andP . carcio must bedistinct, and may both be good species, one with long, the otherwith short barbels .
23 . oiridescens, H . B . pl . xi , f . 56, reference omitted InB . M . Catalogue it is a Hemip i .metodns
24 . nangra), P . nangra, H . B .,pl . xi, f. 63
,reference
omitted in B . M . Catalogue ; it is a Macrones .
25 . rama tenggara), P . rama,H . B .
,pl . 3 , f. 55 Rita
B . M . Catal .26 . Op hisnrns boro, reproduced in Ill. Ind. Zool . 0 . boro
,H . B
Ophichthys boro, B . M . Catal .The g ills of this eel are con tained in a large cavity on either
s ide of the head, anddo not communicate with each other . The
fi sh distends this receptacle with air taken in by its mouth itappears to be able to respire directly from the a tmosphere , or bymeans of the air conta ined in the water . On holding its small g illopen ing firmly closed, it takes in air by its mouth should itsmouth be held closed, it struggles until its head is released, so as tobe able to respire . If the g ills are exposed by cutting away theg ill membrane , andit is placed in water, it slowly moves its branchiae,and appears to feel no inconvenience in being unable to obtainair direct through its mouth .
Proceedings of the A s ia tic Society. 20 1
'
27 . rostratus), perhaps 0 . hyala , H . B . ,apparently
omitted from B . M . Catalogue .
28 . harangcha ), reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool . 0 . ha ran
cha, H . B . 0 . boro
,B . M . Catal .
'29 . (Mu/mnophis baz i), nearly 1 2 inches long . blurcena bag io,
H . B . Illicrcencsox c incrcus,Forsk.
,B . M . Catal .
»30 . tilcba im), 82 inches long . M tile,H . B .
=. Murcc
na tile, B . M. Catal .0 3 1 . sa thcte), about 1 5 inches long . M . salhetc
,H . B .
M. sathete, B . M . Catal .32 . (Ma ra na bamach), reproduced Ill . Ind. Zool . as M . B enga
licns is the same a s M ma cula ta,H . B . Anguilla B engaliensis ,
B . M . Catal . H . B’s name rej ected as
“
(not whilst no
A . macula ta,Lacepede
,finds a place in the Ca talogue .
33 . ? rahta boruya ), reproduced in Ill. Ind. Zool . Mraitaboura, H . B . Moringua ra itaboura , B . M . Catal .34 . A shark is figured, Squa lus carcharias .
9 H . B .,omitted
in B . M . Catal . , it is Carcharias G angeticus, B . M . Catal .35 . (Sguallus characias .
7 Karntd). This shark with a sharp 0
nose was not described .
36 . (Irichop odus bej e), T. cobisa,H . B .
, pl. 1 5, f. 40 Tricho
gaster fasciatus, B . M . Catal .. 37 , ruber), 2 inches long , T. lalius
,H . B .
sciatus,B . M. Catal.
o 38 . vittatus), 1 —9
b— inches long , T. chuna
,H . B :
chogaster B . M . Ca tal .4 39 . fuscus), l{
75 inches long . T. sota, H . B . 2 T.
B . M . Catal.
40 . cwrulescens), 2 inches long . T. coira, H . B . =
T. fasciatus, B . M . Catal .4 1 . (A cheiris j ibha), 1 1 inches long . Oynoglossus lingua, H . B .
0,lingua , B . M . Catal .
42 . huhur gibha), D . 1 00,A . 7 8 , A . cynoglossus, H . B.
: Cynoglossus Hani iltonii,Gunther
,B . M . Catal .
43 . (Pleuronectcs arsi), 2 iS
oinches long . P . ars ins, H . B .
Pseudorhombus arsins, B . M. Catal . , with the following remark , “a
coloured drawing of this fish, 3 1 lines long , is in the collection of
202 P roceedings of the A sia tic Society. [SEPT .
drawings, presented by General Hardwi cke to the British Museum .
”
44 . (S tolephorus balitora), reproduced McClelland,Cyp rinus bali
tora,H . B . Psilorhynchus balitora, B . M . Catal .
45 . suhati), reproduced McClellaiid,
P . sucatio,B . M .
Catal . H.
3”
46 . (Cobitis geto), H . B .,pl . xi, f. 96 Botia dario, B . M. Catal .
47 . dari), O’. dario
,H . B .
,pl . 29
,f. 95 B . dario,
B . M . Catal .48 . turi), reproduced McClelland, 0 . turio
,H . B .
Nemachilus turio,B . M . Catal .
49. biltu/ri), reproduced McClelland, O. bilturio, H . B .
= N botia,B . M. Catal .
50 . botya), reproduced McClelland, C. botic , H . B .
.N. botia , B . M . Catal.
5 1 . p angya), reproduced McClelland, 0 . p angi a, H . B .
A canthophthalnius p angia , B . M . Catal.
52 . hhoriha), reproduced McClelland, C. corica, H . B .
2 JV. corica, B . M . Catal .53 . Unnamed
,reproduced McClelland as 0 . soaturigina
N . B . M . Catal .54 . sacon hhuri/ca), repi oducedMcClelland, 0 . sarona,
H . B . = N. sacona , B . M . Catal.55 . ghorgota), reproduced McClelland
, 0 . gongota, H .
B . Cobitis gongota, B . M . Catal .56. balgaoa, H . B ,
repi oduced McClelland: Lep ido
cephalichthys balgara, B . M. Catal .57 . chota huhura ), reproduced McClelland
, 0 . cucura
H . B . Oobitis gongota, H . B . , B . M . Catal .58 . gunte), reproduced McClelland, 0 . guntea , H . B .
C'obitis guntea , B . M . Catal .59
,60 and6 1 are the originals of Ophiooep halus baroa, pl. 35 ,
f 20 . 0 . aurantiacus , pl . 23, f. 22, and 0 . wrahle,pl . 3 1 , f. 1 7 0 .
barca,
stria tus, and 0 . gachua .
9 in B . M . Catal.62 . Ageniosus militaris , outline only.
63. Pseudeutrop ius, unfinished. o
64 , (Mugil bongon). This fish does not appear to have been
204 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [SEPT.
7 5 . tha thari) inches . G . nunus,H. B .
,omitetd in
B . M . Catalogue .
. 7 6 . (Gobioides sguamulosa), 5n inches . G . ruber,H . B . Try
p auchen vagina , B . M . Catal . It is a beautiful drawing of Ambly
opus H ermannianusfi Lacép . , showing most di stinctly the crypts inwhich the scales are imbedded, which is not found in T. vagina .
As a synonym of Amblyopus Hermannianus, G . rubicundus, H . B .
,is
gi ven , whi ch latter is an entirelydi stinct species , delineated in H . B .
’s
work,andappears to be Amblyop us tania , Gunther (B . M . Catal), a
c ommon species at Calcutta . I may here remark that in the'Proc .
Zool . Soc ., 1 8 69, p . 5 1 8
,I considered Amblyopus cirrhatus, Blyth , a s
.Amblyopus coeculus, Bl. in the B . M . Catalogue it is A . brachygaster,
Gunther, which is similar to Blyth’s species, whose n ame wouldhave priority should the fish be looked upon as more than a
variety. It is not uncommon in Calcutta .
71
7 . (Mahalhar)8 inches . Trichiurus lep turus, H . B .
,apparently
omi tted from B . M . Catalogue .
7 8 . (Cheilodop terus butibere) 4 inches , Ill . In . Zool . , 0 . butis
H . B . E leotris butis, B . M . Catal .‘ 7 9. (Sygnathus khorhe), 433 inches long . S . carce, H . B .
Ichthyocampus carce, B . M . Catal .' 8 0 . deohhuta), GT
"6 inches long . S . deocata
,H . B .
Doryichthys .
9 B . M . Catal .8 1 . (Polynemus p aradiseas) 8 inches long . idem
,B . M . Catal . O
H
H
‘ 8 2 . 7 inches long . P . teria,H . B . P . tetra
dactylus, B . M. Catal .~ 8 3 . rage) 1 2 inches, P . sele, H . B . P . Indicus
'
,
B . M . Catal .8 4 . Unfin ished drawing of S erranus.
8 5 . B atrachoides gangene, H . B .
, pl. 1 4, f. 8 . Ba trachus grun
niens, BL, B . M . Catal .x 8 6. (Cottus .
9 chaha), Calliomorus chaca, H . B . ,
4 inches ‘long ,Platycep halus insidiator , Forsk.
,B . M . Catal .
Dr. Cantor originally referred the descriptions to these species whichprobably he wouldnot have done , had he seen the drawings . Should a doubtexist as to whether the rubee is a Trypaucli en or an Ambbyopus, I cannotimagine how there could be any respecting the latter species .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
8 7 . (Climanodon suborno hhoriha), 1n inches long , reproducedin Ind. Zool . is Corica soborna, H . B . ,
omitted from B . M . Catalogue, but under Clameoides p seudopterus is quoted : “ The fish whichserved for the figure of Corica guborni, Gray , Ind. Zool .
,was perhaps
similar to Cl.p seudop terus, —it is also represented with separate analfinlets .
' 8 8 . (Clup anodon moti), 5—4 inches long . 0 . motius,H . B .
1 0
Pellona motius, B . M . Catal .8 9 . chap ra), C. chapra , H . B .
,p . 248
,omitted from the
B . M . Catalogue . The drawing is reproduced in the Illustrationsof Indian Zoology,
under the name of 0 . Indica , and Clup ea In
dica,Gray, B . M. Catalogue . Another illustration in the Indian
Zoology is considered as 0 . chap ra , Gray, (1 . unfortunately thi ssheet is missing from the copy of the Indian Zoology in Calcutta ,
so I am unable to compare it with H . B .
’s drawings .
90 . champ il), — inches long , apparently not described .0
9 1 . (A therina dhani), of an inch long , reproducedMcClelland. A . danine, H . B . Eleotris B . M . Catal .92 . Mystus ramcai ati , H . B . ,
8 inches long, reproduced Ill.Ind. Zool . Coilia ramcarati
,B . M. Catal .
‘ 93 . (Labrus darbi), l 1 90 inches . Labrus badis,H . B . B adis
Buchanani,B leeker , B . M . Catal .
94 . (Tetrodon hariya phohsa), 25 inches long . T. cutcutia,H . B .
T. cutcutia,H . B
, B .,M . Catal.
95 . (Esox angula tits), 4 1 inches long, not E . ectuntio H . B .
96 . (Gyp rinus horikon), reproduced McClelland. 0 . conchonius ,
H . B . Barbus conchonius,B . M . Catal.
97 . teripungti), IeproducedMcClelland. 0 . terio,H .
= .B teri,o B . M . Catal .
98 p ungs i ), reproduced McClelland. O. p ausio, H . B .
Labeo B . M. Catal .99. youyali ), reproduced McClelland. 0 . yo .alius, H B .
= Labeo— ? B . M . Catal .1 00 . loya), reproduced McClelland. 0 . vagra , H . B .
= Parilias B . M . Catal.
1 0 1 . yayani), C. guganio, H . B . B arbus B . M .
Catal .
206 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [SEPT.
1 02 . lati), reproducedMcClelland. B .
Crossochilus latius, B . M . Catal .- 1 03 . Cyp rinus elanga , H . B .
1613
1, inches long Rasbora elanga,
B . M . Catal .v 1 04. buhrangi), 3 inches . 0 . morar
,H . B .
1 05 . godiyari), reproduced McClelland. 0 . lamta , H .
B . = Discognathus lamta, B . M . Catal .1 06 . sada balitora), reproduced McClelland. 0 . sada
,
H . B . Orossochilus sada , B . M . Catal .1 07 . dyangra gohama), reproduced McClelland. go
hama H . B . Crossochilus gohuma , B . M . Catal.
1 08 . dhenro), 0 . dero, H . B . ,pl . 22 , f. 7 8 Iglogna
thus B . M . Catal .1 09. mrigala), H . B .
, pl. 6, f. 7 9 C'irrhinamrigala , B .
M . Catal .1 1 0 . morala), H . B .
,pl . 1 8
,f. 9 1 Labeo morala
,B .
M . Catal .1 1 1 . ched/ra), reproduced Ill . Ind. Zool . C. chedra , H .
’
B . Pa/rilias coosa , H . B .
,B . M . Cata l.
1 1 2 . Ichohsa). 0 . cocsa , H. B .
,pl . 3
,f. 7 7 B . cocsa
,
B . M . Catal .1 1 3 . morar), H . B .
,pl . 3 1
,f. 7 5 Asp idoparia morar,
B . M . Catal .1 1 4 . curabati bata), 0 . bata , H . B . Cir rhina B .
M. Catalogue .
1 1 5 . boga), H . B . ,pl . 28
,f. 8 0 Tylognathus boga , B .
M . Catal.1 1 6 . p angusiya), reproducedMcClelland
, p angusia,
H . B . Labeo p angusia , B . M . Catal .1 1 7 . bangana), reproduced McClelland, Tylognathus
B . M. Catal . it appears to be Oirrhina reba,H . B .
1 1 8 . angra), reproduced Ill . Ind. Zool . Labeo B .
M . Catal . 11 0 .
s 1 1 9. hursi), 1 0 inches long . L . l . 92,L . tr . 1 4
rows of scales between 1 . l . and ventral fin. 0 . cursis, H . B . La
beo cursa,B . M . Catal .
Proceedings of the A siatic Soc iety . [SEPT .
1 37 . phabra), reproduced McClelland, O. vagra, H . B .
: B arilius .
9 B . M . Catal .1 38 . baliboto), reproduced McClelland
, 0 . barna, H . B .
B . barna,B . M . Catal .
1
1 39. Cyp rinus laubuca, H . ,B . reproduced McClelland
laubuca,B . M . Catal . it is a Perilampus, McClell.
Gunther, andEustira , Gunther .1 40 . dangila), H . B .
,reproduced McCl
t
elland,
Danio
dangila, B . M . Ca tal .1 1
1 4 1 . j ongj a), reproduced McClelland. 0 . j ogia, H . B .
Nuria danrica, H . B .,B . M . Catal .
1 42 . layuhuli). 0 . atp ar , H . B .
,reproducedMcClelland
,
Cachius atp ar , B . M . Catal . Much damaged by termites, one figure destroyed.1 43 . sutiha), H . B . ,
reproduced McClelland, Nil/ria
danrica, B . M . Catal.1 44 . hirhi j ongj a), reproduced McClelland. 0 . rerio, H .
B a/rilius rerio, B . M . Catal.
1 45 . cochins), H . B .,reproduced McClelland
,Cachius
atp ar, B . M . Catal .1 46 . gora) H . B . Chota gora , B . M . Catal. The tail
is injured by termi tes .
In Vol. I . of animals are 48 drawings of fish, some of whi ch are
duplicates of the foregoing, others copies of some missing figuresthey are as follows .
No . 1 unfini shed copy ofNo . 1 24 ; 2 1 46 3 7 0 ; 4 : 70 ;
5 : 1 1 4 ; s
1 2 : 1 40 1 4 6 ; 1 5 is a larger drawing of 1 23 ;
24 1 42 ; 1 1 7 ; 26 : 1 20 ; 27
Mystus chita la , H . B . , reproduced 11 1 . Ind. Zool . ; 2 8 1 09 29
1 22 30 8 2 ; 3 1 1 03 ; 1 26 33 is a figure 713
1,inches
long of S illago domina . In fact all the rest are reproductions of the
originals now in Vol. IV, except the following -36,9é-
‘
inches longof Catla Buchanani
,C. and V . 39 is a figure 95 inches long of Cy
prinus chagunioH . B . the original of which is missing. Dr . Gunther
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety.
in the Zool . Record for 1 8 69,demurring to my identification ofB ar
bus B eavani,Gunther , with Cyp r inus chagunio , Ham . Buch .
,observes
this fish has large scales andminute barbels .
” In the figure thereare about 4 1 scales along the latera l line and well developed ros
tral andmaxillary barbels . The species may be readily recognisedfrom the drawing . 48 is Polynemus Indicus, 1 1 5
} inches long . Thisvolume iv contains 50 coloured illustrations of fish . 7
[I would suggest that the numbers I have inserted on the drawings in pencil be recorded in ink, andthat the original figures havethe Society’s stamp on each separate sheet] .
7 . MONOGRAPH OE INDIAN CY PRINIDE ,PT. III
,by Surgeon F . DAY .
This is a continuation of Dr . Day’s Monograph published in No .
3 Of the Nat . H ist . Part of the Journal it will appear in No . 4 ofthe same Part for the current year .
8 . NOTES ON SOME LAND - SHELLS FROM THE V ICINITY OF MOULMEIN,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIEs,— by W. THEOBALD
,ESQ.
Mr . Theobald gives notes regardi ng various species ofCyclophorusandS trep taxis, and a few other shells
,found in the neighbourhood
of Moulmein . If illustrations of the newly described speciesbe supplied in t ime , the paper will appear in the 1 st numberof Part II of the Journal for the ensuing year, 1 8 72 .
9. NOTES ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF CASHMIR,
by W . E . BROOKS, ESQ , C. E .
, E tawah.
Mr . Brooks notices several imperfectly known or new species ofbirds from Ca shmir . His observations on the breeding season
,
of many of the species are particularly interesting .
The new species noticed in this paper are as followsOerz
‘hiaHodgsoni,- differs from C'.familiar is by a much larger bill;
less rufous tone on rump andupper ta il coverts,and by having
.
4
plain primaries andthe 5th marked with a buff patch on the outerweb .
S itta Cashmirensis .
it Coloration very like that of S . H imalayana ,
but the wing is 33 inches no white edgings to the under ta ilcoverts .
it This is very close to S . cazsia of Europe:the two being exactly of the samesizo. EDIT.
2 1 0 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [SEPT.
Dumeticola mcy'
or. S imilar to D . afi nis,
’
Hodgs. , but muchlarger ; wing tail bill at front '55
, mid-toe andclaw' 7 2 inches .
Horites p allidus . Above light Olive grey or greyish Olive witha Slight tawny tinge on the wings ; lower back and upper tailcoverts lighter a dull whitish grey supercilium a pale brown streakthrough the eye ; cheeks and ear coverts brownish chin to
abdomen greyish white , sides of breast andflanks and lower ta ilcoverts pale brownish grey . Total length 5 1 5 , wing 2 2, ta ilbill 0 3 3, from gape tarsus 09 inches .
Phylloscop us .Tytleri. In plumage resembling Ph. oiridanus,but of
a richer anddeeper olive bill much longer, darker andof a morepointed and slender form than in the last species . Average length
wing 2 3, tail bill at front 03 6
,from nostril tarsus
0 7 inches .
Motacilla O’ashmirensis. Coloration as in M Luzonensis,except
that the chin and throat are black , the black extending for 21;
inches from base of lower mandible whi te portion of head as in
persona ta, remainder of head and back deep black . Length 76 ,
wing tail 4,bill at front 05
,tarsus '97 inches .
A lauda gutta ta . Larger than gulgula and not so rufous on
the breast and with bolder markings ; wing tailinches .
S tarnas nitens, Hume . Like St. unicolor
,but smaller, with
'
shorter wing andbrighter colours .
[This paper will be published in full in the 1 st number of theNat . Hist . Part Of the Journal for
1 0 . NOTES ON NINE NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN AND INDo-CH INESE VES
PERTILIONIDZE, WITH REMARKS ON THE SYNONY MY AND CLASS IFICATION OF SOME OTHER SPECIEs
'
OE THE SAME EAMIL Y,—by G . E.
DOB SON,B . A .
,M. B . , A ssistant Surgeon H . M ’
s B ritish Forces .
The following diagnoses of nine new species Of bats are intendedas prefatory to more detailed descriptions accompanied with illustrations to be published hereafter .Sec .
—SCOTOPHILINA , Gray .
*
Ann . andMag. Nat . Hist , 1 866.
2 1 2 Proceedings of the A sia tic Society.
Ears moderate with rounded tips,outer edge with a shallow but
wide emargination beneath the tip, then convex and again smarginate opposite the base of the tragus tragus obtusely pointed ,inner margin straight, outer convex upwards ; fur, above
,dark
brown with grayish tips ; beneath , light grayish brown for twothirds its length , the remaining portion ashy . Inner incisors longandbifid; outer incisors very short andacutely pointed
,placed in
front of the inner ones andlying on their outer s ides .
Length, head andbody, tail,
ear (anteriorly)forearm, tibia
,
.ZZoc. Momein ,Yunan .
VESPERUS ATRATUS .
Nycticejus a tratus, Blyth, Cat . Mamm. Mus . As . Soc . Beng . No . 96.
The following is Blyth’s description Of this species, Like
(Vesp ) fuliginosa, Hodgson , J. A . S .
, IV,7 00
, (which Dr . Grayranks as a S cotophilus), but with only one pair of upper incisorsLength of forearm 1 % in .
I have examined the type specimens thus described their forearms correspond exactly with the measurement given , but Mr .
B lyth has not been equally accurate in stating that they possess onlyone pair of upper incisors there are certainly twop a irs ofupper incisors , but the outer ones are
,as in many other Species of the sub
genus Vesp eras , very small andmight easily be overlooked the
inner incisors are remarkably long , but very unlike those whichare so characteristic of the genus Nycticej us . The necessity,therefore , for changing the
“
genus'
is apparent . The species is,
however, still quite distinct from So. fuliginosus, Hodgs .
V . PACHY PUS .
Vesp erti lio p achypus, Temk. Mono . Mamm .
Vesp erus pa chypus , Wagn er, Suppl. S chreber.
Scotop hilus fulmd/us, Blyth, J . A . S . B eng . , Vol. XXVIII, 293 .
I have compared the type specimens of So. fulvidus, B lyth , fromTenasserim with Temminck’s description of V. p achypus from Sumatra andJava . The measurements agree in every respect with thoseof the latter species, and the colour of the fur
,form of the
feet, &c . ,equally correspond. I think it very probable Mr .
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
Blyth did not possess a copy of Temminck’s Monograph when he
described this species as, otherwise , he must, at least , have noticedin his description the close affinity of the species .
2— 2wmg
-membrane atSubgenus , Pinistrellus, Gray ; premolars
tachedto the base of the toes .
P . AFFIN IS , Dobson .
Headflat ; glands of the upper lip so developed as to cause a deepdepression between them on the face behind the nostrils ; ears ,measured from behind , as broad as long , outer edge withoutemargination ; inner margin of tragus straight , outer convex up
wards ; tail long, Of n ine vertebrae , the last free above,chocolate
brown,lighter on the head andneck, tips of the hairs light brown
beneath, dark brown with light brown or ashy tips on the pubesandalong the thighs dirty white or very pale buff. Outer incisorsacutely pointed
,inner obtuse , flattened at their extremities ; fir st
upper premolar minute , placed inside the line of teeth andnot
distinguishable from without . Length, head andbody, tailear (anteriorly) forearm tibia
Z oc . Bhamaw,Yunan .
P. AUSTENIANUS , Dobson .
Ears triangular with broadly rounded tips , outer margin stra ightabove for nearly half its length, then slightly convex to the basetragus rather broad with a straight inner margin . Fur
, sooty
brown throughout with grayish or ashy tips whi ch give the furon the ventral surface a grayish appearance ; cutaneous systemblack
,specimens in spirit appear altogether intensely black.
Incisors nearly equal in length , inner incisors bifid; first upperpremolar minute , placed inside the line of teeth but may be dis
tinguishedfrom without.Length, head andbody tail 1 .4 ; forearm ear (an
teriorly)O"
. 65 tibiaZ oe. Cherra Punj i
,Bengal .
P . ANNECTANS , Dobson .
Head slightly elevated ; face ha iry ; glandular prominences of
upper lip small ; cars pointed, outer margin deeply hollowed outbeneath the tip causing it to proj ect - considerably tragus long .
acute, with a straight inner margin . The colour of the fur Of a
21 4 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety. [SEPT .
specimen in spirit appears to be above , dark brown with lightertips ; beneath , brown with reddish tips . Upper incisors nearlyequal in size first upper premolar minute , placed slightly insidethe line of teeth
,second premolar nearly equal to can ine in s ize .
This species unites the external form of a Vesp ertilio to the dentitionof P ipistrellus the form of the ear and tragus is almost preciselysimilar to those Of the next species which is a true Vesp ertilio .
Length, head and body tail ear (anteriorly) 0 . 6 ;
forearm tibiaLoo. Naga H ills, Assam .
S ec.
— VESPERTILIONINA , Gray.
Gen . Vesp ertilio, (as restricted, Gray).
D to
t. 0 1
m3 o
b t
tachedto the base of the toes .
Subgenus, Vesp ertilio, Tomes .
’6
V . NIPALENSIS, Dobson .
Ears narrow and pointed ; outer margin deeply hollowed outimmedi ately beneath the tip causing it to proj ect considerably ;tragus long, narrow, and pointed ; fur, above , black with browntips beneath, black for two - thirds its length, the rema ining portion pure white ; the whole ventral surface of specimens driedfrom spirit appears white and the dark portion of the hair isnot perce ived till the fur is raised . Can ines very short ; first andsecond premolars in both upper and lower jaws very small andcon ical .Length, head andbody tail 1 . 35 ear (anteriorly)
forearm tibiaLoo. Katmandu, Nipal.V . BLANEORDI
,Dobson .
Outer side Of ear with a deep emargination about the middle cut
ting off the lower portion which resembles very closely the large antitragus of the species of the genus Rhinolophus muzzle pointedface very hairy fur
,above
,on the back, black for three-fourths its
length, the remaining portion light yellowish-brown , on the top
of the head, black with shining tips ; beneath, black for three
Ann . andMag . Nat . Hist. 1 857 .
2 1 6 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society . [SEPT .
from forehead 0 4, from gape The 5th quill is the longest,
exceeding the 1 st by second by and 3rdby in .
This species is distinguished from P . tristis,P . neglectus, and all
allied forms by its pale coloured tarsi,andfrom most of them by its
smaller size .
1 . Pellorneum Mandcllii,sp . nov. This is closely allied to
P . ruficep s, Swa ins .,but differs in its smaller size
,approximating
in this respect to P . Ticlcelli,Blyth . It is distinguished from both
races by the much larger spots on the breast , andby having largespots on the sides andback of the neck, similar to those on the
breast . Wing tail tarsus bill from forehead 06,
from gape3 . Prop asser satura tus , sp . nov. Male with lores
,forehead
,
supercilia andcheeks pale S ilvery pink,the bases of the feathers
brown ; head above dark crimson with blackish centres to the feathere, ear coverts and sides of neck a little duller . Back withbroad dashes Of brown , edges of the feathers paler with a glossof crimson ,
rump andupper ta il coverts nearly the same colour as
the back, wings andtail feathers earthy brown with rededges , andpale rosy spots on the tips of the outer webs of the wing covertsand of the last 3 quills . Chin greyish, throat full rose colour,darker than the cheeks
,and with a silvery gloss ; the breast
deeper and darker red,abdomen pink
,all the feathers of both
with narrow central stripes lower tail coverts brown ,edged with
pink . Length about 6 inches, wing ta il tarsus billfrom fron t 0 49, from gapeFemale earthy brown , feathers of back paler edged, wing coverts
and 3 last quills with albescent tips, rump tinged ochraceous .
Under parts fulvous, all the feathers with dark centres, broaderon the breast, narrower on the abdomen, whi ch has a rufescenttinge .
This is the bird, a female of which was formerly assigned toP . thura by Mr . B lyth ; the male is darker and richer in colourthan its all ies, andwants the pink rosy rump of the other H imala
yan species .
The birds obtained by the author at higher elevations in Sikkimin 1 8 7 0 , are described in a separate paper.
Proceedings of the A s ia tic Society.
0
1 2. NOTE ON THE ERROR or THE CALCUTTA STANDARD BAROME
TER,COMPARED WITH THOSE OF KEW AND GREENWICH ,— by H .
F . BLANEORD, ESQ.
This short paper will be published in the 4th number Of theJournal for the current year .
1 3 . ON A FORM or GALVANOMETER SUITABLE FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE , AND
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF TELEGRAPH BATTERIEs,— by W . E .
AY ETON,ESQ.
(With plate IV.)
The efficiency of a galvanic battery depends on the magnitude oftwo properties it possesses
,its electromotive force, or power to send
a current, andits internal resistance , or power to impede a curren t .
The greater the electromotive force the greater the current sent ifthe whole resistance in circuit remains the same, andthe greaterthe internal resistance of the battery the less the current sent,other things remaining the same .
It is therefore of great practical importance in Telegraphy tobe able easily to measure the electromotive force and internal re
s istance of a battery 8 0 as to see from day to day that the formerdoes not diminish, and that the latter does not increase .
I will first examine the way in which this has been practicallydone up to the present time , and point out the obj ections thereexist to this method .
A galvanometer was employed , on the bobbin of which werewound two coils , one of a comparatively high resistance , calledthe “ intensity coil
, and the other of a comparatively low
resistance , called the “
quantity” coil. The electromotive forcewas measured by observing the deflection produced when the
coil Of high resistance was inserted between the battery poles ;and the internal resistance could be found by comparing the deflections produced when the coils of high and low resistancewere respectively used . In some instruments the low resistancegalvanometer coil was dispensed with and insteadthe high re
sistance coil was shunted .
2 1 8 Proceedings of the A siatic Soc iety. [SEPT .
The reasoning being in both cases virtually the same,I will
therefore only deal with the first case— the galvanometer woundwith two coils .
Let dbe the deflection produced on any particular galvanometerby a current then for small deflections
d= n x 0 x a ;
Where n is the number of convolutions,anda a constant depending
on the form of the galvanometer and the size andpower of themagnetic needle . Let this current 0 be produced by a ba tteryhaving an electromotive force E
,andan internal resistance R then
El
R Gby Ohm s aw
G being the resistance of the galvanometer
d I0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O t 0 0 0 0 0 I." X
R + G
or if we consider n anda constantE varies as (R + 63
Now if,G be very large compared with R then
E varies as G X d . very nearlythat is to say the electromotive forces of batteries are directlyproportional to the deflections they produce on a galvanometerhaving a very large resistance compared with the resistance of
the batteries . This method will therefore answer with ba tteries ofsmall internal resistance . But in the case Of batteries consistingof a large number of cells j oined in series (such batteries, in fact ,as are necessarily in use in the Indian Telegraph on accoun t of the
great length of the lines) the internal battery resistance is itselflarge . Consequently, with such batteries it is impossible to use any
cheap galvanometer, that is , a galvanometer not conta in ing a largeamount of wire
,which will fulfil the condition tha t the galvano
meter resistance shall be large compared with the battery resistance .
The electromotive forces , therefore , of such batteries can only bevery roughly compared by using the SO—called “ intensity” coil,unless the internal resistances of the ba tteries be in some waypreviously ascertained .
The internal resistance, if high, could be found in the followingway :
220 Proceedings of tlie A siatic Society. [SEP'
L
exceedingly unsens itive for small di fferences, and also with the
“ intensity” coil 30 , 40, or 50 cells all produce nearly the samedeflection so that it is impossible practically with this galvanometer to compare the electromotive forces, or to find the internal resistances of large batteries .
What therefore is required is an instrument which Will giveindependent accurate measurements in absolute un its of the electromotive force and internal resistance of any battery . Such an
instrument will be still more valuable if it be simple,portable
,
and tolerably cheap . All these requirements have been fulfilledin the li ttle galvanometer arrangedby Mr . Schwendler, and whichtherefore I have considered of sufficient interest to bring before thenotice of this Society. This galvanometer that I have on the
table is a tangent galvanometer the bobbin of whi ch is wound withtwo coils one of thi ck wire and having a resistance of about oneS iemens’ Unit
,andthe other of thin wire andhaving a resistance
of about 1 00 S iemens’ units . Forming part of this instrument aretwo resistance coils of 200 and 2000 S iemens ’ un its respectively.
The 200 coil can be placed or not at pleasure in circuit with thethi ck galvanometer coil, ands imilarly the 2000 resistance coil withthe thin galvanometer coil .To (1 ) (see pl . iv,) is attached one endof each of the coils .
To (2) the other endof the thick coil .To (3) the other endof the thin coil .
To measure the Resistance of a Battery.
Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screwsrespectively of the galvanometer, andmake the following observations, in each case the mean of the readings with and currentsto be taken .
Plug up holes marked A and 200 : then the battery, and the
thick coil only are in circui t . Let the deflection of the needle be a°
.
Remove plug from hole marked 200,but leave plug in hole
marked A then the battery,the thick coil, anda resistance of 200
S . U. are in circuit . Let the deflection beLet R be the internal resistance to be found of the battery
,
then200 X tan 6°
ca t
o
i
tan “0
tan 6°
1 S iemens Uni ts.
222 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [SEPT .
LIBRARY.
The following additions have been made to the Library sincethe meeting held in August last .
Presentations .
se’gas Names of Donors in Cap itals .
Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, ao
quired since 1 8 38 , by W. Wright — THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISHMUSEUM .
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain and
Ireland, vol . V,part I.
—THE ROYAL AS IATIC SOCIETY .
Journal Asiatique, Nos . 59,60 .
— THE A S IATIC SOCIETY OF PARIS .
Bulletin de la Société de G éographi e , Mars , Avril, 1 8 7 1 .— THEGEOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS .
Monatsbericht der K . Akademie de Wissenschaften zu Berlin ;Mai — AKADEMIE DER WISSEN SCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN .
B ijdragen tot de Taal- land- eu Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch
Indie,Se Volgr . IV
, V .
— VOLKENKUNDE VAN NEDERLANDSCH
INDIE .
Natuurkundig TIs chrift voor Nederlandsch Indie , Dl . xxxi .Atfl. l-3 .
— NATUURKUNDIE VEREENIG ING IN NEDERLANDSCH INDIE .
Bloemlezing uit Maleische G eschriften, lte Stuk, door G . K .
Niemann .— KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR DE TAAL-LAND -EN VOLKEN
KUNDE VAN NEDERLANDSCH INDIE .
Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,
1 8 69 .—SOCIETE ROYALE DEs ANTIQUA IRES DU NORD
,COPENHAGUE .
Tillaeg til Aarbuger for Nordisk Olduyndighedog H istorie , 1 8 69,Aarbuger 1 8 69, III-IV, 1 8 7 0 , I.
— NORDISKE OLDSKRIFT SELSKAB .
S itzungsberichte Math.-Na tur . classe , Bd. LX,
1 .Abth,Heft
III-V .,2 .Abth
,Heft-I, Bd. LXI, 1 .Abth, Heft-I-V .
,2 .Abth-I-V ;
Bd. LXII,2 .Abth, Heft-I-III— Register zu den banden 5 1 bis 60
der S itzungsberichte— Archive fur Osterreichische Creschichte,Bd.
LXII— LXV— FontesRerum Austriacarum Bd.XXX,Bd. XXXIII
,
Denkschriften , Math .-Natur . classe
,Bd. XXX ; Philos .
-H ist . classe,
Bd. X_IX ,— Almanach
,Bd. XX— Phanologische Beobachtungen
aus dem Pflanzen -undThi erreiche,von Karl Fritsch
, Heft VlII.
KAISERLICHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFI‘
EN ZU WIEN.
Proceedings of Me A sia tic Society .
Verhandlungen der K . K . Zoologisch -botanischen Gesellschaft ,in Wien ,
Bd. XX .— KAISERLICII-KONIGLICIIE ZOOLOG ISCH - BOTA
N ISCHE GESELLsCHAFT ZU WIEN .
Jahrbuch,Bd. XX
,Nos . 1 -4— Verhandlungen ,
Jahr 1 8 7 0,
Nos . 1 - 1 8 .—KAISERLIcH -KONIGLICIIE GEOLOG ISCIIE REICH SANSTALT .
Tabvlae codicvm Manv Scriptorvm in B ibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensis Asservatorvm
,volvmen IV — ACADEMIA CAEsAREA
VINDOBONENSIS .
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1 8 7 0, Nos l-3 .
— ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PH ILADELPH IA .
Proceedings Of the Second Annual Session Of the AmericanPhilological Association — American Philolog ical Association— Re
cords Of the Geological Survey of India , vol . IV, Part IlI.— SU
PERINTENDENT OF THE GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY OE INDIA .
Monographie der Gattung Certhiola , von Dr . 0 . Finsch .— THE
AUTHOR .
Rahasya Sandarbha, edited by Babu Raj endralala Mitra , vol . VI ,No . 66 .
— THE EDITOR .
The Calcutta Journal Of Medicine , 1 8 7 1 , NO . 7 .
—THE EDITOR .
The Christian Spectator,vol . I
,NO . 3 .
— THE EDITOR .
The Rémayana , edited by Hemachandra , vol . II, No. lo.-THE
EDITOR .
Sukla yajushi Va)asaneya Sanhita , edi ted by Gériprasada ,Part II.
-THE EDITOR .
Paramanuvada by Kalivare , B abu Ramadasa Sena .
The Flora Sylvatica , vol . XI, XII.— G eology and Zoology of
Abyssin ia,by W . T . B lanford— THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA .
Selections from the records of G overnment,vol , V, NO . I.
-THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE N . W. PROVINCEs .
Practica l H ints to Emigrants to Tasmania, by H . M. HullReport on Native Papers for the week ending 1 9th and
26th August and 2nd S eptember . 1 8 7 1 .— THE GOVERNMENT OF
BENGAL .
Ea'
clzanye .
The Atheneeum,June 1 8 7 1 . Nature
,Nos . 8 9-93 .
224 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [SEPT.
Purchase.
The American Journal Of Science,June , 1 8 7 1 — The Ibis, July
1 8 7 1 — The L . E . andDublin Philosophical Magazine , July 1 8 7 1The Annals andMagazine Of Natural H istory
,July 1 8 7 1 -The
Quarterly Review, July, 1 8 7 1 — The Westminster Review,July
,
1 8 7 1 — The Edinburgh Review,July 1 8 7 1 — Revue des Deux
Mondes , Juillet, 1 8 7 1 . Comptes Rendus,Nos 23
,24— Journal des
Savants, Avril l8 7 1 — Hewitson’s Exotic Butterflies , part 29.
226 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [OCT .
they hadheard Of the murder, which haddeprived them of a longesteemed colleague and friend . It appeared also to the Councilthat probably the Members themselves would prefer
, at their generalmeeting, to put on the records Of the Society a resolution expressive Of their horror Of the deed
,which has so suddenly deprived
them Of one who was beloved by all that had the advantage Ofhis acqua intance , and who had, from a few months after his arriva lin the country, been a member Of their Society, anda frequent andmuch- interested attendant at their meetings . If thi s were so
,he
would take the Opportunity Of proposing the following resolutionThe Society would desire to record the pain and sorrow with
whi ch they have heardof the cowardly murder Of the late ChiefJustice Norman ,
in whom they have lost an earnest andtruthseeking supporter, an esteemed member of the Society
,anda much
respected friend .
’
He believed it would, from the feeling of the meeting , be unnecessary that this should be formally seconded
,as it would be
carried without the slightest Opposition .
Carried unan imously .
The Chairman also proposed that the Secretary should sendcopies Of resolutions of the Society andthe Council, together witha letter Of condolence , to Mrs . Norman ,
andfurther, that out Ofrespect to the memory Of the late Chief-Justice , the meeting beadj ourned .
Carried unan imously.
After announcing the receipt Of the following paper, the Chairman adjourned the meeting .
ACCOUNT OF A V ISIT TO THE EASTERN AND NORTHERN FRONTIERSOP INDEPENDENT SIKKIM WITH NOTES ON THE ZOOLOGY OF THE
ALPINE AND SUBALPINE REG IONS .— PART II
,ZOOLOGY.
— By WIL
L IAM T . BLANFORD ,F . G . S .
,C. M . Z . S . (Abstract .)
This is the second portion of the paper already noticed . Itcommences with a short note on the S ikkim fauna andremarks on
the peculiarity of a belt of country, inhabited by an imals withMalay affin ities, intervening along the base and lower slopes of
’
the Eastern H imalayas b etween the fauna of the Indian plainsandthe Palaearctic region of the higher mountains . The peculiar
Proceedings of the A sia tic S ociety. 227
paucity, during summer, in S ikkim ,of the migratory birds , which
visit the plains Of India during the winter, is pointed out, and the
occasional replacement of these species which cross the H imalayas twice in the year , but do not breed there
,by allied forms
which never leave the mountains except as occasional stragglers .
The greater portion Of the paper is devoted to notes on the range ,habits
,&c . ,
Of mammals and birds noticed by the writer in the
Palaearctic regions Of S ikkim,with occasional descriptions of the
rarer species , or of peculiar phases Of coloration or plumage . Two
birds are described as new . These are
Montifringilla rufi collis , sp . nov . Pale umber above with darkerstreaks, the forehead whi tish and the rump rufescent, a dark linefrom the lores, beneath the eye, and over the ear coverts ; thelatter and the s ides Of the neck ferruginous ; the outer web of the
first primary, a wing band formed by a large spot on the basal
portion Of the inner web Of most Of the secondaries , andthe greaterpart Of the smaller wing coverts whi te all the basal portion Of thetail feathers except the two middle ones cinereous
,then a little
white,andthe tips for half an inch brown like the middle feathers .
Lower parts white with two black diverging lines on the chin
In the female the ferruginous collar is brown behind andappears,
to extend across the front of the neck . Length 6 inches,wing
tail tarsus bill from foreheadThe general coloration differs from that Of the three other
species belonging to restricted Montifr ingilla . That it is not thewinter plumage ofM Adamsi is proved by that bird having morewhite on the tail and much narrower brown tips to the outerrectrices than the present species, and by its having the ends Ofsome of the secondary quills whi te .
Otocoris E lwesi , sp . nov. This is near 0 . p enic illa ta , but distingui shedby the white of the sides Of the neck interven ing betweenthe black Of the cheeks andthat Of the breast . It is smaller than0 . longirostris, andhas a much shorter bill . The black on the headand breast is arranged as in 0 . alp estris, the back is pale fulvousbrown with faint dusky streaks andpassing into greyish lilac on thenape, back Of neck, rump andwing coverts , the quills brown ,
the firstprimary with the outer web white
,the middle rectrices the same
228 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [OCR
colour as the back, all the rest blackish,the two
"
outer on eachside edged andtipped with white lower parts white , legs black .
Length inches,wing ta il tarsus hind toe
with its claw the claw alone bill from the foreheadfrom the gapeBoth these new species were found in the Lachen valley near theTibetan frontier, in places where Lep us Tibetanus, Leucosticte haema
topygia , Cinclus sordidus, andother Tibetan animals were met with .
LIBRARY.
The following additions have been made to the Library since themeeting held in September last .
Presenta tions .
affix: Nam e s Of Donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Society Of London , Vol. XIX, NO . 1 29
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Proceedings Of the Zoologica l Society of London , part I, 1 8 7 1 .
Transactions Of DO ., Vol. VII . , part VI.
—THE Z OOLOG . SOCIETY,
LONDON .
Proceedings Of the Royal Geographical Society, London , VOl'
.
XV,NO . 1 1 .
— THE ROYAL GEOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Journal Of the Royal G eographical Society , London , Vol. XL.
THE ROYAL GEOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Bulletin de la Société de G éographi e, 1 8 7 1,Mai-Juillet .— So
CIE’
TE’DE LA GEOGRAPH IE , PAR IS .
Bulletins de l’Academie Royale de Belgique , 2me Tome,XXIX
,
XXX .
—Annuaire de l’A eademie Royale de Belgique , 1 8 7 1 .
Mémoires de l’ Academie Royale de Belgique , Tome XXXVIII .
Mémoires Couronnés et Mémoires des Savants Etrangers, TomesXXXV,
XXXVI .— ACADEM IE ROYALE DES SCIENCES DES LET
TRES ET DEs BEAUx -ARTS DE BELG IQUE .
Mémoires de 1 ’ Academie Imperiale deS Sciences de St . Petersbourg , Tome XVI .
— Bulletin de L’ Academie,Tome XV .
— ACA
DEM IE IMPERIALE DES SCIENCES DE ST . PETERSBOURG .
Actes de 1 ’ Academic de Bordeaux ; 1 8 69, 39 et 49 trimestres .
ACADEM IE DES SCIENCES , BELLEs -LETTRES ET ARTS DE BoRDEAUx .
Jahrbuch,Band XXI, No . I.
-K.K. GEOL . REICH SAN STALT,
VIENNA .
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR NOVEMBER,1 8 7 1 .
A meeting Of the Society was held on Wednesday the 1 st OfNovember, 1 8 7 1 , at 9 P . M .
T . Oldham,Esq . LL . D. , Vice -President, in the chair .
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.The following presentations were la id on the table1 .— From Capt . W. L . Samuells, Assist . Commissioner, Pachum
ba, Chord line,— Two copper axes .
The following letter accompan ied the donationIn my letter to you which accompanied the inscriptions
,I men
tioned to you that some singular looking pieces Of copper hadbeenaccidentally found by a native Of this distri ct in digging for bam~
boo roots on the top of a hilloek. I am sending you the only twospecimens I have , andmay as well tell you the circumstances underwhi ch I came by them .
‘On returning to Pachumba this year from the Rewah frontier,
I set about making enquiries as to whether there were any knownruins or rock excavations in the neighbourhood, andone day in
talking to an Oldresident of the place on thi s subj ect,he mentioned
to me that last year a native had brought Mr . H eyn e, the Man
ager Of the Bengal Coal Company’s mines atKurhurbaree
,some three
or four very curious looking pieces of copper, which he haddug out
Of a hillock on the borders of this subdivision . On enquiry I foundthat Mr . Heyne hadgiven them all away, but I managed to recoverone , whi ch I can ’t help thinking may have served as a head for a
battle -axe . I have mounted it on a handle in true primitivefa shion , andI leave you to judge whether a man with such a wea
pon in his hands could not lay about him with some mean ing .
Some who have seen it,think that it is made Of bronze
,others that
it is pure copper but that it has been formed by mouldi ng in
232 Proceedings of the Asiatic S ociety. [NOV .
sand, I think there is not adoubt Of. At all events, the find was
an interesting one , andI was consequently induced a few days ago
to start Off from here with the intention Of visiting the locality, andhaving further excavations made under my own superintendence .
I,therefore
,went last Friday to the village where the finder Of the
articles lived,andon his appearing before me
,he produced another
piece of copper Of the same weight as the supposed axe-head(3% lbs), but elli pti cal in shape . What this can have been it ishard to conj ecture . The native informed me that he had foundfive pieces altogether, three Of which he gave to Mr . Heyne , 96 one
to Mr . F . Peppe, the manager of the Gawan Estate (DistrictHazareebagh) andthe fifth he that day put before me . He got
them all within a cubit’s depth Of the surface Of a hilloek whichcovers an area Of about 4 local cottahs (i . e.
,about 1 0 or 1 2 cottahs
Of the B engal standard measure), and there are , he says: severalother hillocks near it
,some larger and some smaller. But he
refused to point out the locality, andgave a whole string of frivo
lous excuses for not doing so but when I got him to myself hetold me the true reason
,and I cannot refra in from relating it as it
is a curious instance of superstition .
It appears that this man,whose name is Amip Teli , cultivated
land about this very hilloek, andhe told me that the night a fter hefound these things, he had a dream in which a that Of terriblea spect appeared before him . He was no ordinary looking spirit,but Of prodigious proportions , his Skin being red and his clothesblack
,whilst a profus ion of hair hung down his back from his
head to his heels , each ha ir be ing as thick as a man ’s wrist . Hav
ing dismounted from a tiger which had carried him to Amip’s
door,he entered the hut and pointing to the copper pieces , in
formed Ani’
Ip that they were his (the bhut’s) property . Anupat once expressed his willingness to give them up , but the M i d
was for none of them . H e wanted in exchange four hairs Off
Amip’s right knee, and in the bargain Offered to relinquish all
cla im to the treasure which he sa id lay buried under the otherhillocks in that locality . But the much- coveted hairs Amip
would not part with at any price . So the that mounted his tiger,Two of these were taken to Calcutta
, by Dr. F . Stoliczka , Palaeon tologist,G eological Survey Of India .
234 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [NOV .
oval thin plate Of copper, just as the melted metal would naturally spread Out, ifpoured out in the semi-viscous State in which suchlittle pots wouldyield it. On this piece there was not a trace Ofhammering or of the appli cation Of any tool . The second on theother hand, though precisely similar to the first for one half itssurface , hadthe other portion beaten andhammered up to a stra ightline, the two ends Of this being hammered out into two shoulders ortwo semicircularly curved recesses
,which would be admirably suited
for the application Of a handle formed Of a split bamboo or stick,as Captain Samuells has applied it . But the curious part Of it is
,
that is , if these were so intended for the application Of a handle,andwith such a handle unquestionably the heavy mass Of copperwould form a rude, but very effective, axe or club , though not a cut.
ting toolF —I say if thi s were the intention , it is doubly strange , thatthose who knew so well how to hammer this part so neatly intoshape , should not also have hammered out the edge , so as to form a
sharp cutting surface . This edge now remains with all the roughnessandthi ckness of the Old bloom just as it flowed from the melting pot .
I believe the metal has not been examined as yet, so that I amunable to say whether it be pure copper or not, but it looks as if itwere so .
The discovery Of any copper implements is of high interes t, andwhile
,thanking Captain Samuells for this contribution , it is hoped
that the discovery may stimulate others to searching for such evi~
dence Of the state Of metallurgical knowledge among the ancientdwellers in these lands .
“ I may mention that within a few miles Of where these copperblooms were found, there is a very large excavation
,stretching for
nearly half a mile on a local lode of copper ore . In this the ore is
probably too diffused to pay for working now,but a very consider~
able quantity Of copper must have been extractedfrom this place inOlden times .
”
2 .—From J . M . Foster, Esq. , M: D .
,through Mr. J . Wood
Mason—three Asam small S ilver coins .
Babu Pratapa Chander Ghoshe, Assistant Secretary, said thatthe largest of the three coins conta ins the name Of Sri Brajanath
S ingh , the king,’andthe two smaller that of Sri Gaurinath.
’NO
years arementioned.
P roceedings of the A siatic Society.
The President mentioned that he hadseen a complete collectionof Asam coins with Mr . Leonard .
The following gentleman duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting was balloted for, andelected Ordinary MemberJ . M . Foster, Esq .
, M . D ., Nazeerah
,Assam .
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the nextmeeting .
Capt . W . L . Samuells , Assistant Commissioner, Pachumba ,
Chord line,proposed by Col. E . T . Dalton , C. S . I.
,seconded by
Mr . . H . Blochmann .
S . E . Peal , Esq .
, S ibsagar, Asam ,proposed by Mr . J. Wood
Mason, seconded by Mr . H . Blochmann .
The Chairman sa id he hadto report on the part of the Councilthat they hadhadunder consideration the terms Of Rule 29 . By
this rule,as now worded , it was compulsory on the Society to hold a
meeting in each month in the year. Practically,however, i t was
found that during the months Of September andOctober, it was extremely doubtful whether a sufficient number Of members could bebrought together to constitute a meeting , and rarely has it beenthat on one or other Of the meeting even ings in these months ,there hadnot been an adjournment, as there wa s not a quorum . Fur
ther than this which is the practical result— it has been felt, thatwith the seriously increased duties now devolving on the Se cretaries , in editing the Journa l and the Proceedings , i t was not justor fa ir to the se officers , who it must be remembered are purely hono rary Officers , to keep their time so pressingly occupied dur ingthe whole year, without any respite . It certainly is the rule elsewhere for Scientific Societies to have a certain recess during theyear, and it is considered that it will be desirable to havesuch a recess here also . The Council
,therefore
,recommend that
the words,
‘excep ting in S ep tember and October ’ be inserted in Rule
29 after the words : “ The Society shall meet on the first Wednes
day in each month .
Thi s being an alteration in the rules must be referred to the SOciety at large . Voting papers will be sent out, andas the time re
P roceedings of the A sia tic Society. LNOV .
quired for the rules will be g iven by this arrangment, the monthlymeeting on the first Wednesday in February will be made the
meeting for the discussion Of the question .
The following letter was readFrom Cap t . W . L . SAMUELL S , forwarding facsimiles of inscrip tions,
a p lan, and a drawing of a rock cut temp le at Harchoha, Chutid
‘I send you by dak banghy a parcel conta in ing facsimiles Ofsome inscriptions which I found cut on the pillars Of a rock -cut
temple at Harchoka in the Chutia Nagpdr Tributary Mahal OfChang Bhokar, and which I came across this last season in
settling the frontier line between Rewah andChutia Nagpdr .
One inscription (markedR) I got amongst some very interestingremains of rock - cut temples and monasteries near the village OfMara in Rewah . These temples were visited by a Capt . B luntin 1 795
,and are mentioned by him in his “ Narrative Of a Route
from Chunarghur to Y artnagoodum” published in 1 8 0 1 in the 7 th
volume Of the Asiat ic Researches . On pages 7 3 and 74,he
mentions having taken sketches Of these temples with their mea
surements,whi ch makes me anxious to know whether your Society
is in possession Of those sketches , and if so , whether I could be favouredwith a view of them for my visit to the Mara temples , frompress Ofwork , was, I regret to say, a very hurried one . I was therefore unable to make a plan Of them as I Should like to have done
,
if I had had the time . But if Capt . B lunt’s sketches are to thefore
,I should be very much assisted in writing my report on these
temples , if I had these sketches to refer to . Capt . B lunt states thathe was unable to find any writing or inscription
,and as far as
the temples andmonasteries go , I was similarly disappointed . But
I doubt,if he noticed the rema ins Of a stone aqueduct, a s no men
tion is made of it in his narrative . It was in following up the
remains andfragments of the aqueduct with a view to ascertaining from whence and for what distan ce the water had been con
veyedby this artificial channel that I came to a spring whichissued from a rock in the s ide Of a hill, and found the rockexcavated so as to form a grotto of the following dimensionslength 1 6
’ 4” depth 6 ’ height The roof is horizontal with
238 Proceedings of the Asiatic Ssciety. [NOV .
Mr . Blochmann said that Capt . Samuells had kindly promisedto forward to the Society explanatory
'
notes which would appeartogether with
,
two plates in the Journal . The sketches takenby Capt . B lunt could not have been sent to the Society ; _
at leastthere was no record shewing that they hadbeen received .
The Chairman also exhibited several drawings Of celts , receivedfrom Mr . J . J . Carey, Executive Eng ineer, Khangaon , regardingthe following notice hadappeared a s a supplement to the CentralProvinces’ G azette
,dated 4th September , 1 8 69 .
The stone circles lately found by me near the village Of Kha iwarra, about 1 6 miles east of Arvi in the Wardah district ,were Opened by desire of Mr . Morris , Chief Commiss ioner,Central Provinces . The stone circles are on the east bank of
a nullah runn ing due north and south,the ground ris ing very
rapidly,1 2
’
5” in feet . I should think,there are qu ite
1 50 of these mounds dotted about in no regular form, along theedge Of this nullah . In outward form they are precisely the samea s those illustrated in Capta in Meadows Taylor’s book, with largestones rather evenly placed round . Numbers of these stones ap
peared to me to have passed through stone -dressers’ hands,they
having five sides rudely shaped,which makes me think they were
orig inally intended to have be en placed upright , not in the positionfound ; however, ,
nothing wa s found to indicate that any buildingwas erected here , still it is strange that these five - sided stonesshould be there , and found lying flat on the ground . I am sure
,
they were never intended to be placed in that position . The
mounds in every case were hollow at the top,making me think
that a chamber would be found underneath,that the stones form
ing the ceiling had probably g iven way ; but, on Open ing two,nothing was found to guarantee such an ide a .
I commenced digging Operations on the principal mound in theplace , 40 X 43 in diameter
,there be ing more out stone surrounding
it, and three or four in the centre ; very great care was taken indigging andremoving stones . The top Of one Of these five -sidedstones was hit "
upon close to the surface,andin the centre of the
mound this was carefully left standing , while operations were goingon up to one fe e t deep . Nothing but loose stones and earth was
Proceedings of the Asiatic S ociety .
removed , until about 1 5 inches from the surface broken redpotteryb egan to Show on the south s ide . At la st some stiff leaden coloured clay was found , fast binding pieces of pottery, andon close ex
amination large quan tities of teeth were found , which evidentlyhad been put into a gurrah and imbedded in this clay . Thesebones are
,I believe , the back teeth Of horses , in very good pre
servation . This clay then began to be found in patches , in which,as a rule
, you always findpottery and other implements, and ap
peared in no other place than on the south side .
I was standing one evening looking on,when all of a sudden I
saw a“ find
,
”and immediately jumped down into the hole , and
with . the greatest care dug out of the clay, well cemented together,two copper bells , two round copper (in myOpin ion) ear- rings , and
an iron axe ; these I handled with the utmost care , va inly hopingthat the whole would rema in in this solid state ; but after a few
days , the heat Of June soon dried up the clay, andthe whole became detached . This anda few iron implements and a gold ringwere the only things found . This excavation was carried downabout 2 6 feet .
In the other we went down over three feet from the surface , andnothing but iron was found , very rust eaten . The only implementin good preserva tion was a kind Of saucer for holding Oil
,which
had a handle with a hook to hang by, anda spiral spring , whichmust I think have been wound round a stick .
’
Th e following papers were readI. On a new Photo- callograp hic Printing Process
— Pg CAPTAINJ . WATERHOUSE
,A ssistant Surreycr General.
I have the pleasure to bring to your notice this evening a new
process Of photographic printing , I have lately worked out, which ,though it can scarcely be called original, is in some respects new
and, as I believe it has never before been worked in India,a de
scription of it may not prove un interesting to many Of the membersOf this Society
,more especially as the new process will be used for
the reproduction Of photographs and drawings Of all kinds for theillustration of our Journal.
The few specimens I have w ith me , though very imperfect, aresufficient to shew the capabilities of the process . I have hi therto
240 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Nov:
chiefly practised on subj ects in line in order to perfect myself inthe man ipulations , whi ch were entirely new to me , but I knowfrom the trials I have already made, that the process will also g iveexcellent results in half tone as soon as I Shall have been able tomaster the difficulties jof the prin ting , and to obta in proper appli~ances . I am ,
therefore , unwilling to delay the publication of a
process by which absolutely permanen. photographic reproductionsmay be made from any class of subj e ct with great perfection and
economy by means Of appliances which are within the reach of all.
In principle my process is s imilar to that introduced in 1 8 66 byTessier du Mothay, which was afterwards modified and improvedby Albert of Mun ich andother G ermans
,andstill further perfected
by Ernest Edwards of London, who hasbrought it into extensiveuse un der the name Of Heliotype . Many Of the members presentmay probably have read descriptions of it in some of the Englishserials
,or have seen specimens in a publication entitle d “ Art
,Pie
torial and Industrial,
” whi ch is illustrated entirely by its means .
The distinctive feature of all these processes is,that the printing
surface is composed Of gelatine , hardened in such a manner that itmay stand the wear and tear of printing , and they all depend uponthe well known property peculiar to a dried film Of gelatine mixedwith an alka line bichromate of becoming insoluble after exposureto light , and repelling water in the parts exposed to light exactlyin proportion to the amount Of the action Of the light upon them ,
and at the same time of a cquiring a corresponding affin ity for agreasy substan ce
, such as printing ink. A lthough this propertyby itself has been most usefully applied in many photographic processes for the reproduction of subj ects in line, it would be quiteincapable Of giving the required results in the processes now undernotice
,because the unexposed gelatine remains in a pulpy soft state
incapable of withstanding the wear andtear of printing , andmoreover it would be liable to dissolve entirely with any rise in temperature , the consequence of which would be the loss of all the lightertones . It has been found, however, that the chromated gelatinefilm may be so hardened or oxidised by certa in substances , such as
the alums, especially chrome alum,tann in , chlorine , bichloride of
mercury, permanganate Of potash, and other suitable oxidising
242 Proceedings of the A siatic Society . [NOV .
washed till all the bichromate is removed andis then rolled in withsoft printing ink.
This is the Simplest mode of printing but in the courseof working out the H eliotype process Mr . Edwards found tha tit was very difficult to Obtain perfect contact between the nega
tive and the gelatine film and thus it was impossible to obtainthe sharpest results, SO he thought of preparing a tissue whichmight be printed upon just like a sheet Of sensitive photographicpaper or carbon tissue and afterwards transferred on to a zin c
plate or any other suitable surfa ce which would stand the wearand tear of printing . This was a great andvaluable improvement,but in the course of my experiments I found some difficulty in,
transferring the tissue , and as I find that with proper precau
tions fairly sharp results may be Obta ined by printing on the
original plate , I have abandoned the use of tissue till I have morefully worked out the process .
I will now briefly describe the mode Ofworking which, after manytrials andfailures I have found most successful .H aving well cleaned some pieces Of finely ground plate glass
such as is ordinarily usedfor looking-
glasses , andhaving carefullylevelled them . I prepare a mixture composed of
Gelatine , 1 ounce .
Honey Soap, 30 to 60 gra ins .
Tann in,
1 0 gra ins .
Distilledwater , 8 ounces .
I have found 1 0 grains Of tann in to 1 ounce of gelatine sufl‘ieient
to render it quite insoluble , andI think even le ss would do but ifmore is added , it has the effect of rendering the film insensitive tolight . The Obj ect Of adding the soap is to render the film toughand prevent it from becoming brittle andbreaking up when dried ,its use for this purpose was first suggested by Mr . Johnson
,in
working the autotype process . Some precautions are necessary inmixing the solution so that it will g ive an even transparent filmwhen dry. I have tried many kinds Of soap , but I have found thatthe honey soap exported by Coward OfLondon ,
such as is commonlysold by the boxwallas, is the best . The soap andtannin must be
P roceedings of the A s iatic Society.
separately dissolved in about 1 ounce Of hot water,then mixed and
added very gradually, and with constant stirring to the gelatinedissolved in the rema in ing 6 ounces of hot water. The mixture isthen filtered through coarse cloth andpoured on the plates . Shouldany air bubbles be formed they may be removed with the poin t ofa pen
-kn ife . The gelatine soon sets and a s soon as I findthe filmis firm
,I turn the plates face downwards andplace them out to dry
in the Open air on suitable supports . They dry in from 1 2 to 24hours or longer according to the state of the atmosphere . I thinkthe plan I have here adopted of preparing the gelatine film without the addition Of the sensitive bichromate is advantageous inmany ways . It enables the plates to be dried in the Open air
,
quickly and evenly and I find that when turned face downwardsvery little dust settles on them another advantage is that a stockOf plates may be prepared andkept till required to be sensitised foruse . After sensitising the plates dry very quickly and heat may be
used without any fear of the film becoming dissolved and flowingoff the plate . I tried Mr . Edwards’ process of mixing together thegelatine , chrome alum and bichromate Of potash according to hispublished formula , but I found that the plates so prepared took a
very long time to dry andrequired to be kept carefully level in thedrying box , besides thisthere were other disadvantages which ledme to abandon the use of chrome alum andsubstitute tannin withwhich I hadmade some experiments so long ago as 1 8 66.
When the plates are thoroughly dry I immerse them in a solutionof bichromate Of potash about 1 oz . Of the salt to 20 ounces Of waterand then place them in a drying box. As the gelatine is quiteinsoluble there is no necessity for keeping the plates level in thissecond drying and if necessary heat may be used . The plates dryin 2 or 3 hours and are then ready for use . I expose under areversednegative for about 1 0 minutes in the sun for a clear linesubject and about half an hour for a subj ect in half tone according to the density of the negative . When sufficiently exposedI remove the negative andexpose the ha ch Of the sensitive plate tolight for a few minutes in order to thoroughly harden the undersurface of the gelatine film and prevent swelling and it frompuckering up during the printing .
-The plate is then thoroughly
244 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [NOV .
washed in several changes of wa ter till all the bichromate is re
moved andis ready for printing .
The printing is the most difficult part of the whole process andsuccess appears to depend entirely upon the composition Of the ink. In
printing line subj ects some inks are too tough andcannot well becleaned Off the plate , others are too soft andare liable to be rubbed Offwhen the plate is cleaned with a cloth . Then again in printing sub
j ects in half tone a stiff inkwill only take on the shadows , while a softthin ink will take all over the plate and by giving a slight tone tothe high lights destroy all brilliancy Of effect . In printing subj ectsin line I roll in with a tolerably stiff ink made of ordinary lithographie chalk ink thinned with Olive Oil instead Of varn ish andbeforeprinting , clean the surface of the plate
'
with a damp cloth . For
half tone subj ects , the plate must first be rolled in with stiff ink inorder to obtain depth in the shadows andthe det ail Of the halftones afterwards brought out by the use of a softer and lighterink which should just be of such a consistency and tint that thehalf tones may all be well developed
,but the high lights left clear .
The inking in may be done with lithographic rollers , but rollers Ofindia-rubber have been found better. The printing is best performed by vertical pressure in an ordinary type printing presswhi ch should be furn ished with an india -rubber bed to preventthe glass plates being broken , andthe plate Should be covered witha padding of felt, so that the paper may be well pressed into thehollows forming the deepest shadows . Enamelled paper is thebest for printing on
,especially for subj ects in half tone . The proofs
I have with me have all been pulled in an ordinary copying presswhich I findanswers the purpose fa irly, though it is inc onven ientin many respects .
If it is required to print on a tissue,a plan which certainly possess
es many great advantages , a perfectly polished glass plate is used
instead of ground glass , and the surface is rubbed with a solutionof wax in ether
,SO that when it is dry
,the film may be stripped Off
with ease . The composition I have described above makes an ex
cellent tissue .
Such are the details Of my process as far as I have gone,it is very imperfect in many points
,but I am still working
246 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [NOV .
period of B engal history held a much higher rank than it doesnow-a -days . From the rubbings which I have examined
,it is
certa in that Mr . Broadley’s inscriptions will considerably addto
our knowledge of the beginn ing of the Muhammadan period ofBengal H istory, and I hope that he will find leisure to publish hislarge collection , andaddarcheolog ical notes on the Old buildings ofB ihar, and also collect the numerous legends , still current in thedistrict
,regarding the earlyMuhammadan invaders of B engal .
My Obj ect in laying.
a few Of Mr . B roadley’s inscriptions before
the meeting , is to direct attention to B ihar inscriptions in general,and to appeal to Officers stationed in that province to send rubbings to our Society for publication . Every inscription with the
name Of a king and a date on it,is OfValue . At a former meet
ing , I explained what progress hadbeen made , up to the presenttime
,in the elucidation Of B ihar and B engal history . I mentioned
that we do not even possess a correct and complete list Of theMuhammadan kings Of B engal and B ihar
,andthat no historian
had yet attempted to fix the limits to which the kingdom . ofB engal, at various times , extended . There exist no MS . his
tories of B engal ; the first a ttempt at a connected historyknown to Us
,is the short chapter by N izamuddin in the Tabagét i
A lcbari , which was composed S O late as A . H . 1 00 1 , or A . D . 1 592 .
For the’
beginn ing Of the Muhammadan period , we have only' Occasional notices in the MS . histories Of the Dibli empire , and
coin s and inscriptions . The information which coins yield , will befound in Mr? E . Thomas ’s excellent Essay on the Initial Ooinage of
B engal’
(Journal , A . S . Bengal , for He compiled a valuable list of the early Muhammadan G overnors
,and assigned to
several kings, whose names were not to be foundin the existinghistories Of B engal , the ir proper places . As an example , I may
mention the king Shamsuddin F ir liz , of whom Mr . Thomas foundcoins struck between 1 3 1 5 and 1 322
,A . D . The inscrip tions at
Triben i near Hugli , which I la id last year before the Socie ty, men
tion the same king as having reigned in 1 3 1 3,A . D . Two Of Mr .
B roadley’s inscriptions- and this will shew the value Of his dis
coveries , proveI. that Firuz already reigned in 1 309 over (Western) Bengal ,
or Lak’hnauti .
Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety .
2 . That South B ihar under him belonged to B engal , whilstother inscriptions show that B ihar in 1 352 aga in belonged to Dibl i .3 . That Shamsuddin hada son of the name Of Halim Khan ,who in 1 309 and 1 3 1 5 , andhence most likely during the interveningyears, was governor of B ihar .From a letter
,I lately hadfrom Mr . Broadley, it would also ap
pear that portions Of Halim Khan ’
s palace still exist,and that his
descendants are still inhabitants Of the town Of B ihar .Of the three inscriptions before the meeting two belong to Halim
Khén and conta in the dates 1 309 and 1 3 1 5 the former inscriptionseems to have belonged to a sara i
,the latter to a mosque .
The third inscription is of a still earlier date, and mentions an
edifice built in A . H . 640,or A . D . 1 242
,by ’
Izzuddin AbulfathTughrilKhan , who styles himself S altha , andassumes other rega lepithets , as Kha
’
gén ulMu’azzam
,hhallada - lléhu mulhahu
, &c .
,though
his contemporary,the author of the Tabagrit i Nagiri merely calls him
H it/aim,or G overnor , Of Lak’hnauti, which was then looked upon as
belonging to the Dibl i empire .
The characters Of all three inscriptions are Tughra.
III .—A History of the Village of Arara, Tahgz
'
l Jagraon, Zil’ah
Ludhiana.— By ATTAR SINGH , CH IEF OE BHADDAUR .
This paper is written in H indi,and conta ins several interesting
facts . The writer states that Arura lies a little north of Bhaddaur,
and eight hos south of Jagraon ,andis inhabited by Muhammadans
and Rajprits . The decline of the place dates from the time of Ah
madShah Durran i .In Old times
,Arura was inhabited by Raj pii ts Of the Pramura
clan . Many Of the inhabitants were killed when theMuhammadansinvaded the district
,and many emigrated . Among the fugitive s
were also several families Of Brahmans,andhence it is that certain
clans,as
,for example
,the Kaligotra Brahmans Of the hills of
Chintapuri, look upon Arura as their original domicile .
The writer then mentions several legends of Rai Firuz, unde rwhom Arura flourished . H is tomb still exists , andin one Of its
inscriptions the year 1 532 Samvat is leg ible . The Old tank calledRaniyananeariArura is frequented by numerous pilgrims .
248 Proceedings of the A sia tic Society . FNOV .
People say that the ancient name of the place is Ahichatta , andthat its ruler
,RajaBuddhamati composed a work in Prakrit, enti '
tledDharma Katha, which is still used by the Buja tribe in the di striet . In the 1 5th chapter of this book, it is mentioned that aformer prince of the city of Ahi chatta , named Kanaka Ketu
,reign
cdat the time ofMahavira Swami , the twen ty-fourth in carna tion of
Buddha . Under him the town was so large , that Bhaddaur and
the adjoin ing villages were the suburbs of Arura .
In conclusion, the writer mentions a few facts connected with
Bhai Bahadur S ingh of Bhaddaur, who died in A . D . 1 8 66 .
IV.— Descrip tion of a Jvea) Sp ecies of
’
Abrornis.— By
W . E . BROOKS , ESQ.
, C. E .
,ETA
’
WAH .
ABRORNIs JERDONI.— The dark slatey-headed Abrornis . Dimen
s ions— length of Skin 353 but the bir d in the flesh would probablymeasure 32 wing tail bill at front '35 from gapeabout '5 tarsus '7 2 .
Colors s imilar to those of A . Xanthoschistos,but the slate colour
of the head and shoulders is very dark andwithout the greenishtinge Observed in the other species . There is no apparent lightcoloured coronal streak
,but a greyish white supercilium , Lower back
bright yellow green , as are also upper tail coverts . Upper part Ofwing V ivid green , all the coverts primaries secondaries and tertialas well as tail feathers edged vivid yellow green . Two outer tailfeathers white on their inner webs the white of the outer one be ingspotless , while that Of the penultimate one is clouded with pale brownSpots but that Of the lower surface of body from chi n to under ta ilcoverts bright yellow ; bill andfeet coloured as in the other spe cies .
Dr . Jerdon was acquainted with this bird, andhe procured thespecimens which Mr . Hume andI have . I therefore name i t afterhim but he confounded it with A brornis Xanthoschistos, H odgson .
I have examined Mr . Hodgson ’s original drawing with dimens ions
Of the latter ; and find it represents undoubtedly the North-Wes »
tern bird,which extends to Cashmere . This drawing is very a ccu
rate , and perfectly accords with Cashmere , Dharmsala andKumaon birds ; also with others procured on the Nepal border by Mr .
Yeatman, in the cold season . Mr . Hodgson’s dimens ions of Xane
250 Proceedings of the A sia tic S ociety. [Nov.
which kept up with the ship for two days .
°I in vain tried tocapture a specimen, they were observed one by one to dropexhausted into the sea . I am unable to say with any degree ofcertainty to what species they may have belonged , but think it justpossible that they may have been Otus brachyotus, Gmel . The irmarkings and size resembled those of that bird, they had mostdecided ear-tufts .
The meeting then broke up .
LIBRARY .
The following addi tions have been made to the library since themeeting held in October last .
Presentations .
488, Names Of Donors in Capitals .
Journal Asiatique, No . 62 .— SOCIE ’
TE'
A SIATIQUE , PARIS .
The Quarterly Journal Of the Geological Society, NO . 1 07 .— THE
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Journal Of the Chemical Society, May, June, andJuly,1 8 7 1 .
THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Monatsbericht der K . Pr . Akademie der Wissenschaften , July,1 8 7 1 .
— K . PR . AKADEM IE DER WISSENSCHAETEN ZU BERLIN .
Memoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg,Tome xv .
— SOCIE ’
TE’
DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE CHERBOURG .
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen G esellschaft, Bandxxv, H eft . 1
,2 .— THE EDITORS .
Indische Studien , von Dr . A . Weber, B andx1 1 .— THE AUTHOR .
Wissenschaftlicher Jahresbericht tiber die Morgenlandischen
S tudien,1 8 62 bis 1 8 67 , von Dr . R . GOsche .
-THE AUTHOR .
Review Of Christian Literature in India,during 1 37 0 , by J. Mur
doch, LL D .
— THE AUTHOR .
Account Of the Operations Of the Great Trigon . Survey of Indi a ,vol. I.
,by Col. J . T . Walker
, R . E .— THE SURV . GENERAL OF INDIA .
Selections from the Records of the Govern . Of India, No .
LXXXIII .— THE GOVERNMENT OF IND IA, HOME DEPARTMENT.
Purchase.
Numi smatic Chronicle , Part II, 1 8 7 1 .— American Journal of
Science, August, September, 1 8 7 1 .— Revue des Deux Mondes
,
Sept. 1 8 7 1 .— Comptes Rendus , 9, 1 0 .
— Journal des Savants,July
August, 1 8 7 1 .
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
EOR DECEMBER, 1 8 7 1 .
A meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 6th in
s tant at 9 O’clock P . M .
T . Oldham ,Esq .
,LL . D.
,Vice -President, in the chair .
The minutes of the last meeting were read andconfirmed .
The following presentations were announ ced1 . From the G overnment of India in the Home Department
,a
s et Of photographs of temples, &c . ,in B ihar .
The following correspondence accompanied the donation .
From ARTHUR HOWELL , ESQ ,Under- S ecretary to the Government
of I ndia .
I am directed to forward, for the use Of the Asiatic Society,a
r 1 1 8 picture s . set* Of photographs Of the AntiFrom G ove rnment Of Bengal No . f B
27 3 , Of 30mJanuary, 1 8 7 1 , and En (lultles 0 eha l‘,together Wi th
c lO S lll‘
eS co ic e of the a Jers noted on the1 Fl O lll Ditto NO . 2 1 9 1 , o f 26th
P P },
July ,1 8 7 1 , andEnc losure .
marg infir contain ing a short ac
count Of each subj ect by the photographer.
From T . F . PEPPE '
,ESQ. , Sub
-Dep uty Op ium Agent of Chota
Nagp ore.
I have the honor to forward herewith a concise notice of the pho
With photographs , one complete se t,tographs Of the antiquitie s in the
'viz . ,NO S . from 1 to 1 23 , ando ne in Behar division , Of which I have
c omplete se t , m inus NOS . 3,4,6,
1 5, 1 6 ,1 9 , 22 , 23, 26 , 23 , 33 , 39,
negatives , as called for in your42 , 48 , 49, 50 , 53 , 55 , 56, 58 , G7 ,
7 1 , 7 2 , 7 7 , 7 9, so, 8 1 , 98 , 1 04,1 6W ” NO ° 66
» dated A ndJUIY ,
1 06, 1 07 , 1 08 , 1 09, 1 1 1 , and'
cl so one comple te set of those
252 Proceedings of tko A siatic Society. [DEC.
1 22 , 1 23 -39 which will be sent on mentioned andnumbered accordtheir arrival from Calcutta .
Total sent ing to the descriptions . The
Large 1 02
Small 1 05Shahabad photographs are not
included in the above,as I have
unfortunately no copies of them .
As soon as they are received, thecopies anddescriptions will be forwarded .
2 . I also forward some duplicate cop ies, which will be completedas soon as the remain ing copies are received from Calcutta .
Thi s therefore makes three copies of the photographs more or lesscomplete . I regret to state the sets could not be supplied completeat once but as this could not be done , care will be taken that themissing ones are hereafter sent .3 . In the meantime
,I would beg to state that I have been put
to considerable expense in having themprinted in Calcutta , and
that as so many more are still required to complete the seven copiesof each
,I would beg that an advance ofRs . 600 be given to enable
me to have them printed .
Total 207
4 . My transfer to Chota -Nagpore has preven ted me from takingn egatives of some of the antiquities still rema in ing to be photographed, andwould beg to mention them for your guidance
The tower at Girriak.
The fort at B ehar .The rock sculptures at Pabuttee
,east of G irriak.
5 . I have also included some copies of negatives of Chumparun,
which are probably not required . In that case they c an be returned
,and so much of the description as applies to them may be cur
tailed.GYA .
— There are a great many interesting structures and re
mains of antiquity in andabout Gya , as it has been a place of considerable importance for many centuries . Unfortunately, duringthis time , there have been at least two changes of religion , andveryfew of the older structures are now intact for as the buildings of
the deserted faith were at hand andreadily available,they were
used in the construction of buildings belonging to the prevalentreligion . On rare occasions Only was a new temple built of freshmaterials. With the exception of the temple of Vishnu Pad
, all
254 Pioceedi'
nys of the Asiatic Societg] .'
[DECI
on the banks of the river, andin the most prominent sites withinthe city, but they, I believe , are restricted to certain portions of itPhotographsNos . 1 5 and 1 6 are some of their houses along the
banks of the Fulgo, many of them five andsix stories high‘
ahd
Very old.
Nos . 1 7 and 1 8 .— To the south of the town the range of hills
which surrounds the town ends in a con ical hill called Brahmajoni,which is considered of great sanctity. There is a temple on the
summit dedicated to the sakti or female energy of Brahma , hen cethe name . It is approached by a flight of stone steps leading up
from below. The hill itself is 450 feet high , andis a prominentobj ect in approaching Gya from every di rection . It is one of the
principal places which must be visited bythe pilgrims who come toperform the ceremony of Find.
Nos . 1 9 and 20 .— Another of the principal places of pilgrimage
is the Suruj Kund and temple . This is only a short distancefrom the Vishnu Pad. The temple is one of the oldest in Gya , andevidently belongs to Buddhist times . Inside there is a valuableinscription dated in the era of Buddha ’s death or Nirvan , which iscf great value , as fixing the date of that event . The vestibule isformed of two double rows of pillars ten feet in height , andfivepillars in each row . A great number ofmutilated statues are let
into the walls on e ither side .
No. 2 1 .— Another place which must be visited by all pilgrims is
the tank, or Kund Petta Mahaswar . The present buildings are
quite modern ,but a great number of Buddhist statues are collected
in and around them .
Nos . 22 and23 .— The final ceremony of Findis performed at the
Achyber temple which is s ituated near the foot of the Brahmaj onihill andclose to the Rukmini tank .
No. 24 .— G ives the relative posi tions . The Achyber temple is
very old,andmust have been a monastery chapel
,as the present
buildings, although mostly rebuilt andaltered, seem to have been
originally a Buddhist monastery .
Nos . 25,26
,27 , and 28 .
— H igher up the same hill,which runs
down to the Rukmini tank , there is an old temple much in the samestyle as the temple at Budh Gya called Mungla Deva, but of
Proceedings of the Asiatic S ociety. 255
later date, and on the same hill lower down , on the eastern side ,
is another of the same style facing the Sarasvatti tank .
Nos . 29 and 30 .— The modern town of Gya , or more properly
Sahibanj , conta ins few structures of any antiquity . The largesttemple is a double-spired one, built by a wealthy Ka ist , FathBahadur. Near this is a fine sculptured doorway .
No. 3 1 .— Over one of the gateways of the town there is a fine
arch . This was the limit of the city as originally enclosed . Ithas
,however
, extended very considerably to the north s ince then .
Budd/i Gya- This place
,so celebrated in the annals of the
Buddhist world,is situated six miles to the south of Gya .
No. 32 .— The great temple faces the east, andis 50 feet square
at the base , andis 1 60 feet high . Colonel Cunn ingham gives the
date of its erection by Amara Deva about 500,A . D . It is remark
able as being the finest brick structure still standing in India .
No. 33 .— To the west of the temple itself is the famous Bodhi
Drum,or tree of knowledge , famous throughout the Buddhist
world as the tree under which Sakya S ingha sat for six years,and
is still visited by pilgrims from Burmah, Ceylon , 850 . It issa id to have been rooted out by a Brahman ist king, Sasanka, and
renewed by his contemporary the Buddhist Purna Varmma .
Only one large branch is now al ive andfrom all appearances it willnot last much longer . Excavations made some years ago under theauspices of the Asiatic Society showed that the whole temple was
surrounded by a Buddhist railing similar to the one at Sanchi .This shows conclusively that the present temple occupies the exacts ite of the original one , as these ra ilings bear inscriptions in the an
cient Pali of the time of Asoka .
No. 34.— The front of the temple which faces the east is in very
badrepair , andlarge masses come down every rainy season . In
a few years the aspect of this s ide will be entirely changed . The
'porch in front has now nearly disappeared ; only portions of the
arch of its roof adhere to the said walls . The peculiarity of thisportion is the Lebra or horizontal arch to the third story, and the
radiating arches on the second story.
No. 35 .— In front of the building there is a small arched doorway
leading into the courtyard , in which is'
the Buddha Pad, or impres
256 Proceedings of the’
Asiatic Society. [DEdt
sion of Buddha’s feet, to which offerings are made by all Classes of
pilgrims, as also to the Buddha tree, but none of the orthodoxenter the temple itself.No. 36 .
— The South s ide of the temple is in the best preservation,andmany of the n iches still contain plaster figures of Buddha, butin many they are
,wanting .
No. 37 .— On the same side a deep excavation made to follow
the ra ilings disclosed the original plinth of the temple in tolerablepreservation . This has s ince been filled up . It showed that thegeneral level of the courtyard, andthe surrounding part was con
siderably above the plinth which must have been approached bysteps , instead of descending to it, as at present, through thearched passage in front .
The arches in the front supporting the entrance and roof of thefirst and second s tory have attracted considerable attention
,and it
has been doubted whether they were true radiating arches,and
whether they were part of the orig inal building . Both thesedoubts have been cleared away, but it is still a problem how theycame to be bui lt, and it has cast great doubts on the assigned age
bf the building itself. Fergusson has decided , principally on the
fact of these arches,that the building cannot be of the age assigned
to it by Colonel Cunn ingham ,as it is quite anomalous to find
arches in a purely H indu structure of such an early date . The
fact, however, rema in s, and there seems no other solution to it
than that the H indus did understand the principle of the arch;but only resorted to it in structures of brick
, very few of whicha re now left .No . 38 .
—Inside the little cenotaph , to the left of the entrance,
there ‘
are‘
some Buddhist figures, representing Buddha himselfseated under the Buddha tree .
N o. 39 .— To the east of the great temple there is a smaller one
of something of the same style, but much later, dedicated to
Tara Deva .
BURRABUR .— The group of hills in which the caves have been
excavated is about sixteen miles to the north of Gya , andsometwo miles from the bank of the Fulgo.No . 40.— The most westerly hill is an isolated peak called
258 Proceedings of the'
A sia tic Society. [DEO.
androof of the Sudama cave are highly polished . The doorways ofboth caves are of the Egyptian style
,but the porch of the Lomas
Rishi has been enlarged and ornamented , andrepresents the gableendof a thatched house with a frieze of elephants surrounding thedoorway, executed in a most artistic manner . Indeed the drawingof the elephants contrasts favourably with the popular modern repre
sentation s of this an imal . Colonel Cunningham is of Opinion thatthis porch was executed at a later period than the cave itself.There is an inscription in the porch over the doorway, of the thirdor fourth century of our era . It is curious to remark that in the
representations found on the bosses of the Buddhist ra iling at
Budh Gya , there is a similar representation of the gable endof a
thatched house forming the doorway of a cave also .
No. 4 5 .
— On the northern side of the same gran ite rock as thetwo preceding, there is the third cave of the group called theKarna Chepar . It is 33 feet , 6 -3 inches long , by 1 4 feet wide . The
s ides of the cave are 6 feet,1 % inches high, andthe vaulted roof has
a rise of 4 feet, 8 inches, making the total height 1 0 feet, 9 inches ;On the outside of the doorway, there is an inscription in the ancientPa li recording the excavation of the cave in the n ineteenth yearof the re ign of Raj ah Pyadasi , that is , of A soka himself. The
cave , therefore, dates as far back as 245 B . C. To the east of thedoorway the rock has been cut away
,and several rude sculptures
have been executed on the scarpe d face representing a linga and
two rude Brahminical figures .
No. 46 .— The group of hills nearer the Fulgo river, andabout
half a mile to the east of the Burrabur group , is called Nagarjuni .
There are several caves in this group .,The large st is cut in the
southern face of a rocky ridge, andis approached from below by a
flight of rude stone steps . The height of the cave doorway, abovethe level of the plains, is about 50 feet . The cave itself measures46 feet, 5 inches long , by 1 9 feet, 2 inches broad, both ends beingsemi-circular, and, in the inscription on the doorway in the ancientcharacter of A soka’s edicts
,the cave is called the Gopi ’s ’ cave , and
was executed by Dasaratha on his accession to the throne .
“ The
G opi’s cave,an abode lasting a s the sun andmoon
, was causedtobe excavated by Dasaratha , beloved of the Devas, on his accession ,“
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. 259
a s a hermitage for the most devoted Bhadantas (BuddhistDasaratha , according to the Vishnu Purana , was the
grandson of Asoka , andas the son of A soka , Sayasus, only reignede ight years, the accession of Dasaratha must have taken placein 2 1 4
,B . C.
Nos . 47 and 4 8 .— The other caves in the Nagurjuni group are
s ituated in the northern side,andon the southern face of a rocky
ridge , running parallel with the Nagarjuni hill , there are two
c aves,one to the west being nearly hidden in a recess , andhas its
entrance facing the east . The cave itself is 1 6 feet, 4 inches, by4 feet, 3 inches, and there is a rude brick wall running across it,dividing it into two rooms, which has been done by some late occu
pant,said to have been a Musalman fakir. There is an inscrip
t ion in ancient Pali , in whi ch the cave is called Vadithi-ka -Kubha,the rest being letter for letter the same as the inscription in theGopi cave ; the date is therefore the same .
No . 49.— The eastern cave has a small porch 6 feet long by 55
feet broad, andthe doorway is Egyptian ,like all the doors of these
caves. The cave itself is 1 1 feet , 3 inches , by 1 6 feet , 9 inches long ;the roof is vaulted, 1 0 feet, 6 inches in total height . There is an
inscription on the porch in the ancient character ofAsoka ’s edi cts,
in whi ch the cave is called Vapiya -ka -Kubha , or the well cave . The
inscription is word for word the same as that on the Gopi cave, so
that the date is the same , 2 1 4 B . C. In front of the cave there isa large well 9 feet in di ameter . From various inscriptions on thesevc aves it would seem that they have been at various times occupiedby Buddhi sts andBrahman ists , but were originally excavated forBuddhi st ascetics by the kings A soka andDasaratha
,in the third
century B . C. About the third or fourth century of our era, the kings
Sardula Varma andAnunta Varma placed Brahminical images inthr ee of them,
and subsequently Mussulman fakirs took possess ion of them . They are now,
and have been for many years,
un inhabited .
Nos . 50 and. 51 .— Alongside the Vapiya cave there is a curiousboulder poised on two others, andthe cavity thus formed hadbeenbuilt up into a grotto no doubt for Buddhi st ascetics . . The
Nagurjuni hills are some little distance from the Burrabur group,
260 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. LDEC.
and No . 5 1 is a view of the Burrabur group from the pla ins infront of the Nagurjuni cave .
No. 52 .— Is the view of the Burrabur group from the rocky ridge
in which the two northern caves are cut,with the Burrabur peak
andtemple in the centre .
DHARAWUT . Nos . 53 and54.—Dharawut lies immediately ,
to thenorth of the Burrabur hills , about 1 717 miles distant . There are
large andextensive mounds in andaround the present large village ,and a large tank called Chandohur Tal, which is some feetlong by 8 00 feet in width, evidently as old as the Buddhist monasteries which existed here . On the banks of the tank there is alittle temple , near which there is a fine standing figure of the
famous Buddhisatva Avalokiteswara,the Pudma Pan i of the
Tibetans,andis always represented with a lotus in his hand .
Nos . 55 and 56 .— From the little hill to the south of the tank,
which is covered with brick and stone rubbish,some curious
sculptures were obta ined by the villagers searching for bricks,
representing various obj ects of Buddhist worship .
NAIR . No. 57 .—Na ir is on the Patna andGya road, west from
Dharawut, andabout twenty miles from Gya . There is a pillaredtemple close to the road very much in the same style as the templeat Poonawa . It consists of three rows of monolithic pillars, tenpillars in each row . Fronting the temple there is a further row
of four pillars . The temple or shrine behind consists of brick and
mud cement, but very little of it is now standing the superstruc
ture is entirely gone , and none of the temples of this form are
sufficiently complete to allow of a conj ecture as to their originalform . The roof of the portico and the shrine is composed of largegran ite slabs
,a linga now occupies the shrine
,and there is a
mutilated figure of Ganesh lying outside .
Judging by the size of the mound, andthe part of the shrinerema ining, the temple must have been a lofty one . The bricksare large andwell made , although inferior in this respect to thoseused in the construction of the Buddha Gya temple . It is probablethat the temple dates about 7 00 A . D .
No, 58 .— Shows the temple from the east
,with the remains of
the shrine andmoundof brick rubbish .
262 Proceedings of the A siatic S ociety.
‘
[DECQ
No. 66.
— The modern temples round the hot springs are situatedat the opening of the valley, leading to the site of the ancient city,and 66 is a view of the temples with a singular fort-looking struc
ture on the hill behind andabove them. It is composed of looseunsquared stones loosely put together .No. 67 .
—Is a view from the same structure overlooking the hotsprings andthe flat country beyond them .
Dnoxoonn . No. 68 .— This place is s ituated to the west of Gya ,
about 25 miles, and some distance inland from the Sone . Itmust have been in early days a place of some importance , andaBuddhist monastery existed, only part ofwhich now rema ins, and
has been converted into a Brahmin ist temple,anda linga placed
in the shrine, but great numbers of Buddh ist votive stupas, &c .,
were scattered about some years ago , many of which,however,
have lately been covered up . A fair is held here in the month ofFalgoon , where great numbers of pilgrims assemble to bathe inthe koondor tank . The original temple must have been a largeone
,judging by the mass of brick rubbish in which the shrine is
sunk , anda road hadto be excavated to allow of access to it . The
shrine is now surmounted by a rude dome,but the lower part is
still intact, andbelongs to the early Buddhist type .
DAUDNAGAR. No. 69.— Daudnagar is a considerable town in
the banks of the Sone , and forty miles west of Gya . The townwhich is comparatively modern , was founded by DafidKhan, aPathan soldier, who signalized himself by his bravery, and who
subsequen tly, as a reward for the conquest of Palémau, received j a
geers in this neighbourhood . He erected a fortified serai for the
protection of travellers, who were subject to robbery on the read
along the banks of the Sone going to Patna . The photographrepresents one of the gate -ways of the serai
,which is now used as a‘
dwelling-place by his descendants . DaiidKhan died about 200years ago .
SHAMSHERNAGAR . No. 7 0 .— About e ight miles lower down the
Bone from Daddnagar there is a considerable village called Shamshernagar, founded and nam ed after a nephew of Dafid Khan;Shamsher Khan , anda very pleasing structure was built by himas his tomb . It is now rapidly falling to pieces, although still inpossession of his descendants .
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 263
Korma — On the road between Dafidnagar and Gya, aboutsixteen miles from the latter, is the village of Konch . It consistsof two parts , the bazaar on the road side and the village proper ,about 1 00 yards to the north . Between the two villages there are
extensive mounds of brick rubbish,anda great many Buddhist
figures and statues are scattered about . The principal one is l ifes ized, beautifully carved, but the head is wanting ,
and representsprobably Surya .
Nos . 7 1,72
,and7 3 .
— H igher up on the mound there are two
purely Buddhist figures with the creed in inscriptions round thehead, andtwo others , probably Surya , of a later type .
Nos. 74 and 75 .— Passing through the village proper you come
to the large temple mentioned by Buchanan , a drawing of whichis given in the 1 st volume of Martin ’
s India . This building closelyresembles in style that of the great temple at Budh Gya , and theconstruction is much the same the materials are the same beautifully moulded bricks andmudcement . The lower chamber is 1 0feet square , andhas an arched roof as in the Budh Gya temple .
In the upper chamber the walls are gradually contracted, so thatthe four sides meet at the top .
No. 7 6 .— The open ing into the upper chamber is also on the
Lebra principle . In the construction of this bulding the Hindusshowed that they understood both kinds of arch
, and used themas suited their requirements .
No. 7 — The west side of the temple has been much damagedby the heavy rains
,and large masses keep falling year by year .
Unless something is done , this fine temple will soon be a mass of
rubbish .
No. 7 8 .— A porch had been added to the original buildi ng , or
more likely, the original porch hadbecome ruinous, and had sub
sequently been repaired . It is 9 feet by 22 wide . In front of ita small courtyard has been added also 9 feet by 22 feet a flight ofsteps ledup from the level of the ground. In thi s courtyard and
porch a great many figures have been inserted or ranged along thewalls, many of whi ch are figured in Martin’s India .
No. 79 .—To the north of the temple there are two cenotaphs
over the remains of former mahunts, but there is no monastic com.
munity settled here now, andthe temple itself is not considered
264 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [DECL
orthodox . Notwithstanding that there is a linga now occupyingthe shrine, the building itself is by popular tradition the work of
‘
KolRaj ahs (a generic name for the aboriginal races). This badodour with the orthodox would seem to prove its Buddhist orig in .
No . 8 0 .
— Four miles east ofKon ch, on the same road, there is a'
villa g e called Pali,where there must have been some large temples ,
only a few pillars of which are now standing . It must have beenof the same style as those at Nair andPoonawa .
No. 8 1 .
— The sculptured doorway,part of which is lying undera tree close by, closely resembles the fine one at Poonawa .
SEHAREE . No. 8 2 .— About e ight miles west of Konch, near the
village of Seharee , there is a small stone temple on the roadside ;it is constructed entirely of Chunar stone , andwas completed atChunar and sent down fit for erection . It is now the pride of the
little hamlet where it stands .
OOMGA .— This place is situated within a mile of the dak bungalow
ofMadunpore on the grand trunk road, and fourteen miles westof Sherghati .No. 8 3 .
— The temple is built on a rocky spur of one of the highest hills overlooking the grand trunk road, andis built entirely of
squared granite blocks without cement andis in excellent preservation . The height of the temple from the rock to the crest is about60 feet
,the extreme length from east to wes t is 68 feet, and the
breadth 53 feet .N o . 8 4 .
— To the north and south there are balconies whichg ive the temple a distinctive character , and marks a transitionfrom the open pillared portico which hadpreviously been the rule ,as at Poonawa
,Na ir
,andPali .
No. 8 5 .— The large porch in front was entirely enclosed, andwas
lighted by these side balcon ies , the interior has a very imposing ap
pearance , and the monolithic pillars with bracket capital is a decildedadvan ce from plain column with cross brackets .
No . 8 6 ,— Inside there is a large slab ofblack chlorite with a long
inscription recording the building of the temple by Bhairub Indra inSambat 1 496, i . e.
, A . D. 1 439, on Thursday
,the light half of the
moon Bysack, and was dedicated to Jagarnath, B albhadru, and
Subhadra . The shrine is , however, occupied by a linga.
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
Ca non — Is situated north-east of Oomga , about e ight miles . A
large number of isolated little hills are dotted over the country forsome di stance n orth of the grand trunk road . Many of these largemasses of granite are not shown in the revenue maps . Nearlyevery one of these hills had little structures of some kind on theirsummits.
Nos. 93 and94 .— To the east of the village of Cheon there are the
ruins of a temple of considerable size built of squared granite blackwithout cement . It is now in ruins, only part of the shrine and
doorway remaining .
The interior of the shrine is occupied by a linga , and there are
no inscriptions ; but from its general resemblance to the temples atOomga it may be considered as of the same date .
Nos . 95, 96, and97 .— To the south of this temple , and to the
east of a little hill there is a fine , life- sized four-armed statue withmany fragments of others, also several mounds andmasses of brickrubbish on every side . About 300 yards to the west, on anotherlittle hill called Puchar, there is a cave about half way up the hill.It is a natural hollow whi ch has been built up enclosing a chambersome 1 0 feet by 1 2, with a doorway supported on bracket pillars .
Inside there is a figure of Budh surrounded by a seven -headedsnake called ‘lungabeer.
’ There is also a figure ofMahamaya, themother of Budh .
No . 98 .— A little platform has been constructed in front of the
cave , anda flight of rude steps ledup from below. The cave facesthe south .
No . 99 .— About a mile to the south there is another cluster of
little hills within the boundary of the village of Deokillee wherethere are many little caves similar to the one at Cheon . Most ofthem are filled up . One curious altar-like structure crowns the
summit of a ridge between two hills immediately above a naturalhollow in a rock which was used as a tank .
N'
o . 1 00 .— Andon the north of the bill a bund has been thrown
across a hollow, thus forming a large tank, thus showing that thewhole locality had been one of some importan c e . All these hillsmust have literally swarmed with Buddhist ascetics .
"
Judging bythe great number of little caves and structures, the remains of
1 8 7 13 Proceedings of UM Asiatic Society. 267
which now exist,it is to be regretted that no inscriptions have come
to light .POONAWA . No . 1 0 1 .- This village is s ituated fourteen miles west
of Gya , andthe principal antiquity is a pillared temple of Trilok
nath,which has no superstructure left, but which , according to
Maj or Kittoe,was not the case when he visited it in 1 8 47
,at which
time a considerable portion of the superstructure was still perfect .No .
—One of the doorways is beautifully carved in blackchlorite , andis the finest piece of sculpture of the kind in this partof the country.
SEETAMUREE .— This place
,which seems to have escapedthe notice
of all the antiquaries who have vis ited thi s district , although onlyfourteen miles from Poonaw‘a , shows how difficult it is to obtaininformation of the whereabouts of antiquities, even to enquirerswho devote themselves to such pursuits .
The village is situated about a mile south- east of a village calledNadgurha on the Nawadah and Gya road
,andfourteen miles east
from Poonawa .
No . lo3 .— The cave is excavated in a large block ofgranite on
an open pla in ; the doorway is of the Egyptian form,being 1 foot ,
1 0 inches at the top and2 feet,2 inches at the bottom . The pa s
sage leads into the cave at an oblique angle , andis 3 feet, 5 incheslong . The chamber itself is 1 5 feet
,8 inches along the floor
, and
1 5 feet along the roof, and 6 feet,45 high in the cen tre
, and
1 1 feet, 1 5 in width . The roof is vaulted , andsprings at once fromthe floor . The whole of the inside is highly polished , andthe rockis as compact as those in which the caves are executed at Burrabur .
Curiously enough there is no trace of an inscription,inside or out
side . Inside , from the high polish every where,no inscription could
escape notice ; outside, without a recess be ing cut for its reception,
no inscription could be cut, and there is no sign of any such recess .Its construction a t any time must have been an achievement of no
ordinaiy kind , and it is remarkable that an inscription should havebeen omitted . Its date cannot be less than those at Burrabur,
which it so closely resembles . The form of the doorway andthe
polished interior are conclusive , I think, on this point.KURK IHAR . No . 1 04 .
— Is s ituated about three miles north-east
268 Proceedings of the A siatic Sacietgj . [DEO.
of Poonawa . There are large and extensive ruins at this place,and a great number of statues scattered over a large area .
The prin cipal one is a figure of Sakya S ingha sitting under thetree at Budh Gya , with representations of events of his life on
e ither s ide , anda small inscription on the pedestal.BURRAGAON .
-There is no place in this district where the ruinsare so exten sive , or on such a large scale . Unfortunately
,the
greater part are hidden under immen se mounds of brick rubbish ,andalthough the place has been used as a quarry for bricks formany years , the foundations are not yet reached . The place is thesite '
of the an cient Nalanda,according to Colonel Cunn ingham ,
where the greatest monastery in all India exis ted .
No. 1 05 .
— There are a series of lofty mounds some 60 feet high ,
covering a space feet long, by 400 feet in width . The principal ruin is that of the great temple of Baladitya , which is sa id tohave resembled that at Budh Gya, andmust have been built be‘
tween 450 and 500 A . D .
Nos . 1 06 and1 07 -The statue enshr ined in this temple was mostlikely the gigantic one now called Bhairav. It is in a sitting pos ition , and is now collected with a number of smaller figures in a
small courtyard at the foot of the large mound .
No . 1 08 .— To the north there is a large statue of the ascetic
Budh, with several inscriptions on it giving the names of the
attendants .
No. 1 09 — There is also a Ja in temple in the same style as the
Budh Gya one , and is therefore of much the same age .
No . 1 1 0 .— At the adj oining village of Jagdespore there is a very
fine large figure of the ascetic Budh surrounded by demons and
alluring females .
CHILLOR .—Maj or Kittoe notices this place as the site of one of
the e ighteen viharas of Behar . The ruins are very extensive, consisting of large mounds, with many figures andsculptures .
No. l l l .— The prin cipal one is of a beautifully carved one, nearly
life - size, said by Maj or Kittoe to be a representative of S iva , butthis is doubtful, as there is a small figure of Buddha in the headdress , the outline of an antelope forms the upper edge of the dress,which may determine what the figure really is . The expression
270 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEC.
of the K0 1 women, and it is known that the aboriginal tribe of
Mhars were in possession of the country until dispossessed by theancestors of the present Rajput family of Sonpura .
TIRHUT . No . 1 1 8 .
— Bukra . This place , which is one of the
banks of the G andack or Narain i,must have been a place of great
importance,and has been identified as the ancient Va isala . The
principal antiqui ty is one of Asoka ’
s pillars surmounted by a lion .
‘
It is only 1 8 feet above the pr esent level of the ground , and27feet, 1 1 inches above the level of the surrounding fields . ColonelCunn ingham made an excavation down to the water level
,or 1 4
feet below the present surface, but found no inscription , and had
not then reached the square base , so that the whole length abovethe water level is 32 feet, and, including the statue and capital
,
44 feet 2 in ches .
No . 1 1 9.— Immediately to the north
,and outside the courtyard
in which the pillars stand, there is a ruined brick stupa with a fine
old pipul tree growing on the top . This place is famous in Buddhist annals as the place where the second Buddhi st synod was
held .
LOURY A NEAR ARE-RAJ . No . 1 20 — B etween Bukra andB etteah ,
andtwenty miles north-west ofKesariya , at a village called Lourya ,there is another of Asoka ’s pillars
,andof the same polished com
pact sandstone . It is 365 feet high andhas no capital it isinches in diameter at the base
,and 375 in ches at the top . It has
several of A soka’s edi cts neatly engraved on both sides,and the
letters are still as fresh andsharp as if only done a year ago .
SIMROUN .— On the borders of Nepal
,north- east of Motihari
,
is the fort of Simroun, the ancient capital ofMithila . The ruins
cover an area of sixteen square miles , but are so overgrown withdense jungle that it is almost impossible to make out anything ,
A brick wall of four feet thick by a further thickness of 1 0 feet of
mud, surrounds the whole . The bricks used are large , 1 0’ X 7 ’ X
well burnt, andfinely fitted together . Within the outer enclosurethere is another, comprising about five acres ; inside this was the
palace andprincipal buildings . B etween the two enclosures a greatnumber of figures , carvings , statues , and large wells built withstone are scattered all over . The palace andmany of the principal
,
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. 27 1
buildings were built of squared blocks of sandstone 3 feet by It .
Some part of the 'walls are still standing , but from the irregularityof the upper courses they must have been rebuilt
,so that little
remains to show what the structures original wereNos . 1 2 1 and 1 22 — Some large figures are collected near thelittle modern temple
,which are beautifully carved
,and seem repre
sentatives of Surya . Some slabs of sandstone are collected in thesame place which no doubt formed part of a doorway, andexecutedin the very best manner . They consist of several figures enclosedin scrolls of lotus stem in a most beautiful andartistic manner .No . 1 23 .
— An inscription let into the wall of the little temple isqui te modern , but I am convinced this stone had an older inscription which must have been oblitera ted to rece ive the modern one .
No. 1 24 .— This is a view of the rock in which the Karna Chow
par’ cave , at Burrahur
,has been excavated
,and showing the
general appearan ce from the east of the immense gran ite block inwhich the cave has been excavated, and also the scarped rock tothe south .
No. 1 25 .—Is a sculptured slab with a representation of the nine
Avatars let into the wall of the porch of the temple a t Konch .
No. 1 26 .— Is a curious slab with some carved figures , andsur
mounted by some singular emblems with an inscription in Sanscritunderneath : unfortunately the inscription is too much worn to bedecipherable . The figures represen t a seated figure in the centre ,something like a Budh
, with male and female figures on e itherside . The emblems above are an open hand with a rosette in the
palm ; the emblems of the sun andmoon on e ither side . There arethree specimens of this emblematical stone in this district ; thepresent one is from the banks of the large tank at Madinpore on
the grand trunk road twenty—four miles west from Sherghati,near the temple of Oonga ; the other one is under a tree near thattemple ; andthe third is on the temple of G aj adhur at Gya . All
of these stones are nearly s imilar,and the stone is the same in each
case,via
,a soft soapstone , and in consequence the inscription is
not readable in either of them . From the style of workmanshipandthe pecul iar selection of this soft stone , it is probable thatthese stones are the work of a different race of people from the
272 Proceedings of the As iatic S ociety . [DEC.
c arvers of the numerous statues andfigures generally found in thisdistrict ; the manner in which the hair is arranged in the figuresdiffers also from the usua l Buddhist and H indi figures . It isbelieved that similar emblems are found on some Canarese inscriptions .
No . 1 27 .— Is another view of the beautifully executed figure at
Chillor,showing the standing figure of Budh
,the teacher
,along
side .
No. 1 28 .— Is a view of the southern temple at Dapthoo it is the
larger of the two temples , andas it stands at present it consists of
a pillared hall,which was originally open , but was subsequently
enclosed . The shrine has now nearly fallen , andin the enclosed porchthere are a grea t number of figures collected , most of them in verygood preservation ; but the want of light in the interior preventstheir being photographed .
No . 1 29.— To the south of this temple there is a fine standing
figure of Mahamaya , the mother of Budh, in good preservationandwell executed she is represented as four-armed , one hand helding a water vessel.No . 1 30 — Is another view of the Vishnu Pud, at Gya , giving the
whole of the upper portion of the temple , which, from its very con
fined situation ,cannot be photographed as a whole .
No . 1 3 1 .—Is a view of the old town of Gya looking west from
the Vishnu Pudtemple,with the Brahmajoni temple and hill in
the distance .
No. 1 32 .— Is another view of the fine oldtemple , at Deo , giving
a better view of the south side of the temple, with part of the
Maharajah’s palace to the left .
SHAHABAD .
S asseram, from having been selected by Sher Shah as his residence,was at one time a place of great importance, and there are veryinteresting buildings still in existence
, although from inferior workmanship many of them are in a very dilapida ted condi tion
,andin a
few more seasons some of them will have fallen .
Nos . 1 33 and 1 34 .— The principal building is the tomb of the
Emperor Sher Shah, which is situated to the /west of the town in
274 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [find
Shergarh near Sasseram, where he erected a fortress named afterhimself. When Man S ingh was selected as viceroy of B ehar
,he
s elected Rohtas a s a place of safety for his treasure andfamily, anda lmost the whole of the present buildings were erected by him,
and
this is confirmed by the inscriptions on the principal entrance tothe palace , andalso on the gateway of the fortress leading to the
ma in table-land called the Ketantya gate . From these it wouldappear that the works were finished in the year 1 654 Sambat,or A . D . 1 597 .
The fortress occupies the whole of the plateau,measuring about
four miles from east to west, and five miles north to south ; butfrom the deep windings of the precipitous crest, the whole cireuma
ference is sa id to be twenty- eight miles round .
No . 1 36 — The palace called the Mahal Sara i extends its greatestlength north and south and the principal front faces the west,where it overlooks a large enclosure
,probably intended as a parade
ground, as the principal state rooms have balconi es proj ecting from.
the walls overlooking this enclosure .
No . 1 37 .— At the southern endof the principal front is a large
arched gateway with two elephants cut in the stone on either side,and consequently called the Hathiya Pul. Within thi s gate thereare several vaults andrecesses for the accommodation of the guardandthe officers on duty .
No. 1 38 .— Passing through this gateway the passage leads into
a sort of courtyard, and immediately opposite the entrance is one
of the finest buildings in the whole place . It was the public recept ion room ,
andwas called the B arahdoware or twelve gates , anditis divided into two principal halls, one behind the other, with loftyarched roofs
,andare the only respectably sized rooms in the whole
palace .
No , 1 39 .— The eastern face of B arahdoware is ornamented with
a double row of arched doors giving light to the spacious hallsbehind, and also g iving a light, graceful appearance to this side,which is wan ting in the principal front .No. 1 40 .
—The northern part of the palace seems to have beenthe quarter set as ide for the ladies’ apartments
, and the chi efbuilding was surrounded on three sides by a flower garden . It
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. 275
was the residence of the chief’s wife , and was called the A'in ahMahall . Photograph No . 1 40 is the view looking west with theopen verandah of the Takht Padishahi to the left .No. 1 4 1 .
— Is a view of the same bui lding from the opposite sidelooking south- east . This building is not overlooked by any part ofthe palace, except from the roof of the Takht Padishahi or principalstate room, andevidently intended as the chief’s audience room .
No. 1 42 . Is a view of the Takht Padishahi with the cupolas onthe summit
,andpart of the country beyond the walls, which is very
pretty andpark- like .
No. 1 43 .— The inscription over the principal entrance on the
inner s ide is a fine Specimen of the florid sty le ofPersian writing .
The inscription is given both in H indi andPersian on the sametablet.No. 1 44 .
— To the north-west of the palace,where Sher Shah had
c ontemplated the erection of a citade l , there are the remains ofseveral very large buildings . The principal one is the tomb of thesuperintendent of the works, who is said to have been an Abyss inian slave (Habshi). It is in the same style as the tomb at
S asseram,andis now picturesquely overgrown with jungle .
No. l45 .—Between the palace and the edge of the precipice
,
there is a small ravine by which the water from the tanks abovefinds its way to the edge of the precipice over which it throws itselfin a tiny rill
,which is los t in spray before reaching the bottom.
From the opposite bank of thi s ravine,a good view of the palace is
obtained .
Nb . 1 46.— At the south-east corner of the table—land there are
s ome cur ious oldbuildings constructed evidently with the stonesfrom some still earlier buildings . At the foot of a long flight ofs teps, leading up to the H indu temple andthe mosque, is a small
,
but handsome,temple ascribed to Man S ingh .
No. 1 47 .— The Lal—darwaza or RedGate seems to have been the
pr incipal entrance from the places below,and although the cliffs
are nearly inaccessible themselves,they have been strengthened with
works on a large scale . The cliffs are very grand and impressive .
Photograph No . 1 47 is the view looking south over the ridge of
the cliff.
276 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [Dat a
No. 1 48 .— The precipice all round the plateau is quite perpen
dicular, dipping down for a distance of 500 feet in some places ,andnearly double that distance in others .
The following gentlemen duly proposed andseconded at the lastmeeting were balloted for andelected Ordinary MembersCapt. W. L . Samuells, Assistant Commissioner, Pachumba,
Chord line,
S . E . Peal,Esq . , Sibsagor, Asam .
The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot at the nextmeetingW . D . Butcher, Esq .
,M . R. C. S .
,proposed by Mr . G . Nevill,
seconded by Mr. J. Wood-Mason .
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdrawfrom the SocietyDr . H . Warth ; J. F . Cockburn, Esq . ; Dr . J . M . Fleming .
The following letter from J . G . DELMERICK, ESQ. Rawalpindi, wasreadI beg to inform you of the discovery of a hoard of seventy-four
Indo-Bactrian hemidrachms in this District .Of these no less than fifty-eight were of Menander
,via —20
,
with bare head 1 5,with helmeted head 22
,with bare head
,hurling
a Javelin . 1 . Owl on the reverse . Six were of Antimachus Nike~
phoros , andten ofApollodotus , square, andof the common elephantandbull type.These coins were recently found by Sharaf, son of Naj ti, caste
Mochi, age 1 6, of the village of Shakarpari , Tahgil ofRawalpindi.The site of their discovery is a ravine five miles due north ofRé
Walpindi on the Saidpiir road . Sharaf was employed in diggingout the root of a shrub when he accidentally came upon the coinsin a hole . They might have been in a pot
,which he thinks
may have been broken by the spade with which he was digging ,but he saw no pot. No buildings or ancient rema ins are any
where near the spot, and Shakarpari is an insignificant villagewith no pucca buildings or ruins. The finder was rewarded fromour local funds, andthe whole of the coins, which were in perfect,
27 8 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [Dad
of Sanskrit learning ; but nothing of any interest was met withthere.
5 . The Pandit was therefore, after a fortnight’s stay at thatplace
,sent on to Burdwan where I hadhoped to find large collec
tions of MSS . in the Library of the Maharajaandthe pandits ofthe district . But I was equally disappointed there . The Maharaja, at my request, very Obligingly allowed the Pandit a ccess tohis Library, but there were not quite a hundred MSS . in Sanskrit
,
and they comprised the Mahabharata andother well known workswhich have been already printed . The head pandit of the Maharaja’s palace, however, showed some works on the Vedanta new
to the Society’s Library, and notices of these have been duly se
cured . Burdwan , is a place of some antiquity, andwas of considerable importance during the Muhammadan rule, but it seems, likeDacca , to be very poor in Sanskrit works, andthere is not a singlepandit of any note who has a decent collection of MSS .
6 . The di sappointment at Burdwan,however, was amply com
pensated at Mankar, near the Boodboodstation of the East IndianRailway . Babu Hitalala Mis ’ra , a zemindar and HonoraryMagistrate of the sub-division , has an excellent library
,in which the
travelling Pandit foundbetween five andsix hundred works on theVedanta . These I hadhoped , would have occupied his time for at
least four months, but before he had time to take notes of aboutforty or fifty works
,the Dusserah vacation intervened, andthe
Babu’s pandit subsequently falling ill, there was nobody to keep
the library open,and the travelling Pandit hadto be removed to
Halisahar, a small town situated Opposite Hugli .7 . Halisahar hadat one time a large number of totes or colleges
of Sanskrit learn ing, and several are still extant . In the time ofma Krishnachandra Raya of Nadia
,about one hundred andfifty
years ago , the place was celebrated for its Nyaya school,and some
of the best pandits of Calcutta came from that place . But the
pandits who now own the toles,proved the most bigotted of their
kind,andoffered so many obstacles, andra ised so many diffi culties,
that after two months’ stay, my travelling Pandit had to returnwithout getting a single work of any importance .
8 . During the last two months of the year, the travelling Pan
1 8 7 I.] Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
dit was employed in examining the library of the late Sir ma
Radhakanta Bahadur , K. C. S . I . where he will have ample workfor at least four months .
9. My assistant was, for a time during the period under report,employed in examining the library of Raja Y atindramohana Tha
kura of Calcutta , who has very kindly pla ced his collection of MSS .
at my disposal . It is perhaps the richest private collection in
Calcutta , and contains a larger number of Tantras than what Ihave any where else met with , not excepting the collections of theAsiatic Society of Bengal , andof the Sanskrit colleges of CalcuttaandBenares . Very few works of this class have yet been examinedby European orientalists , and owing to the circumstance of someof them being of an offensive character, they are generally lookedupon with disfavour . They are wanting too in the halo of anti
quity. The oldest among them ,as far as I can guess , does not
date before the 3rd century of Christ, and the bulk of themwere composed probably between the 5th and the 1 2th cen
turies . They exercise , however , the most sovereign influence on
the religious life of the H indus, and control all their actions .
A few display a curious phase of thought, in which a hypertrophy of the sentiment of veneration for the creative energy haslead to the most mystic andobscene rites that mankind has everindulged in . Some of the works of this class profess to be revelations by S 'iva made at the request of his consort Parvati , and
a great many are acknowledged to be compilations , but they all havethe same characteristics, the same style of composition
,andvery
similar professions of faith . Their subj ects are various . Ancientlegends , topography, medicine, andgrammar are frequently treatedof, but those subj ects are all intended to lead to the establi shmentof the preeminence of the female energy in the creation of the
world, or the mysterious adoration of the phallic emblems as the
means of salvation . Traces of this dogma may be noticed in theEgyptian , the Chaldee , the Hebrew, the Gnostic, the Greek and
other ancient creeds, but nowhere has it been developed to so
inordinate or revolting an extent, or carried to so extravagant a
length as in the Tantras,andin that respect they are of interest
to the antiquarian and the student of ancient religious history.
28 0 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEot
The mystic charms andmantras andgesticulations which the better class of these works inculcate have, further, almost entirelysuperseded the rituals of the Vedas, andin the present day scarcely a cerhmonial is performed, or a prayer repeated by a H indu,which does not borrow its primary elements from the Tantras .For a correct understanding of the modern Indian forms of religionit is necessary, therefore , that these works should be carefullyexamined
,andtheir true character thoroughly brought to light . It
may be added also that, however offensive some of these worksmay appear in the light of modern European civilization , they wereheld in peculiar esteem by the dreamy monastic followers of the
Buddhist creed in the 7 th,8 th and9th centuries , who translated a
great number of them, andcompiled others , wi th a view to engrafttheir doctrines on Buddhism, and we find in Csoma de Korosi’sessay on the Buddhist literature of Nipal and Tibet hundreds of
Tantras noticed as forming parts of the sacreds criptures of thoseplaces . Mr . Hodgson describes them as containing the esotericsof the Buddhist religion ofNipal
,andin connexion with the Bud
dhism of the north, these works , therefore, are also of importance .
1 0 . According to the Nila Tantra , the original Tantric revelations of S
'iva are reckoned at 64,but their number has of late
multiplied manyfold, andin the collection of Raja’. Y atindramohana
Thakura,there are upwards of three hundred different works . Most
of them are,however
,fragmentary, andothers are avowed compi
lations. In the notices already published I have given brief ao
counts of upwards of a hundred of these works, andI hope ere
long to addconsiderably to that number. In Europe there are not
a score of these works to be met with in the Indi a House,the
Berlin,the Bodleian, andother collections .
1 1 . Altogether notices of about six hundred manuscripts havebeen compiled, andare now ready for the press .
1 2 . The publication of the notices has not been carriedon so
expedi tiously as could be wished . The form originally suggestedby me and approved by the Soci ety, did not meet with the approbation of the Government of India , and the correspondence whichthereupon ensued, prevented me from pushing on the work. Ihave, therefore, to report the publication of only two numbers of
28 2 Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
Skanda Puraniya Kshetramahat
mya .
S’
aktisafigama Tantra .
Kamar iipa-
yatrzi paddhati .
Nigama -tattva - sara .
Brahmajnana-maha-tantra -sara .
Kali- sahasranama stotra .
S’
rigurusahasranama stotra .
Brahmajnana Tantra .
Nadijnana-dipika.
Dolarohana-
paddhati.
Kalistavaraja .
Syama-stotra .
Yati -bhushani .Darsana -kalika.
S’
r ibhaktiratnavali.
H arinémamrita .
I’sana Safihita.
Matrika-kosha ,
Madana-parijata .
S’
anti-s'ataka .
Shat- chakra Tippani.Vagalamukhi-kavacha .
Stotra .
Vastuhoma .
Grantha-safigraha .
Chaurakavya satika .
Gayatri-hridaya .
Gayatri-kalpa .
'
Jnana Tantra .
Gurugita.
Pitha -nirnaya:
Sarasvati Tantra .
Guhyatiguhya Tantra .
Mugdhabodha -tika.
Svatantra Tantra.
[Dad
Goraksha -s’
ataka .
Purnananda - chakra .
Vas’
ishtha-
yogakanda .
I’
s’
vara -
g iti .
Gafigashtaka .
Annadakalpa .
Puras’charana-rasollasa .
G angashtaka .
Devikavacha .
Dattatreya Safihita.
Puras’
charana-viveka .
GuruTantra .
Durgadédinama stotra .
Takaradi-svar iipa .
Nila Tantra .
VagalaPatala .
Adbhuta—sara safigraha .
Rajavallabha .
Rogavinischaya .
Srifikhya Kaumudi.
MundamalaTantra .
Sandhyapaddhati.Karpurastava Tika.
S’iva -safihita.
Gayatri-hridaya .
Gaurikanchulika.
Sundari- s’aktidana .
Do . Tika.
Sahasranama- stuti .Vijakosha .
Gafigastava .
Gayatribrahmanollasa Tantra .
Tripura-samuchchaya Tika.
Aparokshanubhuti.
Svarodaya .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society .
Matrikaj aganmandala -kavacha .
Grantha -sahgraha .
Fraena -kaumudi .
Jyotihsagara -sara .
Chandronmilana .
Padartha -saiigraha .
Vyavasthfirnava .
Dvitiyadivyutpattivcida .
Anumiti Rahasya .
Vyapti-
panchaka Rahasya .
S ihha -vyaghra Rahasya .
Shatchakravivriti Tika.
Suddhi-dipika.
Divya - chudamani .AnnapurnaUpanishad .
Nirvana Upanishad .
Ekakshara Upanishad .
Y ajnyavalkya Upanishad.Akshamalika Upanishad .
Vyadhikarana-dharmavachchti
n a-bhavao
Simanyabhava Rahasya .
Vis’eshavyapti Rahasya .
Vyaptigrahopaya Rahasya .
The following paper was readThe Roch-ca t Excava tions a t Harchoka
,discovered by Captain 77 . L .
S amuells when emp loyed as B oundary Commissioner on the Rewah
and ChntidNligp ii r Frontier, S eason 1 8 7 0-7 l .— By CAPT. W. L.
SAMUELLS , A ss istant Commissioner, Pachamba, C’iordline.
The Secretary read the paper, which will be printed in No . III
ofPart I of the Journal . A tracing of the excavations anda planof the temples by Capt . Samuells will accompany the paper .
Colonel Thuillier moved that the thanks of the members are dueto Capt. Samuells for his valuable and interesting contributionsanddonations to the Society.
Tarka Rahasya .
Vyaptyanugama Rahasya .
SamanyalakshanaRahasya .
PakshataRahasya .
Vrihannaradiya Purana .
Tarka Tippani.Vyaptyanugama Tippani .
Simanya bhava Tippan i.S ihha -vyaghara Tippani .
Tarérahasya-vrittika.
Katantra -vrittika.
Katantra -vritti-durga -tika.
Katantra paris’ishta .
Durgavakya-
prabodha .
S iddhanta -dipa .
Sabda - chintamanyaloka .
Smriti -ehandriya sraddhakalé .
Valakrishnashtaka .
A'
charasara Tantra .
Sraddhavidhi .
Chh andoga Paris 1 shta .
Vivarana Bhashya .
Safikhayana Sutra , part II.
284 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEC.
The Chairman put the motion to the vote . Carried unanimously .
A conversation ensued in whi ch several members j oined .
The receipt Of the following papers was announced1 . L ist of Shells collectedon the Arahan 00ast . —ByW . Theobald
Esq .
, Burma .
2 . On a .New Sp ecies of Flamingo. - By W. E . Brooks , Esq .
,
C. E .
,Etawah .
The meeting then broke up .
LIBRARY.
The following additions have been made to the library since themeeting held in November last .
Presentations .
$45, Names OfDonors in Capitals.
Journal Asiatique, NO . 63 .— SOCIE'TE' ASIATIQUE
,PARIS .
Journal Of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Vol. XI, Nos . 49 to 52 .
— THE LINNEAN SOCIETY .
Ditto,Botany, Vol. XI, Nos . 54 to 56, Vol. XIII, NO . 65 .
— THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY.
Journal Of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. XXXIV,Pt . III.
—TE E STATISTICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON .
Proceedings Of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XV, Nos . 3,
and 4 .— THE ROYAL GEOGRAPH ICAL SOCIETY .
Journal Of the Anthropological Institute Of Great Britain and
Ireland, Vol . I, NO . 2 .— THE ANTHROPOLOG ICAL INSTITUTE .
Annual Report Of the Settlement Of Port B lair for the year 1 8 7 07 1 .
- TI—TE GovERNMENT OF INDIA, HOME DEPARTMENT .
Records Of the Geological Survey Of India, Vol. IV, Pt . IV.— THE
GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY OE INDIA .
Catalogue Of the Syriac MSS . in the British Museum, Pt. H .
TE E TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM .
Memoirs Of the Aksakof family, a sketch Of Russian Rural Lifeseventy years ago .
—REVD . J . LONG .
28 6 P roceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEC
APPENDIX .
CORRESPONDENCE RELATIVE TO DEEP SEA DREDG ING .
Calcutta, 1 4th June, 1 8 7 1 .
From F. STOLICZKA , PH . D.
,Hony . S ecretary, A s . S oc . of B engal,
To E . C. BAYLEY,Esa , C. S . I. , S ecretar y to the Government of I n
dia,Home Dep artment.
SIR,— I am instructed by the President andCouncil of the Asiatic Society Of Bengal, to solicit the favorable considera tion of His
Excellency the Viceroy andGovernor-General in Council to a sub
j cet which appears to the Coun cil Of the Society one of the veryhighest importance, namely, the desirabili ty Of undertaking deepsea dredgings in Indian waters .
The Coun cil believe they can best bring the matter before H isExcellency in Council by submitting a copy of a Memorandum,
drawn up at the suggestion of the Natural H istory Committee and,
after full discussion by the Committee, accepted by the Council Ofthe Society.
It cannot, the Council believe , be questioned that results are to
be expected from deep sea dredgings of the highest importance forthe progress Of both biological andphysical science . It is a wellknown fact, that in former periods Of our planet there preva iled amuch more un iform distribution Of temperature, andOf an imal andvegetable life. In the ka inozoic epoch the climate in Europe wassomewhat similar to that of our present Indian and Australianwaters , andmany Of the then inhabitants Of the seas shew greataffinities to those new found living in Indian seas . In order totrace the connection Of these faunas , dredging in Indian waterswould undoubtedly supply most valuable materials .
Again, as yet there have been no systematic Observations maderegarding the laws regulating the temperature Of water in Indi anseas , the various currents , the physical character Of sea bottom,
&c .
Valuable results may, therefore , be justly expected for the progressof hydrography, and collaterally for the benefit Of navigation ; and
Proceedings of the A siatic Society.
equally important will be the examination of the sea bottom forthe study Of geology andphysical geography.
An undertaking of this range is beyond the means Of any privateindividual
,but its importance is so great that the Council believe
it to be well worth the consideration of H is Excellency the ViceroyandGovernor-General in Council, andthe enlightened GovernmentOf a powerful State like the Indian empire .
The Council Of the Society are , therefore , confident that H is Excellency in Council will approve generally Of the proposal, put forward in the a ccompanying Memorandum
,and trust that he will
give the undertaking the same generous support which has beenafforded to similar expeditions in England andother countries .
They would hope that steps might at once be taken in commu
nication with the Admiral commanding the Indian stations, and
that this proj ect may be brought under the consideration Of the
Lord Commissioners of her Maj es ty’s Admiralty at home , SO thatcerta in special preparations which will be requi red may be madewithout delay. Owing to the peculiar nature of the climate inthese latitudes Such researches can be favourably carried on onlyduring one -half Of the year
,and the importance of completing
preliminary arrangements at an early period becomes,therefore,
more Obvious .
Memorandum on Deep Sea Dredging Op era tions p rop osed to be under
tahen in I ndian Wa ters .
The Sub-Committee appointed to consider the desirability Of un
dertaking Deep Sea Dredging in Indi an waters , beg to submit thefollowing Memorandum on this subj ectThe vast importance Of Deep Sea Dredging for the study of
Zoology, Geology, Phys ics andHydrography has been pla ced beyond all doubt by the results Of the explorations which have beenlately carried on ,
andare still being prosecuted, under the auspicesOf the Governments Of England, Sweden and Norway, and in
America . In England, the importance Of such researches was recommended to the consideration Of the Royal Society Of Londonchiefly for the following reasons
28 8 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEC.
1 . TO test a rather generally accepted Opinion that no anima lli fe existed below the depth Of a few hundred fathoms2 . TO determine the influence Of light and of pressure upon
animal life at great depths3 . To further the study Of the geographical distribution Of
animal andvegetable life .
4 . To determine the temperature, the strength anddirection Ofthe currents, the relative Chemical composition andthe amount Ofdissolved gases in Sea Water at various depths
,&c .
5 . To determine the nature of the Deep Sea bottom,the mode
Of its deposition , and the sources whence the materials composingit were derived.
The interest attaching tO the study Of these questions, andthe irimportan t bearing upon the progress Of B iological and Phys icalScience, having been duly considered by the Royal Society, it wasresolved tha t application should be made to Government for assistance . The Lords Commissioners Of the Admiralty in the mostl iberal manner acceded to the recommendation of the Royal Societyby placing a suitable vessel at the di sposal Of the Dredging Committee by whom the Scientific exploration Of the Deep Sea hasbeen
,andis being , most successfully prosecuted . The results Of
their explorations have been given from time to time in the reportsprinted in the Proceedings of the Royal Society (Vol . XVII, NO .
1 07 , Vol. XVIII, NO . 1 2 1 , and they fully justify the highexpectation of success from the expedition whi ch had been formed .
The Sub -Committee would only draw attention tO one or two Of themost important acquisitions to science .
Dredging Operations conducted down to the enormous depth ofupwards of two thousand fathoms have proved the existence ofanimal andvegetable life in abundance, even at that vast depth .
Most valuable Observations have been made on the rate of diminution Of temperature with increase Of depth . The existence of
two distinct submarine climates in close proximity andon the samelevel, called respectively the Warm andthe Cold areas
,has been
most conclusively proved,andeach area has been shewn to possess
its own peculiar fauna and sea-bed; this in the warm area beingalmost entirely composed of Globigerina-mud and in the cold area
290 P roceedings of the A sia tic S ociety . [DEG
to deal in the Indian seas with such vast di fferences of depth and,
by a consequence, Of temperature . It is known that these seas are
the home Of several species Of Mollusca and other invertebratean imals only known to occur besides in the Middle and UpperTertiaries of Europe . Of others occurring in the same, and evenin more ancient, deposits, we know that the nearest living repre
sentatives are only to be found in Australian waters , and it wouldbe a most valuable acquisition both for G eological andZoological
‘
science , if we could in any way establish a connexion between thesewidely separated faunas .
Again ,it is an acknowledged fact that complete andrapid de
s truction Of organ ic li fe hardly ever extends over very large areas .
We know the enormous richness Of the Cephalopodous fauna thatexisted during the latter part of the Cretaceous Epoch in some districts Of Southern Indi a , and it seems tO us almost incredible thatsuch a vast variety Of forms Of an imal life should have in one
moment, S0 to speak,been entir ely extingui shed . Moreover
,the
fact that specie s ofNautilus, very similar to those found fossil in
the deposits just mentioned, continue to li ve in the waters Of the
Bay of Bengal , almost justifies the expectation that some recentdescendants of the Ammonitidae, beli eved to be entirely extinc t
,also
may have survivedThe Sub-Committee are confident that explorations Of the deep
sea in Indi an waters will not only furnish data which will illustratethe modification Of certain supposed laws regulating animal andvegetable life in coun tries Geographically and Climatolog icallydifferent, but that they will undoubtedly supply much andmostimportant material for the study and explanation Of many yetObscure facts in Zoology, Geology, Physics , and the collateralbranches Of science .
The Sub -Committee , therefore , earnestly hope that Governmentmay be ledtO regard the undertaking of Deep Sea Dredging in
Indian waters as the most important source whence great progressto Natural H istory andPhysical S cience will result .In the first instance your Committee would suggest the exami
nation Of the Bay Of Bengal by a line Of Dredging right acrossfrom new Juggurnath B lack Temple to Cape Nigrais, to be fol
Proceedings of tice A siatic S ociety. 2
lowed by another traverse from near Madras to the Andamans or theNicobars
, andagain by a line from Ceylon to the coast of Sumatra .
It would be necessary that, say three persons acqua in ted with the
mode of enqui ry should accompany each expedition,andit is hoped
that sufficient accommodation could readily be found for them on
board .
It is unnecessary to point out, that very vast acquisition s toour knowledge of the depths, currents , character of bottom, &c .
,
of that part of the Indian Ocean andof the Bay of Benga l wouldresult from these traverses , quite independently of the additions toour knowledge of the life
,inhabiting these as yet entirely nu
searchedseas .
Your Sub-Committee, however, do not wish to insist on the
adoption of thi s ground in the first instance . NO course can be
taken which will not yield a rich harvest of novelties andadditions,
andthey would suggest that the convenience of the vessels on the
s tation , should be one of the first considerations, as well as the
climatal periods ofMonsoon,&c .
,(350 .
With regard to the appliances necessary for Deep Sea Dredging ,the Sub -Committee beg to enumerate the following1 . Three dredges of various sizes and an adequate supply of
strong Manilla rope , which will probably be best obta ined throughthe Admiralty . For heaving up the dredge , the vessel charged withthe conduct of the expedition , should be provided with a donkey- en
g ine, andmight be otherwise so fitted as to render it adapted for theduty : the latest experiences in Deep S ea Dredg ing at home
,have
shewn that a double - cylinder donkey- eng ine proved to be the mostefficient contrivance for hauling - in .
2 . S ounding leads .
3 . At least a dozen of Siemann’s differential thermometers ; or
Prof. Miller’s new Thermometer for Deep Sea Dredg ings thesemay be obtained from the Meteorolog ical Department at home .
4 . Water bottles .
5 . In order to determine the natur e and preportion of the dis
solved gases , contained in sea water from various depths , an operation whi ch must be performed at once on ship -board— 3 glasshydrometers and2 o f Prof. Miller’s app aratus for the Analysis ofgases will be necessary .
292 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEC] .
6 . The Sub-Committee believe that an annual grant of Rs .
placed at the disposal of the Dredging Committee for the
purchase of glass bottles , spirits of wine , scientific apparatus , &c .,
&c .
,necessary for the preservation andexamination of the material
obtained, would be sufficient .7 . They recommend that a Dredging Committee be appointed
by the Government, includingThe President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for the timebeing .
DO . , Natural H istory Committee,ditto
DO. , Physical Science, ditto ditto.
Thos . Oldham,Esq . , LL . D.
,F. R . S .
,F. G . S
Col. J . F . Tennan t, R . E . , F . R. S ,
F. Stoliczka , Ph. D . , F . G . S .
W . T . Blanford, Esq ., F . G . S .
, C. M. Z. S
H . F . B lanford, Esq .
,F . G . S .
J . Anderson,Esq .
,M . D. , F . L . S .
,F. Z . S .
J. Wood-Mason , Esq .
, F . G . S .
8 . That this Committee be entrusted with the management ofthe explorations and with making suggestions as to the manner.
in which these can be best carried out .9 . That all specimens collected be in the hands of the Com
mittee until they shall have been worked out ; that the choicestSpecimens be eventually transferred to the Trustees of the IndianMuseum where they should be preserved and that the Committeehave direction of the di stribution of the duplicates to the Museumsandmen of science in Europe and America, who ‘
are engaged ins imilar researches .
1 0 . That the report on each Dredging expedition be submittedto G overnment through the Committee by the officers who shallhave. had charge of the expedition .
TH OMAS OLDHAM ,
FERD . STOc zxA,
JAMES.WOOD -MASON .
P roceedings of the A sia tic Society . [DEC.
vantage be employed on this service during N . E . Monsoon (supposing her services not otherwise urgently required) a . temporarycabin being erected for the accommodation of the gentlemen whowould conduct the scientific operations .
The small (or donkey) engine on board could be made to servethe purposes desired in the circular you have sent to me .
A siatic Society’s Rooms . Calcutta, 9th October , 1 8 7 1 .
From F . STOLICZKA , Eso .,PH . D .
,Hang . Secret . A s . S oc . B engal.
To J . GEOGHEGAN ,ESQ.
, Under-Secretary to the Government of India,Dep artment of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce .
SIR,
—I have the honor to acknowledge your letter No . 1 8 1, dated
S imla,28 th August, 1 8 7 1 and to express the thanks of the Council
of the Asiatic Society of B engal for the great in terest with whichH is Excellency the G overnor-G eneral in Council is prepared to
meet the recommendation of the Society conveyed in my letter No.
28 0,dated 1 4th Jane , 1 8 7 1 .
The Council has been informed by His Excellency the Admiralof the India N aval station that there is a likelihood of a Steamerbeing available for the proposed Deep Sea Dredg ings duringthe approaching North East Monsoons provided that “ her servicesare not otherwise urgen tly requi red,” andH is Excellency suggests,that the n ecessary apparatus should be obta ined a s early as prac
ticable .
The Society has also receivedmost encouraging letters from the
Secretary of the Royal Society of London,and other leading men
of science at home .
Con sidering the great importance of the subj ect I have thehonor, by direction of the Council of the As iatic Society, to suggestthat His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-G eneral of Indiamay be pleased to appoint a Commi ttee for Deep S ea Dredgings,andalso to apply through the Right Hon
’ble the Secretary of State .
to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty for the early supplyof the necessary apparatus which I hadthe honor to specify in myletter, No . 28 0
,dated 1 4th June
,andenclosure .
Proceedings of the A siatic Society. 295
The Council is confident that the Royal Society would be glad toafford their aidin selecting the necessary instruments, andalso intesting their value . The application for those instruments just atthis time would probably be Opportune
,as several expeditions for
Deep Sea Dredging are be ing organ ized in England, in Norway,by the German Empire andby the Uni ted S tates .
From J . GEOGHEGAN , Eso ., Under S ecretary to the Government of
India, Department of Agriculture Revenue and Commerce.
To the Honarary S ecretary to the A siatic S ociety of B engal.
S imla,the 6th November , 1 8 7 1 .
SIR,—In reply to your letter , No . 500 , dated9th Ultimo, on the
subj ect of a proposed series of Deep Sea Dredging operations inIndian waters , andthe allotment of the Steamer for the purpose
,
I am directed to inform you that H is Excellency the GovernorG eneral in Council much regrets that it is not
,at present
,poss i
ble to promise the servi ces of a vessel . The request will, however,he borne in mind anddue intimation g iven of any arrangementswhich may hereafter become feasible . Copies of the Office Memorandum and enclosures accompany .
To H is Excellency the Commander- in-Chief, Her Majesty
’s Naval
Forces , East I ndies .
S 1R,— I am directed to acqua int you that a telegram to the following effect has thi s day been despatched to you
PRECEDENCE .
”
Your letter of 9th October, andtelegram of 23rd, Your Excellency
’s proposals regardi ng Dryad” approved— She should go t o
B ombay for repair andfittings andbe back at Sandheads by lastweek of December to take the King of S iam up to Calcutta .
Enclosure of letter NO . 1 8 of 1 8 th October will have informedYour Excellency that a man -of-war is now required at Sandheads
only to meet the King of S iam .
I have &c .
,
(Sd.) H . K . BURNE,Colonel, S ecy . to the Govt . of India .
S imla, the 27 th October, 1 8 7 1 .
296 Proceedings of the A siatic Society. [DEC.
Government of India, Mar ine Dep artment, S imla, lst November,1 8 7 1 .
OFFICE MEMORANDUM .
With reference to the commun ication from the Department ofNo . 423, dated 28th Agriculture,Revenue andCommerce‘
,noted
OctOber’ 1 8 7 1 ° in the margin , the undersigned has thehonor to transmit copy of a letter from His Excellency the Commander - in -Chief of Her Maj esty’s Naval Forces
,dated 9th October,
andof the reply,No . 36
,dated 27 th October, regarding Her Maj es
ty’s Ship Dryad .
”
2 . The Dryad” will proceed to Bombay for repairs andreturnto the Sandheads the last week in December
,to meet andconvey
the King of S iam to Calcutta . She may perhaps afterwards berequired to proceed to Burmah, so that it is much regretted thatit is not at present possible to promise that her services shall beavailable for other duty
,but the request will be borne in mind .
(Sd.) H . K . BURNE,
S ecretary to the Government of India.
To the Department of Agriculture, Revenue andCommerce.
FromHi s Excellency the Commander-in Chief of Her Mty'
esty’s Naval
Forces,East Indies .
To Maj or GeneralH . W. NORMAN,C. B . S ecretary to the Government
of India, Marine Dep artment .
H. M . S .
“ GLASGOW .
” Tr incomallie, 9th October, 1 8 7 1 .
SIR,— I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letterof the 2 1 st ultimo — (Marine Department No . 34) conveying the
request of His Excellency the Viceroy for H . M . S . Wolverene”to be sent to the Isthmus ofKra in January next to embark theKing of S iam who is about to visit B ritish India .
I have to inform you that the Wolverene” has sailed for theEast Coast of Africa, my Flag-ship (the Glasgow”
) taking herplace here .
Some time sin ce I 1 eceiveda letter from Mr . Stoliczka, the Secre
taryto the Asiatic Society of Bengal, requesting my co-operation
306 App endix B .
APPENDIX B .
List of Donations (not including B ooks, or other p ublications andMS S .
,
these being achnoicledgedin the monthly library lists} .
[Objects marked with an asterisk have been tran sferred to the Trustees of theIndian Museum] .
Donors . Donations .
Dall, The Rev . C. H .
Falle,Capt . J. V .
Ferrar, M . L . , Esq C. S
Foster, J . M .
,Esq .
, M . R . C. P.
Graham,Maj or, J . M.
Hamilton , Col. T. C .
Miller, Lieut. W .,M . N . I.
Newman, Dr .
Prankissen Chatterj l , Babu,
Raj endralala Mitra , Babu,
Samuells, Capt . W . L .
Three Nepal coins .
*A skin of the great A lbatross ,Diomedea exulans
, shot off' the Cape .
Two s ilver andsix copper coinsdug up at Qanauj .Three Assam small silver coins .
>"A group of rudely mouldedbrass figures, representing“ Lushais” and their socialhabits .
95A large round gold coins verythin , somewhat more than an
inch in diameter .9‘An egg of Megapodius Nicoba
riensis from Kamorta islandandthe carapace of a remarkably shaped Pagurid crabfrom one of the smallNicobarislands .
Five s ilver coins .
A stone seal, found west of
B ardwan .
95A dr ied specimen of a new
species of Scincus .
copper axes .
INDEX.
“ ok a
A’azzuddin imprisoned ,
Abbey (W . Election of,
Abdul Latifon the Muhammadan who fi1 st studied Sanscrit,Abdurrahim ,
Mirza , Akbar’s Khan Khanan ,Ablabes collaris,
Humberti, Notes on ,Abrornis albo -superciliaris ,
xan thoschi stos,
Abul Farah , Sayy id ,A canthodactylus Cantoris ,Acanthophthalmus pangia ,A ccounts, Annual,A'
charasara , Tantra ,Acheir is j ibha ,
Achyber temple ,Adbhuta Sara Sangraba ,Admiral de la Haye ,Aeiris cynoglossus,
Al in ,
Afzunganj named after Raj ah Afzun ,Ageniosus militaris ,Agra , Dutch trade in ,
Ahichatta ,
A’
hitégner Anteshthiprayoga ,
Ahmad Khan (Nawab Ziauddin), Election of,
Ailia bengalensis ,
Ainah Mah au, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o n o o o o o o o o o o o o
308 Index.
Akshamalika Upanishad,Alauda guttata,
Aldis (J . Election of,
Alexander (J . Election of,
Algae, Fifth List of,
List of, from Birma,
Ali Tabér ImprlSoned, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Allahabad , Dutch trade in,Allah Upan iShad, NOtG OIl tlle
,
Ambassis bogoda ,
oblonga , .
Amberleya ,
Amblyopus brachigaster,
cirrhatus,
cocculus,
Hermannianus,
ten i a,Amnicola
,
Amery (C
Anaboena mollis,
Anan ta Varma,
Anculotus carinatus,
Anderson (Dr . Death of,
(Dr . on a new Scincus,on a new Mabouia,andon two genera of
Eurylepis andPlocederma,
Angika, 0 0
Anguilla maculata ,
bengalensis,
Annadé Kalpa ,
Annapurgé UpaniShad,
Anumitlraha/Sya'
, 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Antimachus Nikephoros , Coin of,
Antiquities OfOf Jéjpljr’
3 1 0 Index.
Ball (V.) Names of birds in four aboriginal languagesof Western B engal,
Bamanghati,
B émanbaStl, 0
BénSbel’lya,
Barahdowar ec
0 . . 0 a
Barbq arna,
B eavani,
gelius,
morarensis,
Phutunioy
Burdwan , A stone
Barha Sayyid,
.Barilius cocra,
. 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rerlo, . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3,
Barometer, Diurnal oscillations ,of,
Errors ,of S tandard,
‘Barometric curves)Barsee Taklee , Antiquitzes of,
B asevi, (Capt J . Withdrawal of,Batavia, Account currents of,
‘B atraChus grunnie ls,
Bats (Malayan) of Dr . Stoliczka ,New Persian ,
‘Battery, Electromotive force of a ,
Baudhayana Somayéga,
Bayley (E . C on gold Coin of Firuz Shah ZafarB eavan, Death of
,
I ndex.
BeestOOpore, Purchase of land at,Behar, Photographs from ,
B enedict (E ), Election of,Bengal, Arabic inscriptions of,B elteah,
Bhagalpur, Legends andB allads of;B ibliotheca Indica, Report on ,
B ihrey,
Bihrliz S ingh ,B irds from Kampti ,
Names of, in four languages,from S ikkim ,
B lanford (H . F ) on Barometric curves ,on errors of Calcutta S tandard Barometer
,
on Thunder- storms ,(W . on chipped implements ,
Notes,
on Hemidactylus marmoratusandAblabes Humberti,
Visit to Independent S ikkim,
on MacMaster’s Nagpur B irds ,
on S ikkim birds,
on the Zoology of Independent Sikkim
,
on Wardah B i1 ds,B ligh (C. Election of
,
Blochmann (H .) on Allah Upan ishad,
on Arabic Inscriptions,on Arabic andPersian Inscriptions ,on several Arabic andPersian Inscriptions,on Mr . Ferrar
’s letters ,
on G akk’hars,
on Harchoka inscription,on Maj or Stubb ’s Coin , .
on Xavier’s Life of the twelve Apostles, "
Bodhi Dlum, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BOlagOha , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Botio dario ,Bourne , Election of
,
Bowring (L . Withdrawal of,Brahmajnana -maha- tantra -sara,
Tantra ,Brahmajoni H ill,
Braj , Notes on the Country of,Braj anath Sinha , Coin of,
Briggs (J. Election of,
Broadley’s (A .) Inscriptions ,
B rooks (E .) on new Abrornis ,
Cashmere Orn ithology,on a new Flamingo ,
Brough, (R . Election of,
Buckland (C. Election of,
Buckle,
ElectionBuddamati, Raj a ,But ya ,
Bukra , Antiquities of,
Burrabur,’
Burragaon , Photographs of,Burranagore,
Cachius atpar ,
Cadell’s Arabic inscriptions ,Calidris arenaria ,
Callichrons pabo ,
Carcharias gangeticus ,
Cashmir Ornithology,
Catenella
3 1 4”
Index .
Chola range ,
gentleman ,Chthonoblastus Lyngbyei, 5
Cinclus sordid—us,
Cirrhina mrigala ,
Clarke ; (C. Election of,
.
Clupanodon champil,
indica ,
Clupea indica ,
Clupeoides
bilturio ,
chuno,
‘Corlca ,
cucurca,
’
geto , $1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
gongota, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sadanandio ,O
turio,Cockburn (J . F ), Wi thdrawal of,
COilial ramcarati’ 0 0 0 0 0
COIHS from Asam,
IndO ‘BaCtrian"
I ndex.
Coins ofof Cheduba Island,of F ir iiz Shah Z afar ,
of F iriiz Shah III of Dehli,
ofo
Husa in Shah of
of Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur ,ofMuhammad Bedar Bakht,
from Qanauj ,cabinet, Report on the,
OOiuS triVittatrl-S ,
Committees‘
, Election of,
Compsosoma Hodgsoni, .
Conferva Antillarium,
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS . Report on ,
Correspondence on ,
Copper axes from Pachumba,Coraccias garrula ,
Corica gubornia ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
O O O O O O O Q Q O O I O O O C O O O
O C O O O Q O O O C Q O Q O O O ’ O O O O O O O
’ 0 0 0 .
Corona of the
Council,Election of the ,Election of a new members ,
Cremnobates Syhadrensis ,
Cremnoconchus, Anatomy of,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
carinatus,
Crossochilus gohama ,
latins,saida’ 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Curtoys (W . Election of,
O ‘
Cyclophorus,Cyclostomus,
3 1 6 Index.
Cylindrospermum spirale,
Cynoglossus lingua,
Cynopterus,
Cyprinus angra ,
anjana,
atpar,
balitOl'a ,
bangana,
harilac,
bimacl
lllatus’
bhola’
boga ,bOIa
"
bukrangi,
cachius ,
canius,
chagunio,
chedra,coesa,conchonius,
COSllatlS"
,
curabati
Clll'
Sl,
dangila,(TOTO ,
diangra~
gohama ,
Dyangl‘
a afljana ,elonga’
3 1 8 Index.
Cyprinus sutiha,
terio,
teripungti,
tileo,titius
,
vagra ,Dacca, French property at ,Dalhousie
,Variations of the Barometers at
,
Danio dangila,j ongja ,
Dapthu,. Photographs of,
Dara Shikoh , translated by Duperroy,Darsana Kalika,Dars
’
apaurnamasa prayaschitta kériké ,
Darwin elected an honorary member,proposed an honorary member
, a
Dattatreya S anhita,
Défit én’
Governor of B ihar, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Daudnagar, Photographs of,Daukes, (F . Election of
,
Day (Dr . F .) on Indian Cyprinidoe,on Indian Cyprinidae
,
on Hamilton Buchanan’s original draw
ings,on Indian Cyprinidoe,
Delmerick (J . G .) on the Gakk’hars,
Arabic inscriptions,
on discovery of Indo Bactl ian coins,
Deokund, Photography,Deonarayana S ing (Raja Sir), Death
“
of
.
Deo on the west
Dera Ismail Khan, Notes
Index.
Dhuti,
Dickens (Col. A . withdrawal of,
Digdrisyavivarana Akhya ,Diomedea exulans,
DipsaS bubalina’
Divya Chudamani,
Djo -kong tong ,Dobe Bhairam ,
the atrologer,
Dobson (G . E .) on new bats ,
on new Indo -Chinese Vespertilionidal,on MalayanOD Fel‘si-aon B ats’ 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 o 0 Q Q 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Docoglossa, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dolarohana -
paddhati,
Donee Chand,author of a H istory of the Gakk’h ars ,
Dredging (Deep sea) Carrespondence on,
Dress in ancient Indi a , S tyle of,Dull-an (H o), Stl
‘
ll Ofi ; 0 g 0
Dunceticola afiinis,
Durgadadinama stotra,
Duperron’s translation ofDari. Shikoh ,
Duration of the totality of Eclipse of Dec . 1 1 ,
Durjun SahRaj a ,Dutch records ,
trade in Oudh,Dvij endranzi tha Thakura Election of,Dvitiyadvitiyatpatti vzida,
Earthquake inEchinella, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0
320 Index.
Eclipse, Memorandum on the total, of Deer . 1 1
Ekémra chandr ika,
purana ,chandrika,
Ekakshara Upan ishad,
Electromotive force of aEleotris
Eumeces scutatus ,
Euprepesmacularius,
monticola ,Eurylepis, taeniolatus,
Euspiza rutila ,Evezard (Col. J . Election of
,
Faiz Aliganj named after Raj ah Fa iz A'
li,
Farr (G . C. Election Of,
Farrukh S iyar,Fath Bahadur, House of,Fergusson on the art of building among the Aryans,Ferrar (M . on RajaTodar Mall ’s birthplace,Filgate, (Capt . A . J Election of,
Finance , Report on,
Firliz, Reign of,
Shah Z afar,Coin
Flamingo , New species of,
Fleming (Dr J. withdrawal of,Forbes , on the Mogul invasion of Palamau,
Foster’s (J . Assam silver coins,
Election of,
Fulgo , banks of the,Gadadhara , PhotographGadinidae - o
Galvanometer , A new form of,
Gangaprasada, Election of,
Sinha ; EleCti0n 0 f,
322 Index.
Gunendramohana Thakura, election of,
Gurugita,
Guru Tantra,
Guhyatiguhya Tantra ,
Gya , Old town of, .
Gyawals , Horses of the
Gymnodactylus Lawderanus ,
maculatus,
marmoratus,
nebulosus,Habiburrahman (Maulavi) election of
,
Hafiz Rahmat , the Rohilah chief,Hakim Ali
,Fauj dar ofSambal,
Haj iHalim Khan
, son Of Shamsuddin ,Halayudha
’s Pingala Chhandasutra,
Halisahar,
H amilton (Col. 0 . Election Of,
Hamus ,Hara Buchanani
,
Harchoka , Antiquities of, . 57 , 236,
Harischandra,king of Rohtasgarh ,
Harkness (T . Election of,
Harachandra Chaudhuri, election of,
Harinamamrita,
Harrison ’s (A . inscriptions
,
Hasan AbdaI,Aurungzeb at
,
Hastings , Note of Warren,
Hathiyaphul gateway,Heliotype ,Hemidactylus aurantiacus
,
Coetaei,
Index.
Hemidactylus,frenatus
,
giganteus’ 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0
graCilis ’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Karenorum, 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kelddrti,
maculatus,Mandelianus,marmoratus ; Notes
Pieresii, ~
triedrus,
indi ca,
maculata ,Hiranyakes
’
i sdtra,
Horites pallidus ,
Horse, I’olydactylism in ,
Howell
Husain Shah , COIII Of,Khén S lir , father of Sher
Hydrocoleum Lenormandi,violaceum,
Hygrometric observations on the plains ofHypheothrix investienti,
subundulata,
tenax,
Hypotriorchi s subbuteo,Hyp oglossum
ByPSirhina enh'
ydriS ,
324 Index.
Ibrahim Shah,Coin of
,
Khan Fathjang,Ichthyocampus carce ,Indian A rchitecture , Antiquity of
,
Museum, Dr . S toliczka a trustee of,
Inertia and time , Connection between ,Inscriptions
,Arabic andPersian”
from Agrah“
of B engal , A rabic,
from B areli,
from B a rsee
from Cha ibasa ,from Chutia Nagpur,
from Harchoka ,
from Fort Atock,from Sikandarpur,
Isaac (J . Election of,
Isana Sanhi ta,
l’
s'
va1 a-
g ita ,Iqbalganj named after Iqbal A
’
li,
Jigatzi,
Jesar-Ishwaripur, Antiquities of,Jelep
Japan copper , Sale of, .
Japalura variegata,microlepis ,
James (J . O . on a Thunderstorm which passed over
Jama ,Jajpur, Antiquities of,Jahandar Shah killed,
Jagréon’HiStOTY Of,
326 Index.
Konch , Phptographs of,
KongraL amaz pass ,
V1j a ,
Kshetra mahétmya ,
Kund Petta Mahewara,
L abeo cursa ,
Lachen ,
Lacuna ,
Lhassaa
tuberculata,Leeds (R .
Lepidocephalichthys balgara,
LeptOthrikmamillosa, m
‘
mul‘aliS , . o
LePuS tebetanus’
Index.
Lethbridge on the Dutch records ,on the G akkhars in Tibet,
Leucosticte hoematopygia ,
Library, Additions to the, 1 9, 53, 7 8 , 93, 1 1 7 , 1 56 , 1 35 , 1 7 5 ,
.Annual Report on,
Lingtu
List of Dutch records,
Lizards,Little known ,
Lourya near Are-raj ,Lusha is , Figures representing theLyman (B. S a life member,Lyngbya cincinnata ,
majuscula ,Mabouia , Blythiana ,
taeniolata,
Mackenzie (Dr . S WithdrawalOf,"
Macnamara (Dr . F . N . ) Re election of,
Macroglossus , min imus ,Spelmus, 0 0 Q 0 O . O 0 0 O O O O 0 0 O O O O O O 0 Q 0 O I C 0 0 0 .
Macrones
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tengara’ g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
trachacanthus,
Madana pfi rijata,
Mahal Sara i palace ,Mahavira Svimi,
Mahda north cfKharakpur, “
Malopterure kazali,
Malapterurus coila ,
Mancar near Boodbood, 4
Man Slng , Vi06r0y 0 f Bll1 ar,
Margalah Pass constructed by AurungzebsMartens
,
Martin, (R .
Matrika-kosha,Métrikajaganmandala -kavacha ,
McMaster on Nagpore birds,
Meeting Annual,
Monthly General, 1 , 52, 55, 8 1 ,1 7 7 , 225, 23 1 ,
Megapodius nicobariensis,
Member,List of
,
proposed, 1 , 52, 55, 8 2 , 96, 1 20, 1 38 , 1 60, 1 7 s, 22,25 1 ,
elected,1,52
,55
,8 2
,96
,1 20 , 1 38 , 1 60 , 1 7 8 , 22 1 ,
23 1
Menander,Coin of
,
M icrocystis olivacea,
M iles (Capt . G . B ), Election of,
Miniopteris australis,
Mirat, Fort of,Mirzai Mahallah
,built by Hakim Ali,
Mocoa sacra , .
s ikkimensis,
Modulus , '
M ofussil records,H istorical value of
,
Mollusca,Terrestrialf from Moulmein ,
Montifringilla
ruficolli s,
~
personata ,
25 1
27 9
1 7 1
1 7 7
1 08
98
1 95
1 95
1 1 3'
8 7
1 9
227
227
2 1 0
2 1 0
21 0
1 9
330 Index.
NerltOIdeS ,
Netherlands India , Adminstration of, .
Election of,
Nigama tatva ,
N irvana Upan ishad,N ivi , a kind of H indu dr ess ,
Norman (TheNostoc gregarium ,
Notices of SanscritNucrah Shah,
Nundolala Bose struck otf,
Nuria danrica ,
Nycticejus atratus ,. emarginatus,
Oates (EOfii cers , E1ection of the ,
Report on ,
Oldham’s (Dr . Arabic inscriptions
,
(Dr . T .) on Pa chumba axes,
Oomga , Account of,
Ophichthys boro,
Ophidians , Indian . and
Ophiocephalus aurantiacus,barca ,s triatus
,
Ophios erdoni ,
Ornithology of Cashmere ,
harangcha ,
I n(lca‘
.
Ophisurus hlj ala ,
rostratus ,tileba im ,
Osborn (Capt . R . Withdrawal of,
Oscellaria brevis,
versicolor ,
Elwesi ,
longirostris,
, penicillata ,
Otus brachyotus ,
Oudh, Dutch tradeOvisPachumba
,Copper
Paddhati,
Sandhya,Padartha
PakshataRahasya ,
Palamau, Mughul invasion of,
Pali , Photographs of,
Paratelphusa ,
Pas’
upas’
a mokshanam,
Peal (S . ElectionPellona
motius,
Mandelln,
332 Index.
Peripia Cantoris,
Pheer, (J . on atmospheric pressure,
Phonetics, Vedi c ,
Phormidium Lynghyaceum,
Photocallographic Printing, New Process of,Phyllorhina , nicobariensis ,
Phylloscopus neglectus,
pallidipes,
Tytleri, 0 0 0 0 0
PhudODI
g, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P iddington on deletrions ink,
Pingalachhanda Sutra,
carCiO ,
kurki,
manggoi ,nangra,ramaa, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VOI‘ldeSCODS , 0 0 0 0 0
Pipistreuus arm-His, 0 0 0 0 0 0
annectans’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Austenianus,
SOI‘
Otlnus, o 0 u 0 .
Pipley, G ran ts of lands at ,
P itha nirnayaPlatycephalus insidiator
, .
PlatyStacus ChaCa , .
334 Index.
n
Publications , Report on ,
W .
Vrihannaradiya ,
Purn’a Varmma
,
Pdrnananda chakra ,
Puras’
charana rasollasa ,
. vineka,
Pyadasi, Raj a ,Qadirganj , named
,after Qadir Ali,
Radhanatha Sikdara Death, of,Rafi
,uddarjé¢t,
Rafi’uddaulah ,
Rania fluVialtiliS ’ O Q O O O O0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B ai Firuz’ 0 0 0 0 0 0
Raizadeh Ratan Chand, grandson ofDonee Chand “
Réjabhanj a’Rajapur, .
Raj endralala Mitra, on the AllahUpan ishad ,on Dress ln Ancient , India ,Notes on the Antiquity of IndianArchitecture,Reply to Mr . Chalmer’s remarkson Sanscrit MSS ,
Rajgeer, Photograph of,
Rahal Das Haldar, on Chutia Nagpur inscriptions,RamkrishnaD asa , Election of
,
Ramesvar Mazumdar,
I ndex.
Ram Gya , Photograph of,Ranabhanj a ,RanaKhan ,
Ran izana,Tank of
,
Rashbihari Bose, on Bhagulpore Legends ,on a H indes work on Kharakpuron
uJesar Ishwaripur,
elonga ,Recess in September .andOctober,Reid'
(J . Election of,
Ri0 pa anguina ,Hardwickii
,
Boringi,
Report, Annual,Rhinok,
Rhizoclonium Kochianum,
B isella,
Rogers (Capt . B), Election of,
(C. J on the Dea th of Humayun,Rogavinis
’chaya ,
Rohilah Chief, .Mausoleum of the,
Rohtasgarh, Antiqui ties of,Rohita siva , founder of Rhotasgarh ,Ross (T . grant of landto ,Roz -afzun ,
Rukmin-i tank,'
Rule 29, Change of the,
Run dall (Col. T . EL), Election of,Sabine , (General) view of atmospheric pressure
,
Sahabad,Antiquities of,
Sahasranama Stuti ,
336 Index.
Sambhal, Faujdar of,
Samuells (Capt . W . L .)Election of,
on Harchoka Antiquities ,on Pachumba axes
,
Rock out excavations at Harchoka,
Sandhya paddhati,Sangraha , Grantha,
Sangram Shah,
Sanhita,Dattatreya ,
Kapila ,
I'sana ,S
’ankarananda
’s note on Atharva Upan ishad,
S ankhayana Grihya 7 ,
S’énkhya Kaumudi,
Samanyalakshana Rahasya ,
Sanscrit MSS .
, Conservation of, 2,
S’
antiS
’
ardula Varma,
Sarasvati Tantra,
S ari,Sasanaka ,
Sasseram,Photographs of,
S /ataka , G oraksha,
SauChllIa ,
SayyidMahmud, ofBérha ,
Schwendler Tests of bad insulators,SClnCUS OflIClnallS ,
NeW SPOCIOS Of,
rufescen8 , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oo o o o o o o
paVimentatuS ,
338 Index.
Smriti- chandriyaSpectroscopic analys is. of the Corona ,Spirogyra decimina ,
S llb% qlla ,
Spe nema ,
SquaHuS CharaCi-ats, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sréddhaflVidhi’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S’
rigurusahasranama stotra,
S ’rautaprayaschitta chandrika,
S /ribhaktira‘tnévali, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S /riguruSahasranama ,S taurospermum caerulescens, .
S tava’,Gangé , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tuberculatus,.
Buketi'
Stoliczka , F .
,on the Anatomy of Cremnoconchus,
on a tmosphericon Mr . B lanford ’s paper on Sikkimon the geographical distribution of Telphusidae,
on Indian andBurmese Ophidians,on Moulmein Terrestr ial Mollusca
,
appointed trustee of the Indian Museum,
S totra , Durgadadimanama, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
Kali sahasranama,
S /rl’
guru sahasranama, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sl
yémé’ 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
vagalémukhi, -O
I ndex.
Strachey (Col. on Barometric Curves ,Remarks on Barometors,
Stubbs (Maj or), on a Muhammadan coin ,
S tlu'
nus unicolor ,
Sudama Rshi cave,
Sun , Spectroscopic examination of the
Sundari saktidana tika ,
Suresvaras, notes on Brihadaranyaka Upanishad,S iirajkund, Temple of,
S ’
yama- stotra ,
Sygnathus deocata ,
kharke,
Tachydromus
meridioneelis ,
septemtrionalis,
0 0
0
. 0 0 0
Talbert (T . W . H,) Notes on Dera Ismail Khan ,Tankl’a ‘ la
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 o 0
Tantra , A'
charasahasra,
B l‘ahma‘jnéna'
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gayatri brahmanollasa ,
Guhyati guhya, 0
Juana ,
340 Index .
Tantra saktisangama,
Tanyek-tso ,
Tattvanu sandhana ,
sandhéna ,
indica ,Leschenaultii ,
Telphusidae, Malayan and
elected Member of Council,
on Inertia and time,
on the total eclipse OfDecr 1 1 th ,
suggestions for visitors to the total eclipse,Telegraph earth , TestTestudo Phayrei, Notes on ,
kariya phoksa ,
Theobald on Ara can shells,
on Moulmein shell,
Thomas Withdrawal of,Therapon servus,
ThunderTibet
,Observations on atmospheric pressure in
,
Tinnunculus alandarius,
Tippani, Shatchakra ,
Tista (The),Todar Mall, Birthplace of,
342 Index.
Vijakosha,Viseshavya
’
pti bhava Rahasya,Vishnu Padin Gya,Vivarana BhéShya ,
Vrihannaradiya Purana ,Vyakarana bhava ,
Vyaptanugama Rahasya ,
Vyaptigrahopaya Rahasya ,
Vyapti panchaka Rahasya ,
Vyavastharnana,
Waagen (W ), ElectionWalker (A . s truck off
,
Wallace, (W. A . J .) Withdrawal of,Warda birds
,
Warth (H), Withdrawal of,Waterhouse
,J . on new Photo-callographic printing process,
West B erar Temples , Photographs of,Whisham of
,
Wilkinson, (J ) struck off,
W illiams (C.) struck off,
Wilson Election of,
Wood-Mason (J on Telphusidee,
Xavier’s (Jerome) Life of the Twelve Apostles,Yakla
,
Y ati bhusani,
0 0 0 C 0 0 0 C C O 0 0 O O 0 O O 0 O C 0 O O O 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 O O O
z aba’rdast Khan, 0 O 0 0 0 0 O O . 0 0 0 O 0 O O 0 0 0 O O O . . O O . O O O 0 0 1
Zamen is fasciolotus,
Z osterops simplex,
ble/eorolog ica l Observa ti ons .
Abs tract of the Results of the Ilourby Ille/eorological Observa tions
taken a t the Surveyor General’s Oj ice, C alcutta ,
in the anon/h.
of J anua ry 1 8 7 1 .
La titude 22° 33'
1 N orth. Long i tude 8 8°20
’
3 1 Eas t .
He ight of the Cistern of the Standard Barome ter above the sea le vel , fee t .
Daily l\Ieans , &c . o f the Observations ando f the Hygrome trical elementsdependent thereon .
Range o f the Barome ter lange o f the'
l‘
cmpcmduring the day . Q, ture during the day .
The Mean Height o f the Barometer , as likewis e the Dry andW e t Bull)Thermometer M ean s are derived, from the hourly Observations
,made a t the
several hours during the day .
Jlleteorologlcal Observa tions .
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly.
Illeteorolog ica l Observa tion:
taloen a t the Survey/or Genera l’
s Qflice, Ca lcutta ,in the month o
/‘
Jannary 1 8 7 1 .
Daily BIeans , t e . of the Observations ando f the Hygrome trical elementsdependen t thereon . Continued.)
Date .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants .
Abstra ct of the Jl)t’8 1thh8 of the H ourly Jlteteorotoyteal Observa tio ns
tahen a t the Surveyor General’e Ofllce, Calcutta ,
in the month of January 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly Means, &c . of the Observations ando f the Hygrometrical elementsdependen t thereon
Hour .
Inches .
All the Hygrometrical elemen ts are computed by the Greenwich Constan ts .
hi eteoroloy ica t Obserra t'ions .
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Jlteteorotoy ica l Observa tions
taheu a t the Surreyor G enera l’
s O[/tec , Calcutta ,iu the month of Ja nuary 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radia tion , Weather , & c .
W'
a .
0 Inche s1 1 35 2 W by N
W SW &W NW
N’
W, N& NNW
N W & N N W .
[WNW , NNW&WN
W N W & N
b E & NW
8 1 3 1 2 NW &W N VV.
9 1 30 0 W N W & NNW
1 0 1 32 5 N NW& WNW
1 1 1 31 0 WNW &WbyN
W N W .
W NW .
W by N & ENE .
E N E & N
\i Cirri , —i S trati , " ‘
i Cumuli , Ciro—strati , "L i Cumulo - strati , m i N imbi ,\A i Cirro- cumuli , B clear, S strateni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightningB rain, D drizzle .
B to 3 A .M . ,\i to 1 2 A . M . , I}afterwards . Slightly foggy a t
midnight , l A . M . , 8 P . M .
B . S l ightly foggy from 7 to1 0 P . M .
B to 2 A . M . , Mi to 6 A .
B afterwards . FOggy from 7to 1 1 P . M .
B . Foggy at midnight LA . M . , trom 8 to 1 1 P M .
B . Foggy a t midnight 1
A . M . , trom 8 to l l P . M .
B to 6 A . M . ,\i afterwards .
Slightly foggy at midnight .B to 1 0 A . M . , \i to 7 P . M .
afterwards . Foggy from9 to 1 1 P . M .
\i to 7 A . M . ,\i to 6
P . M . , B afterwards . Foggyfrom 8 to 1 1 P . M
B to 1 1 A . M . , \1 to 6 P . M . ,
B afterwards . S lightly foggyfrom midnight to 8 A . M . , 8
to 1 1 P . M .
\i \_ i to 6 P . M . , E afterwards . Slightly foggy from7 to 1 1 P . M .
B . Slightly foggy frommidght to 6 A . M . , 8 to 1 1P . M .
B to 2 A . M . , \i to 6 P . M . ,
B afterwards .
B . S lightly foggy from 9 to1 1 P . M .
B . Slightly foggy frommidnight to 6 A . M .
to 7 A . to 1 0 A . M . ,
B t0 2 P . M ; , Mi to G P . M . , B
afterwards . Slightly foggyfrom 7 to 1 1 P . M .
B to 6 A . M . , \f\i to 4 P . M . ,
B afterwards .
B to 5 A . M . ,\a i afterwards .
illeteorotoyz'
ca t Observa tions .
Abstra ct of the Results of the Hour/y illeteoroloyz'
cal Observa tions
taheu a t the Surveyor General’s Ofitce, Ca lcutta ,
in the mouth of January/ 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , “fea ther , & c .
WIND .
G eneral a spect of the Sky .
NE ,b E&NNE
N & N W
N W & W
W &W by N
W by N & W SW
W S W & W .
W&W SW . [WW S W , SW & S S
WNW&Var1able ,
W N W &W
W & W by S
“ i to 4 A . M . , O to 9 A . M . ,
S to 3 P . S
afterwards . Slightly foggyfrom 9 to 1 1 D at
1 1 A . M .
Chiefly B . Slightly foggyat midni ght 1 A . M .
B . Shghtly foggy at 1 0
1 1 P . M .
B . Shghtly foggy at midnight .B . Slightly foggy from 8 to
1 1 P . M .
B .
B .
B
0 to 7 A . M . , B afterwards .
Foggy from 1 to 4 A . M .
B . Slightly foggy from 7 to1 1 P . M .
B . Slightly foggy at midnight from 5 to 7 A . M . 9 to1 1 P . M .
B . to 1 P . M . , to 4 P .M . ,
B . afterwards .
B . to 1 2 A . to 3 P .
M . , B afterwardsB . S lightly foggy from 7to 9 P . M .
0 0 0
V 1 1 1 Illeteoroloyz'
cal Observations .
'
M'
M'
M N N N Q’DN v—d H H CNN GWO‘
b N H N N GNCN 'N N N CN 'N
"
no 11 1133
juo n ing
'
[IO U l'
RH1 -1 -i r- 1 1- 1 1 —1 1 -1 1—1 1—1 1- 1 1-4
'
IIO 11 112
11r-4 1—4 1-4 1—1 H
H 1—1 1—1 1—1
:uo urea
r- i f-t v—l v—t f—t i—i H F-i l—i f—i r—l v—t r—i r-l r—i v- l l—i r' i —i fl
N m m m m r—lfl r—t fi r—i i—i r—l i—i i—i fl
H N W ‘G‘IQ CD M Q Q O :H N M fi ‘lm w w O r—l
r—10O
flfetc‘oroloy tea t Observa tions .
Abs tract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorotoyical Observa tions
taheu a t the Surveyor Genera l’
s Of fice , Ca lcutta ,
in the neon/h of F ebruary 1 8 7 1 .
Latitude 22° 33 ’
1”North. Long i tude 8 8
°20
'
3 1 1 East .
He igli t o f the Ciste rn ofthe S tanda rd Barometer above the sea level , fe e t .
Da ily Means , &c . of the Obs ervations ando f the Hygronietrica le lementsdependent thereon .
Range o f the Ba rometer Range o f the Temp t re
during the (lay . ture during the day .
The hIean Heigh t o f the Barometer . as likew i s e the Dry andW e t BulbThermome ter M eans a re derived , from the hourly obs ervat ions , made a t the
cs everalhours during the day .
x file/eoroloyiea l Observa tiow.7 .
Abstract of tire Results of [be Hourly Jlleteoroloyiea l Observa tions
taken a t ltte Surveyor Genera l’
s Oj iee, Calcutta ,
in tbe moa t/t of February 1 8 7 1 .
Daily Illezms , &c . of the Observations ando f the Hygrometrical e lements
dependen t thereon — (Contin teed.)
All the Hygrome trical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants
llleteoroloyieal Obserra tiom .
Abstra ct of tbe Results of tire Hourly Jlleteoroloyical Observa tions
talseu a t tbe Surveyor G’
eneral’
s Ofllee, Calcutta ,in tbe moutb of February 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly M eans , &c . of the Observations ando f the Hygrome trical elementsdependent thereon . Continued.)
Hour .
Inches . T. gr . T . gr .
All the Hygrome trical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants .
Meteoroloyiea l Observa tions .
Abstra ct of tbc Results of tbe Hourly JlIe/eoroloyiea l Observa tions
ta/reu a t Me Surveyor General’
s Office , Calcutta ,in tbc moa t/t of F ebruary 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Rad iation , “ f e a the r, & c .
G eneral a spec t of the Sky .
W & VVN VV
IV ,W S VV
& SW
S S \V &W
Variable 1 32 O
W
O W by N & S W
S W & W byN
WNW &W by S
M ile s
89 3
1 1 2 3
1 1 9 0
8 9 7
8 1 0
76 6
8 0 8
80 0
92 2
1 02 1
1 42 1
1 8 7 3
1 07 1
1 26 O
1 65 5
1 31 3
96 l
1 1 1 9
,1 00 0
1 09 9
1 26 5
1 28 8
B . Foggy from 3 to 8 A . M . ,
8 to 1 0 P . M .
B to 6 P . M . , \i afterwards .
Slightly foggy a t 6 7 A . M .
S to 7 AA . M . ,\i t 0 6 P . M . ,
B ,a fterwards .Sligli tly foggyfroni l to 5 A . M . ,& 8 to ll P . M .
B . Foggy at 8 & 9 P . M .
B to 1 OA . to 4 P . M .
B , afterwards .
B .
B . to l l A . M . , to 2 P . M . ,
\i to 5 P . M . , B afterwards .
Foggy from 6 to 8 A . M .
B .
B . Sl ightly foggy at 8
A
P . M .
B.Foggy from 5 to ’
1'
B . Foggy from 2 to 5 A . M .
B . Slightly foggy a t 4 5
A . M .
Foggy from 3 to 8 A . M .
B to 6 A . M . , \i to 5 P . M . ,
B afte rwards . Smart ShocksofEarthquake felt at 5 1 A . M .
v‘
i to 1 0 A . M . , 0 afterwards . R at 1 1 1 2 A . M . ,
4 6 P. M .
Clouds of different kindsto 4. P . M . , B afterwards .
to 5 A . M . ,\a i to 1 1 A .
M .,A i to 6 P . M . , clouds of
d ifferent kinds afterwards . Lfrom ? to 9 & at 1 1 P . M . , T 85
R a t 8 P . M .
S to 4 A . M . ,\_ i to 1 0 A . M . ,
B a fterwards . Slightly foggyfrom 9 to 1 1 P . M .
B . Slightly foggy at midni
glht , 1 A . M .
Chiefly B . Fogggy at 6 A . M .
Clouds of xarious kinds . T
at 61& 7 P . M . L from G
l to8 P . M . , R s t 6, 7 P . M .
JIe/eoroloy iea l Observa tions .
Abstra ct of [be Results of tbe Hourly Jlfeteoroloy ica l Observa tions
taken a t five Surveyor General’
s Oj ice, Calcutta ,in tbc moa t/1, of February 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , Wea ther , & c .
WIND .
G eneral aspect of the Sky .
S S W W B . Slightly foggy at 8 8c 9P M .
Vb N W by S BW SW ,W&W byS B . Foggy from 4 to 7W SW ,W by S , & B .
SW.
Ele feoroloy iea l va lions . xvii
Abs tra ct of A/ze Item /(a of Me Hour/y file/teorolog ica l Oéaerva tiom
ta rtan a t Me Survey/or Genera i’a (Mire , Ctr/c a lla ,
in Me ment/t of di am/r 1 8 7 1 .
Lati tude 22° 33'
1 No rth. L ong i tude 8 8°20
’
34 East .
H e igli t o f the Crat e r" o f the Standa rd Ba roni e te r abo ve the sea le vel , fe e t .
Daily hIea i i s , &c . o f the O bserva tions ando t’
the liyg rome triea l elementsdependen t the re o i
Range o f the Barome ter Rang e o t’
the Te ri ipera
( luri ng the (lay . t ure (l in ing the day .
Mean
Brr
Bu
l
b
The]
momctei
Inches .
The hIea ii He ight o f the Baromete r, as likewise the Dry and W et BulbThermometer M ean s are derived, from the hourly observations , made a t the
several hours du r
i ng the day .
xvii i Me/eorologiea l Ooaerm tzfouo,
Abstract of Me How l/a of Me Hourly Illeteorolog ica l Obaeroa fi ou:
ta /een a t Me Surveyor General’s Qfiice, Culculla ,
in dire moa t/z o/‘
Marc/t 1 8 7 1 .
Daily M eans , & c . o f the Observa tions andof the Hygrome trical e lementsdependent thereon .
Date .
Ail the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
xx 111 alcaraloy{ca l Observe from .
Aosfim ct of Me Results of tire Hourly Meteoroloyical Observa tion:
taken a t Me Surveyor Genera l’s Oflice, Calcutta ,
in tbe monili of Marco 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly M eans , &c . o f the Obse rvations andof the Hygrome trical elements:dependen t thereom
Hour .
Inches .
All the Hygrometrical‘
elemen ts are co mputed by the Greenwich Constants .
Me /eoroloy iea l Olaerva lz'
o /w .
Abstra c t of Me Results of tire Hourly zlleleoroloyz'
cal Observa tions
la/eeu a t Me Surveyor Genera l’a Q/lice , Ca lculla ,
in Me moul/l of [Ha re/r 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radiation, Wea ther, &c .
WIND .
o l i ic li e s
1 s s vva sww .
3 3 SSE Variable .
4 1 32 0 0 4 W N W & NW
5 1 35 0 W & W S W
WSW,S byW& S
S hyW S W
S S W W by S
I’VSWS SWSLSW
s swa sw . rWS byw ,sswaws
w sws w assws by W&W SW
S S W & v SS W & S byW
SSW , S&SSE
S by E , SW&W
\i Cirri , —i S trati , " i Cumuli , _ _ i Ciro—strati , N i Cumulo- strati , m i Nimbi,
M ile sB to 3 A . M . , S to 9 A . M . ,
i to 4 P . M . , O a fterwards .
T L from 32 to 9 P . M . R a tI, 4 from 6} to 1 1 P . M .
1 78 1 O . T at 2§ A . M . , 8 & 1 0 P .
M .
nearly the whole day .
224 2 Chiefly O . R from 1 to 4at 1 2 A . M . , from 2 to 5%P . M .
1 8 7 4 Chiefly B . Slightly foggyfrom 8 to lO P . M . R a t 3 A . M .
95 2 \A i to 5 A . M . B ,to 1 0 A . M . ,
L . i to 4 P . M . B , afterwards .
Foggy from 7 to 1 1 A . M .
93 2 B to l l A . M . ,
" i to 5 P . M . ,
B afterwards .
2 1 3 O B to 9 A . M . ,- i to 2 P . M . ,
B to 8 P . M . , M i a fterwards .
208 0 Clriefly B . Foggy from 4 to
1 0 A . M .
1 1 3 4 B .
1 7 7 0 B .
59 1 B1 0 1 o B:Slightly foggy at 9 p . u .
1 63 8 B . Foggy from 4 to 9 A . M .
91 5 Chiefly B . Slightly foggy at6 A . M .
1 27 4 B .
1 08 0 B . Slightly foggy from 5 to7 A . M .
99 5 B .
99 3 B .
1 38 3 B .
1 36 1 ClrieflyB . Slightly foggy at6 7 A . M .
1 09 6 B1 1 7 8 S to 2 A . M B afterwards .
S igli tly foggy a t 4 5 A . M .
1 20 6 B . Foggy from 4 to 8 A . M .
1 69 7 B . to 5 A . M . ,\i to 3 P . M . ,
B a fterwards .
230 5 B to 2 P . M . , \i to 8 P . M . ,
B afte rwa rds .
1 80 4
B afterwards .
xx i i fileleorological Observa tions .
Ale/m et Results of Me [ four/y Me/eorolog ical Olserraliofis
a t tile Surveyor General’e Ofiice, Calca lla ,
in Me moa t/l of Marcfi 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radiation , Weather , &c .
WIND .
SSW , S SE&S
\i Cirri ,— i S trati , '“ i Cumuli , \_ i Cirro-strati, m i Cumulo-strati , w iN imbi ,‘
M . Bt0 2 P . P . M . S af
rwards . Foggy at 6 A . M . , LD at 1 037 P . M .
S . to 6 A . M . , B afterwards .
\A i to 8 A . M . , B afterwards .
B to 5 P . M . , \i afterwards .
B . to 2 P . M . ,\i to 8 P . M . , Bafterwards .
Meteorolog ical Olserra Iioua. x
Abstracl of tile Resulle of Me Hourly Me/ew'
oloy icul Olserva lious
taken a t Me Surveyor General’
a Qfllce, Calcul/a ,in Me 1 1l0 7ll/l o/ Ap ril 1 8 7 1 .
Latitude 22° 33’
1”North. Long itude 8 8
°20
’
34”East .
Height of the Cistern of the S tandard Barome ter above the sea level , fe e t .
Daily Means , &c . of the Observations ando f the Hygrome tricalelementsdependent thereon .
Range of the Barometerduring the day .
Range of the Temperature during the day .
Mean
Dry
Bulb
Thermometer
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry andWet BulbThermometer M eans are derived , from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day .
Meleoroloyleal Oleerealz'
oue.
fi eelrael of llze Results of lfze Ilourly l eleoroloyz'
ea l Observe /150 71 3:
lalxeu all/re Surveyor Ge aeral’
e Oj iee, Calculée ,
a llae would o/"
Ap rz'
l 1 8 7 1 .
M eans , &c . of the Obs ervations andof the Hygrom trical elementsdependen t tl1e re0 11 . Coulirzued
Da te .
Dry
Bulb
above
Dew
Point
.
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
xxviii Meteoroloyleal Observe /low8 .
Abstract of tle Results of tile Hourly ZlIeteoroloyieal Observa tioua
ta/ceu a t tle Surveyor Geueral’e Ofiee, Calcutta,
z'
u tle moa t/l of Ap ril 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly M ean s , &c . of the Observa tions ando f the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon . Continued.)
Hour.
Inches . T . gr . T. gr .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants .
Meteoroloylcal Observa tions .
Abstract of a .» Results of tlze Hourly Meteorolog ica l Otservatious
taken a t Me Surveyor Ceueral’s Office, Calcutta ,
in tile moa t/t of Ap ril 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radiation , Weather, &c .
WIND .
nches
4 1 39 0 S S W & S
1 6 1 28 3 E Variable
1 7 1 45 5 E by N Variable
M . ,
\_ i to 5 P . M .,
a fterwards . L on N a t 9 p . M . ,
D at 95A . M .
Clouds of different kinds to9 A . M . ,
" i afterwards .
S to 5 P . M . , O afterwards .
S to rm from to 7 P . M . TL from 6 to l l P . M . R from6§ t0 8 & at 1 1 P . M .
to 8 A . M . ,h i to 4 p . M . ,
afterwards . Highwind fromto 61 P . M . T L R at mid
night , from 5 to 7 P . M .
Chiefiy’ “ i L on S W at 7
P . M .
Clouds of various kinds .
T at 4 6% & 9 P . M . L . on N .
at 9 P . M . Light R at 5,7 8 % P . M .
S euds to 1 0 A . M . B to 8 P . M.
Sends afterwards .
S euds to 8 A . M .\i
to 7 P . M . S cuds afterwards .
Chicfiy S .
S ends to 9 A . M .\i to 5 P . M .
B afterwards .
Chicfly B .
B t0 2 A . M . Mi to S A . M .
B to 2 P . M . \i afterwards .
S to 8 A . M . B to l l A . M . ,
\i to 7 P . M . , B afterwards .
Chicfiy\i L from 9 to 1 1P . M .
S to 9 A . M . , clouds of different kinds to 4 P . M . O to 9P . M . B afterwards . L at midnight 1 A . M . from 6 to 8P . M . T from 45; to 8 P . M ,
Light R. a t 95; 1 01 A .
from 4% to 7 P , M .
S to 7 P . M . , B afterwards .
T from Noon to 2 P . M . D at
7 A . M . 2 P . M .
Clouds ofdifferent kinds to9 A . M . ,
" i to 7 P . M . B a fterwards L from 7 1 to 9 P . M .
\i Cirri ,— i S trati , “ i Cumuli , x_ i Ciro- strati , ’L i Cumulo- strati , m i Nimbi ,M i Cirro -cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning ,R rain, D drizzle .
xxx Meteoroloy ical Olserva tleus .
Alstraet Results of fire Hourly Meteoroloy ieal 0 6serva tious
a t five Surveyor Geueral’s Oj /Tee, Ca lcutta ,
iu tlee moa t/t op rtl 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , Wea ther , & c .
WIND .
S E & S
S byW & S S W
S by W & S SW
EN E ,S & S byW
Variable
1 42 0 S S W S
1 40 8 S S W, S W S
S S W
\i Cirri,— i S trati , A i Cumuli , -i Cirro- strati , n . .i Cumulo-strati, imbi,I N
9 A . M . ,
" i7 P . M . , B
h i afterwardsM
B to 7 A . M .
A i to 5 P . M . Oa fterwards . Brisk wind from4—5 to 55 P . M . T from 5 to 8P . M . L from 6 to 1 0 P . M . R .
from to 1 0 P . M .
S to 4 A . M . \i to 1 P . M . ,
S to 4 P . M . , O afterwards .
from 1 0 to 1 2 A . M .
5% to 8 P . M . Light1 1 P . M .
M . Mi to 1 0 A . M . ,
O to 2 P . M . ,\A i to 7 P . M .
,O
afterwards . Briskwind at 1 1A . M . , P . M . , T afteri ntervals L a t 3 A . M . from7 to 9 P . M . , R from 93 A . M . ,
to 2 & 8 § t0 1 0 P . M .
S to 5 A . M . ,\A i to 1 O A . M . ,
“ i afterwards . L on S W a t
92 85 1 1 P . M .
S to 1 0 A . M . ,
" i \A i afrwards . D at midnight .\i to 8 A . M Mi to 8 P . M . ,
O afterwards . L from 9 to 1 1P . M . , T R from 1 0 to 1 1P . M .
0 to 8 A . M clouds of differont kinds after“ ards . T at
midnight L at midnight 8
P . M . R from midnight to 3M .
B to 7 A . M" i to 8 P . M . ,
\i afterwards . L on E at 7P . M .
\i to 1 1 A . M . ,A i to 6 P .M . ,
B afterwardsB to 3 A .M . ,
" i to 3 P .M . , Bafterwards .
B to 2 P . M . , to 8 P . M . ,
B afterwards .
Meleoroloyz’
eul Oleervalions . xxxiii
Alstruel of {fee Results (y lire Hourly illeleoroloyieal Olservalz'
ous
ieleen al l/ze Surveyor Geaerul’s Ofliee, Ca lculla ,
in file moa t/e of M ay 1 8 7 1 .
Latitude 22° 33’
1 North. L ong itude 8 8°20
’
34”East .
Height of the Cistern of the S tandardBarometer above the sea level , feet .
Daily Means , &c . of the Observations andof the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon .
Range o f the Barometer 5 Range of the Temperaduring the day .
pl 8
ture during the day .
5 55EE5
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry andWe t BulbThermometer M eans are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day .
xxxiv Meleoroloyieal Olservulz'
ous .
Alstruel of me Results of llze Hourly Méleoroloyieal Observaléoua
ta lten ul llze Surveyor General’s Q/iice, Calcullu,
in Me moral/t o/ JPIay 1 8 7 1 .
D11 1 ]y Means , &c . of the Observa tions andof the Hygrome trical elementsdependen t thereon .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
Meteorological Observa tions.
Alstract of tire Results of fire Hourly Jlleteoroloyical Olservatlous
taken a t tile Surveyor G'
eneral’
s Oflice, Calcutta ,in Me moutu of M
'
ay 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly Means, &c . of the Observations andof the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon . Continued.)
Hour .
Inche s . T . gr. T. gr .
All the Hygrometrieal elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
Meleoroloyical Olscrva tious. xxxvn
Abstract of tllo Results of tire Hourly Jlleteoroloylca l Observa tions
talceu a t tlre Surveyor General’
s Ofli ce, Calcutta ,in Me moa t/t of May 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radiation , Weather, &c .
WIND .
S S by WW & variable .
W W by S
S SW & S by W
5 1 31 8 E S E Variable
6 1 48 5 WNW& variable .
7 1 50 0 S E SL S S W l
1 35 2 S E Variable .
9 1 45 0 S S E & S W1 0 1 44 0 s sw s s
1 1 1 47 4 S E & S by W 1 40 6
1 2 1 46 5 S SW , SE&SSE 1 36 9
1 3 1 50 0 S by E & S S W
S S E & E N E 1 1 3 3
\i Cirri ,— i S trati , A i Cumuli , ‘
c _ i Cirro—strati, m iCumulo - strati , w iN imbi,
M i Cirro- cumuli , B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,R rain , D dr izzle .
Chicfly \a iChicfiy M ito 1 2 A . M . ,
h i to 6 P . M . ,
B afterwards .
Chiefly“ i . Briskwind from
7 } to 75 P . M ., T at 8 P . M .
L on W at 7 & 8 P . M .
— i to 3 A . M . , B to 9 A . M . ,
clouds of different kinds afterwards . Brisk wind from1 1 —5 to 1 13 A . M . T at 1 1 §1 2 A . M . , from 6 to 8 P . M .
,
L fr0m 6 t 0 8 P . M . R at
1 1 % 1 2 A . M . , andfrom 657to 8 P . M .
Chicfly 1 , D at 65 P . M .
Chiefly fl i . , strong wind at61
5 P . M . Hailstone a t (if P .M . ,
T L from 6 to 9 P . M . Rfrom 63 to 7 51; P . M .
\a i , to 3 A . M . , O to 6 A . M . ,
clouds of different kinds to 6P . M . O a fterwards . Briskwind at Ii P . M . T a t l P . M .
L on S at 9 P . M . , Slight R at
1 41
, 7 8 P . M .
ChicflyA
i .
Chiefiy A l. Brisk wind between 45 5 P . M . T a t 4 & 5P . M . R a t 5 & 6 P . M .
B to 1 0 A . M . ,A i , to 5 P. M .
O afterwards Brisk wind between 5 5 } P . M . , T at 5—fi7 P . M . ,
R from to 7 P . M .
Clouds of diff erent kindsto 7 A . M . ,
" i to 7 P . M . , O afterwards . T at 85 P . M . L on
SW at 8 P . M . , R from 8 1 to1 0 P . M .
\f ~i to 8 A .M . ,o i to 6 P . M . ,
O afterwards . H igh wind at7 P . M .T at 7 Sc 8 P . M . L from
O to 4 A . M ., B to 9 . 1 . M . ,
" i to 6 P . M . , S afterwards .
xxxviii Meteorolog ical Observa tious.
Alstract Results (f t/ie Hourly Jilete oroloyz'
cal Olservati‘
ous
a t tue Surveyor General’s Oflice, Calcutta,
in Me moa t/t (f May 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , Weather, & c .
WIND .
[SSSW,S byW&
S SW & S by E
S by E & S W
S S W
1 20 S byW&Variable
S W & E S E
E S E & W S W
W S W & S S E
S s E & S by W
S S W
S W & S by E 1
\i Cirri, -i S trati , “ i Cumuli , Cirro-strati , m lCumulo- strati , m i Nimbi ,Mi Cirro -cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,R rain, D drizzle .
M ile sB to 8 A . M . ,
" i to 4 P . M .
B afterwards . R between 12 P . M .
B to 3 A . M . , \i to 8 A . M . ,“ i to 7 P . M . B afterwards .
L at 9 1 0 P . M .
B to 9 A . M . ,h i to 5 P. M .
B afterwards .
B to 6 A . M . ,h i to 7 P . M .
B afterwards . T at 2% 4%P.
B to 4 A . M . , Mi to 4 P M . ,
S afterwards . L at midn ightfrom 7 i to 9 P . M .
Chiefly O . L from 2 to 5 A .
M ., at 1 0 P . M . T at from
Si to 1 0% A . M . , R from 5§ to1 0 A . M . , & at 8 P . M .
8 to 1 0 A . M . ,
" i to 7 P . M .
O afterwards . Brisk wind between 5 5% P . M . L on S at
S P . M . B at 3% & 5é P . M .
Clouds ofdifferent kinds to8 A .M . ,
" i to 2 P . M .O to 6P .M . ,
\i to 9 P . M . , B afterwards .
Brisk wind, T R at 2—5P .M .
B to 4 A . M . ,\i to 1 0 A . M . ,
A i to 4 P . M . , S afterwards .
T a t 4% 5 P . M .
S to 6 A . M . , \i to 1 0 A . M .
O to 3 P . M . , S afterwards .
High wind at 1 1 A .M . T from1 2 A . M . , to 1 P . M . , L at 1 1
1 2 A . M . , from 8 to 1 1 15. M . ,
R at 1 1 1 2 A . M .
S t o 1 0" i to 7 P . M .
O afterwards . S torm at P.T L at midnight l A .
from 7 to 1 1 P . M . , R
Abstract of Me Results of tire Hourly Jlleteoroloyical Observations
ta/ceu a t Me Surveyor General’s Oj ice, Calcutta ,
in Me moulé of May 1 8 7 1 .
M ONTHLY RESULTS .
M ean height of the Barometer for the month ”
M ax . height o f the Barometer occurred at 9 A M . on the 2nd.
M in . height of the Barome ter occurred at 5 P . M . on the 23rd.
Emtrcone 7 auye of the Barometer during the monthM ean of the daily Max . PressuresDitto ditto Mm . dittoM ean da rty range of the Barometer during the month
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the monthfMax. Temperatu1 e occurred at 4P . M . on the 1 7 th.
M in . Tempe 1 atu1 e occurred at 5 A . M , on the 5th .
E xtreme 7 anye o f the Temperature during the monthM ean of the daily M ax. Temperature .
Ditto ditto M in . ditto,M ean da ily rauge of the Temperature
i
during the month ”
Mean We t Bulb Thermometer for the monthM ean Dry Bulb Thermometer above M ean VVe t
i
Bulb ThermometerComputed M ean Dew -poin t for the monthMean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computedmean Dew point .
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month
Troy grain .
MeanWeight of Vapour for the monthAdditional Weight o f Vapour required for complete saturationMean degree of humidi ty for the month, complete saturation being unity
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month
Rained 1 7 days ,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hoursTotal amount
yof rain during the month
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gaugeii attached to the anemomete1 during the month
Prevailing direction of theWind3“Height 70 feet 1 0 inches above ground.
xiiii Meteoroloyrcal Observa tions .
Abstract of tbc Results of tbe Hourly flfetcoroloyical Observa tious
ta/seu a t tbe Surveyor Genera t’s Ofi ce
,Ca lcutta
,
in tbc moulé of Juue 1 8 7 1 .
B aily M eans, &c . of the Observations ando f the Hygrometrical e lementsdependent thereon .
Da te .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Heleoroloyieut Observa tions .
Abstract of tbe Re sults (J tbe Hourly Meteorolog ica l Observa tions
tabeu a t Me Surveyor Ceuera l’s Ofiice, Ca lcutta ,
in (be u q of June 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly Means , &c. of the Obs ervations ando f the Hygrometri ca l elementsdependen t thereon .
Range o f the Barome ter Range of the Temperafo r ea ch hour during ture for each hour
the month . during the mon th .
Inches . Inches . Inches . Inches .
The Mean Height o f the Barome ter , as like “ is e the Dry andWe t BulbThermomete r M eans are derived from the observations made at the severalhours during the month.
xlv .Meteoroloyical Observa tions .
Abstract of [be Results of tbc Hourly .Mc teoroloyica l Observa tio ns
taken a t {be Surveyor General’s Ofice, Calcutta ,
iu tbc moutb of Juue 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly M eans, &c . of the Observations ando f the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon .
Itour .
Inches . T . gr . T . gr .
.964 .40
.96 1 .37
.961 .37.3 1
. 3 1
3 4
.4X)
Adl the Hygrome trieal clemehts are computed by the G reenwich Constants»
xlvii Meteorolog ical Observa tions .
Abstract of tbc Results of tbc Hourly Jlleteoroloyz'
ca l Observa tions
ta/ceu a t tbc Surveyor General’s Oj ice, Calcutta,
in tbc moa t/z of June 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radiation , Weather, & c .
WIND .
lncheo1 45 3 S E & S S E
S byW & S
S S S W
wsw,s as byE
S by E , S& SbyW
1 49 2
S byW & S S
s E &E by s
S E & E S E
E S E & S E
E S E & S
\i Cirri , —i S tra ti , “ i Cumuli , Cirro- stra ti , m 1 Cumulo-strati , \a . i N imbi ,
S to 7 A . M . ,
" i to 3 P . M .
to 7 P . M . B afterwards . L4 A . M . , 1 1 P . M . R fromA . M . , to 3 P . M .
0 to 7 P M . — i afterwards .
at 1 from 5 to 7 1 O5A .
. to l M .
9 A . M . ,” i to
M . B afterwards . Slight R at 8 A . M . , 1 ,4, 6 9 P . M .
Clouds of different kinds .
Slight R at 2 A . M . , from 1 2A . M . to 3 P . M .
to 4 A . M . O to 7 A . M . ,
a i ”‘ i to 7 P .M . S afterwards .
L on S at 1 1 5P .M . R at 7 , 1 2A . M . , l P . M .
S to 5 A . M . , \a i to 9 A . M . ,
1 to 1 P . M . O afterwards . Dat 6 A . M . , 25, 4 & 5 P . M .
O to 4 A .
\i to 1 1 A . M . ,” i to 6 P . M . ,
L i afterwards .
\i to 5 A . M . ," i to 7 P . M .
B afterwards .
O to 9 A . M . , clouds of different kinds afterwards . L at
4 & 5 A . P . M .T at 8
A . 1
25 P . M .
\_ i to 5 A . M . S to 1 0 A . M . ,
" i to 8 P . M . O afterwards . R
at 1 2 A . M . , 4, 5 1 1 P . M .
O to 3 A . M . S t0 6 A . M . ,
\i & " i t0 9 A . M . O to l P .M . ,
clouds of different kinds afterwards . R. at midnight , 1 0 ,1 1 A . M . , 1 5, 25, 4 , 5 & 7 P . M .
S to 6 A . M . ,A i to 1 P . M . ,
O afterwards . T a t 1 05 P . M .
Slight R at 1 , 3, 1 1 A . M . , 2, 6,7 & from 9 to ll P . M .
O . T at 25 65 P . M . L at
25 P. M . R after intervals .
fifcteoroloyieal Observa tions .
Abstract of tbc Results of tbc Hourly Mcteoroloyica t Observa tions
taken a t {be Surveyor General’
s Oj lce, Ca lcutta ,in tbc montb of June 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radiation , Weather , &c
WIND .
General aspect of the Sky .
8 S W & W S W[W
WNW , SW& S S
Chiefly O . R at 1 5 3 A .M . ,
& 4 P . M .
S t0 6 A. M O to ll A . M . S
afterwards . Light R from 7 to1 1 A . M .
Chiefly O . R from 1 5 to 9
Chiefly O . Slight R at mid
night from 6 to 1 0 A .M . , 81. be
tween 7 8 P . M .
Chiefly O . R from 3 to 1 1P . M .
O to 9 A . M , S afterwards .
Tat 1 A . M . L at l
to 1 0 P . M . R from midnightto 4 A . M . , at 1 , 2581. 1 1 P. M .
Abstract of tbc Results of tbc H ourly file/eoroloy ica l Observa tions
ta/ceu a t Me Surveyor General’s Oj ice, Calcutta ,
in tbc montb of June 1 8 7 1 .
M ONTHLY RESULTS .
M ean height of the Barometer for the month . .
Max . height o f the Bai ometer occurred at 9 A . M . on the“
lst .
M in . height o f the Barometer occur 1 eda t 5 P . M . on the 22nd.
E a'treme 7 anye of the Ru ome te 1 dui ing the mon th
M ean of the daily M ax . P1 e ss 11 1 es
Ditto ditto M in . dittoM ean da ily 7 anye of the Ba 1 ometer during the month
M ean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month:Max . TempeIature oc cui redat 2 P . M . on the 1 s t.
M in . Temperatu1 e occurred at 1 85 2 A . M , on the 3oth .
E d irenze 7 anye o f the Temperature during the mon thM ean of the daily M ax . Temperatui eDitto ditto hlin . ditto ,M ean da ily 7 ange of the Temperature during the month “
M ean W e t Bulb Thermometer for the month1\Iean Dry Bulb Thermometer above M eanWe t Bulb ThermometerComputed M ean Dew-point f0 1 the monthMean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computedmean Dew-point "
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month
Troy grain .
MeanWeight of Vapour for the monthAdditional We ight of Vapour 1 equired for complete sa turation 1 . 36
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being un ity
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month
Rained 28 days ,— Max. fall of m in during 24 hoursTotal amountyof rain during the month
Total amount of rain indicated by the G augei“ attached to the anemometer during the mon thPrevailing direction of the
*Height 70 feet 1 0 inches above gr ound.
Meteoroloylea t Observa tions .
Abstract of tbc Results of lbe lloarly bleteoroloyioa l Observa tionstaken a t tbe Surveyor General
’
s Oflice , Ca lcutta ,in tbc moa t/e o/ Jaly 1 8 7 1 .
Latitude 22° 33 ’
1”North. Long i tude 8 8
°20
'
34 East .
He ight of the Ciste rn o f the S tanda rd Barome ter above the sea level , fee t .
Daily Means , &c . o f the Observa tions ando f the ll’ygrome tricalelementsdependent thereon .
Range o f the Barome ter Ra nge o f the Temperaduring the day . ture dur ing the day .
0
Mean
Dry
Bu
lb
Thermometer
.
Inche s .
The Mean He ight o f the Barometer, as lihewise the Dry and\Vet BulbThermometer M eans are derived, from the hourly observations , made a t the
s everal hours during the day .
lii Meteorological Observa tions .
Abstract o/ tbc Results of tbc Hourly Meteorological Observation:
taken a t tbe Surveyor General’s Ofiice, Calcutta ,
in tbe mantle of July 1 8 7 1 .
0
Da ily Means, &c . of the Observations ando t' the Hygrome trical elementsdependent thereon .
Da te .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constan ts .
liv Meteoroloyical Observa tio ns .
Abstract of. tbe Results of tbc Hourly .Meteorological Observations
taken a t tbc Surveyor G’eneral
’s Ofice, Calcutta,
in tbc montb of July 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly Means, &c . of the Observations andof the Hygromretricalelementsdependent tl1ereon . Continued.)
Hour .
In che s . T. gr . T. gr.
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteoroloyica l Observa tions .
Abstract of tbe Results of Me Hourly bleteoroloyical Observa tions
taken a t tbc Surveyor Genera l’s Ofiice, Calcutta ,
in tbe ment/i of July 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radiation , Weather, & c .
WIND .
G eneral aspect of the Sky .
0 Inches [by S M ile sS W , S SW W 0 to 1 2 A . M . ,\i to 51P . M . O
afterwards . Rfrom midnightto 2 A . M . , 55 to 1 1 P . M .
W SW W by S . 0 . R from midnight to 9 A .
M . , 1 to 257 at 6 , P .
'
M .
W by s & S byW 1 1 1 1 O to 6 A . M . ,
“ i afterwards .
[E ightR at 1 2SbyW , SSE & S by 208 4 B to 5 A . M . ,
" i to 7 P . M .
B afterwards . S light R at 1 1A . M . , 1 5 Qt P . M .
S S E S by E . 21 9 9 S to 8 A . M . ,
’ “ i afterwards .
L from 8 to 10 P . M . R from1 2—37 A . M . , to 25 P . M .
S by E & S . 1 09 3 \iB afterwards . R at 8 A . M .
3 P . M .
S by E S . 1 44 4 B to 4 A . M . ,m i &\i after
wards . T at 4 P . M .
S S E . 1 65 3 S to 7 A . M . ,
’“
i to 1 P .
'M .
O to 7 P . M . S afterwards . Tat Ii & 55 P .
2, 3 , 5 7 P . M .
S E . 1 1 9 6 S to 3 A . M . O to 7 P . M . Safterwards . T at 9% A . M . 1 , 23 P . M . L at 9 P . M . R at 9i ,
1 2 A . M . , 1 P . M .
S S E S . 93 9 S to 8 A . M .,m i, to 1 2 A . M .
O to 4 P . M . S afterwards . Tat 1 % P .M . Slight R at 1 25A .M .
from 2% to 4 & at 6é P . M .
S by E & S S E 8 1 2" 1 to 2 P . M . O afterwards . Rat 3 81. between 7 8 P . M .
S by E & SW 1 1 2 5 O to 7 A . M . , m i tO I P . M .
S to 4 P . M . O afterwards .
Slight R from 1 —3 to 6 at
1 0 A . M .
S by E & S 1 27 7S afterwards . R. from 1 -3A . M . ,
to 3 P . M .
S & S SW, 1 74 6 OO afterwards . R at 55A . M . ,from Gé to 9 P . M .
S SW. 266 5 S to 4 P . M . O afterwards .T from 9 to 1 1 P . M . L from8 to 1 0 P . M . Slight R at 8 %1 0 P . M .
\i,Cirri, —i S trati , A i Cumuli, L i Cirro—strati, N iCumulo-strati, w iNimbi,A h 1 fl n A A
Meteorolog ical Observa tions .
Abstract of tbc Results of {be Hourly Illeteoroloyica l Observations
taloen a t tbc Surveyor Genera l’s Oj ice, Calcutta ,
in tbe montb of July 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , Wea ther , & c .
WIND .
o Inche
W S
S , S E & E S E
E S E S E
s E a s by E
S by E S S W
S S W & S by W
S S W
S S W & S W
W SW ,W&WT)?
W hy 8 a s S E
S E . S
S S by E
S SE ,E E by N
E S E S S E .
S S by E
wards . R at 3 4 A . M .
- i to 4 A . M . ,h i \a i to
6 P . M . B afterwards . T at 85P . M . L on W at ll r . M . B ut
1 1 A . M ., 85 P . M .
Clouds of various kinds . Tat 2 P . M . Slight R at 7 1 1 5A . M . , 1 5, 55 7 P . M .
0 to 1 0 A . M . S afterwards .
ight R at 4, 1 0 1 25A . M . ,
3 , 65 1 0 P . M .
0 to 1 1 A . M . S afterwards .
at 2, 35 from 6 to 1 1 A . M .
Chiefiy O . Slight R from 4
0afterwards . Light R at 35A .M .
0 to 1 0 A . M . ,A i \a i to 8
P . M . O afterwards . L at 1 0 851 1 P . M . D at 8 A . M . , 1 0 P . M .
Chiefly O . T L at 1 2M . R from 1 to 1 2 A . M . ,
4 to 7 P . M .
S to 5 A . M . ,A i afterwards .
Slight R at 4, 5 A . M . , 2 P M
B to 4 A . M . S to 9 A . M .,
A1
to 4 P . M . ,\i afterwards . SlightR at 1 2 A . M .
B to 2 A . M . , \i to 8 P . M . ,
A i afterwards .D at 4 65P . M .
S to 4 A . M . ,
“ i afterwards .
Slight R from 75 to 9 P . M .
S to 6 A . M . ,
’ “ i to 4 P . M . Oafterwards . R after intervals.0 . R after intervals .
Meteorolog ica l Observa tions .
1
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tile /coroloyica t Observa tions .
Abs tra c t of tbc Results of [be Hourly JlIe/eoro /oy ica l Observa tions
ba iteu a t tbc Surveyor G'
enera l’
s Qflic c , Ca lcutta ,in Me moa t/i o/ A ttyust 1 8 7 1 .
La titude 22° 33 '
1 No rth. Long i tude 8 8°20
'‘lns t .
He ight o f the Ciste rn of the S tanda rdBa rome te r ubovo the s ea le vel , fe e t .
Daily Means , &c . of the O bs e rva tions ando f the Hygrmne trie al e lementsdependent thereon .
Range o f the Ba rome te rduring the day .
,.Qi"
a 75
llunge o f the'
lmnpe raPS 33 ture during the day .
E1 E
p 2
g; 5Q)
g ?A
r t
The h’Iean He ight o f the Ba romete r, as likewise the Dry and\Ve t BulbThe rmomete r M e an s are de rived , from the hourly obs ervations , made a t
'
the
mu r a l hours during the day .
lx Illa/eoroloyical 0 6seroa lions .
Abstra ct o/ Me Raoul/3 o/ [11 5 Hourly Me teorolog ic a l Observa tions
taken a t Me Surveyor G'
euera l’
s Oj ice, Ca lcutta ,
in Me moral/E of August 1 8 7 1 .
Da ily hIe ztns , & c . of the O bserva tions andof the Hygrometrical e lementsdependent thereon . Continued.)
Date .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
1 5 1 1
Abstra ct of (be Item /ts of {be llourtg HIeteorotoz/ ioa t Obserm tiom
taken (i t Me Surveyor Genera l’
s Ofliee, Cutout/a ,in tile mon tii of August 1 8 7 1 .
Ho urly hIezm s , &c . of the Obse rvations ando f the Hygrome triral e leme n ts
dependen t thereon .
H our .
Tnehes . T . gr. T . gr .
All the Hygrome trical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants.
fife/eorotog ira / Obaerm a. lx
Abs tra ct of tbe Item/ta of tbe Ilourtg Jlte/eorotog iea t Observa tions
ta treu a t tbe Surregor Geuera t’x O/liee , Cutout/a ,
in Me moo t/t of August 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radia tion , \Vea the r , & c .
“'
IND .
G eneral aspect o f the Sky .
neho sS S by E
S by E &S by W .
s by W ,E SW .
N & E N B .
N E E N E
E & S E
S E & S S E
S E & E S E .
0 -53 S S E , E S
[by NE by S , E N E&E
1 S by E , S S E & S
1 S by E & S
1 S byW ,S&SSW
\i Cirri , - i S trati, ’ “i Cumuli , L _ i Cirro —strati , rL iCumulo - strati , w iN imbi,
M ile s0 to 6 P M . ,
N i afterwards .
R from 1 % A . M . ,to 6 P . M .
S t o 1 P . M . ,clouds o f dif
fe rent kinds aft erwards . LightR. from 6 to 9 A . M . ,
\i to 7 A . M .,
" i afterwards .
l‘a t \V
at 8 P . M . D a t 5 § P . M .
\i to 3 to 7 A .H . , 1
afterwards . L on N a t 1 1 P .M .
\i to 8 A . M . , clouds ofdiffe rent kinds afterwards . L at
M .
\a i f ‘ i to 5 P . M . 0 a fte r
wards . T a t A . M . L a t 9P .M . R a t 8 9 PM .
Clouds of various kinds . Lat midnight . Light R a midnight 75 A . M . , 15, 65 9 P . M .
0 L on N . W . a t 8 P . M .
S light R afterintervals .
0 to 9 A . M . ,A 1 to 8 P . M .
S afterwards . T a t 12% A . M .
3
a t midnight , 1 , 3 , 8 A . M . , 13 P . M .
1 8 1 1 O t0 8 A . M . , 1 to 7 P . M . Safterwards . T at 1 2§ A . M . Lat 7 , 9 1 1 P . M . Slight R a t
1 8 1 4 S to 8 A . M . ,e i to 5 P . M .
S afterwards . T a t 4 81. 5 P . M .
L a t midnight , 4 A . M . ,
P . M . R a t 7 , 8 A . M .
1 45 3 Chiefiy’ i L at midnight,l A .
92, 1 1 , 1 22A . M . , 135 84 5 P . M .
202 7 0 to 1 1 A . M . , clouds of difren tkindsa fte rwards . Slighta t 4 , 53, 1 0 , 1 1 A . M . , 1 , 4.5 P . M .
235 2 S to 1 OA . M . ,
" i afterwards .
onW a t 5 A . M . D at 8 P.M .
1 02 9 \i to 6 A . M . O to lO A . M . ,
Jlleteorolog ical Observa tions .
Abstract of tire Results of tbe Hour/g Meteorolog ica l Observa tions
taken a t tbc Suroegor Gerzeral’s
WIND .
S SW
1 7 S S W & S by W
1 8 S , S W & S byW
1 9 1 1 5 0 S S W & S by W20 1 28 0 S by W & S W
2 1 S S W'
sL S by W
22
23
2 «t
26
27
28
29
30
3 1
in {be mouttt of August l8 7 l .
S olar Radia tion . VVc a thor . & c .
1 26 5 W S W&S S W
1 50 5 W & S W
1 50 0 S W ,W by S &W
S W & S S w
1 35 0 S W
1 44 0 0 . 1 9 S W ,S & S S W
1 37 8 S S W & S by E
S by E , S SE & S
1 53 2 S & S S E
[W1 37 0 S byE , S SE& S by
a spect o f the Sky .
\i Cirri , —i S trati , " i Cumuli , L i Cirro-strati , m i Cumulo-strati , m i Nimbi ,
e s
0 O to (S P . M . S a fterwards .
ight R from 35 A . M . , to 5
0 O to lO A .
O afterwa i ds .
B
T L betwe i 117 & S P . M R at A . M . , 65
from 55 to 1 1 P . M .
9 -O
4 P . M . S to 7 P . M . B af
terwards . L at 1 1 5 P . M
S . L i hght R at G A M .
S . L on N between mid8
8
n ght & 1 A . M .
5 Chie .fiy 0 R fi om 1 5 to 1 2
7
A . M . , 5 to 1 1 P . M
O to 1 2 A . M . ,h i to 9 P . M .
O a fterwards . L on\V a t 8
9 P .M . Slight R at 2 , 3 , 65, 951 25 A . M .
,1 1 P . M .
5 O
S afterwards . Light R at midn 1ght l 7 A . M .
4, O to 3 A . M .
\i to 7 P . M . S afterwards .
D at 5 31. 85 A . M .
4. Cl'nefiy S . L at 1 1 5 P . M . Dat 6 35 8 A . M .
9 Clouds o f different kinds .
L at midn ig .ht D a t 1 0 A . M .
6 S to . M . \i t0 5 P . M .
S afterwards . Slight R from55to 7 P . M .
5 Clouds ofdifi‘
erent kinds to3 P . M . S to 8 P . M . , \i afterwards . T at 3 P . M . S light Rat 1 2 A . M . , 2 85 3 P . M .
0 B to 5 A . M . ,
"
i to 7 P . M .
B afterwards . R at 1 1 5 A . M . ,
1 45 P . M .
9 \i to 8 A .M . ,
’“ i afterwards .
T from 9 to ll P . M . L from65 to 1 0 P .M .SlightRat 85PM .
6 \i to 7 A . M ., i atte i wards .
T at 1 & 3 P . M . Sli ght R at
1 25 A . M . . 1 5, 3, 6 7 P . M .
Meteorolog ica l Obaerva liona.
F i r-4 HH H fi H -d H M H H v—‘N N N CQ N ‘lWrfl—d fl
'
a o um”
’
HO “ EB {I
v—4 —4 v—4 H —4 H
M v—n r—fl v—d v—i r-C
‘
ao mm] -4 651 —1
N H rfl N —i fl
r—l t-d f—( H F 'i r—i v—I
H N CO Q IO CD h Q Q O v-dv fl fl m d m w h w fi o flo-n r-n
filo/coroloyfea l Ob eron/ion8 . lx
Abs tra ct of Me Ia’
esnlls of Me ”our/y Observa tions
{ct /con dl Me So rre l/or G onero l’
s 0 fee,( ll /ca lla ,
in l/ze 711 0 )1 //t of Sep /cméer 1 8 7 1 .
L atitude 22° 33 '
1 No rth. Long i tude 8 8°20
'
34 Eas t .
H e igh t o f the C ls le rn o f the S tandard Bdrome le r above the sea level , fe e t .
Da ily M eans , &c . o f the O bserva tions ando f' the Hygrometrical elemen ts
dependent there on .
Range o f the Ba rometer Range o f the Tempe ra .
( 1 1mm,r the day . lure during the (lay .
Inche s .
The M ean He ight o f the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and W e t BulbThermometer M e an s are derived , from the hourly observations , made a t the
several hours durmg the day .
lxviii Meteorological Observa tions .
Abstract of Me Results of Me Hourly fileleorological Observation:
taken a t Me Surveyor General’e Qfiice, Calcutta ,
in Me mantll of Sep tember 1 8 7 1 .
Dnily Means, &c . of the Observations andof the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon . Continued.)
lxx bleteoroloyica l Observa tions .
Abs tract of Me Results of [be Hourly Meteoroloy ira l Observa tions
taken a t tbc Surveyor General’
s Oflice, Calcutta ,in tbc moa t/t of Sep tember 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly hIeans , &c . of the Observations ando f the Ilygrome trical elements
dependent thereon .
IIour .
Inches .
All the l lygrometrical elements are computedby the Greenw ich Constants .
lllc'tcoroloy ica l Obs crrutious .
Abstrac t of UM Results of Me [ to ur/y (it/s e rra tio ns
ta /ccu a t tbc Surveyo r(”fir
-c,t
'
a /eutta,
in [be mo a t/1 of ;S'
c/l tcmbcr 1 8 7 1 .
S o la r Radia tion . \Vc a the l' . &c .
\T i s n.
o nG ene ral a spect o f the Shy .
1 S by \V S S‘V. S to 2 A . M \i to 8 A . M . ,
i to 4. P . M . , \i a fterwards .
D a t 1 P . M .
2 S by W St S S\V \i to ?. A . M . S to IP . M . , \i\_ i a fte rwa rds 1 ) a t 8 A . M .
3 1 37 6 S by W &c S S \V ~ \i to 2 A . M . S a fte rwards .
I. on S \V a t 7 &2 8 P . M .
44 S by W St S “ rS to 7 A . M o i to 3 P . M . 0
a fter“ a rds . Brisk inda t 3:ir . M . T a t 41. from A . M
v
to 6 P M . L a t ‘1 A . M . . from-t to 8 P . M . Heavy Jt from 3 }to P . M . , St sl ight R from
5 1 47 0 1 28 S S by IV 1 9 75 9 \i to 5 A .
" i to 3 P . M . 0 afte rwards'B ri s lc wind a t 3 } P . M .
'
J‘
a t
13 5 5 P . M . L a t 5 P . M . Rfrom 1 5 to 9 l’ . M .
6 1 50 6 0 35 S byW & S“ i to ti P . M . S a fte rwa rds .
S lightR t'rom3 to 5 & a t tlflM . .
7 1 5 0 20 S St S by E S t0 2 A
P . M . B a fterwa rds . Ra t 4 P . M .
1 48 8 .S & S by E B” i afterwa rds L from 7 to 1 1P . M . D a t i t P . M .
S by I V, St E by S 30 2 O to 9 A . M . ,
” i to 5 P . M .
O to 8 P . M . S afterwards L .
la t midn ight &3 7 P . M . S 'ightR. a t 6 , 7 , 8 A . M . 3 } 7 P M .
1 1 1 1 0 0 09 E ,S E & S E 0 2 7 0 M . ,
A i to 3 P . M . 0 to 7 P . M . B
a fterwards . Light R a t H.
A . M . , 5 St 6 P M ,
1 O 5 1 5 1 Clouds o f difl'eren t kinds .
1 ; at 7 35 1 0 P . M . Light R a t
2 , 4. G P . M .
E S E S S . E . 1 42 7 O . L a t midnight . Sligh t 11at 3 4 , from 6 A . M . , to 1P . M . . £3 3 to 6 P . M .
1 1 29 8 S S E & S by E 99 6
S l ight R nearly'
the whole day .
1 IH 8 0 68 S by E . O to i'
s M S to 1 P .M . 0 to 7 P .
M . B a fte rwa rds . S light ltl'
rom'midnight to 7 M .
\i Cirri . —i S trati . "1 Cumuh . Cirro- s trati . fl ~ iCumulo - stra t i . \m lNnnbi.
lxxn bleteoroloyical Observa tions.
Abstract of tbc Results of tbc Hourly Meteoroloy ical Observations
taken a t tbc Surveyor General’s Oj ice, Calcutta,
in tbc 7720 7tb/t of Sep tember 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , Weather, &c .
WIND .
nehe0
S by E S
1 340 S a S by E
S a S S E
S S E a S by E
s by E , SE& SSE
S S E & S E
E S E , S E& S S E
S S E & S E
S S E & 8
s a S by W.
S by W& S S W
S SW , Sby Was
S S by WS byW & S SW
\i Cirri , - i S trati, A i Cumuli , \_ i Cirro-strati, n _ i Cumulo- strati, m i N imbi,
t0 9 A . M . ,
"
i to 7 P . M . B afterwards . SlightRat 4, 1 0 A . M .
1 3 P . M .
Clouds of different kinds to1 0A .M . O to 2P .M . S afterwards .
L on E from Ste 1 0 P .M . SlightR at 2, 1 0 , 1 2 A . M . , & lé3 P .M
B to 4 A . M . S to 8 A .
to 1 2 A . M . O to 7 P . M . B afterwards . T at 1 P . M . SlightR at
B to 6 A . M . ,
" i to 4. P . M . Sto 8 P . M . B afterwards . T at4 7 P . M . L from 7 to 1 1 P . M .
R from 63; to 72 P . M .
B to 4 A . M . , \i to 8 A . M . ,
A i to 6 P . M . B afterwards . Lat midnight 7 P . M .
B to 5 A . M . , \i to 9 A . M . ,
mi to 5 P . M . S afterwards .
1 049 \i to 9 A . M . ,
“ i to 1 P . M .
O to 7 P . M . S afterwards .
T at Ii , 2—3; 86 3 P . M . Slight Rat 1 0 A . M . , from lé to 7 P . M .
S to 7 A . M . O afterwards .
L on N at midnight 1 A . M .
Slight R after intervals .
ChiefiyO Slight R from 1 to3, at as, 9, los, A . M a 1 mu.
B to 5 A . M . , \i to 9 A . M . ,
A i to 4 P . M . , \i afterwards .
Slight R at 1 2% A . M
\i to 2 A . M .E to 6 A .
A i afterwards .Rat 1 2% A .M .
\i to 8 A . M . ,
" i to 4 P . M . ,
\i afterwards .
\i to 7 A . M . ,
’“ i to 5 P. M .
\i afterwards .
\i to 6 P . M . B afterwards .
\i h i to 7 A . M . , \i afterwards . L from 65 to 8 P . M .
nmm g
‘
ll()
o
2 g°
1xo u icnQ .o
E 8F e
wE
'
uo uwgo
g
a
523
0 i su p
3o 'm um{
is o
Q+ > b
a
B' H
0 33 ~ O
Fo r“
Q r0
s:"U m
<1) CI
6o d d
E Ban dQ“ a
F -‘ o a-i. H
x 8 63
A S P
W a gfim m2 4 8
N
w as(e x)
e fi ng
& E fi h'
g E-‘ O C:
Z A “
h g g fix o
'
S A(1
5:UO U IBH
O
M B
d d5
dfe/eoroloy iea l Observa tions .
0
Z
1—1 1 -4 v- 4 r-4
H r—l v—i r—flH r—i fi r—i fi r —i fi r—t r—i r-d
r -q r—4 r- 1 N r—4 v—1 H
H N C‘I N N H
H Q CNH N N O‘
D O‘
I N r—I v—( H“
m N m a mm m fi d h w m fi fi m m fi m m fi m m a fi
v—s r—t v—t r—fl r—i r—i
CO m m m m m m m i—q
H mm fi xo
M M H H
r-q r -q 0071.
H O I fi CQ Y f‘ N OI O I GQQTm
r—i r—t H F—t
F i r—( H
fl m m fi w o'c u w m o fi
r-n —i
Jlle/eoro/oyim l Observa /ioua.
Abstract of Me Rosa /ls of Me Ho ar/y file/eoro/oyiml Observa tions
taken a t Me Surveyor G'
enera l’s O/live, Ca lcul/a ,
in Me moul/t of Oelooer 1 8 7 1 .
L ati tude 22° 33'
1 North. L ong i tude 8 8°20
'
34 East .
He ight of the Cistern of the S tandard Barometer above the sea level , fee t .
Daily BIeans , &c . of the Observations a 11dof the Hygrometrical elemen ts
dependent thereon .
Range o f the Barome terduring the day .
,.Q
75 3 Range o f the TemperaFi t; ture during the day .
5 88g: H
BE2 5"
The hIean H eight of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry andW e t BulbThermome ter M ean s are derived , from the hourly observations , made at the
several hours during the day .
lxxvi illeleoroloyz'
eal Observa tions .
Abstracl of llze [legal/s of tile Hourly Illeleoroloyiea l Observa tions
taken a l llze Surveyor Geueral’s Oj ice, Oaleulla ,
in Me moulfi of Oelooer 1 8 7 1 .
Daily M eans , &c . of the Observa tions andof the Hygrome trical e lementsdependen t thereon
Da te .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants .
lxxviii Meleoroloyieal Olserva /ioua.
Aoslrael of [fie Resulls of fire Hourly lifeleoroloyical Observation:
la/veu a t {be Surveyor General’s Office, Ca lcu/la ,
in fire maul/l of Octal/er 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly ltleans , &c . o f the Observa tions ando f the Hygrome trical elementsdependen t thereon .
lIour .
Inches .
All the Hygrome trical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
Meteorolog ica l Observa tions .
Abstrac t of Me Results of Me Hourly rlle/eoroloy ira l Olserva /ious
taken. a t tile Surveyor Genera l’
s Oj iee, C alcutta,
0 Inche s
in file moul/z of Oc tal/ er 1 8 7 1 .
Sola r Radia tion , \Vea the r, & c .
“'
lND .
G eneral a spect of the Sky .
S by W
S & S by W
s by waw by N
[& N w“ H WN JVN W
NW & W N W
W N W &W & V
w s w awws
ivws & N Vv
NW & W N W
W N W
W N w a S E
S S E & S
S , SbyW &b E
\i Cirri , —i S tra ti ,
b E & W
W & W S WW S WW & E N
E N E SL N
{E N
b E , N N E &
WE
by E
E
i Cumuli , Cirro—strati , ’x iCumulo - strati , w iN imbi,
\i to 7 A . M . ,
’
i to 7 . P . M .
B afterwards . T a t A . M . ,
4 St 5 P . M . D a t r . M .
B to 7 A . M . ,A l to 4 P . M .
B a fterwa rdsB to 1 2 A . to 5 P . M .
B a fterwards .
B to 8 A . M . ,
’ “ i to 6 P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 8 A . M . ,h i to 6 P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 1 0 A . M . ,fl i to 3 P . M .
B a fterwards .
B to 4 A . M . , \A i to 1 0 A . M .
1 to 2 P . M ., \_ i afterwards .
B to 1 0 A . M . ,m i to 5 P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 1 0 A . M . , 1 to 3 P . M . ,
\i to 6 P . M . B a fterwards .
B to 5 A . M . , \A i to 1 0 A . M . ,
i to 6 P . M . B afterwards .
S to 1 2 A . M . O to 7 P . M . ,
\i afterwards . T at 91 A . M . ,
1 R a t 8 , 1 1 gA .M . ,
1 , 2 17 , 45 6 P . M .
Chicfly O . R a t 4 , 1 0 , 1 1 A .
M . , from 2 to 6 P . M .
O to 1 0 A . 111 . S afterwards .
Clouds ofdifferent kinds to6 P . M . B afterwards . L on NW at 6 P . M . R a t 1 1 & 1 2
A . M .
B to 6 A . M . ,
" i to 5 P . M .
B afterwards . D a t 1 2 ; A . M .
B to 9 A . M . ,\_ i to 4 P . M .
B afterwards .
B toB afterwards .
B .
B .
B to 1 0 A . M . , \i to 5 P . M .
B a fterwards .
B to 1 0 A . M . ,
" i to 6 P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 9 A . M . , \i to 5 P . M .
B a fterwards .
lxxx llIeteoroloyieal Otserva lious .
Abstract of tile Results of fire Hourly Meteoroloytca l Olserra tious
ta/ceu a t Me Surveyor G’
eueral’s Oj/ice, Ca lcutta ,
lu t/le mouttl of October 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radiation , I'Vea ther , & c .
WIND .
ENE,NE&Eby S
E by S & E S E
E,EbyN & E N E
N E & NW
N W & W N W
W N W & S WS W
\i O ll‘P1 ,— 1 S tra ti , i Cumuli , -i Cirro- s trati , m 1 Cumulo- stra ti , \m i Nimbi ,
ouds of difl'
erent kindsA . M . B to 9 A . M . .
" i toP . M . ,
” i a fterwards . Lightat 4% P . M
from 4 A . M to 1 1 P .M .
O . R from midnight to 2 P .
1 1 P . M .
O to 5 P . M . B afterwards .
D at midnight .B to 1 2 A . M . ,
" i to 4 P . M . ,
\i a fterwards .
B .
B to 1 P . M .
B afterwards . Foggy from 3
t0 8 A . M . & 8 to 1 1 P . M .
B Slightly foggy from midnight to 2 5 to 7 A . M .
B . Slightly foggy at 1 0 P . M .
Heleoroloy ica l Olaeroalions . lxxxi ii
dlslm cl of Me Itesnl/s of Me Hourly jlle/eorolnyical Olservallons
taken a t Me Surveyor G’
eneral’
a Oj ice, Co lca lla ,
in Me maul/1 of November 1 8 7 1 .
Latitude 22° 33’
1 No rth. Long i tude 8 8°20
’
3 1 1”East .
H e ight o f the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level , Fee t .
Daily hfeans , &c . of the Observa tions ando f the Hygrometrica l elementsdependen t thereon .
Range o f the Barometer Range o f the Temperaduring the day . ture during the day .
The M ean Height o f the Barometer , as likewise the Dry andW e t BulbThermometer M ean s are derived , from the hourly observations , made at the
s everal hours during the day .
Meteorological Olservalious .
4 1 31 1 1 11 01 of Me Resulle of Me Hourly Jlleleoroloyical Observalz'
oua
taken a tme Surveyor G'euerul
’s Ofi ee
,Culculla ,
in tfie maul/l, of Novemler 1 8 7 15
Daily Means, &c . of the Observa tions andof the Hygrome trical elements
dependen t thereon . Continued.)
All the Hygrometrical elements are computedby the Greenwich Constants .
lxxxvi Meleoroloyieol Olaervalion3 .
Alslrucl of file Results of fire Hourly Meleoroloyicul Olservulious
taken a t lice Surveyor Geuerul’
s Ofliee, Calcutta ,lire maul/z of Novemoer 1 8 7 1 .
Hourly M eans, &c . of the Observa tions andof the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon .
Ilour .
Inches . T. gr . T . gr .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants .
Meteorological Observa tions . lxxxvn
Abslracl of lbe Recalls of lbe Hourly file/coroloyica l Observa lious
labeu a l [be Surveyor Geuera l’a Q/[ice , C alcul/a
,
in [be maul/1 of November 1 8 7 1 .
Solar Radiation , \Vea the r, & c .
Wm D .
G eneral a spec t of the Sky .
lnche s
N & b W
b W& N N V V
N N W & N E
E N E & S by W
S byW & S S W
S S W & W by S
W by S & W byN
W by N W
W & W by S
W hy 8
W by S & S S W
S SW & S W
\i Cirri ,— i S trati , i Cumuli , Cirro—s trati, r1—1 Cun1ulo s tr a ti, w iNimbi,m n - A H - L m T L“
'
Cluiefly B .
B .
B . Slightly foggy at 9 1 0
P . M .
B .
B to 6 A . M . , \i to 5 P . M .
B a fterwards .
B to 5 A . M . , \i to 6 p . M .
B afterwards . S lightly foggyfrom 9 to 1 1 P . M .
B to 5 A . M . ,\i to 6 P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly foggyat 1 A . M . , 1 0 P . M .
B to 5 A . M . , \i to G P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 1 0 A . M . ,\_ i to 3 P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly foggyfrom 4 to 6 A . M . , 9 to 1 1P . M .
B to M . ,A i to 4, P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly foggfrom midnight to 6 A . M .
B to 1 0 .1 . M . ,
" i to 3 P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly foggfrom 9 to 1 1 P . M .
B to 1 0 A . M . ,n i to 7 P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 1 P . M .
B afterwards .
B to 1 1 A . M .,\_ i to 4 P . M .
B afterwards .
Chicfly B .
Chicfly B .
B to l P . M .
B afterwards . Sl ightly foggya t 1 1 P . M .
B to 1 1 .1 . M \_ i t0 2 P . M .
B afterwards . S lightly foggyfrom 7 to 9 P . M .
B .
B . to 1 0 A . M . ,
" i to 4 P . M .
B afte rwards . Foggy from 7 to1 0 P . M .
B to 1 1 .1 . M . , m i to 3 P . M .
B a fterwards . Slightly foggya t 8 9 P . M .
lxxxviii Meteorological Observa tions .
Abstract of tle Results of tbe Hourly Jlleteorologz'
eal Observa tions
taken a t tile Surveyor General’s Of ice, Calcutta ,
in tbe moutb of November 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radiation , Weather , & c .
W IND .
G eneral aspect of the Sky .
W SW & W
W & N N W
N Nw a wwN[& N W
W by N , W NW
m lmo'
W a WwN
M lle sChiefly B S lightly foggy at
9 P . M .
B to 1 0 A . M . , \i to 4 P . M .
\A i afterwards . Slightly foggyfrom 7 to 1 0 P . M .
\n i to 2 A . M . B to 3 P . M . ,
-
i$18 I
f". M . B
7
a
fte
rwa
rds .
8 11 t ogg at P . M .
(ghiefly B .
ySlightly foggy
om 7 to 1 1 P . M .
Chiefly B . Slightly foggy atidn ight from 8 to 1 1 P . M .
1 1 8 -8 B . Slightly foggy at mid
night l A . M . , from 7 to1 1 P . M .
B , S lightly foggy frommidnight to 2 A . M . , 7 to 1 1 P .M .
83-1 B to 2 P . M . ,\1 to 7 P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly foggyfrom midnight to 7 A . M . ,
at 9 P . M .
760 3 B to 1 0 A . M . , \1 to 6 P . M .
B afterwards .
H H N ‘Q‘lm—fi fl m
'
uo ure'
g
'
uo uie'
g
H H H H H H H N N M N N N N N N N H H fl fl N N N
r—i r-n—4—u - i r- i r-u—i r- i r-4 v—t r—t v—l v—( r—t f—i r-l r-l
H r i rH r-t l—‘t f—i v—t H r—t fi H H H N N H H H H H H H F -i
‘
HO H L’
efl
h o me-
g
r—l r-l v—l r—t—l r-i H H H r-fi H F -t r -i
H v—i v—l v—l v—‘I f—t
“
Ho me.”r—i r—l v—l v—i r—t H H r-I v—d v—i r—l v—i r—i r—i f—l f—l H r—‘l fl t—i
'
uo um;Tr—l v—i v—l r—i r-i r—t r—l i—l v—l v—t r—t CN N H N H H H r—l r—i r—l fi r—l
0011
.
r—HN O‘DQ UD QO h -w Q O F -t H N C’O Q W QO h W C—‘b cr—i v-fl r—1
bfeteorotog ica l Observa tions .
Abstract of t/ie Results (y tbe J-[ ourlg Jl'leteorolog ical Observa tions
tube”. a t Me Survegor General’
s Oj ice, Ca lcutta ,tu t/te moa t/t of December 1 8 7 1 .
L a ti tude 22° 33'
1 No rth . Long itude 8 8°20
'
East .
He ight of the Cistern of the S tandard Barome ter above the sea level , fee t .
Daily Means , &c . o f the O bserva tions ando f the Hygrometrical elementsdependen t thereon .
Ra nge o f the Barometerduring the day .
, .Q'
3 53 Range o f the Tempe rapg8 ture during the day .
a0
Qa5a2 8
The hIean Height o f the Barometer , as likewise the Dry andW e t BulbThermometer hfe an s are derived , from the hourly observations , made at the
several hours during the day .
xcii illeteorotoyical Observertiom .
Abstract of tbe Results of tbe Hourly Meteorolog ica l Observa tions
taken a t tbe Surveyor General’s Oj ice, Calc utta ,
tu tbc moa t/i of December 1 8 7 1 .
Daily M eans, &c . of the Observa tions ando f the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon . Continued.)
Date .
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
xciv Meteorolog ica l Observa tions .
Abstract of tbc Results g tbc Hourly Meteorolog ical Observa tions
tulcen a t [be Surveyor G'eneral
’s Office, Ca lcutta ,
in tbc mont/i of December 1 8 7 1 .
Ho urly M eans , &c . o f the Observations ando f the Hygrometrical elementsdependent thereon .
Hour .
Inches . T . gr . T . gr .
All the Hygrometrical elemen ts are computed by the G reenwich Constants .
Meteorolog ical Observa tions .
Abs tract of tbc Results of tbc Hourly flleteor'olog ica t Observa tions
tabeu a t Me Surveyor G enera l’
s Office , Ca lcutta ,in tbe mont/i of December 1 8 7 1 .
Sola r Radiation ,
"\Vea the r, & c .
Wm D .
W S W
WN W &N N E
E N E &N N E
N N E & N W
N WN VV& W S W
W S W &W byNVV & N
N & \V NW
W N W
W N W & N N E
N N E & S S W
S S W & S W
E by S & S E
\1 Cirri , —i S tra ti , ’“
i Cumuli , \_ i Cirro—strati , fl- iCnmulo -strati , w iN imbi,
M ile s
54. 8
60 9
\i to 6 P . M . B a fterwards .
Sl ightly foggy a t 8 P . M .
B to 2 A . M . , \i to 7 A . M .
B afterwards .
B S lightly foggy a t 8 9
P . M .
B . S lightly foggy from 7 to1 1 P . M .
Chiefly B .
B . S lightly foggy from 5 to7 A . M .
Chie fly B .
B . Shghtly foggy from 9 to1 1 P . M .
B . S lightly foggy at midnight l A . M . , Sc from 9 to1 1 P . M .
B . Slightly foggy a t 5 6
A . M .
B .
B . Slightly foggy from 8 to1 0 P . M .
B .
Chiefly B Slightly foggy at
9 &l 1 0 P . M .
B to l P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly fogga t midnightB to G A . M .
B a fterwards . S lightly foggyfrom 6 to 8 A .M .
, 7 to 9 p . M .
Chicfly B . S lightly foggy a t
8 8c 9 P . M .
B . to 5 A . M . , \i to 5 P . M .
B afterwards . Slightly foggya t 8 9 P . M .
B to 9 A . M ., \i a fterwards .
Slightly foggy from 8 to 1 0P . M .
,
S to 2 A . M . , \i to 4 A .
to ?" A . M . , i to 3 P . M . B afterwards . Slightly foggy from7 to 1 0 P . M .
B to 1 1 A . M . ,A i to 3 P . M .
afterwards . Slightly foggy5 6 A . M . , trom 7 to 1 0
Meteorological Observa tions.
Abstract of tbc Results of tli e Ilourly JlIeteorological Observa tions
taken a t tile Surveyor Genera l’s Ofi ce
,Calcutta ,
in tbe ment/i of December 1 8 7 1 .
S olar Radia tion , Weather , &c .
WIND .
G eneral aspect of the Sky .
S E & E S E
E S E & S S E
S S E & S W
S W & W N W
W NW & NW
N WN N E & N N W
b W dLN WN W
W & W N
M ile sB to 1 1 A . M m to 4 P . M .
afterwards . Slightly foggy6 7 A . M . , from 7 to 1 0
B to 1 1 A . M . ," i to 4 P . M . ,
\z-i afterwards .
B to 1 OA . -. i afterwards . ,
Slightly foggy at 9 1 0 P . M .
" i to 3 A . M . B to l ] A . M . ,
1 to 6 P . M . B afterwards .
B to 1 1 A . M . ,L _ i to 3 P . M .
B afterwards .
B .
B . Slightly foggy at 7 8
P . M .
01 O B Foggy from 9 to 1 1 P . M .
B . Foggy at midnight 1
A . M . , & 1 0 & 1 1 P . M .
B . Slightly foggy at mid
night from 8 to 1 1 P . M .
°
uo a re“H fl v—n r—t r—t fi f—iH r—t N m r—i
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